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471 CONGRESS, \ SENATE, c EX. Doc.
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LETTER
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,

In response to Senate resolution of February 10, 1882, the report of the
Treasury cattle commission on the lung pla gue of cattle, or contagious
pleuro-pneumonia.

 

 

FEBRUARY 15, 1882.—Referred to the Committee on Agriculture and ordered to be
printed.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
February 13, 1882.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of a res-
olution of the Senate, adopted on the 10th instant, and attested by its
acting Secretary, directing me to communicate to the Senate the report
of the Treasury cattle commission on the lung plague of cattle, or con-
tagious pleuro-pneumonia.

In compliance with such direction, the report in question is herewith
transmitted.

Very respectfully, HAS 7 YOTGHE
e . . 3

Secretary.
Hon. Davin Davis,
President of the Senate.
WEEE.
Su reiionw,
VOUS Drown ph. Thibov.
REPORT

THE TREASURY CATTLE COMMISSION

ON

THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, OR CONTAGIOUS
PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

The Hon. Cuas. J. FOLGER,
Secretary of the Treasury : ,

Siz: In presenting a report which we hope may not be altogether
fruitless in securing or shaping legislation, we cannot close our eyes to
the fact that many legislators are entirely ignorant of the plague of
which we are treating, while others who have heard something of its
prevalence are still in some doubt as to its contagious properties. We
have therefore judged it desirable to enter somewhat fully into the his-
tory of the disease in the Old World and the New, and in the Northern
and Southern Hemispheres, so as to illustrate its purely contagious
nature, its insidious progress, its destructive tendency, and the circum-
stances in which it has been respectively possible and impossible to ex-
tirpate it from an infected land. This was the more necessary in order
to connect the disease as now existing in the United States with that
imported in 1848, and to show the reasons for our comparative immunity
from great extensions and losses in the past, and the increasing dangers
of such diffusion and loss in the future.

We have kept steadily in view the main object of our appointment,
and have fully established the claim that the Western and Southern
States, as well as the whole of New England, are free from this disease,

‘and have set forth the conditions under which we believe that the
eattle of these States could be shipped to Europe with a perfect guar-
antee of soundness as regards this plague. Finally, convinced that any
permanent guarantee of continued immunity for our as yet uninfected
States, and our export cattle, can only be secured by the extirpation of
this disease from the continent, we have set forth those measures which,
in the light of history and science, are the best calculated to secure its
speedy and thorough extinction.

NOMENCLATURE.

It would be useless to furnish a long list of synonyms, yet it is well
to note that in all lands this disease has been known by designations
such as plague, epizootic, distemper, &c., which showed that it was ree-
ognized as something more than a simple inflammation of the lungs, and
A : THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

owed its origin and diffusion to a specific-disease poison. We much
prefer, and throughout this report have freely used, the appropriate
term, lung plague, rather than pleuro-preumonia, mainly because the latter
is already applied to a simple inflammatory affection of the Inngs and
their covering, without a suspicion of that contagion which is the es-
sential element of this disease. The effect of the term plewro-preumonia
on the average medical mind may be inferred from the fact that in the
New York legislature a bill providing for the extinction of the lung
plague was defeated through the confident assertions of a medical
member of the house that there was not, and could not be, such a thing
as a contagious pleuro-puewnonia. No one thinks of calling small-poxr
ringworn, or scabies inflammation of the skin, typhoid fever inflammation
of the bowels, hydrophobia inflammation of the brain, scarlet fever inflaan-
mation of the throat, nov pulmonary consumption inflammation of the lungs.
Yet, it would be no more absurd and misleading to call these simple in-
flammations of the organs named than to call the contagious lung dis-
ease of cattle pleuro-pneumonia. Not being a simple inflammation, but
really a specific fever, it ought to be known by a specific name, and we
have adopted the term lung plague, already in use, as one well caleu-
lated to set forth its essentially pestilential character.

HISTORY OF LUNG PLAGUE, AS SHOWING ITS PROPAGA-
TION BY CONTAGION ONLY.

The same excuse advanced in extenuation of the above reference to
historic names will apply to the following presentation of important
facts in the history of this affection. The ultimate source of the conta-
gion of lung plague we donot know. Up tothe present time this has suc-
cessfully eluded all investigation. Like small-pox, measles, the plague,
&c., this affection is only known as it is transmitted by itsown contagious
products. If the sanitarian of to-day meets with a case of small-pox,
or of lung plague, he at once inquires after some pre-existing case of
the same kind, from which this has been derived, and with the same
confidence with which he would, on finding a young animal, inquire after
its sire or dam. All historic records of lung plague betray its continu-
ous existence in different parts of Europe, where it has prevailed from
time immemorial, and show further that the invasion of a new country by
the pestilence has ever been but the sequel of the transit of cattle from
an infected region, either in the commissariat parks of a belligerent
army or in the channels of an opening commerce. Whatever, therefore,
may have been the conditions of the original generation of the lung plague
virus, whether it was a primary creation at the foundation of the world,
or whether it has been the product of an evolution under peculiar modi-
fying circumstances, this much can be confidently affirmed, that in
Western Europe and in the Western and Southern Hemispheres its
appearance can be traced in every case to the introduction of diseased
cattle or their products. © ;

ANCIENT HISTORY OF LUNG PLAGUE.

The early history of the lung plague of cattle cannot be followed with
that certainty which characterizes the records of Russian cattle plague,
foot and mouth disease, sheep-pox, &c., which develop sooner after the
system has taken in the infection. The average period of incubation
or latency of the poison is, for foot and mouth disease two days, for
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 5

Russian cattle plague four days, for sheep-pox seven days, but for lung
plague thirty days. As the exigencies of war or commerce usually led
to the introduction into a new country of twe or more of these plagues
simultaneously, it is the exception rather thau the rule to find any clear
distinction drawn between them in these early days of medicine. Thus.
the Russian cattle plague, which developed most speedily and proved the
most deadly, naturally came in for the greatest share of attention, while
the lung plague, which appeared a month later and proved more slowly
though not less surely and ruinously destructive, was looked upon as the
dregs of the same disease, and thus we have usually a most confusing
medley of the two. Youatt, whose works have been extensively read
in America, gives a striking illustration of this, confounding as he does
under the one name of “imalignant epidemic murrain” at least four dis-
cases, namely, maliguant catarrh, rinderpest, malignant anthrax, and
lung plague. By exercising special care one can disentangle these
records and show with reasonable certainty the existence of this malady
in early times.

-\ristotle, writing three hundred and fifty years before Christ, says:
“The cattle which live in herds are subject to a malady during which
the breathing becomes hot and frequent, the ears droop, and they refuse
to eat. They die speedily, and the lungs are found destroyed.” Here
the restriction of the disease to cattle which lived in large herds, where
there was ample opportunity for a continuous succession of cases by the
infection of new and susceptible subjects, the confinement of the mor-
bid lesions to the lungs, and the high mortality, all strongly suggest the
lung plague. Tacitus and Columella refer to an extended outbreak of
lung disease in cattle in the middle of tie first Christian century. The
latter describes it as a “heavy mortality, with ulceration of the lungs,
cough, emaciation, and finally phthisis.” As serving to identify this
with lung plague we have the facts that cattle only are named as its
victims, and that the epizootic attended and followed the great wars
for the extensionof the Roman Republic and Empire. The lung plague
is confined to cattle, and the great means of its propagation in all ages
have been the infected cattle in the commissariat parks, which moved
from place to place with the advancing or retreating armies.

LUNG PLAGUE IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES.

A pulmonary affection of cattle which prevailed in Hesse in 1695 is
thus described by Valentini:

The preceding winter being wet, but in the end very frosty, was followed in early
spring by an unusual heat, which continued throughout the whole suinmer, which
sudden change brought about an unequal and uunatural motion of the humors and
breath, resulting in death to man and brute. Oxen and cows perished in great num-
bers. From the observation of those who opened the bodies it appeared that they
died of pulmonary phthisis, to which, doubtless, the severe cold and the succeeding
intense heat largely contributed. In mau, also, it caused dysentery and malignant
fever; toward the end of June and the beginning of August this fever in places becom-

- ing intermittent and mainly tertian.

This was doubtless the genuine lung plague, for its extensive preva-
lence, its high mortality, and the fact that cattle only among domestic
animals are mentioned as the sufferers, forbids the conclusion that it
was due to the weather vicissitudes alone. The fact that the mortality
supervened in the hot weather is exactly in keeping with the habits of
the lung plague, the deadly ettects of which are always greatly enhanced
by a hot season or climate. Had it been true pulmonary phthisis (tuber-
culosis), it would have been aineliorated, in place of aggravated, by the
6 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

warm season and the open-air life in the fields. That it had no connec-
tion with the contemporaneous sickness in man is shown by Valentini
himself, who shows the latter to have been of a malarious origin.

In estimating the true nature and cause of the cattle disease, it must
not be forgotten that Europe was about that time engaged in general
warfare, an occurrence which has never failed to induce a universal
extension of the animal plagues. Thus the Poles were waging a war
with the Turks, the Swedes with the Russians, French, and Savoyards,
and the French with the Dutch; and Hesse, where the plague was
especially noted by the historian, was directly in the midst of the con-
tending nationalities.

That Valentini attributed the outbreak to the weather is not surpris-
ing, since physicians can still be found so antiquated as to attribute
this and other animal plagues to the peculiarities of the seasons. But
Valentini inadvertently furnishes further evidence of the justice of our
position in reporting in the same year the prevalence of the aphthous
fever (foot and mouth disease) in animals and men. “In the autumnal
equinox from the last of August inflammation of the gums, tongue, and
mouth in men; in animals, inflammation of the feet was also observed”
(Sydenham, Opp., I, p. 283). both plagues were introduced by con-
tagion by means of cattle driven with the armies. Equally careful
historians would doubtless haye noted these in most of the other coun-
tries of Europe as well.

Wirth records the prevalence of lung plague in Switzerland and adja-
cent countries in 1726 and 1727, and that it continued its ravages in
different localities until 1739, This was also a period in which the rav-
ages of rinderpest were most extensive, both plagues having been man-
ifestly propagated by the wars of Charles XII and of the Spanish sue-
cession.

From this time the records are more definite. In 1743 the disease is
reported as ravaging Suabia (Wirth), but immediately afterward its ex-
tensive prevalence is noted coincidentally with the war of the Austrian
succession, Thus in 1764 Trumpy reports its presence in Pomerania; in
1769-70 Bourgelat records its continuous existence in Franche-Compté;
in 1769 Wirth notices its ravages in Fulda, Germany; from 1772 to 1830
its existence was virtually uninterruptedin Nassau (Franque); in1774~76
it ravaged Istria and Dalmatia (Fanti), and was still prevailing in the
former in 1790 (Orus, Bottani); from 1778~90 it devastated Wiirtemberg
and Silesia (Kausch, Wirth); from 1786~’91 Bavaria (Plank, Laubender),
and in 1892 Franconia (Hensinger); these latter extensions were favored
by the military movements in connection with the partition of Poland
in 1772, and by the collection of troops in connection with the disputed
succession in Bavaria in 1777 and 1785.

LUNG PLAGUE PERMANENT IN THE MOUNTAINS OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

Bourgelat’s statement that this plague prevailed continuously in
Franche-Compté about 1770 is only a solitary illustration of its perennial
presence in the unfenced mountainous regions of Central and Eastern
Europe. In these, herd was continually mingling with herd, so that
fresh subjects were always presented for infection, and the contagion
had every opportunity for its perpetuation. In the well-cultivated
plains, where the separate holdings were inclosed, a natural limit was
set to the life of the plague germ, since, after a time, in the smaller
herds, wl the susceptible animals had fallen victims to the pestilence
and if several months elapsed before the birth or introduction of new
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 7

and susceptible stock, disinfection often ensued. Hence it was that
whereas in the intervals between extensive wars the arable lands were
to a large extent freed from this pestilence, the unfenced and unculti-
vated mountains, and the open commons, the property of the different
towns and cities, remained the centers of infection. This digression
seems necessary to explain what remains of this history, and to account
for the persistence of the disease in certain localities in the United
States.

Franche-Comté, which was at this time the constant home of the
plague, was situated between the Jura and Vosges mountains, and par-
took of both, so that it was constantly liable to infection from these con-
taminated regions. Lafosse asserts that from 1769 to 1789 lune plague
was almost exclusively confined to the mountains of Switzerland, of
Jura, of Dauphiny, of Vosges, of Piedmont, and of Upper Silesia; but
that it spread widely on the plains of the different countries in connec-
tion with the wars of the French Revolution. Delafond adds Hesse
and Swabia, and Zundel the mountains of Auvergne and the Tyrol, to
the countries where the plague habitually prevailed prior to this date.
Swabia was specially favorable to such unbroken infection, because of
the unfenced territory of the Swabian Alps, while Hesse was exposed
through the Vogel Mountains and extensive forests like the Thuringer
Wald. We have the further testimony of Huzard, Chabert, and Vicq
@Azyr that the disease ravaged Paris and neighborhood trom 1772 to
1704. Here the constant influx of strange cattle te supply the food of
a large city, the endless changes in city dairy herds, and the presence
of large parks and commons, sufficiently account for its perpetuation.
This prevalence of the pestilence in the genial atmosphere of Paris
sufficiently disproves the idea that the affection was kept up by the
inclemency of the bills. This conclusion becomes absolute, however,
when we add that this plague has never penetrated to the coldest and
most exposed of the European mountains, which are, however, protected
by situation alike from becoming the theater of great wars and the
channels of cattle traffic. Among those which maintain this enviable
immunity are the Pyrenees, the mountains of Norway and Sweden, and
the Highlands of Scotland.

EXTENSION DUE TO THE WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
EMPIRE.

The above-mentioned statement of Lafosse relative to the general
jnfection of Europe in connection with the French Revolution is fully
indorsed by other writers. Zundel says :

Under the republic and the first empire, pert-pneumonia is to be counted among the
miseries entailed by the war, and we find it not only in Switzerland, butin the different
departments of France, Italy, and Germany. We may name particularly the years
181215, when the affection was ‘very prevalent in these countries; 1816~18, when it
attained an extraordinary intensity in the Tyrol, Bavaria, Bohemia, Austria, and
Styria; and 1820~22, when it ravaged severely Switzerland, Piedmont, Franche-Comté,
Lyonnais, aud Auvergne.

The culmination of the ravages of the plague in 1812~15 is fully ex-
plained by the considerations that for a quarter of a century, dating
from the French Revolution in 1789, Europe had been the theater of an
almost uninterrupted warfare, which led to the movements of infected
cattle in every direction in the train of the different armies, and to the
infection of the countries in which the latter operated. Finally, this
reached its acme in 1312, in connection with Napoleon’s ill-fated expe-
8 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

dition to Moscow with halfa million men, and still more in the succeeding
three years, when all Europe was literally in arms, arrayed for or against
the French cause. The exhaustion of the different states by the von-
stant wars, and the decay of agriculture in consequence of the heavy
conseriptions, the burdensome taxation, and the devastations incident
to the presence of armies in the field, lessened the available supply of
cattle; and this, together with the greatly increased demand for the
provisioning of the armies, necessitated the drawing of live stock from
more distant points. Thus the commissariat drew not only on the in-
fected herds of the mountains and forests of Central Europe, but also
on the steppes of Russia and Asia; and with the steppe cattle Europe
imported the lung plague and all those Oriental bovine pestilences which
find a perennial home on these great and fenceless plains.

Since this general invasion most of the countries of Central and
Western Europe have remained under the sway of this baneful plague.
It is reported as prevailing in Prussia in 1802 (Sick), and atintervals up
to the present time (Dieterichs, Laubender, Wagentield, Gielen, Sau-
berg, Seir, Keurs, Hering, Verheyen, Gerlach, &c.). In Hanover it has
prevailed extensively since 1807 (Haussmann, Gerlach, &ce.). In Bel-
gium and Holland, it was reported as all but universal from 1830 to
1876, causing an average mortality of 10, 15, or 25 per cent. of the entire
bovine population (Loiset), while in the greater part of France it las
been widely prevalent since the days of the first Napoleon.

RECENT INVASIONS IN THE CHANNELS OF COMMERCE.

During the last half century the increasing activity of the cuttle trade
has taken the place of wars in the general diffusion of this plague. All
through Western Europe have started up immense distilleries, sugar
factories, &c., where the refuse products are devoted to the fattening of
stalled cattle. These distillery and sugar-factory stables of to-day have
taken the place of the army commissariat parks of the past in drawing
upon all available regions for supplies of cattle; so that oxen trom East-
ern and Central Europe are fattened in the great commercial and manu-
facturing centers of the West. The rapid extension of railroads has
lent its aid to the traffic, until to-day a lucrative and peaceful commerce
has become no less effective in the propagation of animal plagues than
the desolating wars of former ages. .

Thus the northern departinent of France is said to have received the
lung-plague infection in 1822 through cattle brought from Franche-Comté
forthe purpose of fattening (Delflache). Belgium and Holland were simi-
larly infected by Flemish cattle in 1830. Holland (Gelderland) was again
invaded through the introduction of infected Prussian cattle by Van-
derbosch, a distiller, in 1833 (Verheyen), and from 1840 onward, when the
pemands increased for the large factory stables, the plague advanced
with strides unprecedented for a period of peace. YZundel says:

In 1840 and the succeeding years, the malad sa raAoraa ,
extension, invading Switzerland, Southern Ce qe a oe
and ravaging in the most destructive manner more than forty departments of France.

A remarkable point in this history is the confinement of the disease
to Central and Western Europe, where the general wars were mostl
carried on, and to which cattle from the open infected forests and Seen
were naturally drawn; also, where later in more peaceful times we find
the routes of cattle traffic from the infected districts to the ereat west-
ern centers of commerce. Sweden was constantly at war during the
reign of Charles XII, but this never led tothe appearance of lun g plague

?
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 9

simply becanse the germ had not been introduced ; and in its absence no
Inovement nor privation of cattle generated the disease in the Scandi-
navian peniusula. So, later, uc cattle traftic set in from the infected por-
tions of the continent, and in its absence no climatic vicissitudes served
to generate the plague. Later still, when infected Ayrshire cattle were
introduced from Scotland, the result showed clearly that the imported
plague found in Sweden a not uncongenial home (see below). Similarly,
in the war of the Spanish suecession, in the end of the seventeenth cen-
tury, though this plague was spread over the whole of Central Europe,
yet Spain escaped, tor the simple reason that no cattle were drawn from
beyond the Pyrenees. Equally harmless in this respect have been the
extensive military operations by the French and English in Spain from
1808 to 1813, and finally the frequent civil wars which have disturbed
that country since the accession of Isabella IT in 1833. It need only
be added that Spain is not a mercantile country, requires to import no
cattle from abroad, is effectually barred from inroads of infection by the
Pyrenees, and is far removed from the busy eattle traffic now maintained
between the infected regions and the marts of Western Europe, and es-
pecially of Great Britain; and Spain has accordingly been spared the
devastations of the lang plague and other animal pestilences. Thus
every additional page of history serves to confirm the truth that this
plague is to-day propagated by contagion, and contagion alone.

INFECTION OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

Though the invasion of Great Britain was effected through the me-
dium of commerce, yet it is here placed under a separate heading as the
tirst of a series of extensions of this plague over watery barriers that had
long placed a limit to its progress. The British Isles were infected
through imported Dutch cattle. The infection, which reached Holland
from Flanders in 1830, and from Prussia in 1833, had in 1835 extended
to Utrecht and South Holland. At first it ravaged the vicinity of the
great cattle marts of Rotterdam and Schiedam, from which it extended
over the whole of the Netherlands, including Friesland on the north and
the islands of Zealand on the south. In the interval between 1839 and
1841 the British consul at the Hague at different times sent Dutch cat-
tle to a friend near Cork, Ireland, with the view of improving the native
breed. With one of these importations the lung plague was introduced;
and meeting with conditions favorable to its diffusion, it spread in a
tew years over the entire island; which, from that time to this, has con-
tinued to send regular installments of the infection to Great Britain.

In 1842, under the pressure of the chartist agitation, the British Par-
liament reduced the duties on foreign cattle to 20s. a head on oxen and
balls and 15s. on cows, and in that year 4,264 head of cattle were im-
ported. But the price of beef still remained high, and in 1846 the duty
on lean cattle was entirely abolished, with the result of increasing the
importations for that year to 45,043 head, and inducing a steady increase
till, in 1853, no less than 125,253 were imported. This enormous drain
upon We.tern Europe proved injurious to both buyer and seller. By
increasing the demand for stock and drawing upon more distant coun-
tries to supply this, it drew a great influx of disease on Western Europe,
and produced that extraordinary diffusion of the, lung plague which has
already been noticed. The effect on England was, if possible, still worse.
The Dutch and Belgian owner of infected stock, with ruin staring him
in the face, was easily persuaded to sell his cattle at a low price for ex-
portation; and many of these, with their fatal freight of contagion, were
10 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATILE,

thrown on the British market and sold to the unsuspecting British
farmer.

In 1842, the year of the reduction of the import duty, the lung disease
was first recognized in England in the vicinity of London, and it grad-
ually spread from market to market and from county to county, until
the greater portion of the island was ravaged by the pestilence. Trom
this time onward Great Britain was placed between two fires—one
reaching her through her Irish trade and the other through her conti-
nental one.

Mz. Robert Herbert, writing in 1860 in the Royal Agricultural So-
ciety’s Journal, in speaking of the continental trade, gives illustrative
examples, in which, oat of large purchases of hundreds of animals by
single feeders, one-fourth and upward perished of lung plague, and sig-
nificantly adds “that very few graziers are to be met with who, from
past experience, would run the risk of endeavoring to fatten foreign
stock upon any description of land.” The lung plague reached Edin-
burgh, Scotland, in November, 1843, on the occasion of the great au-
tumn market, All Hallow Fair. It was not until 1844, 1845, and 1846
that the infection reached many of the agricultural counties distant
from large markets, such as Norfolk, Lincolushire, Derbyshire, Lanca-
shire, Yorkshire, and Northumberland, and above all the breeding
counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Devon. Some counties in the
highlands of Scotland, and some districts mm the Cheviots, which breed
their own stock, and uever introduce strange cattle, have escaped the
infection up to the present day. In other words, the great centers of
cattle traffic—London, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Shef-
field, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, and Inverness—
were eurly infected, because to these diseased animals gravitated. The
outlying country districts were visited later; and as cattle from the
great markets were introduced, while those districts which bred their
own stock, and sold, but never bought, in most cases escaped, and still
maiitain their immunity after a period of forty years. This speaks with
trumpet tongue for the introduction of the germ as an essential pre-
requisite to the disease.

 

WHY THE LUNG PLAGUE HAS NOT DIED OUT IN IRELAND.

In England the persistence of the plague for these forty years was a
foregone conclusion, because at all the great centers of population were
extensive cattle markets vpen to all alike—fat and lean, home and for-
eign—and as these were receiving daily accessions of infection from
Jreland or the continent, or both, this infection was constantly being
carried out from these marts by the store cattle purchased there, and
served to form new plague centers in all parts of the country. So un-
erringly did this operate that the widest extension of the plague always
followed on the great markets for store cattle. Thus, there was inva-
tiably the greatest extension of the disease in the autumn after the
farmers had laid in their store cattle for winter feeding.

But in Ireland the case was different. There being there no great
manufacturing centers, no great concentration of population, there was
no demand for beef more than could be easily supplied by the home
herds; there was accordingly no importation of foreign stock: the only
exception to this rule being in the case of a few high-classed animals
introduced for the improvement of the native herds. Ireland, like the
United States, is essentially a beef-exporting country, and it was to
have been presumed that this plague introduced into one corner of her
‘

THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 11

territory should have died out, as it iad so often done in the farming
districts of Europe, unless there was here some special cause for its
maintenance and diffusion. To this cause it is well here to advert, as
it serves to point out the reality of our own dangers in the United
States, and the true course of safety.

The grand cause of the continuance of the lung plague in Ireland is
to be found in the habit of constant trading and turning the cattle into
large common pasturages at so much per head. To illustrate this we
shall quote freely from the report for 1878 of Professor Hugh Ferguson,
director of the Irish privy council, veterinary department. In describ-
ing the methods in vogue in managiug cattle he says:

Animals exported from Ireland are very seldom bred by their exporters, and often
before exportation pass through several bands, from, those of the breeders to those of
their final purchasers, for exportation to Great Britain.

The changes of ownership are more frequent with regard to cattle than with regard
to sheep and swine.

With each change of ownership there is generally a change of locality, and the
movement entailed thereby, as well as the exposure in public fairs and markets, and
on lands or premises used for temporary resting places for animals in transit, subject
them more or less to the inflnence of diseases of a contagious or infectious nature,
particularly foot-and-mouth distemper, when that malady is prevalent.

In Ireland weanling and more advanced calves are purchased thronghout the coun-
try from their rearers, who are not always their breeders, by persons who either deal
in or prepare store stock, and when a sufficient number is collected are kept by them
frequently on ditferent pastures hired for the grazing season, changing the lovality as
emergencies require, either from termination of tenancy, inclemency of season, defi-
ciency of food, for the sake of convenience, or from other causes.

Such pastures, many of which are mountainous and occupy large tracts, are in many
cases grazed by cattle which belong to many different persons who pay by the head
for the suinmer’s grazing of their animals The owners of these cattle, who often re-
side in a different part of the country, or out of it, or are engaged elsewhere in another
branch of the cattle trade, or are traveling about, frequently do not see them or have
them visited, until the termination of the grazing season, when the animals are re-
moved to localities more faverable to the time of the year, there, perhaps, to herd
with other lots belonging to the same or different owners which have been brought
trom different parts of the country for the same reasons.

These animals, in due time, are brought in assorted lots to public fairs and markets,
where they are generally sold for the purpose of being further matured; and when so
matured they are again brought into the market and resold as early stores.

After another season, and having been sorted and culled, they are sold for the pur-
pose of being further grazed, or, if sufficiently matured, for stall-feeding. It is at
this period that they are generally purchased as stores for the English markets.

If not sold for that purpose they are purchased by the Irish finishing feeders, either
for grazing or stall-feeding, and when in sufficient condition are sold as fat cattle,
either for exportation to Great Britain or for home consumption.

When sold in Ireland for either purpose, it is generally publicly, and when other
animals are collected for sale.

But there are some Irish graziers and stall-feeders who, instead of sending their fat
cattle to a market in Ireland, export them directly to the English markets for sale,
consigning them for that purpose to their agents.

Some extensive landholders in Ireland carry on a very large and lucrative trade by
collecting from different fairs or markets or other places, selected young animals of
size and promise, keeping them for a sufficient time, then sorting them into even
“lots” and disposing of them at fairs, either for export, as advanced stores, for stall-
feeding or other finishing, or to home buyers for the same purpose.

Ata particular season of the year there is a large trade carried on in the exporta-
tion from Ireland to Great Britain of springers or animals in calf for dairy purposes.
They are generally purchased at fairs in different parts of Ireland, and when a suffi-
cient number is collected near the port of shipment they are embarked.

They travel slowly and generally by road, the persous who deal in them finding
that the concussion and undue compression to which they are exposed while in rail-
way transit are very injurious and sometimes cause abortion.

Many of the Dublin dairy proprietors are extensive cattle dealers, particularly for
exportation. In the season they trade largely in springers. When the cows in their
dairies cease to yield milk they fatten them and sell them for slaughter, or, if they
happen to be in calf, for dairy purposes as soon as they can. When young, there is
always a ready sale for them in the English and Scotch markets, and consequently
there are great numbers of them exported.
12 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

If we except unfenced countries, like the steppes of Eastern Europe,
where the herds of different owners mingle freely and succeed each
other on the same pasturage, we cannot conceive of a condition of
thines better calculated to disseminate contagion than that represented
to exist in Ireland. To comprehend its full bearing we must take into
account the average small holdings of the Irish tenant, who in many
districts owns no more than a single cow, and has therefore but one
calf to sell. ‘The dealer therefore who buys twenty calves has in so
doiny often to run the risk of twenty chances of infection froin as many
different places, to say nothing of the almost certain exposure to con-
tagion on the premises where they may have been kept over night on the
way to market, or in the public market itself. Having run the guantlet
of these perils, his twenty calves are sent off to a distaut pasture, and
on the way are once more subjected to the risk of infection by resting
over nights in premises habitually let for such purposes, aud therefore
presumably infected. When they reach the pasture they mingle with
one or two hundred more cattle, most of them picked up as these have
been and subjected to the same numberless chances of contagion. Such
a pasturage thus represents the contagion existing in one or two hundred
ditterent places spread over a wide area, plus the contagion introduced
by the countless numbers of other cattle sent to the great fairs where
they were purchased, plus the contagion laid up in the premises habit-
ually let for the temporary accommodation of cattle going to and from
the fairs. When we consider that this change of ownership, this assort-
ing into lots of equally promising animals, this sending to market, and
this remingling with tresh cattle from different quarters both there and
in the next pasturages, is repeated several times every year, it certainly
seems as if no enemy could have devised a method better calculated to
spread the contagion. But this is not all. This habit of incessant
narketing is stimulated by the introduction of lung plague into a herd
or pasturage. On being apprized of such an occurrence, the owner
often picks out those of his stock which are still apparently healthy, and
hurries them off to the first available market, that by their sale he may
secure what salvage he can. The unwitting purchaser, congratulating
himself perhaps on an unusually promising bargain, turns them out in
another large pasturage with scores of others, where in a month or two
later the disease wilf certainly develop, and the same process of the
sale and scattering of infected cattle is repeated. The healthy animals
by this system of constant marketing are exposed to a maximum risk of
infection, and as the infection of a herd becomes a stimulus to its re-
peated sale, the public markets are necessarily the very hot-beds of the
poison.

Apropos of the remark that Dublin dairymen were often cattle deal-
ers as well, may be quoted from Gamgee’s report to the privy council
in 1862, that in the dairies of Dublin 51 per cent. of the cows were sold
yearly because affected with the lung plague.

In every country into which the lung plague has been introduced its
ravages have always borne a direct ratio to the movement of cattle:
and in Ireland, though the necessity tor such movement was at its least,
yet a strange artificial activity, even in the absence of all new im-
portations of the disease, has kept the unfortunate island in the rauk
of the most plague-stricken countries of the world. For centuries this
fair land, thanks to its insular position, had remained a stranger to
animal plagues; then one unlucky importation, backed by a most per-
nicious system of cattle traffic, has entailed upon her over forty years of
pestilential desolation.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 13
INFECTION OF SWEDEN.

Sweden, long protected by the Baltic and by her independence of cx-
ternal supplies from the animal plagues of Central Europe, was infected
by lung plague in 1847 by means of English cattle imported for the im-
provement of the native stock. It spread over three provinces, and the
following year was conveyed to Denmark, but in both countries most
stringent measures were adopted for its suppression (including the
slaughter of the infected, with indemnity), and these were speedily fol-
lowed by success.

INFECTIONS OF DENMARK.

Besides the invasion through Sweden in 1848, this country has been
repeatedly invaded by the lung plague, to which it was especially ex-
posed because of its immense dairying interests. By virtue ofits pecu-
liar peninsular position, however, it was spared those wholesale inva-
sions which came upon Holland, Belgium, and France through their
being in the direct track of the cattle trade to England, and through
their home demands for their large distillery stables. Denmark, ac-
cordingly, suffered only on rare occasions, when infected cattle were im-
ported to replenish the dairy herds, and through a well devised and
faithfully executed system of extinction they have always succeeded in
stamping out each outbreak in its incipient stage. Professor Fenger, in
1862, wrote:

As to the appearance of the disease in the Kingdom of Denmark, itis an established
fact that it has taken place only three times upon three different farms where cattle
had been introduced from abroad. No other cattle were affected than those in the
three herds alluded to; and for three years no disease has appeared in Denmark. As
to the spontaneous origin of pleuro-pneumonia, I wish to draw your attention to the
fact that it is never seen in the town of Copenhagen, notwithstanding that in this
place large dairies are kept where the cows are fed on draft from the distilleries, and
are kept in a state very contrary to any which sanitary rules might suggest. In the
dukedom of Schleswig the disease has been imported several times (last from England)
and occasionally has spread rather widely. This autumn the cattle of 30 different
places in Schleswig have been kept in a kind of quarantine.

A more recent infection is that of the island of Funen, the nearest
point to Germany, in 1880. The lung plague infected a herd of sixty
cattle at Dalumgaard, near Odense, but was stamped out by the
slaughter of the whole herd, the stopping of all cattle markets, and of
all exportation of cattle from the island for eleven weeks.

INFECTION OF NORWAY.

Norway imported lung plague in a cargo of .Ayvrshire cattle, intro-
duced into the herd of the Agricultural College at Aas. The disease
broke out three months after their arrival, and was stamped out by the
slaughter of all the native cattle with which the Ayrshires had come
in contact, and by a prolonged quarantine of the Ayrshires themselves.

INFECTION OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.

Schleswig-Holstein, formerly under Danish rule, but more exposed
to infection by its proximity to Germany and Holland, has been more
frequently infected than Denmark, but has never failed in promptly
extinguishing the contagion. One infection was through Ayrshire cat-
tle brought from Scotland in 1859, and was suppressed by the slaughter
of the infected animals and the prolonged quarantine of the district, as
12 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

stated above by Fenger. Several later invasions from Germany aud
Holland, and notably a very extended one on the occasion of the Prusso-
Danish war, were promptly stamped out by the same stuninary meas-
ures. Though the duchy is to-day a part of the German Empire, yet,
by its energetic measures against ling plague, it maintains an immunity
to which Germany proper is a stranger.

INFECTION OF SOUTH AFRICA,

South Africa was infected with lung plague in 1854, by means of a
bull imported from Holland by a gentleman of Cape Town, for the pur-
pose of improving his stock. This animal had been two months at sea
and six weeks at the cape before be was noticed to be amiss. The desire
to avail of the coveted Dutch blood sufficed to insure a wide diffusion of
the infection before the bull sickened and died. The colonists, too,
ignorant at first of the terrible peril which threatened them, took no
pains to destroy or segregate the animals which had run the risk of in-
fection, and before they became alive to their danger the plague had
spread beyond all human control. This result was speedy on account
of the peculiar nature of the country and its inland trade. Being un-
tenced, South Africa presents on a still larger scale a method like that
which has been followed in Texas and our Western States and Terri-
tories, of herds branded with their owners’ marks running free from
year to vear and subject to no control, except at the yearly round-ups.
We have seen that in all countries where such mingling is permitted—
in the Steppes, hills, and forests of Europe and in the large boarding-
pastures of Ireland—the lung plague has spread rapidly and defied all
sauitary control; but in South Africa there is this further unfavorable
condition, that all commerce is carried on by ox-wagons, and the work
oxen become an additional and most effetive means of spreading the
contagion.

On this subject the Rev. Daniel Lindley, a missionary, who appeared
before the Massachusetts legislative committee in 1860, makes the fol-
lowing statement, which is as interesting as it is instructive:

This disease * * * was introduced from Holland, imported inthe body of a bull.
A gentleman in Cape Town, wishing to improve his stock, made that importation and
with it that disease which has been to South Africa the severest scourge which has
ever fallen on its property interest. It was about six weeks after the animal landed
—he having been on board the vessel on the passage about two months—before any
sign of sickness appeared in him. At the time it was not suspected that the disease
was a lung contagion, so long known in Holland. However, he died. He communi-
cated that disease to a great number of cattle, and before they became aware of the
evil that threatened them, it had been scattered about extensively. The question may
arise in the minds of the committee, Why was it not at once exterminated there as
you propose to have it here? The answer to this question will be found in this state-
ment that I must make, in order that you may understand the circumstances of that
country. If you will imagine New England and a great part of the United States,
divested of its woods, its forests, leaving here and there thickets and jungles, and a
grass country, that is without fences, without any inclosures, and all this country
spread over with cattle by the thousand—for the property of the inhabitants of the
country consists in cattle and in sheep—and over all the country cattle are grazing by
the thousand. J have seen 1,600 in one herd, but generally the herds are from one to
five huodred. In those parts of the country where lions and tigers have been exter-
minated, these cattle are allowed to roam night and day where they please, and they
wander considerable distances, sometimes miles around. In addition to that all the
produce of the country which is brought to maket, whether to supply the city of Cape
Town or Fort Elizabeth, or other towns lying along the coast, is brought down from
the interior in large wagons drawn by oxen, All the goods imported into the country
and taken inland are conveyed on these wagons, drawn by oxen; and to each wagon
the custom of the country gives six pairs of oxen.

The country is large, it being from Cape Town to the extremity of any civilization,
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 15

in the interior 1,200 miles, and across the plains to where I live, 1,206 miles more.
Well, this country is passed through up and down, crosswise, and backward and tor-
ward, by hundreds of wagous and thousands of cattle every day. They have uo rail-
roads, 10 rivers, no other way of transporting goods from one point to another but
this ox wagon. Well, they ave great sheep raisers in this country—havine four to ten
thousand sheep in a flock—and I have seen as many as fourteen thousand in one flock.
Their clips of wool are all sent down in these wagons to the coast.

In a country of tliis kind, where there are so many cattle, and where everything is
done hy means of cattle, and they are traveling night and day, there is no possibility
of killing out this disease by extirpation. The seed had been so widely disseminated
hhefore the people knew what the matter was that such a system was looked upon as
hopeless, and the government adopted no measure to stay it, and every man was left
to look out for his own interests. I will say that after it had got fairly spread abroad
to a considerable extent, the inhabitants very generally resorted to inoculation. And
I will say in passing that we are indebted to that for about all the cattle we have left.
We shonld have been flat on the ground and no man could have got to the coast with
iis products or returned with his merchandise. Inoculation has saved us what we
have after six vears. The disease was still at work when I came away, about a year
ago, but was muchimore nndersubjection. It has killed hundreds and thousands of cattle,
and I can assure you, gentlemen, that where it has come into a flock it has not left more than
five out of a hundred, Twas happily surprised when I heard Dr. Loring state that in
the past year, in this State. not more than 20 per cent. had died.

With ns, when an animal is known to have the disease, we look upon it as already dead.
fT coun affirm, without hesitation, that where it has got into a herd of cattle not more than five
ont of a hundred have been spared. Occasionally one has passed through and has not had the
disease at all; and a few, on the other hand—two or thrice in a hundred—have recovered, and
no more, LF know of one man who had five hundred head of cattle, and that disease got in and
he had not five left. Lf I speak with emphasis, it is because I have had sad experience ; and
Ihave heen afraid that the good citizens of Massachusetts might not be aware of the
evil which I most firmly believe threatens their property interest more than anything
that ever threatened it vet.

# * & * # s *

. Twill tell you how the disease came to my particular neighborhood: A native went
out as a peddler over the Cathumba Mountains into the interior, nearly 300 miles,
There he took cattle in payment for goods. He brought down a herd of oxen to the
eagtern coast; while on the way down some of his oxen became sick and he quietly
put them out of the way, for he could travel two or three days perhaps and not see a
single person, and the dead cattle were not likely to attract attention. He had that
tailing which we can pardon in others, as we see it in ourselves, that he cared a
little more for himself than he did for his neighbors. He pnt the sick oxen out of
the way, and brought down the rest and sold them. They were bought by a gcutle-
gman who had about 120 oxen. The peddler’s cattle, looking apparently well, were
put intothat herd. Well, presently the disease broke out. It was in that instance
that this doctor had the influence to prevent the slaughter of the herd, becanse Le
said the disease was not contagious. Well, these cattle were running about in the
neighborhood—out on the plain, 20 miles square, without fence and without tree, save
here and there a bush—where were grazing thousands of cattle, and they ran just
where they pleased. J'rom this flock the contagion was communicated to all the cat-
tle in the region. Oxen were traveling through the country every day, at least a
lnuudred passing a day, and in that way it was carried widely through the country.
Until it was brought from a contaminated region in the interior by these oxen, the
disease had never been within 300 miles of us. I might give a thousand facts just
equal to this, but I am mentioning what occurred in my neighborhood.

The disease had net crossed to the northward to the Ungani River until this happened.
A inan wished to convey a boat from Natal to a place about 60 miles to the northward.
He put the boat on a wagon and took his six yoke of oxen to draw it. He traveled
one day and camped just outside of a village through which he had passed. In the
morning he found one of his oxen sick. He had camped on a piece of ground where
oxen erazed every day, and in a place where people thought theimselyes safe. Find-
ing his ox sick, he quietly took him and his mate out of the wagon, and leaving them
there, started on. These oxen remained through the day and mixed with the many
cattle owned in that village. The second day after they had been there it was dis-
covered that there was a sick ox in the field. The inhabitants were all ont at once ;
they killed the ox, and from the description they saw that he had the disease they had
dreaded, They iminediately inoculated their cattle and saved a goodly number of
them. Now, in regard to that, I wish to make this statement: I made a statement
which was honestly reported, I suppose, but mistakenly as a statement, that they had
saved 90 per cent.: in some cases not more than 30 per cent. Between this and 90
in probably the average per cent. saved. In that case I mentioned that there was a
16 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

clear, distinct instance where the sickness had been brought from the interior, three
hundred tiles, and in the last case it was carried twenty miles.

Another instance: Two natives were trading, and brought the disease from the country
where they went, two hundred miles, and sect i down in a perfectly healihy region, in a herd
of about eighty cattle, and there it spread, and they were every one carried off.

Another fact, one with which I had to do myself: A native, a stupid heathen
native was working for an Englishman jn an infected region ; he took his pay in cat-
tle, two calves, I think, a year or a year and ahalf old. He carried them into a
healthy district, where the disease had been kept out, and within twenty miles of
which it was not known Presently these calves fell sick and dicd, and the cattle
with which they were placed began to be sick. I lad in my service a young man be-
longing to that village, that was twelve miles from where I lived; a messenger came
to this young man to say, your cattle are sick. WhenI beard that I inquired if any cat-
tle had been brought from the infected region to his kraal. He said such a one, nam-
ing the native before mentioned, had been working with a man and had taken two
head of cattle for his pay; he came back a little over two months ago with these cat-
tle, and they took sick and died, and now our other cattle are sick. I saw at once
what the matter was, for I knew that the region where these two cattle were taken
from was wholly contaminated. I said, your cattle willall dic; you ought to tell your
neighbors to keep their cattle avay from you. LTasked him if his cattle had mixed with
other cattle, and he said, there are three kraals that have mired with ours. So it was too
late, and the result was they all died. I suppose that in these four herds there were from
one hundred to one hundred and thirty head of cattle, and they every one died. Well, Itold
the young man whom I sent to go and warn his neighbors; he did so, and they took
their cattle in an opposite direction to grass, and, for two years before I came away,
not asingle head of the cattle around there had taken the disease. Just those that were
exposed to the contagion, and no others, dicd. The neighbors’ cattle continued in a state of
perfect health for two years after those four herds, one bundred or one hundred and
thirty head, had died right out there in the heart of a healthy region, a region as large
asacounty. I cannot doubt that the disease was communicated by contagion, and if
the animals can be cut off the disease will be kept off. It was kept off in the region
in which I lived in this way. The chief with whom I lived occupies a considerable
extent of territory, and he is fortunately fortified on one side by a range of mountains,
and on the other by a precipice some hundred feet in height. He had assembled his
tribe for another purpose, and wanting my advice in reference to some political dith-
culties, he sent a messenger to tell me of his trouble. I went to him, and after that
matter was settled I took occasion to tell him that the sickness was within some forty
miles of us. I told him what the disease had done and would do, and I said to him,
there is just one thing to do, and that is, lo keep your cattle where they are and not allow
any to go out or ecme in. Well, the people there love their cattle, as they say, better
than they love their lives. They took the alarm, and every ettort that was made on
the part of auy one to bring cattle into the country was immediately and stoutly re-
sisted. The intruder was met with spear and shield and threatened with death and
destruction to himself and his cattle if he came astep farther, and so was made to
go back. Only half a mile off, within sight of these cattle, dead animals were lying
unburied that had been exposed to this contagion. The disease was brought there by
the oxen of an individual who had been into the interior, aud when he came home his
oxen died. They communicated the disease to all the cattle in that neighborhood,
and I never saw more complete destruction. There was not a single head left in all
those kraals. Those cattle came wp to within half a mile of our boundary, and you
could look down and see herds of them lying dead. That was three years ago, and
yet when I came away the disease had not got one inch over that line.

These are facts that I have seen and know, and in that country, if‘you should
ask us, is the disease communicated by contagion ? we would say yes, and we would just as
soon doubt that the sun made daylight. There are thousands upon thousands of facts to
proveit. We have no more questions to ask ou that subject. You will see how widely
the disease might spread in a vountry like that, where cattle are so abundant, where
the travel is continued day and night, and where thousands of oxen are on the road
every twenty-four hours. It has been to that country a great scourage. Thousands
and hundreds of thousands of cattle have died, and many of the people have been
made poor by the ravages of the disease, and the only hope they have of securing a
comfortable subsistence, and recovering a comfortable position in respect to property,
is through sheep. They have given up allidca of grazing cattle, and are now turning their
attention to sheep ; for the disease is so widely spread that they have no hope that it will ever be
exterminated, ;

The especial value of this narrative lies in its testimony to the identity
of this disease in the northern and southern hemispheres; to its terrible
fatality in a warm climate, a matter full of dread significance to us; to
its rapid diffusion where circumstances favor contact of the sick and
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 17

healthy; to its propagation by contagion only and to its exclusion from
all herds from which strange cattle are debarred. This last point is one
which should be especially dwelt upon. In that torrid country where
the lung plague has so far shown the greatest power of speedy diffu-
sion, and where the mortality has risen higher than in any other land,
where, in other words, the climatic conditions appear to be the most
favorable to its existence, it had failed to appear spontaneously among
the native cattle during the ages preceding its colonization by the Dutch,
and for two centuries after this settlement ; and even after the contagion
had been introduced and had spread generally over the land, it needed
only the resolute will of a native chieftain, in the exclusion of strange
stock, to shut out the contagion and preserve any given district sound.

A striking instance of the same kind is narrated by the missionary,
Mr. R. Moffatt, father-in-law of the lamented Livingston, in a letter to
Sir George Gray, governor of the Cape of Good Hope, dated Kuruman,
October 2, 1859. He states:

That he was not allowed by Moselekatse, the chief of the Matabele country, South
Africa, to approach nearer than his most southerly cattle outpost, about six days’
journey from headquarters, for fear of introducing the lung sickness among his cattle.
Men were therefore sent to bring Moffatt’s wagous to where the chief lived, which
was a laborious task, while to every available part about the wagons the spears and
shields of the warriors, now performing the labor of oxen, were fastened. Every man
in Matabele is a warrior, and is never seen removing, even to the shortest distance,
without his weapons. Moselekatse possesses enormous herds of cattle, these and
ivory constituting hig wealth. (See also letter of Mr. Corbet under the head of Mor-
tality.)

Thus the uncivilized African teaches this great and enlightened na
tion a lesson in sanitation which she can only neglect at an unspeaka
ble sacrifice.

The growing importance of the wool-growing interest in South Africa
may be inferred from the facts that in 1875 Cape Colony had 11,500,000
sheep and 3,300,000 goats, as against 1,300,000 cattle, and that of the
$25,000,000 of exports nearly $15,000,000 was in wool. Cattle are evi-
dently no longer the “chief wealth of the people.”

INFECTION OF AUSTRALIA.

This took place in October, 1858, through an English cow imported
by Mr. Boadle, of Melbourne. The malady ravaged his herd for nearly
a year before it drew the earnest attention of the colonists. From the
Melbourne Argus of September 17, 1859, we learn that a meeting of
stockowners had just received the report of a committee, and decided
to slaughter the infected herd, and reimburse the owner by public sub-
scription. Mr. Boadle said:

The first case occurred in an imported cow, landed in good condition and giving milk.
She was attacked and died in November last, six weeks after arrival. Two others died
in the latter end of December and beginning of January, and from that to the present
time, with only one slight intermission of a month, the ravages of the disease have
been incessant.

The committee report:

" That of five animals imported by Mr. Boadle two have died, a third is at present
recovering from the attack, a fourth has seemingly recovered, and the fifth has hitherto
escaped the distemper. The total number of deaths have been twenty-three; five
beasts have recovered, but are evidently unsound, and on the occasion of our inspec-
tion ten were ill, of which four were slaughtered, at our request, for dissection.

As showing the animus of the meeting it applauded the proposal to
destroy every herd in which the infection should appear; to interdict

8. Ex. 106——2
18 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

“all shifting of cattle without a clean bill of health for some months,
and to subject to professional examination all imported cattle, which
should not be landed unless a certificate of health were given, and also
one presented to the officer, certifying that they had not been diseased
for six months before embarkation.”

Mr. Boadle’s entire herd of cattle (51 head) on his home farm was
slaughtered and paid for, and the farm itself quarantined. No legisla-
tion was effected, the public apprehension subsided, and the disease was
allowed to gain new headway. The effect of this neglect was so disas-
trous that we must go into the matter somewhat more in detail.

The Melbourne Argus of December 24, 1860, has the following:

As to whence we received it, and how it has been spread here, there can be no doubt.
An imported short-horn cow brought it from England, although she was to all appear-
ance sound when put on board ship and during the wholeof the passage. On inquiry,
however, after the mischief was done, it turned out that this cow had had a slight attack
some two years previously, of which she was declared, at the time, to be perfectly cured; but
the cure was but temporary and apparent, and the disease broke out here in a more
virulent form, quickly spreading to the other cattle on the same farm. Had an act
been then passed by the legislature to authorize the inspection of all suspected cattle,
the care of a few weeks or months, and the expenditure of a small sum of money,
would have eradicated the disease for the time, and a strict examination of all such as
were imported, and the requirement of proof that they had never been affected, would
have kept the country free from it; lut our legislators were not alive to the danger ;
and when the act is passed, which will be we presume, immediately after the meeting
of Parliament, the task of eradication will be a difticult and most expensive one.

mong the cattle lately destroyed in a diseased state have been several working bullocks,
belonging to carriers engaged in carting supplies up the country, and bringing down wool and
other produce as return loading, and in no other way could the contagion have been more
quickly disseminated, mixing, as such teams do, at every stopping place with other
bullocks similarly cinployed, and frequently with the cattle belonging to the ditterent
localities through which they pass. Scarcely is one small herd destroyed now before
fresh cases are reported, each one showing but too plainly the wide spread of the dis-
ease, and giving more reason to fear the announcement at any moment of its having
broken out in one or more of the large herds, when good-bye to the hope of eradica-
ting pleuro-pneumonia.

It is further alleged that McKinnon’s working oxen above alluded to
had been surreptitiously turned into Mr. Boadle’s sequestered pastures
under the shadow of night, and had thus contracted the contagion.
Thus the petty cupidity of the teamsters brought a terrible and endless
disaster on that vast island, the infected oxen repeating in Australia
the earlier and no less disastrous experience of South Africa.

An act of the Victorian legislature passed March 19, 1861, provided
for an inspection of all cattle in suspected districts, the slaughter of the
sick, and the interdiction of movement; and as the disease had now ap-
peared at the Ovens, on the borders of New South Waies, the legisla-
ture of that colony passed a similar act April 11, 1861. An attempt
was made by the latter colony to keep the disease south of Murray
River, but the golden opportunity had been neglected; the disease car-
ried by working and stray cattle had been introduced into many of the
large herds roaming the open country, and throughout 1861 the com-
missioners found the malady wherever they went in both colonies. The
first cases observed in New South Wales were in a large herd at Yar-
ra Yarra, which had been moved by its owners, Messrs. M’Laurin, from
Mitta Mitta, Victoria, in August, 1861. Yet in January, 1862, the New
South Wales commissioners report that they had examined 100,000, and
in every herd, with one or two exceptions, they had found the disease.
In Victoria matters were worse if possible, and by midsummer, 1862, it
is reported that in that colony “whole hecatombs of infected and sus-
pected cattle have been burned and destroyed.” It is estimated that
up to 1873, 1,404,097, or 40 per cent. of the cattle of the island, perished,
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 19

amounting, at $30 per head, to a total value of $43,500,000. And still
it prevails with unabated fury, standing with the infected unfenced
ranges of South Africa, Europe and Asia as a solemn warning of our
own impending fate should we, too, delay till the infection shall reach
our western plains and Territories.

LUNG PLAGUE IN TASMANIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

As might be expected from the position of Tasmania, on the coast of
Victoria, it was early infected by cattle brought from the latter, and by
1864 the disease was universally prevalent in the island.

New Zealand was not infected till 1864, when contaminated cattle
were introduced. Here and in Tasmania there was but a repetition of
the experience of Australia. Thorough sanitary measures were delayed
until the disease had gained the open ranges, when it spread from herd
to herd and bade defiance to all human control.

INFECTION OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The importation of lung plague into Massachusetts, though not the
first introduction of that disease into America, may be mentioned first,
because its history is complete from its inception to its final extinction
in 1865. Mr. Winthrop W. Chenery, of Belmont, near Boston, who had
repeatedly imported Dutch cattle with the best results, had four more
sent him in the spring of 1859. They were procured in Purmerend
and the Boemster, and were shipped in April from Rotterdam, an in-
fected town, where they had been kept a few days in stables prior to
shipment. These cows were forty-seven days at sea, and arrived at Bos-
on the 23d May. All were at once taken to Belmont, though two were
30 ill that they had to be conveyed in wagons, one of the two having
been unable to stand for the last twenty days at sea. This cow was
killed as hopeless on the 31st of May, and the second died on the 2d June.
A third cow of this importation sickened June 20, and died in ten days.
The fourth showed no sign of illness at any time. The next victim was
a cow imported in 1852, which sickened August 20, and died before the
and of the month. Others now followed in rapid succession, and in the
first week of September Mr. Chenery. for the first time suspicious of the
crue nature of the disease, isolated his herd and refused to sell on any
recount. From that time to January 8, 1860, twenty-six more died.

Unfortunately, on June 23, he had sold three calves to Curtis Stod-
lard, of North Brookfield, Worcester County, one of which was noticed
‘0 be ailing on the way home. Several days later Leonard Stoddard
‘ook this calf to his farm to cure it, and kept it in his barn with forty-
sight other cattle for four days, when he returned it to his son’s place,
vhere it died August 20. Curtis Stoddard lost no more till November
., when he sold eleven young cattle to as many different persons, and
vherever these went the disease appeared. In one instance more than
00 cattle were infected from one of those Stoddard heifers. Of the
tine cattle which Stoddard retained seven were killed and found to be
yadly diseased. ;

An ox of L. Stoddard’s sickened two weeks after he had returned the
ick calf to his son, and fourteen more cases followed in the course of a
ew weeks. He kept eight oxen for teaming, and one team staying over
tight at Mr. Needham’s infected his oxen, of which eight died, and the
emainder were slaughtered by the State authorities.
20 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

Mr. Woodis, of New Braintree, purchased a cow of L. Stoddard, which

infected and led to the destruction of his herd of twenty-three cows.

Mr. Olmstead bought a yoke of oxen of Mr. Stoddard and kept them
five days, with the result of infecting his herd so that one-third died,
and a second third were condemned by the commissioners.

Mr. Olmstead sold the Stoddard yoke of oxen to a Mr. Doane, who
put them to assist, with twenty-three other yokes, in removing a build-
ing in North Brooktield. They were engaged in this for a day and a
half, and all had to be destroyed by order of the commissioners.

Mr. C. P. Huntingdon purchased a cow from L. Stoddard and lost
seven.

Silas H. Bigelow lost his entire stock of ten animals infected from
Doane’s in the big team. So with M. W. Deland, Jonathan Pellet,
George Harwood, and others.

These may serve to illustrate how the disease spread. For a length
of time every case could be traced directly to the Stoddard and Chenery
herds.

In the course of the next four years the disease was discovered in
herds in the following towns: Milton, Dorchester, Quincy, Lincoln,
Ashby, Boxborough, Lexington, Waltham, Hingham, East Marshfield,
Sherborn, Dover, Holliston, Ashland, Natick, Northborough, Chelms-
ford, Dedham, and Nahant, and on Deer Island.

Further, a herd of one hundred and thirty heifers from Lexington and
Concord were sent to different pastures in the mountains of New Hamp-
shire, in the towns of Hillsborough, Washington, Sempster. Stoddard,
Hancock, Peterborough, and Windsor, and several of these heifers, killed
about the Ist of June, were found badly diseased.*

By the spring of 1860 the State of Massachusetts was aroused to the
danger, and in April an act was passed to provide for the extirpation
of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, under which three
commissioners were appointed with power to slaughter and pay for all
cattle in herds where the disease was known or suspected to exist.
With various intervals these and succeeding commissioners were kept
in office for six years, and in their final report Mr. Preston and Dr.
Thayer congratulate the State on the “eradication of one of the worst
forms of contagious disease which has been found among cattle.”

The records show that, besides the animals which died of the disease
and those disposed of by the selectmen of the different infected towns
in 1863, when the commission was temporarily suspended, there were
1,164 cattle condemned by the commissioners. The cost to the State
was $77,511.07, including $10,000 laid out by the towns during the sus-
pension of the commission. t

The record is one of which Massachusetts may well be proud as the
first instance in America in which a State has had the fortitude to main-
tain a consistent system of suppression until the last disease germ has
been extinguished. The fact that Massachusetts was speciaily favored
does not detract from her merit, which lay in seizing her opportunity
and making the most of it. Had she been destitute of railways, so that
her inland commerce had been carried, like that of Australia and South
Africa, by bullock teams; had the disease found her herds pasturing in
one great open country, entirely devoid of fences; or, finally, had the

 

* This sending of cattle to New Hampshire was finally stopped by a proclamation of
the New Hampshire commissioners that if any more animals infected with pleuro-
pneumonia were sent to the Granite State they would be slaughtered without indem-

nity.
+The total loss to the farmers of the State is estimated by Dr. Thayer at $250,000.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 21

plague reached her at the starting point of a great distributing cattle
traffic instead of at its terminus, as it did, the nine months’ delay would
have rendered her efforts fruitless, and the plague would have been per-
petuated on her soil. The contrast between the splendid success of
Massachusetts on her inclosed farms and the failure of Australia on
her open pastures, though the latter was no less energetic and far more
prodigal of her money, is a lesson of the gravest import to the United
States. To-day we have it in our power to stamp out this pestilence,
but if we criminally delay until it shall have reached our open pasture
lands we sball but repeat the experience of Australia, and must resign
ourselves to the permanent incubus of the pestilence circulating trom
the sources of our cattle traffic, through its various channels, into every
State in the Union.

INFECTION OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND ADJACENT STATES.

The statement has been generally accepted that a Mr. Thomas Rich-
ardson, of New Jersey, introduced lung plague from England in a ship-
ment of shorthorns; and discovering the true nature of the disease,
nobly stamped it out by the slaughter of his whole herd, valued at
$10,000. A sequel to the story is that some of the neighbors had their
stock infected by using the hay taken from a barn where the diseased
cattle had been. Strangely enough,‘the place where the meritorious act
took place seems to have been withheld from the public, so that no more
accurate information can be obtained.

The importation which first fixed the lung plague in the port of New
York was that of a single cow bought by Peter Dunn, milkman, Brook-
lyn, from the captain of the English ship Washington, in 1848, and
placed in his own herd in a stable near South Ferry. This cow, at first
famed for the abundance of her milk, soon sickened and died, and con-
veyed the infection to the other occupants of the building. From there
it spread to other stables in the vicinity, and soon the whole of Brook-
lyn was involved. Among other places infected in this way were large
distillery stables in Skillman street, and there the disease was seen and
identified by the Massachusetts commissioners in 1863, having continued
uninterruptedly from the primary infection.

The same conditions favored the survival and propagation of the dis-
ease then that obtain still in the same locality. Brooklyn suburbs were
much more open and extended than they are to-day; and on the open,
unbuilt lands the cattle from infected herds, turned out to pasture,
mingled freely with those from healthy herds and infected them. Then
the cattle from infected herds could be bought at reduced rates,
of which the dealers naturally availed, so that the panic among the
owners of infected stock operated with the cupidity of the dealers in
securing a speedy extension of the disease; dealers, too, soon discov-
ered that the farther they sent the infected animals from the vicinity
of diseased herds they could be sold with the less suspicion, and a pre-
mium was thus placed upon its diffusion. Then, it is not to be forgotten
that around all the adjacent cities, New York, Jersey City, Newark,
&c., there were the same common pasture grounds, which in summer
became mere infection-traps; that dealers’ stables entertaining sick and
healthy, in turn became hot-beds of infection; that the habit of the
cow dealer, of sending out cows on trial and taking back the sick or
ill-doing animal, or sending it on to a new place on further trial, all
contributed largely to the dissemination of the plague. In short, these
large cities around the port of New York presented, and still present, on
22 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

a smaller scale, those inimical conditions which served to perpetuate
the plague in South Africa and Australia. Fortunately for America,
this is but on a small scale, and as we recede from the city limits we
come on all sides upon inclosed farms, which form a natural barrier to
animal infection, and serve to make it controllable by sanitary means.

At a very early date the infection had seized on the city dairy-herds
of New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Newark, Elizabeth, New Bruns-
wick, Trenton, and even Germantown, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, in
each of which it found the same favoring conditions, and therefore in
each it made a permanent home. Several extensions into Connecticut
have been recognized and stamped out by the ever-watchful cattle com-
missioners.

WHY THE LUNG PLAGUE HAS EXTENDED SOUTH ONLY.

The fact that lung plague has confined its ravages to the seaboard
between Long Island and Virginia, while it has made no serious exten-
sion to the North nor West, demands some explanation. This explana-
tion is easy and satisfactory, and attention to it is of no small conse-
quence in connection with the proposed extinction of the contagion.

From New York southward to Virginia is a stretch of flat fertile land
hemmed in by the Alleghany Mountains on the one side and the ocean
on the otber. This plain is not only well cultivated and well stocked
with domestic animals, but it is the seat of very varied and extensive
manufacturing interests. The demands of these latter have led to the
formation of a number of growing cities and villages, around which is
much land held by speculators and laid out for building, but still un-
used, and which remains uninclosed, being practically a common pas-
ture land for the cows of the city or village. On these commons, or
unfenced pastures, meet daily in summer the cows of the poor, the herds
of the small milkman, and the cattle of dealers and drovers; and thus
during the entire summer any infection that may be present has free
scope to extend from cow to cow and trom herd to herd. As all these
places from New York to Baltimore were within easy reach of New York
by rail, dealers naturally supplied them by cattle from the New York
and Jersey City markets whenever the prices promised a profit on the
transaction. There was the further temptation to the New York dealer
to send infected herds to such places, since there would be less risk of
exposure of the nefarious nature of the transaction; and, the sale once
affected, there would be less danger of after complaints or actions for
damages. In this way the plague was steadily spread for 250 miles
south of New York, concentrating itself around such cities as N ewark,
Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Trenton, Easton, Reading, Burlington, Cam-
den, Germantown, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Dover, Baltimore, An-
napolis, Georgetown, Washington, and Alexandria. Almost every step
in advance was a permanent gain, for each city presented on a small
scale, in its common-pasturages and its frequent changes of cattle, ren-
dered necessary to keep up a uniform supply of milk and fill up the
ranks of the dying cattle, the counterpart of the unfenced cattle-ranges
of the Old World and of the southern hemisphere, where the plague has
gained a permanent establishment. Thus each newly-infected city be-
came in its turn a fresh and permanent center of infection, from which
the disease spread outward over new fields on every favorable opportu-
nity. In such places it was next to impossible for the plague to die out
of its own accord, for there was a constant and increasing influx of fresh
and susceptible subjects to supply the growing losses, and this new ma-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 23

terial was but added fuel to the flame. On a confined and well-fenced
farm, where the stock belonged to a single owner, the expediency of
avoiding new purchases until the disease had literally burnt itself out
was usually appreciated, and thus a limit was set to its ravages; but
ou the open commons of the cities and villages everything conspired to
keep up the infection. With many the loss of a few cows was but
viewed as a run of ill luck,and the more intelligent soon came to realize
that those animals which recovered had a special value, being safe from
all future attack. The high prices of milk made cow-keeping remunera-
tive in spite of the losses, and thus the numerous deaths but served to
increase the purchases of fresh and susceptible animals, and these in
their turn falling victims to the disease served to maintain the affection
in an unending series of cases. To those unacquainted with the cash
returns from city cows it may seem absurd to offset the losses by the
prices obtained for milk. Yet, a good cow yielding 15 quarts of milk
daily, at 10 cents a quart, draws $1.50 per day. In summer, when the
cows get most of their food on the common-pasturage, nearly all of this
is clear profit, so that that cow will have paid her full price of $63 in
six weeks. Two months of good milking may yield $90 worth of milk,
or a half more than the original value of the cow. One New York dairy-
man (Joseph Hyde, Seventieth street) lost 20 cows in four months of
1879, more than the full number of stock he kept at any one time, and
though entirely dependent on stall-feeding, he confessed that he had
made money in this year. With such a result upon purchased feed, it
is small marvel that the milkman who had a free pasturage could afford
to face the mortality and steadily fill up the ranks with fresh subjects.

As illustrating the baleful influence of these common-pasturages, it
may be noted that around such towns and villages the lung plague has
always been more extensively prevalent at the end of autumn, after the
commingling of herds for a season, than in spring, after a wiuter of com-
parative seclusion in the stables. This serves to place in the strongest
light the one known cause of the disease—contagion—and to emphasize
the necessity for the most stringent rules for controlling the movement
of cattle in infected districts.

But the dangers of the cow trade in our large eastern cities do not
end here. In each of the larger cities are one or two dozen persons en-
gaged more or less extensively in the cow trade, and if possible each of
them keeps a private stable for the accommodation of cows held for sale.
But these stables receive not only the fresh and healthy cows direct from
the country, but also the sick and unsuitable ones which have been sent
out to dairymen on trial and returned to the dealer as coming short of
the yield of milk guaranteed. It follows that cows that sicken in the
dairies in great part find their way back to the dealers’ stable, so that
that becomes early infected and afterward remains as a permanent center
of infection. The other fresh cattle coming into this stable are almost
without exception susceptible to the plague, so that the chances are in
favor of the majority leaving this stable in an infected condition. Thus
the trade works incessantly in a vicious circle; the fresh cow, if it escapes
infection, on first reaching the city probably enters an infected stable,
and when the plague begins to tell on its health it is returned to the
dealers’ stable to infect the cattle standing there; also the stable, if that
has not been done previously, and a new town-herd into which it is sent
later on trial, only to be returned again and again until it perishes or
makes a tardy recovery.

Another practice of these city dealers is to send out cows on trial to
different milkmen, and if they prove unsatisfactory to move them on to
24 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

a second and a third stable so long as they can find some one willing to
take them. It follows that those in the early stage of the disease or in
process of recovery, being short in their yield of milk, are rapidly passed
on from herd to herd, passing a few days in each and leaving the seeds
of disease at every stopping place.

Finally, the city cow-dealer is often the real owner of amilkman’s cows.
He furnishes a dairy with cows, taking a chattel mortgage on them tor
an amount often approaching to double their real value, and thus
obliges the milkman to pay interest on far more than his real stock in
trade. If disease appears among the cows, the dead animals are replaced
by others at the same ruinous rates, and the unfortunate milkman dare
not buy from another source lest the first dealer should foreclose his
mortgage and ruin him by the simultaneous loss of his stock and his
milk route. It is manifestly to the interest of an unscrupulous dealer
to carry this oppression just 1s far as the subject can be made to bear,
and there are some men in the business just rapacious enough to avail of
their opportunity to the utmost. The lung plague increases the deaths,
the deaths increase the demand for fresh cows, and the introduction of
fresh cows means the investment of their spare cash at double the legal
rate of interest. , i

Such is the state of things in our large eastern cities, which has served
to spread and perpetuate the lung plague. And unless these are tem-
porarily put a stop to, it will be a most difficult and expensive matter
to stamp out this disease when already well established in such a city.

Restrictions on the westward progress of the plaque.—The state of things
along the Erie Railway is the exact opposite of that on the south of New
York. From the New Jersey State line westward there is no large city
for the distance of about 200 miles, and consequently no combination
of a large and poor population and a free pasturage on open unfenced
grounds on which the herds of different owners could mingle. The
valuable arable land is all fenced in, so that if by accident the germ of
the plague were introduced it would be quite likely to remain confined
to the one herd until all the susceptible animals had passed through it,
when, in the absence of new purchases or births, it would expire for lack
of fresh subjects. Again, if the owner decided to sell such an infected
herd, be would naturally send it to the stock-yards in New York or Jersey
City, where, passing into an already infected region, they would fail to
give the disease a new extension. If by any chance a poor man who
could pasture his one cow on a wild and unfenced mountain side had
obtained an infected animal from the east, it was so far removed from
others that the extension of the infection was next to an impossibility,
and the contagion was soon extinguished in death or recovery. Thus
the rugged mountain chain of the Alleghanies in preveuting the forma-
tion ot large cities likewise forbade the gradual extension of this pes-
tilence to Western New York and Ohio, as would otherwise have been
all but inevitable.

More potent still in its protective influence has been the relatively
small value of cattle on the west of the Alleghanies to the prices they
brought on the seaboard, in the vicinity of large cities. No one, there-
fore, along the line of the Erie Railway went to New York to buy com-
mon cattle, all demands being so much more cheaply supplied from the
West. It was high-bred cattle only that were conveyed from New York
and the seaboard to replenish the inland herds, but these were placed
on the farms of wealthy owners, which were carefully fenced, and where
every precaution was taken to prevent intermingling with adjacent
stock. Such stock could not be so summarily disposed of as common
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 25

cattle, and the sale of high-priced Short-horns or Jerseys in an in-
fected condition would have entailed careful inquiries and possibly
ruinous lawsuits. It will be seen, therefore, that even in the event of
infection having been carried westward in high-bred stock, there would
have been a much stronger probability of its dying out in the secluded
herd which was first intected than there was iu the cattle around our
Eastern cities. Had the infection at any time been conveyed into the
herds of poor milkmen who pastured their cows on the commons around
Chicago, Indianapolis, or other western cities, it would have been as
certainly perpetuated as it has been in the East.

Obstacles to the progress of lung plague northward.—Along the line of
the New York Central Railroad the obstacles placed in the way of the
plague were of a somewhat. different kind. North of Yonkers, where
the open commons virtually end, the land is well fenced, so that even
if infection were introduced it had every opportunity to die out in the
first herd infected, and but few chances for its preservation. Here, too,
in case of a herd becoming infected and its being found desirable to clear
it out, the most available means would be through the New York stock-
yards. Thus every tendency of the disease was to gravitate toward
the points where the plague already prevailed, and the danger of its
slow and gradual extension along this line was reduced to the mini-
mum.

Protection along the line of the Harlem Railroad has been secured by ,
the comparative absence of large cities and of open and common past-
ure grounds. Up to Mount Vernon open commons are found, and as far
as this the lung plague has been a frequent visitor, if not indeed a per-
manent resident, but north of this the land is well inclosed, and along
the whole road there is only one village of more than 1,000 inhabitants.
White Plains alone, has 4,000. In cases, therefore, of the introduction
of the lung plague into Westchester and Putnam Counties, it was
usually easily traceable to cattle from New York City or farther south,
and the farms being fenced it could be isolated and extirpated without
difficulty.

Along the New York and New Haven Railroad the land is still well
fenced, but the villages and cities are numerous, and as might be ex-
pected the lung plague has frequently extended in this direction, but has
been as often stamped out by the watchful care of Connecticut. A sec-
ond reason for the infection of Connecticut is tobe found in the fact that
having the New York market between herself and the sources of the cattle
traffic, she naturally drew upon that market for store aswell as fat cat-
tle. But for the vigilance of the Connecticut cattle commissioners, the
boasted immunity of Massachusetts could not have been maintained for
these sixteen years, and the whole of New England owes a deep debt of
gratitude to that body for their faithful guardiancy of their cattle in-
dustry.

CONTINUITY OF THE IMPORTED DISEASE AND THAT OF TO-DAY IN
NEW YORK.

A few words may be requisite to establish the fact that the lung
plague of to-day in New York is the direct descendant of the case im-
ported in 1848.

ist. Many are still living who can remember when the dairy herds
of New York City and Brooklyn were free from all contagious lung
disease, and who can testify that since the unfortunate arrival of Peter
Dunn’s English cow the malady has cunstantly prevailed.
26 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

2d. The readers of periodical literature will recall the fact that there
have been in New York during this time frequent outcries against
“swill milk,” and these, together with the more formal reports of Dr.
Perey and Mr. Bergh, while mistaken in ascribing the disease in the
cows to swill-feeding, yet furnish valuable testimony as to the continued
existence of themalady. The cuts in Frank Leslie’s paper representing
the swill-fed cow as stump-tailed supplies further indubitable evidence,
as the shortness of the tail was caused here, as elsewhere, by the prac-
tice of inoculation with the lung plague matter. This process often
gives rise to so much inflammation in the tail that that member either
separates spontaneously or has to be cut off to prevent such extension
of the disease as would destroy life. Yet, to add proof to proof the fol-
lowing two cases are named, out of many, to show the unbroken conti-
nuity of cases from the year of the importation of the plague-germ to the
present.

3d. In 1849 William Meakim, Bushwick, L. L, kept a large dairy,
and employed a man, with a yoke of oxen, in drawing grains from the
New York and Brooklyn distilleries. A milkman on the way, who bad
lung plague in his herd, persuaded this man to use his oxen in drawing
a dead cow out of his stable. Soon after, the oxen sickened and died,
and the disease extending to his dairy herd Mr. Meakim lost 40 head
in the short space of three months. From this timeonward Mr. Meakim
_ lost from six to ten head yearly for twenty years, when he left the dairy
business. This brings the record down to 1869, covering the period of
1863, when Dr. E. F. Thayer, with the other members of the Massachu:
setts commission, saw and identified the disease in the Skillman-street
stables. From 1869 Professor Law can testify toits continuous existence,
having been consulted at intervals concerning valuable herds into which
the disease had reached from the generally infected stock of the region.

4th. Dr. Bathgate, of Fordham avenue and One hundred and seventy-
first street, New York, says that twenty-three years ago (1858) his father
kept a herd of Jersey cattle, which became infected by contact with ad-
jaceut infected herds, and that the malady continued to prevail in his
herd for years in spite of all his efforts to check it. From that date to
this he affirms it has never been absent from the district.

IMMUNITY OF AMERICA APART FROM DISEASED IMPORTS.

In the above connection it is not to be forgotten that for two centu-
ries and a half after the settlement of America the cattle of the settlers
remained free from any such contagious disease; and it was only when
the infected English cow was landed in Brooklyn in 1848 that the pes-
tilence began which has since extended some three hundred miles due
south. More than this, for the immemorial ages during which the buf-
falo has roamed the American plains, no such disease has appeared
among the herds. For, be it noted, the buffalo belongs to the bovine
family, and here, as in Europe, is susceptible to this infection; and had
this pestilence once been introduced among them, it would have been
preserved forever by the constant mixing of herds and the birth of new
and susceptible animals, as it has been on the unfenced plains of Asia,
Europe, Africa, and Australia.

INCLEMENT WEATHER HAS NOT GENERATED LUNG PLAGUE,

It has often been charged that the plague has been generated by in-
clement weather, but the experience of both America and Europe meets
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 27

this with a positive disproof. In Europe, the bleak and stormy mount-
ains of Scandinavia in the latitude of Greenland, and the Scottish High-
lands in the latitude of Labrador, have maintained a permanent immu-
nity, while the plague was remorselessly ravaging the sunny fields of
England, France, and Italy. In America the plague has prevailed for
thirty-three years on the genial sea-coast of the Middle States, while it
has spared the whole interior of the continent, where the temperature
descends so much lower. Nor is it the raw sea-winds that generate it,
since from Connecticut north to Labrador no such disease has ever ap-
peared apart from its one importation into Massachusetts.

HIGH TEMPERATURE HAS NOT GENERATED LUNG PLAGUE.

It is worthy of note that the European countries ravaged by this plague
have been especially those of Central Europe, where the greatest traffic -
in cattle and the most extensive wars have ever taken place, while Spain,
Portugal, and the Channel Islands, which have no such traffic with the
rest of Europe, have throughout escaped infection. The same immunity
has been preserved in the whole of Africa—(excepting its southern ex-
tremity, since the importation of the Dutch bull) ; in other words, through
the whole tropical part of the continent—in all of our Southern States,
in Mexico, in the West Indian Islands, and in the whole of Central and
South America. However much the disease may be aggravated by a
hot climate, as witnessed in South Africa and Australia, and in our own
semi-tropical summers, there is not a shadow of support for the idea
that it is generated by a high temperature.

LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED BY A TEMPERATE CLIMATE.

In this connection, we need only instance the cases of Spain and Port-
ugal, of the Channel Islands, of Canada, of our own Western States, of
the Pacific States, and of the great stock-raising plains of the La Plata,
also of the British Isles before 1840, of South Africa before 1854, of
South Australia and Tasmania before 1859, and of New Zealand before
1864. We may also adduce such States, as Massachusetts and Con-
necticut, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg,
Wurtemberg, and Switzerland, as have stamped out the imported dis-
ease, and preserved sound herds until in some cases reinfected by the
occurrence of a new importation.

LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED DE NOVO BY THE PRIVATIONS OF
TRAVEL.

We have already seen that until the great advances of agriculture
and commerce in the present century the lung plague was mainly propa-
gated by the wars of Central Europe. But that the mere privations of
cattle in the army herds did not generate the poison de novo is shown
by the harmlessness of the frequent wars of Sweden in the eighteenth
century and early part of the nineteenth ; by the continued immunity of
Spain throughout her desperate wars of the seventeenth, eighteenth,
and nineteenth centuries; by the absence of the plague during and atter
the wars of independence of the South American republics ; by the same
absence of any such disease during and after the war of independence
of the United States ; during the war in Texas in 1836; during the wars
in Mexico in 1845 to 1848 and 1861 to 1867; and, finally, during our civil
war, 1861 to 1865. In reference to these North American wars it should
28 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

be added that a disease was certainly propagated in the army herds
operating in the States near the Gulf of Mexico, but it was the Texas
fever only, in which the lungs are unaffected, and from this there is left
no infection which has hitherto survived the frosts of a Northern
winter.

No one will deny that in the late civil war there was as great an array
of fighting men as in the most extensive wars of Europe; that the
armies required as great a supply of beef as the armies of Europe ; that
they operated over as wide a country, and that in the general absence
of the macadamized roads of Europe the herds of supply were subjected
to as great privations as those of the European armies ; and yet we have
before us the undeniable fact that the States which formed the main
theater of the war came out unaffected by the lung plague which has so
often proved a disastrous sequel to the wars of Europe.

Then, as regards the ordinary cattle trade, it must be borne in mind
that except during the exigencies of war no cattle are allowed to pass
from Russia into Prussia or Austria without detention and quarantine.
Counting, then, from Kamienietz, the eastern point of Austria, to Rotter-
dam, or from Memel, the eastern point of Prussia, to the Hague, we
have in neither case over 1,000 miles, while from the plains of Nebraska
or Kansas to Boston is 1,500 miles, and from Texas or Montana 2,000
miles. Surely, if the fatigues and privations of travel can develop this
disease de novo, itis in the United States that it ought to appear, and
not in Europe. But we find, on the contrary, that though our Texas and
Montana cattle often die in great numbers during the journey, they never
develope a virus which propagates a contagious disease of the lungs in
the herds among which they come. Thus Chicago, which received con-
signments of 1,382,477 head of cattle in 1880, where the local herds
come up to the stockyards and occasionally mix with cattle in transit,
and where consignments to the stockyards are fed in city distillery sta-
bles and pastured on the open prairie in company with the city dairy
herds, presented not a single case of lung plague in the city dairies nor
in the distillery stables, though both were subjected to repeated exami-
nation. The city of Buffalo, receiving yearly over 700,000 head of
cattle, presents no case of lung plague in the dairy or distillery herds,
which are constantly recruited from the public stockyards and come
in contact with the cattle passing from these yards to slaughter. The
same is true of all the great centers of cattle traffic in the West, as also
of the country grazing districts supplied with Western cattle west of
the Alleghanies, and finally of the whole of New England, including
the city of Boston, which receives yearly consignments of about 200,000
head of cattle from the West. .The fact thata single importation of four
Dutch cows into Massachusetts implanted a plague which it cost six
years and over $77,000 to eradicate, while this State yearly receives
about 200,000 head of Western cattle without the evidence of a single
case of lung plague, speaks volumes for the soundness of the stock and
the harmlessness of the journey. \

LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED DE NOVO BY IMPURE AIR.

Many believe that this plague is but the result of impure air in the
small, confined, and filthy cow-houses too often found in the large cities.
This appears to gain some color of support from the constant prevalence
of the affection around certain large cities in both the Old World and
the New. But these great cities are also the great centers of cattle
traffic, and are besides subjected to all those inimical causes in connection
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 29

with the cow-trade to which we have above adverted. That it is not
caused by the impure air in the stables is sufficiently proved by the fact
of its less extended prevalence in spring, after a winter of seclusion in
these filthy hovels, than in autumn, after a summer’s pasturage in the
open air. The same truth is seen in the entire absence of the lung
plague from our Western city stables, though these are in no respect
better than those on the Eastern seaboard. In the distillery stables in
the West 270 or 300 cubic feet per head is a fair average. In one case,
indeed, Woolner’s distillery, at Peoria, two stories of the same building
were devoted to cattle, those in the lower story standing 45 in a row,
with an area of about 220 cubic feet for each and ventilation only by the
doors at the ends of the rows. The air was constantly saturated with
the emanations from the swill as well as from the lungs, skin, and ex-
cretions of the animals, which were kept in this condition from four to
six months, yet not a symptom of lung plague was to be found among
them.

In some city dairies matters were even worse. The cows of one dairy
in Milwaukee were found in a hovel the ceiling of which was only 54 feet
high, and which allowed less than 150 cubic feet per each animal, while
drainage had been entirely neglected, and the building was surrounded
by a most filthy and malodorous puddle. Yet, these cows showed no
sign of lung plague nor of any specific disease of the lungs.

These are by no means isolated cases. Analogous ones can be found
all over the West. Yet, the West knows nothing of the lung plague,
and in this respect reproduces the condition of Great Britain prior to
1841. The cow-sheds of that period were far more confined, close, filthy,
and unsanitary than those of to-day, yet in not-one of them was the lung
plague generated until the importation of the germ from Ireland and the
Continent. So we need not fear the development of this plague from
these impure buildings until we allow the introduction of the virus from
the East, when these distillery stables and filthy city dairies will become
so many plague centers from which the infection will continually spread.

LUNG PLAGUE NOT GENERATED BY FEEDING THE REFUSE OF GLU-
COSE AND STARCH FACTORIES.

We have shown above that among the hundreds of thousands of
cattle fed in the West on the swill of distilleries, no case of lung plague
has ever been generated. We have only to add, with regard to the
acid products of glucose and starch factories, that, however injurious
they may be to the digestive organs when fed in excess, they have never
generated the virus of lung plague. At Buffalo, N. Y., large factories
of this kind are in existence, and the products are distributed widely for
cattle-feeding, but, as our investigations show, lung plauge is not to
be found in the vicinity of that city. There may be developed diseases
of the digestive organs and of assimilation, as shown in Dr. Farring-
ton’s report, but no contagious affection of the lungs. Its absence is
the more conclusive that the city cows pasture on commons adjoining
the stock-yards, so that the disease once set up would have been per-
petuated and disseminated. That it has not been so, is abundantly
shown by the continued absence of the disease in Western and Central
New York and the whole of New England. The same is true of other
factories of the same kind in the Western States. Had the disease been
generated there, it would have been spread through the channels of the
cattle traffic, and have been perpetuated at all the great cities on the
different routes.
30 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

THE UNVARYING ABSENCE OF LUNG PLAGUE, APART
FROM CONTAGION, A PERFECT GUARANTEE THAT IT
CAN BE PERMANENTLY ERADICATED.

The above extended review of the history of lung plague has been fur-
nished mainly to overcome the scruples of legislators who come to the sub-
ject unacquainted with its nature. The first lesson to be learned from it
is that in no historic time and in no part of the world has this disease
ever been found to appear de novo apart from theintroduction of the virus
furnished by a pre-existing case. On the contrary, in every invasion of a
new country we can unerringly trace the cause in the importation of in-
fected cattle or infected products; and in every case in which a nation has
bestirred itself and stamped out the infection no new cases have appeared.
until there has been another importation of infected stock or their prod-
ucts. We have deemed it needful to unearth and disprove all the subter-
fuges which have been adopted to assail the above position, and have, as
we believe, established our proposition on an impregnable basis. This
established, it follows of necessity that it is yet possible for us to stamp
out this plague fram the United States, and to exclude it for all future
time. And in such a matter, in which any delay may mean, and long
delay certainly will mean, the extension of the disease to our open cattle-
ranges, and the impossibility of stamping it out, the possibility of to-day
becomes a most imperative and urgent obligation. With the near pros-
pect of a general extension of the plague, and the yearly sacrifice of
tens and scores of millions of dollars to its insatiable craving, to say
nothing of the continued incubus on our foreign market, to delay the
work of extinction which is now in otir power savors of criminality. If
this lung plague had ever invaded a new country without the previous
importation of strange (infected) animals or their products as a direct
and demonstrable cause, we might well find excuse for hesitation. If
history failed to show us a number of instances in which the invasion of
the plague had been met and driven back by proper sanitary measures,
and in which such countries had thereafter remained permanently sound,
or sound until the plague was reimported, there might have been ground
for temporary inaction. Had the plague spread through the air from
east to west against the current of our cattle traffic, it might have been
feared that the mere local extinction of the infection would prove in-
effective, and it might have been pardonable to doubt somewhat the re-
sults of stringent measures of suppression. But with the extension of
the poison in the past thirty-three years only in the direction of cattle
traffic from the centers primarily infected, and its non-extension along
those lines where the absence of large cities and the fenced state of the
country were inimical to its maintenance, we have the amplest guarantee
that judicious suppressive measures would be thoroughly and perma-
nently successful. If the plague had already gained a footing in our
western plains and unfenced ranges generally, so that it had reached
the source of our cattle traffic; if it had begun to spread from herd to
herd over our whole grazing territory; or if it had cast its wither-

- ing spell on the wild herds of buffaloes, sanitarians and statesmen might
well have paused ere they grappled with the danger. Had there been
the slightest ground for assuming that this pest of cattle could be gen-
erated anew by any special climate, hot, cold, wet, dry, steady, or
changeable; or by the fatigues and sufferings of travel, or by the close
air of unwholesome buildings, there would have been some apology for
at least a temporary arrest of action.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 31

But no country invaded by this pestilence has ever been offered a
fairer chance to exterminate it; no country in which the affection has
been so long neglected has been so mercifully dealt with as the United
‘States; and therefore to no country will nore blame justly attach if the
plague is yet allowed to overstep all limits, and to give rise to a general
and irremediable infection.

YEARLY INCREASING DANEGRS FROM LUNG PLAGUE.

Every country which harbors a single case of lung plague is in im-
minent peril of its general diffusion and uncontrollable sway. It is the
most consummate folly to speak as many do of only a few cattle being
infected among our fortymillions. It is because we have forty millions
of sound cattle that we are called upon to protect them from the plague
affecting the thousand, the hundred, or the single animal. Equally ab-
surd is the comparison between the hundred and thirty thousand cattle
exported to Great Britain, and the paltry ten or twenty that it is
claimed were suffering from the lung plague on their arrival. The Brit-
ish Governmentdo not forget that it was a single importation from Hol-
land which infected Ireland in 1839, and that in spite of the absence of
all subsequent importations that island has since remained one of the
most badly infected countries of Europe. It was but a single beast
that carried to Cape Town the infection which for twenty-seven years
has devastated the whole of South Africa. It was a single cow which
carried to Australia that virus which has ravaged her herds for twenty-
two years. It was the single cow which, entering the Brooklyn stable
of Peter Dunn, introduced the infection which has never since left our
eastern seaboard. It was the four Dutch cows imported into Boston
which spread this infectionover a great part of Massachusetts, and cost
the commonwealth five years of arduous effort to effect its extermina-
tion. We may see in these examples, and above all by the terrible devas-
tations of the plagueon the open pastures of South Africa, and Australia,
what would overtake us if but one infected beast were carried out to our
unfencedranges in Texas, or other western States and Territories. Except
under the influence of some great war, or of Some newly-opened and gigan-
tic trade, like the English importations after the passage of the Free Trade
act, this disease rarely invades a new territory by the arrival of hordes
of infected animals. On the contrary, it has come silently in the single
unsuspected beast to those countries in which it has wrought the great-
est ruin. Keeping this in mind, we can the better estimate the increase
of our peril to-day in comparison with that of the past.

INCREASED IMPORTATION OF CATTLE ENHANCES OUR DANGER.

The transatlantic trade in cattle in either direction is of comparatively
recent development. When the stock was brought in sailing ships,
which were weeks in place of days on the passage, the extra provision,
time, and care necessary, and the prolonged danger of the voyage, all
contributed to deter the importer. But of late years the employment
of steamships, and the greatly increased interest in such breeds as the
Ayrshire, the Jersey, the Hereford, the Holstein, and the Polled Angus,
have led to a great increase in our cattle imports, aud have correspond-
ingly increased the danger of infection.

Many of our great importers have their stock-farms in the western
States, so that these importations are especially liable to carry infection
westward toward the Plains.
32 ' THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

The following table illustrates this truth, in showing the great increase
of breeding (thoroughbred) animals imported, though the particular
number of cattle is not named:

Statement showing the number and value of dutiable cattle and of free ani-
mals for breeding purposes, imported and entered for consumption in the
United States during the fiscal years ended June 30, from 1872 to 1881,
inclusive:

 

 

 

Free of duty. Dutiable.
Year ended June 30. aa eel
nimals for breeding pur-
poses, Cattle.
Number. Value. Number. Value.
seu eamearised $424,715 40 24, 483 $604, 850 36
5, 684 415, 133 92 34, 998 826, 764 51
4,790 459, 970 74 45, 715 884, 961 29
fe taiaeid 2 /aialste dele 623, 767 50 45, 310 748, 151 71
5, 685 622, 839 00 30, 068 458, 264 82
5, 370 416, 476 75 81, 893 314, 094 37
8, 006 395, 768 00 41, 933 475, 526 42
8, 189 469, 282 00 47, 862 467, 538 79
11, 103 745, 106 00 43, 534 462, 559 97
21, 268 | 1, 245, 607 00 41, 824 384, 066 59

 

 

 

 

 

JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., |
Chief of Bureau.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
Bureau of Statistics, January 3, 1882.

THE NATURAL INCREASE OF THOROUGHBRED CATTLE INCREASES
OUR DANGER. ;

The natural increase in our home herds of thoroughbred cattle is an
element of even greater danger than is the increase of imports. The
imported stock are now subjected to a three months’ quarantine, and if
this is accompanied by a most rigid and frequent examination of each ani-
mal the danger of the introduction of chronic cases is reduced to a min-
imum. But from our home thoroughbred herds, many of which are in
the near vicinity of infected areas, stock can be sent west without any
hinderance, and with every such shipment thereis the danger of the con-
veyance of disease. This disease may come from the herd itself, from
fodder, or litter furnished for the journey, from infected cars, or from in-
fected yards or buildings, in which the cattle are temporarily placed.

That thoroughbred herds within the infected areas are frequently at-
tacked is a notorious fact. Mr. Chenery’s herd at Belmont, Mass., is a
case in point; Mr. Richardson’s, of New Jersey, is a second; Dr. Bath-
gate’s, of New York City, is a third, all referred to above; we might add
aherd of Ayrshires on Staten Island, six years ago; two herds of J: erseys
in New Jersey in 1876 and 1877; Mr. Watrous’s herd at Perth Am.
boy, N. J., in 1879, and Mr. J. A. Hayt’s herd at Paterson, N. Y.
in 1881, One of these New Jersey herds left home sound, and re-
turned infected from a public exhibition; asecond (Mr. Watrous’s) was
apparently infected by an animal purchased at a public sale, while Mr.
Hayt’s received the infection through fresh purchases made in New
Jersey and in the vicinity of Baltimore, Md. It is quite true that herd-
book animals are less likely ta be exposed to diseases than common
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 33

stock. But the very care which thus seems to protect them, serves to
secure them against suspicion, and affords them a better opportunity
for conveying infection than is the case with common eattle. It will be
readily recalled that nearly all the great extensions of lung plague in
modern times have been through thoroughbred stock. We need only
naine that of Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, Oldeuburg,
Wiirtemburg, Africa, Australia, and Massachusetts.

it is these thoroughbred cattle which are sought after by the cattle
kings and shipped west and south to improve their vast herds in Texas,
Kansas, &c., where there are no fences to limit the freedom ot infected
stock. That the cattle shipped in this way are not always selected
with the care necessary to avoid contagion may be seen from the in-
stances above adduced. Indeed, it is no uncommon thing for the western.
or southern stock raiser to send to an agent in the east to purchase and
send on thoroughbred bulls for the improvement of his herd. He
thereby places himself entirely in the hands of a third party who, living
in the inidst of infected cattle, is not likely to entertain such dread of
infection, and who in any case is very unlikely to realize the terrible con-
sequences of the shipment of disease to our open cattle ranges.

As showing the working of this carelessness, may be noted an in-
stance to which Short-horn and Jersey calves, in waiting for vessels to
convey them from New York to Texas and South Carolina, respectively,
were temporarily placed in a stable along with an English bull then in
quarantine. On the discovery having been made their going was delayed
until they too had undergone quarantine. Quite recently, too, a promi-
nent Illinois breeder purchased and shipped west a large herd of Here-
fords from the immediate vicinity of Baltimore, now one of the most in-
fected districts in the United States, and the one to which most recent
cases of new extensions of the disease have been traced.

As giving some idea of the great increase of thoroughbreds in recent
years, it may be stated that Short-horns, of which there were less than
50,000 in the country ten years ago, can scarcely be set down as less
than 500,000 to-day. Add to this envrmous increase the fact that Short-
horns have recently fallen to prices at which every good farmer can se-
cure a first-class bull to cross on his native cattle, and we have some
conception of the enormous increase of sales of this class of stock. So
far as this active movement of stock enters the eastern infected areas,
it multiplies enormously the dangers of the propagation of lung plague
to other parts of the nation.

Some of the other breeds are moved in greater numbers from infected
regions to-day than are Short-horns, and the dangers are correspond-
ingly great.

IMPROVEMENT OF WESTERN HERDS A CAUSE OF DANGER.

Ten years ago it wag an easy matter to tell a bullock from Texas or
even from the plains. At that time the old Spanish blood was still pure
or nearly so, and it was a standing joke to pack a bullock in his own
horns. But to-day our western cattle have no longer the Spanish form,
and many Texans even can scarcely be distinguished from Short-horns.
The breeders have found out the advantages of early maturity and of
prices at least double those which their old stock would have brought,
and in spite of Texas fever they are crowding the markets of the north
for bull calves of the beef-making breeds. Every such shipment from
the east of the Alleghanies risks the introduction of lung plague into
Texas, and its permanent establishment in the Siate. So of every ship-

S. Ex. 106——3 :
34 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

ment to the West; for there, too, the spirit of progress and the desire
to secure the best blood are everywhere seen, the more so that no gulf-
coast fever threatens to kill off the imports.

THE TRADE IN EASTERN CALVES A SOURCE OF DANGER.

Though individual owners of western ranches have practiced the ship-
ment of calves from the east fora number of years, it is only three years
since this trade has assumed any considerable magnitude as carried on
through consignees, who resell the stock in the western stock-yards,
The growth of this trade has been so rapid that Mr. Frank D. Bartlett,
of McCurdy, Beveridge & Bartlett, the principal dealers in this class of
stock in Chicago, assured us that $1,500,000 worth of calves had passed
through the Chicago stock-yards in the fifteen months preceding August
30,1881. The effect on the eastern market has been such that calves
which formerly would bring $6 to $10 have this year brought $12 to
$15.

Formerly, in the dairying regions of New York aud Pennsylvania,
most calves were killed (Deaconed) at birth, but the new demand for
young animals has taught the dairy farmer that he can bring up calves
largely by hand, on skim- or buttermilk or whey, with a reasonable ad-
dition of linseed meal or malt, and thus secure a double profit from the
milk and cheese on the one hand, and the young stock on the other.

There are fortunately several reasons why the supply should be drawn
from the dairying regions of central and western New York and Penn-
sylvania rather than from the infected area east of the Alleghanies. 1st.
The price of milk in the vicinity of the the large cities is so high that
none can usually be spared after the two or three days which follow
parturition, 2d. The milk being sold sweet, there is no available pro-
duct—buttermilk nor whey—to feed to the calves. 3d. Calves can be
easily disposed of at any time to be worked up into sausages or other
questionable products. 4th. Throughout Long Island and New Jersey
there is a large demand for calves of all ages, the very young to be put
upon milch cows for speedy fattening, and the older to be raised as store
cattle. 5th. The railway journey from the infected districts to Chicago
and other western marts is a long one and trying to the young stock;
especially to such as have been already shipped one or two hundred
miles eastward to the New York market. For very young calves, fed
exclusively on milk, the long journey is virtually prohibitory.

There is, however, another side to the question: 1st. Eastern milk-
men may soon learn to raise calves on malt and linseed meal, and vir-
tually without milk. 2d. The eastern demand for calves is not contin-
uous, the area to be supplied being a limited one, and more easily filled
up than the boundless West. When, therefore, the New York or Phil-
adelphia market is glutted, and the calves are being held at a large
daily outlay, there comes a strong temptation to ship them to where a
certain market awaits them. 5d. The poorest lots, which take the mar-
ket worst, and will not pay for keep, and which are usually the most
suspicious, are the most likely to be thus shipped. 4th. The distance
from New York city to Chicago is no greater than from Jefferson and
Saiut Lawrence Counties, New York, from which many of the calves are
now sent. Sth, The through rates of freight from the large cities in
the east, to those in the west, are more favorable to the shipper than
they are from the country districts where the calves are now mostly
picked up. 6th. Finally, that the dealers themselves look to the eastern
cities for stock, we have the evidence of a letter from a Chicago com-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 35

missin merchant to a party in Philadelphia urging shipments from that
point.

On the whole, we look upou this shipment westward, of eastern store
calves, as one ol the greatest of our dangers, and accordingly, in August
last, We jnemorialized the Governor of Tlinois to prohibit the introdue-
tion of such calves into his State, and thereby cut them off from the two
greatest distributing points—Chicago and East Saint Louis. After due
consideration, Governor Cullom issued the tulowing proclamation :

Strath or ILLLNo!Is,
Bvceutive Department, Springfield, [Ul,, November 1, 1881.

In pursuance of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled
“An uct to suppress and prevent the spread of pleuro-pueumonia among cattle,” ap-
proved May 31, I, Shelby M. Cullom, Governor of the State of Illinois, do hereby pro-
claim that I have good reason to believe that pleuro-pnenmonia among cattle has
become epidemic in certain localities in the States of Connecticut, New York, Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, viz: in the county of Fairfield, in
the State of Connecticut; in the counties of Putnam, Westchester, Kings, and Queens,
in the State of New York: in the counties of Lehigh, Bucks, Berks, Montgomery,
Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, Lancaster, York, Adams, and Cumberland, in the
State of Pennsylvania; in the counties of Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, Union,
Soimersct, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden,
Gloucester, and Atlantic, in the State of New Jersey; in the county of Newcastle, in
the State of Delaware; and in the counties of Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Howard,
and Carroll, in the State of Maryland; and I hereby, as required by said act, prohibit
the importation of any domestic animals of the bovine species into this State from the
the aforesaid counties in the States of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland aiter the 10th day of November instant, unless accom-
panied by a certiticate of health properly signed by a duly authorized veterinary in-
spector. Any corporation or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey such
prohibited stock shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction
thereof shall be fined not less that $1,000 nor more than $10,000 for each and every
ojtense, and shall be liable for any and all damage or loss that may be sustained by
eny party or parties by reason of the importation or transportation of such prohibited
stock. (Sec. 4 of act approved May 31, 1331.) In testimony whereof I hereto set my
hand and cause the great seal of State to be attixed. Done at the City of Springfield,
the day and year above written,

s. MM. CULLOM.

By the Governor :

Henry D. DEMEN‘,
Secrelary of State,

This is not all that could be desired, for beside having been misled in
sone way as to the conntics at present infected, it applies the prohibi-
tion to the infected counties only, and leaves the way open for the eva-
siou of the order by driving infected cattle over the county line and
shipping them from the next adjacent county. To make such an order
effective it should draw the line as we recommended, not further east
than the western side of the Alleghany Mountains. ‘et the movement
:s a hopeful one, and gives promise of such future action on the part of
the Western States generally, as shall afford a real measure of protect-
‘on against this and other animal plagues. Meanwhile it should incite
Congress to enact such a measure as shall render impossible the infec-
tion of the West by these eastern store cattle.

INCREASED RAILROAD FACILITIES A GROWING SOURCE OF DANGER.

Year by year our railroad system is extended, and with every such
extension comes a greater facility for the transportation of cattle and
cattle disease. The new connections that render it possible for New
York and Europe to avail of the fat cattle of Colorado or Dakota, make
it equally possible for Colorado and Dakota to introduce the thorough-
bred bulls of Europe and of the Hastern States. These facilities for
36 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

transport and the consequent improvement of the western herds are, in
a great measure, revolutionizing the cattle traffic. A dozen years ago
the cattle of the southern and western erasing grounds were poor and
backward, and were sent. to the rich prairies of Illinois and adjacent
States fortatting. Atthe convention ou Texas fever, at Springfield, 1l.,
in 1868, it was alleged that it would not be profitable tor the Illinois or
Ohio farmer to introduce eastern calves tor fattening. They could do
much better with the two or three year olds from Texas and Colorado.
But to-day the Texas and Colorado eattle begin to tread on the heels of
those of Illinois. Many of them come into the market in fair condition
for beef, aud as the lean produce of these States decreases, the demand of
Mississippi Valley States for eastern calves must increase. Thus the
railroad facilities, the improvement of the western and southern herds,
and the increased demand for eastern calves inust advance together as
they have in the past; and with the steady extension of the first two,
there must be a corresponding increase in the last. It is not to be sup-
posed that we have as vet seen anything like the full development of
this trade in eastern calves. The increasing demand and the rising
prices must secure a fuller supply, as the dairymen and farmers of the
Kast find in this a new and certain source of income; and under such a
stimulus the deterrent conditions which we have enumerated above will
vradually diminish and disappear, and our long boasted’barrier of the
Alleghanies cannot long remain an effective one.

We are not wrong, therefore, in the assertion that the future is far
more pregnant of danger in respect to the propagation of lung plague
than has been any period in the past. We lave, as it were, reached a
crisis in regard to this plague, aud unless we sternly and judiciously
face the emergency, we may expect an extensive invasion of the West.

/

VITALITY OF LUNG-PLAGUE VIRUS.

There can be little doubt that this contagium, like most others, is
robbed of its virulence by free exposure to air. Even infected build-
ings will usually be purified by being left with open doors and windows
for three or four months. In a case at Ridgewood, Queens County, New
York, in 1879, the stable of T. Ryan was badly infected throughout
spring and summer, as many as 20 cattle having died, while over the
fence in a stable, not 40 feet distant, the herd of George Van Size kept
healthy throughout. In another instance, on Seventieth street, New
York, in the same summer, Joseph Hyde lost 20 cows in four months
from two stables, situated one building lot apart from each other, while a
German, who kept cows in a building on an intervening lot, kept free from
the affection. On the contrary, instances of close stables remaining in-
fected, though empty, for three or four months are not uncommon.

In September, 1879, John C. Cheever placed five Jersey cattle in a
barn near Yonkers, N. Y., which had been vacated tive weeks before by
the infected herd of the previous owner, Odell. Before the end of the
year the whole herd was infected, and the last of them were slaughtered
March, 1880,

Patrick Green, in April, 1879, took a farm at West Farms, West-
chester County, New York, ignorant of lung plague having been upon
the place, under the previous tenant, some months before. The plague
broke out in May among his cattle, selected from healthy western dis-
tricts, and 14 perished before its progress could be arrested.

Messrs. Niedlinger, Schmidt & Co., brewers, East Twenty-seventh +
THY LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 37

street, New York, had a cow die August, 1875, of lung plague; another
was put in the stable three months later, did badly, and finally devel-
oped lung plagne in August, IST),

Another case is thatof the deer park, at Biel, East Lothian, Scotland,
in 1856762. Pasturage for a number of cattle j in this was yearly let,
and during the years mentioned lung plague appeared among these
vear after vear. Yet-the park was vacated by cattle, the deer and sheep
only being left for the five winter months, November to May.

Other things being equal, the infection will be most lasting where it
has been most thoroughly dried and most closely covered up. Thus, in
dry, close buildings, with doors and windows habitually closed; in those
having rotten wood or deep cracks in the masonry, in which the virulent
matter may be stored away and closely covered; in those with confined
and unventilated spaces under a wooden floor, and in those containing
rubbish, hay litter, feed, lumber, &c., the virus will be preserved much
longer than in buildings that are empty, clean, open, and well-aired.

This is only the statement of a general truth applicable to most, if
not all, contagions. A certain amount of air is essential to the growth of
a disease-poison, but an excess of air proves destructive to it when in
a moist condition. In preserving vaccine lymph, we receive it into ca-
pillary tubes, and seal them hermetically, or if itis taken on ivory points,
these are dried and closely wrapped in lead-foil. So in the preserva-
tion of lung-plague lymph Bruylants and Verriest found that after se-
clusion for overa month in hermetically-sealed tubesit still retained its vi-
tality. The germs of typhoid fever are preserved indefinitely in the close
sewer or cesspool, but are quickly rendered inert on exposure to the air.
The cholera germ is long preserved in impure soils, \c., but loses its vir-
ulence in five days if freely exposed to the air (Sanderson). The germ of
yellow fever is only preserved in the close hold or well of a ship, or in
the filth-ladeu interstices of a hot soil under a tropical sun, and loses its
power for mischief as soon as the air is rendered pure and wholesome.
The bacterium of anthrax may be cultivated in tree air until it becomes
absolutely harmless (Greenfield, Buchner). The same is true of chicken-
cholera (Pasteur) and of swine-plague (Law). We may even go a step
farther, and say that the growth of these poisons in suitable media, and
in a limited amount of air out of the animal body, fits them for living
with greater ease within the animal fluids, and thereby renders them
more deadly. This has been shown by Buchner in the case of anthrax,
by Professor Law in the case of swine-plague, and by CGravitz in the
case of various of the common molds.

As this question of the vitality of lung-plague virus involves the con-
sideration of its conveyance through different media, it may be well to
advert further to some of these.

INFECTION CARRIED IN CLOTHES.

1st. In the winter of 1847-48, infected oxen were brought on the farm
of Pitcox, East Lothian, Scotland, and the in fection reached the neigh-
boring farm ot Pleasants, a mile and a half distant, in the following
manner: The herdsman on Pitcox being the son of the farm steward on
the Pleasants, visited his parents on the latter place every Sunday, and
invariably went out to see and handle his father’s cow. Ina few weeks
this cow, which stood in a building alone, sickened, and from her the in-
fection spread to the other cattle on the premises. The steward’s cow
could not have herself brought the infection to the Pleasants, as she
38 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

had already been there for several years, her owner having served under
the previous farmer prior to 1546. She could not lave contracted
the malady from other stock on the place, for they all, with hardly an
exception, contracted the disease later, which they could not have done
had they already suffered, for in this disease, as in small-pox and measles,
one attack fortifies the system against a second. There was no risk of
her infection by passing cattle, as the stock were at the time (winter)
confined to the buildings, and no public road came within a consid-
erable distance of the latter. A bull was kept on the farm, so that
neither this cow nor others were sent off for service. The malady could
not have been contracted from the feeding oxen on the Pleasants, for
these were West Highlanders, from a breed and district unknown to
the lung plague; therefore they could not be suspected of carrying old
cneysted masses of diseased lung in the chest. Moreover, as already
stated, almost all subsequently contracted the disease. The other cows
on the farm were separated from the steward’s cow by the feeding courts;
they had all been a length of time on the farm, and, like the oxen, were
some time later in showing the disease. The facts will bear but one ex-
planation—that the Pitcox herdsman carried the infection in lis clothes
to his father’s cow. One of our number (Professor Law) lived on the
Pleasants at the time, and can attest the facts.

2d. William Walker, of Quincy, Mass., was present at Squantum
when cattle suffering from lung plague were slaughtered by order of the
State commissioners. He closely examined portions of the diseased
lungs, and walked through the blood of the slain animals. He then
rode home, a mile and a half, went to his barn, and fed his cattle. These
soon after sickened with lung plague. He sold two of his cattle to E.
B. Taylor, and of his herd of twenty-one all but three fell victims to the
pestilence. This is attested by Dr. Thayer.—(See Report of Cattle
Commissioners of Massachusetts for 1863.)

3d. In February, 1870, Ditmas Jewel, of East New York, teok an active
part in opposing the work of the State officials dealing with lung plague,
and daily visited several of the infected herds. He also paid much at-
tention to a tavorite Jersey cow, which he kept alone in his stable sur-
rounded by ample grounds. Toward the end of March this cow sickened
and died of lung plague, a victim of its owner’s ill-considered visitations
of the sick.

4th. In July, 1879, William Tice, of Columbusville, Newtawn, Queens
County, New York, employed two men who had been working in Eliis’s
stables, one of the most infected places in Brooklyn. These men slept
in the barns with the cattle. In September, two months after the men’s
arrival, lung plague broke out among Tice’s stock, and has eontinued
uninterruptedly until the present day (1882).

In this connection it is only just to notice that it is not at allimprobable
that this affection should be carried out to our western herds in the germ-
Jaden clothes of a workman employed about cattle. If theinfection can
be carried in the vlothes of persons walking or riding a mile or two in
the open air, if it can be preserved for months in the dried condition in
infected buildings, if it can retain its Virulence for over a month shut up
in a glass tube in liquid condition, what is to hinder its preservation in
a closely-packed trunk for the three days ef a railway journey? Infee-
tion carried in this way would most likely be set down as a spontaneous
development seeing that no cattle had been carried that way; and yet
this is likely to happen at any time so long as we tolerate the existence
of a single infected center or a single infected animal in the country.

i Mee Bee
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 39
INFECTION THROUGH THE FOOD.

_ We have already referred to the preservation of the ling-plague germ
in closely-packed fodder, but in dry seasons or places where the exhala-
tions from the diseased lungs are quickly dried up the close packing is
not absolutely needful. As an example of this we have only to refer to
the infection of McKinnon’s oxen through feeding on Myr. Boadle’s in-
fected pastures at Melbourne (see page 18).

Of its conveyance through liquid food we have an example in every
infected swill stable. It is often the ease that a single row or two rows
facing toward each other present more cases of the plague than do those
at some distance. The mode of feeding explains this. The troughs run-
ning the full breadth of the building are slightly inclined from one end
to the other so that the swill run in at the one end will slowly flow along
and supply the wholerow. If, then, a sick animal is placed at any point
on the course of this trough he breathes upon the swill and saturates it
with his nasal defluxion as it flows past to the other cattle in the row.
This provision of 2 common trough for thirty or forty animals becomes
therefore one obvious reason for the prevalence of lung plague in swill
stables. Let the germ once be introduced, and between the closeness of
the building and the common feeding troughs it has the most ample
medns for extension. That the swill can be fed with impunity even in
an intected district was wellillustrated at the Blissville distillery stables
in 1879. These had been so badly infected that they were cleared out,
disinfected, and closed to cattle for the summer. In autumn over 700
western steers were put into them and kept in the strictest seclusion,
not even a visitor being allowed to enter the premises, and not a case of
lung plague developed. Yet, at the very time referred to, half a dozen
herds in the near vicinity were in a bad condition of infection.

This conveyance of the poison through the medium of clothes, fodder,
animals of other species, and solid objects generally, is fully recognized
by the best authorities of Europe, including Delaford, Bouley, Reynal,
Gerlach, Rollotf, Ryehner, RGU, Lafosse, Mleming, &e., and receives the
amplest confirmation from the wide-spread practice of inoculation. (See
inoculation.)

Rychner says:

The affection breeds a disease-germ—a contagium of a volatile nature. That it
attacks the cow which stands in an uncleansed, infected stable, the many proofs of its
conveyance through men and through horses that have stood in stables as mates with cattle,
its steady extension through the same stable or herd, and, finally, its sure arrest by the
ee of stables and localities, afford the most conclusive evidence of this. (Boja-

TK.
Roll says:

Contamination occurs from the contact of sound animais with sick on roads, on
pastures, in stables, through the medium of food, of straw that has been breathed upon and
soiled by the infected bersis, through utensils that hare been used ahout the latter, dnd through
men that have attended them. (Lehrbneh der Pathologie und Therapie. )

Fleming says:

Healthy cattle have been contaminated after being lodged in stables that were oc-
cupied by diseased ones three or four months previously. Hay soiled by the sick cattle
has induced the disease even after a longer period, and pastures grazed upon thiee
months before have infected healthy stock. (Veterinary Sanitary Seicuce.)

ANIMALS SUSCEPTIBLE.

Unlike the other great cattle plagues (rinderpest and aphthons fever) this confines
its ravages to the bovine genus. Currency has at different times been given to re-
ports of the infection of sheep, goats, and deer, but the trausinission of the malady to

hese animals has never been satisfactorily proved. In Great Britain sheep have
40 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

mingled in the fields with infected cattle for thirty-seven years without any observed
transmission of the malady to the sheep. The same is true of Australia and the Cape
of Good Hope, where the plague has driven many colonists to replace their cattle by
sheep. Goats live in a large proportion of the stables of New York and Brooklyn, yet
we have never seen a goat inivcted. As respects deer, the lung plague prevailed for
a series of years in the deer park at Biel, Scotland, but the deer neversuffered., These,
it is true, are but negative proofs ; they show only that in certain climates and con-
ditions exposure fails to produce infection ; what might oceur in a difterent environ-
ment, which materially modified the disease, remains to be shown. At present there
is no reliable testimony that other animals than cattle will contract the affection,

Among cattle no race, breed, nor age materially modifies the susceptibility. In
countries where the malady has prevailed for centuries the attacks are somewhat less
severe ; but this holds true of all plagues of man or beast. In time the more suscepti-
ble races die off, and by a natural selection the survivors have the disease in a milder
form. Sex gives no immunity; bulls suffer as much as cows, and oxen and calves, if
equally exposed, furnish no fewer victims than bulls and cows.

IMMUNITY CONVFERRED BY A FIRST ATTACK.

Like the different forms of variola (small-pox, sheep pox, cow-pox, &c.), rinderpest,
measles and scarlatina, the lung plague is usually taken but once by the same indi-
vidual, Some claim that the immunity lasts but about two years, after which the
disease may be contracted anew; but the mass of evidence goes to show that second
attacks are exceptional, and they are probably no more common than second attacks
of small-pox, measles, or scarlatina. The acquired immunity in infected districts
gives a special value to animals that have passed through the disease, and upon this
are based the practices of protective inoculation, and of the exposure of young and
Enel a calves to the infection, that the losses from the plague may be materially re-

uced.

MORTALITY.

In recording the mortality caused by the plague the most varied figures are set
down by authors. Much of the discrepancy arises from the point of view taken.
Thus if we estimate the losses as a percentage of all the cattle in a district, they will
appear very small, inasmuch as it is rare to find all the herds affected. Thus Loiset
‘states the losses for the entire bovine race of the department du Nord, France, at 4 per
cent. per annum. For distillery stables, sugar factory stables, &v., if was 12 per
cent., and for farms but 2 per cent. This is accounted for by the frequent changes in
the former and the inevitable introduction of contagion. The same applies to city
‘dairies, where he found a mortality of 25 or 26 per cent. In the Nord in 19 years it had
killed 212,800 beasts, of a total value of 52,000,000 francs (over $10,000,000).

Yvart, estimating for infected herds only, stated the losses in Aveyron,
‘Cantal, and Lozere at 30, 40, 50, 68 and even 77 per cent., the average
being at least 35 per cent.

Gamgee secured records of 88 dairies in the city of Edinburgh for the
year 1861-62, and found that with an average holding of 1,830 the plague
cut off 1,075, or over 58 per cent. The yearly loss was £14,512 ($70,000).

‘The actual losses in Dublin and other large cities were found to corre-
spond, those of London alone leing estimated at £80,000. The losses
for the British Isles, computed from agricultural statistics, the records of
insurance companies, &¢., were close upon £2,000,000 (¥10,000,000) per
annum.

Finlay Dunn shows from the English Cattle Insurance Company's
‘Statistics that from 1863 to 1866 the losses from this plague were 50 to
63 per cent. per annum.

In Holland Sauberg records a yearly loss of 49,661 head, while in
Wurtemberg it amounted to 39 per cent.

The French commission of 1849 foul that out of 20 cattle exposed,
16 took the disease, 10 severely. (The Lung Plague Law.)

MORTALITY ENHANCED IN WARM CLIMATES AND SEASONS.

The ratio of deaths has been found to rise with the heat of the weather.
‘Thus, while in France 20 per cent. resisted the contagion and 50 per cent.
TUE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. Al

escaped death, in South Africa Mr. Lindley reports that it was not
uncommon for a whole herd of 100 or 200 to be attacked so severely that
every one perished. The average recoveries he believed were not over
one per cent.

In corroboration of Mr. Lindley’s testimony we submit the following

letter, called forth by a published article of Professor Law’s : :

CENTRAL Crry, Lawrence County, Dakota, March 11, 1879.

Dear Sir: Twas much interested by your article in the New York Tribune on
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, and trust that the authorities will at once act up to your
advice; for I know from experience, dearly bought, that if they do not, and the disease
gains a foothold in the large grazing centers of the United States, nothiug can pre-
vent the graziers and the public in general suffering as much as the inhabitants of
Australia, South Africa, &c, the climatic influences being not more favorable here
than there. J have lived some years in Natal, a British colony in South Africa, and it
was for some years before my arrival a good pastoral country, and well stocked with
cattle when the disease was first known. Where it was introduced from I forget, but
most probably came with freight oxen from the Cape Colony. Now for the last fifteen
years, to my knowledge, the country has never been clear of it, and it is continually
breaking out, generally brought by the passage of freight oxen through the country
(the only means of transport).

At tirst the cattle wereslaughtered, but eventually, the disease spreading toorapidly,
inoculation was introduced, and though much stock died from the inoculation, stiil the
remnant would be tolerably safe from the disease a second time; and “salted” cattle,
i.e. those that had passed through the disease, were valuable for freighters, anc so
jetched afair price. Cattle were selling during my residence from $25 to $75, the price
now on account of the limited supply from death.

have known 75 per cent. of herds die, and I regret mislaying a letter I received from
there a few months ago telling me of losses my friends have suffered from it. Lately,
since inoculation, the percentage is much lessened, but the disease is always lurking
about, and introduced to a greater or less extent each time of inoculation.

Some ranchmen inucuilate their calves every year, others only when they buy fresh
cattle, or the disease breaks out in their herds. No other attempt of cure or mitiga-
lion is practiced, excepting perhaps a seton in the dewlap. Most of the freight oxen
have lost their tails (oftentimes cut off to assist their sale).

In the Zulu country, adjoining where the war now is, they have been fairly clear,
allowing no cattle to cross from the adjoining conntries into Zululand.

All cattle sold by auction were guaranteed free from lung sickness for three weeks,
and if they broke ont within that time were at the seller’s risk. I remember my
partner writing me that he had the lung sickness among the cattle, but that the skins
brought a little ready money (cattle at that time being sold on time); it was the only
consolation we badd for losing 70 head out of 90. Cattle that were Jung-sick at the
time of inoculation were not susceptible to the influence of the virus.

Tam no savaut, nor do I understand pathology, so my letter and ideas are naturally
ernde, but I am thoroughly alive to the value of the advice contained in your article.

I am, sir, yours, faithfully, 5 Seen ARB
EVERARD BL. C ET.

This common-sense letter, from one who has suffered, substantiates
Mr. Lindley’s observations in every particular, not only as to the
high death-rate, but as to the intractability of the disease on open
pasturages, its propagation by ox-teams, and its ruinous effects on the
cattle industry. It adds one important item on which we shall com-
ment later—the propagation of the disease by inoculation.

The high wortality in South Africa finds its exact parallel in Ameri-
ean herds during the heats of summer. At this season the disease
becomes unusually violent, the period of incubation is shortened, nearly
all cases run a rapid and often fatal course, and it is not uncommon
to see a whole herd swept off without exception. One or two instances
may be given by way of illustration:

In 1878 William Post, Old Wistbury, Queens County, Long Island,
bought a cow out of a passing herd which had been brought by Levy,
a dealer, from Brooklyn. She infected his herd and his brother’s so
universally that they had to slaughter the whole. (This was before
the days of government interference.)
42 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

Mrs. Murphy, Brooklyn, in 1878, bought a cow of McCabe, a New
York dealer, which infected her whole herd, so that she had to slaughter
the whole.

In 1878 Mrs. Kelly, Hazelton, Jamaica, Long Island, bought a cow of
Braun, a Brooklyn dealer, which sickened and died and fatally infected
her three remaining cows so that all perished. :

In February, 1879, Mr. Carr, One hundred and forty sixth street, New
York, had a cow sent on trial by Geissmann, a dealer. She stood but
one night in his stables, being removed next day because she looked
bad, and another was sent in her place. Carr’s whole herd of five con-
tracted the disease severely, and were slanghtered accordingly.

Patrick McCabe, Seventy-second street, New York, bought a cow of
MeDonald, a dealer, in 1871. Six weeks later she sikened and infected
his five remaining cows, all of which perished. He placed four fresh
cows in the stable, and started anew, but lost the whole in the course
of two months.

This is but a repetition of the South African experience. During the
cold and dry winter in New York the disease is comparatively mild, and
the percentage of losses low; but with the return of hot weather all
this is changed; the disease often kills after two or three days of ob-
served illness, and the percentage of deaths will rise to seventy, eighty,
ninety, or even one hundred. This is full of solemn significance to the
United States; let the plague once reach the Southern States, and this
high mortahty would be maintained throughout the greater part of the
year; let it reach the Mississippi Valley, and the excessive heats of the
summers would make it no less destructive during that season; so that
in estimating the probable losses in case of such extension we can no
Jonger accept the losses of Europe as a guide, but must seek for a par-
allel under the burning sun of Africa. If we continue to neglect the
affection until it shall have spread to these places, we shall subject our-
selves to the severest condemnation in thus neglecting to avert a great
and lasting public calamity.

PERIOD OF INCUBATION.—LATENCY.

The time that elapses between the receiving of the germs into the system and the
manifestation of the earliest symptoms of the disease, varics yreatly. Delafond sets
it at from six to sixty days, Verheyen from ten to sixty days, ihe French Commission
extends the period to sixty-seven days, Reynal has seen if excced ninety days, and
R6ll and Gamgee quote from eight days to one hundred and twelve. It is true that
Gamgee qualifies this by the statement that when an animal sickens four months after
purchase, two or three latent instances of the diseases have preceded the obvious one.
Australia, South Africa, and Norway were cach infected by cattle that had shown a
period of incubation of three months. I have frequently seen cases in which cattle
have passed three or four months after the purchase in poor health, yet without cough
or any other obvious diagnostic symptoms, and at the end of that time have shown
all the symptoms of the lung plague. But as such cows are considered by the ordinary
observer to be well, and as many of them will convey to the mind of the veterinarian
nothing more than unthriftiness, we must, as a working rule, accept as*possible an
incubation of three or even four months. All quarantine reenlations for this disease
inust be based on this ocrasionally long period of latency,

As regards the real or regiar period, we may dedace something from the exudation
and swelline in the tail in inoculated cases. The average period is on the ninth
day, though it may appear as early as the fifth, or it way be delayed till the thirtieth
or fortieth day. In the experimental transmission of the disease by cohabitation,
under the French Cominission, a cough—the carliest svymptom—appeared from thie
sixth to the thirty-second day, and sometimes continued for months, though no acute
disease supervencd. (The Lung Plague. Law.)

It may be stated in this connection that in the recent experiments of
Professors Bruylants and Verriest on the artificial cultivation of the mi-
crococeus of lung plague in albuminous solutions, thirty hours were found
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 43

sufficient for the multiplication of the germs so as to render the solution
quite turbid.

It should be added that hot climates and seasons appear to abridge
the period of latency ; thus, the disease will develop more rapidly in
summer than in wiuter, and in the South than the North. Any febrile
condition of the system will also favor its rapid development ; therefore
symptoms are often hastened by partwition, ly heat (wstrim), and by
other exciting causes.

PROLONGED INCUBATION A SOURCE OF GREAT DANGER.

The Short-horn cow which infected Australia must have been 112 days
from the time of sailing from England to the first symptoms of disease
in Australia, The case, however, is not quite clear, for there is a report
that she had suffered from the same disease over a year before in Eng-
land; and, if so, this may have been a relapse, after the infection had
been carried for at least an entire year encysted in the chest. Such
second attacks are met with, though only very exceptionally, in the case
of all diseases—small-pox, cow-pox, scarlet fever, measles, &¢.—in which,
aus a rule, the first attack fortifies against another.

No such objection can be made to the case of Norway, where the cattle
were found to be diseased 93 days after leaving the Scottish coast, nor
in the case of South Africa, where the disease was observed 102 days
after the bull had sailed from Holland.

During all this period of three months anda half the most skillful ex-
pert would fail to detect the slightest sign of lung disease, or even of ill
health; in such a case, therefore, the examination of the individual ani-
mal can give no guarantee whatever of soundness. Even the examina-
tion of an entire herd may similarly fail to detect any trace of this disease,
though the seeds of it are present, and it is only by a series of exami-
nations of the entire herd, extended over the period of the longest-
known incubation (90 to 112 days), that any assurance of safety can be
obtained.

Thisisa sufficient answer to the constantly repeated demand that im-
ported animals should be examined, and, if no sickness can be detected,
should be allowed to pass into the interior; also, that animals for export
should be examined, and in the absence of any sign of disease should
be furnished with a certificate of health. A similar demand is constantly
made that cattle in transit from place to place of the same country
should be examined and certified sound, irrespective of any ex.unination '
of the herd from which they come or the risks of infection during transit.
Certificates based on no more than ‘such examinations are, at best, but
so much waste paper. In case of the infection of any of the animals
examined they become great and positive evils. They certify, on insut-
ficient data, to what is not a fact; they mislead the unwary buyer into
the conviction that his purchase is assuredly sound, and not only induce
lim to take the diseased stock upon lis farm, but to pasture or stable it
with his healthy herd. It may even be made an accessory to the profit-
able sale of cattle known to be infected, by an unprincipled vender. The
owner of the herd infected with this plague is submitted to the constant
temptation to turn off, at a fair sound price, animals that le knows will
almost certainly fall victims tothe pestilence; and by the long period of
incubation, during which no sign of the presence of the discase can be
detected, he is furnished with the amplest opportunity to make such sale
without suspicion. Honorable men wonld scorn to take advantage of
such an opportunity, yet it cannot be denied that every community con-
44 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

tains some who would readily succumb to the temptation. But if the
temptation is great for the stock-owner, it iseven more so for the dealer.
His daily study, to buy in the cheapest market and sell in the dearest;
places the bait in exact parallelism with his habits of thought, and with
him it requires a special effort to shut his eyes to the advantage which
confronts him. How much stronger is the temptation when, perchance,
even he has been betrayed into buying stock which he discovers to have
come from an infected herd, but too late to annul the bargain. Moreover,
he is especially exempt from the risk of suspicion of evil design; none
can charge him with knowledge of the antecedents of cattle which he
bought at sight, and for which he paid, risking his money, and, to some
extent, his reputation. If the fact of his having sold infected animals
is finally charged upon him, he too can appear as the innocent victim
and charge back on the original owner, perhaps an unknown party, the
crime of selling such stock.

But what would be thought of a civil authority or a professional man
who would aid and abet such transactions by granting a certificate of
soundness on a simple examination in transit, or au examination of one
or more cattle without reference to the herd from which they come?

We shall refer to this subject again in connection with international
and interstate quarantine, and the quarantine of infected and suspected
animals, herds, and places, all of which to be effective must meet every
contingency implied in the occasionally prolonged incubation as above
set forth.

SYMPTOMS.

These vary in different countries, latitudes, seasons, altitudes, races of animals and
individuals. They are, ceteris paribus, more severe in hot latitudes, countries, and
seasons than in the cold; in the higher altitudes they are milder than on the plains;
in certain small or dwarfed animals, with a spare habit of body, like Brittanies, they
appear to be less violent than in the large, phlegmatic, heavy-milking, or obese short-
horn, Ayrshires and Dutch; a newly infected race or cattle ina newly infected country
sutfer much more severely than those of a Jand where the plagne has prevailed for
ages; and finally certain individuals, without any appreciable cause, have the disease
in a much more violent form than others which stand by them in precisely the same
conditions.

Sometimes the disease shows itself abruptly with great violence and without any
appreciable premonitory symptoms, resembling in this the most acnte type of ordinary
broncho-pneumonia. This, however, is mostly in connection with some actively ex-
citing cause, such as exposure to inclement weather, parturition, overstocking with
milk, heat, &c.

Far more commonly the symptoms come on most insidiously, and for a time are the
opposite of alarming. For some days, and quite frequently for a fortnight, a month

-or more, a slight congh is heard at rare intervals. It may be heard only when the
animal first rises, when it leaves the stable, or when it drinks cold water, and hence
attracts little or no attention. The cough is usually small, weak, short and husky,
but somewhat painful and attended by some arching of the back, an extension of the
head upon the neck, and protrusion of the tongue. This way continue for weeks
without any noticeable deviation from the natnral temperature, pulse or breathing,
and without any impairment of appetite, ramination, or coat. The lungs are as reson-
ant to percussion as in health, and auscultation detects slight changes only, perhaps
an unduly lond blowing sound behind the middle of the shoulder, or more commonly
an occasional slight mucous rattle, or a transient’ wheeze. In some cases the disease
never advances further, and its true nature is to be recognized only by the facts that
it shows itself in an infected herd or on infected premises, and that the victim proves
dangerously infecting to healthy animals in uninfected localities. It may be likened
to those mild cases of scarlatina which are represented by sore throat only, or to the
modified small-pox, known as yarioloid.

In the majority of cases, however, the disease advances a step further. The animal
becomes somewhat dull, more sluggish than natural, does not keep constantly with
the herd, but may be found lying alone; eats and ruminates more tardily and less fre-
quently; breathes moye quickly (20 to 30 times per minute in place of 10 to 15); re-
tracts the margius of the nostrils more than formerly; the hair, especially along the
neck, shouiders and back, stands erect and dry; the muzzle has intervals of dryness,
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 45

and the milk is diminished. The eye loses somewhat of its prominence and luster,
the eyelids and ears droop slightly, and the roots of the horns and ears and the limbs
are hot or alternately hot and cold. By this time the temperature is usually raised
from 103° Fahrenheit, in the slightest or most tardy cases, to 105° and upward to 108°
in the more acute and severe, Auscultation and percussion also now reveal decided
changes in the lung tissne.

The ear applied over the diseased portions detects in some cases a diminution of the
natural soft breathing murmur, orit may be a fine crepitation which has been likened
to the noise produced by rubbing a tuft of hair between finger and thumb close to the
ear, Where this exists it is usually only at the margin of the diseased area, while in
the center the natural soft murmur is cutirely lost. In other cases a loud blowing
sound is heard over the diseased ling, which, though itself impervious to air and pro-
ducing no respiratory murmur, is in its firm, solid condition a better conductor of
sonnd and conveys to the ear the noise produced in the larger air-tuhes.

Percussion is eftected ly a series of taps of varying force delivered with the tips of
the fingers of the right hand on the back of the middle tinger of the left firmly
pressed on the side of the chest. Over all parts of the healthy Inng this draws out a
clear resonance, but over the diseased portions the sound clicited is dull, as if the per-
cussion were made over the solid muscles of the neck or thigh. All gradations are
met with as the lung is more or less consolidated, aud conclusions are to he drawn
accordingly.

In other cases we hear on auscultation the loud, harsh, rasping sound of bronchitis
with dry, thickened, and rigid membranes of the air tubes, or the soft, coarse, Mucous
rattle of the same disease when there is abundant liquid exudation and the bursting
of bubbles in the air passages. In others there is a low, sott, rubbing sound usually
in jerks when the chest is being filled with or emptied of air. This is the friction be-
tween the dry, inflamed membrane covering the lungs aud that covering the side of
the chest, and is heard at an early stage of the digease, but neither at its earliest nor
at its latest stage. Later there may be dullness on percussion up to a given level on
one or both sides of the chest, implying accumulations of liquid in the cavity. Or
there is a superficial dullness on percussion, and mutiling of the uatural breathing
sound with a very slight, sometimes almost inandible, creaking due to the existence
of false membranes (solidified exudations) on the surface of the lung or connecting it
to the inner side of the ribs. This is often mistaken for a mucous rattle that can no
longer take place in a consolidated lung in which there can be no movement of air
nor bursting of bubbles in breathing. The mucous rattle is only possible with con-
siderable liquid exudation into the bronchial tubes and a healthy, dilatable condition
of the portion of lung to which these lead. In rare cases there will be splashing
sounds in the chest, or when the patient has just risen to his feet a succession of clear
ringing sounds becoming less numerous and with longer intervals until they die away
altogether. These are due to the falling of drops of liqnid from shreds of false mem-
brane in the upper part of the chest through an accumulation of gas into a collection
of liquid below. It has been likened to the noise of drops falling from the bung-hole
into a cask half filled with liquid. Peculiar sounds are sometimes heard, as wheezing
in connection with the supervention of emphysema, and others which it is needless to
mention here.

In lean patients pressure of the tips of the fingers in the intervals between the ribs
will detect less movement over the diseased and consolidated lung than on the oppo-
site side of the chest where the lung is still sound.

As seen in America, in winter, the great majority of cases fail to show the violence
described in books. The patients fall off rapidly in condition, show a high fever for
a few days, lie always on the same side (the diseased one), or on the breast, and have
a great.portion of one lung consolidated by exudation, and encysted as a dead mass,
and yet the muzzle is rarely devoid of moisture, the milk is never entirely suspended
and may be yielded in only a slightly lessened amount as soon as the first few days of
active fever have passed.

During the extreme heats of summet?, on the other hand, the plague manifests all
its European violence. The breathing becomes short, rapid, and labored; each expi-
ration is accompanied by a deep moan or grunt, audible at some distance from the
animal. The nostrils and even the corners of the mouth are strongly retracted. The
patient stands most of its time, and in some cases without intermission, its fore legs
set apart, its elbows turned out and the shoulder-blades and arm-bones, rapidly losing
their covering of Hesh, standing out from the sides of the chest so that their outlines can
be plainly seen. The head is extended on the neck, the eyes prominent and glassy,
the muzzle dry, a clear or frothy liquid distils from the nose and mouth, the back is
slightly raised, and this together with the spaces between the ribs and the region of
the breast-bone are very sensitive to pinching, the secretion of milk is entirely ar-

rested, the skin becomes harsh, tightly adherent to the parts beneath and covered
with scurf, and the arrest of digestion is shown by the entire loss of appetite and ru-
mination, the severe or fatal tympanies (bloating), and later by a profuse watery
46 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

diarrhea in which the food is. passed in an undigested condition. If the effusion into
the lungs or chest is very extensive the pallor of the mouth, eyelids, vulva, and skiu
betrays the weak, bloodless condition. The tougue is farred and the breath ofa heavy,
feverish, mawkish odor, bnt rarcly fetid. Abortion is a common result in pregnant
cows.

COURSE, TERMINATION.

In summer, when the disease shows its greatest violence, the mortality is not only
high, but early. Cattle will die after a few days’ iJImess froin the great prostration
attendant on the enormous effusion into the organs of the chest, the impairment of
breathing and the impairment or suspension of the vital functions in general. Others
die from carly distension of the paunch with gas. In others, still, the profuse scouriny
helps tospeedily wear outthe vital powers. Insevere cases, thitsurvive, forsometime,
the rapid loss of flesh is most surprising. A loss of one-third of the weight in a single
week is by no means uncommon, and even one-half may be parted with in the same
length of time in extreme cases.

In fatal cases, with a moderately rapid course, all the syinpfoms become more in-
tense fo several weeks; the pulse becomes more aud more small, weak, and accele-
rated, and finally imperceptible; the breathing becomes rapid and difficult; the mu-
cous nembranes of the mouth, eyes, &c., become pale and bloodless; emaciation gocs
on with active strides, and death ensues in from two to six weeks.

In other cases, and especially in cold and dry weather, a portion of dead Inng may
remain encysted in the. chest, submitting to slow liquefaction aud removal, and such
animals will go on for months doing badly, only to sink at last into such a state of
debility that death ensues from exhaustion and weakness.

In others still, the retention of such diseased masses and the consequent debility,
determines the appearance of cousnmption (tuberculosis), which ents off the animal.

Purulent infection and rupture of abscesses into the chest are other causes of death
in this disease.

In cases about to recover, the symptoms gradually subside, life and appetite are
reacquired, and a more or less rapid recovery takes place. In the most favorable the
exudations are slowly reabsorbed, and the lung may be restored to its natural state.
In others, the exudation, which is mostly in the interlobular tissue, becomes in part
organized into fibrous material which, in contracting, compresses the lobules of lung
tissue, lessening their capacity for dilation, and leaving the animal short-winded and
predisposed to emphysema and other lung troubles. If kept quiet, such convalescents
fatten rapidly.

Far more frequently, in this country at least, a mass of lung is entirely lost, beine
divested of its vitality, inclosed in a fibrous cyst, und slowly liquefied and absorbed
through a course of several months. These continue to do poorly for a number of
months, and may yet entirely recover, the whole dead mass haviug been finally re-
moved and the sac having contracted into a dense fibrous structure. Even in this
case if the patient has been able to bear up under the continued drain, and basescaperd
constupption and other risks, it may finally be successfully fattened.

APPEANANCES OF THE CHEST AND LUNGS AFTER DEATIL.

If the disxeasc is seen in its earliest stages, the changes are altogether confiued to
the tissue of the lang. From the examination of the lungs of several hundred diseased
animals, I can confidently affirm that the implication of the serous covering of the
lung (pleura) is a secondary result. In all the most recent cases we find the lune
substance involved and the pleura sound, while in no one instance has the pleura been.
found diseased to the exclusion of the lung tissue, or without an amount and character
of lung disease which implied priority of occurrence for that. Yet in all violent at-
tacks the disease will have proceeded far enough to secure implication of the pleura
as well, and hence we may describe the changes in the order in which they are usually
seen when the chest is opened. .

The cavity of the chest usually contains a quantity of liquid varying from one or
two pints to several gallons; sometimes yellowish, clear, and transparent ; at others,
slightly greenish, brownish-white, aud opaque, or even exceptionally slightly colored
with blood. This effusion contains cell forms and granules, and gelatinizes more or
less perfectly when exposed to the air.

On the surface of the diseased lung and to a less extent on theinner side of the ribs
is a fibrinous deposit (false membrane), varying from the merest rough pellicle to a
mass of half an inch in thickness, and in the worst cases firmly binding the entire lung
to the inner side of the chest and to the diaphragm. ‘These false membianes are
usually of an opaque white, though sometimes tinged with yellow, and in the deeper
layers even blood-stained, especially over an infarcted lung. A noticeable feature
of these false membranes and onc that serves to distinguish them from those of ordi-
nary pleurisy is that they are commonly limited to the surface of the diseased portion
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 47

of lung, or if more extensive that portion which covers sound lang tissue is much
nore recent, and has probably been determined by infection from the liquid thrown
out into the chest.

In the lung itself the most varied conditions are scen in difierent cases and at dif-
ferent staves of the disease, The diseased Inng is solid, firm and resistant, seems to
he greatly cnlarged becanse it fails to collapse like the healthy portion when the chest
is opened, is greatly increased in weight and sinks in water. When eut across it
shows a peculiar linear marking (marbling) due to the excessive exudation into the
loose and abundant connective tissue which separates the ditferent lobules of the ox’s
lung from each other. This exudation is cither clear, and therefore dark as seen by
reflected light, or it is of a yeHowish-white and when filled with it the interlobular
tissue appears as anet-work, the weshes of which vary from w line to an inch across,
and hold in its interspaces the pinkish-gray, brownish-red, or black lung tissue.

When only recently attucked the lung may present two essentially different appear-
ances:

1. Most frequently the changes are most marked in the interlobular connective tis-
sue, which is the seat of an abundant infiltration of clear liquid, while the lung tis-
sue, surrounded by this, retains its normal pinkish-gray color, and is often even paler
and contains less blood than in health. It has, in short, become compressed by the
surrounding exudation, aud air and blood have been alike in great part expressed
trom its substance. This extreme change in the tissue surrounding the lobules and
the comparatively healthy appearance of the iobules themselves, have led many observ-
ers to the conclusion that the disease commenced in this connective tissue beneath the
pleura and extended to the.proper tissue of the lung. There is, however, as pointed
out by Professor Yeo, a coexistent disease of the smaller air tubes corresponding to the
Jobules that are circumscribed by this infiltration, and there is every reason to believe
that the infiltration in question is the result of antecedent changes in the air tubes.

2. Less frequently we find the lobules of the lung tissue presenting the first indica-
tions of change. The lobules affected are of a dee) red and more or less shining, yet
tough and elastic. They do not crepitate on pressure, yet they are not depressed be-
neath the level of the adjacent healthy lung tissue as they would be if collapsed.
The interlobular connective tissue, devoid of all unhealthy exudation, has uo more
than its natural thickness, and reflects a bluish tint by reason of the subjacent dark
substance of the lung. Here the lung tissue itself is manifestly the seat of the earliest
ohange—congestion—and the interlobular exudation has not yet supervened. Speci-
mens of this kind may be rave, but a number have come under the writer’s observa-
tion, and in lungs, tov, that presented at other points of their substance the excessive
interlobular exudation.

Both of these forms show a tendency to confine themselves to particular lobules
-and groups of lobules of the lung. They correspond, in short, to the distribution of
particular air tubes and blood vessels, as will be explained further on. The fact, how-
ever, is noteworthy as characteristic of this disease, that it attacks entire lobules, and
the limits of the diseased lung tissue are usually sharply marked by the line of connec-
tive tissue between two lobules, so that one lobule will be found consolidated through-
out, and the next one in a perfectly natural condition.

The two forms just described differ also in cohesion and power of resistance. The
Jang saturated with the liquid exudation has its intimate elements torn apart and is
more friable, giving way readily under pressure, while that in which there is red
congestion, but no extensive exudation, retains its natural elasticity, toughness, and
power of resistance, ;

Hepatization.—Another condition of the diseased lung tissue, more advanced than
either of those just described, is the granular consolidation or hepatization, In this
condition the affected regions of lung are as much enlarged as in the dropsical condi-
tion, but they are firmer and more friable, and on their cut surface present the ap-
pearance of little round granules. These granules are not peculiar to the lung tissue
proper, though most marked on this; they characterize the interlobular connective
tissueas well. They consist mainly of lymphoid cell growths, filling up the air cells,
the smaller air tubes, the lymph spaces and the meshes of the counective tissue. The
color of these portions varies from a bright reddish-brown to a deep red, according to the
compression to which the lung tissues has been subjected by the exudation in the early
stages.

Infaretion.—Another form of lung consolidation is of a very dark red or black, and
always implies the death of the portion affected. The dark aspect of the diseased lob-
ulesforms a strong coutrast with the yellowish-white interlobular tissue, excepting in

.cases where that also becomes blood-stained, when the whole presents a uniform dark
mass. This form has the granular appearance of that last described, and on micro-
scropic examination its minute blood-vessels are found distended to their utmost ca-
pacity with accumulated blood globules. This black consolidation is always sharply
Jimited by the borders of certain lobules or groups of lobules which are connected
48 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

with a particular air tube and its accompanying blood vessels, and the artery leading
to such lobules is ax constantly blocked by a firm bloud-clot, The mode of causation
is this: The artery being in the center of a diseased mass, Jiccomes itself inflamed, As
soon as the inflammation reaches its inner coat the contained blood coagulates; the
vein is usually blocked in the sawe way. The blood formerly supplied ly the artery
to certain lobules is now arrested ; that in the capillary vessels of these lobules stag-
nates; nutrition‘of the walls of the capillaries ceases, and these losing their natural
powers of selection allow the liquid parts to pass freely ont of the vessels, leaving the
globules only in their interior. More blood continues to enter thein slowly from ad-
jacent capillaries supplied from other sources, and as this is filtered in the same way
by the walls of the vessels. these soon come to be filled to repletion by the globules
only, and hence the intensely dark color assumed. The color is often heightened by
the escape of blood from the now friable vessels into the surrounding tissue, and it is
by this means that the interlobular tissue is usually stained, ‘This black hepatiza-
tion, or as it is technically called, infarction, is an almost constant occurrence in the
disease asseen in New York, and the death and encysting of large portions of lung is
therefore the 1ule. If too extensive, of course the patieut perishes, but not untre-
quently a mass of hing measuring four or six inches by twelve is thus separated with-
out killing the animal.” : )

If at a later stage we open an animal which has passed through the above condi-
tion, the following may be met with: A bard, resistant mass is felt at some portion
of the lung, usually the lower and back portion, and on laying it open it is fonnd to
consist of dead Inng tissue in which the hepatized lobules aud interlobular tissuc,
the air tubes and blood vessels are still clear and distinct, but the whole is separated
from the still living lung by a layer of a white pus-like liquid, outside which is a
dense, fibrous sac or envelope, formed by the development of the surrounding inter-
lobular exudation. From the inner surface of this dense cyst, the firm, thick bron-
chial tubes and attending vascular systems project in a branching manner like dirty
white stalactites, and these, with the interlobular tissue thickened by its now firmly
organized exudation, may form bands extending from side to side of the cavity.

At a still more advanced stage the dead and encysted lung tissue is found to have
been entirely softened and the sac contains but a mass of white liquid débris, or, still
later, a caseous mass of its dried, solid matters, upon which the fibrous covering has
steadily contracted, so as to inclose but a mere fraction of its original area. In hun-
dreds of post mortems we have only once seen the dead and encysted lung the seat of
putrid decomposition, and never found the cavity opening into a pervious air tube.

There remains to be noticed the condition of the air tubes and accompanying ves-
sels in the diseased lungs. In all cases where we see the starting point of the disease
we find in the small tubes leading to the attected lobules, a loss of the natural bril-
liancy of the mucous membraue, which has become clouded and opaque, and the tis-
sue beneath it infiltrated and thickened. In more advanced cases, and above all, in
those showing the dropsical condition of the interlobular tissue, we find a similar in-
filtration into the connective tissues around the air tubes and their accompanying
vessels, and in the hepatized lung this is always seen as a thick, firm, resistant,
white material, having the compressed and contracted and often plugged air tubes
and vessels in the center. (See Heliotype.) These thickened masses have already
been referred to as standing ont in stalactite form from the inner wall of the sac in
which the dead (necrosed) lung is undergoing solution. (Lung Plague, Law.)

It is worthy of notice that though the connective tissue in the walls
of the air tubes is invariably the seat of extensive thickening, and
though the clear brilliancy of the epithelial layer is usually impaired,
yet absolute degeneration of the epithelium is exceptional, the cells re-
inaining in columnar ranks around the lumen of the tube in place of
showing any transformation into rounded or lymphoid cells, or breaking
down into granular débris, as in active disease. When the smaller
tubes .are plugged with exudate, the epithelium inay be removed as
claimed by Professor Yeo, but when the lumen is still clear and pervious
the epithelial covering retains its normal condition of columnar cells, as
has been demonstrated by Drs. Porter and Hegeman, of New York.
In other words the extensive disease changes are found in the con-
nective tissues, and the lymphatic system in the walls of the tubes and
substance of the lungs, rather than in the cellular lining of the tubes.
The disease is an interstitial lobular pneumonia, rather than a croupous
pheumonia.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 49
NATURE OF LUNG PLAGUE.

That the lung plague is determined by an infecting material conveyed
from beast to beast is without doubt. The presence of such a specific
contagion is demonstrated in all experience of the disease and its pro-
pagation, and in the value of inoculation as a protecting measure. The
intimate nature of that contagion may now be held as all but proved by
the investigations of Professors Bruylants and Verriest of the Univer-
sity of Louvain.

As early as 1852, Willems and Van Kempen, of Hasselt, Belgium, re-
corded the presence in the lymph of the diseased lung, of myriads of
peculiar corpuscles which were absent from the juices pressed from a
healthy lung. Others at different times confirmed these observations as
to the presence of the corpuscles, but their action as factors in the cau-
sation of lung plague remained unproved.

In the course of the past year Bruylants and Verriest in a long series
of experiments found the organisms in question in the liquids of the
freshly diseased lungs, and in that of the local swellings resulting from
inoculation, but not in the blood nor textures of the body generally, and
not always in the liquids effused into the chest. They have cultivated
this germ through a succession of generations in glass flasks, and found
that at any time it continued to prove infecting to susceptible bovine
animals, and that it retained its virulent qualities after it had been pre-
served for a month ina hermetically sealed glass tube. Cultures made
with fresh portions of healthy lungs aud those made with small parti-
cles of other tissues led to no milkiness nor other change from the growth
of micrococci in the organic liquids, and produced no specific inflamma-
tion in wounds when inoculated. Finally a moist heat of 60° Cent.
(140° Fah.) for fifteen minutes invariably proved fatal to the germ, so
that this may be held to be the limit of its viability, and boiling water
or colorless steam may be accepted as an efficient disinfectant.

In the light of these experiments, it seems that the lung plague is a
true bacteridian disease, like malignant anthrax ard swine plague, the
seat of the malady being determined by the point at which the micro-
coccus gains access to the system. Thus inspired, as it usually is, with
the air, it finds its way through some slight abrasion of the pulmonary
mucous membrane, or through the delicate lining of the air cells or mu-
ciparous follicles into the submucous connective tissue, where it propa-
gates itself abundantly, destroys the integrity of the lymphatic radicles,
and leads to the extensive inflammation and exudation. Inoculated on
some superficial part, where there is a great abundance of connective
tissue, as the dewlap or shoulder or root of the ear, it leads to a similar
extensive inflammation and exudation, followed usually by death. But
if inoculated on the tip of the tail, where connective tissue is scanty and
the lymphatic system is but poorly developed, it gives rise to a small
and harmless swelling, usually not exceeding the size of a hen’s egg.

The morbid processes are mainly confined to the connective tissue and
lymphatic system, and there is some reason to suppose that the micro-
coccus can live with difficulty, if at all, in the living blood. ‘This may be
inferred from the fact that the disease does not attack the natural seat
of its invasion—the lungs—when it has been inoculated on the tail, nor
does it affect any distant part of the body when it has occurred natu-
rally in the lungs. Add to this that Bruylants and Verriest failed to de-
velop the micrococei with certainty from the blood, or from any other
part of the body than the diseased lung, and that Burdon-Sanderson

8. Ex. 106———4
50 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

and Duguid found that injections of virulent lymph into the blood
usually rested without any local effect whatever, and we have appar-
ently solid ground for the hypothesis that the germ of this disease does
not well survive in the blood. Tentatively, we may call ita bacteridian
infection of the connective tissue and lymphatic system, which may be
localized in any part of the body supplied with these structures, but is
usually seated in the lungs, from the germ being taken in with the in-
spired air.

CONVALESCENT CATTLE DANGEROUS FROM ENCYSTED MASSES OF
DISEASED LUNG.

Animals that have apparently recovered from lung plague are usu-
ally supposed to be pertectly safe, and even specially valuable in in-
fected districts, because they will not take the disease a second time.
Yet there is reason to suppose that many such become bearers of the
infection to healthy stock with which they mingle, and being exempt
from suspicion admission to sound berds is freely conceded them.

The explanation of this is probably to be found in the condition of the
lung usually left after an apparent recovery. The tendency of the dis-
ease is to the plugging of the blood-vessels in those parts of the lung
which are most violently inflamed, to the death of such portions for lack
-of their nutrient supply, and, finally, in case of recovery, to the encyst-
ing of the dead mass in a thick, fibrous sac, which completely cuts it
off from the adjacent parts of the organ. The seclusion of this seques-
trum is complete; no air, save such as can permeate the membrane, and
no aerial gerins being allowed access to its substance. It therefore un-
dergoes no ordinary putrefaction, and after long encystment its faint, pe-
culiar, and slightly mawkish odor is in marked contrast with the intol-
erable fetor of the ordinary gangrenous lung, in which the aerial bacte-
ria of putrefaction have been working. These dead masses of the hepa-
tized lung, in cases of apparent recovery from lung plague may remain
encysted for from six to fifteen months, undergoing very little change,
apart from a very slow liquefaction on the surface of the mass, and a
corresponding contraction of the investing sac. At the commencement
of recovery more than half of a lung may be thus encysted, and six and
even ten months later masses of. one or two pounds are frequently
found awaiting the slow process of liquefaction.

In cases of perfect recovery this process of liquefaction is completed,
and the liquid being absorbed, there is left but a soft, cheesy-looking
mass of whitish, or yellowish-white débris.. The important question is,
how long the encysted mass remains infecting after it has been encap-
suled and shut off from all other parts of the lung, and after the bearer
has apparently recovered?

On this point it must be borne im mind that the encysted portion of
the diseased lung was filled with the virulent germs at the period of en-
cystment, and having been from that time shut off from all the processes
of nutrition, or physiological change, and having been equally protected
against the access of bacterial or other germs from without that might
have preyed upon and destroyed the virulent ones, there is a strong
presumption that these virulent lung-plague germs, or their descend-
ants, remain unchanged from their infecting condition, as when first
encysted.

We may find a tolerably fair counterpart of this condition in the
masses of tubercle frequently found in the internal organs of consumptive
men and animals. The deposited tuberculous mass is not traversed by
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 51

any blood-vessels, and is not subject to the regular physiological changes
of a tissue, the subject of nutrition and growth, and yet a minute par-
ticle of this encysted, inactive mass, if inoculated on another and sus-
ceptible system, speedily develops the same dread disease.

It may be justly answered that cattle bearing these encysted masses
in the lungs are often allowed to cohabit with healthy and susceptible
animals without infecting the latter. Yet we have reason to suppose
that the germ of lung plague does not readily live, if at all, in the
blood, but that when inoculated, on any one part of the body, it confines
its ravages to that spot and those that are in the direct line of the lym-
phatic vessels leading from it. When inoculated on the tail it may
extend to the rump and pelvis, but does not show itself in the lungs.
Injections of the virus into the blood have in.no case produced local
disease. (Sanderson, Duguid.) The encysted germs are only likely to
make their exit from the interior of the sac, by being absorbed into the
blood-vessels ramifying in its walls. Butif the blood globules are natu-
rally either unfavorable to the development of the germ, or destructive
to it, much more will the blood of the animal, now rendered insuscepti-
ble through a first attack of the disease, prove inimical to the living
virus. But the same acquired insusceptibility is equally true of the
living tissues generally of the animal bearing the encysted mass, in-
cluding its lymphatic vessels. It is not, theretore, to be expected that
the pent-up virus should readily make its escape from the encysted mass
so as to infect other cattle adjacent. It may, however, be conceived of
as escaping under one of the following conditions:

1st. In case the insusceptibility of the subject became exhausted, as
happens in certain systems with every form of disease which does not
habitually occur a second time in the same subject. Thus we have second
attacks of small-pox, cow-pox, scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough,
and mumps, just as we have sometimes second attacks of lung plague.
If, therefore, in a cow bearing one of the encysted masses now under
consideration, the acquired insusceptibility becomes worn out, the pent-
up germs may suddenly find in the adjacent lung a prolific field for their
growth and a vantage point for a new and wide diffusion among other
stock.

2d. In certain diseases, like anthrax and swine plague, a system which
enjoys a native or acquired immunity is still unable to resist the sud-
den introduction of a great excess of the disease germ or of a smaller
amount in a condition of unusual virulence. Thus it is that the ani-
mal often recovers from a small dose of the poison, but succumbs to a
large one; and thus, too, that in certain malignant epidemics of measles
or small-pox persons fall victims who have resisted exposures to a
milder type of the disease for a long lifetime. When therefore from any,
cause—inflammation, abscess, &c.—the membrane limiting the infecting
mass has become broken down or unusually permeable, the insuscepti-
bility may be at once overcome by the great access of infecting mate-
rial.

3d. In connection with the irritation of the contained mass and its
liquid products, the wall of the sac may become ulcerated, so as to es-
tablish a communication with one of the air tubes. In such a case itis
evident that the contents may escape and that the animal may become
infecting to others, though she escapes a second infection herself.

4th. Still one other hypothesis may be hazarded. An attack of simple
inflammation implicating the wall of the cyst may be the occasion of

ithe escape of the poison. The cell products of inflammation are more
closely allied to embryonic tissue (cells) than are the elements of the
52 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

normal textures of the full-grown. They partake, in common with em-
bryonic tissue, of an extraordinary impressibility to external influences,
and a liability to destructive changes. These products of inflammation
are therefore presumably susceptible to the attacks of the pent-up germs,
just as the natural progeny of insusceptible animals are themselves sus-
ceptible without reference to the inumunity of the parent tissues or system.
Again, the inflammation products are now open to the attacks of the
lung plague bacterium, just as the same products are more easily de-
stroyed by caustics and other chemical agents than are the sound tissues.

It has been frequently noticed in Europe, that cattle which have ap-
parently recovered from the lung plague have been the vehicle for the
conveyance of the disease into new and previously healthy herds. In
several countries of Europe, accordingly, cattle that have passed through
jung-plague are branded on the horns with the letters L. S. (Lungen-
seuche). This serves the double purpose of publishing the fact that they
are not likely to contract the disease anew themselves, and that they
may, notwithstanding, convey it to others.

One or two particular instances of the apparent conveyance of the
infection in this way may be here cited:

1. In the Récueil de Médecine Vétérinaire for March, 1879, M. Rabouam
records the case of a bullock brought from a stable where lung plague had
formerly prevailed, and suffering from a chronic discharge from the nose,
supposed to be due to bronchitis, but which ox introduced the lung
plague into the herd into which he was taken.

2. The English cow which introduced lung plague into Australia, ac-
cording to one account, was probably a case of the same kind. She
was alleged to have suffered from lung plague in England, in 1857, and
had a relapse after her arrival in Australia in 1858, when she was the
means of infecting the entire colony. It may well be supposed that
this relapse may have been due to the great change of climate and gen-
eral surroundings to which this cow had been subjected, such change
being well known to renew the susceptibility to certain other diseases.
after it had been worn out by a first attack. Thus strangles—the dis-
temper of young horses—which usually attacks the same animal but
once, has been known to attack animals thrice in succession, each time
after the subject had been removed from one country aud climate to
another. Similarly the distemper of dogs has been known to attack
the same animal thrice, in England, Malta, and India, showing that the
exalnple is not peculiar to one disease. That change of climate has a
potent effect on the system, is shown every day in the beneficial or per-
nicious operation on invalids who make a wide change of residence.
This influence is seen no less in the effect it has in counteracting the evil
effects of consanguinity. If the same family is bred closely, generation
after generation, in the same locality, sterility or other failure of vitality
soon interferes to cut short its career, but if brothers and sisters and
cousins are bred or reared under different conditions, their stamina is far:
less likely to be undermined.

The consideration of these points, and the woeful example of the infec-
tion of Australia, should lead us to guard against all such chronic cases
of this affection as carry encysted masses in the lung, and above all to-
vigilantly exclude all animals imported in this condition, and all move-
ment of such animals from one part of the country to another.

3. Mr. Braun, Lorimer street, Brooklyn, whose stables had been
healthy for months up to July 26, 1879, took in at this date a brown
heifer which had been removed from the infected Blissville distillery
stables January, 1879. This heifer was fat, plump, and, to all outward.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 53

appearances, healthy, but. on examination, with the view of granting a
certificate for removal to the country, it was found to carry a large mass
of encysted lung. She was accordingly killed, and an encysted dead
mass of about 8 inches by 4 was found. On August 22, a fine Short-horn
cow from a healthy region in Central New York, which had passed
through the inspection-yard direct to Braun’s stable under permit and
surrounded with all due precautions, contracted the lung plague and
had to be killed and the stable cleared out and disinfected anew.

4. In January, 1879, Charles Reeves, of Success, Suffolk County,
New York, bought two calves from the Billard herd, which spread the
lung plague broadcast over the east end of Long Island. They did
not thrive well, but were not noticed to be specially sick. In June, six
months later, he lost several animals infected by the unthrifty calves,
and July 19, Professor Law had three more of the herd slaughtered in
the advanced stages of lung plague, the result of the purchase of the
calves which were affected with these chronic encysted masses.

Instances of this kind can be multiplied, but this will serve no good
end. The importance of the matter is seen when we say that in all the
infected States at the present time, there are numbers of apparently con-
valescent animals standing in herds which they may at any time infect,
and ready to be sold, it may be, to carry the disease to the most distant
parts of our territories.

CHRONIC CASES IN THOROUGHBREDS ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS.

Such a conveyance of the disease is the more probable that it is the
high-priced thoroughbred stock which are the most likely to be allowed
to recover from the infection, and it is these that are mainly shipped
west. Under a false sense of economy the Executives of the different
infected States decline to pay asum at all approximating to the market
value of these animals, and the owners decline to have them disposed
of at a low figure so long as a chance of recovery remains. Thus it is
that our 40,000,000 head of cattle, and their progeny for all time, are
recklessly imperilled because men, ignorant of our great danger, refuse
to authorize an expenditure which is relatively but as a drop to the
ocean.

It is quite true that infected thoroughbreds cannot be so dis-
tributed with the same impunity as infected cattle of common breeds.
Being registered in a herd-book, and all transfers by sale or otherwise
made public, they cannot be sold without buyer and seller being well
known to each other and tothe general public. They cannot be surrep-
titiously carried from one State to another, for either they must lose
their record and value, or the pages of the herd-book will reveal the
transaction and lay the owner open to prosecution. Yet, in spite of all
this, there is the great difficulty of establishing the fact of pre-existing
disease in the sellers’ herd; and there is the expense and uncertainty of
the law which will deter most people from entering ona litigation of this:
kind. Indeed, the usual course in our experience has been to pocket
the first loss as the least, and to try to be more particular in future pur-
chases. The dangers from these apparently recovered thoroughbreds
are, therefore, almost bevond expression, and no consideration of economy
which allows or contributes to their shipment westward or southwa
should be entertained for a single moment.

But, beside the great peril, there are reasonable grounds for paying
the owners of thoroughbreds as much, relatively, as the proprietors of
serub cattle. First, what is expected is only in ratio with their current
54 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

market value, so that here they stand on precisely the same level with
the scrubs. Second, the owners of the thoroughbreds have expended
these high sums for their stock, and added proportionately to the wealth
of the State. The State is, therefore, called on to preserve these valuable
animals as well as the low-priced ones. Third, the indemnity, to be an
effectual adjunct to suppression of the disease, must be made a stimulus
to the reporting of sickness, and whenever it fails in this through inade-
quacy or otherwise, it fails in the main object of its existence.

INOCULATION FOR LUNG PLAGUE.

For some years past this operation has been strongly advocated in
England and Holland, not only as a palliative of the losses from lung
plague, but as a means of stamping out the disease. In a report like
the present, which is intended to furnish a sound basis for intelligent
legislation, it becomes needful to canvass this truly important question.

In December, 1850, Louis Willems, M. D., of Hassalt, Belgium, son of a large dis-
tiller, began his essays on inoculation. To determine the susceptibility of different
animals, he inoculated with the exudation matter from diseased lungs 6 rabbits, 23
pea-fowls, a number of chickens, 4 dogs, 3 sheep, 7 hogs, aud 2 goats. but in all the
wounds healed withvat any unhealthy action. These animals were accordingly set
down as insusceptible. Accidental wounds vf hnmau beings were equally harmless.
He instituted experiments on several cattle which he inoculated with the liquids from
healthy lungs. The result was only slight inflammation followed by healings.

He inoculated three cattle, respectively, with blood, buecal mucus and intestinal
tubercle taken from sick cows. These produced but slight indammation, followed by
prompt recovery.

He inoculated 108 cattle with the pulmonary exudation of diseased lungs. In a
period averaging fifteen davs after inoculation a swelling occurred in most of these in
the seat of inoculation, and though afterwards kept in an infected stable all these
animals resisted the disease. Of fifty uninoculated animals placed in the same sta-
bles, seventeen became diseased.

He further reinoculated ten cattle that had been already successfully inoculated, and
all the wounds healed promptly without any local swelling such as marked the other
cases from the tenth to the thirtieth day.

In none of these cases was there any indication of disease of the lungs, and ina
number that were killed these organs were found healthy.

He concluded that when the virus is inoculated on a susceptible animal, ‘‘a new
disease is produced ; the affection of the lungs with all its peculiar characters is lo-
calized in some sort on the exterior” ; and that this disease is preservative against all
future attacks of plenro-pneumonia.

Various commissions were appointed by different European governments to deter-
mine the matter by experiment. The Dntch commission, composed of the faculty of
the Veterinary School at Utrecht, reported in 1852, that out of 247 head of cattle inocu-
lated sixteen afterward contracted the disease, these being mainly composed of such
as had the least local swelling in the seat of inoculation. They reported that inocu-
lation had ‘‘a power, at least temporary, of securing ayainst the contagion of pleuro-
pneumonia.” ;

The Belgium commission, presided over by Professor Verheyen, inoculated 197 cat-
tle, fourteen of which were afterward kept in stables with infected animals without
contracting the disease.

The French commission, presided over by Professor Bouley, inoculated 54 cattle, of
which 45 survived and were made to cohabit with diseased stock. But one of those
contracted the plague. ;

In England a commission was appointed, and, after a series of experiments in 154-5,
they reported adversely.

Since that time inoculation has been adopted extensively in Europe, and still more
largely in Australia and South Africa, until to-day it is acknowledged by all who have
given attention to the subject that for the individual animals, it is as surely protec-
tive as is vaccination for small-pox, and that attacks of lung plague, after successful
inoculation, are little if at a1] more frequent than are second attacks of variola.—( The
lung plague of cattle.—Law. ) .

It is not overstating the case to say that many hundreds of thousands
of cattle have now been subjected to the test of inoculation, many skill-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 55

fully, and others in the rudest possible manuer by unlettered persons,
and even with lymph, which has been allowed to pass into putrefaction,
so that the resulting wounds were septic sores and the constitutional
disturbance a more or less fatal septicemia. The results have-in no
way negatived Willems’ claim that properly performed, the inoculation
of a susceptible animal with the lung-plague lymph, fortifies the system
of that animal with a reasonable amount of certainty against any sub-
sequent attack of the disease.

The most recent evidence furnished by Dr. Willems himself of the
effect of reinoculation of previously inoculated animals may be here
quoted.

Since I have had the pleasure of receiving your last letter [he writes Bouley], I
have reinoculated sixteen subjects with the pulmonary virus. The virulent insertion
has been made behind the ears, in the neck, and in the dewlap—regions which you
say, with just reason—are forbidden under pain of death. These reinoculatins have
been executed in the stables of four distillers of the town, upon beasts previously
inoculated on the tail with such apparent success that they had all lost a larger or
smaller portion of this appendage.

The results of these reinoculations made the 24th March, the 9th and 17th April, have
been the following: Upon fourteen subjects no manifestation, even local, of the swell-
ing consecutive to the virulent insertion, thongh I had employed considerable doses
of the liquid to inoculate. The wounds cicatrized as readily as simple wounds made
with a cutting instrument. Upon the two other subjects tumors have appeared in’
the places of inoculation, as large as pigeons’ eggs, behind the ears, and as large as a
hazel nut in the region of the neck in one subject, while in the other there was a hard
swelling measuring 10 centimeters long by 7 or 8 broad in the region of the dewlap
where the virulent insertion had been made. Upon one of the beasts the tumor of
i ear transformed itself into an abscess; the other engorgements disappeared by reso-
ution.

Thus far we fully indorse inoculation. It is unquestionably a most
valuable measure for the reduction of the losses from lung plague in a
country in which the plague itself has come to be considered as an un-
avoidable evil. But the advocates of the measure are not satisfied with
such claims, and demand that it shall be adopted as an efficient meas-
ure for the egmplete extermination of the plague. Now it might be sim-
ply stated that, though this measure has been in operation for over thirty
years, it has not up till now succeeded in exterminating lung plague
from any country whatever.

Eighteen months ago it was claimed that inoculation had rooted out
the lung plague from Holland. Yet in Holland repressive measures
were not confined to inoculation, but inoculation was only an addendum
to a general compulsory slaughtering of the sick and disinfecting of the
premises—measures which, rigidly enforced, would of themselves stamp
out the disease. In the second place, the claim that Holland had been
purged of the plague proved premature, and in the past year the affec-
tion has been again reported from five provinces, extending from Fries-
land to South Flanders, or over a belt embracing the entire length of the
country. ;

Next it is claimed that inoculation completely eliminated the disease
from the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Now the condition of the Edin-
burgh dairies is so peculiar that no deduction drawn from the results
obtained could be safely applied over an entire country. From a long
and sad experience with lung plague, Edinburgh dairyman have been
driven to a very peculiar system of management. They no longer dare
introduce into their cow-houses any but animals in prime condition,
which can be turned over to the butcher without material loss at a day’s
notice. A very large proportion of these cows, in the past, have been
made into beef within three months of their arrival in the city dairies.
56 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

In this way the trade is made quite profitable, for the cows are only
kept during the period of the fullest flow of milk, and when killed bring
a good sum for beef. Hence the remark “the cowfeeders did not know
how to make money until the disease came.” Even the cows that are
happy enough to escape the plague are still disposed of for beef as soon as
the milk fails. None are kept on from year to year, none are sold to go
out into the country, and no calves are born in the dairies and raised for
stock. In these very exceptional conditions inoculation could scarcely
fail to succeed. The suspension of all cattle traffic, the slaughter of
the sick, and disinfection of the premises would of themselves have ac-
complished the same end independently of inoculation. This has been
done in all those countries which have really stamped out lung plague
alike in the Old World and the New.
' But if we reverse the conditions no such uniformly good results could
be expected, and none such have ever been obtained. Let the inocu-
lated cattle be sent from the infected city stables to the country, and
they would inevitably have carried the disease to many new centers.
Let calves be born and reared in these dairies, or be sent from them to
be reared elsewhere, and many of them would contract the disease them-
selves and convey it to others. Let inoculation be generally adopted
over an entire country, and it will be found impossible to prevent the
laying up of contagion in the buildings, fodder, &c., to develop the dis-
ease in the first susceptible animal that may be introduced. The first
new-born calf, or the first cow purchased, must be promptly inoculated
if we would protect her against the infected buildings and pastures.
On hearing of inoculation, many conceive that it is the exact counter-
part of vaccination for small-pox, and that no more danger attaches to the
one operation than to theother. The difference, however, is fundamental.
In vaccination it is not the poison of small-powr that is used, but that of
cow-pox, a perfectly mild and harmless disease, which is utterly incapable
of propagating small-pox. In inoculation for lung plague, on the other
hand, it is the virus of genuine lung plague itself which is introduced
into the system, dnd the resulting disease, though it dewelops not in
the lungs, but (by selection) in the tail, is due to the propagation in the
last-named organ of the true virulent germs of the lung plague. As will
be seen by a reference above, to the record of Bouley and Verheyen,
the inflammatory exudate in the tail contains the same virulent bacteria
as the diseased lung products, and, when inoculated on susceptible ani-
mals, produces the same series of local disease changes as if the pul-
monary product had been used.

INOCULATED ANIMALS INFECTING.

The advocates of inoctlation mostly assume that the inoculated ani-
malis not infecting. But such a claim, if.it could be established, would
demolish their cherished theory of the protective influence of inoculation.
The virus they use for inoculation is the virus of genuine lung plague, and
if it fails to pullulate and grow, ‘where inserted in the tail, it must equally
fail to fortify the system of that animal against a subsequent exposure
to this poison. If, however, as we fully concede, it is protecting, it can
only be because the germs of lung plague introduced into the system
have developed there and rendered the system proof against any sub-
sequent exposure to these germs.

Before the introduction of vaccination for small-pox, some had prac-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 5T

ticed inoculation with the small-pox matter itself, with a view of inducing
a less dangerous type of that disease than if it were contracted in the
ordinary way. What was produced was a mild case of small-pox, which
was, however, dangerously infecting to any unprotected person who
came within the sphere of its influence. The exact counterpart of this
is to be found in the inoculation of lung plague virus on the surface.
In both cases alike there is produced a disease of the superficial struc-
tures, in which the virulent germs are multiplied by myriads, and from
which these germs can be given off through the air or by direct contact
to infect other susceptible subjects.

It can be freely conceded that this disease in the tail is far less likely
to infect other animals than the same affection in the lungs. The density
of the textures prevents that abundant proliferation and swelling which
take place in the lungs or other organ of soft texture. There is, there-
fore, materially less poison to be diffused. But, more important still,
the tidal air passing in and out of the lungs continuously acts like a
bellows in keeping up a constant efflux of the virulent germs from

‘within. To this there is no equivalent in the case of the inoculated
tail. Finally, the air in the substance of lungs is not the pure air which
surrounds the tail, and which tends to disinfect and destroy virulent
germs, but it has been robbed of 4 per cent. of its oxygen, and charged
with 4 per cent. of carbonic acid, beside water, vapor, and organic mat-
ter, conditions which greatly favor the preservation of disease germs
and the intensifying of their virulence. Much, therefore, which favors
the propagation of the disease from the lungs is absent from the affection
in the tail. But the difference is only one of degree, not of kind. And
numerous instances can be adduced in which inoculated animals have
proved the centers for new diffusions of lung plague.

Reynal mentions the case of an inoculated Brittany cow at the Alfort
Veterinary School, which infected two others standing on the two sides
of her. (Police Sanitaire des Animaux Domestiques.)

Mr. Watson, after a most extended experience in Australia and New
Zealand, where they inoculate cattle by the ten thousand, records it as a
common observation that the disease is transmitted by moculated cattle.

Inoculated cattle convey the contagion to those which are not inoculated.—This has been
proved by the disease breaking ont among cattle, where it had not previously shown
itself, after their coming in contact with some inoculated animals which were free from
the disease when inoculated. Cases of this sort, and even of cattle being inoculated
before the disease had broken ont among them, are so few that decisive evidence in
this way is far from plentiful, but it is sufficient to establish the general fact. Fur-
ther, it has frequently been the case, when all the others were inoculated, that afew
head have been missed, and the percentage of deaths among those which were not
operated on was always excessive ; thereby showing that the inoculation of the disease
on every side of them not only rendered their escape from the contagion inipossible,
but seemed to increase the virulency of the disease. (The Breeders’ Live Stock Jour-
nal, April, 1880.)

In his letter quoted above, Mr. Everard BE. Corbet furnishes tiie same
testimony as to inoculation in South Africa, saying that the disease is
‘introduced to a greater or less extent each time of inoculation.”

We might add other instances of this kind that have come under our
own notice, but the above are more pertinent as coming from p.rties
who are strong advocates of the practice of inoculation.

LUNG PLAGUE MUST BE SPREAD BY A GENERAL INOCULATION,

Having established the fact that inoculated animals are infecting, it
is easy to show that a general adoption of this measure must be a most
58, THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

dangerous expedient. Knowing what we do of the city cow stables and
country barns that would be infected by a general adoption of inocula-
tion, we feel confident that any perfect disinfection of these would en-
hance the cost of inoculation beyond all expectation. Then again it
would be next to impossible to make such a disinfection sufficiently
thorough to give assurance of safety. The removal and disinfection of
all hay, straw, and other fodder, the destruction of all rotten wood, the
removal of wooden floors, and of the saturated earth beneath them, the
reinoculation of all subjects that fail to take at the first attempt, the
rigid quarantine of the herds for thirty days or more, until the effects of
the inoculation had passed off, the inoculation of all calves born in such
herds, and of all cattle introduced into them, with the repetition of
quarantine and disinfection, and the maintenance of sick animals and
infected places for the production of the necessary virus, would render
the measure far more costly, unwieldly, and uncertain than at first sight
appears. In the method of extinguishing the disease by the destruc-
tion of the sick and disinfection of the premises, the disinfection is only
demanded where the sick animals and their products have been. In
such circumstances, and with comparatively but a limited number of in-
fected places, the question of perfect disinfection is not always easy to
solve. But with a general inoculation every bovine animal becomes an
infected animal, and every building or place where such an animal has
been, becomes an infected place. To take even a single city like that of
Brooklyn, with its thousands of herds kept in all sorts of out-of-the.way
places, with many of the owners unfavorable to governmental interfer-
ence, and inclined to throw obstacles in the way, it would be an exceed-
ingly difficult process; but when extended to country districts where
cattle are often turned out in woods and swamps, where it is exceed-
ingly difficult to find them, it would be inevitable that numbers would
be overlooked and missed, as Mr. Watson confesses them to have been
in Australia, to be infected later by the inoculated cattle in the same or
adjoining inclosures, and to keep up the supply of virus for the infection
of new-born calves and fresh purchases. We can easily adduce instan-
ces in which inoculated cattle in cities were allowed to pasture on the
commons in company with other herds, and others in the country in
which the inoculated cattle were separated from neighboring cattle by a
rail fence only. Any one who has had to do with the quarantining of
cattle on the parole of the owner knows how often slips are made and
contact is allowed between the stock which are nominally secluded and
those of others. The danger thus arising in a limited number of cases
under the process of stamping out by slaughter of the sick, would be in-
creased a hundred fold by inoculation though this were confined to in-
fected localities only.

But the increase of such risks implies a corresponding increase of in-
fected places and of the demand for disinfection; and as a certain num-
ber of outbreaks are always secreted, and those that take place by eva-
sion of the law are pretty certain to be so, it would be practically im-
possible to carry the disinfectants along every channel of the stream of
contagion.

EXPENSE OF A GENERAL INOCULATION.
At 15 cents per head, which is far below the cost estimated by the

advocates of inoculation, inoculation of the 40,000,000 head of American
cattle would amount to $6,000,000. But this does not provide for the
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 59

sacrifices of sick cattle to furnish the virus to be inoculated, for the dis-
infection of buildings, &c., where the inoculated cattle have been kept,
for the reinoculation of those which fail to take, for the inoculation of
new-born calves, for the erection of pens in which to operate on large
and wild herds, nor for the percentage of losses of cattle subjected to
the operation. The last item alone, at 2 per cent., would amount to not
less than $16,000,000 more. Finally, inoculation has failed to eradicate
lung plague from any country in which it has been attempted, though
for thirty years it has been in extensive practice, so that this work is to
be continued year after year upon thecoming generations of animals, and
the plague is to be rendered permanent in our midst. Thus a perma-
nent tax of a grevious and altogether unnecessary kind would be im-
posed on the country.

It may be claimed that it will not be necessary to inoculate all the
stock of the country, but only those of the infected States. This is con-
ceded as true at present, but it is denied that we can look forward to
any continuance of this restriction. The maintenance of the practice of
inoculation, even in the infected States alone, implies the permanent
preservation of the poison there, and such preservation entails the daily
risk of its spread to the West, and thence through all the channels of
the cattle traffic. Even independently of this there is at the margins of
the inoculated districts an ever present opportunity for a wider exten-
sion of the disease; so that apart from a sudden extension to our graz-
ing plains, there remains the probability of a continuous slow march of
the disease in that direétion.

In addition to all this is the fact that the persistence of this disease
is the occasion of the continued embargo on our European cattle trade.
We cannot, therefore, hesitate for a moment in advising a speedy extince-
tion of the atfection in preference to any mode of palliation of a disease
which is now costing between two and three millions per annum, and
promises in the future to cost incomparably more. It is simply a ques-
tion of spending at once a portion of what. we now lose in any one year
by this disease, or submitting to a continuance of these losses and of
their cause. ;

CONDITIONS IN WHICH INOCULATION IS ADMISSIBLE.

While absolutely condemning inoculation as inapplicable to our own
particular case, we fully indorse the operation as a means of reducing
the losses or even of exterminating the lung plague under circumstances
differing from ours. For reducing the losses it is a commendable meas-
ure in infected, unfenced countries, such as the steppes of Europe and
Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. From the open pas-
ture lands of these countries it has been found impossible to eradicate
the disease, and the best alternative in the present state of our knowl-
edge is inoculation. By means of this the losses are reduced from 50 to
10 per cent., but it holds out no hope of a final riddance of the disease.
This same remark may be applied to countries that are necessarily the
recipients of large importations of cattle from infected regions over
which they have no control. So with large feeding (distillery) and dairy
stables, where very frequent changes of stock are imperative, and where
such stock can only be drawn from infected districts. In all these cases
there is a choice of evils, and of the two, inoculation is incomparably
the least. With us in the United States, on the other hand, we have a
60 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

better alternative—the entire extinction of the disease—and there can
be no hesitation in the choice.

For eradicating the lung plague inoculation may be advocated in the
case of insular or other perfectly secluded localities where the contagion
is already widely diffused and still spreading. It must be made on every
bovine animal in such place, and repeated on such as do not take the
first time. A close inspection must be kept up on the whole; the sick,
whether chronic or acute cases, must be killed, and all calves born in
the herd must be at once inoculated or destroyed. If calves are con-
tinually being born in the herd, it will be necessary to destroy them for
some time, as their continuous inoculation entails a perpetuation of the
poison.

PRESENT LIMITS OF LUNG PLAGUE IN THE UNITED
STATES.

In pursuance of our instructions “to investigate all cases of the dis-
ease known as pleuro-pneumonia in neat cattle which shall be reported
to you, especially along the dividing line between the United States and
the Dominion of Canada, and along the lines of transportation from all
parts of the United States to ports from which cattle are exported, and
to perform such other duties as may from time to time be prescribed by
the Secretary with reference to said disease, to the end that cattle
shipped from ports of the United States to foreign ports may be known
and certified to be free from the disease in question,” we have felt it
less incumbent on us as yet to make any special investigations in the
eastern areas known to be infected, and the limits of which are already
fairly well defined, than to determine the question as to whether the
disease had already spread beyond these areas and invaded New Eng-
land or the country west of the Alleghany Mountains.

To this end Dr. Thayer has made extended investigations in New
England, and Professor Law in New York, and both in the great cattle
centers of Chicago and Peoria; while the other great centers of the live-
stock trade have been subjected to rigid scrutiny by veterinarians de-
puted to the different points. In the same way we have investigated
all cases of supposed contagious lung disease of cattle reported to us,
and to-day we report a complete failure to find lung plague anywhere
west of the Alleghany Mountain range or in the States of New England.

The conclusiveness of this statement will be better understood when
we add that in most of our Western cities where cattle markets are held,
the conditions for the preservation of this plague are at least equally
favorable with those found around our infected Eastern cities, where this
palgue has been maintained uninterruptedly for over thirty years. Thus,
in all, the supplies of city dairy cows are drawn from the adjacent stock-
yards, where cattle of all kinds and from all different points mix and
succeed each other in the same inclosures. If, therefore, diseased cattle
had passed through these yards the contagion must sooner or later have
reached the city dairies, where the infected buildings and the frequent
changes of stock, to keep up the milk supply, would have preserved it
without fail. So with the herds in the distillery and other feeding-
stables. These are supplied from the public stock-yards, and would
early receive infection were that present in these yards; and the infee-
tion once received into.these stables it must have been perpetuated, as
it is in distillery stables in the East and in all parts of the world where
the infection exists.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 61

Again, in most of the Western centers of cattle traffic, Buffalo, Pitts-
burgh, Iron City, East Saint Louis, Indianapolis, Chicago, Kansas City,
Council Bluffs, Galesburg, and Geneseo, the local herds wandering at
large are allowed to come close up to the fences of the stock-yards, and
even in some cases to wander along the alley-ways between the inclosures,
so that if they failed to contractinfection through accessions of new stock
drawn from the yards they could not long escape the result of frequent
i a with the yarded cattle, if infection existed at all-among the

atter.

Then, again, in most of the Western cattle centers, Kansas City, Saint
Louis, Council Bluffs, Geneseo, Galesburg, Chicago, Milwaukee, Indian-
apolis, and even in Iron City and Allegheny City (Pittsburgh), and
Buttalo, the dairy cows, and sometimes feeding-herds, are turned out in
summer on the comimonsor prairies where the stock of different owners
mingle freely, so that we find all those conditions existing which have
served to perpetuate this infection in all countries where its ravages are
continuous.

As will be seen more fully by reference to the reports of Drs. Farring-
ton, Murray, and Paaren, appended, we found all the conditions usually
supposed to cause such disease in cattle existing, but no lung plague re-
sulting. We found swill-feeding, feeding with the refuse of glucose and
other factories, crowding, close, ill-ventilated, filthy buildings, absence
of all drainage, cattle subjected to long and exhausting journeys by road,
to railroad transit in open cars in the depth of winter and the height of
summer, under scorching suns and in rain, fog, and snow, but not one
nor all served to develop lung plague.

As if to add proof to proof, until doubt became impossible, we traced
these conditions along the lines of cattle traffic, from Kansas City,
Omaha, and Council Bluffs, through all the successive steps on the jour-
ney eastward, through Saint Louis, Peoria, Geneseo, Galesburg, Chicago,
Elgin, Milwaukee, Indianapolis, Cincinnati Toledo, Detroit, Grosse Isle,
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Salamanca, Buffalo, Suspension Bridge, Roches-
ter, Deposit, Albany, Boston, Portland, well knowing that seeds gathered
into the river at any part of its course, or through any affluent chan-
nel, will find their way into the main trunk and spring up at intervals
along its banks. Soil and climate being favorable to the growth of these
seeds they will appear especially wherever the waters of the river have
been delayed and have overflowed their banks. But at no point of de-
tention or overflow, at no market, stock-yard, nor feeding yard, in no
herd coming in contact with the inmates of these yards, and in none
recruited continually from them, have we been able to find a single trace
of lung plague from the source of the traffic at the plains to its termi-
nus in our extreme eastern State.

At the time of our examinations not a shadow of suspicion of lung
plague could be thrown upon our Western herds. And with circum-
stances everywhere so favorable to its preservation, to have had such
a plague once introduced in the line of our cattle traffic was equiv-
alent to having it permanently established. Its absence, therefore, at
the present moment is a sufficient guarantee of its absence in all past
time.

The following table will serve to show the facilities for the infection
of local herds in case the lung plague really entered the line of our cat-
62 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

tle traffic from the West, and the facilities in common pasturage, ming-
ling of herds, &c., for its perpetuation if once introduced :

 

 

 

 

     

  
     
 

. e red ‘ n a
4 3 | 8. | Sale g 2 B .| 2
s a a4 |/8: & = =. a a
a a. | 2H | 838] 8 & ‘a SB 3 3
“alae 3 Bl g ag o ae 2 3
23 |8e\ea|ael/es| 8 4\/%¢| 8|2
3S jae! s3|/es|he| & | #2 3 | ag
2 on 15 | ga] Sa A op 2 ed
Ba a$8|éo"/8q)ey} 3 a of 8 oo
Su [et |ssla5(as| 8 & | Be 2 | BE
ee (fale l/Egleg! & | & | 82 & | 2
v . =
 MBEIP| 2) 2/3) 2):
2 5 3 bo vy 3
2 2 (ee /82l2 | | gle | gi) s
5S lA |@ |AFla 4 4a /4 a | 44
‘Buffalo.,.,..c scares cacteies 800, 000 | Yes. Yes. | Yes. | None. | None None
Suspension Bridge .--.-. Few. | Yes. NO: |zzexe< None: | None |-icessiee<) seis eet eocaesi ce
Rochester .-...-- ei 7,000 | Yes. |.. N No. | None. | None None.
Salamanca .- : 40, 000 | Yes. No. | No. | None. | None. None.
Pittsburgh - 380, 000 | Yes. Yes. | Yes. | None. | None None.
Cleveland. .- Few. | Yes No. | No. | None. | None. None.
Milwaukee - 30, 000 | Yes No. | Yes. | None. | None None.
East Saint Louis. 350, 000 | Yes. Yes. | Yes. | None. | None None.
Saint Louis .... -.-| 112,000 | Yes Yes. | Yes. | None. | None. None.
Kansas City .....---.-- 244, 000 | Yes. Yes. | Yes. | None. | None. None.
Council Blutts & Omaha.| 300,000 | Yes. Yes. | Yes. | None. | None. None.
Geneseo ..-...----.----- 100,000 | Yes. Yes. | Yes. | None. | None None
Galesburg --| 180,000 | Yes. |.-...- Yes. | Yes. | None. | None. None.
Peoria .....- aes “30, 000 |.----- M68 ll ersercieelecsinrcs Waar meialecepemanre None.
Indianapolis wa Yes.| Yes.| Yes. | Yes. | None. | None None
Chicago .. ainv[ly 400, 000 None
Elgin ..... soi oermmareratmarl| MOR leegractel ctemcte |Sacemio|amzinssiacil! NOMS [lessee seme stecilemmtos acate
Detroit None.
FR OICEG, «2.2 5, esacionctiominnain| WEEE See 5| OSs Asses emeedleemeeelane cal NODOn |ecmesie |seeaeaicsl| on ncqicae
Cincinna None.
Albany ..... None.
Brighton and None

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Fed.

But our evidence is far from resting solely on our recent investiga-
tions. Dr. Thayer, who has been cattle commissioner for Massachu-
setts since he was instrumental in stamping out this disease from that
commonwealth in 1865, has made frequent examinations of the lungs of
western oxen in the Brighton slaughter-houses throughout all the inter-
vening years since, but has failed to find any indications of lung plague
during the whole of this period. In his official capacity he has been
called upon in all cases of diseases among farm animals supposed to be
contagious, but in all these eighteen years he has not met with a single
case of lung plague of cattle within the borders of Massachusetts.

Professor Law, who has spent over thirteen years at Cornell Univer-
sity, and as consulting veterinarian to the New York State Agriculi-
ural Society, has been similarly called to any contagious disease in do-
mestic animals occuring in the agricultural portions of the State, but he
has not once met with the lung plague to the west of the Alleghany
Mountains, nor to the north of Putman County.

Dr. Paaren, State veterinarian of Illinois, who has spent a number of
years in Chicago, has been most extensively consulted on diseases of
cattle in all the surrounding States, and has, in connection with the
commission, made special investigations at Peoria, Chicago, and Elgin,
has not once, in all this long experience, met with a genuine case of
lung plague in the West.

My. J. H. Sanders, of our commission, whose business for many years
past has led him to note with extreme care every indication of conta-
gious disease among the cattle of the Western States and Territories,
has caused every suspicious case or circumstance that has come to his
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 63

knowledge during all these years to be carefully investigated, and has
failed to find a single trace of lung plague.

Prof. A. J. Murray, formerly of the New Veterinary College, Tidinburgh,
and of the Cirencester Agricultural College, has spent. fifteen years in
Detroit, Mich., and part of this time has been State veterinarian, and who
is well acquainted with the lung plague as seen in Great Britain and on
the European continent, has never seen a single case of this malady in
Michigan.

Drs. Somerville and Son, veterinarians in the great cattle center of
Buffalo, have not, in a forty years’ residence, seen a single case of this
plague. Drs. Myers and Son, veterinarians in Cincinnati, have not,
in an equal length of time, seen any such case in that city.

Dr. Farrington’s report, hereto appended, furnishes similar evidence
from all the points visited, so that the sum of the evidence, past as well
as present, attests the entire freedom of the West and South from this
infection.

Tu the course of our investigations it must be admitted that conta-
gious diseases of cattle have been met with—Texas fever, tuberculosis,
anthrax, &c., but not a single case of lung plague.

Dr. Thayer, investigated at East Rindge, N. H., a disease apparently
closely allied to anthrax, which killed off a herd with one exception, and
in which the lungs were sometimes congested and in other cases not.
At Southborough, Mass., he made a necropsy of a recently imported cow,
which showed hypostatic congestion of one lung but the real malady was
disease of the liver. At Pictou, Nova Scotia, he made inquiries into a
dropsical affection which prevails fatally in that region, but found that
it showed no lesions allying it to lung plague (see Report on Disease at
Pictou).

Inflammatory and other diseases of the lungs are likewise met with
again and again, both in the East and West; but the symptoms, lesions,
and history in every case out of the well-known infected area showed the
disease to be distinct from the lung plague.

On the occasion of a visit of the commission to the Chicago stock-
yards September 5, 1881, they were presented by the meat inspector
with a portion of a bullock’s lung which he had secured that morning as
the one suspicious case out of the thousands slaughtered in the course
of afew days. In this the interlobular tissue was puffed up with air
to an average thickness of half an inch, and the surface being somewhat
dried and blanched it contrasted strongly with the red lobules, and the
whole to the casual glance presented a strong resemblance to the lesions
of lung plague. This, which has doubtless been often mistaken for the
genuine contagious disease when seen in the slaughter-house, we found
afterward to be a not uncommon condition of the lungs in swill-fed bul-
locks. The warm swill, often fed at 100° F. and even warmer, together
with the dense water vapor which rises from it, irritate the throat
and lungs, causing coughing, especially in the new-comers. In the
Chicago and Peoria swill stables cattle with a temperature of 103° and
104° F., with accelerated breathing and weak husky cough, were on ex-
amination found to be mainly affected with this interlobular emphysena.

In other outbreaks of pulmonary inflammation in young cattle investi-
gated in New York and Iowa the cause was found in the myriads of
round worms (Strongylus micruris) inhabiting the air tubes and lung
substance.

In an outbreak of broncho-pneumonia in Duchess County, New York,

investigated by Professor Law, the case was very suspicious because of
_its proximity to an infected area, because the diseased cattle were recent
64 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

purchases, and because in bringing them home from Connecticut they had
passed through New York City. It is not surprising that these had
been already pronounced genuine cases of lung plague. The facts, how-
ever, thatthe five sick cattle wereall attacked at once 105 days after expos-
ure in New York, and coincidently with a sudden access of cold and damp,
which had produced eatarrh in men, that none of the original herd suf-
fered, and that the symptoms were not quite identical with those of
lung plague, procured a favorable diagnosis which has been amply vin-
dicated by four months of subsequent immunity.

Dr. Murray, of Detroit, furnishes an interesting case of pneumonia
(in a city dairy cow) which could easily have been mistaken for the con-
tagious disease, but here, too, this favorable verdict has been abun-
dantly sustained by the continued healthy state of the remainder of the
herd.

Dr. Murray further discovered a series of interesting cases of circum-
scribed lobular pneumonia, which, apart from the very limited nature of
the lesions, bore a strong resemblance to the diseased changes found in
lung plague. A close examination, however, detected the presence of
the common liver fluke (Distomum hepaticum), which he has found
to be rather a common denizen of the lungs of Texas cattle, and may,
at different times, have brought upon them unnecesary suspicion.

In one instance, at Elgin, UL, investigated by Dr. Paaren, two cows
in the same herd had died of pneumonia, but the facts that no new cat-
tle had been introduced upon the farm for six months, that the herd
had had no means of communication with cattle outside, that the dis-
ease occurred in December, when the inclemency out of doors and the
close air indoors were calculated to induce diseases of the lungs, thatthe
malady killed the subjects in four and five days respectively, whereas
lung plague in winter usually takes half as many weeks, and finally
that the changes in the lungs were those of simple pneumonia, suftici-
ently attest that this was a non-contagious form of pulmonary inflamma-
tion like that found in Detroit by Dr. Murray.

In still another instance in New York, investigatéd by Professor Law,
where a number of cattle had already perished, and in which the lungs
of several that had been opened were found to be consolidated, the dis-
ease was found to be due to bacteridian poison, and though the lungs
were the seat of blood extravasations in one case, the spleen and liver
suffered in a second, and the intestines in a third. Appropriate medi-
cinaland hygienic measures put a speedy period to the mortality.

These will serve to illustrate the nature of the different lung diseases.
which were found existing in the western and southern cattle. While
we have found various forms of these diseases among these cattle, as we
find them in other genera of animals, we have not, ina single instance,
found what a professional man acquainted with the disease could have
mistaken for the lung plague.

We claim, therefore, with the utmost confidence, that up to the end o
the year 1881, the lung plague of cattle has been confined to the vicinity
of the eastern seaboard, extending from Putnam County, New York, to
Fairfax or Prince William County, Va. Connecticut is sound and North
Carolina is sound, so that at present the infection is confined to the
States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Penusylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

THE PLAGUE IN NO WAY DISAPPEARING.

While we submit the above undeniable proof of the absence of the
lung plague from the West, we are not to be held as for a moment in-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 65

dorsing the optimist views of some as to its decline in the East. The
Governor of New York, in his annual message, congratulates the State
“that while the cattle disease, known as pleuro-pneumonia, which for-
merly menaced the farmers in this State, is not entirely eradicated, it
has been contined to limited areas, and seems to be gradually disap-
pearing. With a single exception, not likely to cause further trouble,
the disease has been confined to a small portion of Long Island, and it
is hoped that it may be speedily and entirely eliminated from our terri-
tory.” It is much to be regretted that the governor should have been
sofarmisled. Hehas in his regular employ no professional inspectors to
inquire intothe status of the disease in the State, and manifestly trusts to
the owners of diseased herds to report to his office. Every oneacquainted
with the disease knows that this is the last thing the city dairyman
would think of doing, and therefore the fact that no such reports have been
made by no means implies that the disease does not exist. This is well
illustrated by the fact that for thirty years, from 1848 to 1878, this
plague prevailed extensively in New York, Brooklyn, and adjacent dis-
tricts, yet its existence was not.so much as suspected by the Executive
at Albany, by the New York State Agricultural Society, nor even by
the Metropolitan (New York) Board of Health. The former governor
took no action under the law which enjoined him to stamp out and cir-
cumscribe animal plagues, until the complaint of lung plague in Ameri-
can cattle came from England in the end of 1878. The secretary of
the New York State Agricultural Society, in letters to the British con-
sul, dated January 24 and 25, 1879, expressed in the strongest terms his
belief that no such plague existed on the American continent. Finally
when the work of stamping out the plague was inaugurated in 1879, the
sanitary superintendent of the New York City Board of Health expressed
to one of our number (Professor Law), the opinion that he would find no
cases in the city of New York. This last opinion was based upon a
frequent inspection of the city dairy herds by medical members of the
board of health, so that the sanitary superintendent was presumably in
a far better position than is the present governor to pronounce upon the
condition of these herds. Yet investigation at that time showed that the
disease then prevailed most extensively throughout the whole of the
city, from Water street on the south to Yonkers on the north.

Judged by the number of cows dying of disease it may be held that
the lung plague is decreasing in New York City, but inquiry in the
dairies shows that the sick are being disposed of for beef at the onset
of illness, in place of being kept until they die of the disease. A sick
cow was found abandoned in December, 1881, at Thirty-eighth street and
Eleventh avenue, but none of the dairymen in the vicinity would ac-
knowledge any ownership in the animal, nor that they had personally
lost any cows for a yearor two. John Hearley, Eighty-sixth street and
Lexington avenue, keeps 5 cows, and had one sent to the offal dock the
last week of November. On inquiry he acknowledged he had sold two
more sick to the butcher in the course of the same month. He found
it, he said, the most profitable course to turn them off for beef when
attacked with sickness. Mrs. Taylor, directly opposite on Lexington
avenue, also kept 5 cows, and she too confessed to having sent to the
butcher two cows that sickened on the course of November, 1881. Kear-
ney, a few doors further up, keeps 7 cows, and makes no secret of the
fact that he turns off the sick to the dealer, and puts in others in place
of crowding bis stables with sick and profitless animals, which prevent
him from keeping a full remunerative stock. Mrs. Hurtin, Seventy-
first street and First avenue, keeps 7 cows, and claims that she has

8S. Ex. 106——5
66 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE

lost none since she entered the business, but her boy confesses that she
sold one to the butcher, sick, in December, 1881, and a dead cow was
removed from the street adjacent to the offal dock in the same month.

A dairyman at Highty-second street and Avenue A keeps 11 cows,
and claimed to have had no losses for two years. On being confronted
with the fact that he had sent a dead cow to the offal dock in Decem-
ber, 1881, he explained by stating that, having been sick, he gave her
3 pounds’ Glauber salts, which burned her lungs. These few items, se-
cured from the only dairies that could be seen in a very hurried visit,
sufficiently deny the optimist view that the disease has disappeared
from New York City. They show plainly that the lesson learned long
ago by the dairymen of the Old World, and more recently by those of
Washington, D. C., that it is unprofitable to keep a sick cow at a daily
loss when her place can be filled by a fresh one at a daily profit of $1.50
to $2 is now being learned by the milkmen of New York. The debt
and credit account on a good cow that is kept eight weeks in a city
dairy may be stated thus:

Dr. Cr.
Price of fresh cow..----..---.------ $60 | Milk at $2 per day-----....---.---- $112
Feed at $2 per week ......-.---.---- 16 ; Returned as sold, sick .----.---..--- 15
76 | , 127
| 76
—=
| PROG wiser reutetetee ces sekicte ete 51

It is easy to see how a remunerative business can be conducted in
spite of disease, and as a certain number of animals entirely resist the
contagion the profit is sometimes higher than is here indicated. The
system makes it difficult to find sick animals on the premises and does
away with the chronic cases, which under other circumstances betrayed
the presence of the infection, but in the absence of any universal system
of disinfection it accomplishes little toward the eradication of the malady.
The system is in some respects rather calculated to perpetuate the
malady, for the constant changes and the steady influx of fresh and sus-
ceptible cows into the contaminated buildings, but adds fresh fuel to the
flame,

Another point in the case that should not be Jost sight of is that the
cows are usually sold not to the butcher direct, but to a dealer. When,
therefore, a dairyman wishes to dispose of his entire stock and begin
anew, the dealer slaughters only the fresh cows and sells to other dairy-
men the cows that have been exposed to infection, but which are still
apparently healthy. Thos. Kearney, Lexington avenue and Ninety-sixth
street, stated that one year he sold 15 cows sick from a standing stock
of 7, and that on one occasion he sent his whole 7 for sale to the Union
Stock Yards at Fifty-niuth street, and at once filled their places with 7
more. A second instance of the same kind, but related more in detail,
recently occurred on Staten Island. An infected herd belonging to a
nursery for children at Willow Brook, 8. L, was bought by a Mr. Cut-
tler, of the same place, as sound animals. Discoveri ing his blunder Mr.
Cuttler killed 16 and sold 15 for slaughter to Maybaum, a dealer, at
$27.50 per head. A few days later Mr. Cuttler saw one of the herd in
the stables of Messrs. Pero Brothers, New Brighton, where she had been
sent on trial. He remonstrated with Maybaum, who took the cow back,
but only to dispose of her anew at $65 to a dairyman at Long Neck,
who owned 9 other cows. Soon after the cow sickened and was sold
back to Maybaum for $25 and slaughtered. Since that time the whole
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 67

herd of 9 have been sold sick to Maybaum. It is further alleged that
others of the original nursery and Cuttler herd after passing into the
hands of Maybaum found their way into New Jersey, and infected two
separate herds at Washington and East Millstone, N. J. To complete
the story it must be added that Maybaum continued to deal in cows and
to use the same buildings for the accommodation of the transient cattle
without having adopted any disinfection or other visible measures of
precaution.*

Where such a system is carried on, to trust in the disappearance of the
disease is to trust in a delusion. The lack of recorded cases is mainly
the result of the absence of inspection, and a different showing will be
made when the movement of cattle is prevented, save under license, and,
when a thorough inspection is made and repeated at intervals.

Another lesson to be deduced from the above is that no system of the
mere purchase and slaughter of the sick, apart from the suspension of
movement and a frequent inspection of the herds, can be relied on to
stamp out the disease. A herd may be visited twenty times without
the discovery of sickness, yet the next occasion may detect the affection,
the germs of which have been present throughout.

An impression has been created that the disease has now very little
prevalence in New Jersey, but in a visit to Newark, on January 2 and
3, Professor Law found within the limits of a single street at Orange
four infected herds, while others were reported in adjacent villages. So
far as could be learned, not one of these had been visited or put under
any restriction on behalf of the State. He learned further that no sepa-
rate markets were kept for cattle from healthy and cattle from diseased.
districts; and that around the cities and villages promiscuous pasturage
is still allowed on the open commons. This laxity is doubtless excusa-
ble on the ground that the entire yearly appropriation for dealing with
this disease in Nev Jersey, is $5,000, which is utterly inadequate to a
successful work of extinction. It is only right that this inadequacy and.
its consequences should be fully known to those intrusted with Federal
legislation on the subject.

With regard to Pennsylvania, it may said that in spite of a very liberal
system of indemnity, which is one of the most effective measures that
can be devised, the disease was at first perpetuated by the preservation
of chronic cases, and throughout by the admission of cattle from all
sources and for all purposes—store and beef—into a common inarket. It
is understood that chronic cases are now condemned, but on the other
hand the indemnity has been reduced from sound value to one-half, and
this, together with the infected markets, have so far served to keep up
the disease.

In Maryland a commission was created to attend to the disease, but
we have learned nothing of their doings. A State veterinarian was
also appointed with orders to report, for the governor's action, all cases
of the plague. Extensive prevalence of lung plague was discovered, but

 

*Sincs the above was written the following additional cases have come to light:
Joseph Hyde started in December last with a dairy of 43 cows in Westchester County,
New York. Soon ling plague appeared; two died and the remainder were resold in the
Union Stock-Yards (and sheep-house), New York, for beef and store purposes. They
carried disease into different places in New York and New Jersey. On February
24 was found in the sheep-house at the Union Stock-Yards a cow sick with lung
plague and in company with 38 other fresh milch cows waiting for purchasers. Tw
large herds (one of 100 head) in Westchester County have been recently infected with
lung plague through cows purchased at the Union Stock-Yards. In December, 1581,
A. &. Baldwin, of Iatterson, Putnam County, N. Y., bought two cows at the sheep-
house, New York, which infected his herd of 32 head, and exposed to infection two
herds of 20 and 30 head, respectively in neighboring pastures. ;
68 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

we have not learned that the governor has taken any active measures
to stamp out the affection. In the old stock-yards on Baltimore street
(Baltimore and Potomac, and Pennsylvania), we found, on inquiry, that
cattle from all quarters are admitted indiscriminately, whether from the
infected city stables or the uninfected Western States, and that cattle
for export, and those for store purposes at home, are shipped to their
destination from these inclosures, so recklessly exposed to infection.
The result has been that New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania have
made frequent complaints of infection introduced into these States by
infected cattle from Baltimore; and even in Washington we were in-
formed of infected cows having been sent to that city. from the capital
of Maryland. Partly to remedy this state of things, new stock-yards
(Baltimore & Ohio) ‘have been constructed at Baltimore, into which,
we were informed, only western and southern cattle were to be admitted,
but here again a fatal blunder was committed; Virginia was accounted
a Southern State, Virginian cattle were admitted, and, as a result, on
the first day the yards were open four chronic cases of lung plague were
detected in them.

In the District of Columbia, and in Fairfax County, Virginia, the dis-
ease is still extensively prev: alent. The free movement of cows from
stable to stable, and from place to place, is in-no way interferred with,
so that the disease finds new channels constantly open for its progress.
The treatment of the sick is also a frequent practice, and the distempered
beast, standing among the healthy, and in the buildings to be afterward
occupied by the healthy, serves through both channels to perpetuate
the virus. The city dairymen of Washington, as of other cities, are
very apprehensive of official interference as calculated to ruin their
business, and, therefore, when a sick cow is discovered, they often lose
not an hour in sending her to the slau ghter-house and having her car-
cass converted into beef.

This is a sorry showing for those who are earnestly looking for an ex-
tinction of this affection; but it is a state of things which must continue
until more stringent measures are enforced over the whole infected
territory, including the entire suppression of the free exposure or move-.
ment of cattle, the slaughter of all cases of the disease, and the thorough
disinfection of the infected premises and things.

That system which ignores the necessity for inspection in localities
now or recently infected, which allows the free movement and trading
in cattle in such districts, which maintains the practice of pasturing or
otherwise exposing the herds of different owners indiscriminately on
the same lots, which keeps up markets for the common use of cattle
from all sources, infected and uninfected, and concludes that because
the disease is not reported it is therefore dying gut, would only be:
equaled by the covering up with putty and paint of the rotten rafters
of a decaying tenement. The landlord and tenant may be persuaded
that the beams are strong and sound, and the inmates may live on in
fancied security, but the final erash will not be delayed by a single day,
and the delusion will only be seen when the tumbling building buries
in death its trusting victims.

In making these Statements nothing can be farther from our purpose
than to throw any invidious reflections upon the executive or other offi-
cers of the various infected States. We are willing to accord them all
due credit for honesty of purpose, but we cannot ignore the fact that
they have failed to apprehend the full importance of this work and the
ae for such measures of suppression as can alone be expected to
succeed.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 69

CAN CATTLE SHIPPED FROM NEW YORK, PHILADELPIIIA, AND BALTI-
MORE BE FURNISHED WITH CERTIFICATES OF HEALTH?

The ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, being situated
in infected localities, and the stock-yards at each of these places being
open to cattle from all sources, including the infected vicinity, itis man-
ifest that even Western cattle, coming through these yards and shipped
from these ports, cannot be guaranteed free from the germs of this
plague. In this case it is not the yards, troughs, litter, &c., alone
which are to be suspected, and which are frequently infected, but even
the cattle-boats, by which the animals are usually carried to the ocean
steamers. These boats, at the port of New York, carry nearly all cattle
from the New York to the Jersey City stock-yards, and vice versa, so
that they very frequently convey cattle from infected districts, and even
those which are themselves infected.

All the recent outbreaks of lung plague in Pennsylvania have been
traced to cattle from the Baltimore stock-yards. Many outbreaks in
New Jersey were traced to the Philadelphia stock-yards, and there can-
not be a doubt that under the present condition of things, and with the
free mingling of all kinds of cattle, infection is occasionally carried from
the stock-yards of New York and Jersey City as well. (See foot-note
above.) Manifestly, therefore, no guarantee of health can be furnished
with cattle from these ports until a better system shall have been in-
augurated.

CAN CATTLE SHIPPED FROM BOSTON AND PORTLAND BE GUARAN-
TEED SOUND?

Boston and Portland are both outside the present infected area.
They are also in communication with the West by railroad, without com-
ing within eighty miles of the nearest point of infection (Putnam County,
N. Y.). It is, therefore, quite possible at the present moment to ship cattle
coming from New England, Central New York, and the West, from the
two ports in question, with a clean bill-of health. It may well be ques-
tioned, however, how long the immunity of these ports could be main-
tained if such a premium were placed upon cattle shipped from them.
Suppose Great Britain were to be satisfied with such an arrangement,
and to admit store cattle from Boston and Portland, abolishing, so far
as they are concerned, her compulsory slaughter of American beeves,
the cattle from these places would bring on an average $10 to $20 per
head higher than those from other ports of the United States. Ifno re-
striction were imposed, it would at once become desirable to ship cattle
from our infected ports and districts to these favored ones, and soon their
boasted immunity would have fled. For our own protection, therefore,
as well as for the protection of Great Britain and of the British trade,
it is imperative that certain restrictions be imposed on the movement
of cattle from the infected States before any attempt is made to issue
certificates of health with cattle shipped from any American port. This
brings us to the consideration of measures that are equally essential for
the protection of our home herds and our export cattle.

PROHIBITION OF EXPORT OF CATTLE FROM AN INFECLED STATE.
We prohibit the importation of European cattle except under a quar-

antine of ninety days. For the same reason precisely we should pro-
hibit the movement of cattle out from an infected State or district, ex-
70) THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

cept under a quarantine of similar length. Every argument that can
be advanced in support of the one is equally valid for the other. The
same law that condemns murder, condemns suicide also; the same con-
siderations which expel the pillaging foreign army, doom the native
robber as well; the same rule which quarantines the yellow-fever ship,
sends the city small-pox patient to the hospital. The lung plague in
our own infected districts is no less dangerous than that which may be
imported from Europe. If we allow this plague to reach our great open
pasturages it will matter little whether it has come from Liverpool or
New Jersey, from York or New York, the effect will be the same. It
will be none the less virulent and deadly in Montana, that it has already
devastated the fields of Maryland. When it passes ‘into the busy chan-
nels of commerce, it will matter nothing whether it emigrated from the
Old World thirty years or thirty days ago; the disaster will be no less
great and the ruin no less remediless.

Itis a matter of honor and consistency, as well as of self-protection, to
prohibit movement of cattle from infected States. We can appreciate
the folly of England in imposing compulsory slaughter on American’
cattle at the port of debarkation, and admitting freely the stock from
the plague-stricken mountains of Ireland; and, seeing this, we cease to
wonder at the perpetually recurring outbreaks in spite of a most expen-
Sive system of repression. We condemn England for this folly, but in
so doing we condemn ourselves also.

At the end of 1881 we could pronounce the great West free from this
plague, but in the absence of a prohibition of the movement of cattle
trom infected States, we cannot guarantee this for a single day. Upon
the protection of the West all future success in dealing with this plague
depends, and thus the prohibition named is the first essential step in
the course of extinction.

It is clearly the duty of the Federal Government to forbid the move-
ment of store cattle out of any infected State into any other State, except
after a rigid quarantine such as is enforced against foreign infected
countries. The prohibition to be effective must debar the store cattle
from one infected State from entering another State, even though the
latter should also be infected. This will put a stop to most of the smug-
gling, for transgressors will be made amenable to the Federal law, on
whichever side of the State line they may be found.

Shipment westward or southward, which is the great thing to be
guarded against, will be most effectually shut off by issuing an order to
railroad and other carrying companies, interdicting them from moving
cattle out of the State except after quarantine as above specified. The
lung plague being confined to the eastern portions of New York, Penn-
sylvania, and Maryland, the cost of shipping cattle from infected dis-
tricts to near the western frontier, unloading them, driving them over
the line, and reshippping, would be too expensive to be indulged in in
the case of common cattle. In the case of thoroughbreds, the herd-book
record will expose any transgression to detection and prosecution,

TRANSMISSION OF CATTLE THROUGH AN INFECTED STATE.

In view of the enormous dimensions of our cattle traffic, and the fact
that the western supplies for the large manufacturing cities of New
England must be carried through New York, a provision must be made
whereby cattle from an uninfected State can be carried by certain routes
through an infected one into asecond uninfected State. It must be pro-
vided, however, that this shall be done only on through trains which de
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 71

not stop to take up cattle, or fresh unmanufactured products of cattle,
such as hides, horns, hoofs, unrendered tallow, entrails, or manure,
within theinfected State. Thus the New York Central may carry western
cattle and transfer them to New England by the Boston and Albany or
Hoosac Tunnel roads.

PROVIDE BONDED MARKETS FOR EXPORT AND STORE CATTLE AT
PORTS OF EXPORT.

To further protect cattle for export and those intended for store pur-
poses at home, it will be necessary to construct, or otherwise secure, at
the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, stock-yards suf:
ficiently near the termini of the railways to allow of the access of cattle
to them without risk of contagion. If possible, lines of rail should be
constructed to the yards, so that cattle trains may unload into chutes
within or alongside them. In ease they must be conveyed from the ter-
minus by road it should be by one designated road, where there is no
possible opportunity for their coming into contact with, or into close
proximity to, other cattle, or fresh products of eattle. When they have
to be conveyed by water, it must be by one designated boat only, the
manager and owner of which are under bond to carry no other cattle or
fresh products of cattle.

The yards should be in charge of a responsible person, or persons, who
should see to the rigid execution of all rules in force. To such person, or
persons, before any load of cattle is unshipped, should be delivered a way-
bill, signed by the railway agent at the point of shipment, giving place
of departure, date, number aud description of cattle, owner and consignee.
The conductor should also furnish a certificate showing that they have
come by a through train, and that they have not been unloaded anywhere
on the route, nor left standing in the vicinity of common cattle-yards,
and that no cattle, nor unmanufactured products of cattle, have been
taken upon the train within the limits of the infected State or States.

For the conveyance of these cattle to the bonded markets all railroads
(and connecting lines) shall be eligible which connect with the bonded
market, and can run through trains from uninfected States according to
the rules prescribed.

RULES FOR THE REMOVAL OF CATTLE FROM BONDED MARKETS.

Cattle for export should be shipped from the market on the steamer
direct, or, if they must be conveyed on any intermediate boat, it should
be on one especially reserved for the cattle going to and from the bonded
market, and prohibited from carrying any other cattle or fresh or unman-
ufactured products of cattle in the intervals of such use. To guard
against imposition, and to furnish evidence abroad that the certificate
of health pertains to particular cattle, these may be furnished, before
leaving the yards, with ear-tags, bearing letter and number, which, with
the date, name of vessel, shipper, consignee, &c., may be specified in the
certificate, and registered in a book kept at the bonded yards.

In the case of store cattle, not intended for export, the bonded yards
will enable local authorities to permit the distribution of sound cattle
only, and to insure that they shall be sent to their destination direct,
under a permit giving date, number, and description of animals, owner,
route, destination, and time of expiry of the permit. While this pertains
to the process of stamping out the disease, which may be delegated to
States rather than undertaken by the Federal Government, yet these
(2 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

national bonded yards can be made subservient to such stamping out,
and an essential condition of it.

The precision demanded in connection with such bonded yards may
be complained of at first as too severe, but it is absolutely essential to
any sufficient guarantee of soundness, and even the local dealers will
soon realize its advantages, for not only will it secure a valuable certifi-
cate of health for export cattle, but in the case of store cattle for home
sale it will be an assurance to the buyer that the animals are free from
lung plague. To the buyer such an assurance will be most acceptable,
so that readier and better sales can always be counted on.

Should it be thought inexpedient to establish such bonded markets,
certificates of health could still be granted with cattle shipped from Bos-
ton and Portland, provided all movement of cattle cut of infected States
is strictly prevented. This would, however, place a heavy incubus on
the export cattle trade of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.

DISINFECTION OF RAILWAY CARS, SHIPS, ETC.

This must be demanded and secured in the case of all cars or other
means of conveyance for taking cattle to or from the bonded market.
As the railways and ships coming to such market are at least in close
proximity to an infected district, and are liable to be used at any time
for the conveyance of infected cattle, or their infected products, it is es-
sential to success that they be disinfected in every case before the cattle
going to or from the bonded market are placed in them. The following
circular, prepared sometime since by this commission, covers this subject:

CIRCULAR CONCERNING DISINFECTION.

In view of existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle at points near the
Atlantic seaboard comprised between 38° and 42° north latitude, the Treasury Cattle
Commission respectfully call the attention of all carrying companies and all others
engaged in the transportation or removal of cattle to the following suggestions for
the disinfection of cars, boats, places, and things in order to limit the spread of this
malady.

1. DISINFECTION OF RAILROAD CARS.

A. Cleanse the car with water (preferably boiling), scraping or brushing off all filth ;
then,
B. Wash the interior thoronghly with one of the following solutions :
a. Chloride of lime, 4 ounces; water, 1 gallon.
b. Sulphate of zinc, 4 ounces; common salt, 2 ounces; water, 1 gallon.

This should be adopted for all cars that have been used for carrying cattle from any
herd within the infected area, or from stock-yards, or other places of detention or sale,
to which cattle from the infected districts have been admitted. This will include
the Union stock-yards, New York; the Jersey City stock-yards; the stock-yards at
Philadelphia and Baltimore, and any other cattle marts within the infected area, or
in its near vicinity. ‘

Persons moving store cattle within the districts in question should be especially
careful to secure the disinfection, as above, of cars, trucks, and other vehicles before
their stock are allowed to enter them. The same remark applies to yards, sheds, and
other buildings in which it may be necessary to detain cattle while in transit.

\

2. DISINFECTION OF SHIPS, BARGES, ETC.

All craft employed in the conveyance of cattle by water may be washed and disin-
fected in the same manner as cars. As an application to the main or lower deck,
however, the solution made with sulphate of zinc and common salt is to be preferred to
that made of chloride of lime, as the latter gives off vapors which are disagreeable
and irritating when confined in an inclosed space,

In the case of steam vessels, the application of the disinfecting solution should be
preceded by «2 current of steam froin the boiler directed through a hose upon all parts
of the.surface in succession. This, if universally applied, is an excellent disinfectant,
as the diseased germs cannot survive the temperature of boiling water.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 73

Another measure, which should never be neglected, is the fumigation of the spaces
beneath the decks with the fumes of burning sulphur. From five to ten pounds of -
the flowers of sulphur may be used for an ordinary ocean-going steamer. It may be
laid on a bed of glowing coals, in a metallic pot, set on brick or other incombustible
material, between decks, the port-holes and hatches heing closed for a period of five
hours or more. ‘To secure a sufficient fumigation, the sulphur should he allowed to
burn until itis extinguished by its own smoke.

‘4, DISINFECTION OF BLANKETS, BAGS, AND OTHER TEXTILE MATERIAL,

Blankets, rugs, grain-bags, and other textile fabrics and ropes used about suspected
animals, should be boiled or steeped in a solution of curbolic acid (2 ounges of the
acid in 1 gallon water), or, failing these, should be placed in a close room and thor-
oughly fumigated with sulphur smoke. The clothing of the attendants on sick cattle
should be treated in the same way.

4. DESTRUCTION OR DISINFECTION OF LITTER, FODDER, AND MANURE.

The manure from places occupied by suspected animals, and that furnished by the
cars, trucks, wagons, yards, buildings, and vessels which demand disinfection, should
be burned, if possible, or, failing this, should be first drenched with a solution of cop-
peras (sulphate of iron) at the rate of one pound of the agent to one gallon of water,
and then removed by horse teams. Litter and fodder should not be removed from the
inclosure until it has been thoroughly fumigated by burning sulphur, and even then
it should be fed to horses only.

5. DISINFECTION OF YARDS, BUILDINGS, ETC.

Yards or other open inclosures which have contained diseased or suspected cattle
should be thoroughly cleansed of manure or other refuse, and of all fodder, litter, or
other agent which may cover up the infecting material, and should then be thickly
sprinkled with chloride of lime, or drenched with a solution of the same in the pro-
portion of one-fourth pound of the powder to every gallon of water. Fences, mangers,
racks, and other woodwork must be washed with the same solution.

Buildings having been thoroughly cleansed from manure, &c., and the walls
scraped, should be washed with the solution of chloride of lime, to which may be
added as much quicklime as will make a good whitewash, and show if the smallest
portion of the surface has been missed in making the application.

In the case of cow stables, in which the odor of the chloride is likely to prove in-

jurious to the milk, the following solution may bé used instead: Sulphate of zinc, four
ounces; common salt, two ounces; water, one gallon. Drains and spaces beneath the
floors, all internal fittings or woodwork, and all stable utensils, must be thoroughly
drenched with one or other of these solutions.
i, After the solids have been disinfected in this way, the air should be purified by
burning sulphur in the closed building. As in the case of ships, the sulphur may be
placed in a metallic pot, and the burning may be allowed to proceed until the fame
is oxtinguished by the accumulating smoke. :

In the case of ships, buildings, and other inclosed places, a free circulation of air
should be secured as a supplemental measure, as nothing contributes more to keep up
infection than confined and impure air, whether from accumulation of filth or absence

of ventilation.
JAMES LAW.
E. F. THAYER.
J. H. SANDERS.

UNIFORM QUARANTINE OF FOREIGN CATTLE.

All cattle arriving from the infected countries of Europe should be
subjected to an unvarying quarantine of ninety days after arrival at the
port of entrance.

This quarantine should be in special yards or buildings erected or se-
lected for the purpose in a safe and suitable locality at the port of de-
barkation, and no quarantine should be allowed, under any consideration,
apart from these places or from the direct and constant control of the
Treasury Department. A small impost per head upon the animals may
give some return as interest on the money expended in the erection of
the necessary buildings.
74 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

There is the less objection to such yards that this is not an expedient
for which the necessity will expire with the extinction of the lung plague,
but it must continuein use so long as cattle are imported from countries
where infection exists. These yards can further be used for all conta-
gious diseases in all classes of animals.

The present system of allowing animals to be quarantined at any point
which can be reached by coast or inland navigation, and usually on the
owner’s own premises or others which have been hired. by him, and under
a verbal or written bond furnished by him, is to be strongly condemned.
Instances are spoken of in which the quarantined cattle were separated
from the neighboring herds by an open rail fence only, the segregation
becoming no better than a farce. Aside even from such willful neglect
and carelessness, there can be no guarantee that the quarantine is per-
fect. The owner indeed may act in good faith and give the most strin-
gent orders that nothing shall be done which may in any way compro-
mise him in the matter of his bond, but who can assure the integrity of
his servant when the owner’s back is turned? A door left accidentally
open, a fence broken down, or the desire of the servant or one of his
friends to obtain a cross with the coveted blood of an imported bull is
liable to set all precautions and orders at defiance and allow a chance
of infection from the imported stock. Nor is such outside infection
likely to be easily discovered and stamped out. The owner of the cow
served will fear to confess to the stolen use of the bull, and the servant
who allowed the act will doubly fear to contess his disobedience of.
orders, lest he should lose his situation.

Any supposed quarantine in places apart from a constant government
control is utterly unreliable, and should be at once amended. Under
these circumstances we do not hesitate to advise the erection of perma-
nent quarantine buildings at the various ports where the regular lines
of transatlantic steamers arrive and at the port of San Francisco.

PROTECTION OF CATTLE ON BOARD THE OCEAN STEAM-
ERS.

In approaching this subject we are conscious of the wide field open-
ing before us and the difficulty of doing justice to the subject in areport
like the present, which is necessarily limited in extent. Wethink itim-
portant nevertheless to draw attention to the more essential conditions
of safety in the transportation of animals by sea. Weteel this duty the
more incumbent upon us, that we are convinced that a sea voyage under
proper sanitary provisions is by no means such a serious drawback to
the animal as is usually supposed. With proper accommodations and
good weather the export cattle usually gain in flesh and arrive in Eu-
rope in better condition and consequently of more value than when they
left the American ports. Apart from storms, animals on board ship
can take no exercise, the warmth of the space between decks obviates
the necessity for almost any expenditure of carbon, &c., and the mainte-
nance of the animal heat; they have the further advantage of an invig-
orating change of air, and if well fed and watered, most of the food
consuined is laid up as flesh and fat. In the case of breeding cattle sent
on long voyages, as from England to Australia, New Zealand or Singa-
pore, the greatest concern of the shipper usually is the danger of obe-
sity and consequent sterility. We cannot therefore look upon the sea
voyage as necessarily an evil to fat cattle, but only as becoming so ex-
ceptionally in connection with stormy weather and insufficient accom-
modations
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 715
CAUSES OF LOSSES IN EXPORT CATTLE.

The chief causes of loss on export cattle may be briefly summed up
in these: Ist. The bulk and unwieldiness of the beef cattle. 2d. The
insubstantiality of the stalls, which, giving way during a storm, allow
the cattle to be jammed together, thrown down, and helplessly maimed
until they have to'be thrown overboard because of their injuries, or to
allow the vessel to right herself. 3d. The crowding of too many cattle
inone stall. 4th. The shipping of cattle on the upper deck. 5th. The im-
perfect means of ventilation. 6th. The danger of infection from contam-
inated ship or cargo,

1. THE BULK AND UNWIELDINESS OF THE BEEF CATTLE.

To every one who has looked into the subject it is notorious that the
losses on the fat cattle exported to Europe are greater than upon the
breeding cattle imported into the United States. Much of the discrep-
ancy depends on the youth and activity of the stock imported for breed-
ing purposes. Even in the case of older stock the necessity for main-
taining their fertility demands that they should be kept in but fair or
moderate condition. These cattle can therefore better maintain their.
equilibrium under the motions of the ship, and can regain their feet
with less difficulty when thrown down. The fat ox, on the other hand,
with ponderous body and weak fatty muscles, can maintain his feet with
difficulty under the pitching of the ship, and once thrown down, finds
it almost impossible to regain them. Then there soon comes to him that
obstinate disposition which makes him refuse to try, and he thencefor-
ward tosses at the mercy of the storm. Jammed against the limbs of
his fellows, he quickly brings them to the deck as well, and soon with
broken limbs, bruises and injuries innumerable, the cargo presents a most
pitiable spectacle.

2, THE INSUBSTANTIALITY OF THE STALLS.

The dangers above described are enhanced, in proportion to the num-
ber of animals that may be thrown together into oneimass. Where the
cattle are safely fenced off from each other by stalls of sufficient strength
pe danger will be to a great extent obviated. The Cattle Lloyds stipu-

ate that no more than four head shall be placed together in any one
stall, and so far as we have seen, this is now generally adopted, being
demanded by the underwriters generally, as a condition of insurance.
A still better method, and one which could be adopted with no very
great increase of expense, would be to furnish each animal with his own
separate stall. If then he were thrown down he could injure no one
but himself, and the risk of even this would be incomparably reduced.

The same reason that would demand the restriction of a single stall
to one or four animals, would demand that these stalls be made so sub-
stantial that there would be norisk of their being broken down. With
the selection of proper material and employment of competent workmen,
there is no difficulty in making the wooden partitions sufficiently strong
and safe.

A method adopted on the steamer Othello of the Wilson Line, es-
pecially commended itself to us. At a point corresponding to each
of the four corners of the stall, a wrought-iron post is fixed by a strong
hinge to the upper deck, so that its whole length may be fixed up to
that deck when it is needful to use the space for another kind of freight.
76 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

When cattle are to be shipped the iron pillar is let down, so that
its lower end is received into a grooved iron block fixed to the upper
surface of the lower deck, and into this it is firmly bolted. Then strong
wooden bars are inserted in grooves on the different sides of the iron
posts and firmly secured by bolts, so as to form the ends and sides of
the stalls. In this way the greatest strength is secured at a moderate
outlay, and the ship once fitted up in this way can be easily and speedily
prepared for any kind of cargo without the further employment of skilled
labor.
3. TOO MANY CATTLE IN ONE STALL.

With such an arrangement as that just described there can be no
great hardship in supplying a stall for each animal and reducing the
dangers of the ocean voyage in this respect to a minimum. The bulky
clumsiness of the fat ox, as above remarked, demands that we should
surround him with every possible safeguard in this respect.

4, SHIPPING CATTLE ON THE UPPER (SPAR) DECK.

This again is prohibited by the Cattle Lloyds and by most of the un-
derwriters. Indeed, if we consider the great danger of the destruction
of the stalls and the loss of cattle in case a storm is encountered there
can be no question as to the impropriety of such shipments. In fair
weather it must be acknowledged that such cargoes do well, being sur-
rounded -by the best of air, and easily kept clean and attended to, but
when really bad weather sets in their case is a desperate one. It would
be well if shipping cattle on the upper or spar deck could be altogether
abandoned.

LACK OF VENTILATION.

In view of the protection of our export cattle, not against lung plague
itself, but against the suspicion of that disease, this is one of the most
important points that can claim our attention. From what has been
written above (see “Lung plague not generated de novo by impure
air,” page 28) it will be seen that there need be no apprehension what-
ever of the generation of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia or lung
plague, because of the confined air on board ship, provided the ship and
cattle have been started clear of all germs of the disease derived from a
pre-existing case. But that rebreathed and impure air is capable of
generating a congestion or inflammation of the lungs, which might by
some be confounded with the lung plague, is a truth too notorious to be
denied.

RAPID SUFFOCATION.

In consequence of rapid suffocation from the reduction of oxygen and
the accumulation of carbonic acid in the air, the arrest of circulation
first occars in the lungs, the heart continuing to beat for a short time
longer, and it appears to be the difficulty of once more starting the cir-
culation in the capillary blood-vessels of the lungs that proves the great
obstacle to resuscitation. After death the lungs are found to be gorged
with blood, black and heavy, and the same is true of the right side of
the heart and the whole venous system. The gorged lungs may create
suspicions of a rapidly-fatal type of lung plague.

RAPID EFFCTS OF BREATHING IMPURE AIR.

When large numbers of meu or animals are crowded together in a
small space with insufficient access of air the above results take place
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. U7

more slowly, but none the less surely. It has been found that the re-
duction of the oxygen in atmospheric air by two or three parts in the
hundred, and the increase of the carbonic acid to an equal extent ren-
ders that air very deleterious to animals breathingit, while if the oxygen
is reduced to ten parts in the hundred, it is of no further use for res-
piration. It may be taken into the lungs, but it no longer relieves the
blood of any carbonic acid, nor furnishes it with any vitalizing oxygen.
Though the air still contains eleven parts of oxygen in every hundred,
it might as well be composed entirely of nitrogen so far as its value to
the living system is concerned. How long life may be sustained in such
conditions may be inferred from the fact that it is usually impossible to
resuscitate suffocated animals when breathing has ceased for from three
to five minutes.

Some terrible examples of speedy death from lack of fresh air are
on record. The most frequently quoted is that of the Black Hole of
Calcutta, a room 18 feet square with'two small windows, into which 146
prisoners were forced at the point of the bayonet, and in which they
were shut up all night in a tropical climate. Ere morning 123 persons
had perished. A second instance is that of 300 Austrian prisoners
forced into a narrow compartment after the battle of Austerlitz so that
260 died of suffocation. A third is that of the steamer Londonderry,
with its 150 passengers in a small crowded cabin, 70 having perished in
a single night, because the hatches were closed down on account of a
storm.

Many analogous cases can be adduced of animals. Dr. Thayer.re-
ports from memory the case of a steamer (Hooper?) from Boston to
Liverpool, with 400 cattle on board, which encountered a storm and
came through it with only one animal surviving. Mr. Toffey, of Jersey
City, lost 30 head out of a cargo of 300 by suffocation in 1880. This
happened, he informs us, on a calm seaon a southern route with a tem-
perature about 90° F., and the wind astern and light so as just to
keep pace with the ship. The air on board the ship became perfectly
stagnant, and there was no means of establishing an artificial current.
A still more disastrous experience befell the steamer Thanemore,
Captain Sibthorp, of the William Johnson & Co. line. This vesselleft
Baltimore with 565 cattle on board,of which 228 perished by suffocation
before she reached Cape Henry.

EFFECTS OF MODERATELY VITIATED AIR.

When air only moderately vitiated is breathed continuously for a
greater length of time the results are still very injurious, and in the
front rank of diseases so caused stand pulmonary consumption, and
other destructive affections of the lungs. Perhaps no better example
of this can be given than that of the monkey houses of the Zoological
Gardens of London and Paris. While these houses were small and ill- °
ventilated the monkeys died in large numbers from pulmonary consump-
tion, but after they had been enlarged and better ventilated the mortality
from this cause nearly ceased. (Arnott.)

Town dairy cows which are packed in close ill-ventilated buildings
and never allowed to go out are very subject to consumption, while horses
kept in no better conditions, but spending nearly half their time in the
open air, rarely have phthisis. (With lung plague it will be remembered
that the out-door exercise and mingling of herds leads to an increase
of the mortality.) Horses newly stabled suffer severely from diseases
of the lungs, The same holds true of human beings. A long list of
78 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

careful observers have noticed the essential connection of lack of venti-
lation and pulmonary consumption. Bandelacque, Carmichael, Arnott,
Lepelletier, Allison, Sir James Clark, Toyubee, Guy, Greenhow, Sir Alex-
ander Armstrong, Parkes, and Aitken have especially insisted upon con-
sumption being a sequence of lack of ventilation. D1. Cormac indeed
insists with great force that consumption is originated by rebreathed
air.

The notorious prevalence of consumption in sailors has been directly
traced to the impure air in which they sleep, and an extensive outbreak
of lung disease (not tubercular) leading to destruction of lung tissue in the
English Mediteranean squadron in 1860 was clearly traced by Dr. Bry-
son to the contamination of the air. Ina nursery hospital at Dublin
with entire neglect of ventilation 2,944 children died in four years,
whereas after the ventilation had been improved only 279 died in the
same length of time.

Parkes (Practical Hygiene) says:

But not only phthisis may reasonably be considered to have one of its modes of ori-
gin in the breathing of an atmosphere contaminated by respiration, but other lung
diseases, bronchitis and pneumonia, appear also to be more common in such circum-
stances. Both among seamen and civilians working in confined, close rooms, who
are otherwise so differently circumstanced, we find an excess of the acute lung affec-
tions.

In this connection, the statement of the air breathed by an ox per
hour and that supplied him on board a ship with insufficient ventilation
or none may be instructive. The ox takes in with each breath about 5
liters of air. This is at the rate of 50 liters per minute, or 3,000 per
hour = 105.9 cubie feet. This amount of air is therefore rendered all
but irrespirable by each animal in the course of an hour. And this, be
it noted, is by breathing alone, and makes no account of the contamina-
tion by perspiration in the overheated hold, and by the emanations from
the accumulating excrement.

On board the steamers we have found the space allotted to each bul-
lock to vary from 150 to 240 cubic feet. On the steamship “ Holland,”
loaded at New York August 21, 1881, we found the stalls amidships al-
lowed the full space of 240 cubic feet per head. In the bow, where there
was less height between the decks, the space was considerably less. On
the lower deck, where 129 cattle were accommodated, the space allowed
each was 217.4 cubic feet. The port-holes in the upper deck were nine
inches in diameter, and there was one for each pair of stalls—central and
lateral—or for eightoxen. These, being well above the water line, would
be available for ventilation in ordinary weather. The port-holes in the
lower deck, similarly arranged, were about two feet above the water line,
an consequently not available for ventilation save in exceptionally
calm weather. The temperature on the main deck of this ship (between
the outer and main deck), when only half the cattle had been loaded,
was in the neighborhood of 90°, although she was lying in the center
of the North River with port-holes and hatches open, and a fresh breeze
blowing from the north.

On the “Assyrian Monarch” the space per head was only 192 eubic
feet, but this ship was supplied with a ventilating fan or blower capa-
ble of delivering over 50,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour, so that
her ventilation was abundantly provided for. In some smaller ships we
found the space per head to exceed little, if at all, 150 eubie feet. In
these, accordingly, a single hour without any changeof air would threaten
the life of every animal on board, and two hours would endanger those
for which even the larger space is provided. It is true that sueh
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 79

absolute seclusion is rarely required, and that a certain amount of aerial
diffusion is always going on through imperfectly closed Latches, com-
panion ways, and ventilators, yet that these are often insufficient has
been amply shown by such losses as are reported above, as well as by
the bronchitis and tuberculosis which Drs. Whitney, Lyman, and Wil-
liams have found in the lungs of American animals arriving in England.

ORGANIC MATTER IN EXPIRED AIR.

The decomposing organic matter given off by the lungs and skin is
probably the most injurious of the animal excreta, when allowed to act
on the system for a length of time. This exhaled organic matter is
easily recognized in the air by chemical tests, or by the putrid odor
evolved when cotton wool that has been breathed through is left to soak
in otherwise pure water at a temperature of 70° to 80° Fahrenheit.
The experiments of Gavarret and Hammond, in which expired air had
its carbonie acid and water vapor removed, leaving only the organic
matter, showed that the latter was highly deleterious. Hammond
found that a mouse died in forty-five minutes in such an atmosphere.
It has also been again and again demonstrated that air containing a
given amount of carbonic acid as the result of respiration is far more
poisonous than air which contains the same amount of carbonic acid as
a product of combustion.

WATER VAPOR IN EXPIRED AIR.

The amount of water vapor given off by the lungs varies greatly ac-
cording as the air is already more or less saturated with water. As the
air in the stalls between decks is always saturated with water vapor, we
may take the very lowest estimate for each animal, namely, 60 ounces
in 24 hours, which for a cargo of 200 head would amount to over 93 gal-
lons. And this is in addition to the exhalations from the skin and the
powel and kidney excretions. The air between decks is therefore con-
stantly saturated with moisture which condenses and runs down in
streams on every solid object. Among the ill effects of this saturation
may be noted:

First. Lhe saturation of the air with water vapor increases the exha-
lation of carbonic acid from the lungs. This effect on the excretion of
carbonie acid is usually so great as to counterbalance the tendency of
warin air to reduce the production of thisacid. This saturation, there-
fore, with water increases the danger of suifocation by the accumulation
of the irrespirable carbonic acid in the ship, unless the air is being con-
stantly removed.

Second. The excess of moisture in the warm atmosphere hastens the
decomposition of the organic matter derived from the lungs, skin, and
manure. Speaking of filth ferments, Simon says: “ They show no power
of diffusion in dry air, but as moisture is their normal medium, currents
of humid air can doubtless lift them in their full effectiveness.” Sir
Alexander Armstrong, head of the medical department of the British
Navy, says: “There can be no more fertile source of disease among
seamen, or, indeed, other persons, than the constant inhalation of a
moist atmosphere, whether sleeping or waking; but particularly is this
indluence injurious when the moisture exists between a ship’s decks,
where it may be at the same time more or less impure, and hot or cold,
according to circumstances.” It has become an aphorism with sanita-
rians that “a damp ship is an unhealthy ship,” and many instances are
80 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

adduced in which a sufficient renewal of the air between decks, with or
without stoves to dry it, has transformed a naval pest-house into a salu-
brious vessel.

All such considerations must emphasize the demand for such a con-
stant renewal of air between decks on steamers carrying cattle as shall
serve to obviate all those conditions of ill-health, with congestion and
inflammation of the lungs, as have proved in the past a serious draw-
back to our foreign cattle-trade. To accomplish this and at once re-
move from between decks the excess of carbonic acid, of decomposing
organic matter, and of humidity, and to furnish air approaching in
purity and dryness that of the atmosphere outside, we can conceive of
nothing more simple and effective than thorough ventilation by fan or
heat extraction, as referred to below.

EXPEDIENTS FOR SECURING ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION.

Course and speed of the ship.— With a wind more or less ahead or no wind
at all, the speed of the vessel will usually determine a current which,
with hatches open fore and aft, will secure a fair amount of ventilation.
By increasing the speed itis manifest that this may be availed of to bet-
ter purpose, and even a slight change in the course may often be of ma-
terial advantage.

Windsails and Cowls.—These are valuable if well attended to, the for-
mer being a sheet of canvass, so spread as to catch a greater volume of
air and to direct it down the fore hatch, while the cow] is a trumpet-
shaped tube fixed on the top of a cylindroid ventilating tube, and havy-
ing its open expanded end turned in the direction of the wind so as to
act after the manner of a windsail. These succeed well so long as the
weather is good and a sufficient current of air can be secured, but they
may prove useless in a storm or in a warm season with the wind astern
and moving at the same rate as the steamer.

When they fail_—tIn such circumstances as the last, even the usual
spontaneous diffusion of air may be arrested, so that the atmosphere be-
tween decks may remain practically unchanged for a length of time.
The air outside being of nearly the same temperature with that between
decks, there is little tendency to an upward motion from the latter or a
downward movement from above. Again, though there may be some
difference in temperature between the outer air and that between decks,
yet if the wind is following the ship and by reason of her pace the
air is practically still, the ventilation remains exceedingly imperfect. An
upward and downward current becoming established through the same
opening often neutralize each other, so that nothing more than an eddy
takes place near the opening, and the air within is practically un-
changed. In these circumstances windsails and cowls become useless
and some mechanical means of establishing a current must be re-
sorted to.

Booby hatches—These are special ventilating hatches, constructed of
iron and rising four or five feet above the: upper deck. They are fur-
nished with iron doors, or covers, sloping at a very acute angle and
hinged at the upper edge, so that when partly raised they serve to allow
the entrance or exit of air, and yet guard against the entrance of water
when that is shipped. These, when properly placed at the extreme
ends of the space to be ventilated, must be of the greatest value in
securing ventilation during stormy weather. But no one of the above
provisions meets the danger of a high temperature and a practical calm
aboard ship.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 81

Fans, blowers.—This valuable provision so easily availed of in any
steamer, we only found in practical use on one line (Monarch), sailing
from the port of New York. We understand that some Boston lines
are also furnished with blowers. The circular fan, one foot wide by
three feet in diaineter, and making 180 revolutions per minute, could
deliver over 50,000 cubic feet of air per hour.

Delivered at suitable points and with ventilating outlets properly sit-
uated so as to secure a renewal of air throughout the whole space, such
an appliance during a storm or a calm like that suggested above must
be the means of saving the entire cargo, value, say, $25,000. Indeed we
understood that the Monarch line is in the habit of insuring the cargo
of cattle for a small extra charge, an arrangement which should work
to the mutual advantage of steamboat company and exporter, the usual
charge of 5 per cent. being a very large impost on the export.

We have heard the most serious charges brought against these steam
blowers, to the effect that they only caused the whirling and circulation
of the bad air, but even if this were the case to a partial extent when the
point of delivery of the air is badly selected and when there are numer-
ous other openings in places ill-adapted to the exit of the impure air, it
can furnish no valid objection to the introduction of so much pure air,
much less when the points of delivery of the pure air and of the escape
ot the impure are properly arranged at opposite extremities of the space
to be ventilated.

On the whole we would favor the adaptation of the blower so as to
extract the impure air rather than to force in pure, and then the open-
ings for the entrance of pure air could be made numerous enough and
could be sufficiently distributed over the stalls so as to secure to each
an abundant supply. These openings for fresh air could be by cowled
tubes, booby hatches, or through the hollow masts, and it would be
easy to.guard them against the introduction of water during storms. It
might further be desirable to place boards beneath their internal open-
ings to deflect the air and prevent it from forming a continuous draft on
certain animals. Screens of wire gauze or peforated zinc would also
serve a good purpose by breaking up the current and preventing drafts.

Extraction of the air by the heat of the furnace—It seems surprising
that this simple means of ventilating steamships has not been long ago
adopted. So loug as there must be a furnace consuming an immense
quantity of air in all weathers, there can be no possible excuse for the
lack of any needed ventilation in the ship. All that is requisite is to
have the means of closing in the ash-box, and connecting it with tubes
leading from the different compartments to be ventilated, and then sup-
plying these compartments with ventilating inlets placed at the opposite
side from the extracting tube, and a constant and unfailing supply of
pure air will be kept up. If there is an objection to closing in the ash-
box because of the heat, or of the irregularity of the current, the same
end can still be attained by carrying metallic ventilating tubes up by
the sides of the furnace, or of the boiler, so as to avail of the high tem-
perature, and the expansion and rising of gases as the motive force.

In view of the great dangers attending the shipment of beef cattle on
the crowded decks of a steamer, and the suspicion that rests on Ameri-
can stock by reason of diseases of the lungs produced in this way, we
strongly recommend that each steamer chartered for the cattle trade
should be compelled to put in a blower, or to avail of the furnace heat,
as suggested, for ventilating purposes, and in either case to provide in
appropriate places tubes for the introduction of pure air and the extrac-
tion of the impure, and thereby secure satisfactory ventilation.

8. Ex. 106——6
82 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.
RECOMMENDATION FOR CONGRESSIONAL ACTION.

In consideration of what has been set forth above we earnestly rec-
ommend such action on the part of Congress as will confer on our com-
mission, or upon some department of the government, the authority to
prescribe rules and regulations under which the sound cattle of any
State or Territory, or of the District of Columbia found infected with
the lung plague, may be transported or taken therefrom, and under which
healthy cattle may be transported or taken through such infected States,
Territory, or District; and to provide for bonded yards and quarantine
stations, as recommended in the foregoing.

An appropriation of $300,000 will be necessary for the purpose of con-
structing such bonded yards and quarantine stations and for the super-
vision of the same. [If already existing yards can be secured and safely
availed of the outlay will be materially reduced.

The regulations aboved referred to, when officially promulgated, should
have all the force and effect of law, and such penalties should be pro-
vided as may be thought necessary for their enforcement. Such author-
ity will enable your commission to hedge in the contagion with reason-
able certainty and prevent its spread into States now happily exempt;
and some such authority, we may add, is absolutely essential to enable
an infected State or district to rid itself permanently of this pestilence.
New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania may stamp out the disease by
her local authorities, but so long as it exists on the border of a neigh-
boring State she is powerless to protect herself against a new invasion
by cattle smuggled across. A constant and expensive surveillance must
be kept up all along the line of the infected region, and the stamping-
out process must be continually going on, but will never be accomplished.
Federal officials controlling this inter-State traftic can punish the offender
whenever or wherever found, and should therefore secure a stricter ob-
servance of the law. But, besides enabling us to hedge in the plague,
such duthority will also enable us to fully accomplish the object for
which we were appointed, to wit, the giving of a clean bill of health to
cattle for export.

MEANS OF STAMPING OUT THE LUNG PLAGUE IN INDI-
‘VIDUAL STATES.

Here we enter debatable ground. There are constitutional objections
to the interference of the Federal Government within State limits, and
with the property of the citizen of a State. Yet much may be said in
favor of granting the Federal Government power to take action in a case
of this kind.

REASONS FOR FEDERAL ACTION.

1st. The disease is like acommon enemy, and as the Constitution does
not forbid the operation of the Federal Government within a State for
the repulsion or extinction of an enemy of the nation, so nothing should
hinder a similar action with such a dangerous and insidious enemy as
lung plague.

2d. The danger being common, the funds to avert the danger should
be supplied out of the national exchequer.

3d. Action under one controlling head will be uniform and lharmoni-
ous everywhere. In the past the conflicting Jaws and orders in two
adjacent States have been most perplexing to dealers and others, and
have furnished a temptation to smuggling.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 83

4th. Those that transgress the law, and especially in the matter of
smuggling, can be seized and punished anywhere by Federal authority,
but not by State authority should they have escaped over the State line.

5th. Federal authority can follow smuggled cattle into any State or
Territory and confiscate them or quarantine; State authority cannot.

6th. If the Federal Government cannot interfere within a State, such
State may neglect this disease indefinitely and render it permanent, to
the peril of all the others.

ith. The British Government declines to accept the assurances of the
individual States, and will only accept the guarantee of the Federal
Government that any infectious disease has been thorougly stamped out,
or its extension beyond the infected regions effectually provided against.
To secure this directly and without possible objection, the Federal Gov-
ernment must so connect itself with this work as to be able to attest the
results.

REASON FOR STATE ACTION.

One great advantage of suppressive measures by State governments
is that the latter’ can command the active co-operation of municipal au-
thorities and police, and thus without any extra outlay can thoroughly
control all movement of cattle and insure a speedy extinction of the
disease. It is sincerely to be hoped that in case the matter is placed
entirely in the hands of Federal authorities such invaluable help will be
freely accorded them by order of the mayors of the cities or governors
of the States. Any co-operation of this kind, however, must be hearty
and thorough in order to be of any material advantage to the work.

POWER TO ABOLISH OR REGULATE MARKETS.

Whether State or National, the power intrusted with the stamping out
of this plague must be authorized to put a stop to all local markets when
they can be shown to endanger the propagation of the plague, or to place
such markets under such regulations as shall obviate all risk of the
spread of infection through them.

While markets generally in infected districts—apart from bonded
and fat markets already referred to—should be stopped, other marts in
non-infected districts of the same State should be put under certain reg-
ulations which would exclude the possibility of infection entering.

Thus free markets near the port of New York in New Jersey, Eastern
Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, and Northern Virginia
would be necessarily abolished, while they could continue under certain
restrictions as to entry at Pittsburgh, Pa., and Buffalo and Albany, N.
Y. This would provide for the transit of cattle through New York to
New England and through Western Pennsylvania to other points with-
out any unnecessary interference with trade. It does not seem neces-
sary to specify such points, but merely to provide that the authority in-
trusted witb this matter shall have power to impose such restrictions on
public sales, when necessary, and to make exceptions when it can be
safely done. .

FAT CATTLE MARKETS AND ABATTOIRS.

To provide for the supply of beef from outside sources to the large
cities—New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &e.—
it will be necessary to establish markets for fat cattle coming from all
sources, healthy and otherwise; but one condition of the entry of cattle
into such yards ought to be that they should not be taken away alive,
84 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

but only as beef. Abattoirs will therefore be a necessary adjunct to all
such markets, and all the great stock-yards in the eastern cities are al-
ready provided with such. In such abattoirs the butchers may be
allowed to kill and dress their cattle for a reasonable consideration,
which should be prescribed and uniform. The beef may be removed to
any requisite distance as quarters, and at no very greatly increased
trouble or cost.

The objection to letting cattle leave such markets alive is that it is
impossible to control the traffic, and a certain number are usually kept
for a week or more awaiting slaughter in contact with local store cattle
or in dangerous proximity to them; further, it is no uncommon matter
for individual animals out of a herd from the stock-yards to be smuggled
into city cow stables in place of going direct to the slaughter-house.
Coming as they do from a common market where the sick and healthy
meet, they are constantly liable to carry infection along with them.

The plan proposed may be held to represent the foreign animals’
wharves in England, and is a legitimate and necessary means of pre-
venting any further diffusion of infection. By its means the stock-yards
at New York and Jersey City can supply all the surrounding cities with
fresh beef, while those who object to sending their cattle there from
healthy States, and those who wish to remove their cattle from the
yards for slaughter at their own abattoirs have before them the bonded
cattle market offering every facility for such a course.

POWER TO PROHIBIT ALL MOVEMENT OF CATTLE EXCEPT UNDER
LICENSE.

This is absolutely essential to success in dealing with this disease any-
where, but is especially so in the cities for reasons that are fully set forth
in an earlier part of thisreport. (See under heading “ Why the lung plague
has extended south only,” page 22).

POWER TO ENTER ALL PREMISES OCCUPIED BY CATTLE, AND TO IN-
SPECT ALL HERDS IN THE SUSPECTED DISTRICTS.

‘The want of this is apparent without elucidation.

POWER AND OBLIGATION TO SLAUGHTER ALL CATTLE SUFFERING
FROM LUNG PLAGUE, ACUTE OR CHRONIC.

This is a sine qua non. So long as the sick live the virus is being mul-
tiplied. With their death and deep burial or disinfection, the increase
is arrested.

POWER TO SLAUGHTER THE WHOLE SUSPECTED HERD WHEN FOUND
EXPEDIENT.

It is often of the highest importance that this power should be pos-
sessed and exercised. Cattle that have been exposed to infection but
are not yet sick may be so placed that in case of their sickening they
will infect other animals, and to obviate great losses it is often impera-
tive that such animals should be killed.

A most important and successful exercise of this power occurred on
Montauk, L. I.,New York, where the slaughter of twenty calves saved
a herd of twelve hundred cattle of all ages.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 85

APPRAISEMENT OF CONDEMNED CATTLE.

This may be done by two appraisers mutually chosen by the stock-
owner and the representative of the government; or in cities, especially
where dairymen are most solicitous that the fact of the infection of their
herd should be kept a secret, a price may be put upon the cattle by the
veterinary inspector, with the concurrence of the owner. Asa rule, the
remuneration of appraisers is a considerable item, and it is better and
cheaper, in the aggregate, that the unfortunate loser of the cattle should
receive the extra amount than that it should go to a third party. The
award by the veterinarian is, however, usually no higher than that made
by an appraiser.

AMOUNT OF INDEMNITY.

Everything considered, a liberal indemnity is the best, most economi-
cal, and most successful. It enlists the hearty co-operation of the owner
of infected stock, secures the early report of cases, and the correspond-
ingly early extinction of the malady. It was a wise course that Penn-
sylvania at first pursued, to appraise the sick animals first reported
at their actual value as they stood, and all subsequent cases reported
in the same herd at full sound value, and to pay an indemnity to this
full amount in case they afterward sickened.

In cities, especially where the profits from milch cows are so high, and
the loss of a milk-route by sickness, slaughter, or exposure, so fatal to
the interests of the milkman, the indemnity should be a liberal one.
Everywhere a liberal award obviates the necessity for a vast amount of
professional inspection from herd to herd and beast to beast, and is,
therefore, a measure of the very soundest economy. A compensation
amounting even to the sound value of the animals cannot be objected
to as a means of inciting to the willful spreading of the disease, in a
district where all movement of cattle, except under special license, has
been temporarily abolished. As showing what is saved by a liberal in-
demnity, it may be named that in States like New York, where a low
indemity only was given, the necessary professional examinations for
the purpose of detecting the disease and the other essential expenses
amounted to three times the amount of the total indemnities. To avoid
the continuance of this expensive item of professional examination and
reduce it to its minimum, we would, therefore, approve of a measure for
the prompt slaughter of all animals in every infected herd, and the com-
pensation of the owner to their full value for all that had as yet shown
no signs of the disease. The speed and certainity of such a course will
make it the most economical in the end.

In this matter of economy, that course which is the most speedily
successful in eradicating the plague must prove by far the best. Not
only will it save nearly all of the most expensive item in the work, the
prolonged professional supervision, but it will more speedily relieve our
cattle trade, home and foreign, the yearly losses on which are probably
greater than the value of all the herds now infected with lung plague
on this continent.

POWER TO PROHIBIT PASTURAGE OR EXPOSURE ON UNFENCED LOTS,
OF TWO OR MORE HERDS ON ONE LOT, OR OF SUSPECTED ANIMALS
ON PLACES ADJOINING HIGHWAYS OR OTHER LOTS OCCUPIED BY
CATTLE.

This commor-pasturage has been the main cause of the perpetuation
of this plague in America. It was the main cause of the little good ac-
86 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

complished in Brooklyn by the New York Veterinary Sanitary Staff, and
the abolition of such common-pasturage was a principal cause of the
speedy suppression of the disease in the city of New York in 1879. In
deference to the supposed interests of many city cow-keepers, who in
summer find free food for their cows on open commons, this matter
has been badly neglected in all the infected States, with the result of
perpetuating the disease for four years with little change, though nomi-
nally the State has been engaged in stamping it out.

POWER TO INSTITUTE AND APPLY MINOR MEASURES.

Special localities will always require particular measures. Thus, for
example, in cities it is often desirable that a family cow, kept alone or in
a horse-stable in the city, should accompany the family to the seaside.
This can be done safely enough if under permit designating route, mode
and time of conveyance, &c., provided she is known to the inspector to
have been sound and kept rigidly apart from all other cattle for at least
three months before. Again, to maintain the valuable milking qualities -
of a cow, it is needful to keep her breeding, and to permit of this with
safety, the local authorities may, in suitable cases, issue permits, avail-
able for one day only, for the movement of such family cows as are re-
ferred to above, or of cows from herds that have been known and certified
to be free from lung plague for the six months antecedent to be served
by bulls in herds similarly situated. In view of these and many more
such minute provisions, it is better that the official or officials intrusted
with the carrying out of suppressive measures should be empowered to
make and apply such rules as the necessities of the city or district de-
mand.

CONGRESS SHOULD PROVIDE MEANS.

Whether the work of stamping out lung plague should be intrusted
to State or National agents, we recommend that money to carry it on
should be furnished from the National Treasury. For this purpose we
advise the appropriation of $1,500,000 to be disbursed by a Federal offi-
cial to be designated by Congress. This should be made available to
furnish indemnities for all sick cattle slaughtered, and for a large pro-
portion of the incidental expenses for inspection, segregation, control of
movement, disinfection, &c., all such work having been approved of as
provided for below.

CREATION OF A VETERINARY SANITARY AUTHORITY.

If the work of exterminating the lung plague can be undertaken by
the Federal Government, a veterinary sanitary organization should be
created and intrusted with its execution. If, on the other hand, the work
of extermination must be relegated to the respective States, to this vet-
erinary sanitary organization should be delegated the duty of advising
with the State governments as to the measures requisite to stamp out the
disease, and the approval by this organization of the method and exe-
cution of the work in the different States should be made a prerequisite
to the disbursement of moneys by the Federal official designated above.

TO INSTITUTE PENALTIES FOR TRANSGRESSION OF ORDERS.

For transgression of all orders promulgated by the authority which may
be designated to stamp out or control this plague, suitable penalties should
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 87

b> imposed. While the best results are to be expected from measures
calculated to secure the hearty good-will and co-operation of the stock-
owners, yet certain parties are not to be controlled by such considerations ;
and for willfal offenders, penalties sufficiently heavy and rigidly and
impartially enforced are essential conditions of success.

SUMMARY.

1st. Reasons for extension of the report so as to embrace history, na-
ture, and extinction of lung plague, as well as its present limits, and the
question of imports and exports :—Introduction.

2d. The designation lung plague preferable to pleuro-pneumonia.

3d. The whole history of lung plague furnishes no ground for the
conclusion that it arises otherwise than by contagion.

4th. The early history of this disease shows its great extensions to have
been coincident with extensive wars in Central Europe, when cattle
were drawn from all sources, infected and uninfected, for the supply of
the armies in the field and constantly moving.

5th. During the intervals of such wars the lung plague continued to
prevail in the unfenced mountains and forests of Central Europe, where
the few wandering herds had ample opportunity for mutual infection.

6th. Into the mountains and forests of Scandinavia, and the Spanish
Peninsula, out of the region of the general wars, lung plague did not
penetrate.

ith. In recent times the increasing demand for cattle to feed on the
refuse of distilleries, sugar factories, &c., in Western Europe, has led
to great extensions of the disease.

Sth. The British Isles, infected by imports from Holland, and infec-
tion kept up by the free trade act, that admitted continental cattle free
of duty.

9th. Ireland, which is not an importing country, has since kept up
lung plague by a most mischievous activity and method in her internal
cattle traffic. ;

10th. The outbreaks in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Schleswig
always traced to imported cattle and invariably stamped out.

11th. South Africa, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand infected
by imported cattle; and infection rendered permanent by the impossi-
bility of secluding the infected herds on the open, unfenced pastures,
and by reason of the common employment of bullock wagons.

12th. Massachusetts, infected by imported cattle, found it possible to
stamp out the disease, because she lay at the terminus of the American
cattle traffic, in place of at its source or on its channel. axis

13th. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia,
infected by imported cattle, have had the infection perpetuated by the
mischievous nature of the city cow-trade, and the habit of pasturing on
open commons and unfenced lots around the large and growing cities.

14th. Lung plague failed to extend west and north because of the ab-
sence of such large cities and open pasturages, and because of the op-
posing current of the cattle traffic.

15th. The. great profits on town dairies enable the owners to bear,
without ruin, the losses caused by the plague. :

16th. The risk of lossing a lucrative milk-route makes the city dairy-
man unwilling to acknowledge the existence of disease in his herd, and
this greatly hinders the extinction of the plague. ;

17th. The practice of dealers in furnishing cows to city stables, receiv-
ing others from them, makes their sale stables hot-beds of infection.
88 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

18th. An unbroken chain of cases can be traced from the cow im-
ported into Brooklyn in 1848 to the present day.

19th. Prior to that importation lung plague was unknown on the
American continent.

20th. The most inclement countries have failed to produce lung
plague.

21st. The most torrid regions have failed to produce lung plague,
though they aggravate it when once introduced.

22d. Temperate climates apart from imported infection have failed to
produce lung plague.

23d. Privations of travel have failed to produce lung plague.

24th. Impure air has failed to produce lung plague.

25th. Feeding distillery swill has failed to produce lung plague.

26th. Feeding the refuse of glucose and starch factories has failed to
produce lung plague.

27th. No other conclusion is open to us than that lung plague is
caused in Western Europe and America by coutagion only, and, if so, we
have a perfect guarantee that it can be completely stamped out and
permanently excluded.

28th. The infection of the herds on our unfenced Western and South-
ern pasturages would render it as impossible for us to stamp out the
disease as it has been for the people of South Africa and Australia.

29th. The danger of such an infection is being constantly increased
with the increase of the infected area in the East, with the increase of
cattle imports, with the increase of thoroughbred herds, with the move-
ment of thoroughbreds West and South for the improvement of native
cattle, with the increased shipment of Eastern calves to be matured in
the West, and with the improved railroad facilities.

30th. The virus of lung plague retains its virulence for over a month
in a hermetically sealed glass tube, for months in a close building, and
for a variable time, according to exposure to air, in manure, fodder,
clothes, &c.; so that the way is open for its propagation through differ-
ent unsuspected channels.

30th. Lung plague is peculiar to the bovine genus ; and other genera
of animals, man included, can only assist in the dissemination of the
disease by carrying the virus on the surface.

3lst. The mortality trom lung plague varies much, but may reach 100
per cent. in hot climates and seasons. Hence the necessity for exclud-
ing it from the warmer portions of the coutinent.

32d. The incubation of lung plague, extending from a fortnight to
three-and-a-half months, is one of the most daugerous features of this
disease, and allows ample time for sending infected but still apparently
healthy animals to the utmost confines of our territory. This long period
of latency coudemus the practice of passing animals as sound on a pro-
fessional examination, and also the proposed method of sweeping over
the country and killing all infected herds; for by reason of the many
cases that must necessarily exist of infected animals not at the time
showing symptoms of the disease, the process would have to be begun
again as soon as it had been once performed.

303d. This long incubation demands, as an essential concomitant of
slaughter and disinfection, the entire prohibition or the most rigid con-
trol of all movements of cattle in an infected district.
" 34th. When an animal survives an attack of lung plague there is us-
ually left an eneysted mass of dead (infecting) lung inclosed within the
living. So that convalescent animals may be held as for a time capable
of conveying the disease to others. These encysted masses often re-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 89

main for over a year, and the bearers have often proved the centers of
new outbreaks.

35th. Thoroughbred cattle, on account of their high value, are the most
likely to be preserved, and if afterward sent West, they become ex-
tremely dangerous because of these encysted masses. The large indem-
nity expected for a thorougbred should therefore be no excuse for his
preservation when infected.

36th. Inoculation for lung plague is calculated to largely reduce the
losses, but at the expense of a permanent preservation and general dis-
semination of the virus.

ote Inoculation has never yet permanently rid any country of lung

plague.

38th. This, together with its expense and the impossibility of making
it universal, condemns the measure as a palliation for America, so long
as we can avail of the incomparably better method of extinction.

39th. A thorough investigation of the great centers for cattle feeding
and cattle traffic has demonstrated that at the close of 1881 there was
no lung plague west of the Alleghanies; but that the disease was still
confined to an area extending from Putnam County, New York, to Fair-
fax County, Virginia.

40th. We see no reason to conclude that the disease is disappearing
under the present management; on the contrary, the absence of regular
inspections in the infected districts leaves it to make its way unknown
and unheeded, as it did prior to 1878.

41st. In the present status of the lung plague and cattle trade it is
impossible to guarantee the health of even Western cattle exported
from New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore.

42d. It would be possible at present to guarantee the health of West-
ern cattle exported from Boston or Portland, but if this led to the ship-
ment to these ports of cattle from New York City, Philadelphia, or Balti-
more, this guarantee would be at once invalidated.

43d. As a prerequisite, therefore, to the furnishing of certificates of
health with cattle shipped from Boston and Portland, the Federal Govern-
ment must interdict the movement of cattle out of any infected State.

44th. This interdiction, supplemented by a control of the through traffic
froni the West, and the establishing of bonded markets at such places
as Buffalo, Albany, and Pittsburgh, would not only protect our exports
but secure us against any exteusion of the plague through the shipment
of thoroughbreds or commoner cattle westward or southward.

45th. By providing bonded markets at-the ports of New York, Phila-
delphia, and Baltimore, and by admitting to these cattle from sound
States only, under proper regulations as to transit, we could further give
certificates of health with Western cattle shipped from these points, and
furnish the districts with the means of obtaining store cattle without
danger of infection.

46th. The cleansing and disinfection of cars and ships (and their con-
tents) conveying cattle to or from the bonded yards is an essential con-
dition of any guarantee.

47th. The present method of quarantining imported cattle is objection-
able, and should be exchanged for one requiring that the detention be
for all alike, in premises at the port, provided for the purpose and kept
under the control of the Federal Government.

48th. For export fat cattle we recognize the necessity for strong sep-
arate stalls on board ship, properly cleated to give firm foothold, and
above all, that ample provision be made for ventilation by the use of a
revolving fan, or by extraction by the heat of the furnace. This we rec-
90 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

ommend, not because impure air or other cause of injury on shipboard
would be at all likely to produce lung plague, but because the vitiated
air is highly calculated to develop an inflammation of the lungs, which
might arouse suspicion of lung plague.

49th. To carry out the above objects, we recommend an ample appo-
priation by Congress, and the appointment of some Federal official or
. officials to control the work.

50th. For the extinction of the lung plague in infected districts we
consider it necessary that the authority—Federal or State—intrusted
with the work should be clothed with the following power:

a. To abolish or regulate markets for store cattle in the infected dis*
tricts.

b. To require the slaughter at the fat markets in infected districts of
all cattle entering these markets. Fat cattle for slaughter elsewhere
can be obtained at the bonded market. A

é. Toprohibit all movement of cattle in infected districts, except under
special license.

d. To inspect all cattle in suspected districts.

e. To slaughter all infected cattle, and in exceptional cases those that
have been exposed to infection.

J. To have the condemned animals appraised and the owners liberally
indemnified.

g. To prohibit all exposure of cattle on highways, or on unfenced or
insecurely fenced places in infected districts, or of suspected cattle on
a lot adjoining one occupied by healthy cattle or bordering on a high-
way.

h. To prohibit all pasturage of more than one herd on one pasture in
infected districts, unless under special license.

4. To disinfect all premises, fodder, and other articles that have been
presumably exposed to inspection.

j. To institute and enforce such minor rules as shall be demanded by
the peculiar conditions of particular districts.

k. To provide and enforce suitable penalties for enfringement of orders.

51st. In order to carry out these suggestions, we reccommend a lib-
eral appropriation by Congress, to be disbursed by some designated
Federal officer.

52d. In case the work be delegated to the different States, we advise
that a liberal appropriation be made from the Federal exchequer, suffi-
cient to cover the greater part of the outlay; and that this be paid over
to the Executive of the infected State on the approval of the plan and
execution of the work in the particular States by a verterinary sanitary
organization designated for the purpose by the Federal Government.

JAMES LAW.
E. F. THAYER.
J. H. SANDERS.

REPORT OF DR. A. M. FARRINGTON TO THE UNITED STATES TREASURY
CATTLE COMMISSION,
Prof. JaMEs Law,
Chairman United States Treasury Cattle Commission:

In accordance with the appointment received September 8, as ‘‘ Veterinary In-
spector of the Treasury Cattle Commission, to visit the various cattle markets of the
West, and the feeding yards along the lines of cattle traffic, so as to ascertain and re-
port upon the health of animals passing through such places, and further directed to
examine professionally such herds as are in near proximity to the above places, and
the herds of dairies and of distilleries and other factories which draw upon the large
markets for their supplies of fresh live stock,” I would submit the following report as
the result of my inquiries in that direction:
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. . 91
BUFFALO,

1procecded at once to Buffalo, N.Y. This is a very important cattle market. For
the week ending September 18, the receipts were 16,283 head of cattle. Shipments
for the same week, 14,091 head.

The stock yards are located at East Butfalo, upon the line of the New York Central
Railroad. An area of 52 acres is devoted to the purpose of marketing stock that is
brought here. At these yards is stationed by the city authorities of Buffalo a cattle
inspector, whose duty it is to prevent all diseased and disabled animals from passing
into cousumption in the city. 3

The present inspector is Mr. Edward Chorriston, who has held this position since
January 1, 1881. He has been engaged in the business of slaughtering cattle for
eighteen years, and is familiar with the appearance of cattle affected with lung
plague, haying seen them in Ireland; but he states that he has never seen cattle affected
with it since coming to Buffalo. On July 6, he condemned two steers affected with
Texas fever, which are the only ones he has scen with this disease this season. The
mnajority of animals he finds it necessary to conden are those which have received
injuries in shipping, and from the feverish state of their systems are unfit for human
food. The condemned animals are sent to rendering works, where the hide is taken
off, the carcasses are cut into pieces and placed in a large irou tank and thoroughly
cooked by superheated steam. When sufficiently disintegrated the flesh is separated
from the bones and used in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers.

I next visited some of the rendering works, hoping by this means to see some
cattle that had died either in the city or at the stock yards, that I might determine
upon examination of the lungs whether any had died from lung plague.

While not ignoring other diseases, my chief endeavor was to ascertain if any lung
plagne existed among the cattle here ; consequently the lungs were the organs I wished
to examine. At none of these works were there any dead cattle, and, from conversa-
tion with the owners and workmen, I was informed that the number of dead cows they
received was very small, and they had not noticed that the lungs presented any peculiar
appearance. I think the abnormal condition of the lungs would have attracted their
attention if any aniinals had been affected with lung plague. Mr. Preston, who is en-
gaged in this business of rendering, and who gets the larger portion of cows that die
in the city dairies, stated that he got from twenty to twenty-five per year. This is
considerably less than the number of dead horses obtained, and goes to show that no
contagious disease exists in the cow-stables in the city.

I next visited the bea ee at establishments, and exainined the lungs of cattle
killed there. C. Klinck has the largest establishment, and kills upon an average two
hundred cattle per week, the greater number of which he purchases ut the stock yards.
Mr. Klinck stated that he has never seen any sickness among the cattle, does not find
the lungs diseased, and that the livers of the cattle are more healthy than formerly.
He finds the cattle from city feeding-stables and dairies as healthy as those bought
at the stock yards. Has killed about a thousand head from Dr. Firmenick’s stable,
and has found them free from lung disease. The lungs of the cattle slaughtered that
day I found perfectly normal and healthy. The cattle in the pens awaiting slaughter
were also healthy.

Surrounding the stock yards on all sides are commons or unfenced land, upon which
cows belonging to people in the city are pastured, though at the time of my visit the
vegetation was nearly dried up, and next to no grass was to be obtained; yet it af-
forded a place where the cows could exercise themselves. The herds of various
owners mingle together here. Herdsof fat steers are driven over these commons from
the stock yards to the slaughter-houses of their respective owners, and must neces-
sarily come in contact, to a greater or less extent, with the cows there. Here, then,
would be a locality where any contagious disease would spread very rapidly, provided
an animal affected with it were introduced. .

One lot of six cows belonging to Mr. Metzdorff, Clinton street, upon these commons,
J examined and found them tree from any lung disease, and was also told that none
of them had died.

Patrick Grogan, Clinton street, has twenty-six cows, which he turns out upon the
commons, but has never losta cow. I examined them in the stable and found no lung
affection. The cows are fed upon brewers’ grains and hay, and are kept as long as
they give milk, und when dry are fattened and sold to the butcher. Fresh cows are
bought at the stock yards. The stable is six feet high, with the cows tied three feet
apart along each side, with an alley three feet wide passing along between the rows.
No special provision is made for ventilation more than that from the doors at each end
of the alley. John Dietzen, Broadway, has twelve cows, and states that he has never
lost one. He also turns them upon the commons, I found them healthy, upon exain-
ination. He feeds hiscows upon brewers’ grains, wheat, bran, and hay. The cows are
tied three feet apart, with a passage-way behind them two feet wide, Ventilation is
provided by a window, eight by ten inches, in front of each cow.
92 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

Mr. Alexander, Howard street, has six cows, which I examined and found healthy.
They are pastured near the stock yards, and could come in contact with the cattle im
the yards. Mr. A. stated that he had not lost one cow in the six years he had been in
themilk business. He was formerly a cow-dealer and had accommodation for fifty cows,
but has never seen any disease among them.

I was present at the mecting of the board of health, and was informed that they had
never known of any contagious disease among the dairies in the city, and were con-
fident that no ling plague existed among the cattle here. LL. Taylor, one of the mem-
bers of the board who was formerly a cattle-dealer, and who had taken considerable
interest in the spread of this disease, stated that it did not exist among the cattle here.
Mr. Taylor visited with me some of large feeding stables.

Thomas Farthing feeds about 220 bulls and steers upon distillery slops. The loss
during the feeding season, five to six months, he stated to be about 1 per cent. The
stables were not full at the time of my visit, but the cattle that were there were free
from lung plague. Fresh stock is bought at the stock yards, and State cattle are pre-
ferred, as they fatten more readily upon the food given.

Ullman and Block have just completed a new stable capable of holding 243 head of
cattle. At the time of my visit there were 240 head which were free from Jung plague.
The annual loss was said to be about 1 per cent. The cattle are tied in three double
rows, two rows facing each other, avd eating hay from the same rack; consequently
their noses would come in contact and the germs of ling plague would be carried by
the breath into the lungs, provided any animals were affected with it,

Dr. Firmenick tecds his mileh cows upon the refuse of his corn-starch factory. At
present the stables contain 210 cows. His method is to buy fresh'cows at the stock
yards or of the farmers in the vicinity, to milk them as long as they give milk, and
when dry to fatten them and sell to the butchers. Asa rule they remain in the stable
a year and are then replaced by new ones. About a dozen of the cows were not
doing well, were running down in condition, growing poor, and were so weak as to
require help to rise up. I made a very critical examination of the lungs of these
cows, but they presented no lesions. They did not show an elevated temperature,
102° Fahr., and had no cough, and were not suffering from lung plague. As if v as
not a contagious malady, but one manifestly connected with the feeding, I did not
investigate further.

J.C. Hamlin feeds cattle upon the refuse of his grape-sugar manufactory, at Aurora,
15 miles from Buttalo. He said there were at present only 50 head in his stables, as he
had just begun to buy fresh stock for the winter. Says he has never had any die
from disease, but those that have died suffered from accidents or injuries unavoid-
‘able where large numbers of cattle are kept together.

Visited C. Gilbert’s starch factory, Black Rock, and interviewed the map who has
charge of the cattle. The present number is 150 head, of which 75 are cows, and their
milk is sold in the city; the remainder are bulls and steers that are heing fattened.
He stated that the annual loss was not over 1 per cent. No contagious disease has
appeared among the cattle. The cattle remain in the stables about one year, and a
fresh supply is taken from the stock yards or the surrounding country.

I also made inquiry of the leading veterinary surgeons, Summerville & Sons, and
was told that they had never met with any cases of Jung plague in their practice in
Butfalo, which extended over a period of about forty years.

From this examination of more than 700 cattle that are confined in stables here and
brought from various parts of the country, and not asingle case of lung plague among
them and no report of any such disease by men who are constantly dealing in cattle
and who are financially interested in them, I concluded that this market must be free
of that dread plague.

SUSPENSION BRIDGE.

From Buffalo I went to Suspension Bridge. The stock yards here are used only to
feed, rest, and water the cattle that are destined to eastern markets. No cattle from
the east going west come to these yards, as Canada will not allow such cattle to pass
through her territory. But very few cattle have been shipped through these yards
this season owing to the ‘‘entting of rates” ly the railroads. The majority of the
eastern bound cattle go to Buffalo or via the Grand Trunk Railway through Canada.
The superintendent here, W. A. Homan, is from Putnam County, New York, and has
seen the ravages of lung plagne among the cattle there, but has never seen any cattle
affected with it at these yards. The cows of neighboring farmers do not come near
the cattle in the yards, and would not become infected even if the cattle passing
through were diseased.

ROCHESTER.

Rochester, N. Y., was the next place visited. There are no feeding yards, here
simply a few pens for unloading stock that is brought here on the Central Railroad.
The person in charge of these pens said that on an avetage seven to eight car-loads of
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 93

western cattle came here per week, and were driven direct to the slaughter-houses and
killed for heef. I visited the slaughter-house of Conrad Ester, Goodman street, who
kills 20 to 30 cattle per week, and states that he finds none of them with any lung
affection, All the lungs of cattle killed and the cattle on the plaice were perfectly
healthy. No feeding stables exist in ‘connection with the large breweries, as the re-
fuse grains are used by the dairymen and farmers around the city.

Dr. Stoddard, of the hoard of health, stated that no disease among cattle had been
brought to the notice of the board, and that the cattle kept in and around this city
were very healthy. The milk supply comes principally from farmers in the country.

Dr. E. Mink, practicing veterinarian, stated that he had considerable cattle prac-
tice, but has never known of any lung plague among the cattle of thissection. Some.
cases of splenic apoplexy in cattle came under his notice a few yearsago, Aside from
that no coutagious disease exists among the cattle here. Dr. Drinkwater, veterinary
surgeon, stated that he did not know of any lung plague among cattle here. The
man who renders the dead animals for the city said that the number of cows he got
was very small—about one per month.

I next examired the cows of dairymen who sell milk in the city. Orin Todd, Big
Ridge road, about four miles from the city, has 16 cows, which were perfectly healthy.
He feeds his cows upon brewers’ grains, corn meal, and hay, and has plenty of pasture
during the summer. Has never lost any cows from a contagious disease. He keeps
his cows as long as they yield a good supply of milk, and buys fresh ones from farm-
ers in the surrounding coyntry. Clark Douglas, president of the Milkmen’s Associa-
tion of Rochester, had a herd of 28 cows, which I examined and found free from disease.
Mr. Douglas stated that he has not lost any cows from a contagious disease, and that
he knows of none in the country around. He is in almost daily communication with
the milkmen of the association, and any disease among their cows he would be likely
to hear about and be consulted as to the best means of getting rid of it. He is now
feeding, in addition to hay and corn-stalks, ‘‘ Buffalo feed,”—4. e., the refuse of the
cornstarch factories of Buffalo, and considers it an excellent food for hiscows. Form-
erly he fed brewers’ grains with excellent results and saw no bad effects from it, hav-
ing one cow to which he had given this feed nine years without injuring her health
in the least.

C. J. Schactter, Waring Road, has 21 cows, which were healthy. Mr. Schaeffer
stated that he was often called upon by his neighbors to doctor their cows when sick,
and that the principal affection among them was parturient apoplexy, coming on
about the time of calving. He feeds brewers’ grains in addition to hay and corn-
fodder and other crops which he raises upon the farm.

Examined six cows belonging to William Von Est, Waring Road, and found them
healthy. George Pease, Lyell Road, has 17 cows, which were healthy; Mr. Rosen-
back 11 cows, and Patrick Lynch 11, also free from lung plague. These dairymen
feed upon brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and hay, and also have fenced pastures
upon the farms to turn their cattle. They raise calves from their best cows and sell
the poor ones for beef, replacing them by fresh cows bought in the neighborhood.

SALAMANCA.

At Salamanca, N. Y., are stock yards which are used almost exclusively as a feeding-
place for stock that is shipped by rail to the markets of Jersey City and New York
City. :

"The Superintendent, R. J. McKay, states that from 40 to 50 car-loads come here per
week, and remain from three to thirty hours, being allowed hay and water. At cer-
tain seasons of the year fresh cows and their calves are shipped by this route into
Putnam and Duchess counties, New York. The greater proportion of the stock, how-
ever, are fut steers which are on their way to eastern markets. No sales take place
at these yards. The neighboring herds do not come up to the yards, as there is a
stream on one side and the railroad passes along the other side. Occasionally in the
spring of the year a few car-loads of cows come here and are unloaded and sold to the
farmers in the vicinity, which would be a means of carrying contagion provided such
contagion existed in the yards or in the cattle fed here. Almost the only cattle that
pass through here from the east are thoroughbred animals. The previous week a car-
load of thoroughbred calves came through from Vermont, via Albany, en route to
Kansas. No disease exists among the cattle here, or has ever existed so far as could
be learned. The cattle in the yards at the time of my visit were perfectly healthy.

PITTSBURGH.

I reached Pittsburgh, Pa., September 19, and called at the office of the board of
health. The health officer referred me for information upon the diseases among cattle
to the meat inspector, Thos. W. Lindsay, who is also milk inspector for the board.
94 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

In company with Mr. Lindsay, I visited the principal stock yards for Pittsburg,
which are the central stock yards upon the line of the Pennsylvania railroud at East
Liberty. All the cattle in the yards appeared perfectly healthy.

Geo, Dunkeld, weigh-master at these yards, gave the following statistics as to the
number of cattle that are handled here: For the six months ending June 30, 1281,
the receipts of through cattle, 146,500 head; of local cattle, 38,654 head. In this
time 9,229 calves were received and sold here, Mr, Dunkeld has held this position
for ten years, and has seen every stecr that has crossed the scales, as he has to count
the number of animals weighed, aud in no case has he seen cattle affected with dis-
case.

Caleb Martin, superintendent of central stock yards, said that the cattle that came
heve were perfectly healthy. The causes of death were from mismanagement in trans-
porting, from crowding too many into aecar. Some die from drinking a large quan-
tity of water, excessive thirst being caused by feeding salt. This feeding of salt, so
that the cattle will drink a large amount of water and increase their weight, is a
very dishonest and brutal practice which is carried on by some unprincipled men.
Johu Beal, of the firm of J. F. Sadler & Co., said he had neverseen any cattle affected
with lung-plague at these yards; neither had he known of any west of Pittsburg.
Years ago he had had losses from Texas fever, but the first frost put an end to that
disease,

S. Brown, of the firm of J. C. & S. Brown, Louisville, Ky., large dealers in “slop
cattle,” so called, said that soon after the war he lost cattle from Texas fever, and
aside from that there was no disease among the cattle he’ handled, and he knew of
noue in Kentucky.

C. H. Peabody, retail cattle dealer, says he has never suffered from loss of cattle
ly disease. The only report of cattle dying that he has heard of were from Texas
fever and from abuse in shipping.

Mr. Rush, editor of the Pittsburgh Stockinan, and cattle dealer, says he has no re-
ports of any cattle disease in this section; the cattle coming to and passing through
these yards are invariably healthy.

Mr. Lindsay gives the following figures in regard to the number of dead cattle taken
from the stock yards to the rendering works: In 1877, 60 head; in 1876, 79; in 1875,
125. When one considers the thousands of cattle that come to these yards in the
course of a year this number of deaths can easily be accounted for by nismanage-
ment and abuse.

A smaller stock yard is located at Alleghany City, to which part of the stock for
city use is sent. No through consigninents come to these yards. About 25 car-loads
arrive here per week, sometimes reaching as high as 50 car-loads. The cattle come
from the western States of Ohio, Missouri, and Kentucky, and from the western coun-
ties of Pennsylvania. The cattle at these yards were free from lung plague.

The fall-master, Dr. Edward Czarncicki, V. 8., has the contract for removing the
dead animals of the city. Hestates that as a rule he gets two or three dead cows per
week. I visited with Dr. Czarneicki his rendering works, where was a dead cow
brought from a city dairy. Upon examination the lungs were found free from any
lesions.

Dr. Czarneicki said that he never met with any cases of lung plague either in his
practice or among the dead cows that were rendered at his works.

Dr, R. Jennings, V. §., had never known of the disease among cattle in this vicinity.

The slaughter-houses of Pittsburgh are scattered in all directions around the city,
and are 52in number. I visited a number of them, but was unable to examine many
lungs as they had been thrownaway. The carcasses were free from any erosions upon,
the parietal pleura, Wm. A. Hoffman, 408 East Ohio street, Allegheny City, who is
said to be the largest butcher in the city, kills, on an average, 35 cattle per week.
The lings of cattle killed there I found without lesions. From conversation with
butchers in the market they stated that the lungs of western cattle were always
sound.

J visited the stable of Daniel Boyle, cow dealer, Frankstown avenue, who states
that he sells between 300 and 400 fresh cows a year. He buys them in the stock yards,
where they come from the Western States, and from the northern and western coun-
ties of Pennsylvania. Six cows then in his stable were healthy. Mr. Boyle says he
is called upon when cows are sick in the neighborhood, but has never known of any
coutagions disease among the herds. The sickness he has to treat mainly is what he
calls milk-fever. Of the cows kept in his stable he has lost but one, and that one
broke her neck from being improperly tied.

IRON CITY.
Also visited the Iron City cow market, where upon two days in the week fresh

cows are offered for sale, and disease must necessarily be contracted if one infected ani-
mal were brought. The seventeen cows there were healthy. Part of them had come
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 95

from Indiana; the others were from different parts of the surrounding country, and
one cow was trom a city dairy.

The largest dairy near Pittsburgh is kept by A. Harrison, Oakland, near Fifth ave-
nue. He has 129 cows. Last year the loss from death was three head. He is now
milking 75 cows, which I examined and found no diseased ones among them. The
remainder of his herd do not give milk now, and were upon a farm at pasture several
miles away. He feeds his cows upon brewers’ grains, wheat bran, oil cake, hay, and
cornstalks. At this season of the year they are only kept in the stable during the
time they are milked, and turned ont upon the adjoining fields at other times. The
principal stable is 8 feet in height from floor to eciling. The cows are tied with
chains, 3 feet apart, in two long rows facing cach other, with a passage-way 10 feet
wide between the mangers, and an alley 3 feet wide behind the cows. At each end
of the latter is a door 4 by 6 feet to admit air. No provision is made for the escape
of heated and impure air. Being upon the side of a hill, the drainage is execHent;
no stagnant pools of water for the cows to drink from, but pure, running water is
provided at different points for this purpose. The cows remain in the dairy as long
as they yield a profitable supply of milk, some of them for several years, and when dis-
posed of to the butchers their place is filled by other cows raised upon the farm.

In company with Mr. Broebeck, sanitary inspector for the board of health, I visited
some of the smaller dairies in his district.

Peter Owen has four cows whicu were tree from disease. The stable, composed of
a stone wall on two sides, is 7 feet high, 30 feet long, and 16 feet wide. The cows are
tied 33 feet apart, with their mangers along the wall. A door 6 fect high and 10 feet
wide at the end of a passage-way 10 fect wide admits air.’ They are fed upon brew-
ers’ grains, wheat bran, cracked corn, and hay. They are seldom turned out, except
upon the commons occasionally for exercise. When dry they are sold to the butcher,
and fresh cows are bought at the cow market to take their place. One cow, which
had been in the stable about two weeks, showed a temperature of 102° Fahr.

August Miller, corner of Twelfth street and Washington street, has tive cows.
They were healthy. One cow boughtinthe country last March showed a temperature
of 101° Fahr, They are kept in one end of a horse-stable 33 feet long and 20 feet
wide. A passage-way 4 feet wide separates the cows at each side, and a door at the
end and side give a good circulation of air. The fecd and general mode of manage-
ment is the same as in the former case.

Geo. Dietzler, Twenty-tifth street, eight cows, which were free from disease. They
were kept in four different shanties or outbuildings, each about 10 feet square, withe
two cowsineach. Treatment same as preceding.

G. F. Betler has 13 cows, which were in a fenced pasture with the cows of several
other dairymen. The cows were panting with the heat but there were no indications
of disease in the lungs. The stable where these cows are kept is 51 feet long, 10 feet
wide, and 8 feet high; each cow-has a stall 3 feet wide and 5 feet long. The feed is
brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and clover hay. The cows of various owners are al-
lowed to feed together upon the commons in this vicinity, but no disease is contracted
from so doing.

John J. Williams, Penn street, keeps 12 cows, which were free froin lung disease.
The stable was built. of rough boards, 5 cows in one portion, 3 in another, and 4 in
another. These sheds are 8 feet high in front and 7 feet in the rear, with a passage
2 feet wide behind the cows, with a door at cach end. The feed is brewers’ grains,
wheat bran, and hay.

The only large feeding stables in the vicinity of Pittsburgh are at Freeport, about
15 miles up the river, at A. Guckcnheimer & Bros.’s distillery. The stables are cap-
able of feeding 300 head of cattle. At the time of my visit there were 125 bulls in
the stable, which had been in about three weeks. They were bought at the stock
yards in East Liberty and from farmers in the neighborhood of Freeport. The annual
loss Mr. Guckenheimer states is very simall, and mainly from accidental injuries.
Last year not over 8 head died ont of the several hundred fed at these stables. The
warm slop is run into long troughs, 12 inches wide and 18 inches deep, in front of the
cattle four times per day, and hay is fed once per day, usually at night. Fresh cattle
are bought in small lots as they can be obtained, about the middle of September ;
about the middle of the next May they are sold off, a few car-loads at a time, and are
all sold off in a month’s time, so that during the warm summer months the stables are
entirely empty. The ventilation is by means of three openings in the peak of the
roof, 16 feet long and 4 feet wide, and provided with doors 1 foot wide, which can be
opened or shut as may be necessary—air enters cach end of the building through
doors 4 feet wide and 6 feet high, Each animal is tied by a chain around the neck,
and has aspace 34 feet wide, 10 feet long, with a manure alley 3 feet wide, and a fccd -
ing alley 4 feet wide, and the shed is 7 feet high at the eaves and 15 feet at the peak
of the roof. One hundred cattle are confined in a building 100 feet long and 60 feet
wide. These cattle were all healthy. Some were loose in a yard near by, that were
brnised or had sores upon them, so that they could not be tied up. In the spring,
when fat, they are sold and shipped to eastern markets,
96 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

CLEVELAND.

At Cleveland, Ohio, Dr. G. C. Ashmmun, health officer, informed me that the cattle
had been very healthy this season. Two years ago the losses had been quite heavy
from Texas fever, but the farmers and those keeping cows had learned by experience
to keep their animals away from wherever Texas cattle had been, and in observing
this simple expedient had heen saved heavy losses.

The meat supply, particularly at this time of the year, comes from Texas cattle.
Of the 3,000 cattle killed per month, 2,600 are Texans. Diseased livers and diseased
spleens are the only diseased organs met with in animals killed for beef. Beef cattle
come alinost entirely from points west of Cleveland; very few from south of Cleve-
Jand.

The cows in city dairies, i. ¢., those dairics within the city limits, he states are
uniformly healthy. In each of these dairies are kept from two to ten cows, and con-
ducted, as far as feed and care go, about as such dairies in other cities. In the sn-
burbs are larger dairies, keeping from thirty to fifty cows each. From these two
sources, and from what is shipped in on the cars, the milk supply of Cleveland is drawn.
No instance of any lung disease among the cattle has ever come under his notice.

I visited the farm of Joseph Breck, Brecksville Road, five miles from Cleveland.
He has 55 cows, and sells their milk in the city. Oceasional cases of parturient apo-
plexy are the only affections from which his cows die. Upon examination J found his
cows healthy. He buys fresh cows from the farmers in the country around, and some-
times goes into Indiana and buys a car-load at atime. His cows run at pasture ex-
cept during the time they are milked, at which time they are fed grain, and some-
times hay or cornstalks. Farmers two or three miles from him have lost cows of
Texas fever, but with that exception there is no disease among the suburban dairies.

In company with a sanitary inspector I visited the stock yards. They comprise
only a few pens, which are used merely to unload cattle brought here on the cars.
From here the cattle are driven to the slanghter-houses, where are pens and conven-
iences for feeding them as long as the owner may desire. The neighboring herds do
not come in contact with the cattle at these yards, as there are po commons around
them.

I next visited the slaughter-houses near the stock yards. At John Streibel’s slaugh-
ter-house, where generally from 10 to 14 cattle are killed per day, I examined the
lungs and found them healthy. Most of the cattle killed here are Texans, bought in
Saint Louis and shipped by cars to Cleveland. Mr. Streibel states that he finds none of
them affected with disease of the lungs. At other places the lungs of cattle slaugh-
tered were free from disease, and the butchers all stated that in cattle they had
killed the lungs were sound.

Dr A. F. Martins, veterinary surgeon, said that no cases of lung plague had occurred
in his practice, neither had he any reports of its existence in this locality.

MILWAUKEE,

Milwaukee, Wis., October 28. I called at the office of the board of health to ob-
tain information in regard to the health of the cows in the city dairies. I there
learned that the board had made strenuous eftorts to get the State legislature to pass
a law which should provide for the appointment of a milk inspector, whose duty if
should be to see that the cow stables were kept in a proper sanitary condition, and
that the milk sold should be unadulterated. The salary of such an inspector was to
be raised by assessing a tax on each milkman in proportion to the number of cows he
kept. This measure was strongly opposed )y many of the dairymen, and failed to
become a law. .

Dr. Wight, health commissioner, then made a personal inspection of all the cow
stables which furnished milk for city use. A record of this inspection was kept in the
office for the enlightenment of any citizens who might wish to know the condition in
which the cows were kept and fed that supplied him with milk.

From this investigation Dr. Wight found at that time, (at the beginning of the year
1879,) that the city was supplied with the milk of 3,041 cows, making 17,014 quarts of
milk brought into the city in one day. In this inspection no contagious disease was
found to exist among the dairy cows, though many were kept in very filthy surround-
ings, and in close, poorly-lighted, and poorly-veutilated stables. No knowledge of
any contagious disease has ever come to the notice of the board of health, and if any
affection had existed among the cow stables such thorough inspection would have
revealed it. ’

I next visited the feeding sheds in connection with John Meiner’s distillery. In
these sheds were 163 bulls and stecrs, one-third being bulls and two-thirds steers.
The usual number fed in a season is 400, though this year only one-half that number
will be fed. The annual losses from cattle dying are very small indeed. Mr. Meiner
stated that only two animals had dicd in the six yeurs he had fed cattle. The cattle
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 97

are tied in rows with 48 in each row, each animal having a space 3 feet wide. The
sheds are 6} feet high behind the cattle, and about 10 feet at their head. Troughs
10 inches high and 12 inches wide run along in front of the cattle into which the slop
isrun. Between this trough and the trough of the next row of cattle is a space 24
feet wide. Above this space are openings in the roof 1 foot wide and 6 feet long, 6
feet apart, which secures very good ventilation. The semi-liquid manure drains off
into gutters in the rear of each row of cattle, and then into a small stream which runs
along the end of the shed. In addition to the slop about eight pounds of cut hay per
head is fed once a day. Cattle remain in the stable froin six to eight months, and at
the end of that time are very fat. Fresh stock is drawn from the surrounding farms,
and are also bought at the stock yards nearly six milesaway. The cattle all appeared
healthy at the time of my visit, and seven gave the following temperatures: 101.8°
Fahr., 102° Fahr., 103° Fahr., 102.8° Fahr., 101.2° Fahr., 101.4° Fahr., 101.7° Fahr.

The principal stock yards of the city are those on the Chicago, Milwaukee & Saint
Paul Railroad. The outline of these yards is triangular, with railroad tracks on two
sides and the Menoiivee River on the other side; consequently the neighboring herds
cannot come in communication with the cattle in the yards. The stock that come to
these yards come from the States of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois.

There were sold at these yards, in 1880, cattle, 26,142 head; in 1879, cattle, 25,210
head. To this should be added about one-third more to represent the number that
are unshipped for feeding and watering only, and then sent on to Chicago.

The superintendent of the yard stated that he never heard any complaints from
persons doing business here, of losses from sick or diseased cattle. Mr. Waixelberg,
a cattle dealer, stated that he had never seen any sick cattle in these yards, neither
does he know of any disease in the State or States that send cattle here. All cattle
in the yards at the time of my visit were healthy. All grades of cattle were there;
oxen and steers for slaughter, bulls to be fed in distilleries, yearlings which are sold
to farmers and fed, and lean cattle which are used by the packing and beef-canning
establishments. Fresh cows and their calves brought from adjoining towns and coun-
ties were for sale here also.

In Market Square, of the second ward, there is a retail cattle market. Here I saw
about 100 fat cattle, nearly all State cattle, some of them driven in from the country,
and all perfectly healthy. Fresh cows are also offered for sale here, coming princi-
pally from the neighboring country. John Behme, a dealer at these yards, said he
found the cattle here healthy.

In company with George Kaeppel, city meat inspector, I visited the city slaughter-
house, at which many of the butchers kill the cattle to supply their meat markets. I
examined the lungs of about 50 animals, being those killed on three days, and found
them healthy. Also visited Plankinton & Armour’s beef-packing establishment,where
now they are killing 150 cattle perday. Could find no traces of disease. Also visited
the meat market of John Moeller, Walnut street, who kills about 35 cattle per week,
and examined a number of lungs of cattle killed that day, which were healthy.

Visited the dairy of Frank Schmidt, Fourteenth street, who keeps 12 cows, which
were free from disease. The stable is about 7 feet high, with cows tied 3 feet apart,
a trough for food in front of them, and a rack for hay above that. A passage-way 4
feet wide behind the cows and a door 4 by 6 feet admits air. The feed is malt or
brewers’ grains, wheat middlings with hay in winter and grass in summer. Mr,
Schmidt says he has never lost a cow. He milks them as long as they will give milk
and then fattens and sells to the butcher. Fresh cows he buys wherever he can find
them, usually of farmers in the country. The premises were very neat and clean and
well drained. :

John Otten, Seventeenth street, had 10 cows in a low, dark stable 5} feet high. No
provision was made for ventilation except from a door in the side of the stable. The
cows were free from lung plague, however. The feed was brewers’ grains, wheat bran,
and hay. No special provision for drainage, and the water stood in pools around the
stable. Thirty cows belonging to different owners were feeding on the commons in
the vicinity, yet all appeared healthy. i ;

F. Dabberphul, corner of Centre and Ninth streets, had 10 cows, which I examined
and found healthy. They were tied in stalls 74 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 8 feet long,
and a passage-way 4 feet wide behind them. The feed was brewers’ grains, wheat
bran, and hay. The land was flat, sloping very slightly, and water and manure stood
at one end of the stable. The ventilation was through doors and windows behind
the cows.

¥. Bartlett, Centre street, had 13 cows, which were healthy. The space allowed
each animal was 3 feet wide, 6 feet long, and 6 feet high, with a passage 3 feet wide
pebind. Two doors and two small windows were the only means of ventilation. The
place was dirty and poorly drained. I examined 9 cows in a small, dark stable sur-
rounded by mud and stagnant water. Each animal had a space 6 feet high, 2} feet
wide, and 7feetlong. Notwithstanding the cramped quarters and filthy surroundings,
none of them had lung plague.

S. Ex. 106——7
98 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

August Bartke, Centre street, had 4 cows in a stable capable of holding 20, which
were free from discase.

Henry Schwartz had 5 cows ina well-lighted and clean stable, which were healthy.
The space per head was 9 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 8 feet long. A window 1 foot
square in front of each cow and a door 3 feet wide and 6 feet high gave sufficient
ventilation.

F. Koenig, Teutonia avenue, had 9 cows, which were healthy. The space allowed
each was 7 feet high, 3 feet wide, and 10 feet long, and a passage-way 3 feet wide be-
Ihiad the cows. The diet was brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and hay. Fresh cows are
bought in the country of farmers. :

No lung plague exists in the dairies of the city or ever has existed, though in very
poor sanitary condition.

SAINT LOUIS.

Y began the inspection of Saint Louis, Mo., November 7. Upon making known
my mission to Chas. W. Francis, health commissioner, he kindly detailed Mr. Hohoft,
an officer of the sanitary staff, to accompany me and point out the location of the city
@airies and slaughter-houses. We visited first the National Stock Yards in East Saint
Louis, Ill. These yards cover an area of 100 acres, and in 1880 the receipts were
346,533 head; shipments, 222,417 head of cattle. There is ahigh and tight board fence
sreaund the yard which excludes cows or other cattle outside from coming in contact
with those inside. "

Isaac H. Knox, president of the company, stated that he could safely say that
there had never been a single case of lung plague in these yards. He stated that
20 ver cent. of the trade at these yards is in Texas cattle. That in former years he
had had frequent complaints and claims for damages by farmers who had lost cows
from Texas fever caused by the Texas cattle shipped to these yards but these com-
plaints were growing less and less each year, and this season no complaints had
been made, and but very few cattle had died from it. The cause of this decrease
in the number of cases of Texas fever he thought was due to the better care the
Texans received. ‘They are not driven on foot such long distances as they were form-
erly, but are shipped in cars to market, the increase in the number and extent of the
railroads in Texas making this possible. Also there is more care exercised in the
breeding, raising, and feeding of Texas cattle, and the country is better cultivated,
all of which causes contribute to mitigate the disease. There is no trade in cattle
firom the “far East.” Whatever does come from eastern points comes from Ken-
tacky, Ohio, and Indiana, and is mainly thoroughbred stock for the improvement of
ee cattle. There is only one distillery from which cattle are sent to these
yards

About four years ago a number of sensational articles appeared in the newspapers
about the ‘‘swill-fed” and diseased cattle that came from [linois and were sold in
these yards. The company sent Charles T. Jones, superintendent, to thoroughly in-
vestigate these svories, and he found there was no distillery at the place where it was
said these diseased cattle came from, consequently there could be no truth in the
stories, and the newspaper correspondent was obliged to take back the statements he
had made. Near the stock yards are the works of the Saint Louis Beef Canning Com-
pany. I examined the lungs of cattle killed here and none of them were diseased.

Mr. Hamilton, superintendent, stated that diseased livers were sometines found,
but that the lungs were sound.

My next endeavor was to ascertain if the cows in the dairies were also free from
Isang plugue. I began by examining the cows of Martin Wohlend, 2436 Columbus
avenue, who keeps 28 head. They were all healthy. The stable is 12 feet high. Each
cow has a space 3 feet wide and 8 feet long, with a passage-way 4 feet wide in front
and 2 feet wile behind, in addition to feeding trough 12 inches wide and 9 inches
high, and a manure gutter 1 foot wide and 4 inchesdeep, The food given is distillery
slop, brewers’ graius, wheat, bran, and hay. The drainage and ventilation was very

Twelve cows belonging to Tobias Burk, Columbus avenue, were healthy. None
have died. The stalls wese 8 feet high, 7 feet long, and 2 cows had a space 6 feet in
width. The diet was slop, malt, bran, and hay.

H. A. Held, Sidney street, 37 cows, alsohealthy. In four years only 1 cow has died.
The stalls were 10 feet high, 8 feet long, with a space 5} feet wide for 2 cows. It was
a square stable, built of brick, with the cows tied in two double rows facing each
other, and a passage-way 3 feet wide between each two rows. The stable is lighted
by windows in the side of the building. Fresh cows are bought of cow dealers who
bring them to the stable, and the purchaser knows nothing of the previous history of
the animal, which might have come from an infected stable for anything he knows;
bat as no disease is developed it is reasonable to suppose that no disease exists where
the fresh cows come from.

Frank Young, Jackson street, has 12 cows; all were healthy, and he states that none
kaye died. The stalls were 8 feet high, 5 feet wide, and 7 feet long, and a passaye-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 99

way 3 feet wide behind the cows. He buys fresh cows in Illinois and sells fat ones to
the butcher.

Xavier Wieget, Coluinbus avenue, has 50 cows, which were healthy, and states that
not one cow has died in five years. This is also a brick stable, arranged similar to
the others, and is well lighted and ventilated. A small fenced yard joins the stable,
into which the cows are turned in tine weather for exercise.

Hermon Kropper, Rosette street, has 7 cows, that were healthy, and states that
but one had died from his herd this season; none of the others were sick.

Frank Rempsberger has 82 cows in one stable that was well lighted, though not
sufficiently ventilated. These cows remain tied in their places from the time they
come in fresh until they get fat and are sold to the butcher. It was stated that this
season none had died, though it is not uncommon in some years for two or three to
die. The cows were all healthy. The drainage was into a sewer.

Fresh cows are bought of cow dealers, two or three at a time, as they are necded to
keep up the supply of milk. As is the practice with the other dairymen I visited,
distillery one run into troughs in front of the cattle and they drink it; brewers’
geuine and wheat bran are mixed together and given them, and in addition hay is fed
to them.

On Manchester road are some stock-yards which were formerly used by the Missouri
Pacific Railroad, but now the railroad does not land stock, and the yards are used by
cow dealers and butchers to keep their cattle in. :

H. Bischoff, a butcher who has a slaughter-house in these yards and who kills from
50 to 75 cattle per week, stated that in the cattle he killed the lungs showed less
signs of disease than any other of the internal organs. He also stated that several
years ago, when the milkmen’s cows were dying in great numbers, that he opened
several of them and found the heart, liver, and spleen enlarged, the urine bloody, and
the fat very yellow. The lungs were not affected. From this description it appears
evident that the disease was Texas fever.

In the yards were a herd of about 25 steers which Mr. Bischoff said he was in the
habit of herding upon the commons during the day and they were driven into the
yards at night. One can readily see how this practice would spread the malady from
cows grazing over the same ground with steers.

Several cow dealers said the only diseases they had seen among cows was dry mur-
rain and bloody murrain. From the bloody appearance of the urine in Texas fever,
it is obvious that this disease was meant by the latter name.

The Saint Louis Union stock-yards, situated on the Saint Louis side of the river, is
also a large cattle market. For 1880 the receipts of cattle were 112,920 head; ship-
ments, 16,480.

W. A. Ramsey, superintendent, stated that the only disease umong cattle here was,
Texas fever, and that this year there had been less than ever of that disease. The
cause of its becoming less and less each year, he thought, was due to the fact thatthe
cattle in Texas were becoming more domesticated. Large numbers of wellbred bulls
were taken into the State every year and had greatly improved the grade of cattle.
A greater amount of land is being cultivated, which changes the character of the
herbage and may have some influence in preventing the disease. The number of
deaths was greatest in 1876 from Texas fever. He stated that there was but very
little trade in eastern dairy calves; the majority of that stock goes to Chicago mar-
ket and is distributed from there. :

Mr. Pegram, a cattle dealer, said there had been less than a dozen loads of eastern
dairy calves shipped through these yards this season. He had not seen a single steer
die of Texas fever in the yards this season. On account of this disease farmers for
whom he does business would not receive “stockers,” i. ¢., young cattle to be fattened ,
by them during the warm summer months, because they would die in large numbers
on reaching their farms. This season, however, he had bought and shipped stockers
during July and August, and had no trouble about cattle dying; which was pretty
good evidence that the disease was not so prevalent as in former years. He said that
no cattle here were affected with lung plague.

W. S. Hensley, another cattle dealer, said he had never seen a case of lung plague
in the yards or anywhere else; does not know what the disease is. Had not seen
three steers sick with Texas fever this season. Other years numbers of cattle had
died from it, but it was becoming less and less prevalent each year, due, he thought,
to the better breeding of cattle in Texas. ;

The experience and statements of other cattle dealers was essentially the same as
that of those given. ?

The cattle ft the yards and those in slaughter-houses near by were healthy. There
are no conmons around the yards. ‘

John Crowley, veterinary surgeon, said he had not seen any cases of lung plague
since coming to the United States, either in his practice in Saint Louis or in Spring-
field, Il]., where he had practiced for a number of years before coming to Saint Louis.

T examined the cows of Arnold Steinlager, Prarie avenue, who keeps 60 head. Not
100 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

one was affected witb Inng plague. He states that he has not lost a single cow in
two years. Before that he lost 10 cows in one week from Texes fever contracted by
allowing them to graze on commons where Texas cattle had heen herded. Now he
has a fenced pasture, into which no strange cattle are allowed to come, and does not
buy fresh cows in the warm summer months, and thus escapes the fever.

Wm. Klinger, Natural Bridge road, has 40 cows, which were free from lung plague.
They are allowed to graze on the commons in the vicinity, yet have never contracted
any lung disease. He states that none of his cows have died this season. Four years
ago, when in another part of the city, he lost tifteen out of twenty-five head from
Texas fever. The stable was very dirty and filthy from the manure that was not
properly cleaned up, and from the mud on all sides, from lack of provision for drain-
age. It was very imperfectly built of boards, and large cracks in the sides caused
the cows to be exposed to the effects of cold and rain.

H. Bunten, Natural Bridge road, has 40 cows, which were healthy. He stated
that none had died this season. Three years ago tive had died. These cows are also
turned out on the commons. The stable was kept in very good condition.

John Groh, Natural Bridge road, has 50 cows that were healthy, and states that
none have died.

Charles Burns, Natural Bridge road, has 22 cows that were healthy, and states that
none have died.

All these dairymen are in the habit of feeding distillery slop, which is run into
troughs in front of the cattle. Brewers’ grains, wheat bran, and hay are also fed.
They buy fresh cows of dealers and sell their fat ones to the butcher.

During the warm weather they are a little apprehensive of their cows taking Texas
fever, but after the first frost all fears of that disease are removed.

S. W. Steigers, Saint Louis avenue, has a dairy upon a farm that has been used for
that purpose for a great many years. He has 150 cows which I examined and found
none with lung plague. He states that this summer two only have died. Six years
ago 15 died of Texas fever, which was the only serious outbreak of disease that ever
occurred upon the place. His practice is to buy springers, either of cow dealers at
the stock-yards or of farmers, and to keep them until they calve, when they are
placed in the dairy and remain eight or nine months, when they are sold to butchers
for beef. The cows have large pastures to graze in, are only put in the stable to be
milked, at which time they are fed brewers’ grains and wheat bran, mixed together
in about equal parts and moistened with slop.

From all the facts that I was able to gather, and from the number of cows exam-
ined, I consider that there is no lung plague in the dairies of Saint Louis, but that
they have been troubled and have sustained heavy losses from the Texan cattle dis-
ease.

KANSAS CITY.

At Kansas City stock yards, in Kansas City, Mo., is one of the most important
cattle markets in the West. The receipts in 1880 were 244,709 ; the shipments, 244,281
head of cattle.

C. F. Morse, manager of the yards, stated that the cattle had been freer from dis-
ease this year than for any season since the yards had been in operation, which was
ten years. There had not been a sick steer in the yards this season. The only dis-
ease that had ever aftected the cattle here was Texas fever, and even that did not
now prevail to such an extent as it did formerly.

The only calf trade that had been carried on here was done last winter by a few

dealers as a sort of experiment. They brought a few car-loads from Ohio and put
them upon the market.

Mr. Morse thought the experiment was not likely to be repeated, as those who feed
cattle prefer young cattle from Kansas and Colorado, as they are better bred, are
higher grades, and take on fat more readily. Dairy cows and their calves are not
oftered for sale here, as farmers find it more profitable to fatten their cows and sell
them for beef.

The cattle handled here are fat cattle and ‘‘stockers,” though a good many thorough-
breds pass through the yards on their way to the western stock ranges.

There are no commons around these yards, but cows, belonging to people in the city
who keep only one cow and turn it out into the streets to get its own living, often
wander into the alleys between the cattle pens in search of hay or ears of corn which
the cattle did not eat. None of these cows were disease, though they could become
infected if any of the cattle in the pens were infected. All the cattle in the yards
were healthy.

I next visited Plankiuton & Armour’s packing-house. They were killing between
three and four hundred cattle per day, as this was the height of the packing season ;
and after the season was over, they kill from 25 to 30 cattle per day to supply their
retail meat market.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 101

The superintendent said that whenever a diseased bullock was found, that it was
“tanked,” and not sold for food. He had not found it necessary to “tank” more than
half a dozen steers since the house was built in 1870. The cattle were very healthy,
and were not diseased.

I examined the lungs of a number of cattle, and also found them sound.

The only feeding stable is at the distillery of E. L. Martin & Co, Some new sheds
had been put up this fall, that would hold 1,632 head.

I visited the stable November 16, wheu there were 1,617 steers tied up, the first ones
being put in October 19. There were none that showed any symptoms of lung
plague. There were two or three that had been badly scalded by the hot slop run-
ning over on to them; with that exception none of them were sick. The stable is
built near the Missouri River on posts 4 feet high, consequently the drainage was all
that could be wished. Each steer has a space 3 feet wide, 8 feet high behind, and 16
feet in front, and 6 feet long. Between the feeding troughs of two rows is an alley 3
feet wide witha door at each end and a ventilator above, 2 feet high along the whole
length of the building. There are twenty-four windows 2 feet high and 24 feet long
in each end, and 34 along the side, of the same size, which adinit air,

J. E. Fred has a dairy of 125 cows, which he feeds upon slop brought through a
long tube from the same distillery. He states that he has lost but four cows, which
died of milk fever. He has some cows that he has kept for five years. He buys only
the best cows that he can find, and likes to buy the best cows of dairymen who are
selling out, which would show that there was no danger of bringing disease in from
other daities. He ties them up only for milking, and allows them to feed in the pas-
ture the remainder of the time. The cows were free from lung plague.

Charles Maukameyer, East Eighteenth street, has 15 cows, which were healthy.
In six years he states that but two cows have died.

E, A. Axtel, East Eighteenth street, has 13 cows that were healthy and states that
none have died.

Thomas M. Turner has 45 cows that wete healthy and none have died.

Atthe Rock Spring dairy were 60 cows that were healthy. It was stated that two
had died this season. :

H. N. Smith, Woodland avenue, had 45 cows that were healthy, and states that
none have died.

John Lynn, near Old Fair Grounds, had 24 cows that were healthy, and states that
one only had died this summer.

These dairymen have very good stables, well drained and ventilated. They have
fenced pasture lots and keep their cows from year to year. Whenever new ones are
bought they are bought of farmers. The feed, in addition to hay and grass, is wheat
bran and corn meal. No lung plague has ever been known among the cattle in Kan-
sas City, though this is a market where large numbers are handled.

HAMILTON, MO.

I had been informed that eastern dairy calves had been shipped from New York
city into Hamilton, Caldwell County, Missouri, and it was thought best to ascertain
if any with lung plague had been introduced.

On arriving in Hamilton I was informed by Judge Austin, who deals in cattle, that
there had been eastern calves brought into this section, and that many of them had
died, but from improper treatment and want of care, and not from disease. The only
disease that troubled stockowners here, he stated, was Texas fever, and even that was
easily controlled. '

Jacob W. Esteh said he was engaged in shipping eastern calves, and last season
shipped 700, which he bought in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, and not in
New York city. These calves he sold to farmers in the vicinity, and about 50 of them
died. This season he had bought 170 in nearly the same locality. He was fourteen
days on the road, being delayed a week in one place by a wrecked train, and was un-
able to get sufficient food for the calves. Upon arriving in Hamilton, in a cold storm
of sleet and rain, the half-starved calves were turned into a field without shelter and
without food. About 25 of them had died, perhaps more; he had not kept account of
the exact number. I examined 20 of the poorest of them, the others had been sent
to a neighboring farm. They were very poor, shivering with the cold, and covered
with snow; icicles were hanging from their hair, as they were unprotected from the
cold storm. Theyate eagerly of some food that was brought them, as the ground was
covered with snow and they conld obtain no grass. Some could scarcely stand up,
they were so weak and exhausted. The lungs were not hepatized and there were no.
abnormal sounds in respiration. The temperatures of two was 100°.4 Fah., and 100°.6
Fah, A native cow in the same field with these calves showed no sign of disease.
The change of climate from warm stables to cold prairie storms, without shelter and
102 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE,

very little food, was sufficient t6 cause the high mortality among them. No disease is
known where these calves came from.

The only other person engaged in shipping eastern calves was C. J. Puffer. Last
. season he obtained his calves in Chantauqua County, New York. This season he
bought 111 in the vicinity of Garretsville, Ohio. He had used great care in selecting
only strony, vigorous calves, and in shipping them had unloaded, fed, and rested them
at six different places between here and Ohio. He sold them all to a farmer in Came-
ron, Mo., September 8, and none had died since thattime. The difference was no doubt
due to better animals having been selected in the first place, and then greater care
having been given to them upon arriving at the farm.

COUNCIL BLUFFs.

The next place visited was Council Blufis, Iowa. The superintendent of the stock
yards, J. F. Boyd, stated that there had not been more than three sick cattle in the
yards this season. Since July 1, 152,000 head had passed through these yards to Chi-
cago. They were not troubled with Texas fever, as cattle did not come direct from
the plains of Texas here, but had been fed in some of the States west of Iowa for a
season before being put on the market, and in that case they did not communicate the
fever to native cattle, The only disease he had heard of in the vicinity was anthrax,
of which a number of cows that were grazing upon ‘‘the bottoms” had died in the
spring. Owing to the heavy rains, the river had overflowed its banks, and corn and
other vegetable matter floating upon the water had been left upon the land when the
water subsided. A veryrank vegetation sprang up, and cows eating of this rank grass
and the partially decayed kernels of corn became affected with anthrax and died very
rapidly. Assoon as the cause was known, the people in the city kepttheir cows away
from ‘‘ the bottoms” and no more of them died.

Dr. Foote, veterinary surgeon, had been employed by the Western Stock Associa-
tion of Cheyenne, Wyo., and stationed at the yards to examine all cattle going to
their stock ranges in Wyoming and Colorado. Mr. Boyd said that he believed none
of the cattle had been found diseased, nor turned back as suspicious. Dr. Foote was
not engaged at that now, as cattle were coming away from the ranges to the market.
No eastern dairy calves came here, and but very few dairy cows. There were then in
the yards 10 car-loads of fat steers from Oregon on their way to Chicago. They were
perfectly healthy and free from disease.

The only feeding sheds in the vicinity were at Omaha, directly across the river, at
P. E. Iler & Co.’s distillery. I visited these sheds November 19 and was informed
that cattle had been fed here every season for the last ten or twelve years. Last
season 1,800 head were fed, and there were then in the sheds 1,565 head, the first ones
having been putin September 18. It was stated that last year during the season about
30 had died, this year so far13. They had been shipped long distances in the cars, and
some had received bruises from which they died. They were wild, never having been
tied up, and became entangled in their chains and were choked. They were said to be
Montana cattle which had been grazed one season in Colorado and Nebraska and then
sent to these stables. No contagious disease has ever appeared among thein, neither
were there any animals suffering from lung plague at the time of my visit. They are
fed here upon slop and hay, as at other distilleries, for six or eight mouths, and when
fat are sent to eastern markets. The space allowed each animal is 3 feet wide, 7 feet
long, and 6 feet high behind, 22 fvet high in front. A manure alley 5 feet wide, and
a feeding alley 4 feet wide, run between the rows of cattle. Air for ventilation enters
by an opening 10 inches wide along the whole length of the shed and passes out through
an opening 2 feet wide in the peak of the roof for the entire length of the shed.
Swinging doors are placed over these openings, so that they may be opened or closed
as becomes necessary. All manure and urine pass by well-constructed drains into the
river.

About one half a mile from this distillery I examined a dairy of 54 cows, belonging
to Henry Henningsen. The cows were allowed to run at large most of the time and
mingle with other cattle. The stable was of rude construction yet well drained and
clean. The cows were perfectly healthy, and it was stated that none had died.

The cow-stables in Council Bluffs examined were the following: George H. Hop-
kins, Twelfth street, 150 head, of which 75 were giving milk, the others were year-
lings and dry cows; Peter Leonard, 24 cows; John Oberholtzer, 62 cows; George
Scherrer, North Ninth street, 32 head, of which 20 gave milk; Thomas Harl, near
Driving Park, 100 head, 62 giving milk. None of these animals had ling plague,
and their owners stated they never had the disease in their herds. The feed given
was brewers’ grains, wheat, bran, aud corn. The stables were rudely built and af-
forded little protection from the weathcr. The cows are kept from year to year;
fresh ones, when required, are bought of neighboring farmers.

Charles Rockwitz, South Thirteenth street, carries on the rendering works, and
stated that last spring, when anthrax was prevalent among the cows, he got about

{
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. . 103

50. The deaths were among the cows of people who kept two or three, and let them
tun at large and get their own living. The dairymen kept their stock in fenced
pastures, and they did not lose any. e got about 200 cattle from the stockyards
during a year, but that they died from getting down in the cars and trampled upom
by the other cattle, or from accidents or injuries received in shipping.

GENESEO, ILL.

At Geneseo, IIL, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, are extensive
feeding-yards for stock shipped by this railroad. In 1879 there were fed here 77,398
head of cattle; 1880, 92,182, and in ten months of 1881, 105,681. Most of the cattle
arrive here in the morning, are unloaded from the cars, are fed and watered, and
remain in the pens until night, when they are again put into the cars and started off
for Chicago, where they arrive next morning.

Col. J. Galligan, manager ef the yards, stated that they never have any sick
cattle here. Texas cattle do not come by this route, so that there is no Texas fever.
Farmers and feeders living within six or eight miles unload their stockers at these
yards, and then drive them out upon their farms. They donot contract any disease by so
doing. Owing to the scarcity of feed this year, but few stockers have passed through.
The scarcity of feed has also prevented as many eastern dairy calves from passing
through as last year. One hundred car-loads passed through on their way west last
year; this year not half that number. The calves were brought from Michigan,
Ohio, and New York, from districts that are not infected with lung plague. There
were no such cattle in the yards at the time I visited them. '

Walter Young has had from 15 to 18 head grazing in a pasture adjoining the yards
all summer. Only a board fence separated them from the cattle in the pens. Mr.
Young stated that none of his herd had been sick or had died during the summer. I
examined six of the herd, the others belonged to persons living in town and were
sent out to pasture, and found them perfectly heaithy.

GALESBURG, ILL.

At Galesburg, Ill., on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad are also ex-
tensive feeding yards for stock ; W. Seacord, superintendent. In 1880, there were fed
here 127,184 head of cattle, and it was stated that this year the number would be con-
siderably larger. The cattle remain from five to twenty-four hours. The yards were
built in 1870, and there had never been any trouble from sick cattle since that time.
The calves that come through here from east come from Indiana, Ohio, and New
York. Texas cattle do not come here directly, but after they have been fed a season
or two in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa, or other Western States. About 100 head of
“stockers” had been unloaded here this season going to farms within six or eight
miles. A good many cows come here from Jowa on their way to Elgin, Ill., where cows
are kept that supply a large part of the milk for Chicago.

In a field adjoining the yards there had been a number of cows pastured belonging
to the superintendent and other persons in town, and cold or stormy nights they had
been put into the sheds of the cattle pens for protection. Never had any of them
been sick or in the least affected with disease. Stray cows would also come into the
yards and wander around the alleys and pens without becoming infected.

Geo. W. Foote, M. D., president of the board of health, said cattle in this section
had been invariably healthy. For the last forty years he had been more or less in-
terested in cattle and he could say with perfect certainty that there had been no
disease among them.

Wm. Clay said he fed about 125 head of cattle and had no disease among them,
neither had he heard of any in this section.

. PEORIA, ILL.

The next place I visited was Peoria, Ill., November 26th. At the distillery of Wool-
ner Bros. Distilling Company, E. Meyers & Co., of Chicago, are feeding cattle. The
present number is 1,300, of which 100 are bulls and the remainder native steers or
steers from Iowa, Indiana, Wisconsin, or Minnesota, The first had been put in about
six weeks before. The annual loss was stated to be about 1 per cent. The causes of
death being from eating too much (tympanitis), from being choked by the chains,
from slipping and breaking a leg, or from Texas fever. I examined the lungs of two
that had died recently and fonnd them healthy, as were the cattle in the sheds. The
sheds are built in the ordinary manner, with the exception of two which are built in
two stories with cattle in the basement. These basements are but 6 feet high, which
would allow for each only 220.5 cubic feet space. They are dark, light only entering
at each end of the feeding alley and by a few windows on one side next to the river.
“104 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

There is no provision for the warm air to escape, the floor overhead being water-tight,
and the air was charged with ammonia from the decomposing manure and damp
from the steam of the hot slop. It was stated however that the cattle fatten quicker
in this basement, and an additional one had been built this fall. The drainage of
this as well as of all the sheds here is into the river. The feed in all these stables is
slop three or four times per day and hay once, but insome twice per day. Salt is also
given once a day in order that the cattle may drink as much slop as possible. No
water is given and no bedding is placed in the stalls for them to lie upon.

At C. 8. Clark & Co.’s distillery, C. C. Clark is feeding cattle. The present num-
ber is 960, which were begun to be put in September 24th, and in a month’s time
were all tied up. The stables are wooden sheds and allow for each animal 886.75
cubic feet space. The stock were bought in Iowa, with the exception of a few car-
loads from Chicago.

Mr. Clark stated that 9 had died this season, 2 from Texas fever and the others
from being crippled. He had been on the lookout for lung plague, but had never
found any among his cattle. Hetook considerable pains to examine the lungs of cat-
tle that died, but never found them abnormal in appearance. Some steers are affected
with a wheeze in breathing, but he has found that due to a lump in the throat (pro-
bably enlarged thyroid). The only disease he was afraid of was Texas fever, and the
chance of getting that among his cattle he avoided by purchasing in Iowa and North-
ern States.

Mr. Clark called my attention especially to one steer that had what he called “thick
wind,” and the circumstances of purchase made him suspicions. The temperature
of the steer was 101.3° Fah., and the lungs perfectly resonant and healthy. I con-
sidered him free from lung plague as well as all the others upon the premises. In a
yard, turned loose, were 15 or 20 with sores or bruises upon them that are not tied up
until they recover.

At Zell, Rehwabecker & Co.’s, J. M. Greenbaum & Co., of Chicago, are the owners
of the cattle. The present number is 2,200 head, part of which were western steers
from Colorado, Nebraska, Montana, or Oregon, and the others native steers. One
large brick stable would hold 1,150 head, and was well lighted and ventilated. The
roof was 14 feet above the floor at the lowest place and 25 at the highest, which would
give on an average 672.75 cubic feet space to each. The other cattle were in wooden
sheds of the ordinary pattern. The cattle were perfectly healthy, and the annual loss
was stated to be 1 per cent. In a yard, loose, were about a dozen cripples.

At the Great Western Distillery, Nelson Morris of Chicago isthe owner of the cattle,
J. F. Greenhut, agent. One large brick stable built this year and not entirely finished
holds 2,700 head. It is built in a series of tiers rising from 10 to 28 feet, giving for
the average 714.875 cubic feet space. Instead of being tied with chains, as was the
practice in all the other stables I had betore visited, the cattle were confined in pens
34 feet wide and 7 feet long, with a bar across the rear end to prevent them from
backing out. A stream of water flows constantly through « sewer in the center of
the building, and carries away the manure and urine into the river. The lighting
and ventilation was all that could be desired. One-third of these cattle came direct
from Council Blufts, and the others from Chicago. They were put in between Octo-
ber 18 and Notember 17; three had died since that time.

Mr. Greenhut also stated that there had been less disease this year than for any
year since he had been feeding. Sometimes 2 per cent. die of Texas fever, which is
the only contagious disease he has seen among the cattle. He never had any lung
plague in the stables. The usual loss he stated to be 1 per cent. I examined the
cattle and found not one suffering with lung plague.

At Spurk and Francis’ distillery, Nelson Morris, of Chicago, is owner of the cattle.
The present number is 1,600 head, put in about September 1. The sheds were the
ordinary wooden ones. The cattle were free from lung plague.

At J. W. Johnson’s distillery, Biggins and Vincent are the owners of the cattle.
The present number is 1,245 head that were put in about September 1. It was stated
that three had died since that time. The sheds were the ordinary ones. Three
cripples were in the yard, but were free from lung plague, as were the other cattle.

At the Monarch distillery, Nelson Morris is the owner of the cattle. The present
number is 3,596 head, of which the majority was put in about September 1, though
some had been in allsummer. The sheds were built of wood, but sufficiently lighted
and ventilated. The cattle were confined in pens and not tied. The annual loss
was stated to be about 30 head. No eases of lung plague among them.

AtG. T. Barker & Co.’s, Wilson & Co., of Peoria, are the owners of the cattle.
The present number is 1,503 head, of which 100 were loose in a yard, and the others
were tied up in the ordinary wooden sheds. The cattle were shipped direct from
Northern Iowa, and it was stated that but one had died since coming here. They
were healthy and free from lung plague.

At Bush & Brown’s distillery, Sadler & Wilson are feeding cattle. The present
number is 820 head, which were putin at different times since the middle of July.
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.’ 105

It was stated that three had died in that time. The sheds were the ordinary wooden
ones. There were none atiected with lung plague.

I visited the rendering works of Axman & Co., who get the dead cattle from the
distillery sheds. The number per year obtained was given at from 200 to 300. I
examined the lungs of several that had been recently obtained, and they showed no
lesions of lung plague.

INDIANAPOLIS.

Indianapolis, Ind., was the next place visited. Dr. Jefferies, secretary of the board
of health, said that so fur as his observations extended the cattle here were very
healthy. Feed was abundant, so that the dairymen were not obliged to keep their
cows tied up in close stables and feed them fermenting food, like brewers’ grains and
slop, except for a short time during the winter. The dairies were in the suburbs,
where abundant pasturage could be obtained.

Capt. A. D. Harvey has been engaged in gathering statistics for the Bureau at
Washington upon the diseases in neat stock for this township. He stated that the
ouly affection he had learned of among cattle was ‘sore eyes,” where one-third of
the animals attacked became blind. He had never heard of any other disease among
the cattle in the State.

E. H. Pritchard, V. 8., has been practicing iu this city nine years and has not had
a single case of lung plague. He has had extensive practice in herds of imported
cattle in this State and in Eastern Iinois. Complaints connected with calving, and
parturient apoplexy, are the chicf causes of death among cattle.

Jobn H. Navin, veterinary surgeon, said that in fourteen years’ practice here he
had not seen a single case of lung plague. In 1868 there was an outbreak of Texas
fever among some of the dairy cows. Other veterinary surgeons also said there was
no lung plague among the cattle here. The Union Stock Yard Company have 105
acres devoted to their purposes of which 16 acres are shedded over. The receipts of
cattle for 1880 were 132,655 head, the shipments 110,599 head.

Col. M. A. Downing, superintendent, said there had never been a disease of
any description among the cattle at these yards. Texas cattle come here, but not
direct from the plains. The great bulk of the trade is in cattle shipped froin the West
to the East, and that the trade in the opposite direction consisted principally in
“blooded stock” from Kentucky and Ohio, not extending further east than the latter
State. Even from Ohio there had not been a dozen car-loads of stock since the yards
were built. The yard-master as well as several commission merchants were unani-
mous in declaring that no contagious disease was known among the cattle here.

M. H. Wright renders the dead animals of the yards. He stated there had been no
disease among the cattle. The dead cattle averaged two or three per month. Refer-
ence to his accounts showed in September three, August four, October none, and in
November three.

Adjoining the yards were fields in which 18 cattle were grazing. They were healthy,
and I was assured by the owners that none had been sick or in any way affected.
They were on stormy nights put into the pens for cattle. All about upon the unoc-
cupied lots were stray cows feeding unmolested wherever they chose, often straying
into the alleys of the cattle pens in search of ears of corn or other food. A cow had
even intruded into a park in the very center of the city, and was feeding upon the
grass on the lawns. :

A. H. Barker’s Sons distillery, Mount Jackson, is the only place where cattle are
fed. The present number is 350 head, of which 260 are tied up in a stable, and the
remainder are loose ina yard. The cattle were bought, part of them in the stock-
yards, and part of them in the country. They were put iu about September 1, and
twelve had died since that time. It was stated that no contagious disease ever ex-
isted among the cattle, nor wasthere any when I examined them. The drainage and
ventilation was very good. The stable was built of boards, and gave 420.8 cubic
feet space to each steer. Slop is fed three times a day, and wheat-straw once.

Birk & Miller, who render the dead animals of the city, said that the number of
cows average per year about 50, and that milk fever was the principal cause of death
among them.

The following city dairies I examined, and did not in a single instance find any cat-
tle with lung plague:

J. W. Bruce, College avenue, has 30 head, including 20 cows. He states he has not
lost any for three years. He raises his own cows by keeping the heifer calves of his
best cows; keeps them ina pasture, except during the time they are milked. Partof
the summer they were turned upon the commons near by where were cows from vari-
ous parts of the city. No disease was contracted. In addition to hay and grass, he
gives cut corn-fodder, cabbage, and refuse from corn-starch factory, mixed together,
and steamed until soft. ;

J. L. Kenyon, Central avenue, has 46 cows. His practice is to buy fresh cows at
. stock-yards, keep thein until fat, and sell to the butcher, They are kept in a fenced
106 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

pasture away from wll other stock, and are put in the stable only to be milked, and in
stormy weather. He feeds malt, corn-starch feed, bran, and cut corn-fodder.

North of the city, two miles from those just mentioned, I examined the following:

Andrew Caldwell, Brookside avenue, has 17 cows that were in a fenced pasture near
the stable. They are allowed to run upon the commous, across the street, part of the
time. In four years three cows had died, but milk fever was given as the cause of
death. Fresh cows are bought of farmers in the country, and kept from year to year.

David D. Mills, Keystone avenue, has 25 cows that were roaming about upon the
cominons, but he assured me he never had any trouble with disease among them.

B. F. Hill had 11 cows upon the same commons, and had no disease among them.

Lewis Page, Pendleton pike, has 20 cows that were in the stable when I saw them,
but run upon the commons that surronnd the place, most of the time. The stable was
dirty, poorly built, with no drainage, the manure thrown out at one end and remained
there. Cows are bought of cow-dealers, and kept until fat.

Fletcher dairy, Brightwood, near toll-gate, has 70 head, including 30 milch cows.
They were in w fenced pasture, away froin other stock. They are kept from year to
year, and fresh stock is raised. The feed, in addition to hay and grass, is malt, corn-
starch feed, and bran.

John F. Caudell, Brightwood, 33 cows, that were out upon the commons.

J. W. Crank, Brightwood, 51 cows, that were also upon the commons. No disease
is ever contracted by thus allowing their cows to mingle with those of various own-
ers from the neighboring localities. The feed and general management was similar
to those before mentioned.

Samuel Sheils, Brightwood, has 16 cows upon a farm dairy a mile away from any
of the others; has been in the dairy business ten years in different places around the
city and in some large dairies, but says he has never known of a contagious disease
among the cows.

East of the city I examined the following dairies :

Henry Wagner, Shelbyville pike, has 34 head, 21 of them milch cows. They are
allowed to run on the common most of the summer. Fresh cows are bought of deal-
ers, and fat ones sold to butchers. Feed is malt, corn-starch feed, and bran.

Wm. Melloh, Shelbyville pike, 31 head, 26 milch cows. I examined them in an in-
closed pasture ; yet commons surround the place, and the cows are sometimes herded
upon them. Fresh stock is bought in the country and at stock-yards.

About one mile away were a herd of 52 thoroughbred Jerseys, belonging to Watson

J. Hassleman. Some were imported directly from the Jersey Isles, and others were
raised upon the place. Their milk is sold in the city, and commands a high price.
Wheat-bran is fed in addition to hay and grass. None have died. They are kept in
a fenced pasture in summer, away from other stock. On the same farm were 22 cows
belonging to Win. Mead.

Wm. L. Pyle has50 cows. He has pasturage for them, and feeds besides malt, bran,
and corn-starch feed; he buys fresh cows wherever he can find good ones, milks them
as lone as they give milk, and then fattens and sells to butcher. None have died. I
examined the lungs of cattle killed at Kingan & Co.’s, John H. Crosby’s, and at other
slaughter-houses. They were all healthy.

CINCINNATI.

The last city I visited was Cincinnati, Ohio, December 7. The stock-yards are
known as the United Railroad stock-yards. The receipts in 1830 were 188,525 head
of cattle ; shipments, 84,189. There is stationed here by the board of health a live-
stock inspector, whose especial business it is to look after diseased animals and pre-
vent them from being used as food. He stated that there was no contagious disease
like lung plague among the cattle. The amount of Texas fever was very small, as
the few Texas cattle that came here in the suinmer time were put in separate pens,
away from the other cattle. There were crippled and bruised cattle that he con-
demned, and were sent to the rendering works. J inspected with him upon several
days the cattle offered for sale. There were no sick ones among them. All grades of
cattle are put upon the market, from fat cattle that would do credit to any fat-stock
show, to very lean and old cows used by sausage-makers. Fresh cows and their
calves, “stockers” and ‘“ feeders” are for sale also. Commission merchants and cat-
tle-dealers all stated that there was no lung plague in the cattle here.

The feeding-stables, in connection with the Mill Creek Distilling Company, known
as ‘ Gaft’s distillery,” have a capacity for feeding 2,400 cattle. From this number fed
last year L. Sadler, of the firm of J. H. Sadler & Co., who own the cattle, stated that
only six died during the entire season. The only trouble they have had from disease
was two years ago 15 or 20 died of Texas fever. Now they waited until after there
had been a good frost before filling up,and avoided the fever. The largest stable
is 300 feet long, 131 feet wide, and averages 12 feet high. It will hold 1,000 head,
giving 471.60 cubic feet space to each. The ventilation is by a ventilator, 12 feet wide
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. ; 107

t

and 4 feet high, along the whole length of the building. There were 600 cattle in this
stable, which had been put in at various times since November 1. It was intended to
fill up the stable as soon as the cattle could be obtained. They were all healthy.
Among the other stables was one built in 1858, which had been used ever since to feed
cattle in. It contained 270 steers put in the last of September. The other stables were
built upon the same general plan as those before mentioned. All the cattle were
healthy. It was stated that but three or four had died this season.

At White Mills distillery Mr. Duckworth is feeding about 700 cattle. The practice
here is to feed two lots a year, one lot put in the stables in August or September, and
sold in January; and another lot put in in October and November, and sold in May
and June. Cattle have been fed in this way for eight or nine years, and with no
losses from disease. The cattle were bought at the stock-yards. Three had died.
The sheds were built in the ordinary way, and allowed for each 318.75 cubic feet
space. In one end were 30 cows belonging to a milkman, fed in the same manner as
the steers. All were healthy.

At G. H. Rabe’s distillery Abraham First is the owner of the cattle. There are at
present 335 cattle that have been in about two months. The general arrangements
for feeding, ventilating, &c., were about the same as at other places. In an adjoin-
ing shed H. Beler had 48 cows that were kept for milk and 30 bulls that were being
fattened. The shed was built like the others, except that seven feet from the floor it
was boarded over and hay was stored above the cattle. This allowed for no escape
of foul air through the ventilators in the roof, and gave 294 cubic feet space each.
The fat ones are sold to the butcher in the spring, and fresh cows are bought of
dealers to fill their places. In the summer they are turned out to pasture during the
day. No lung plague among the cattle.

At Maddox, Hobart & Co.’s distillery, Guest street, were 482 cattle. Some of these
were bulls that had been fed during the summer. They were very fat, and were being
sold for beef. In this way about six hundred cattle are fed during the year.
Most of the steers were put in about September 1. In the summer the bulls are given
double stalls 6 feet wide; but as the weather becomes cooler steers are bought and
put into the stalls with the bulls, giving each a space three feet wide. If any disease
were developed during the summer by the cattle tied up during the hot weather it
would be contracted by the steers put alongside of them. No trouble of this kind is
experienced by those engaged in feeding cattle in this way. The annual loss was
stated to be 1 per cent. The sheds were about like the average.

At Walsh, Kellogg & Co.’s distillery were 1,082 cattle, with 696 in one stable and
386 in another. The great part had been put in since October 1. Forty bulls and
64 steers were fed during the summer, put in in May. None had died. Most of the
sheds are so arranged that hogs can be fed in them when not occupied with cattle.
These stables are built upon a trestle about 30 feet high. The manure and urine are
carried away by a stream at one end of the stables. ‘The cattle were healthy.

At Fleichman’s distillery, Riverside, were 600 cattle. Most of them were pnt in
about October 1, though 17 steers were put in August 23, and others at varions
times since then. They were bought at stock-yards, with the exception of 2 car-
loads that came direct from Saint Louis. The ventilation of the stables wus very
good, but they were not sufficiently lighted. There is fed upon slop at this distillery
cows belonging to the following owners: Geo. Fennen, 66 cows; H. Fallon, 40; W.
Patterson, 26; H. Thomas, 27; H. Olding, 49; J. L. Patterson, 29. The cows are
kept in long narrow stables. The stalls—6 feet wide, and containing two animals
tied with chains around the neck, and eighteen inches long—are arranged on each
side of a passaye-way 3 feet wide. Feeding-troughs containing the slop run along
each side of the passage-way, and are 1 toot wide and 10 inches high. The cows
stand upon a plank fleor 6 feet high. At the end of the floor is a manure-gutter 1
foot wide and 6 inches deep; behind this an alley 5 feet wide. Light is admitted by
glass windows, 2 by 3 feet, behind every other double stall. Hay is kept over the
cattle, so that there is no way for the heated vir to pass ont, especially when the
windows and doors are shut in cold weather. In some stables, however, tubes 1 foot
square pass up through the hay-loft and through the peak of the roof every 10 feet.
The stables vary from 6 to 9} feet high. Fresh cows are bought of dealers usually
in the spring, are milked about 9 months, and fattened and sold for beef. ye,

From the milk inspector’s report for 1880 it appears that there are 284 dairies in
operation, containing 9,462 cows. With the exception of 17, slop and brewers’ grains
is fed to a greater or less extent with other food. 2 a

Dr. Denneman, milk inspector, said he made inspections of all the dairies several
times a year, but found no disease among the cows kept in them. In company with
Dr. D. I examined the following, situated about four miles from the city: Thomas
French’s Sons, Oakley, who have the largest dairy around the city, have 320 cows.
They stated tha they had carried on this business twelve years and had seen nothing
like lung plague among their cows. In the summer cows often die very suddenly of
anthrax, but this season none had died of the entire herd. They avoid buying cows
108 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

in the stock-yards during the summer, but at other seasons of the year they buy them
there and also of drovers, or else go into some of the farming towns in Kentucky or
Ohio and select what cows they wish to buy. There were no sick ones at the time of
my visit. The stable ig long and narrow, with the cows along each side of a central
alley 4 feet wide, in which passes a car containing the feed. Cows are tied with
chains 20 inches long, in stalls 3 feet wide, with partitions on each side, 6 feet long ;
feeding trough 1 foot wide, 10 inches deep; manure gutter 1 foot wide, 8 inches deep,
and a passage-way 4 feet wide behind that. Ten feet above the floor itis boarded
over and hay stored. Light is admitted hy glass windows every other 4 feet along
the side. Feed is malt, bran, corn-stareh feed, and clover hay. Pasturage is furnished
in the summer. Everything was neat and clean about the premises. Pure water for
the cows is obtained from an artesian well.

H. Stagge, Oakley, has 74 cows, and states that none have died this season. The
stable is constructed similar to the foregoing, except there are double stalls, 6 feet
wide, in place of single ones, and they are eight fect high. Fresh cows are bought of
dealers, milked as long as they will give milk, and then fattened and sold to the
butcher.

Louis Graber, Norwood, 54 cows; Henry Weghorst, Norwood, 50 cows; A. Chap-
man, 69 cows.

With Dr. Denman I also cxamined the following dairies in the vicinity of Guest
street, where the cows are fed largely upon slop, some of them the entire season and
others only during the winter.

Henry Evers, Guest street, 52 cows, in astable 90 feet long, 28 fect wide, and 7 feet
5 inches high. The cows have been in the stable since October. During the summer
they were upon a farm at pasture. There were three openings 1 foot long and 1 foot
wide, connected with wooden tubes that extend through the roof for ventilation.
Glass windows, 2 feet by 3 feet, every alternate 6 feet along the side, afforded light.
This like many other of the stables, is built with one end on a level with the street
and the other upon a very high trestle above Mill Creek, into which all urine and
manure is thrown.

George Jasper, Guest street, 30 cows, which were kept in the stable the year round.
No provision ig made for ventilation except by the doors or windows, and the cows
bie panting with the heat as in hot summer weather. Each animal has 294 cubic

eet space.

B. Martins, 42 cows with similar surroundings and panting ; H. Groneman, 14 cows;
H. Hesler, 34 cows; B. Overberger, 21 cows and 20 hogs; H. Kunkemoller, 26 cows;
B. Evers, 49 cows, that have been in from the country since October; H. Sanders, 44
cows, 54 steers; B. Hopper, 64 cows; H. Kruse, 54 cows; Nick Mey, 130 cows, that
were moved in from the country the 1st of October. The stable is 110 feet long, 68
feet wide, and 8 feethigh. It is lighted by glass windows in the roof, in addition to
those upon the sides. Everything is scrupulously neat and clean.

The following dairies had been condemned by the board of health as a nuisance,
and were to be removed in the spring. The drainage was into an open sewer that
frequently became stopped up with the offal, and by decomposing creates a bad smell,
as well as malarial diseases. The stables were dilapidated and rotting down. From
.the poor drainage, they were dirty and filthy. The cows were about in the same con-
dition as those in other stables: J. Fischer, 46 cows; Henry Thale, 35 cows; C.
Geiskin, 31 cows; A. Buttemeier, 32 cows; H. Weighans, 43 cows; J. Huber, 27 cows,
that came in from the country November 5; Henry Steiner, 20 cows.

In Barrsville I examined the following dairies: D. H. Kemme has 64 cows ina sta-
ble 108 feet long, 31 feet wide, and 7 feet high. There are five tubes one foot square
extending through the roof for ventilation. Pasturage near the stable is provided in
the summer. The feed is slop, brewers’ grains, and clover hay. He states that in six
years two cows only have died. He buys fresh cows of dealers.

A. Austerfeld, 62 cows; Geo. Heidel, 34 cows; M. Groneman, 36 cows; D. Michaeles,
64 cows; J. Hess, 35 cows. Of all these animals examined there was not a single
case of lung plague amony them, nor could any evidence be found that there had been
at any time previous. Many of these dairymen were familiar with lung plague, hav-
ing seen it in Europe, but had never been troubled with it since coming to this coun-

ry.

J. Meyers & Son, veterinary surgeons, stated that no cases had occurred in their
practice in this city.

Captain Schneider, superintendent of meat and live stock inspectors, stated that in his
inspections of the slaughter-houses and of the beef, no cases of the disease were ever
found. In company with him I visited a number of slaughter-houses and examined
the lungs of cattle killed.

H. & H. Loewenstein kill about 200 cattle per week. According to the Jewish
faith, which requires that the lungs should be examined very critically, they state
that they never find a diseased lung in the cattle killed. The cattle come principally
from the States of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. I examined the lungs of 80 cattle
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. . 109

slaughtered here; they were perfectly healthy, and showed no signs of disease. In
other slaughter-houses I examined about 150 Inngs; none of them were affected with
lung plague in the slightest degree,

I visited the sale stables of Fred. Brown, who buys and sells dairy cows to the num-
ber of about 3,000 per year. He acts as a commission merchant for many of the dairy-
men, selling them fresh cows and buying their fat ones. All the cows in the stable
were healthy, and he stated that there was no contagious disease in the dairies.

At the rendering works it was stated that the cattle obtained there both from the
stock-yards and stables in the city was between 30 and 40 per month.

CONCLUSION,

The difficulty of obtaining reliable information in regard to cattle diseases is very .
great, especially where the cattle are as healthy as thoseof the West. The condition
of the cattle themselves, whether sick or well, must then be the criterion. From this
standpoint, then, I can say with certainty that of all the animals examined not one
was affected with lung plague. The cattle in the markets are free from it, as are those
in the feeding yards, feeding stables, and dairies.

Respectfully submitted.
. A. M. FARRINGTON.

REPORT BY A. J. MURRAY, M. R. C. V. S., DETROIT, MICH., TO THE
UNITED STATES TREASURY CATTLE COMMISSION.

In accordance with the instructions received from the United States Cattle Com-
missioners at the time of receiving my appointment as inspector, I have examined,
between the dates of 2d September and 31st December, 1881—1st, the lungs of a large
number of cattle in the Detroit slaughter-houses; 2d, the cattle yards in Detroit,
Toledo, and Grosse Isle; 3d, a number of cows and cow stables belonging to dairymen
in and near Detroit; 4th, made what post-mortem examination was practicable of cows
dying in Detroit during the above period.

EXAMINATION OF LUNGS.

During the above period I have examined the lungs of 3,876 cattle at the slaughter-
houses of Messrs. William Wreford, Jefferson avenue; John Robison, Michigan ay-
enue; George Duff, Michigan avenue; Capells & Dutf, Twentieth street; McIntyre
& Robison, Twentieth street ; John Loosemore, Foundry street ; Reid, Michi-

an avenue ; William Voight, Saint Aubin street; John Rauss, Randolph street,
Of that number 2,082 cattle came from States lying to the west and southwest of
Michigan. In many instances I could not ascertain from what State the cattle whose
lungs I examined had come, but the greater number of them were raised in the States
of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa, and Texas; but other Western States
probably furnished a portion of the 2,082. Saint Louis is the point from which most
of the cattle brought from abroad to Detroit are shipped; a few are sent from Chicago.

Seventeen hundred and ninety -four of the cattle whose lungs were examined were
raised in the State of Michigan. A few whose lungs were examined, however, were
Indiana cattle, but I was unable to ascertain the exact number of cattle which had
been brought from that State. ; ;

In the lungs of the 2,082 which may be termed western cattle, disease was found in
nine individuals. . ) .

In seven cases the lungs of Texan cattle were found to be diseased. A section through
the center of the diseased part of the first lung showed the alteration produced by
intestinal pneumonia, but the diseased portion was not much over an inch in diameter,
and the nodule which the diseased part formed was about the size of a walnut.

In another lung a small space about the size already mentioned was the seat of hem-
orrhagic infraction. The exuded material seemed to be liquifying and absorption to
be taking place. . <

A somewhat similar area in another lung had undergone fibroid degeneration.

In the fourth lung an area of about an inch and a half in diameter was the seat of
fibrinous exudation. Six or seven small cavities about the size of a bean were exposed
in making a section of the nodule. These cavities were filled with pus.

In the fifth lung an area of similar size was in a state of cheesy degeneration. This
portion of lung was encysted, and calcareous degeneration was commencing in the
contents of the cyst. . ; ;

In each of these cases the seat of disease was the anterior portion of the lung, and
it seemed rather extraordinary that in each case the area of the disease should be so
ae sixth lung I found near the base an induration about the size of a moderate-
sized apple, which extended nearly from the internal to the external face of the lung.

 

cs
110 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE

We could see through the pleura on both surfaces of the nodule a black discoloration,
which was irregularly distributed over the surface of the nodule and in the lung tissue
adjoining it. The lung tissue in general and that adjoining the nodule were exam-
ined. The bronchial tubes were healthy up to the very margin of the nodule, but at
different points in the lung, and especially in the vicinity of the nodule, there were
small irregular areas of black discoloration surrounded by fibrous tissue, rendering the
portions of lung affected impervious. These appearances I attribute to hemorrhagic
infraction having taken place, which led to more or less alteration of the lung tissue.
On making a section of the nodule, it was found that the lung tissue had been mostly
removed by absorption, but that stretching from one side of the cavity to the other
were numerous bandsor septa. These bands had undergone calcareous degeneration,
as also had the walls of the cavity, which I found to contain two flukes ( Distoma he-
paticum). The largestof the two, when drawn out to its full size, was about two inches
long. There was a small quantity of a dirty brownish-looking liquid in the cavity, no
doubt mostly composed of the débris of the softened lung tissue. Adjoining this
cavity was a smallone, containing a small quantity of the same kind of fluid; but the
walls of this cavity were empty and it did not contain any parasites.

This case throws some lighton the previous ones, and also on the alterations in the
tissue of the lung now under consideration. The wanderings of these parasites are
the occasion of the various morbid alterations which have been found in the lungs.

In a seventh case examined shortly after the one above mentioned a similar cavity
was found in alung which also contained two flukes (Distonea hepaticum). This case
appeared to be more recent, as the bands stretching from one side of the cavity to the
other had only partially undergone calcareous degeneration, and were pink and soft
in some portions. The same remark applies to the walls of the cavity. This lung had
likewise some small encysted portions of tissue undergoing cheesy degeneration.

On the 22d of October I examined the left lung of a Western animal which showed
red hepatization extending from dorsal surface of lung downward and inward to a
depth of about three inches; the breadth and length of hepatized portion was about
three inches. Did not ascertain anything as to the history of the case or even the sex
of the animal. The weather was rather warm at the time of examination.

On the 7th December I found the right lung of a Western animal affected with
tuberculosis. The two anterior lobes were almost entirely tuberculous, there being
very little sound tissue remaining inthem. The lobes were nodulated and irregular,
and the tubercular deposit which was of a yellow color was undergoing liquefaction.
There was considerable thickness of fibrous tissue surrounding the lobules, which
formed white septa encircling the lobules.

Ihave given at some length the morbid alterations produced in the lungs of the Texas
cattle by the invasion of the Distonea hepaticum, as I think it possible that they might
be mistaken for the lesions remaining after an animal has recovered from contagious
pleuro-pneumonia, especially when lungs are examined which do not contain the Dis-
tonea hepaticum.

The case of red hepatization presented less resemblance to the lesion of contagious
pleuro-pneumonia than did some of the alterations in the lungs of the Texas cattle.
In the case of red hepatization the color was uniform, and there was no interlobular
effusion.

The lungs of the 1,794 cattle which were raised in the State of Michigan were free
from disease of any kind.

.

2. EXAMINATION OF STOCK-YARDS.
TOLEDO.

In September I went to Toledo and visited the stock-yards at East. Toledo, which I
examined, as well as the cattle which were in them at the time. I was informed by
Mr. A. E. Forster that the cattle-yards cover 35 acres; that no cattle are sold at the
stock-yards ; they are merely unloaded to be fed and watered, and are then reshipped
to continue their journey eastward. Mr. Forster had been employed at the cattle-
yards for eight years, and never knew of contagious disease occurring among cattle
in the yards or extending from the yards to cattle outside of it.

I called on several veterinary practitioners, some of whom had practiced in Toledo
for a number of years; but none of them had ever seen or heard of any cases of con-
tagious disease occurring among cattle in Toledo or its vicinity. I also visited the
pound, where stray cattle are frequently brought, and made inquiries as to the occur-
rence of contagious disease among cattle; but Mr. Hiftlein, who has charge of it,
answered my inquiries in the negative. I made inquiries of several other citizens of
Toledo, with a similar result.

GROSSE ISLE.

On the 20th October, visited the stock-yards at Grosse Isle, and made an examina-
tion of them, These stock-yards are surrounded by a high closefence. Mr. A. Will-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 111

iamson, the superintendent, stated that they contained ten acres. Cattle traveling
from the West to the East are merely unloaded to be fed and watered, and are then
reshipped, There were no cattle iu the yard at the time of my visit. Mr. William-
son had never known of vases of contagious discase occurring there. Cattle occasion-
ally suffer from injuries received during their journey, as happened in the case of a
heifer which died on the morning of my visit to the yards; she had fallen down and
had been trampled on by the other cattle in the car.

DETROIT.

On the 20th of September examined King’s cattle-yards, on Grand River street, De-
troit, and also the cattle in the yards at the time of my visit. It is chiefly Michi-
an cattle which are offered for sale at King’s cattle-yards, though cattle from the
estern States are also frequently brought there. Dairymen and others residing in
Detroit occasionally buy cows at those yards. During the year 1881, 19,138 cattle
passed through King’s cattle-yards.

No contagious disease has been contracted by cattle brought to those yards with
the exception of the Texas cattle disease. Some two years ago a lot of 22 Michigan
cattle were bought by a farmer at these yards; while they were at the yard they oceu-
pied a pen which previously had been occupied by Texas cattle. After they were
driven by the purchaser from the yards to his farm they showed symptoms of Texas
fever, and all died from it. This is the only contagious disease which has been con-
tracted by cattle brought to these yards.

On the 15th of October, 1881, visited and examined the Detroit stock-yards on
Twentieth street. They cover ten acres, and are surrounded by a close board fence.
Both Western and Michigan cattle are brought for sale to these yards, and they are
also used for watering and feeding cattle, which are unloaded for this purpose in
passing through Detroit on their journey eastward.

Detroit butchers also buy cattle for slaughtering in these yards, and milch cows
are also brought for sale to these yards.

The Texas cattle disease has been transmitted to Michigan cattle by their occupy-
ing pens which had been previously occupied by Texas cattle. An instance occurred
some years ago in which eight Michigan steers were driven from the yards to Dear-
born, a village ten miles from Detroit ; they all died shortly afterwards of the Texas
cattle fever. Texas cattle are still brought to the yards, but they are not put into the
same yards as other cattle, and in consequence of greater care being exercised no
deaths have occurred during the last two years. This is the only contagious disease
which has been contracted in or spread from the cattle-yards on Twentieth street.

Seventy-five thousand five hundred cattle passed through the Detroit stock-yards
in 1881; of these, 18,000, were Western cattle, and were chiefly shipped from Saint
Louis. Very few are shipped from Chicago.

3, EXAMINATION OF COWS AND COW-STABLES BELONGING TO DAIRYMEN.

On the 13th of September, 1881, examined 17 cows belonging to Mr. Copping, Twelfth _
street, a little beyond the city limits. The cows were on pasture at the time of my
examination, and they all appeared to be in good health. Did not have much sickness
among his cows, but had one or two cases of parturition fever some time ago. In
addition to what they picked up at pasture each cow got half a bushelof grains night
and morning, and corn stalks and alittle clover. The cow-stable was comfortable and
better than the average. The cows had been bought from cattle-dealers, and have
mostly been raised in Michigan. : :

On 18th September visited S. Lowe’s dairy farm, which is several miles from Detroit,
on the Pontiac road. His cows are fed on bran and corn and are also pastured during
the day. He has not had any sickness or lost any cows for several years. His cows
are mostly bought from farmers in Wayne County and at King’s cattle-yards. No
disease has been introduced among his stock by cows brought from King’s cattle-

ards. ;
7 August Klett, on the Pontiac road, has 12 cows. They are fed on malt, corn, refuse
from the manufacture of sugar, and corn-stalks. They are also pastured during a part
ofthe day. Has had no cases of sickness except an occasional case of indigestion from
a cow eating too much. His cows have mostly been raised in Michigan and have been
bought at King’s cattle-yards in Detroit. /

John Barnes, Woodward avenue, has 9 cows. Has bought them from King’s cattle-
yards, Detroit, and from drovers. His cows have been raised in Michigan, Three
years ago lost seven cows from the Texas fever. It was contracted by pasturing his
cows on commons in the ity where Texan cattle had been grazing. Has had no losses
since the State law in reference to Texan cattle has been enforced. His cows are fed
on malt and corn (the residue after the manufacture of glucose). They are also past-
ured and have not been housed during the summer.
112 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

In the above cases most of the drainage must be through the floor of the stable into
the ground; it does not appear, however, that this has any injurious effect on the
cows.

In all the stables except one the ventilation was not bad, but in the exception the
roof was so low that good ventilation was impossible. This did not appear, however,
to be the occasion of disease.

On the 4th of November examined 4 cows at Mr. Sexton’s, Baker street, near the De-
troit cattle-yards, Twenticth street. He buys his cows in the city. Has not lost any
cows by disease. Feeds his cows on hay and middlings. Roof was about 10 feet high
and there was ample space behind the cows; and the stable may be described as a
comfortable one. Most of the drainage would be through the floor into the ground.

Mr. Stagg, Twentieth street, has 10 cows. Has not lost any cows for two years,
but three years ago lost 8 by the Texas cattle fever. This was contracted by Mr.
Stage’s cows being turned out on a common on which Texan cattle had been grazing.
Has had no losses since the enforcement of the State law in reference to Texan cattle.
Feeds hay and refuse corn from glucose factory. Roof of stable very low and amount
of space allowed to each cowsmall. This does not appear to have injurious influence
on their health, as Mr. Stagg has had no sickness among his cows since his losses by
the Texas cattle disease.

On 31st December, 1881, called at Mr. P. H. Childs’, Holden road. He keeps 27
cows. They have been bought at King’s cattle-yard, and occasionally from farmers.
Cows get hay and refuse corn from glucose factory. Has had no sickness or losses
among his cows. In his largest stable where most of his cows are kept, there is 525
cubic feet of space for each cow. He was also feeding 20 yearlings on cornstalks and
hay. The barn in which they were was about 20 feet high, so they had a plentiful
supply of air. The drainage apparently passed through the floor and soaked into the
ground.

Mr. Jackson, Holden road, has 6 cows. The roof of his stable was about 6 feet
high. I calculated that there was 240 cubic feet of air for each cow in his stable.
The weather was cold on the occasion of my visit, and the stable did not seem close
or oppressive on entering. He feeds his cows hay and corn in the ear. He had had
no sickness among his cows, and they appeared to be in good health. In several other
stables which I examined the number of cubic feet of air to each cow was almost as
small as in this case, but I was unable to discover that the cows sutfered in conse-
quence,

Mr. Dimmick, Brady street, has 22 cows. Purchased them from the former proprie-
tor a few months ago. Feeds hay, grains, and fine middlings to his cows. Has not
lost any by sickness since he owned them. The cows all appeared to be in good health.
I calculated that in his main stable there would be 540 cubic feet of air for each cow.
In another smaller stable where two were kept, the supply of air would be much
larger than this, owing to the roof being higher. In the larger stable, however, there
was a shaft running up through the loft to allow the vitiated air to escape.

As a result of my examination of dairy cows and cow-sheds, I was unable to trace
that the conditions in which the cows were kept had any effect in originating con-
tagious disease.

4. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION OF COWS DYING IN DETROIT DURING
MY INSPECTORSHIP.

Having requested Mr. Parker, of Detroit, who has a rendering establishment about
six miles below Detroit, to inform me when any dead cows were brought there, Imade
a visit to that establishment on the 9th of September. I made a post-mortem of ared
cow which was eight or nine years old, which I found to be effected with splenization
of the anterior half of left lung and of the anterior third of right lung. The sections
made showed in some places bands of yellow lymph effused between the lobules. The
pleura which covered the inflamed lung was of a dark-red color, but it was not per-
ceptibly thickened, nor was there any false membrane on it. The costal pleura in
patches had the same red color as the pleura covering the inflamed lung. The dis-
coloration of the costal pleura was in the region corresponding to the inflamed por-
tions of lung. Both sides of the heart were filled with what was evidently a post-
mortem clot. There was no effusion in the cavity of the chest or in the pericardium.

On the 12th September I called on Mr. Fisher, who was the owner of the cow
which had died. Found that she had been sick about six days; that he had treated
her himself, and that she had previous to this sickness been rather adelicate animal.
She had been raised on a farm near Mount Clemens, about 20 miles from Detroit. His
other cows were in good health and had been raised in Michigan, and had not for a
considerable time before his cow died purehascd any new cows,

The attack of sickness occurred during very warm weather, and the roof of his
stable was very low—the amount of breathing space being consequently very small
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 113

for cach animal. In hot weather the heat in such a confined place would be very op-
pressive, and it is at such times that the disadvantages of defective ventilation are
most appareut.

The post-morlem lesions and the history of the cause, however, both go to show the
sporadic nature of the disease.

DR. PAAREN’S REPORT ON ELGIN, ILL.

STATE OF ILLINOIS, VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
Chicago, Ill., January 11, 1882.

Dean Sr: Having according to your request visited the dairy district at Elgin,
as I hereby submit the following report of the condition of the cattle in the largest
dairies:

On Dr. J. Tefft’s duiry-farm are forty head of milch cows, twenty-four heifers and
calves, and one bull. The bull and six heifers and calves are thoroughbred Hol-
steins. All of the balance are half and two-thirds grade Holsteins. All are in good
condition and healthy.

On G. P. Lord’s dairy-farm are sixty head of grade Durham and native cows, and
one Durham bull, which are all in good condition and healthy.

On Frank Wright’s dairy-farm are seventy head of milch cows, one-third of which
number are grade Durhams, and two-thirds are grade Holsteins. There are also
thirty grade yearlings and heifers and one thoroughbred Holstein bull. All are in
exceptionally fine condition and healthy.

On Abel Gifford’s dairy-farm are sixty head of mixed grades and native cows, in
good condition and all healthy, except one cow, sick from overfeeding after calving.

Ou C. H. Larkin’s dairy-farm are ninety-one milch cows, and thirty calves and
heifers; also one grade Durham bull. The cows and young stock are mixed grades,
mainly Durham grades, all of which are healthy and in good condition.

On F. Stringer’s dairy-farm are seventy head of milch cows, natives and grade
Durhams; also two native bulls. All are in good condition and healthy.

On Thomas Bishop’s dairy-farm are forty milch cows, natives and mixed grades,
and one grade Durham bull. Allare in good condition and healthy. The rumor
having spread, through the instrumentality of a cow-doctor, that pleuro-puenmonia
existed on this farm, inquiry elicited the fact that two weeks ago two cows had
died trom simple inflammation of the lungs. These animals were raised on the farm,
no purchases of stuck bad been made for the Jast half year, and the cows on the farm
have had no means of communication with any other stock. One of the cows was
sick five days, and the other four days. Post-mortem examination showed that the
animals died of acute pneumonia,

On inquiry it was found that the average yearly loss by death, on each of the
farms above-mentioned, have been one animal only; with the exception of Mr. Gif-
ford’s diary, the health of the stock during the pust year has been good. Mr. Gif-
ford’s stable arrangement, which is faulty for the lack of ventilation, &c., is uo
doubt the cause of his more frequently occurring mishaps and diseases.

Respectfully,
N. H. PAAREN.

J. H. SANDERS, Esq.,

Secretary Treasury Cattle Commission.

DR. THAYER’S REPORT ON CATTLE DISEASE AT EAST RINGO, N. H.

A letrer mailed at East Ringo, N. H., July 25, 1881, was received on my return from
Nova Scotia. The writer states:

“T write to say I have in pasture in this place a small herd of cattle, of which two
have died, one is still very sick, one notso sick. Thesymptoms are difficult breathing,
standing with their heads drooped, nose elevated, with copious sweating at the nose;
eyes sunken, slight frothing at the mouth. I should lke to know what course to
follow. I have an idea that they are taken with pleuro-pneumonia. I would like to
hear from you soon.

“Yours, very truly, :
“ HARRISON G. RICE.”

On July 30 I replied, requesting that lungs be sent me. :
August 1 I received a letter stating: ‘Since writing, two more have died and are
buried. Examined the lungs of one and found the lungs congest d, and have no

§. Ex. 106——8
114 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

doubt of its being a case of pneumonia. If there are any more sick, will send the lungs
to you.”

aad the letter dated August 4, says: “We have just returned from pasture, where
we have buried auother heifer, being the fifth out of the herd. The fourth was buried
Friday, and at that time the rest seemed all right. The pasture is five miles away,
and circumstances were such that I did not visit the pasture in time to make an ex-
amination and to have sent you the lungs as requested. I will telegraph, and would
like you to come up and see the animal, provided it can be done without any expense
to me.”

August 20 received a telegram, ‘‘ Another animal sick.” August 23 went to East
Ringo. Onarriving at the pasture found the heifer, seen to be sick on Friday, already
dead, Had probably died on Saturday, as the pasture was visited on Monday, and it
was then dead. The lungs were remoyed and found to be free from disease. I was
unable to disvover any disease of the abdominal viscera. Putrefaction had com-
meunced,

The remainder of the herd, six in number, were found and driven into a corner.
On inspection one appeared quite ill, head drooping, hair standing on end, pulse
teeble, respiration hurried, but not more than was to be expected after being driven
a considerable distance ; temperature, 106° Fahr. Auscultation and percussion gave
no evidence of pulmonary trouble. I so informed the owner, but to satisfy himself
he decided to kill the animal.

Autopsy.—The removal of the lungs justified my decision. On removal of the heart
the duplicature of the pericardium showed extravasated blood, irregular in outline,
covering perhaps a square inch. On removing theskin over the tractea and sterno-
maxillary muscles, several spots of extravasated blood were found. The abdominal
organs, With the exception of the bladder, appeared to be healthy. . The stomach
and intestines contained less than the usual quantity found in healthy animals. About
one-third of the mucdus membrane of the bladder was of a bright-red color.

Iwas unable to find any evidence of disease other than the above-mentioned.
I advised the removal of the remainder of the herd to other pastures. I met a mem-
ber of the tamily in Boston a few days ago, who intorined me that they were removed,
but that all had died excepting one.

E. F. THAYER.

DR. THAYER’S REPORT ON CATTLE DISEASE AT PICTOU, NOVA SCOTIA.

West NEWYron, August —, 1880.

Sir: Your letter dated July 14, with a copy of a dispatch received from the consul-
general of Halifax, also a dispatch from the consul at Pictou, reporting the reappear-
ance of a contagious cattle disease, was received the 16th. In compliance with your
instructions I left Boston for Halifax on the 19th, arriving there at 10 a. m, the 21st
instant. I at once called at the office of Consul-General Jackson, who informed me
that he had not received any further information in relation to the disease in Pictou
County since the date of bis communication to the department at Washington. I
then left Halifax for Pictou, arriving there at 1.15p.m. The consul, Oscar Malmros,
met ine at the landing and accompanied me to the hotel, where we met the chairman
of the board of agriculture and several others interested in the subject, among whom
was one who had suffered severely from the disease. His statement is substantially
as follows: ,

One of his neighbor’s cattle were sick; a cow atfected with the disease became de-
lirious, escaped, and ran upon the highway and died near the premises. The body
was allowed to reinain there until putrefaction took place. In ashort time his cattle
became sick and all died, and he ascribes the cause of the sickness in his herd to ex-
posure to the exhalations from the putrefying body of the dead cow. This occurred
about sixteen years ago, and the disease has prevailed in that locality to the present
time.

On Saturday, the 23d, in company with the chairman of the board of agriculture,
we visited several infected farms. The first animal examined was reported sick this
morning. She was standing quietly, the eyes appeared dull, the coat (hair) had an
unthrifty appearance, the respiration was normal, pulse 60, temperature 101° Fahr., the
discharges froin the bowels rather soft, little or no appetite, and the secretion of milk
very much diminished.

It was stated that the milk had a very offensive odor, resembling the smell of ex-
crement mixed with milk, but Iwas unable to detect it. The symptoms were those
often seen in practicc,and where the diagnosis would be functional derangement of
the digestive orgs.

The next animal examined was a cow belonging to a Mr. Demnond, whose farm
was a mile distant from the above. The animal was standing with disinclination to
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 115

move, the eyes dull, the coat standing, the muscles of the hind quarters trembling,
respiration normal, pulse 80, temperature 105° Fabr. Auscultatiou and pereussion of
the thorax gave no evidence of pulmonary disease. Percussion of the abdomen denoted
the existence of a large quantity of fiuid. ‘There was diarrhea, the stools being
nearly black in color.

Several other farms were visited, the owners of which had sutfercd from the loss of
cattle by the disease in question.

The description given by one is given in general terms by all, viz: the animal is
dull, the coat staring, loss of appetite, secretion of milk diminished, in five or six
ais Eaten sets in—in afew cases extreme constipation—and in two or three weeks
death.

In the afternoon, visited the residence of Donald Grant, warden of New Glascow—
the cow had been ill five days. Examination: Pulse and temperature normal, respi-
ration quiet, diarrhaa present, stools black, and the secretion of milk diminished.

Vonday, 25.—Again examined Desmond’s cow ; but little change had taken place:

the temperature was elevated two-fifths of a degree. A telegram from Dr. McEach-
ran stating that he would arrive on the noon train was received, and further exam-
ination was postponed. In theafternoon, in company with him, the chairman of the
board of agriculture, and several physicians, we proceeded to Mr. Desimond’s, where
the same vow was examined by Dr. McEachran; her condition remained about the
same. :
Blood was taken from the jugular vein and subjected to microscopic examination
with 350 diameters. Nothing was found, but afterwards, under 600 diameters, objects
(bacteria) were discovered. The animal was then killed by a blow on the head and
blecding; the thoracic viscera were healthy with the exception of a slight pleuritic
adhesion, the result of a former pleurisy, the brain was normal, the pleura was
quite pale.

On opening the abdomen a large quantity of serum, estimated at more than five
gallons, escaped ; the same pale appéarance of the serous membrane was found as was
seen in the pleura. The organs were removed separately and examined. The spleen
was firm and weighed one pound eight ounces. The liver was of average size, and
firm. The gall-bladder was cnlarged and distended with bile; a portion of the latter
was dark. (The butcher stated that he had seen the gall-bladder twice as large, and
filled with something as black as tar and as thick as molasses.) The whole digestive
tract was laid open and examined, but no trace of disease could be found, The kid-
ueys and bladder were healthy. ;

Tuesday, 26.—Went to Merrigonish, eight miles from New Glascow, where we exam-
ined a cow belonging to James Grant. The animal was emaciated; had heeu sick
several weeks. It had the same general appearance as before described. The tem-
perature 104°.2. | Pulse not taken, as she had just been driven from the pasture. I
would here remark that the pulse in all the cases examined was compressible, not the
wiry pulse of inflammatory diseases of serous membrane. This cow was killed in the
same manner as that belonging to Mr. Desmond. The brain and a portion of the
spinal cord were removed and found to be healthy. The thoracic and abdominal
viscera were the same as in Desmond’s case, except that in Grant’s case the spleen
was eight ounces heavier, and there was about one-third less serum in the abdomen.

HISTORY.

It is difficult to form an opinion of the manner in which the disease was introduced.
into Nova Scotia. There are various theorics in regard to it. Ouc of the most promi-
nent is ‘that many years ago a vessel arrived from Scotland bringing soil in ballast ;
that the soil contained the seeds of a plant or weed, which has bevome thoroughly
mixed with the grass for many miles in extent, the eating of the weed causing the
sickness which almost invariably results in the death of the animal.” The plant, as
secn by the roadside and in the tields, is from 12 to 20 inches in height, has a yellow
blossom, the leaves ure tough and emit an offensive odor, and is known as “Stinking
Willie.” The botanical name of the plant I was unable to learn.

Contagion.—The question of contagion may be considered as an open one. The fact, as
stated to me, that cattle mingle together in pastures during the autnmm months and are
exposed during the winter in barns, without an outbreak of the disease from August
until late in June, would scein to point to causes other than contagion.

K. F. THAYER.

Hon. H. F, FRENCH,

Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.
116 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

‘OMPILATION OF THE LAWS OF DIFFERENT STATES IN REFERENCE TO
DISEASES OF FARM STOCK; FOR TREASURY CATTLE COMMISSION.

In the belief that a compilation of the laws of the different States
bearing upon this subject might aid the commission in the execution of
their work, and furnish much valuable information to the departinent
and to Congress, in any effort that might be made to legislate thereon,
and also to show how little has been done by the States themselves by
way of precautionary and protective measures, a compilation which is
believed to contain the substance of all the laws of the States and Ter-
ritories relating to contagious diseases of cattle has been prepared by
the commission, and is herewith submitted :

CONNECTICUT.

(House bill No. 74.)

CHAPTER LXNNIII.—AN ACT conferring upon the state board of agriculture the power to kill
diseased animals.

Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in general assembly convened :

Suction 1. The State board of agriculture, or in case said board have or shall ap-
point commissioners on diseases of domestic animals, under the provisions of section
7 of the act to which this is an additivn, then said commissioners, may, when in their
judgment the public good shall require it, cause to be killed and to be disposed of
afterwards as, in their judgment, may be expedient, any animal or animals which, in
their judgment, are infected with or have been exposed to aud are liable to communi-
cate to other animals any contagious disease.

ILLINOIS.

AW ACT to suppress and prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted hy the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the
general assembly, that the governor of this State is hereby authorized and instructed
to appoint a competent veterinary surgeon, who shall be known as State veterinarian
or inspector, und whose duty it shall he to investigate any and all cases of contagious
or infectious disease amoug domestic animals of the bovine species in this State, which
may be brought to his notice by a competent veterinary surgeon or practicing physi-
cian in the locality where such infectious or contagious disease may exist, and it shall
be his duty to make visits of inspection to any locality where he may have reason to
suspect that contagious or infectious disease nay exist.

Src. 2. Inall cases of pleuro-pneumonia amone cattle in this State, the State veteri-
narian shall have authority to order the quarantine of infected premises, and in case
such disease shall become epidemic in any locality in this State, the State veterina-
rian shall immediately notify the governor of the State, who shall thereupon issue his
proclamation forbidding any animals of the kind among which said epidemic exists
from being transported from said locality without a certificate from the State veteri-
narian showing such animals to be healthy. In case of epidemic, as aforesaid, the
State veterinarian shall order the quarantine of infected premises, and shall order the
slaughter of diseased animals thereon; and in cases of pleuro-pneumonia among cat-
tle, he shall, as hereinafter provided, order the slaughter of all cattle upon the prem-
ises which have been exposed to contagion; but before doing so he shall call in con-
sultation with him two (2) reputable veterinarians or practicing physicians residing
within ten (10) miles of the infected premises, and shall not order the slaughter of
any animals not actually diseased without a written order signed by one (1) or both
of said veterinarians or practicing physicians.

Src, 3. Whenever it becomes necessary. as herein provided, to order the slaughter of
wuma~ls, the State veterinarian shall uotity the nearest justice of the peace, who shall
thereupon summons three (3) disinterested freeholders of the neighborhood as apprais-
ers of the value of such animals; said appraisers, before entering upon the discharge
of their duty, shall be sworn to make a true and faithful appraisement, without prejn-
dice or favor. They shall, after after making their appraisement, rcturn a certified
copy of their valuation to the justice of the peace by whom they were summoned, who
shull, after entering the same upon his record, and making an endorsement thereon,
showing the same to have been properly recorded, return it, together with the order
of ie State veterinarian, to the person or persons owning live stock ordered slangh-
tered,
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 117

Src. 4. Whenever the governor of the State shall have good reason to believe that
such disease has become epidemic in certain localities in other States, or that there
are conditions which render such domestic animals liable to convey disease, he shall
thereupon, by proclamation, schedule such localities, and prohibit the importation of
any live stock of the kind diseased into this State, unless accompanied by a certificate
of health, properly signed by a duly authorized veterinary inspector. ‘Any corpora-
tion or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey such prohibited stock shall
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not
less than one thousand dollars ($1,000) nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000)
for each and every offense, and shall become liable for any and all damage or loss that
may be sustained by any party or parties, hy reason of the importation or transpor-
tation of such prohibited stock.

Src. 5. If any person or persons who shall aye wpon his premises any case of
pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, and shall fail to immediately report the same to the
State veterinarian, or if any person or persons shall willfully and maliciously obstruct
or resist the State veterinarian in the discharge of his duty, ashereinhefore set forth,
he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction of either charge
shall be fined not less than fifty ($50) nor more than five hundred dollars ($500) for
each and every such offense, and upon conviction a secoud time shall, in addition to
the above-named fine, be liable to not less than thirty (30) days nor more than six
(6) months’ imprisonment.

Sec. 6. The State vetermarian shall annually make a report to the governor of
all matters connected with his work, aud the governor shall transmit to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture such parts of said report as may be of general interest to breeders
of live stock, to be published with the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture,

Src, 7. -All claims against the State arising from the slaughter of animals, as herein
provided for, shall, together with the order of the State veterinarian and the award
of the appraisers in each case, be submitted to the governor, and he shall, after hay-
ing examined each case, if satisfied of the justness of the same, indorse thereon his
order to the State auditor, who shall thereupon issue his warrant on the State treas-
urer for the same so ordered paid by the governor.

Src. 8. The State veterinarian shall be entitled to receive for his service the sum of
cight dollars ($8) per day for every day actually employed under the provisions of this
act, together with his necessary traveling expenses. He shall make an itemized
account to the governor, properly signed and sworn to, of the number of days he has
served, and of the expenses which he has paid, and the governor shall, if satisfied
that the same is right and proper, indorse thereon his order ou the State anditor for
the amount. The appraisers, heretofore provided for, shall he entitled to receive the
sum. of one dollar ($1) each for their services, to be paid out of the treasury of their
respective counties, upon certificate of the justice of the peace summoning them. The
justice of the peace shall be entitled to receive the ordinary tee for issuing snmimons,
to be paid out of the town fund in counties under township organization, and out of
the county fund in counties not under township organization, The physicians called
in consultation shall be cutitled to receive for their services the sum of two dollars
(32) per day, and mileage at the rate of ten (10) cents per mile one way; such com-
peusation and mileage to he paid out of the veterinarian contingent fund. The State
veterinarian shall have at lis disposition the sum of two theusand dollars ($2,000),
to be expended iu disinfecting infected premises, and other incidental expenses con-
nected with his work. for which be shall, hefere entering upon the discharge of his
duties, give bond, with good and sufficient securities, in the sum of five thousand
dollors ($5,060), and shall make a sworn statement to the governor of the amounts he
disburses. Any part of said two thousand dollars (32,00U) not used shill lapse into
the State treasury. : :

Sec. 9. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act the sum of eight
thousand dollars ($8,000), or so much thereof us is necessary, is hereby appropriated
out of the State treasury, to he paid as herchy provided out of any sums not other-
Wise appropriated.

INDIANA.

No law except the criminal code. Provides that a party who has cattle in a car,
not diseased, may claim damages if another party brings in cattle diseased, knowing
them to be so.

(Laws, 1881.)

CHAPTER 161,—Cattle—protection of, from contagious diseases.
An Act for the protection of cattle against contagious diseases.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the Slate of Kansas: ‘
SECTION 1, That no person or persons shall drive or cause to be driven into or
through any county in this State any cattle diseased with a disease known as Texas
118 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

splenic, or Spanish fever. Any person violating any provision of this act shall on con-
viction be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than one
hundred and not more than one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned in the county
jail not less than thirty days, and net more than one year.

Src. 2. That upon the arrest of any person or persons charged with the violation
of any of the provisions of this act, all cattle found in his or their possession shall,
during the arrest and trial of the offenders, be stopped and taken charge of by the
officer or person executing the warrant of arrest, to abide the judgment of the court
before whom the offender or offenders shall be tried.

Sec. 3. That upon a complaint made to any sheriff within the State, by any citizen
thereof, that there are, within the county where said sheriff resides, wild or undo-
mesticated cattle infected or diseased with what is commonly known us Texas, splenic,
or Spanish fever, said sheriff shall forthwith take charge of said cattle and corral the
same, or otherwise prevent their running at large, until said complaint shall be ives-
tigated as hervinafter provided.

Sec. 4, It shall be the duty of such sheriff, upon taking charge of any cattle as
provided in sections two and three of this act, to immediately give notice thereof to
any justice of the peace in his county; whereupon said justice shall immediately
summon three resident citizens of the county to forthwith appear before him for the
purpose of inspecting such cattle; and when the persons so summoned, or other per-
sons summoned in their stead, shall appear, it shall be the duty of the justice to
administer to them an oath, in writing, that they will faithfully discharge their duties
as inspectors of the cattle aforesaid, and without delay make report to him of their
finding in the premises.

sec. 5. Upon taking the oath, as provided in section four of this act, said inspectors
shall immediately proceed to examine cattle so in the custody of the sheriff, and if upon
such examinztion they shall find the condition of the same to be such as to endanger
the health of other cattle in the vicinity by reason of prohuble contagion, they shall
immediately report their findings to the justice aforesaid in writing, and therenpon
the justice shall forthwith issue to the sheriff his order in writing, commanding him
to keep such cattle in his custody and under his control until the first day of Novem-
ber next ensuing; and he may employ such assistance as may be required to properly
care for such cattle, keeping a correct and itemized account of all such services and
the cost thervof, as well as of all feed necessary to be used, and present a report thereof
to the commissioners of the county at their next regular session, and if found by them
to be correct and reasonable, they shall allow the same, and draw warrants upon the
county treasurer therefor ; und the sheriff shall be allowed for his services such com-
pensation as the commissioners shall deem reasonable, taking as a basis for their esti-
mate the fees allowed by law for similar services ; and the inspectors shall be allowed.
in like manner for their services not to exceed two dollars per day, for ime actually.
spent inmaking the inspection, and ten cents per mile for every mile necessurily traveled
in the discharge of their duties.

Sec. 6. That, in the trial of any person or persous charged with the violation of any
of the provisions of this act, proof that the cattle, of which such persou or persous are
charged with driving, are wild and of undomesticated habits, shall be taken as prima
facie evidence that said cattle are diseased with the disease known as Texas, splenic,
or Spanish fever.

Sec, 7. Any person or persons who shall drive or cause to be driven into or through
any county in this State any of the cattle mentioned in section one of this act, in viola-
tiou of this act, shall he liable to the party injured for all damages that may arise from
the communication of disease from the cattle so driven, to he recovered in civil action;
and the party so injured shall have a lien upon the cattle so driven.

Src. 8. Justices of the peace, within their respective counties, shall have criminal
jurisdiction in all cases arising under the provisions of this act.

Src. 9. Itshall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney of the proper county to
prosecute on behalf of the State all criminal cases arising under this act. ;

sEc. 10. Whenever any cattle are taken by the sheriff, or other officer, under the y0-
visions of this act, amd shall remain in his possession, he shall, on the first day of Novem
ber thereafter, deliver the same to their owner or owners, or his or theira eontor agents:
Provided, That before he shail delivér the same, all costs and expenses which have
acerned by reason of the taking and detaining of such cattle us hereinbefore provided
are paid into the county treasury ; and in case such costs and expenses are not so paid
within ten days after said first day of November, the sheriff shall advertise in the sume
manner as is by law provided in cases of sales of personal property that be will sell
such cattle, orsnceh portion thereof as may be necessary to pay such costs and expenses ;
and at the time and place so advertised he shall proceed to sell as many of said cattle
as shall he necessary to pay such costs and expenses, and out of the proceeds of such
sale he shall pay such amount into the county treasury, retaining the costs of sale.

Sere, 11. Nothing in this act shall be construed to conflict with the provisious of

 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 119

ae one, chapter one hundred and seventy-six, laws of 1879, or acts amendatory
Lereof,

Sec. 12. Article nine of chapter one hundred and five of the general statutes of
1868, and all amendments thereto, entitled “An act for the protection of stock from
disease,” is hereby repealed.

Src. 13. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the
official State paper.

Approved March 4, 1881.

MAINE.

Contagious diseases among cattle.
(Revised Staututes.—Chapter 14.)

Src. 37. The municipal officers of towns, in case of the existence of the disease called
lung murrain or pleuro-pneumonia, or any other contagious disease, shall cause the
cattle in their towns infected, or which have been exposed to infection, to be secured
or collected in some suitable place or places therein, and kept isolated; and when
taken from the possession of their owners, one-fifth of the expense thereof is to be paid
by the town, and four-fifths at the expense of the State, such isolation to continue so
long as the existence of such disease or other circumstances render it necessary ; or they
may direct the owners thereof to isolate such cattle upon their own premises, and any
damage or loss sustained thereby shall be paid as aforesaid.

Sec. 38. The municipal officers shall, within twenty-four hours after they have
notice of the existence of such disease, or have reason to believe that it exists, cause
the suspected animals to be examined by a veterinary surgeon or physician, by them
selected, and if they are adjudged diseased, they may order them to be forthwith
killed and buried at the expense of such town.

Src. 39. When so killed they shall cause them to be appraised by three competent
and disinterested men, under oath, at the value thereof at the time of appraisal, and
the amount thereof shall be paid as provided in section thirty-seven.

Suc. 40. They may prohibit the departure of cattle from any enclosure, and exclude
eattle therefrom. 4

Src. 41. They may makeregulations in writing to regulate or prohibit the passage
from, to or through their towns, or from place to place therein, of any neat cattle,
and may arrest and detain, at the cost of the owners thereof, all cattle found passing
in violation of such regulations, and may take all other necessary measures for the
enforcement of such prohibition, and for preventing the spread of any such disease
among the cattle in their towns and the immediate vicinity thereof.

Src. 42. Such regulations shall be recorded in the records of their towns, and shall
be published in such towns in such manner as such regulations provide.

Src. 43. Any person who sells or disposes of any animal infected or known to have
been exposed to infection within one year atter such exposure, without the knowledge
or consent of the municipal officers, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hun-
dred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Src. 44, Any person disobeying the orders of said municipal officers, made in con-
formity with the fortieth section, or driving or transporting any neat cattle contrary
to the regulations made, so recorded and published, shall be punished as provided in
section forty-three.

Sec. 45. Whoever knows or has reason to suspect the existence of any fatal conta-
gious disease among the cattle in his possession or under his care shall forthwith give
notice thereof to the municipal officers, and for failure to do so shall be punished as
provided in section forty-three.

Src. 46. Any town whose officers shall neglect or refuse to carry into effect the pro-
visions of section thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, forty, forty-one, forty-two,
and forty-three shall forfeit a sw not exceeding five hundred dollars for each day’s
neglect.

Src. 47. All appraisals made under the provisions of section thirty-nine shall be in
writing, and signed by the appraisers, and shall be certified by the municipal officers
to the governor and council, and to the treasurers of their towns.

Sxc. 48. The municipal officers of towns may, when they deem it necessary to carry
into effect the purposes of this chapter, take and hold possession, for a term not ex-
ceeding one year, of any land within their towns without buildings other than barns
thereon, for enclosing and isolating any cattle, and they shall cause the damages sus-
tained by the owners in consequence thereof to be appraised by the assessors thereof;
and they shall further cause a description of sneh land, setting forth the boundaries
thereof, and the area as nearly as may he estimated, together with said appraisal, to
be entered in the records of the town. The amount of said appraisal shall be paid as
provided in the thirty-seventh section in such sums and at such times as they may
order. If such owner is dissatisfied with the appraisal, he may, in an action of the
120 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

case, recover from the town a fair compensation for the damages sustained by him ;
but no costs shall be taxed unless the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of
interest, exceed the appraisal of the assessors, and the State shall reimberse any town
four-fifths of any sum so recovered.

Src. 49. Whenever such disease exists in any town, the municipal officers shall
forthwith give uotice thereof to the governor and secretary of the board of agri@ul-
ture, but if commissioners have Jen appointed as hereinafter provided, such notice
shall be given to them.

Src. 50. The governor may, when he deems it expedient, appoint commissioners who
shall have full power to make all necessary regulations, and to issue sununary orders
relative thereto, for the treatinent and extirpation of any contagous disease among
cattle, and may direct the municipal officers to enforce and carry them into effect ;
and any such officer or other person refusing or neylecting to enforce, carry out and
comply with any regulations of the commissioners shall be punished ly a fine as pro-
vided in section forty-three.

Src. 51. When said commissioners shall make and publish any regulations they
shall supercede the regulations made by the municipal officers, during the time thos-
made by the commissioners are in force.

Src. 52. All losses and damages and reasonable expenses sustained in consequence
of execution of the orders of said commissioners shall be appraised as provided in the
thirty-ninth section, and paid as provided in the thirty-seventh section.

Sec. 53. The commissioners shall keep record of their doings, and make report
thereof to the next annual session of the legislature, on or before the tenth day of
January, unless sooner required by the governor; and such record or an abstract
thereof shall be printed in the annual volume of transactions of the State board of
agriculture. :

Src. 54. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, may terminate
the commission, when, in his judgment, the public safety may permit.

MARYLAND.
(Chapter 439, acts of the general assembly of Maryland, 1380.)

AN ACT to prevent the spread of infectious or contagious pleuro-pneumonia among the cattle of this
State.

SecTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, that whenever it
shall be brought to the notice of the governor of this State that the disease known as
contagious or infectious pleuro-pneumonia exists among the cattle in any of the coun-
ties of this State, or in the city of Baltimore, it shall be his duty to take measures to
promptly suppress the disease and prevent it trom spreading.

Sno. 2. And be it enacted, that for such purpose the governor shall have power to
issue his proclamation stating that infectious or contagious disease exists, in any
county or counties of the State, or in the city of Baltimore, and warning all persons
to seclude all animals in their possession that are attected with such disease or have
been exposed to the infection or contagion thereof, and ordering all persons to take
such precautions against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may, in his
judgment, render necessary or expedient; to order that any premises, farm or farms,
or stables where such disease exists or has existed, be put in quarantine, so that no
domestic animal he removed from or brought to the premises or places so quarantined,
and to prescribe such regulations as he may judge necessary or expedient to prevent
infection or contagion being communicated in any way from the places so quaran-
tined; to call upon all sheriffs and deputy sherifis to carry out and enforce the pro-
visions of such proclamations, orders, and regulations; and it shall be the duty of all
sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they
may receive from the governor in the premises; to employ such and so many medical
and veterinary practitioners and such other persons as he may from time to time deem
neeessary to assist him in performing his duty as set forth in the first section of this
act, and td fix their compensation ; to order all or any animals coming into the State
to be detained at any place or places for the purpose of inspection and examination 3
provided, that animals coming from a neighboring State that have passed a veterinary
examination in said State, and have been quarantined and discharged, shall not be
subject to the provisions of this act; to prescribe regulations for the destruction of
animals affected with infectious or contagious disease, or of those in direct contact
with such and liable to spread the disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides
and carcasses, and of all objects which might convey infection or contagion; provided,
that no animal shall be destroyed unless first examined by a medical or veterinary
practitioner in the employ of the governor as aforesaid ; to prescribe regulations for
the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and railway cars, and of all objects from
or by which infection or contagion may take place or be conveyed ; to alter and modify,
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 121

from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the terms of all such proclamations,
orders, and regulations, aud to cancel or withdraw the same at any time.

Sec. 3. And be it enacted, that any person who shall transgress the terms or re-
guirements of any proclamation, order, or regulation issued or prescribed by the gov-
ernor under the authority of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.

Sec. 4. And be it enacted, that any person who shall sell or otherwise dispose of
an animal which he knows, or has reason to believe, is affected by the disease or has
been exposed to the same, shall forfeit to the State not less than fifty nor more than
one hundred dollars.

Sec. 5. And be it enacted, that all the necessary expenses incurred under direction
or by authority of the governor, in carrying out the provisions of this act, shall be
paid by the treasurer out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated, and upon the
warrant of the comptroller on being certified as correct by the governor.

Src. 6. And be it enacted, that in the event of its being deemed necessary by the
governor, or any agent duly appointed by him under the provisions of this act, to pre-
vent the spread of contagion or infection to cause any animal not actually diseased
to be slanghtered, the value of such animal or animals shall be fairly appraised, and*
a record kept and «report made thereof to the general assembly at its session next
ensuing with a view to the reimbursement of the owners of such animals so killed,
should provision therefor be made by law, it being provided that the carcasses of animals.
so killed and found entirely free from disease shall, if practicable, be sold, and the pro-
ceeds of such sale shall be paid over to the respective owners of the cattle, and the
amounts so received and paid over noted against the appraised value thereof.

Src. 7, And be it enacted that this act shall take effect from the date of its passage.

Approved April 10, 1880.

MASSACHUSETTS,
(Supplement to the General Statutes, 1860, chapter 192.)
AN ACT to provide for the extirpation of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle.

Section 1. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint three commissioners, who
shall visit without delay the several places in this commonwealth where the disease
among cattle called pleuro-pneumonia may be known or suspected to exist, and shall
have full power to cause all cattle belonging to the herds in which the disease has
appeared or may’appear, or which have belonged to such herds since the disease may
be known to have existed therein, to be forthwith killed and buried, and the premises
where such cattle have been kept cleansed and purified, and to make such order in
relation to the further use and occupation of such premises as may seem to them to
be necessary to prevent the extension of the disease.

Sec. 6. Thisact shall take etfect from its passage, and continue in force for the term
of one year thereafter, and no longer. (April 4, 1860.)

(1860, chapter 220.)
AN ACT concerning contagious diseases aniong cattle.

Srcrion 1. The selectmen of towns, and the mayor and aldermen of cities, in case
of the existence in this commonwealth of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia, or
any other contagious disease among cattle, shall cause the cattle in their respective
towns and cities which are infected or which have been exposed to infection to be
secured or collected in some suitable place or places within such city or town, and
kept isolated ; and, when taken from the possession of their owners, to be maintained,
one-fifth of the expense thereof to be paid by the town or city wherein the animal is
kept, and four-fifths at the expense of the commonwealth ; such isolation to continue
so long as the existence of such disease, or other circumstances, renders the same neces-
sary.

eae. 2. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen, when any such animal is adjudged
by a veterinary surgeon or physician, by thei selected, to be infected with pleuro-
pneumonia, or any other contagious disease, may, in their discretion, order such dis-
eased animal to be forthwith killed and buried at the expense of such town or city.

Sec. 3. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen shall cause all cattle which they
shall so order to be killed to be appraised by three competent and disinterested men,
under oath, at the value thereof at the time of the appraisal, and the amount of the
appraisal shall be paid as provided in the first section. . ;

Src. 4. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen within their respective towns and
cities are hereby authorized to prohibit the departure of cattle from any inclosure, or
to exclude cattle therefrom.
122 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

Suc. 5. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen may make regulations in writing
toregulate or prohibit the passage from, to, or through their respective cities or towns,
‘or from place to place within the same, of any neat cattle, and may arrest and detain,
at the cost of the owners thereof, all cattle found passing in violation of said regula-
tions, and may take all other necessary measures for the enforcement of such prohibi-
tion, and also for preventing the spread of any such disease amony the cattle in their
respective towns and cities, and the immediate vicinity thereof.

SEC. 7. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen are authorized to cause all cattle
infected with such disease, or which have been exposed thereto, to be forthwith
branded upon the rump with the letter P, so as to distinguish the animal from other
cattle; and no cattle so branded shall be sold or disposed of except with the knowl-
edge and consent of such selectmen and mayor and aldermen. Any person, without
such knowledge and consent, selling or disposing of an animal so branded, or selling
or disposing of an animal known to be affected with such disease, or known to have
been exposed thereto within one year previous to such sale or disposal, shall be pun-
ished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding
one year.

Src. 8. Any person disobeying the orders of the selectmen or mayor and aldermen,
made in conformity with the fourth section, or driving or transporting any neat cat-
tle contrary to the regulations made, recorded, and published as aforesaid, shall be
punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not ex-
ceeding one year.

Src. 9. Whoever knows or has reason to suspect the existence of any such disease
among the cattle in his possession or under his care, shall forthwith give notice to the
sclectmen of the town or mayor and aldermen of the city where such cattle may be
kept, and for failure so to do shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 10. Any town or city whose officers shall neglect or refuse to carry into effect
the provisions of sections one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven shall forfeit a sum
not exceeding five hundred dollars for each day’s neglect.

Src. 11. All appraisals made under the provisions of this act shall be in writing
and signed by the appraisers, and the same shall be certified to the governor and
council and tothe treasurer of the several cities and towns wherein the cattle appraised
were kept by the selectmen, and mayors and aldermen, respectively.

Src. 12. The selectmen of towns, and mayor and aldermen of cities, are hereby
authorized, when in their judgment it shall be necessary to carry into effect the pur-
poses of this act, to take and hold possession, for a term not exceeding one year,
within their respective towns and cities, of any land, without buildings other than
barns thereon, upon which it may be necessary to enclose and isolate any cattle, and
they shall cause the damages sustained by the owner in consequence of such taking
and holding to be appraised by the assessors of the town or city wherein the lands so
taken are situated; and they shall further cause a description of such land, setting
forth the boundaries thereof, and the area as nearly as may be estimated, together
with said appraisal by the assessors, to be entered on the records of the town or city.
The amount of said appraisal shall be paid as provided in the first section, in such
sums and at such times as the selectmen or mayor and aldermen, respectively, may
order. If the owner of any land so taken shall be dissatisfied with the appraisal of
said assessors, he may by action of contract recover of the town or city wherein the
lands Le a fair compensation for the damages sustained by bim; but no costs shall be
taxed, unless the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of interest, exceed the
appraisal of the assessors, and the Commonwealth shall reimburse any town or city
four-fifths of any stun recovered of such town or city in any such action.

(1860. Chapter 221.)
AWN ACT in addition to an art concerning contagious diseases among cattle.

Suction 1. In addition to the commissioners appointcd under the provisions of
chapter one hundred and ninety-two of the acts of the year one thousand eight
hundred and sixty, the governor. by and with the advice and consent of the council,
is hereby authorized to appoint two additional persons to constitute, with those now
in office, a board of commissioners upon the subject of pleuro-pneumonia, or any
other contagious disease now existing among the cattle of the Commonwealth.

Src. 2, When said conumissiouers shall make and publish any regulations concern-
ing the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle infected with, or which have been
exposed to, the disease of pleuro-pneumonia, or other contagions disease, such regu-
lations shall supersede the regulations made by selectiuen of towns and mayors and
aldermen of cities upon the sime subject-matter; and the operations of the regula-
tions made hy such selectmen and mayors and aldermen shall be suspended during
the time those made by the commissioners as aforesaid shall be in force. And said
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 123

selectmeu and mayors and aldermen shall carry out and enforce all orders and dirce-
tions of said commissioners to thein directed, as they shall from time to time issue.

Src. 3. In addition to the power and authority conferred on the selectmen of
towns and mayors and aldermen of cities hy the act to which this is in addition, and
which are herein conferred upon said commissioners, the same commissioners shall
have power to provide for the establishment of a hospital or quarantine in some
suitable place or places, with proper accommodations of buildings, land, &e.,
wherein may he detained any cattle by them selected, so that said cattle so infected
or exposed may be there treated by such scientific practitioners of the healing art
as may be appointed to treat the same. And tor this purpose said comunissioners
may take any lands and buildings in the manner provided in the twelfth section of
the act to which this is in addition,

Sec. 4. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council, is herehy
authorized to appoint three competent persons to be a board of examiners to exam-
ine into the disease called pleuro-pnemmonia, who shall attend at the hospital or
quarantine established hy the commissioners mentioned in the foregoing section and
there treat and experiment upon such number of cattle, both sound and infected, as
will enable them to study the symptoms and laws of the disease, and ascertain, so
far as they can, the best mode of treating cattle in view of the prevention and cure
of the disease, aud who shall keep a full record of their proceedings and make report
thereon to the governor and council, when their investigations shall have been con-
eluded: Provided, That the expeuse of said board of examiners shall not exceed ten
thousand dollars.

Src. 5. The selectmen of the several towns, and mayors and aldermen of the sev-
eral cities, shall, within twenty-four hours after they shall have notice that any cat-
tle in their respective towns and cities are infected with, or have been exposed to any
such discase, give notice in writing to said commissioners of the same.

sec. 6. The commissioners are authorized to make all necessary regulations for
the treatment, cure, and extirpation of said disease, and may direct the selectmen of
towns and mayors and aldermen of cities to entorce and carry into effect all such
regulations as may from time to time be made for that end; and any such officer re-
fusing or neglecting to enforce and carry ont any regulation of the commissioners
shall be punished by fine net exceeding tive hundred dollars for every such offence.

Sec. 7. The counissioners may, when in their judgment the publie good shall re-
quire it, cause to be killed and buried any cattle which are infected with, or which
have been exposed to, said disease; and said comissioncrs shall cause said cattle to
be appraised in the same1 wer provided in the act to which this is in addition, and
the appraised value of such cattle shall be paid, one-fifth by the towns in which said
cattle were kept, and the remainder by the Commonwealth.

Src. 8. Whoever shall drive or transport any cattle from any portion of the Com-
monwealth east of Connecticut River to any part west of said river before the first
day of April next without consent of the commissiouers shall be punished by fine not
exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding
one year.

Sec. 9. Whoever shall drive or transport any cattle from any portion of the Com-
monwealth into any other State before the first day of April next, without the con-
seut of the commissiouers, he shall be punished hy fine not exceeding five hundred
dollars or by imprisomment in the county jail not exceeding one year.

Src. 10. If any person fails to comply with any regulation made or with any order
given by the commissioners, he shall be punished by fine not exceeding tive hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Src. 11. Prosecutions under the two preceding sections may be prosceuted in any
county in this Commonwealth.

Src. 12. All appraisals made under this act shall be in writing, and signed hy the
appraisers and certified by the commissioners, and shall be by them transmitted to
the governor and council and to the treasurers of the several cities and towns wherein
the cattle appraised were kept. .

Src. 13. The provisions of chapter one hundred and ninety-two of the acts of the
year one thousand eight hundred and sixty, except so far as the authorize the appoint-
ment of commissioners, are hereby repealed; but this repeal shall not affect the valid-
ity of any proceedings heretofore lawftly had under the provisions of said chapter.

Src. 14. The cominissioners and examiners shall keep a full record of their doings,
and make report of the same to the next legislature on or liefore the tenth day of
January vext, unless sooner required by the governor; and the said record, or an
abstract of the saine, shall be printed in the annual volume of transactions of the
State Board of Agriculture. :

Suc. 15. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall have the
power to terminate the commission and board of examiners wheuever in his judgment
the publie safety may permit. :

Src. 16. This act shall take effect from its passage.

(June 12, 1860.)

 
 

 
124 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

CHAPTER 41, 1861.—RESOLUTION providing for indemnification for cattle killed by order of
: commissioners.

Resolved, That the commissioners appointed under this act, approved April fourth,
in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, and entitled “An act to provide for the ex-
tirpation of the disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle,” be, and they hereby
are, required to certify to the governor and council the names of all persons whose
cattle were killed by their authority for the reason that they appeared to be afflicted
with the disease called pleuro-pneumonia, and not paid for, together with the num-
ber, description, and “fair value of such cattle, at the time they were killed. Upon the
receipt of such certificate, the governor, with the advice and consent of the council,
may draw his warrants in favor of such persons, and for such sums as shall appear to
them to be justly due. The money so appropriated shall be taken from the appropria-
tion for carrying into effect the provisions of the laws concerning contagious diseases
among cattle. (March 28, 1861.)

CHAPTER 28, 1862.—AN ACT concerning cattle commissioners.

Src. 1. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall have power
to appoint a board of cattle commissioners of not more thap three members, whenever
in his judgment the public safety may require, and may terminate their commissions
whenever in his judgement the public safety may permit: Provided, That the compen-
sation of said commissioners shall not exceed four dollars per day, for actual service,
in addition to their traveling expenses necessarily incurred.

Src. 2. The powers and duties of the commissioners shall be such as are set forth
in chapter 221 of the acts of the year 1860. z

Sxc. 3. All commissions and appointments made under chapters 192 and 221 of the
acts of the year 1860 are hereby abolished.

Src. 4. This act shall take etfect upon its passage.

(February 12, 1862.)

CHAPTER 138.—AN ACT in addition to an act concerning contagious diseases among cattle.

SECTION 1. The commissioners on contagious diseases among cattle ave hereby au-
thorized to examine under oath, in the several cities and towns of this commonwealth,
all persons possessing, or believing to possess, knowledge of any material facts con-
cerning the existence or dissemination, or danger of dissemination of diseases among
cattle; and for this purpose shall have and exercise all the powers vested in justices
of the peace to take depositions, and to compel the attendauce of the testifying wit-
nesses, by the 131st chapter of the general statutes, and any other laws concerning
the taking of depositions. All costs and expenses incurred in procuring the attend-
auce of such witnesses shall be allowed and paid to the said commissioners from the
treasury of the commonwealth, upou the same being certified to the governor and
council, and approved by him. And the governor is hereby authorized to draw his
wairant therefor upon the treasury, the same to be paid out of any appropriation
Jawfully applicable to that purpose.

Sec. 2. Whenever cattle exposed to contagious diseases are killed by order of the
commissioners, and upon a post-mortem examination shall be found to haye been en-
tirely free from disease, it shall be the duty of the commissioners to cause the same
to be sold under their direction, first giving to the purchaser notice of the fact, and
if the snid purchaser or any other person shall sell said slanghtered cattle or any part
thereof, they shall in like manner give notice to the parties to whom the same is
sold; and the proceeds of the sides made by order of the coinmissioners shall be ap-
plied in payment of the appraised value of said cattle.

Sec. 3. Cattle commissions, now or hereafter appointed, shall keep a full record of
their doings, and report the same to the legislature on or before the 10th day of Jan-
uary of cach year, unless sooner yequired by the governor; and an abstract of the
sane shall be printed in the annual report of the State hoard of agriculture.

Src. 4. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this act shall forfeit and pay a
fine not exceeding one hundred dollars and costs of prosecution. :

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect upon its passage.

(April 25, L862.)

MICHIGAN,

CHAPTER 46.—AN ACT to preveut the introduction of contayious diseases in cattle.
[Approved April 5, 1859.—-Laws of 1869, p. 319.]

(1742.] Sectron 1. The people of the State of Michigan enact that when the gov-
ernor of the State of Michigan shall he satisfied of the necessity of the same, he shall
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 125

have power to appoint three commissioners, to hold their office for two years, and
make report annually to the secretary of the State hoard of agricniture. Such con-
missioners shall haye power to use means to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases
among animals, and protect the people of the State from the dangers arising from the
consumption of discased meat. Said commissioners shall have power to administer
oaths and appoint assistants for such time as they may deem proper, and to place ani-
mals in quarantine, and to do generally whatever may be necessary to prevent the
spread of contagious diseases among animals.

(1743.] Sec. 2. No animal shall be permitted to enter or pass through the State
which shall be deemed by either of the commissioners capablesof diffusimg or com-
municating contagious disenses,

[1744.] Suc. 3. No cattle brought from Texas or the Indian Territories shall be
permitted to pass through this State, or any part of the same, from the first day of
March to the first day of November, in each year.

See. 4. This act shall take immediate etfect.

MINNESOTA,
CHAPTER 10..—Offenses against the public health.

SECTION 14, Lmportation of Texas or Indian cattle prohibited.—That it shall not be law-
ful for any one to bring into the State or have’ in possession any Texas, Cherokee, In-
dian, or any diseased cattle, except as hereinafter provided. (1869, c. 42, sec. 1.)

Src. 15. Lxception as to cattle on hand—Such cattle not to run at large.—This act shall
not apply to any Texas, Cherokee, or Indian cattle, or other diseased cattle now on
hand within this State; but persons having such shall be compelled to keep them within
the bounds of their own premises, or separate from other cattle; and any damage that
may accrue from allowing such cattle to run at large, and thereby spreading disease
among other cattle, shall be recovered from the owner or owners thereof, who shall be
liable to all the pains and penalties, as provided in section 4 of this act. (Id., sec. 2.)

Sec. 16. Such cattle may be driven through State, when.—Nothing contained in this act
shall be so construed as to prevent the transportation of such cattle through this
State on railroads, or to prohibit the driving through any portion of this State such
Texas or southern cattle as have been wintered, at least one winter, north of the
northern boundary of the State of Missouri.—(Jd. sec. 3.)

Src. 17. Penalty—disposition thereof—liability for damages.—Any person who shall
violate the provisions of this act shall, for every such violation, forfeit and pay into the
school-fund of the county where the offense is committed, a sum not exceeding one
thoasand dollars, or to he fined and imprisoned in the county jail, at the discretion of
the court, though such time of imprisonment shall not exceed six months; and such
person or persons shall pay all damages that may accrue to any person by reason of
such violation of this act.—(Id. sec. 4.)

NEBRASKA.

CHHATER 3.—Animals.—An Act to provide for the protection of stock from contagious diseases.
(Passed, and took effect, June 20, 1867. Laws 1876, page 74.)

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Nebraska:

{1.] Sxcrion 1. That every person shall so restrain his diseased or distempered
cattle, or such as are under his care, that they may not go at large; and no person
or persons shall drive any diseased or distempered cattle aflected with any contagious
or infectious disease, into or through this State from one point thereof to another.
Any person or persons offending against this section shall, on conviction thereof be-
fore any justice of the peace, forfeit not less than five nor more than twenty-five
dollars fér every head of such cattle, and be liable for all costs and damages.

[2.] Suc. 2. Any justice of the peace, upon proof before him that any cattle are
going at large or are driven in or through his county in violation of the preceding
section, shall order a constable or sheriff to impound them, and the owner thereof
shall be held liable for all costs and damages. :

[3.] Sec. 3. The sheriff or constable who may execute the order of any justice of
the peace as aforesaid, to impound any such cattle, shall have twenty-tive cents per
head for the first fifty, and five cents for each additional head, to be paid by the
defendant upon conviction thereof, but in case the defendant be discharged then
such costs to be paid by the complainant ; and if any officer to whom any order un-
der this law is directed should fail to execute (the same,) he shall forfeit, in case of
a failure, a sum not less than one hundred dollars. ‘

[4.] Suc. 4. It shall not be lawful for any person to use, let, sell, or permit to run
at large any horse, mule, or ass diseased with the glanders. Any person violating the
126 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

provisions of this section shall pay a fine not lexs than five nor more than fifty dollars,
and shall be liable for all damages. ‘

[5.] Src. 5. All fines and forfeitures incurred under the provisions of this act
shall be recovered by action before any justice of the peace, and all such fines shall
be paid into the school fund, in and for the county having jurisdiction of the case.

(6.] Src. 6. In all cases of conviction under the provisions of this act, the jus-
tice shall enter judgment for the tine and costs against the defendant, and may com-
mit him until the judgmeut is satisfied, or issue execution on the judgment for the
use of the common schools of the county.

[7.] Src. 7. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act
are hereby repenled,

[8.] Sec. 8. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved June 20, 1867.

AN ACT to prevent the introduction and spread of hog cholera and kindred diseases in the State of
Nebraska.

Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Nebraska.

Section 1. That from and after the ist day of June, A. D. 1377. it shall be unlaw-
ful for any railroad company operating its road in this State to bring or cause to be
brought into this State from an adjoining State any empty car used for transporting
hogs or sheep, or any empty combination car used for carrying grain and stock, that
has any filth of any kind whatever in the same; but the railroad company shall, be-
fore it allows said car or cars to pass into thisState, cause the same to be thoroughly
eleaused. Any person or persons, or corporation, violating any of the above provis-
ions, nd on conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not to exceed one hundred
dollars.

Approved February 17, A. D. 1877.

NEW HAMPSIIIRE.

(From General Laws of the State of New Hampshire, chapter 116, entitled “ Diseases
of Domestic Animals.”

Srcr. 1. Whenever any dangerous or troublesome disease prevails among cattle,
horses or other domestic animals, the governor, with the advice of the council, may
appoiut a board of commissioners of not more than five persons, and may terminate
its existence when the public safety may permit, or the governor may direct that the
board of agriculture may perform the duties and possess the powers herein specified.

The compensation of such board shall be limited to actual expenses, to be allowed
by the governor and council. ;

Sect. 2. Said board shall have the power to make regulations prohibiting the intro-
duction or transportation of any domestic animals, by railroad or otherwise, and such
other regulations as they may deem necessary to arrest or exclude any such infectious
or troublesome disease, and modify or annul the same as circumstances may require.

Such regulations shall be in force until the existence and powers of the board shall
be terminated by the governor,

Sect. 3. Any person or corporation that shall violate any of the regulations of said
board, shall he punished for such offense by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars.

Sect. 4, Any person or corporation that shall bring into the Statue, between the
twentieth day of May and the twentieth day of October, any Texas or Cherokee cat-
tle that have heen kept north of the Ohio or Missouri river during the winter imme-
diately preceding, shall he punished for such offense by a fine not exceeding twenty-
five dollars for cach and every aninial so brought into this State.

The term Texas or Cherokee cattle shall be construed to mean the native cattle of
Texas and Louisiana, and the classes of cattle known under these names.

Srcr. 5. Selectmen shall enforce the provisions of this chapter within their respect-
ive towns at the expense of such towns.

NEW JERSEY.

CHAPTER CCXX.—A supplement to an act entitled “An act to establish a State board of health,”
approved March ninth, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.

1. Be it enacted by the senate and general assembly of the State of New Jersey, That in
addition to the powers conferred by the act to which this is a supplement, said board
shall have full power and authority to examine and determine whether pleuro-pneu-
monia, rinderpest, or any other contagious or infectious disease exist among animals
in any county in this State; and that the sum of five hundred dollars is hereby appro-
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 127

priated to defray the actual necessary expenses of said board while making such
examinations.

2. And be it enacted, That in event of any contagious or infectious disease as afore-
said breaking out or being suspected to exist in any locality in this State, it shall be
the duty of all persons owning or having any interest whatever in said cattle, imme-
diately to notify the said board of health, or any one of them, of the existence of such.
disease, and thereupon it shall be the duty of said board of health, or any member
thereof, to immediately proceed to the place or places where said disease is reported.
to exist, and to quarantine said animal or animals, and take such precautionary
measures as shall he deemed necessary; to prescribe such remedies as in their judg-
ment will be conducive to the recovery of such animal or animals, and td inforce such
regulations as may be adopted by said board of health. .

3. And be it enacted, That the board of health aforesaid, and all such assistants
as they may appoint, whenever in their judgment or discretion it shall appear in any
case that the disease is not likely to yield to any remedial treatment, or whenever it
shall seem that the cost or worth of any such remedial treatment shall be greater than
the valne of the animal or animals so afflicted, or whenever in any case such disease
shall threaten its spread to other animals, to cause the same to be immediately
slaughtered, and their remains to be buried not less than four feet under ground, and
all places in which said animals shall have been kept to be cleansed and disinfected.

4. And be it enacted, That in all cases where animals inflicted with, or which shall
have been expose:l, shall have been slaughtered or killed by the order of the said
board of health, or their assistants, it shall be the duty of said board to appoint three
competent and disinterested. freeholders to appraise the value of the animals so killed
or slaughtered, at the time they were so killed; who shall be affirmed or sworn, before
proceeding to act, to make a just and true valuation of said animals so killed, at the
time of their slaughter, two-thirds of which said valuation or appraisement shall
be paid to the owner or owners hy the State.

5. And be it enacted, That any person or persons refusing or neglecting to notify said.
hoard of health, or any of thei, of the existence of pleuro-pnewmonia, rinderpest, or
any other contagious or infectious discases among cattle, shall be deemed and adjudged
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not more
than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one yeir, or both, at the
discretion of the court.

6. And be it enacted, That all bills for money expended under this act shall be audited
by the comptroller of this State and then submitted to the governor for his approval.
After being thus audited and approved by the governor, shall be paid by the State
treasurer upon warrant of the comptroller.

7. And be it enacted, That said board shall keep a full record of their proceedings,
and shall publish the same in the annual report of the State board of agriculture,
yearly and every year during the existence of the law. ; :

8. And be it enacted, That if any person or persons shall knowingly either buy or sell
or cause to be bought or sold any animal or animals affected with plenro-pneumonia,
rinderpest, or any other contagious or infectious disease, all such person or persons
shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof
shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars or imprisonment not
exceeding one year, or both, at the discretion of the court.

9. And be it enacted, That in case an emergency shall arise and a larger sum shall be
deemed necessary than the amount appropriated by the preceding sections of this act,
said State board of health shall present the facts m evidence to the president of the
State Agricultural Society, and the president aud executive committee of the State
board of agriculture, who shall authorize such additional expenditure as in their
judgment they may deem the exigency of the occasion to demand: Provided, That
in no case shall the amount of money thus authorized to be expended exceed the sum
of five thousand dollars in any one year,

10. And be it enacted, That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act be
and the same are hereby repealed, and that this act take effect immediately.

Approved March 12, 1880.

NEW YORK.

(Laws of New York—by authority.)

(Every law, unless a different time shall be prescribed therein, shall commence and
take tffect throughout the State on and not before the 20th day after the day of its
final passage as certified by the secretary of state.—Section 12, title 4, chapter 7,
part 1, Revised Statutes. )

SALT: — !T in relation to infectious and contagious diseases of animals. (Passed April
See 15, 1878; three-ditths being present.) Tes
The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact

as follows: 2 i : . . .
SecTION 1. Whenever any infectious or contagious disease affecting domestic
128 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

animals shall be brought into or shall break out in this State it shall be the duty of
the governor to take measures to suppress the same promptly and to prevent the same
from spreading.

Src. 2. For such purpose the governor shall have power :

To issue his proclamation stating that infectious or contagions distase exists in any
county or counties in the State, and warning all persons to seclude all animals in
their possession that are affected with such disease or have been exposed to the infec-
tion or contagion thereof, and ordering all such persons to take such precautions
against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may in his judgment ren-
der necessary or expedient,

To order that any premises, farm or farms where such disease exists or has existed
le put in quarantine, so that no domestic animal be removed froim or brought to the
premises or places so quarantined, and to prescribe such regulations as he may judge
necessary or expedient to prevent contagion being communicated in any way from
the places so quarantined.

To call upon all sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to carry out and enforce the provisions
of such proclamations, orders and regulations, and it shall be the duty of all sheriffs
and deputy sheriffs to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they may
reecive from the governor in the preiises. :

To employ such and so many medical and veterinary practitioners and such other
persons as he may from time to time deem necessary to assist bim in performing his
duty as set forth in the first section of this act and to fix their compensation.

To order all or any animals coming into this State to be detained at any place or
places for the purpose of inspection and examination.

To prescribe regulations for the destruction of animuls affected with infectious or
contavious disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides and carcasses and of
all objects which might convey infection or contagion ; provided that no animal shall
lhe destroyed unless first examined by a medical or veterinary practitioner in the em-
ploy of the governor aforesaid.

To prescribe regulations for the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and railway
ears, and of all objects from whichor ly which infection or contagion may take place
or he conveyed. :

To alter and modify from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the terms of all
such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and tocancelor withdraw the same at any
time.

Srec. 3. Any person transy
tion issued or prescribed by
of i misdemeanor.

Src. 4. All expenses incurred by the governor in carrying out the provisions of this
act, und in performing the duty hereby devolved upon him, shall be audited by the
comptroller as extraordinary expenses of the executive department, and shall be paid
out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.

 

   
 

essing the terms of any proclamation, order, or regula-
he governor under authority of this act, shall be guilty

CHAPTER 306.—AN ACT in relation to infectious and contagious diseases of animals. (Passed May
17, 1879, by a two-thirds vote.)

The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact
as follows:

Section 1. Whenever in his judgment for the more speedy and economical sup-
pression, or for preventing the spread of any infectious or coutagious disease of domes-
tic animals, the public welfare shall be promoted thereby, the governor shall have, in
addition to the powers conferred upon him by chapter one hundred and thirty-four
of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-eight, the power to cause to be slaugh-
tered and to be disposed of afterwards as in his judgment may he expedient, any ani-
mal or animals which by contact or cohabitation with diseased animals, or by other
exposure to infections or contagion may be considered or suspected to be liable to
coutract or to communicate the disease sought to be suppressed, or to be prevented
from spreading.

Src. 2. Whenever any animal shall be slaughtered under any order of the gov-
ernor for the purpose of suppressing or of preventing the spread of any infectious or
contagious disease, the compensation to be made by the State to the owner shall be
computed upon the basis of allowing for any diseased animal the actual value, if any,
at the time of slaughter; for any animal that has been kept in the same stable, pen,
field, pasture, or yard, with a diseased animal, two-thirds of the sound value; andin
the case of any other animal so slaughtered, the full value at the time of slaughter,
without regard to the depreciation duc to exposure, or suspicion of exposure, to infec-
tion or contagion: Provided, however, That if the carcass of any animal so slaughtered
shall be sold for more than the amount which the owner would be entitled to receive
as compensation aforesaid, the excess shall be paid to such owner: And provided further,
That no compensation shall be made under the provisions of this section or otherwise

 
 
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 129

to any person who shall willfully have concealed the existence of disease among his
animals or upon his premises, or who shallin any way by act or by willful neglect have
eal aa to the spread of the disease sought to be suppressed or prevented from
spreading.

Suc. 4. This act shall take effect immediately.

PENNSYLVANIA.

AN ACT to prevent the extension of disease among cattle.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted, §c., That it shall not be lawful for any person who may
own any cattle or sheep affected by the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia, or other
contagious or infectious disease, to sell or otherwise dispose of any cattle, either alive
or slaughtered, from the premises where such disease is known to exist, nor for a pe-
riod of two months after such disease shall have disappeared from said premises.

Sec. 2. That no cattle or sheep shall be allowed to run at large in any township or
borough where any contagious disease prevails; and the constables of such townships
are hereby authorized and required to take up and contine any cattle so found run-
ning at large until called for and until all costs are paid. And in townships where
there are no constables, it shall be the duty of the township clerk to perform this ser-
vice; and the said officers shall be entitled to receive one dollar for each head of cattle
so taken up. And any officer who shall refuse to perform the duties of this act shall
be liable to a fine of ten dollars. ;

Src. 3. Any person offending against the provisions of the first section of this act
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction be sentenced to pay a fine not
exceeding five hundred dollars or undergo an imprisonment not exceeding six months.

Approved the 12th day of April, A. D. 1866.

AN ACT to prevent the spread of contagious ge infectious pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this
tate.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted, §-c., That whenever it shall be brought to the notice of the
governor of this State that the disease known as contagious or infectious pleuro-
pneumonia exists among the cattle in any of the counties in this State, it shall be his.
duty to take measures promptly to suppress the disease and prevent it from spreading.

Src. 2. That for such purpose the governor shall have power, and he is hereby
authorized, to issue his proclamation stating that the said infectious or contagious
disease exists in any county or counties of the State, and warning all persons to seclude
all animals in their possession that are affected with such disease, or have been ex-
posed to the infection or contagion thereof, and ordering all persons to take such pre-
cautions against the spreading of such disease as the nature thereof may in his judg-
ment render necessary or expedient; to order that any premises, farm, or farms where.
such disease exists or has existed be put in quarantine, so that no domestic animal be
removed from said places so quarantined, and to prescribe such regulations as he may
judge necessary or expedient to prevent infection or contagion being communicated in
any way from the places so quarantined ; to call upon all sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to
carry out and enforce the provisions of such proclamations, orders, and regulations ;
and it shall be the duty of all the sheriffs and deputy sheriffs to obey and observe all
orders and instructions which they may receive from the governor in the premises; to
employ such and so many medical and veterinary practitioners, and such other persons
as he may from time to time dcem necessary to assist him in performing his duty as
set forth in the first section of this act, and to fix their compensation; to order all or
any animals coming into the State to be detained at any place or places for the
purpose of inspection and examination; to prescribe regulations for the destruc-
tion of animals affected with the said infectious or contagious disease, and for the
proper disposition of their hides and carcasses, and of all objects which might convey
infection or contagion: Provided, That no animal shall be destroyed unless first ex-
amined by a medical or veterinary practitioner in the employ of the governor as afore-
said; to prescribe regulations for the disinfection of all premises, buildings, and rail-
way cars, and of objects from or by which infection or contagion may take place or
be conveyed; to alter or modify, from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the
terms of all such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and to cancel or withdraw the
same at any time. : ; :

Src. 3. That all the necessary expenses'incurred, under direction or by authority
of the governor in carrying out the provisions of this act, shall be paid by the treasurer
upon the warrant of the auditor-general, on being certified as correct by the gov-
ernor: Provided, That animals coming from a neighboring State that have passed a
veterinary examination in said State and have been quarantined and discharged, shall
not be subject to the provisions of this act.

Approved the Ist day of May, A. D. 1879.

S. Ex. 106 9

 
130 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.
RHODE ISLAND.

Public statutes (revised 1881).

CHAPTER 84.—Of contagious disease among cattle.

SecTION 1, Every person bringing into the State neat cattle or o. her animals which
he knows to be infected with any infectious or contagious disease, or who shall ex-
pose such cattle or other animals, known to him to be so infected, to other cattle and
animals not infected with such disease, shall be fined uot less than one hundred dol-
lars, nor more than five hundred dollars.

Sec. 2. The town councils of the several towns may pass such ordinances as they
may think proper, to prevent the spread of infectious or contagious diseases among
cattle and other animals within their respective towns, and may prescribe penalties
for the violation thereof, not exceeding twenty dollars for any one oftence.

Sec. 3. The State board of health may prohibit the introduction of any cattle or
other domestic animals into that State. very person who shall bring, transport, or”
introduce any cattle or other domestic animals into the State, after said board or any
one of them shall have published for tive successive days in such newspapers pub-
lished in this State as the said board may direct, an order forbidding such introduc-
tion, shall be fined not exceeding three hundred dollars tor every such offence; and
every officer or agent of any company or other person who shall violate such order
shall be subject to the fine aforesaid. In case of the introduction into the State of
cattle or other domestic animals, contrary to the order of said board, the introduc-
tion of each animal shall be deeme«l a separate and distinct offence.

Sec. 4. Said board shall endeavor to obtain full information in relation to any con-
tagious disease which may prevail among cattle or other domestic animals near the
border of the State, and shall publish and circulate such information in their discre-
tion; and should any such disease break out, or should there be reasonable suspicion
of its existence among cattle or other domestic animals in any town in the State,
they shall examine the cases, and publish the result of their examination, for the
benefit of the public.

Sec. 5. Said board may appoint suitable and discreet persons, on or near the sey-
eral highways, turnpike-roads, railroads, and thoroughfares in the State, who shall
inquire into all violations of this chapter, and report the same to said board.

Src. 6. Every person who shall sell, or offer to sell, any milk from any such cat-
tle or other domestic animals, shall be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars, or
to be imprisoned not exceeding two years, either or both, in the discretion of the
court.

Src. 7. Said board may make all necessary regulations for the prevention, treat-
ment, cure, and extirpation of such disease; and the value of all cattle or other do-
mestic animals killed on the written order of said board shall be appraised by three
disinterested persons to be appointed by said board, such appraisal to be made im-
mediately before the cattle or other domestic animals are killed, and the amount of
such appraisal shall be paid by the State to the owner of such cattle or other domes-
tic animals; and every person who shall fail to comply with any regulation so made
shall be fined not exceeding three hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not exceeding
one year.

Sue. 8. Whenever said board shall make and publish any regulations concerning
the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle or other domestic animals infected with
or which have been exposed to any contagious disease, such regulations shall super-
sede the regulations made by the authorities of the several towns and cities upon
the same subject; and the operation of such regulations made by said authorities
shall be suspended during the time those made by said board shall be in force.

Src. 10. All prosecutions for offenses against the provisions of this chapter shall
be commenced within thirty days after the same shall have been committed, and not
afterwards.

In force on and after February 1, 1882.

VERMONT.

(Revised laws, 1880.)

SEecTION 4013. A person who drives or brings neat cattle into a town in this State
from another State, or is accessory thereto, knowing that any of them have the dis-
ease or have been exposed to the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia shall forfeit to
the town not more than $500, or be imprisoned not more than twelve mouths and not
less than one month, in the discretion of the court.

SecTIon 4014. A town, at a meeting held for that purpose, may establish regula-
tions, appoint officers or agents, and raise and appropriate money to prevent and
THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE, 131

arrest the spread or circumscribe the effect of the cattle disease known as pleuro-
pneumonia as such town deems expedient.

_ SECTION 4015, The selectmen may perform all acts and make all rules and regula-
tions for and in behalf of the town necessary to carry into effect the powers conferred
on the town by this chapter, until the town otherwise orders at a meeting holden for
that purpose.

Section 4016, Every person bringing into this State any neat cattle or other do-
mestic animals which he knows to be infected with any infectious or contagious dis-
ease, or who shall expose such cattle or other animals known to him to be so infected
to other cattle and animals not infected with such disease, shall be fined not less than
$100 nor more than $500.

SECTION 4017. The selectmen of the several towns and the board of aldermen of the
several cities of this State may make and enforce such regulations as they may think
proper to prevent the spread of infectious or contagious diseases among cattle and
other domestic animals within their respective towns and cities, and shall inquire into
all such cases coming to their knowledge, and shall immediately report the same to
the governor. Any person who shall knowingly violate or refuse to obey any suck
regulation made by such town or city authorities shall be liable to a fine of $100.

SEcTION 4018. The governor may appoint a board of cattle commissioners, to consist
of three members, whenever in his judgment the public safety may require, and may
terminate their commissions whenever in his judgment the public safety may permit.
‘The compensation of such commissioners shall not exceed three each per day
for oe service, in addition to their traveling and other expenses necessarily in-
curred.

Section 4019. Such commissioners may prohibit the introduction of any cattle or
other domestic animals believed to be infected with any contagious disease, or having
been exposed thereto, into this State, but may not prohibit the transportation of the
same in cars through the State, and every person who shall bring, transport, or intro-
duce any cattle or other domestic animals into this State atter said commissioners have
issued an order forbidding the same, and such order shall have been published for
three successive daysin such newspapers published in this State as the commissioners
may direct, shall pay to the treasurer of the State a fine of not more than $300 for
every offence, and every officer or agent of any company, or other person who shall
violate such order, shall be subject to the fine aforesaid. In case of the introduction
into this State at the same time of a number of cattle or other domestic animals con-
trary to the orders of such commissioners, the introduction of each animal shall be
deemed a separate and distinct offence.

SECTION 4020. Such commissioners shall endeavor to obtain full information in rela-
tion to any contagious disease which may prevail among cattle or other domestic
animals near the borders of the State, and shall publish and circulate such informa-
tion at their discretion; and should any such disease break out, or should there be
reasonable suspicion of its existence among cattle or other domestic animals in any
town in this State, they shall examine the cases and publish the result of their exami-
nation for the benefit of the public; such commissioners are also hereby authorized to
examine under oath, in the several towns and cities in this State, all persons pos-
sessing or believed to possess knowledge of any material facts concerning the exist-
ence or dissemination or danger of dissemination of diseases among cattle or other
domestic animals, and for this purpose shall have all the power now conferred by law
upon justices of the peace to compel the attendance and testifying of such witnesses ;
and all costs and expenses incurred in procuring the attendance of such witnesses
shall be allowed and paid to the commissioners from the treasury of the treasury of
the State, upon the same being certified to the governor and approved by him; and
the auditor of accounts is hereby authorized to draw his order on the treasurer for such
sum as shall be so certified and approved.

SrecTION 4021. When any contagious disease exists in the State among cattle or
other domestic animals, said board may quarantine all inflicted animals, or such as
they suppose have been exposed to contagion; may prohibit any animal from passing
on or over any of the highways near the place of quarantine; may enter upon any
premises where there are animals supposed to be infected with any disease, and make
all investigations and regulations necessary for the prevention, treatment, cure, and.
extirpation of such disease, and any person who shall knowingly violate or refuse to
obey any regulation or orcer of such commissioners, shall be liable to a fine of one
hundred dollars for each violation or refusal.

Section 4022. If any person during the existence of said board shall sell or offer to
sell any cattle or other ie suientle ‘animals, or any part or parts thereof, known to him
to be infected with any contagious disease, or with any disease dangerous to the
public health, he shll be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned
not exceeding two years, or both, at the discretion of the court. :

SECTION 4023. The value of all cattle or other domestic animals killed by the writ-
ten order of the commissioners shall be appraised by three disinterested persons, to be

 
132 THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE.

appointed by the commissioners, such appraisal to be made just before the cattle or other
domestic animals are killed; and the amount of such appraisal shall be paid by the
State to the owners of such animals; and every person who shall fail to comply with
any regulation by them so made shall be fined not more than three hundred dollars,
or be imprisoned not more than one year.

Section 4024. Whenever the commissioners shall make and publish any regulations
concerning the extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle or other domestic animals
infected with or which have been exposed to any contagious disease, such regu-
dations shall supersede the regulations made by the selectmen of the several towns,
or the board of aldermen of the several cities upon the same subject; and the opera-
tion of such regulations made by said authorities shall be suspended during the time
those made by the commissioners as aforesaid shall be in force.

SECTION 4025. The commissioners shall keep a record of their doings, and report
the same to the governor in the month of September next after their appointment,
unless sooner required by the governor.

SEcTION 4026. All orders, appointments, and notices from the commissioners shall
bear the signatures of a majority of said commissioners.

SccTion 4026. Any prosecution for a violation of any of the provisions of this act
shall be commenced within thirty days from the commission thereof.
INDEX.

 
 

 

 
 
 
 

  
 

 

Page.
Abattoirsatifat:markets 1. .0.c00 ses ces vereee veesasdedsdstaeeececeeseuaecaaces 83
Active trade in cattle a cause of extension of disease 8
African chiefs, checked lung plague... ......-2...-------+----- 17
America sound until disease imported 26
Ancient history of lung plague sees ve seee ceenes cue) acs ss ewens Seer acecies secieee 4
Animals susceptible to lung’ ia aRuinlesmiercwtie wemauacesialaaaeaeanaeaaie xeeees 39
Aveda Of INTeCtlODssisic.g se pieiswisemnn.e warewinenirnas sed was eh ler Secias wei! astra erctetorste 60
Arrest of lung plague in its progress westward, Wily carciersiet sateronscrciciai spegrolsioversints 24
Australia, its infection .......22-.. 20. eee eee eee ee se aig cealand Seal eeiavctara euareratatzis 17
Blissville istillery: Staples: tosis oes bis sieisivisisrersig-a'siainieis welsls Sarsicine Oeste aiavanarvate 39
Blo Wer esis jnccistapereseteicrancce Gyerejey arn eter niore torent ice eae aon Ba SSS clareina wes erate sleleliciels 81
Bonded market for sound export and store cattle at the infected ports......-.. 71
génerabTulessOr...casakind ieee vehacss aederacadeasdaaecenes 71
BOOBY HatChes iccseia, sae cepnedemwwieen chee meee aeweeek wa eae eeeemee s war eecmiae aawnue 80
Breeding stock imported... 22.20... 222. cee eee cee eee cee eens cee eee 32
British: [sles AM6ChiOt Ob ss acaba rcisee raven acer eevee reiecs aia abeeiota mesic on Siatesie 9
Brooklyn, infection of ........-.--..---. saan 2 21
Buffaloes subject to lung plague = 26
Buffalo, immunity of American 26
Calf trade must grow if allowed 34
Cape of Good Hope, infection of 14
Cars, CisinfectOnOL.,-..jsjnsicec sede adedeses Sethe ta ek TERRE ees eee See 72
Cattle fatten at66ai... ccc. ee cee eee eae peeen i Sesiomae eee ee kee etasee teeees 74
SHIPS, DIG WETS OD, nis: s:ce nce wn esnmsa scarce wereecereeeeeasens 81
fans and blowers in 81
Voutila tion. Of sswis.2.xs wee ewesiscine secs seewas 76
trade in Massachusetts, South Africa, and Australia 20
Central Europe, mountains permanently infected.....-...----.-.-.----------- 6
Certificates must be based on repeated examinations .......--..-------------- 43
of health with cattle from infected ports ...--........--.--------- 69
sound ports 26. cseesc ewes neeces erses 69
City dairies, profits Of. seis: selsinais-seicier eee smew ee niccccekas cess eeceeees ee 66
sending sick COWS ANbO wiac ss cincins caeuc dances Nasnee diame cease. 21-23
dairy trade, a cause of disease........ 22. eee 22. ene cone eee ee eee eee 21-23
Climate and temperature affect the mortality ....-...-.-.-.-----------+---+-- 40
does not produce lung plague..-.---..--- --+----+ +++ eee cere eee eee 26
Compilation of State laws on “contagious diseases of cattle ...-...--. 2.2.2. +--+ 116
Conditions favoring extinction in Massachusetits..-...-.----------------+---++ 20
Congressional action recommended... ...-2+.eeeeeeeecee cence enecee ones cece 82
Contagion the sole means of propagation .........-..------ .----+ eee) eee eee eee 4
Convalescent cattle dangerous...--...---- ---- -- 2-22 eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 50
Convalescent cattle don’t suffer again...-...--. ..---0 -e eee cere ee eee eee eee eee 40
Course of disease......--2 2... -- 2+ eee cence eee cece ee eee suneetebess see ween 46
Cow-stables in Great Britain before and since infection .......---..--------+-- 12
Grisis, in OxXtensiOn. Of dis6ase ,... 2s o-sese cs ween ces eewes cere we see ecicisisie seisisnle 36
Crowding on steamers... 2. 22+. 2 een e ee ene cee eee ene ee eee eee eeee 75
Dangers attending increase of importation ...--.--.--.---.-----------+---+ +++: 31
from increase of thoroughbreds..-....---------++ -----+ +--+ +--+ +--+ 32
Danger from improvement of Western herds.....----...--.------------++-+-+- 33
Dangers from infected clothes-....--..-----+ ----25 eee eee cece eee cee tee eee 37
Danger from infected stables...--....---.------ --- 225 222 2e 2 cece ee eee eee eee 36.
prolonged inoculation...-.----.------ 2-202 eee ee eee eee ee eee 43, 57
Dangers from railroad extensions .......--- ----++ +22 eeeeee eee eee eee eee ee 35
recovered cattle .... .-.. ---- +2. ene eee eee nee eee eee eee eee 50
Danger from shipping Eastern calves to the West.------.----.-----------++---- 34
of infection through food -...-...-------- +--+ eee scene cece ee eee eee 39
the single diseased beast.......----- +--+ 2-22 eee eee eee ce eee eee 31
Dangers of inoculation... .--..--------- 22-2 eens cee e ee cere rete ene tee eee eens 56
yearly increasing ..---. .----+ cee. cone cree cere ee eee cee ee eee tenes 31
Denmark, infection of .... 2... .--. ---- ---- -22 2 eee eee eee eee eee cere ere 13
Detroit has no lung plague ....-.---.---------- gdelgicayaeiiowierawitlesmemaeeaieesS 63

133
134 INDEX.

  

 

  
 
 

 

 

  
 

Disease changes in chest... 22. 20. - --- 2 eee ne sewn e cece ee ene e cece ee ones
Diseased cattle, slaughter of...-..---.---.-----+ econ eee eee
Disease in New York, the same as imported
Disinfection, rulesfOr oc cic sic as. ceciceciaisisieins se vies eisainisieisi'e-ciarejeacmmeinic oisionitcciiaienia
Of Caraian d:Shipslc.c 2 scisie cine einai. acide eddrejeiela aia sueygaeinmiesinis-ceiniess
Distilleries, sugar factories, &c., a means of perpetuation of the disease...... se 39
Eastern calves, MAM SE POM cu stain cis'a sins mwa miata dimer neoraiaiajet need diajaieheisisianeaidinswie 34
Governor Cullom’s proclamation concerning...-...-.------.--- 35
Encysted masses in lungs, danger from......----.ee2- eeee eee cee eee eee eee 50
Eradication of lang plague guaranteed... aisiatelanaicns aisichneiets emteesaiee 30
Examinations, single, useless....-. ~~. 2-2-2 ee 2202 cee eee eee ee eee eee eee 43
Exports, action advised on...-. oho Sine buses ticisiexatiee DebeS eee Se acee Sexiness - 69,70
Extinction, by State action........--....---..-- SPR twee see we bere 20
facilities for, in Americas cu... ..ssoccsexrcgesecewcceeas wasees ane ae 30
favored by fences... - .s2s2sws. v2 acne ase sessxceos cekencterns Yauees
Federal action f0r...sc0scasss sciceen sescse wees ceeendasees veeckese
hindered by modes of trading i in cities.
pasturing in common..... 6%
profits on city dairies... ......------ eee eee eee eee
1 Magsachusetity onic scnneeciccccie cece seeps peceee coeresse eb eoce
ite failure dn: Australia g o-c, cco. sprctems at cetewiietieles ginten SERA cae s ERS
MOt bein prefle chad ixj..-- sss, saitweiey ates seen chak's ate neeeeine semen ass
of lung plague guaranteed...-...----. Sacecaeseecisiec Seneca sone . 36
the disease in Denmark...... ...--. 2-20. eee eee ee ene eee eee nee 13
lung plague in Norway ...-..---.------ cee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee 13
lung plague in Schleswig-Holstein . i iaraca eyeneia.s. Sie leucisiare 13
lung plague in Sweden.......----.---.------ ee eee eee eee Sis ac 13
MBVAN SS so 5 ats vous acess disjeisunsisjeieis cies aid aii era apie Sse anise eM aaa cee tee ek 81
Fat cattle markets, and abattoirs...--. 2-0-2. 2-2. cee eee eee cee eee
poor sallorgiececcssesewedecaes cceeee eee etecessoesewnadeayeseh esse
Fatigue does not cause lung plague ........-- 20.225 eee cee cree Cece cnn cee eee
Federal action for extinction of Plague xine wees teem eres ee eens Seseesaseees
on imports, exports, and interstate commerce.
First attack gives immunity from a second......------..-----
Foreign cattle, quarantine of....2. 62-22. 22 eee ee cee ce eee cee eee ee cece
trade in live stock, a cause of the disease. .......----.-----2 ---- eee eee
General rules for bonded market....-.....2.------+------ -eeeee suelo Ueleneraidict iat
Gerinsior ung plage meni cid eneenem es os eho one aia/tiomdesigicinmmncumac abelion anime
Heat of furnace as a means of ventilation in steamers.........---..--...-----
History in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.........---..--- ak eases
of lung plague...--. ---. .-- 22 eee eee eee eee eee eee cee eee cena
Humid air, a cause of Jung Ciseases nani sence sane secre et eetien Reese tne Dele
ill 6ffects Of... cs sceseask cone dienewy enw eeeeswns Scene cerned eawemee
in Cattle ShipS s<<0veecscssdevedscciee cence s seeeeee seers deere as bees
in ships; remedy fOPi. csi csns cece cove sees aeiewsea seed seed eewe cere ee
Illinois, forbids importation of calves from infected places..........-.--.----- 35
Timportationi: TNCrease: OF xseriess see peg scctmrcta Mate vaglecicine gingers eGae ced speaSsins
antorbhe: British ASlese ease. ccisicarnciew sciatica t scmesthkensbwe essa
Imports, ation advised OMie< s2nscicsicicisee. caecee seeeseas so ceses savasia cece weiteee
Federal control of.......--.----.-
Impure air does not cause lung plague
CIO CUBIC Losi daiiminayenineineminaaisisedwn tee. cm hse ales Garona cacaiensjashete ini
OW, DOATC GNP Sic 2.2. oss Sate cecisjamemiccrsisindog ausiegie iwi eee eee
Inclement weather does not cause lung plague.....--.-.---- Biceseiee rayne hat anere ae 26
INCU AON em aceeteineme emma sete ease sice Seem eh Ee sci hac ate cee ote bee 42
prolonged a source of danger 43
Tridlewnnitige a liberal, BOVOCHOd s2¢ weiss mameepweerseeieuss naelee GEMS Ee ian a,c selene 85
for cattle killed... ..- = 85
liberal, bestic.<<c2-cseu sedasses ce xaee'e 85
Infectediareaic cca. :cchiciete vee Hosni vce iesieieee eeipls eee ean ekeeed we eesecg emesis 60
cattle, slaughter Of «.....s:¢20 sens oapasarseicessauertewaisleenin ue See eeeeRs 84
districts, control of pasturage in....-. 0.225. cee eee eee eee eee eee eee 85
Marke COR ss :epcicicsasiciciee acetate cai alslaswofetnyoiprateorsteraia's ajsiaie lerelossne 71
movement of cattle in -.-.--. .- 2-2. eee ee ee eee 69, 70
POLtS-Of EXP OTs co5ac crane hersaw cacicein aes wed we wieeaiimbecoseeues 70, 83, 84
State should be debarred from exporting cattle ...-...-2-2..2---2.---- 69
transmission of cattle through...-....-2-2--.-..2---..----- Seema 70
Infection, absent from channels of cattle traffic...... 02220. . ceeeas nee e ee eens 60, 64
Western cities.......--.....- int SiS. winjspwieerewies ejaaiereleremiee ters 60, 64

from recovered animals..-...- 2-22. 2 ne wees cee nes cece en enna seecce 50
INDEX. 135

Infection, by inoculation... 0... 222. cee eee eee ee eee ee cee cen eee eee
Of AMBtTAIA foc 0 semen oceiciemaliece tecicioes

clothes ..-...---
preserved in stables. Y
THROUBHHOOd wo 2s peintiele Satieociiy raise etajeseaes lace aaah aeleeien <eme

Inoculated animals infecting ......--.. 22.22.2202 ee eee een e cee eee eco eee
ENO CUA GLON occ artsce across arsicnareswarmieriais arias awe oeistmnanaladsidealtaiaes sarincio gianeig cee weenie amie
GaN PCTS Of ace akitadcsiicmsacacdes be eon cnet A o sun atdeinaxpus veer
CiTNSSS GWE: VINUB 3.0.5 :sigei winnie see tea si cncieniecisrcinticiee aston isle sigieg vigeme
EX PONS Of ao casts a cugtenGiins caauaetsaarctotaeaerdcos Gece allele etemiaawes
IDE Cinbure hh. caecd pata aiaccin enermtinreite-vinictaicre aialeie sereiclbraitieic ate ciseraimesalarcie

HON ANG sai ccicutintimaharauenkon ccrcis'sneveroncee's

its drawbacks.-....
misconception of..
PROVCCLIOU ceicicscseyee « ccs coins omarnceste nme annen
unsuited to America

   
  

   

  
 
  

   

   

 

When AMISH] =. .os-,cescinn ccmces ase aNsemmbeawe deue saseGiee 59
Inspections, must cover three months for a single NWOT a ieinda cme ceweeeganeee 43
include the whole herd .... 2.222.222. see. eee ee eee eens 43
SINE USELESS |. 3 eco: cicjnnid cairns cemiadunrqeaeine sous ser menenasen dees 43
Interdiction of movement of cattle from infected State......... 22.2 ..2-2. eee 69, 70:
Inter-State commerce, action advised on...... 222-2. 222 ee ee eee eee eee cee eee 5
Introduction sc<s ssesvsae soeweeeess veeweswe se sdeepeiamtnig/stvarauie MRS ReIS Secs wrseleve
Investigations in the lines of traffic......-.....--- 7
Ireland, cause of the perpetuation of the disease in
Infection OF .ojo26' cases dseraniessetremens cmos Memes aeeabe LEEE Theo ce cc
Professor Ferguson’s report ON ..-. ----.se0 cece cee teen ence cece ee ee 11
Large cities perpetuate ...... owieishe cia cteieeeime weinieate widertes eee selwiaw ex eaae eee 22
Laws of the States on contagious diseases of cattle -....--..-.---.-----. ee enee 116
Lindley, his evidence on lung plague in South Africa......-.-.-.-----2...2-6- 14
APOSSeS) [AUS bral Bie ot a cete sin sats bee coca end yeti oe cictacrmnveye ns nie Winer soctage Sa eens 17,18
Greah BRAIN 2 sco ss se sctraersicrsie ciaceestelg sisibraiateidinad Seem cents ooke- ei wees 9
South, Africa; iON COSS1V Gi cc tio a dvaie seater esd winciceniecets mama sujoneces 14-17
ONsEXPOrt CAL iGiec surat ou whos a haa eeseeaucis theta cee bee aie cies 75
exports, more than value of all the infected herds in the land........ 85
T088'60 MASSACHUSObS peice ccucice oe cinacimpeidie-sisieynciainia aincieineloen ee Dees daekeee 20:
Lung diseases caused by impure air on ships.....----.-----2 +222) eee eee eee 78
found in Western cattle... 22. 2... 22.2 2-2 ee eee cee eee cece eee 63.
Lung plague causes disease when inoculated ....-. --.-...-2-----222 esse eee eee 54
in New York continuous from imported cases.-.....-....---- dies 25
NOt Gisa PPeariN Gs cceacwrsswerseneweneews sewecww ssiaiseis aw cenieeeet 64
why called 80 -c2.00 cence eeesegusetoane saisnetvase sae Saeed cetinerene 4
Markets should be abolished or regulated ....- 3 gSess Meise ke wew <EKaEKReKSS 83
Massachusetts, infection Of 0-0 csescwssnseeo seer cvs oowe wewess sence veeees 19
Mediate contagion, opinions of European writers ...--.-.-----.+------+- asieees 39:
Moffatt, his evidence on South Africa -..-.-.-.----.-------- +e ee 17
MOrtali by aictaccctsrsinartemctetaie cje iatctaraieintaiea Se Gets Sieiere Pae soci wee eeeeiel sie 40
enhanced by warnaiGllimalesiisies cicigcin nce ciep grein wienee inch see diecieie ss 40
UM ING MOT 2 ais -cpaid's- crite epetetar Saleiecie taleiaie Hateiee ieee oes ER one Re CRelcees 42, 65, 66
prospective in the West and South ..... 2... ..-22. 222 see eee ee eee ee 41, 42
Mountains in Central Europe infected .... 2.00. ..2--- 222 ee eee eee eee eee ee 6-7
in Northern and Southern Europe and Scotland, sound ........-... 7-27
Movement of cattle under license -....---2. 22-2 2 eee ene cee eee eee eee eee 84
Nature-of lung: plagi6isa.< os sccsc2 ccs cacs min aensiontinciamdineicm-aencet ceciee SreeRee 49
New Hampshire, infection of........ 2... ---. +22 202 cee eee eee ee ce eee ayeniemarn 20
New’ Jersey, cinfectiOw Of. 2c cic 2 s.aiasieveisycie (apeia iene jnjeiieioresew en ainse elameinie: dieeeenies Salem's 21
New York, infection of 21
New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, infected ports.......... 69
New Zealand, infection of 19
No infection in the United States apart from infection spread from Brooklyn .. 64
No lung plague in America till 1848 .... ..---. 2-2-2. ee 2 eee cone eee eee eee ee 26
our great western centers of cattle traffic .......-...-...-..- 60-65
NOMENCIA CUTE sec nse oe ose nisin einle Peie Seles Wai ete scee eign ode eRe cease m esses 3
Norway, infection of ..-. 2.2.20. - 2-0 eo enn cee cee ee cee nee cece cee ee cee eee = 13
Obligation to stamp OUb.....-.--- 2-220 ween eee nee cee eee cee cence cece eee 30
Obstacles to extension of lung plngne north from New York. ..........--+- +--+ 25
Ocean voyage, care during .... .--.+..++- . 74
Organic matter in air of cattle-ships . aaa i 23 loess) aime meteniee ae exe sxe eke cites e
GS

Pasturage in common must be abolished in infected districts
136 INDEX.

 

Pago.

Permanence of lung plague in Australia......-22..---20 06 ween en ee oasis eis - 18,19
Brooklyn, New York, &c ...--.------.---- 21, 22, 26, 64

Mountains of Western Europe ........----.----- 6

Now Zéaland o.20 secicinse crac saies cineesniennaceinens 19

SOUTH ATTICA scene sw.ccis nse secausinwwatonccomnneaiise 14-17

TASMANIA oa acs: cimalan wer ctciarneca atin ninaieisiemmes = 19

Perpetuation of the disease in Ireland.........-....---2- 2-2-2 eee eee ce ee ee eee 10
Pleuro-pneumouia a misleading term. ........--- 4
POTtSANFOC CED ors o-cie arcs ean cnevererase ninemnain sareievadcieece 69
Present crisis in lung plague extension ........2.-22--- ceeeee eens eee ee eee eee 36
Privations do not cause lung plague........-.----. 27
Quarantine: NeGéssary.s:...) ss, aiacemiciig jecice ae Ee Rc docee ew ascieieecanmnoe Secs 73
of foreign cattle ..........----. Spisieth Ualcartact ace eancee ne eereeeee 73

Of States nécessanys ..2-xcn.s seme, ake ees seceeeieaewcer cee sces 70-82

  
 

 

 

should be unifotto’ conics coos tac semeseosiveceee tess seseessecteee
Railroad extension a source of danger ..-....----..----. 22-225 -----
Recovered cattle, not attacked again...-..-----..-------+------- a
Sanitation of steamers) .ic.e-c2cc0 seepershasesaeeemus esa seieeapisieeasee= oss zeae
Schleswig-Holstein, infection of
Sea, fattening cattle: a tien cc iicnizciceaig sind ndinmass maictasistsbinicieie stickied ausisiorg viele
Seclusion of infected State a prerequisite to all certificates of health........--. 69-82
Second attacks of lung plague rare... ...--. 1222-2 222 eee ee ee eee eee eee 40
Spread of the disease by inoculation ...... 2... 022-222-2222 ooo eee eee eee eee 56
Ships, artificial ventilation of........-.....---.---+-.-- 5 ‘ 84
cubic area for each animal on ..... 73
MISINFO CATON LOL, wc, vicnsse cic snile eels Se oy mee oie ata satermiensatem mnlesiaisis. Sees ieee ements 72
PIAUWONLEE OF CISCASEM, ors ssin cin nies crsiSes Siaidile, cred teiocionslajeisieis vealed creme d.diaea.wiaie oeSie meieieicies 84
South Arica “MN TeCtiOn Of esr. oc od ecceninisemined eed St Seca iene seeesae kee 14
lung place Ue onscecieceeweis op eect ee ses eee eeebee 14
Spread of lung plague south from New York; why?....-.-.----------------+-- 21, 22
Stalls:on ships, too flimsyceccsscss avasexmsqaeccese dee wes See sex cores eee setae
steamers, size of..-......--..
Stamping out lung plague ..-......-...
State action for extinction of plague
Saint Lotis has no lung plague... 262 .scaseciec ce cece ceweeneasesaeeeceeaseacene
Steamers, sanitary condition of .-.-.. 2.222. -- eee eee eee eee ee ce eee eee
BEALS ON a cose ueaveod aaeeroncaad Atiawss Jae ae se o Smee Qnssementndserwes
Subsidence of lung plague a delusion ...... 2-200. 22-2. 022-22 eee eee eee ee eee 64
Suffocation on, board ship ...- 22. ccscceccecewee eer easercecccscseecscenecceese 76
PONIMAT AY a pemepherceerereasicle CS prlnene che win-radesieyaedGane siafeeisicye Sicjeducmoneis'e ences oie Mieeetciele 87
Sweden, infection Of .<sexccose sweet cen Sennemes Se eS tS TLS LeSuaRee ees cece 13
Swill feeding does not generate infection...... 2... 22222... eee ee eee ee eee 29
SYMpPLOMS cess sssr keen vose sa cesmmecacen ames ex Saees shes sede Reese eTemce 44
Tasmania, Aniechion Of. sc.i<0sici deenimececnne cxeees sees cae Seeer seeReem asses 19
Temperate climate does not produce lung plague ..-.-. 2.222. -22.- 2202s eee eee 27
Thoroughbreds, dangers from preserving ...--. 1.220. -2 2. eee eee eee ee eee eee 53
increase of ...-.. pe Sasa av eines carcieiodi rae Siew Straten emis gaicioonmaceieis 32
should be paid for liberally .......--. 2222-22. .----2 e022 eee eee 53
BPSciall WiMANGELOUG nraedee atau soem ee ae Aaaweaacucidsakocs cies 53
Unfenced American pastures would keep up lung plague...--.....-....----- 16, 17, 30
Unfenced regions perpetuate ... 22.222 eee eee cee ee cece wee ee cence 16, 17, 30
Upper deck SHU PPIN WOM. a. c.ciarcjersiassrcycisre scwjeisie- dine aiee divianedhanmamsiacsa casa mane se 76
Ventilation, bad, no cause of lung plague. -....... 2... 2222 eee eee eee eee 28
of cattle ships.....2..2. 22-222. eee eee SS Siecwiaretateie nia Ss Sye cinema 80
BIN PS reiki  h itic ce cic ee mnie cueeSadionemend sea seerny 80
Ships by CXTACHION, oc case sacicaecinea ced cneedecises-ccice cc secece 81
Virus, attevuation of by air 36
CATPIOM ON) Allee ou. via ainaais eascera ents aeiieet sees cick cae: de tieucisersumeus eee 36
preserved in clothes 37

 

preservedan tabled sc. ccs neeeeecsseeemees Sxeddcneicetercasceceess 8O;37

 

VASA ty Of ircoes casera eee cane do nasi ualtoerigeeaacisix ese ee ae Sea 86

what favors its preservation, «. .+ sees seve veeseeesvesexesestocescedens 86; 37
VAtlOtOd Alte. ie scccscinwctsinsnaankewe ss seus gee cdvaeewamemde emwerneiaretiotuereiet 76
Warm climate does not cause lung plague. .... 2.2. 22.22 eee eee ee eee 27
aperavate lUNG Plagues... caine etckcs swe eeceenens 40

Wars as a cause of the plague..-.2. 222. cece cee cece ee eee teens cece ee cane nene 7
Western cities and prairies calculated to keep up lung plague................ 61

WAU SO Sactsc caps chs crcetacmavcvine tein ARISE Sem a cla Eek el eck eel chapel i eho 80
INDEX TO REPORTS OF INSPECTIONS.

   

Saint Louis ..
Allegheny City, report on.........----..----
Buffalo, report on
testimony of veterinarans o.e5 2202. .cscesweweosiect cee conc vers eeweee.. 92
Cincinnati, report ON: .cecccsccensccsewsessawacens oees cise cee cose seweeceeens 106
Common pasturags 2. occ secsewcssis en eeeeamere me yeas ciees cet aw cemiaceees
at; Butialo wesecassasseswicnnc ceases sax sees aeeebe were eesaues 91

Indianapolis) sce sons ssccesdeeseeciorewesctueenscccans  TO5
in Kansas City

   

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  

Cleveland, report on..--... shimaeseeeowsice mate oak celeeew eee e ieee ereewnetwese 96

Council Bluffs, report on 102

Dairies at Buffalo .....-...-.. P 91

INE CINCINMALEL \sjoiascieu) sees wicinciemme eases exis e.erselsisiorst<te stereie wietate siesete? rarecis 107

Detrit) soteie, sere sigh apeted oere nc Sissi ove Seiee Bouin Gein c gels ecm ecoee 111

ab Elgin .... .. 220. 2020 enn e nee ene te ee cee eee ee cee eee 113

In An dlanapolissc.ciswicie covbaw veteseeeeacccceceeuisieadcee veteReseemes 105

FAMBAS: City caren cone oct caccanaenc sane et Rasaee Pion cee ceaenases 100

I MilWaUk@ iin siccciec cece ceeccmneacacctecas ecicse scenes SAletcedeeaais 97
Ab OMAN Gc sicisicw: Assia sere taidede Rew miami a Salen eimere Sine retaraimareie bmleleiere ena
INGA tr LOUWIS ose se resent Manned ccmrentmaee cen enaediorecmorncectess
Detroit, Teport: OD. va. .nee wens cet nese nna sawieeence semeee ber eecesiceesee

Distillery feeding at Cincinnati.
at Indianapolis
in Kansas City
Bt ONT Dr. «:2,orcisienainixantnie sidninye dios ayotnceraiornreeneibiareritarniejee 2a CS GE SORES

POOLIA wats cs ais wid nin oie Seis dicing Rae wsieaete sega ome Spies MERE

IT SAMY LOUIS). a ja:cinic cine wins SoS atasleeRidy Welw odae<eeemEces

Distillery stables in Buffalo......----.------ isemamaeigebemyeinals weiss Ssh Sele tee
Milwaukee: ....5.¢s. esevine seaestee ecartincemenies seus senises

Distoneum hepaticum in lungs ........------- +--+ e222 cece cee eee eee eee eee
Eastern calves... -----0 s225 e205 nen cone eee ene ence ee cence cee e cee eee
Elgin, report on..---. .-- 2-2 ee oe eee eee eee ee cece ee cee eee ee eee ce eee eee
East Ringo, N. H., report on
Farrington’s report.....----.-------+----- +--+
Flukes in lungs.... ..-.2- -- 2202 nnn ee cece ee cece ec cece teens tee eee ene eee ees
Galesburg, report OD... 2-2. 02-222 ween eee cee ee cee ree cere e ee eeeee
Geneseo, Ill., report on -..- ---. 22-22 ween ene cee eee ee eee eee cee ee nee tenes
Grosse Isle, report On -.-. --- 22. eee eee ene eee eee eee ee cee neers ner eee ne
Hamilton, Mo., report on... 22. ..2- 22 22 ee ee ee eee cee eee cee eee eee eee
Indianapolis, evidence of veterinarians -...--..---------++-----e cree cree eeee- 105
TOPOrt ON 122 .2- cee nnn vee eee cee eee eee tee ene teens men eee eases 105
Tron City, report on .-....---- 2-22. eee eee e eee eee Deciaeapsieidjaveinarsieinvelassfeles 94
Kansas City, report on ..--.----------- 100
Lung disease in cows at Elgin -...-----.. 113
Detroit cow .....--. -------- 22-2 eee eee 119
Milwaukee, report on ...--2. 22. --- 222 eee ee cee eee nee cee teen eee eee 96
Murray’s report ... 22. 22222. cee eee ee eee cee cee eee cee ee een tence nee ce ee- 109
Paareny’s report .----.-- 2-26 222 eee ene een eee rere eee eee nce e cee 113
Peoria, report ON .-...----- 22-22 eee ee eee cee ene teen cere ern e eres 103
Pictou, Nova Scotia, cattle disease. .-...-.-.-.----+-----+ +--+ icMocre.cieiniinieteioate
Pittsburgh, report on. .....-.--..---- ateecawis PieecandedaeSte sraewie! eamitsicmisete 93

137

8. Ex. 106——10
138 INDEX.

    

Page.

Rendering works at Buffalo........2.22 2-22-2002 eee ee cece ee iowaulvcwpdasreseats 91
IN Detroit cciewwade eomscsjeeeeeu acl ganerdeenisis weiserde sien eee< 112
102

103

93

evidence of veterinarians... 93

TOPO ON) siesosee owt pace mace saaes Sor medicare rouge eke ee 93
Salamanes,, TOPOL ON veaiccocesilemecwccmseey cea se screw sorncaninweieewmcaas 93
Saint Louis, evidence of veterinarians.....--. 2-22 ---- 2. eee eee ee eee eee eee 99
TOPOL ON ss:aiciars sieterow salvar wh Gceceie's a we sicis's wis cicisicice Gaal eaennG.S 98
SUSPCUSION Bid GO. ca caccstescseceien eee caine sememsiesemnesewisineir seme meena Saco w 42

Thayer, report on East Ringo, N. H..-...--. .e2e-. cee e cone cece eee eee ee eee 113
FACLOU IN Sncns carte ata sawineawadshinecatckancaneeeseoeen’ - | EIS
T0160, LEPOTHOD, wise coe ernmemsaiaaneraneeineee weenie Salatacayeleiwispesawainitene! mutenmatercreaaue 110
INDEX TO STATE LAWS.

  
 
 

ConiectiCubec. «cessce cess ccweew seweuwaneieewers mocmec cea ccceme deere eane%
TNWINO1S: ecien ieee core xateeberseeerer eeeces eer Menwes.c 40 kicce Sic oh Soe Ree SEE
TNGIANG ncetsnme nicoserceecens cas unes'salastiaeys cums aes ee Mee eER TEREEE Sc ee RSE
KaNS88 on ec.o se ocseddviewewsseedeeutet occa See Mecsas sere et eadiesee cies

Maine -.-

Maryland........-.

Massachusetts

Michigan: seisicicmiccicinicie sewienin seed gos Gm baw waeegseiniseaieiaatse eels keneedamese 124, 125
Minnesotaicccccunccrencies cone eee cecalasnncacmonecanascerE sep weeteesmes 125, 126
NGDraSk hiss oa ienwiccns cucbiesiennccisrec seis Deiat wsinia statstaintraiainietsiale-wiateig ewes apne buses 125
Néiwe Ham psliit Giza cisnrec muvee wchasiiee eave ann rersialaimeteticiecsinte eine ielsian elem acaaenren ee 126
NG WF SOTSC cic ieicanetenee enw sine s cixiguideninhawtaletaaattn aration Waeimalsleneyenmaicemaens 126, 127
NOW OPK co cccataime Mecidivneie aud mew mendnas juissee voices a wnisiobewielsnemisne as 127-129
eNTHSY LV ANIA ce aicinccecwienrd.cinern win mieieimaminn ners sions mehsiareiaielnnGa W Siew atetn@enwarmcerecsisisreicie 129
IRNOME ASIAN 2... cicc oe pamaere a heeeleneeuine accu ate ue tehiieeeneedieeeeee eases -- 130
VST MON nc c.dide Se eevee ean kee eemeskes cum yemeesaeceneoeelecaamamset os 130-132