Cornell Auiversity Library THE GIFT OF a Jag 0 2/5/94 ee | RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. ‘ornell University Libra onograph of lichens found in Britain; BRITISH LICHENS. A MONOGRAPH OF LICHENS FOUND IN BRITAIN: BEING A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES IN THE HERBARIUM OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY THE Rev. JAMES M. CROMBIE,-M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. PART I. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW; B. QUARITOH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.; KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8W. 1894. ~ PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, PREFATORY NOTE. THe rearrangement of the British Lichens in the Herbarium of the British Museum and the incorporation of a Biel series of specimens made a revised Catalogue of these plants a necessity. The large number of authentic specimens from Dillenius, Hudson, Sowerby, Dawson Turner, T. Taylor, Salwey, Mudd, and Leighton contained in the Herbarium supplied material for determining the suadies of these lichenologists which does not exist elsewhere ; while the extensive series of British Lichens, including the collections of Buddle, E. Forster, R. Brown, Carroll, Piggot, Holl, Crombie, and Larbalestier, made it possible to determine with certainty the geographical distribution of the species within the British Islands. The Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., undertook the preparation of a Monograph based on these materials. This volume contains descrip- tions of half the known British species. The remainder (consisting of the Lecideei, Graphidei, Pyrenocarpei, Peridiei, and Myriangiacci) is so advanced that it may be expected to appear in 1895, and will contain a complete index to the genera and species of the whole work. WILLIAM CARRUTHERS. March 184. GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS EMPLOYED. Anaphyses—Filaments springing from the upper inner surface of the hypothecium. Applicate—Forming the thalline border in many crustaceous lichens. Arthrosterigmata—Jointed sterigmata: Axial—Composed of the basal but enclosed filaments of the axis. Basidia—The filaments bearing stylospores. Cephalodia—Tubercles containing gonimia. Cortex—tThe limiting tissue of the thallus. Cretaceous—Consisting chiefly of oxalate of lime.’ Crustaceous—Forming a more or less thickish crust, generally attached by the whole under surface. Cyphelle—Minute empty cavities on the underside of the thallus. Determinate—With a distinct margin. Discoid—More or less basin-shaped. Effuse—Without a clearly defined outline. Endosp re—Inner layer of wall of spore. Epispore—Outer layer of wall of spore. Epithallus—The external layer of the cortex. Epithecium—The surface of the hymenium. Evanescent—Reduced to mere gonidia scattered over the substratum. Exciple proper—The hypothecium of a discoid apothecium. Gonidia—The green cells of the thallus. Gonidimia—Gyeen cells smaller than gonidia and with the cell-wall less distinct. Gonimia—Bluish-green naked granules. Heteromerous—With the constituent elements stratified: Homeomerous—With the constituent elements more or less mixed. Hymenial gelatine—The colourless amyloid substance permeating the hymenium. Hymenium—The layer of thecee and paraphyses. Hypophiceodal—Consisti of a very thin film often concealed beneath the bark of trees and between the interstices of rocks. Hypophylline—Consisting of the root-like filaments or rhizine. Hypothatlus—The basal tissue, being hypophylline, applicate, and axial. Hypothecium—The fundamental structure bearing the fructification. vili Isidia—Coral-like papillee with dark apices. Medulla—The usually colourless internal tissue. Mowiform—W ith transverse and irregular longitudinal divisions. Nuclear—Roundish, with an apical pore. Ostiole—An apical pore. Paraphyses—Slender filaments among the thece. Peridioid—Roundish, without a pore. Peridium—The hypothecium of a peridioid apothecium. Podetium—An erect cylindrical thallus terminated by the fruit. Polari-bilocular—With a loculus at each end. Pyenides—Conceptacles bearing stylospores. Pyrenium—The hypothecium of a nuclear apothecium. Seyphus—A dilated cup-shaped fruit borne on a podetium. Soredia—Powdery masses of gonidia and hyphe. Stylospores—Asexual spores. Thalamium—The paraphyses. Thece—The spore-sacs. Thectum=Hymenium. CHEMICAL REACTIONS. The solutions employed are:—(1) Hydrate of potash, denoted by the symbol K, and composed of equal weights of caustic potash and water ; (2) Hypochlorite of lime, denoted by CaCl, and composed of chloride of lime and about half its weight of water; (8) Iodine, denoted by I, and composed of iodine 1 grain, iodide of potash 3 grains, and. distilled water 3 oz. For the sake of brevity, symbols are employed to express the reactions. The explanation of a few examples will be found sufficient to explain the rest. Thus CaCl+crimson indicates the cmmediate pro- duction of a crimson coloration upon the application of the solution CaCl. CaCl— means that no reaction occurs with this reagent. Kf+tyellow means a faint yellow reaction with solution K. The reaction of the cortex is placed above that of the medulla; thus Leas means that the reaction of the cortex is yellowish and that of the medulla orange. K(CaCl)+vislet means that K alone gives uo reaction, but when it is followed by the application of CaCl a violet colour is produced, On the other hand, the reaction given by kv may be neutralized by the addition of CaCl, in which case it is expressed by K+(CaCl)—. A more or less fuscescent colour produced by K or CaCl is disregarded, as not being a true reaction, and has the negative s1gn. 3° SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND GENERA OF BRITISH LICHENS. Family I. EPHEBACEI Nyl. Thallus slightly turgid when moist, cellular within ; gonimia tunicated, not moniliform. Tribe I. SIROSIPHEI Nyl. Thallus filamentoso-fruticulose ; gonimia variously connate: apothecia biatorine or lecideine. 1. Gonionema Nyl. Thallus fibrillose, tubuliform ; gonimia con- nate in one continuous series: apothecia biatorine, with simple Spores and paraphyses ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia. 2. Spilonema Born. Thallus fruticulose, cylindrical, often pul- vinate ; gonimia connate in transverse layers: apothecia lecideine, with simple or 1-septate spores and articulate paraphyses ; spermo- gones with jointed sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. Tribe II. PYRENOPSEI Nyl. Thallus thinly granulose, rubri- cose within; gonimia simple or connate: apothecia lecanorine or pyrenocarpous. 3. Euopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate; gonimia simple or nodulose: apothecia lecanorine, with articulate paraphyses and simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia. 4. Pyrenopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate or subsquamu- lose ; gonimia simple or nodulose: apothecia pseudo-pyrenocarpous, with simple paraphyses and spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia. Tribe ITI. HOMOPSIDEI Nyl. Thallus either fruticulose, with seriate gonimia; or squamuliform or granulose, with subsolitary gonimia: apothecia pyrenocarpous. Subtribe EPHEBEI Ny]. Thallus fruticulose, intricate, dice- cious or moncecious; gonimia nodulose: apothecia pyrenocarpous, with or without paraphyses. 5. Ephebe Fr. Thallus dicecious ; gonimia 2-4 in each nodule: apothecia in thalline incrassations, with simple or 1-3-septate spores and no paraphyses; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. B 2 BRITISH LICHENS : 6. Ephebeia Nyl. Thallus monecious; gonimia 2-4 in each nodule: apothecia in thalline incrassations, with constantly simple spores and distinct paraphyses ; spermogones with simplish sterig- mata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI Nyl. Thallus pyrenopsidian, contain- ing syngonimia; gonimia without order: apothecia peridieine. 7. Magmopsis Nyl. Thallus furfuraceo-squamulose ; syngonimia glomerulose or granuloso-difform, gonimia moderate: apothecia small, with 1-septate spores; spermogones not seen rightly deve- loped. Family 11. COLLEMACEI Nyl. Thallus turgid when moist ; sometimes with cortical layer ; gonimia moniliform ; medulla not discrete. Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or radiately laci- niate, or squamuloso-difform ; gonimia elongately moniliform, subconnate: apothecia lecanorine or lecideine. 8, Lichina Ag. Thallus fruticuloso-cespitose; gonimia arranged chiefly under the cortical layer: apothecia lecanorine, terminal, with simple spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and oblong spermatia. ’ 9. Lichiniza Nyl. Thallus squamuloso-difform, with subglobose papille; gonimia moniliform and radiate in the thalline globules: apothecia lecanorine?, terminal, with simple spores; spermogones unknown. ° 10. Pterygium Nyl. Thallus radiately laciniate; gonimia ar- ranged chiefly under the cortical layer, usually moniliformly con- crete: apothecia lecideine, with septate spores; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. 11. Leptogidium Nyl. Thallus fruticulose; gonimia monili- formly concatenate: apothecia subbiatorine, with simple spores ; spermogones not seen rightly developed. Tribe II. COLLEMEI Nyl. Thallus membranaceous, lobate, rarely granulose, subsquamulose, or fruticulose; gonimia monili- form; cortical layer distinct or none: apothecia lecanorine, or rarely pyrenocarpous. 12. Synalissa Fr. Thallus fruticulose or granulose; gonimia usually scattered amongst the filaments; cortical layer obsoletely cellular : apothecia lecanorino-endocarpoid, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. 13. Schizoma Nyl. Thallus lineari-laciniate ; gonimia arranged chiefly under both surfaces in roundish cells: apothecia unknown ; spermogones with subsimple sterigmata and pistillari-bacillar sper- matia. SYNOPSIS. 3 14, Collema Wigg. Thallus membranaceo-lobate, rarely granu- lose; gonimia moniliform; cortical layer absent: apothecia leca- norine, with multilocular, rarely simple spores; spermogones with ett sterigmata, rarely with simple sterigmata, and straight sper- matia. 15. Collemodium Nyl. Thallus variously lobed or subfruticulose; cortical layer somewhat distinct; gonimia scattered, partly moni- liform : apothecia lecanorine, rarely biatorine, with variously septate . Spores; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. t 16. Leptogium Gray. Thallus membranaceo-lobate, granulose, rarely fruticulose ; gonimia usually moniliform ; cortical layer distinct: apothecia lecanorine, with variously divided, rarely simple spores ; Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. 17. Dendriscocaulon Nyl. Thallus fruticulose, with solid axis, branches covered with minute leprarioid laciniw, containing goni- mia: frutification unknown. : 18. Collemopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate, glaucous-green within; gonimia submoniliform: apothecia lecanorine or pseudo- pyrenocarpous, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. Thallus fibrillose, gonimia moni- liform ; cortical layer distinct: apothecia pyrenoid. 19. Pyrenidium Nyl. Thallus stellato-divided, cortical layer cellular: apothecia innate, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones un- known. Family 111. LICHENACEI Nyl. Thallus not gelatinous, with a gonidial, rarely gonimic layer; medulla more or less dis- tinct. Series I. EPICONIODEI Nyl. Apothecia with the spores at length usually naked and pulverulent on their surface. Tribe I. CALICIEI Nyl. Thallus horizontally expanded, some- times none: apothecia stipitate, capituliform or sessile. 20. Sphinctrina Fr. Thallus none proper: apothecia subsessile, globoso-turbinate, black, with simple blackish spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate spermatia. 21. Calicium Pers. Thallus granuloso-pulverulent: apothecia stipitate, globoso-turbinate, black, with simple or 1-septate, brownish- black spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. 22. Stenocybe Nyl. Thallus obsolete: apothecia stipitate, tur! binato-clavate, black, with normally 3-septate, blackish spores, not in a mass; spermogones not rightly known. B2 4 BRITISH LICHENS : 23. Coniocybe Ach. Thallus pulverulent: apothecia stipitate, globoso-pulverulent, yellowish, with simple, colourless or yellowish spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and cylindrical, straight spermatia. 24, Trachylia Fr. Thallus granulose: apothecia cupuliform, sessile, black, with 1-septate, blackish spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong or ellipsoid spermatia. Tribe II. SPHAROPHOREI Ny). Thallus fruticulose, branched: apothecia terminal, innate, closed, at length open and variously dehiscent. 25. Spherophorus Pers. Thallus cespitose: apothecia globose, with spherical violet-black spores ; spermogones with simplish short sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Series II. CLADODEI Nyl. Apothecia terminal on podetia, rarely sessile, biatorine, rarely lecanorine. Tribe III. BHOMYCETEI Nyl. Thallus horizontally expanded: apothecia substipitate. : 26. Gomphillus Nyl. Thallus gelatinoso-conglutinate : apothe- cia stipitate, clavato-capitate with filiform multiseptate spores ; sper- mogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. 27. Beomyces Pers. Thallus crustaceo-granulose or subsqua- mulose: apothecia stipitate or sessile, biatorine, with simple or 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. Tribe IV. PILOPHOREI Nyl. Thallus verrucoso-granulate with rigid podetia : apothecia cephalodine on the podetia, with paraphyses prolonged into the hypothecium. 28. Pilophorus Fr. fil. Thallus bearing cephalodia: apothecia subglobose, black, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and curved or straight spermatia. Tribe V. STEREOCAULEI Nyl. Thallus cespitose, podetiiform, solid: apothecia terminal or lateral, lecideine or rarely lecanorine. 29. Stereocaulon Schreb. Thallus bearing cephalodia; podetia covered with fragile granules: apothecia brownish or blackish, with 3-9-septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and sub- bacillar, straight or slightly curved spermatia. 30. Leprocaulon Nyl. ‘Thallus not bearing cephalodia, with pseudo-podetia, which are more or less leprose: apothecia and spermogones unknown. SYNOPSIS. 5 Tribe VI. CLADONIEI Ny]. Thallus foliaceous or fruticulose, with fistulose podetia: apothecia terminal on the podetia, rarely sessile on the basal thallus, biatorine. a; Pycnothelia Duf. Thallus _granuloso-crustaceous, podetia clavate, papilleform, glabrous: apothecia brown, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and curved spermatia. : 32. Cladonia Hill. Thallus foliolose or squamulose; podetia branched or scyphose,' pulverulent and squamose: apothecia brown or scarlet, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterig- mata and cylindrical straight or somewhat curved spermatia. 33. Cladina Nyl. Thallus leafless ; podetia ascyphous, branched, smoothish: apothecia brown, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and straight or usually curved spérmatia. Series II]. RAMALODEI Nyl. Thallus efoliolose, fruticulose or filamentose : apothecia generally lecanorine or parmelioid. Tribe VII. ROCCELLEI Nyl. Thallus simplish or branched, internally with filamentose medulla: apothecia often irregular, adnate, terminal or lateral. 34. Roccella DC. Thallus fruticulose from a common base: apothecia normally lecanorine, blackish, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and arcuate spermatia. Tribe VIII. SIPHULEI Nyl. Thallus podetiiform, simple or fruticulose, internally with filamentose or fistulose medulla: apo- thecia not rightly known. 35. Thamnolia Ach. Thallus subulato-stipitate, internally fistu- lose: apothecia unknown ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical, slightly apically incrassate spermatia. Tribe IX. RAMALINEI Nyl. Thallus fruticuloso-foliaceous, rounded or compressed, with woolly medulla: apothecia lecanorine, scutellate. : 36. Ramalina Ach. Thallus ramoso-laciniate, medulla arach- noid: apothecia terminal or lateral, subconcolorous, with 1-septate spores ; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and straight cylindrical or oblongo-cylindrical spermatia. , Tribe X. USNEEI Nyl. Thallus very much branched, rounded er compressed, with firm medullary axis: apothecia parmelioid, peltate. 6 BRITISH LICHENS : : 37. Usnea Dill. Thallus filamentose, internally with chondroid axis: apothecia terminal or lateral, the margin often ramuloso- ciliate, concolorous, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and straight spermatia. ‘ Tribe XI. ALECTORIEI Nyl. Thallus much branched, rounded or compressed, with woolly medulla: apothecia parmelioid, scutelli- form. 38. Alectoria Ach. Thallus usually filamentose and intricately branched; medulla arachnoid or lacunose: apothecia terminal or pseudo-terminal, discolorous, with simple or very rarely murali- divided spores; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and acicular straight spermatia. Tribe XII. CETRARIEI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or foliaceous, with white woolly medulla: apothecia parmelioid, marginal, obliquely affixed, 39. Cetraria Ach. Thallus fruticulose, laciniose, rarely fistulose : apothecia subconcolorous, with simple spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. 40. Platysma Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or membranaceo-lobed : apothecia discolorous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish or pauci-articulate sterigmata, and various (not cylindrical) sper- matia. Series IV. PHYLLODEI Nyl. Thallus foliaceous, usually depressed, lobate: apothecia generally parmelioid or lecanorine, discolorous. ’ ? Tribe XIII. PARMELIEI Nyl. Thallus frondosely dilated, or lobate, or laciniate, with woolly, rarely solid medulla: apothecia parmeleine rarely lecanorine. 41. Evernia Ach. Thallus laciniose or much branched, flaccid ; medulla arachnoid or partly chondroid: apothecia lateral with simple Spores; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and acicular straight spermatia. 42. Parmelia Ach. Thallus variously lobed or laciniate, usually fibrilloso-rhizinose, rarely glabrous bencath; medulla woolly, lax: apothecia superficial, with simple spores ; spermogones with pauci- articulate sterigmata and .acicular apically fusiformi-incrassate spermatia. 43. Parmeliopsis Nyl. Thallus stellato-laciniate, sparingly rhizi- nose beneath ; medulla woolly, lax: apothecia superficial, with simple spores ; Spermogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical arcuate .spermatia. SYNOPSIS, 7 Tribe XIV. STICTEI Nyl. Thallus large, membranaceo-lobed, cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath; gonidial layer containing go- nimia or true gonidia; medulla woolly : apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine. Subtribe I. STICTINEI Nyl. Gonidial layer consisting of goni- mia in plurilocular nodules. 44, Stictina Nyl. Thallus rhizinoso-tomentose and cyphellate beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine, usually with septate spores ; spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate spermatia. 45. Lobarina Nyl. Thallus scrobiculose, ecyphellate beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, with 3-septate spores; spermogones as in Stoctina. Subtribe II. EUSTICTEI Nyl. Gonidial layer consisting of gonidia or gonidimia (in Ricasolia). 46. Lobaria Hoffm. Thallus scrobiculose, ecyphellate beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, with 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate spermatia. 47. Sticta Schreb. Thallus rhizinoso-tomentose and oyphellate beneath: apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine, with variously septate spores ; spermogones as in Lobaria. 48. Ricasolia De Not. Thallus often entirely glabrous and very rarely cyphellate beneath: apothecia parmeleine, with septate spores ; spermogones in mastoid prominences, with jointed sterigmata and apically thickish spermatia. Tribe XV. PELTIGEREI Nyl. Thallus frondosely dilated, fragile ; cortical layer usually wanting on the lower surface ; gonidial stratum consisting either of gonidimia or usually of gonimia: apothecia peltiform. Subtribe I. PELTIDEI Nyl. Thallus bearing cephalodia ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia: apothecia variously situated. 49. Peltidea Ach. Thallus with the cortical layer not conti- nuous on the underside: apothecia marginal on the upper surface, with septate spores ; spermogones unknown. 50. Solorina Ach. Thallus with the cortical layer not conti- nuous on the underside: apothecia scattered and innate on the upper surface of the thallus, with bilocular spores ; eee unknown. Subtribe II. PELTIGERINEI Nyl. Thallus destitute of cepha- lodia; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia: apothecia variously ‘situated. 8 BRITISH LICHENS : 51. Nephromium Nyl. Thallus with the cortical layer con- tinuous on the lower surface: apothecia marginal, adnate to the underside of the thallus, with septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate and obtuse spermatia. 52. Peltigera Willd. Thallus with the cortical layer not con- tinuous on the lower surface: apothecia marginal on the upper surface of the thallus, with septate spores ; spermogones unknown. Tribe XVI. PHYSCIEI Nyl. Thallus stellato-orbicular, rarely fruticuloge, internally with woolly medulla; gonidial layer con- sisting of true gonidia: apothecia lecanorine. 53. Physcia Schreb. Thallus laciniate or lobed, more or less fibrilloso-rhizinose beneath : apothecia usually with bilocular spores : spermogones with jointed sterigmata and oblongo-cylindrical, rarely aciculdr spermatia. Tribe XVII. GYROPHOREI Nyl. Thallus usually mono- phyllous, umbilicately affixed, internally with woolly medulla; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia sublecanorine or lecideine. 54, Umbilicaria Hoffm. Thallus monophyllous, naked beneath : apothecia sublecanorine, simple, with spores solitary or 2nx, murali- divided ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical, api- cally obtuse spermatia. 55. Gyrophora Ach. Thallus monophyllous or subpolyphyllous, naked or rhizinose beneath ; apothecia lecideine, compound, and somewhat gyrose, with spores Sn, simple; spermogones as in the preceding. Series V. PEACODEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, sometimes evanescent, rarely hypophleodal ; medullary layer not filamentose : apothecia lecanorine, or lecideine, or lirelleform, Tribe XVIII. LECANO-LECIDEEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous (sometimes effigurate), rarely obsolete or none proper; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia, rarely of gonimia: apothecia lecano- rine, lecideine, or biatorine. Subtribe I. PANNARIEI, Nyl. Thallus with the gonidial layer consisting of gonimia. 56. Pannaria Del. Thallus squamulose or granulose, rarely laciniose: apothecia lecanorine, with simple spores; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight spermatia. SYNOPSIS. 9 57. Pannularia Nyl. Thallus squamulose or granulose: apo- thecia biatorine or lecideine, with simple or 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight sper- matia. . 58. Coccocarpia Pers. Thallus typically monophyllous: apo- thecia biatorine, adnate, with simple spores; spermogones as in the preceding. 59. Leproloma Nyl. Thallus submonophyllo-lobed; cortical layer absent ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia: apothecia and spermogones unknown. Subtribe II. LECANOREI Ny]. Thallus normally crustaceous ; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia. 60. Lecanora Ach. Thallus squamulose, or radiate, or granulose, rarely leprose or evanescent: apothecia lecanorine, occasionally biatoroid, with simple, rarely septate spores; spermogones with simple or jointed sterigmata, and variously cylindrical, straight, or arcuate spermatia. 61. Dirina Fr. Thallus crustaceous, continuous or rimulose: apothecia tuberculoso-lecanorine, with 3-septate spores; spermo- gones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia. Subtribe ITI. PERTUSARIEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, con- tinuous; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia more or less enclosed in thalline verruce. 62. Pertusaria DC. Thallus verrucoso-unequal or smoothish : apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid, with large simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, straight sper- matia. 68. Varicellaria Nyl. Thallus thin or subleprarioid: apothecia subglobose, at length depressed, variolarioid, with very large 1-septate spores: spermogones not yet seen. Subtribe IV. THELOTREMEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, con- tinuous or areolate or pulverulent; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia urceolato-impressed, with double margin. 64, Phlyctis Wallr. Thallus thinly crustaceous or pulverulent: apothecia erumpent, rotundato-difform, with large murali-divided spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short, slender, straight spermatia. 65. Thelotrema Ach. Thallus thinly crustaceous, continuous : apothecia at length open, with a proper and a thalline margin, and murali-divided spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 10 BRITISH LICHENS: 66. Urceolaria Ach. Thallus crustaceous, continuous or areolate : apothecia urceolato-impressed, with a proper and a thalline margin, and spores septately murali-divided ; spermogones with somewhat branched sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia. Subtribe V. LECIDEEI Nyl. Thallus variously ‘ crustaceous, pulverulent, or none proper; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia (rarely of chrysogonidia): apothecia patéllulate. 67. Lecidea Ach. Thallus squamose, areolate, pulverulent, or none proper: apothecia biatorine, gyalectoid, or lecideine, with simple or variously septate spores; spermogones with simple or simplish sterigmata and acicular, straight or arcuate, or shortly cylindrical spermatia. 68. Odontotrema Nyl. Thallus macular, indistinct: apothecia thelotremoideo-lecideine or gymnotremoid, with simple or thinly 3-septate spores ; spermogones not observed. Tribe XIX. GRAPHIDEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, thin, con- tinuous, often but little visible, rarely wanting ; gonidial layer con- sisting of gonidia: apothecia lirelline or rotundate. 69. Xylographa Fr. Thallus maculate, hypophlcodal : apothecia lirelline or oblong, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular curved spermatia. = 70. Agyrium Fr. Thallus maculate, scarcely visible: apothecia oblong or rotundate, with simple spores; spermogones not known. 71. Lithographa Nyl. Thallus crustaceous or evanescent: apo- thecia lirelline, with simple spores ; spermogones not yet seen, 72. Opegrapha Humb. Thallus usually hypophlcodal or obsolete : apothecia lineari-lanceolate, subrotundate or linear, with 1- or multi-septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical, straight or arcuate spermatia. 73, Platygrapha Nyl. Thallus thin or obsolete: apothecia plane, simple, with spurious thalline margin and septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and’ cylindrical, straight or slightly curved spermatia. 74, Stigmatidium Mey. Thallus distinct, crustaceous, thickish : apothecia punctiform or elongate, with variously septate spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 75. Arthonia Ach. Thallus thin, or hypophloodal and eva- nescent, rarely wanting, internally sometimes with chrysogonidia : apothecia roundish or difform, plane or tumid, with variously septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical, straight or curved spermatia. SYNOPSIS. 11 76. Graphis Adans. Thallus thin, epiphlceodal or hypophlcodal : apothecia linear, divided or simple, innate at the base, with pluri- locular spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight or slightly curved spermatia. 77. Chiodecton Ach.. Thallus thin or thickish, pulverulento- verrucose: apothécia in the thalline verruce, substellato-radiate, often confluent, with 3-septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia. 78. Glyphis Ach. Thallus usually hypophleodal or obsolete, with large scattered verruce: apothecia in the thalline verruce, rotundate or elongate, compound, with plurilocular spores; sper- mogones not yet seen. 79. Melaspilea Nyl. Thallus thin or obsolete: apothecia arthonioid, superficial, with l-septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight spermatia. Series VI. PYRENODET Nyl. Thallus peltate, crustaceous, hypophlieodal, or evanescent: apothecia nuclear, the hymenium enclosed in a pyrenium, with an apical ostiole. ‘ Tribe XX. PYRENOCARPEI Nyl. Thallus various, often maculate or obsolete; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia, rarely. of gonimia: apothecia pyrenodeine, often destitute of paraphyses, the epithecium constricted, punctiform. 80. Normandina Nyl. Thallus squamulose, squamules thin, rounded; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia immersed, with septate spores; spermogones not seen. 81. Endocarpon Hedw. Thallus peltate, or squameform, or areolate ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia: apothecia immersed or somewhat prominent, with simple spores; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 82. Verrucarina Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, areolate, mucoso- gelatinous, containing gonidimia: apothecia immersed or some- what prominent, with simple spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia. 83. Verrucaria Pers. Thallus squamulose, or areolate, or pul- verulent, or obsolete, containing gonidia: apothecia semi-immersed or sessile, with entire or dimidiate pyrenium, and simple or variously septate or murali-locular spores; spermogones with simple ste- rigmata and various spermatia. 84. Thelenella Nyl. Thallus epiphlceodal, thin, containing gonidia: apothecia innate, with immersed pyrenium and pluri- locular spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and filiform cylindrical spermatia, 12 BRITISH LICHENS : 85. Thelopsis Ny]. Thallus scarcely any visible, containing chrysogonidia: apothecia tuberculoso-spherical, with entire py- renium and numerous 3-septate spores ; spermogones not seen. 86. Obryzum Wallr. Thallus none proper: apothecia on the thallus of Collemei, endocarpoid, with simple or septate corniculate spores ; spermogones unknown. ~ 87. Strigula Fr. Thallus maculate, hypophlcodal, seldom effigu- rate, containing platygonidia: apothecia subinnate, with the pyrenium usually depressed, and with simple or 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with thin straight spermatia. 88. Melanotheca Fée. Thallus scarcely any: apothecia verru- carioid, numerous and confluent in the pyrenia, with septate spores; spermogones not observed. Series VII. PERIDIODEI Ny]. Thallus thin, often wanting: apothecia peridieine, without any ostiole. Tribe XXI. PERIDIEI Nyl. Thallus thin, maculate or none proper: apothecia forming a peridium. 89. Thelocarpon Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, thin, verrucose, or rarely none: apothecla immersed in the thalline verruce, with numerous simple spores ; spermogones unknown. 90. Endococcus Nyl. Thallus none proper: apothecia minute, globulose, with 1-septate spores; spermogones with thin straight spermatia. 91. Mycoporum Flot. Thallus maculate or obsolete: apothecia rotundato-difform, containing many hymenia conjoined as in a common exciple, with variously septate spores; spermogones not observed. Family IV. MYRIANGIACEI Nyl. Thallus unstratified, entirely cellular; thalamium cellular, with superimposed theciferous cavities: fructification not discrete. 92. Myriangium Mont. & Berk. -Thallus noduloso-pulvinate: apothecia sublecanorine, with irregularly septate spores; spermo- gones not seen. TABULAR CONSPECTUS. 13 TABULAR CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND GENERA OF BRITISH LICHENS. Family I. EPHEBACEI. Genera, Tribe I. Srrosrpuer ............ 1. Gonionema Nyl. 2, Spilonema Born. Tribe II. Pyrenwopser............ 3. Euopsis Nyl. 4. Pyrenopsis Nyl. Tribe III. Homorsmppr .......... 5. Ephebe Fr. 6. Ephebeia Nyl. Tribe IV. Maemorszer ............ 7. Magmopsis Nyl. Family II, COLLEMACEI. Tribe JI. Licntwer.............. 8. Lichina Ag. 9. Lichinza Nyl. 10. Péterygiwm Nyl. 11. Leptogidium Nyl. Tribe II. Cornumer ............ 12. Synalissa Fr. 13. Schizoma Nyl. 14. Collema Wigg. 15. Collemodium Nyl. 16. Leptogium Gray. 17. Dendriscocaulon Nyl. 18. Collemopsis Nyl. ~ Tribe ITI. PyREnmprer............ 19. Pyrenidium Nyl. Family III. LICHENACEI. Series I. EPICONIODEI. Tribe I. Cattoret ............0. 20. Sphinctrina Fr. 21. Calcium Pers. 22. Stenocybe Nyl. 23. Coniocybe Ach. 24, Trachylia Fr. Tribe II. SPH#ROPHOREI...... ... 25. Spheerophorus Pers, 14 BRITISH LICHENS : Series II. CLADODEI. Tribe III. Baomyceter .......... 26. 27. Tribe TV. PruopHorer............ 28. Tribe V. SreREOCAULEI .......... 29. 30. Tribe VI. CuaponreI ............ 31. 32. 33. Series III, RAMALODEI Tribe VII. Roccrtner .......... 34, Tribe VIII. StpHuner............ 35. Tribe IX. RamaLinel ......... . 36. Tribe X. Usneer............4. 37. Tribe XI. AnncroRIEI ........ 38. Tribe XII. CurraRrer .......... 39. 40. Series IV. PHYLLODEI. Tribe XIII. Parmerrer. ........ 4l. 42, 43. Tribe XIV. Sricrer. Subtribe I. Stictinee .... 44. 45. Subtribe IT. Husticie: .... 46. 47. 48. Tribe XV. PELrigERer. Subtribe I. Peltides...... 49. 50. Subtribe IT. Peltigerinei.. 51. 52. Tribe XVI. Puyscrer .......... 53. ‘Tribe XVII. GyropHorEI ........ 54, 55. Series V. PLACODEI. Tribe XVIII. Lecano-Lecwee1. Subtribe I. Pannarieé ...... 56. 57. 58. 59. Subtribe IT. Lecanore:...... 60. 61. Genera. Gomphillus Nyl. Beomyces Pers. Pilophorus Fr. fil. Stereocaulon Schreb. Leprocaulon Nyl. Pycnothelia Dut. Cladonia Hill. Cladina Nyl. Roccella DC. Thamnolia Ach. Ramatlina Ach. Usnea Dill. Alectoria Ach. Cetraria Ach. Platysma Nyl. Evernia Ach. Parmelia Ach. Parmetiopsis Nyl. Stictina Nyl. Lobarina Nyl. Lobaria Hoftm. Sticta Schreb. Ricasolia De Not. Peltidea Ach. Solorina Ach. Nephromium Ny)l. Peltigera Willd. Physcia Schreb. Umbilicaria Hoffm. Gyrophora Ach, Pannaria Del. Pannularia Nyl, Coccocarpia Pers. Leproloma Nyl. Lecanora Ach.’ Dirina Fr. TABULAR CONSPECTUS. 15 Series V. PLACODEI (continued). Subtribe III. Pertusartes .... 62. 63. Subtribe IV. Thelotremet .... 64. 65. 66. Subtribe V. Lectdeei........ 67. 68 Tribe XIX. GrapHmEr .........- 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. Series VI. PYRENODEI. Tribe XX, PyRenocanPri ........ 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86 87. 88. ; Genera. Pertusaria DC. Varicellaria Nyl. Phlyctis Wally. Thelotrema Ach, Urceolaria Ach. Lecidea Ach. Odontotrema Nyl. Xylographa Fr. Agyrium Fr. Lnthographa Nyl., Opegrapha Humb. Platygrapha Nyl. Stigmatidium Mey. Arthonia Ach. Graphis Adans. Chiodecton Ach. Glyphis Ach, Melaspilea Ny. Normandina Nyl. Endocarpon Hedw. Verrucarina Nyl. Verrucaria Pers. Thelenella Nyl. Thelopsis Nyl. Obryzum Wallr. Strigula Fr. Melanotheca Fée. Series VII. PERIDIODEI. Tribe XXI. Perm .... wee tee 89. Thelocarpon Nyl. 90. Endococcus Nyl. 91. Mycoporum Flot. Family IV. MYRIANGIACEI. 92. Mt yriangium Mont. & Berk. CATALOGUE oF BRITISH LICHENS. Family I. EPHEBACETI Njl. Flora, 1879, p. 223. Thallus fruticulose, granulose, rarely subsquamulose, slightly turgid and gelatinous when moist, dark in colour, cellular in texture (without any medullary filaments), cells minute; gonimia somewhat large, gonidioid, tunicated, subglobose, glaucous, variously arrauged, not moniliform. Apothecia biatorine, lecideine, lecanorine or pyrenocarpous ; paraphyses various, sometimes wanting ; spores 8ne, rarely numerous, usually ellipsoid or suboblong, simple, rarely 1-septate, colourless. Spermogones immersed in the thallus or enclosed in thalline tubercules, sterigmata generally simple or simplish, spermatia usually very minute, oblong. Nylander, in originally distinguishing this family in Flora 1875, p. 103, named it Byssacet Fr.; but as the old genus Byssus in the Michelian acceptation referred to Chroolepa, which have gonidic thalli, this has been named Ephebacet. * The family (the diagnosis of which I owe to Nylander) is well cha- racterized by the absence of medullary filaments, and by the nature of the gonimia, which are tunicated or involved in a gelatinous cellular stratum. On the tunic being ruptured, the gonimia, each of which has a very thin parietal membrane (more especially visible when suffused with ammonia, Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 48), become free. Various genera re- cently separated from Alge belong to this family ; and no doubt, with further knowledge, others will be transferred to it. Tribe I. SIROSIPHEI Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876), p. 192; ofr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76. Thallus minute, byssoid, filamentoso-fruticulose, gonimia (siro- gonimia) tunicated, variously connate; medullary filaments none. Apothecia minute, biatorine or lecideine; paraphyses thickish or slender ; spores Sne, ellipsoid, simple or rarely 1-septate, colour- less. Spermogones innate ; sterigmata simple, rarely articulate. The various genera composing this tribe (of which Nylander has sup- plied the diagnosis) consist of minute algoid plants, whose true re- lations have for the most part, until recently, been but little understood. In addition to those here described there are others which, ocewring only in a sterile or imperfectly developed condition, do not admit of a c 18 EPHEBACEI. [GonIonEMA. satisfactory diagnosis, and are consequently omitted. Among these are several species of Sirosiphon, e.g. S. saxicola Naeg., S. alpinum Kiitz., 8. pulvinatus Bréb., S. ocellatus Kiitz., which occur in Great Britain and Ireland. According to Nylander, in Lamy Mt. Dor. p. 1 (note), Raco- dium ebeneum (Dillw.), which from general appearance might be sup- posed to belong to this tribe, has no analogy with Stirosiphon, but is quite different in struc- ture, containing gonidia, and is probably some peculiar sterile Lepraria. 1. GONIONEMA Ny]. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 163; Syn. i. p.88.—-Thallus byssaceo- fibrillose, tubuliform, in- tricate; gonimia . sub- moniliformly connate in one continuous series. Apothecia biatorine or gyalectoid; spores 8nee, simple, paraphyses slen- der; hymenial gelatine (especially the theca) bluish, becoming wine- red or tawny wine- coloured with iodine. Spermogones lateral, or terminal, globose; ste- rigmata simple, slender ; spermatia oblong, very minute. Various Scytonemas probably belong to this genus. If this be so, the more recent name must give place to that of Scytonema Ag., in its stricter sense. 1. G@. velutinum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 163.—Thallus very thin, densely pan- nose, intricate, brownish when moist, dark-brown when dry. Apothecia minute, terminal, ap- wins S& Fig. 1. Gonionema velutinum Nyl.—a. Filaments with two apothecia, x 30. 3. Vertical sections of two apothecia, x 30. c+. Filaments with three spermogones, x 30. d. Short frustule of thallus, and d' transverse section of the same, x 350. ¢. Apex of a filament containing a meiogonimium, xX 200, and e' fragment of a syngonimium composed of four gonimia, x 350. f. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. g- Theca and paraphyses, x 350. 4. Three spores, X 500. pressed, somewhat concave, dark-brown, pale within, the margin tumid; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-0,015 mm. long, 0,006-0,007 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 88, t. 1. £ 11; Leight. . , GONIONEMA. | SIROSIPHEI. 19 Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist, sor. 3, xvi. p. 8, t. 4. 1-6; Lich. Fl. p. 11, ed. 3, p. 9; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1.—Polychidium velutinum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402; Lichen velutinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 218. The thallus is very densely matted together, and sometimes spreads extensively over the substratum. When young and infertile it is with difficulty distinguished from some species of Scytonema. The apothecia, which are reddish when young, seem to be very rare in this country, nor are the spermogones often met with; they are nearly panes pale reddish, the spermatia being 0,002 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On mica-schist rocks in mountainous districts— Distr. Local and scarce in North Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland; no doubt often overlooked elsewhere—B. M.: Near Barmouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Craig Breidden, Montgomeryshire. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2. G. compactum Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 104.—Thallus thinly filamentose, dark-brown, filaments ascending and crowded, forming a subascending tomentum. Apothecia globulose, reddish, the epithecium rather indistinct: spores oblong, 0,010-0,015 mm. long, 0,006-0,008 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Scytonema compactum Ag. Disp. Alg. (1812) p. 39; Sm. Eng, Fl. v. p. 364. Hassallia compacta Hass. Br. Freshw. Alg..p. 232, t. 68. f£. 3. Strosiphon compactus Ktz., Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 38, p. 9. The recent discovery of the fructification in N.W. England has defi- nitely placed this plant among Lichens, It differs from the preceding in the filaments, which are often curved, being more erect and branched towards the apices, and in the apothecia being globular, with the epi- thecium less distinct and the spores somewhat larger. The spermogones are globoso-adnate, with spermatia thin, 0,001 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick. : Hab. On moist rocks in upland and subalpine districts —Dvstr. Pro- bably not unfrequent, though seen only from N. Wales, N.W. England, S. and Central Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Lyn Aran, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Mardale, Westmoreland (frt.); Wastdale Lake, Cum- berland ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Near Kylemore Lake, co. Galway. 2. SPILONEMA Born. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iv. (1856) p. 226; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 89.—Thallus minute, fruticulose, often pulvinate ; gonimia 2 or 3, or several together, arranged in more or less regular series throughout the rounded thallus. Apothecia small, lecideine, lenticular; spores simple or 1-septate, paraphyses thickish, arti- culate; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones tuberculose, with jointed sterigmata, spermatia shortly cylindrical. This differs from Gonionema chiefly in the characters of the gonimia, paraphyses, and sterigmata. Some plants agreeing in the structure of the thallus and the apothecia with Spelonema, but the spermogones of which have not been detected, may also, for the present, be referred here, though eventually they may be found to belong to Sirosiphon ae Cromb, ‘ C af 20 EPHEBACEL. [SPILONEMA. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331), which most probably is a distinct genus. Spilonema would then contain only one species, viz. S. paradoxum. From Ephebe, though differing but slightly in the structure of the thallus, Sp2- lonema is readily distinguished by the fructification. 1. §. paradoxum Born. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iv. (1856) p. 226, t. 1, 2.—Thallus fruticulose, branched, thin, cylindrical, pannoso- ‘ intricate, the branchlets subsecund, dark-brown or brownish-black, usually opaque. Apothecia small, terminal, somewhat convex, im- marginate, black ; spores oblong, simple, 0,009 mm. long, 0,004 mm. thick, hypothecium blackish ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, then A a KEN W'G's. 54 Fig. 2. Spilonema paradoxum Born.—u. Thalline branch with apothecium, x 30. a’. Three branches with spermogones, x30. 0. Fragment of trunk and larger branch, and 0’, branchlets, x 200. c¢. Very thin section of thalline trunk, and c' transverse section of the same, x 200. d. Section of apothe- cium, X 30. ¢. Theca and paraphyses, x 350. f. Spores, x 500. g. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. dark-violet with iodine.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 89, t. 2. f. 4; Mudd, Man. p. 35; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 9, t. 4. ff. 7-11; Lich. Fl. p. 11, ed. 3, p. 10; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 347. In an infertile or immature state this is difficult to distinguish from some species of allied genera. The thallus bears a considerable resem- blance, when fully developed, to Ephebe pubescens, but is rather smaller, SPILONEMA. | SIROSIPHEI. 21 while the moneecious fructification, the apothecia,.and the spermogones prevent all confusion between them. The apothecia are rarely seen in British specimens, though the spermogones are not unfrequent; they are minute black tubercules, with sterigmata 4-6-articulate, spermatia 0,002-0,0025 mm. long, 0,005-0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime and subalpine tracts.—Disér. Local and scarce in N. Wales, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland; though no doubt it will be detected in other similar localities.—B. M. : Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 2. §. revertens Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 601.—Thallus effuse, mi- nutely coralloideo-compact, in somewhat small, verruculose pul- vinuli, black or brownish-black. Apothecia lecideine, adnate, some- what convex, immarginate, black, dark-greyish within; spores oblong, simple, 0,008-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; para- physes thickish, incrassate and denigrate at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, the apices of the thece deep-blue with iodine.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 11. In this species the pulvinuli are more or less crowded, and in a young or poorly developed state are frequently somewhat discrete. Strosiphon saxicola Naeg. in great part is apparently a sterile leprarioid condition of this plant. In the only British specimen seen the apothecia are but sparingly present. On the thallus of the same specimen pycnides are also visible, which are minute, globose, immersed, colourless, with some- what curved stylospores. Hab. On moist schistose rocks in subalpine districts —Distr. Very local and rare, at least in a mature condition, being known only from the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth- shire. 3. S. scoticum Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 82.—Thallus effuse, mi- nutely coralloid, in small, compact, verrucose, somewhat convex pulvinuli, black or brownish-black. Apothecia minute, thinly margined, black, epithecium impressed or -slightly convex, vaguely obscure, hypothecium colourless ; spores oviformi-oblong, 1-septate, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick, paraphyses somewhat slender; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece violet with iodine-—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 105; Lich. Brit. p. 1; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 12, ed. 3, p. 11. The pulvinuli are usually discrete, though occasionally approximate, on the crustaceous thalli, or the decayed mosses on which the plant occurs. It is closely allied to the preceding, but is well distinguished by the apothecia and the spores. The sterile thallus seems to be not un- common ; but the apothecia are very rare. As in S. revertens, no sper- mogones have yet been detected, so that both species are only temporarily placed in Spelonema. Hab. On mica-schist rocks, and on dead mosses (also on Séereo- caulon condensatum) in subalpine tracts.—Drstr. Probably not un- frequent in the mountainous districts of our Islands, though known only from N. Wales, N. England, and the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Llyn Aran, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 22 EPHEBACEI. [Evopsis. Tribe II. PYRENOPSEI, Ny). ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 192 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus effuse, thinly granulose or subsquamulose, rarely sub- fruticulose, within rubricose; gonimia tunicated, single or several in gelatino-cellular, nodulose and variously arranged syngonimia ; medullary filaments wanting. Apothecia small or minute, lecano- rine or pyrenocarpous, paraphyses jointed or simple; spores 8ne, very rarely numerous, simple, ellipsoid, colourless. Spermogones innate, with simplish sterigmata. This tribe differs considerably in external appearance alike from the preceding and the following, though in the structure of the thallus and the character of the gonimia it nearly agrees with them. Both genera of which it consists occur in Britain, and may readily be recognized by the blood-red colour of the thallus, which becomes apparent when it is moistened. antnn ? 3. EUOPSIS Nyl. Flora. 1875, p. 363 (cfr. Cromb. Gre- villea, v. p. 76).— Thallus thinly crus- taceous, fragile, granulato - areolate; gonimia simple or several in nodulose syngonimia. Apo- thecia lecanorine, small or moderate, paraphyses articu- Fig. 3. late; spores Sn; fyopsis hemalea Nyl.—a. Section of the thallus, x 200. hymenial gelatine 0%. Vwo gonimia, x 350. ¢. Two syngonimia, bluish with iodine. x a d. een of pret ey x 30. Sec- i 100 art 0. menium, wi neca an ra- Spermogon es with a . 350. ? Spores, x 500. g. Section. of oblong minute sper- hs spermogone, x 30. A. Sterigmata and spermatia, matia, x 500. Gs The old genus Pyrenopsis Nyl. has lately received so many additions that it has been broken up by its author into several genera. The present genus is well distinguished from Pyrenopsis by the lecanorine apothecia and the jointed paraphyses. 1. E. heamalea Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 363.—Thallus indeter- minate, granulose, thinnish, verrucoso-diffract, dark blood-red. Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, somewhat shining, subcon- colorous, or rather paler, the thalline margin thin, at length excluded ; spores simple, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, deep-blue with iodine.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 10.—Pyrenopsis heemalea Nyl., Strn. Grevillea, ii. p. 71: Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332; Leight. ve EUOPSIS. | PYRENOPSEI. 23 Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 15. Collema heemaleum, Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 117. The thallus occasionally occurs in small patches intermixed with other crustaceous lichens, but generally by itself, and spreading to a moderate extent over the substratum. Sometimes a sterile and less developed, though very similar, plant occurs which probably belongs to this species. The apothecia are usually numerous and crowded, becoming when old convex and darker in colour. Hab. On mica-schist rocks in subalpine and alpine tracts— Distr. Local and scarce among the 8.W. Grampians, Scotland and in N.W. Ireland—B. M.: Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Connemara, co. Galway. 2, E. granatina Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 363.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, rimoso-diffract, reddish-brown or rubricoso-reddish, the granules somewhat plane, opaque, ruguloso-nodulose, contiguous, rotundato-difform. Apothecia small, shining, several in each thalline granule, subconcolorous, whitish within, the margin thin, entire ; spores simple or spuriously 1-septate, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0045- 55 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 10.—Pyrenopsis granatina Nyl, ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 14, ed. 3, p. 15. Lecanora granatina Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 90. Distinguished from the preceding by the paler colour of the thallus, the nodulose and irregularly rotundate granules, and the apothecia. In manner of growth it is similar to Pyrenopses hematopts, and is little conspicuous except in wet weather. The apothecia become at leagth nearly biatorine, with excluded margin. Hab. On granitic rocks and schistose boulders in alpine localities— Distr. Very local and rare among the mountains of N. Wales and the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland —B. M.: Llyn Aran, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers,, Perthshire. 4. PYRENOPSIS Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 164; Syn. i. p. 97 (ofr. Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193).—Thallus thinly crustaceous, granulose or subsquamulose, rarely subfruticulose; gonimia simple or several in nodulose syngonimia. Apothecia sub- lecanoroid or pseudo-pyrenocarpous, small or minute, paraphyses simple, slender; spores 8nx, very rarely numerous; hymenial gelatine bluish or wine-red with iodine. Spermogones with oblong minute spermatia. As re-arranged by Nylander, this is a very natural and well-defined enus, in consequence of Huopsis having been raised into a separate genus and Collemopsis relegated to the Collemacei. It is at once distinguished from Euopsis by having the disc of the apothecia subclosed, and by the araphyses not being articulate. More recently it has been divided by Ayiandes into two subgenera, viz. Eupyrenopsis Nyl. and Cladopsis Nyl., of which only the former occurs in this country. 1. P. hematopis Fr. fil. N. Ac. Reg. Soc. Se. Upsal. ser. 3, iii. (1861) p. 284,—Thallus effuse, crustose, opaque, verrucoso-unequal, 24 EPHEBACEI. [ PYRENOPSIS. thickish, diffracto-rimose, dark- or rubricose-brown, within sub- concolorous or darker in the lower portion. Apothecia superficial, urceolate, minute, subconcolorous or slightly darker, the margin thick, © elevated, entire; spores 8ne, U,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecw, bluish with iodine.— Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 14, ed. 3, p. 14.—Collema hemaleum, var. hamatopis, Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. '(1826) p. 117. From Euopsis hemalea, with which it here grows associated, this is externally distinguished by the thicker thallus and the minute urceolate apothecia. With us it is not usually seen with apothecia, though, when present, these are numerous. The spermogones in otherwise sterile plants are frequent, with very minute ellipsoid spermatia. Hub, On shady mica-schist rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare, among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 2. P. fuscatula Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 143.— Thallus effuse, noduloso-granulate, dark-brown or brownish-black, the granules agglomerate and confluent in somewhat depressed glo- merules, which are more or less discrete and irregularly scattered. Apothecia small, somewhat impressed, concolorous, the margin con- nivent ; spores 8ne, 0,008-0,010 mm. long, 0,0045-0,0050 mm. thick; epithecium yellowish ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16, ed. 3, p. 14; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332. This is a small species, characterized chiefly by the noduloso-graniform thallus, which either spreads moderately over the substratum, when the glomerules are more discrete, or more frequently occurs in small inter- rupted patches. The apothecia are rarely met with rightly developed, though the spermogones are more common; they are very minute, with poe oblong or oblongo-cylindrical, 0,002 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm..- thick. Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Rather local and rare, having been found only in the Channel Islands, N. Wales, and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: La Moye and Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 3. P.subareolata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 27, nomen.—Thallus effuse or subeffuse, thinnish, diffracto-areolate, blackish, areola: some- what plane. Apothecia small, innate, subconvolorous, the epithecium impressed ; spores 8nz, 0,015 mm. long, 0,008 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 271.—To this also apparently is referable Verrucaria imbrida Tayl. Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) p. 153. This species is comparable with P. concordatula Nyl., from which among other characters, it at once differs in the smaller spores. The British specimens seen are not very typical, the apothecia being sparingly present, minute and scattered, but for the most part not well developed. Hab. On moist schistose rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Very PYRENOPSIS. ] PYRENOPSEI. 25 local and scarce, in N. Wales and S. W. Ireland.—B, M.: Near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Near Killarney, co. Kerry. 4. P. phylliscella Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 102.--Thallus effuse, squamulose, dark-brown, squamules somewhat subverrucoso-unequal, subadnate, aggregate but not contiguous, rotundato-difform. Apo- thecia endocarpoid, very minute, 5-15 in each thalline squamule ; epithecium punctiform, concolorous, with thin thalline margin; spores 8ne, oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,003 mm. thick ; paraphyses few ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece dark-violet with iodine. —Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p.,190; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14. The squamiules of the thallus are composed of minute aggregate granules, which are usually distinct from each other, though here and there becoming contiguous. Its nearest ally is P. tasmanica Nyl., rather than any of our British species, though at first sight it. somewhat resembles P. fuscatula, The apothecia are numerous and crowded in the fertile squamules, and the spermogones are not unfrequent, with spermatia thin, oblong, or fusiformi-oblong. Hab. On quartzose boulders in subalpine streams.—Distr. Extremely local and searce, among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 5. P. homeopsis Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 342.—Thallus effuse, thin, subgranulose, unequal, subareolate, reddish-brown. Apothecia minute, lecanoroid, concolorous, pale within, the margin connivent, epithecium narrow, colourless; spores 8ne, 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine red or tawny wine-coloured with iodine.——Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 48; Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15, ed. 3, p. 14. This is closely allied to P. grumulifera, Nyl., from which it differs chiefly in the larger vo and gonimia, as also in the thallus being internally feet especially under the apothecia. In the few specimens gathered, the thallus, except in one instance, was associated with Lecanora Frustulosa, and for the most part sterile. Hab. On mica-schist rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Very local and rare, having been found only on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 6. P. furfurea Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.—. Thallus effuse, thinnish, granulato-areolate, brownish-black or black, when moist rubricosely blackish or rubricosely reddish. Apothecia minute, at length nearly urceolariform, the margin tumid; spores 8ne, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14.—Collema furfureum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 286; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17. According to Nylander, im itt, this somewhat anomalous species is perhaps referable rather to the genus Phylliscum, to which it approaches in the structure of the thallus. ‘“ This, which superficially is rubricoso- reddish, as in Pyrenopsis, is internally colourless, gelatinose, and excavated with minute, frequent, cellular cavities, among which are scattered somewhat large, oblong, simple, glaucous gonimia, as in Phylliseum, which 26 EPIEBACEI. [ PYRENOPSIS. are enveloped in a thickish gelatinose tunic.” The apothecia are rare in the few British specimens gathered, and the spores are seldom well deve- loped. . We have not detected any mature spermogones on our specimens, though these would determine more definitely the place of this species, as the spermatia in the Phylliscodet (Nyl. Flora, 1887, p. 183) are elongate and arcuate. Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks in alpine places.—Dist. Very local and rare, having been found only very apeney among the S. Grampians. —B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Tribe IIT. HOMOPSIDEI Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193; Flora, 1887, p. 133. Thallus variable in form and texture, being either (1) fructi- culose, with gonimia seriate, and chiefly contiguous or seriately connate in the branches and branchlets, or (2) squamuliform or granuloso-continuous, uniform, with gonimia (haplogonimia) some- what large and subsolitary, or large and solitary, always gelatinoso- involute; medullary filaments wanting. Apothecia pyrenocarpous, innate in thalline protuberances, externally more or less eminent, or immersed and without any external protuberance ; spores simple or rarely l-septate; paraphyses slender or none. Spermogones inclosed in thalline protuberances, or immersed and without any protuberance ; spermatia either shortly cylindrical, straight (the sterigmata simple), or elongate, thin, arcuate (the sterigmata simple, somewhat short). This tribe comprises various small brown or blackish plants, agreeing in the common character of having pyrenocarpous apothecia, though in other respects differing considerably in the several genera. According to the form and texture of the thallus, the arrangement of the gonimia, and the presence or absence of thalline protuberances enclosing the fructification, it is divided into two subtribes, viz. Ephebei and Phyllis- codet. To the latter, according to Nylander cn litt., belongs Collema granuliforme Nyl.=Phylliscodium granuliforme Nyl., which, although recorded (erroneously) by Leighton (Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22) from Galway, has not been gathered in our Islands. Subtribe HPHEBET Ny). ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193; Flora, 1887, p. 133. Thallas small, byssvid, fructiculoso-ramose ; gonimia tunicated, in nodulose syngonimia. Apothecia minute, pyrenocarpous, in ellipsoid or pyriform incrassations of the thallus, paraphyses distinct or none; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, simple or 1-3-septate, colourless. Spermogones innate in globular or shortly ellipsoid thalline tubercles, with slender, simplish sterigmata. The thallus in its younger and immature state is entirely Sirosiphoid in structure; so that this subtribe might briefly be defined as consisting of “pyrenocarpous sirosiphoid Ephebacei.” Its two genera are well distinguished from each other by the anatomical characters of the apothecia. EPHERE. | HOMOPSIDEI. 27 5. EPHEBE Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 256; Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 85, emend. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 124).— Thallus usually dicecious, cylindrical, intricate ; within longitudinally cellular; gonimia chiefly towards the surface, 2-4 in each nodule. Ephebe pubescens Nyl.—a. Thalline branchlet, with apothecia, x30. 0. Thalline branchlet, with spermogones, X30. c. Sterile branchlets, x30. d. Trans- verse section of thallus, and d’, longitudinal section of thallus, x 200. e¢. Four syngonimia, x 350. f. Section of thalline receptacle of three apothecia, x 30. g. Two thece, X350. h. Five spores, X500. ¢. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. Apothecia solitary or aggregate, paraphyses none; spores simple or 1-3-septate; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged with iodine. Spermogones with long sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia. This differs from the following genus in the generally dicecious thallus, and more especially in the absence of paraphyses and in the septate spores. The apothecia in both genera have the “ pyrenium” (7. ¢. the ‘perithecium,” in its former but erroneous acceptation, wide Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 102) either colourless or slightly dark. In both also the sper- mogones have the appearance of young apothecia. 28 EPHEBACEI. [BPHEBE. 1. E. pubescens Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 90, t. ii. ff. 1, 17-20.— Thallus much branched, decumbent, slightly rugulose, somewhat shining, olive-green or brownish-black, branches very slender, capillary at the apices. Apothecia minute, pale; spores simple or 1-septate, 0,011-0,016 mm. Jong, 0,003-0,004 mm. thick ; hy- menial gelatine either not tinged, or obsoletely violet-coloured (the thece tawny-yellow) with iodine-—Mudd, Man. p. 34; Leigbt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 10, t. 4. ff. 12-14; Lich. Fl. p. 12, ed. 3, p. 10; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1; Grevillea, v. p. 124.—Cor- nicularia pubescens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406. Lichen pubescens Linn. Fl. Suec. (1745) n. 1126, pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 2318. Tachen evilis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 894; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47. Lichen scaber Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 562. Conferva atrovirens Dillw. Br. Conf. p. 60, t. 25. Girardia atrovirens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 287. Scytonema atrovirens Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 78. Stigonema atrovirens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 363; Hass. Br. Freshw. Alg. p. 227, t. 66. f£. 1.—Probably several of these synonyms relate to other ‘species, the specimens seen being infertile. This grows in close, matted, irregular tufts, which often spread exten- sively over the substratum. When young it is more or less suberect, becoming at length decumbent or prostrate. From Parmelia lanata, var. reticulata, with which it was frequently confounded by the older authors, it is externally distinguished when sterile by its softer, transversely rugose thallus, and when fertile by the acer which apparently are rare in. Britain. The spermogones, which are more frequent, are lateral, the sterigmata usually simple, 0,005 mm. long. 0,CO1 mm. thick. Hab. On moist shady rocks, especially by streams, in upland and sub- alpine situations Dis‘, General and for the most part abundant where it occurs in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Near Ivy Bridge and Chagford, Devonshire; Roughton, Cornwall; Bar- mouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon and Llanberis, Carnarvon- shire ; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham; Mardale and near Kendal, Westmoreland; Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire; Appin and Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Achallater and Craig Guie, Braemar, A ber- deenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Loch Shin, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Dublin Mts.; Coach- ford, near Cork; Glengariff and Cromaglown, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galway. ’ 6. EPHEBEIA Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea,, v. p. 125).—Thallus moneecious, cylindrical, intricate ; internally as in the preceding genus. Apothecia solitary, paraphyses deter- minate, slender, slightly incrassate at the apices ; spores constantly simple ; hymenial gelatine wine-reddish with iodine. Spermogones discrete, internally as in Ephebe. From Ephebe, with which it was formerly confounded, this has now been separated, on account chiefly of the apothecia having distinct para- physes and conspicuous anaphyses (vide Nyl. /. c.), as also constantly simple spores. These characters seem sufficiently important to entitle it to rank as a distinct genus. EPHEBEIA. ] MAGMOPSFI. 29 1. E. hispidula Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 321.—Thallus decumbent, very much branched, rugulose, opaque, spinulose or verruculose towards the apices, olive-green or dark-brown. Apothecia ex- ternally subgloboso-tuberculose, pale, the epithecium impressed ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89; Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Cor- nicularia hispidula Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 617. Cornicularia pubescens 8. hispidula Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406.—To this belongs also Ephebe spinulosa Fr. fil. fide Nyl.l.c. ~ The thallus is somewhat stellately expanded, with the branches verti- cillately proliferous. From Ephebe pubescens it differs in being hispid and moncecious, as also in the structure of the apothecia. Of the few British specimens seen, only one is sparingly fertile. Hab. On damp quartzose and schistose rocks in subalpine districts.— Distr. Apparently local and scarce, being known only from N. Wales, and the 8. and Central Grampians, Scotland. B. M.: Cader Idris, Merioneth- shire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perth- shire. Subsp. E. Martindalei Cromb. ea Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 104.— Thallus scarcely spinulose: apothecia with the receptacle smarag- dine above (or somewhat bluish in thin section); spores 0,009- 14 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89; Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. This differs from the type, of which, as suggested by Nylander (J. c.), it is almost a variety, in the nearly smooth thallus and the colour of the receptacle. From Ephebe pubescens it could consequently with difficulty be distinguished in a sterile condition. Hab, On moist rocks in mountainous districts —Distr. Very local and scarce, having been gathered only in N.W. England.—B. M.: Mardale, Westmoreland. Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103. Thallus pyrenopsidian, consisting of syngonimia; gonimia mo- derate, without order. Apothecia forming a peridium; spores 8nee, oviform, in oblong thece. Spermogones not seen rightly developed. This is a somewhat peculiar tribe, distinguished from all others in this family by the apothecia (if not parasitic, as Nylander is now rather inclined to think) constituting per?dia—that is, a closed pyrenium without any true ostiole. It consequently holds an analogous relation among the Ephebacet to Peridiet among the Lichenacei. From the Phylliscodet it differs in the characters of the apothecia and the gonimia. 7, MAGMOPSIS Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103.—Thallus indeter- minate; syngonimia glomerulose or granuloso-difform, greenish- yellow, gonimia pale-glaucous or concolorous with the rest of the thallus. Apothecia small, the peridium (under the microscope) 30 COLLEMACEL. [MAGMOPSIS. dark violet-blackish ; spores 1-septate, colourless; hymenial gela- tine not tinged with iodine. From Pyrenidium, with which it is comparable, this differs in having the thallus pyrenopsoid and indeterminate; while from Verrucarina, to which it has some resemblance, it differs in the apothecia not presenting a true pyrenium. The genus as yet includes only two species, of which one has been detected in Britain. 1. M. argilospila Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 10. —Thallus scattered, subfurfuraceous, very thin, olive-black. Apo- thecia innate, minute, peridium sufficiently thin, violet-black ; spores 0,022-26 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, sparingly present.—Verruearia argilospila Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 15. Verrucaria arenicola Leight. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 155; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 470. The plant spreads extensively over the substratum in small, scattered, more or less distinct macule. In structure the thallus is densely and minutely cellular, each cell containing a minute subglobose gonimium., The apothecia in the specimens seen are numerous, and are more con- spicuous where ‘the thallus is semi-obliterated. Hab. On sandy and clayey soil in upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce, in W. England; though it no doubt occurs elsewhere.—B. M. : Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Family 11. COLLEMACEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus foliaceous, or fruticulose, or crustaceous, turgid and gelatinous when moist, black, brown, dark olive, leaden, rarely glaucescent ; gonimia somewhat small, nakedly conjoined, monili- form ; medulla not distinct, but confused with the gonimic layer. Apothecia most frequently lecanorine, occasionally biatorine, rarely endocarpoid, hypothecium colourless ; spores 8ne, rarely numerous, very rarely 4ne, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusiform, simple or septate, or variously divided, colourless, very rarely brown. Spermogones usually with jointed sterigmata, occasionally with simple sterigmata, aud short oblong spermatia. This family, as now limited by Nylander, comprehends plants which in most essential respects are more closely related to each other than those referred to it in his previous classification. “It consists of a higher type of lichens than the Lphebacei, being superior in structure, and for the most part in figure, with the gonimic granules not or scarcely ever simple, but more or less (that is, two or several) moniliform (hormogonimia, Nyl). The thallus also, when moistened, is more turgid, and though still somewhat Algoid in external appearance, is almost always much better developed.” In regard to the anatomical structure of the thallus Nylander, in his observations on “ gonidia &e.” (Flora, 1877, p. 359), has pointed out that (in the higher genera at least) the whole thallus is to be regarded as one syngonimium. This syngonimium, he adds, zn itt., ori- ginates either from a single primitive gonimium, or from the coalescence of several gonimia into one syngonimic body. LICHINA. | LICHINEI. 31 Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193. Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile ; gonimia elongato-seriately moniliform, subconnate. Apothecia small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or thickish ; spores 8nz, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata. The principal characteristic of this tribe is to be found in the gonimia being moniliformly arranged through long series. They are also much less connate than in Gontonema, so that the affinities of the tribe are rather with this family. Of the four genera of which it is composed, only one is at all common in Great Britain. 8. LICHINA Ag. Syn. Alg. (1817) p. xii; Tul. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, xvii. (1852) p. 87; Nyl. Syn. p. 88.—Thallus fruticulose, cartilaginous, dichoto- mously branched, within parallelly lincari-cellu- lar; gonimia arranged chiefly under the cortical layer, bluish or glaucous- bluish. Apothecia ter- minal, in globose thalline receptacles, lecanorine ; spores simple, colourless ; paraphyses slender, not crowded ; hymenial gela-~ tine not coloured with iodine. Spermogones terminal, with simple long sterigmata and ob- long spermatia. a This small genus, though fucoid in appearance, be- longs in all essential cha- racters to Lichens. The few species of which it consists are strictly social in their habit, and often extensively cover the other- wise barren marifime rocks. It is in various respects Fig. 5. somewhat parallel among Lichina pygmea Ag.—a. Section of apothecium the Collemacei to Sphero- (1) and of a spermogone (2), x30. 0. Section phorus amongst the Li of thallus, X200. ¢. Gonimia, x 350. d. Theca chenacei. The apothecia nd paraphysis, x 350. ¢ Two spores, x 500. are truly lecanorine, though f. Steriginata and spermatia, x 500. pyrenodean in appearance, while the spermogones are often situated around them. 1 32 COLLEMACEI. [LicHINA. 1. L. pygmea Ag. Syn. Ale. 1817, p. 9; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 91, t. i. f. 16.—Thallus somewhat small, caespitosely branched, greenish- or brownish-black ; branches erect, compressed upwards, obtuse at the apices. Apothecia small, concolorous, the ostiole slightly open or irregularly dehiscent; spores 0,022-29 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 888; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 96; Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 270; Grev. Scot. Crypt. t. 219; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 170; Mudd, Man. p. 33, t.i. £.1; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. iv. f, 21; Lich. Fl. p. 18, ed. 3, p. 11.—Fucus pygmeus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 964, t.32; With. Arr. ed. 3, p.100; Turn. Hist. Fue. t. 204. ff. a-h; Eng. Bot. t. 1322. Fucus pumilus Huds. Fl. Aungl. ed. 2, p. 584.—Brit. Hvs.; Leight. n. 260; Larbal. Caesar. n. 51; Cromb. n. 1. This plant, which is about half an inch or a little more in height, might certainly, at first sight, be taken for a diminutive Fucus. The fructification, however, sufficiently shows its true systematic place; and indeed, considering that Lightfoot (/. c.) pointed out how nearly it was related to Lichens, it is strange that it should have been so long referred to the Algee. Both the apothecia and the spermogones are numerous, the latter with spermatia ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, about 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks exposed to the action of the tide in maritime districts.— Dist. General and common on all the more rocky coasts of the Channel Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland, but apparently not occurring in the N.E.. of Scotland.—B. M.: Islands of Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney. Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Isham rocks, near Torquay, Bigbury Bay, and Boveysand Bay, Devonshire; Mount’s Bay, St. Minver, and Scilly Isles, Cornwall; near Peel, Isle of Man; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Near Caroline Park, Edinburgh; Loch Creran and Island of Mull, Argyleshire, Near Castlefreke, co. Cork: coast of Connemara, Galway. 2. L. confinis Ag. Sp. Alg. 1823, p. 105.—Thallus rather small, densely ceespitosely branched, olive- or brownish-black ; branches erect, rounded, subfastigiate. Apothecia small, concolorous, the ostiole slightly open or irregularly dehiscent; spores 0,022-29 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 270; Tayl.in Mack. Fi. Hib. ii. p. 170; Mudd, Man. p. 34; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. 4. f. 22; Lich. Fl. p. 18, ed. 3, p. 12.—Lichen confinis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 208; Eng. Bot. t. 2575. Fucus pygmeus B. minor Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 204. ff. i-0. Lichina pumila Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 388. Lichina pygmea f. minor Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 98.—Brit. Exs. : Larbal. Cesar. n. 1; Lich. Hb. n. 281. From L. pygmea, to which it is subsimilar, this is distinguished by being considerably smaller, scarcely 4 in. high, even in favourable situa- tions, and by Ee the branches more crowded and not compressed, The apothecia are frequent, though in situations farther removed from tidal action it often occurs infertile. The spermogones, especially in otherwise barren specimens, are very abundant, with spermatia 0,0030-— 35 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. LICHINA. ] LICHINEL. 33 Hab. Ou intertidal rocks, and on those which are only washed by the spray of the sea, in maritime districts. —Distr. General and very , abundant where it occurs on most of the rocky coasts of the Channel Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland; more frequent on the N.E. of Scotland.—B, M.: Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney. White- sand Bay, Mount’s Bay, near Anthony, Gerrans, Land’s End, and Scilly Islands, Cornwall; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Southerndown, Glamorgan- shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Puffin Island, Anglesea; Port Soderick, Isle of Man; Morecambe Bay, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Island of Mull and Loch Creran, Argyle- shire. Kenmare, co. Kerry; coast of Connemara, co. Galway; Bally- castle, co, Antrim. 9. LICHINIZA Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 6.—Thallus minutely squamulose, squamules adnate, difform, chestnut-brown, with pro- minent darker globules or subglobose papille; gonimia sordid- yellowish, radiately arranged in the thalline globules in monili- form series. Apothecia lecanorine?, terminal. Spermogones not seen. Though differing in external appearance from the preceding genus, this nearly agrees with it in texture. This, however, as observed by Nylander, is cellular, thinner, and more irregular, while the gonimia are differently coloured. Its true place, in the absence of rightly developed apothecia and of the spermogones, is rather uncertain, though it is most probably allied to Lichina. , 1. L. Kenmorensis Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 6.—Apothecia minute, terminal on and concolorous with the thalline globules, lecanorine? ; “spores Sne, ellipsoid, simple, colourless.”—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 22.—Synalissa Kenmorensis Holl, MS. (1872). The thallus is effuse and apparently widely spreading. In the speci- mens seen by me only a single young apothecium was visible, similar in external appearance to the young apothecia of Lichina. Dr. Holl informed me that the spores were seen by him in a better-fruited spe- cimen, though not well developed. Hab. On moist mica-schist boulders in upland mountainous situa- tions.— Distr. Very local and rare, having been found only in one locality in the S. Grampians.—B. M.: Shores of Loch Tay, Kenmore, Perthshire. 10. PTERYGIUM Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. i. (1854) p. 328; Syn. i. p. 92; Lich. Scand. p. 24.—Thallus appressed, thinly divided, radiate at the circumference, polished in section; gonimia often moniliformly concrete, arranged chiefly under the cortical layer; thin section of thallus bluish on the lower side. Apo-, thecia lecideine; spores 8nz, ellipsoid or oviform, septate, colour- less; hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, bluish with iodine. Spermogones with long jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. D 34 COLLEMACEI. [PreRyeruM. ; Fig. 6. Pterygium eentrifugum Nyl.—a. Longitudinal section of thallus, x 275. b. Trani section of the same. c. Vertical section of a spermogone, x42, d. Jointed sterigmata. ' This genus is analogous to Pannularia among the Lichenacei, from which, however, it is distinguished by the absence of a hypothallus. In this country few species have occurred, but probably others will be detected. 1. P. centrifugum Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. i. (1854) p. 328; Syn. i. p. 92, t. ii. ff. 11-15.—Thallus small, laciniato-radiate, centrifu- gal, dark- or chestnut-brown, often blackish in the centre; laciniz divaricato-multifid, plane or somewhat convex, narrow, crowded, very thinly longitudinally rugulose. Apothecia unknown. Externally this looks like a small Physeia near to dark vars. of Ph. obscura; but its anatomical structure is essentially different. The thallus is only about } inch in diameter (even smaller in the only British spe- cimen seen), and is more or less centrifugal. The gonimia are pale- greenish, often moniliform towards the upper surface. No apothecia have yet been detected, but the spermogones (not present in our spe- einen) are known; they are tuberculose, usually blackish above, with multi-articulate sterigmata ; oe straight, slightly acute at the apices, 0,005-0,006 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a subalpine hilly district.— Distr. Extremely local and scarce, having been found only very sparingly in 8.W. England. —B.M.: Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire. 2. P. pannariellum Nyl. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Not. iv. (1859) p- 236; Flora, 1869, p. 41.—Thallus moderate, laciniato-radiate PTERYGIUM. | LICHINEI. 35 at the circumference, subcoralloideo-multifid or microphylline and usually diffracto-globulose in the centre, dark-olive or olive-brownish- black, opaque ; lacinie thin, plane, multifid, imbricately crowded, obsoletely rugulose. Apothecia small, plane or slixhtly convex, black ; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,015-20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Cromb. Gre- villea, v. p. 108; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 12. This is externally somewhat like Pannaria triseptata Nyl., but differs in the absence of a hypothallus, and in the lacinie being radiate at the circumference and usually digitate at the apices; the spores also are somewhat smaller. In the only fertile British specimen seen the apo- thecia are sparingly present. Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Very local and scarce amongst the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summit of Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 3. P. Lismorense Cromb. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 108.—Thallus thin, subfurfuraceous, thinly or obsoletely radiate, adnate, variously confluent, blackish or olive-black. Apothecia small, thinly mar- gined, black, dark within; spores oviform, 1-septate, 0,010-0,011 mm. long, 0,005—0,006 mm. thick; epithecium bluish-black ; hypo- thecium cellular, and (with the perithecium) violet-blackish ; hyme- nial gelatine bluish, then dark-yellowish with iodine.—Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 221; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 12.—Brit. Exs: Cromb. n. 101. The thallus spreads rather extensively, though not continuously, over the substratum. In its younger state the radii are more discrete at the circumference. It is allied to P. asperellum Nyl., from which it differs in the thallus and the smaller spores. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime tracts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce in the 8.W. Highlands.—B. M.: Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 11. LEPTOGIDIUM Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 195 (ofr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76).—Thallus minute, fruticulose, branched, somewhat fragile; goni- mia moniliform; cortical layer cellular, distinct. Apothecia subbiatorine ; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, ; simple, colourless; hyme- , Fig. 7. a nial gelatine bluish with L¢plogidium dendrisowm Nyl.—a. Thalline aah s i branch and branchlet, x 30. 6. Transverse iodine. Spermogones no section of a branch, x 200. ¢. Apex of a seen rightly developed. bifureate branchlet, showing the moniliform . chains of the gonimia, x 200. d. Two This genus, recently in- series of gonimia, x 350. stituted by Nylander, is Da 36 COLLEMACEI. [LEPTOGIDIUM. rather difficult to arrange in the series. From the gonimia, it seems to have its most appropriate place in this tribe. 1. L. dendriscum Nyl. Flora 1873, p. 195 (note).—Thallus very much branched, intricate, slender, rounded or obsoletely compressed, opaque, greenish, or pale-yellowish at the base. Apothecia small, pale or pale-red, the epitheecium at length somewhat convex; spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 337 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 13.—Leptogium dendriscum Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 185. Leptogiwn Mooreii Hepp, Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27. Ephebe byssoides Carring. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb, vii. p. 411, t. 10. f. 2. This is one of the exotic lichens which find their way from sub- tropical regions to the S.W. of Ireland. It has a somewhat general resemblance to Leptoyium muscicola, near to which it was originally laced by: Nylander; but the gonimia and other characters remove it from Leptogium to an inferior position in the family. The apothecia are not visible in any of the Irish specimens, the organs described as such being spermogones. These, however, though not unfrequent as minute pale-brown tubercles, have not béen seen rightly developed. Hab. On mossy trunks of trees in moist upland situations.— Distr. Very local and rare in 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Glengariff and Glena, Killarney, co. Kerry. Tribe Il. COLLEMEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 9; Syn..i. p. 93 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76). Thallus usually membranaceous, lobed, laciniate or microphylline, occasionally fruticuloso-ramose, rarely crustaceous or granulose ; gonimia glaucous-green, more or less moniliform; cortical layer either cellular or indistinct. Apothecia lecanorine, sometimes biatorine, rarely endocarpoid; spores 8nz, rarely numerous, ellip- soid, ovoid or rarely fusiform, usually septate and divided, occa- sionally simple, colourless. Spermogones with the sterigmata ar- ticulate, occasionally simple or subsimple, and oblong, ellipsoid or bacillar spermatia. : This extensive tribe (notwithstanding its recent limitation) consists of genera diverse in various particulars, yet sufficiently connected by mutual links. It contains the best-deyeloped members of the family, and in number of species, if not in their frequency of occurrence, is very well represented in our Islands. The plants for the most part very greedily . imbibe moisture, and we often find a marked contrast in the appearance of the thallus when moist or dry. 12. SYNALISSA Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 297; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 93.—Thallus pulvinate, thinly crustaceous or fruticuloso- divided ; gonimia (speirogonimia) either solitary or few, usually scattered among the filaments; cortical layer obsoletely cel- SYNALISSA, | COLLEMEI. 37 lular. Apothecia terminal, innate, lecanorino-endocarpoid, conco- lorous; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, ‘ usually 8ne, occasionally nu- merous, simple, colourless ; hy- menial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones ter- minal or subterminal, with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia. Distinguished from Ompha- laria, which ddées not occur in our islands, chiefly by the gonimic granules; these are in pairs between the thalline filaments or affixed to their branchlets. Only two species occur with us, rarely, and generally in poor condition. 1. S. symphorea Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 94, t. 3. f. 2.— Thallus fruticulose, fastigiately divided, opaque,black ; branches short, rounded, erect, obtuse at the apices, sometimes only no- dulose. Apothecia minute, punctiformi - impressed, at Fig. 8. length dilated, subconcolorous, Synalissa symphorea Nyl.—a. Section of the thalline margin tumid ; thallus with an apothecium, x 30. ; fig a: b. Section of a spermogone, x 30. spores 8-24ne, ellipsoid or ce. Syngonimia between the filaments, spherical, 0,009-11 Ls long, x 350. d. Gonimia affixed to a race- 0,006-7 mm. thick; hymenial _mosely divided filament, x 350. ¢. Spo- gelatine not tinged with iodine. riferous theca with three paraphyses, —Mudd, Man, p. 35, t. 1. & UND. A Hour sotey & OO” f.2; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.3; Strigmata and spermmatia, x 900. Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16, ed. 3, p. 18.—Synalissa vulgaris Thwaites, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, iii. p. 219. Collema symphuoreum DC. FI. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 882, C. synalissa Ach., Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108. The thallus in our specimens is generally only noduliform. Elsewhere it often occurs amongst the squamules of ZLecidea lurida, and further research may discover it in Britain also similarly associated. A reference to fig. 8 will show the peculiar arrangement of the gonimia affixed to the branchlets of the filaments, The apothecia are very rare in Great Britain, and the spermogones are only seldom seen, with spermatia 0,008 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Local and rare, having with certainty been gathered only very sparingly in §.W. England, and in the 8.W. Highlands, Scotland; the Tesh plant being very doubttul—B. M.: Portland island, Dorsetshire; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devonshire ; St. Vincent’s rocks, Gloucestershire. Bar- caldine, Argyleshire. \ 4 38 COLLEMACEI. [SYNALISSA. 2. 8. intricata Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 534.—Thallus effuse, fruti- culose, radiate, laciniato-multifid, pitch-black, lacinie rounded, intricate, narrow, somewhat obtuse or slightly nodulose at the apices; apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Omphalaria intricata Arn. Flora, 1869, p. 254. This peculiar plant was referred by Nylander to Nematonostoc (Flora, 1883, p. 104); he afterwards placed it in this genus with which it agrees in the character of the spermogones. At the same time the gonimia are hormogonimia and not spelrogonimia, and so it may be a distinct genus, which Nylander proposes to term Synalissina. It may readily be known by the radiate thallus, giving it the aspect of a Plerygium. ‘The apothecia have not been discovered, but the spermogones in the British specimens are not uncommon. Hab. On moist granitic rocks in upland hilly districts—Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare, having been gathered only in 8, Scotland.—B. M.: Black Craig, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire. 13. SCHIZOMA Ny]. ex Cromb. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 108 (note). —Thallus lineari-laciniate, internally at length Dele composed of a firm gelatine, through which run [aw ¢ 6 @ S@®2 thin, short, frequent tubules variously arranged, © @ & 6), 6 but chiefly longitudinally ; gonimia nearly mo- [~_— oe derate, in subrotund cells, situated chiefly = ~o under either surface, but, also sparingly seen [=~ — smaller and scattered. Apothecia unknown. —~~- —.@ > al Spermogones innate, or indicated externally by @& 5. Fa a somewhat prominent. thalline ostiole; sterig- §9’e 600 AO mata subsimple; spermatia minute, pistillari- Payee bacillar. (Nyl. in itt.) u This approaches in the structure of the thallus to Collemodium, from which it differs in the tenuity L024 of the tubules in the nearly obliterated cavity. Va This character and that of the spermogones en- title it to rank as a distinct genus; though only b ¢ the discovery of the apothecia would definitely Fig. 9. determine its place in the family, which is pro- scpizoma lichinodeum bably between Omphalaria and Collema. The Nyl.—a. Section of gonimia are with difficulty expelled from the cells thallus, x 200. &. so as to be seen free. Sterigmata. v. Sper- matia. 1. S. lichinodeum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 108, note.— Thallus small, loosely adnate, lineari-laciniose, brownish-black, laciniz plane or subcanaliculate, ligulate, simple or more frequently 2-3-divided, obtuse at the apices, naked, or sometimes sprinkled with concolorous isidiose globules. Apothecia not yet seen.— Collema lichinodeum Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 293; Carroll, Journ. Bot. ili. p. 287: Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 18, ed. 3, p. 15; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332. The thallus is normally orbicular, with the lacinie slightly suberect SCHIZOMA. | COLLEMEL, 39 towards the extremities. In Journ. Bot. 1874, J. c., it was observed that this species probably constituted a separate genus, though, as neither form of fructification was then known, it might be retained as an anomalous section of Collema. I have since detected the spermogones in Great Britain, and I hope the apothecia may be also discovered. The de- scription of the thallus of Collema radiatum Somm. (possibly an Ompha- larva) and its habitat given by Sommerfelt, Lapp. p. 121, as well as the account of its internal structure and of the spermogones given by Fr. fil., Lich, Arct. p. 288, do not at all correspond with our plant; the two can- not be identical. On the thallus is rarely seen a parasitic fungus, viz. Spheria schizomatis.Cromb., which must not be mistaken for the apothecia. Hab. On decayed mosses and the ground in crevices of rocks in alpine places.— Distr. Extremely local, being confined apparently to one or two of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B.M.: Ben Lawers and Ceais Calliach, Perthshire. 14. COLLEMA Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. (1780) p. 89; Nyl. Mém. Soc. 8c. Nat. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 164.—Thallus usually orbicular or suborbicular, membranaceo-lobed, very rarely squamu- lose or granulose; gonimia moniliform, cortical layer not discrete. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8ne, simple or generally multilo- cular, colourless ; hymenial gelatine usually bluish, rarely wine-red with iodine. Spermogones more or less immersed, sterigmata shortly articulate, rarely simple; spermatia straight, obtusely in- cerassate at either apex. As now limited, this genus is more compact than formerly, though it still includes several species, diverse in thallus and fructification, as will be seen from the following sections. These differences, however, are not of sufficient importance to warrant its division into several genera. In various species a thin section of the thallus, when dry, becomes reddish or blood-red with iodine, in consequence, as Nylander observes, of the gonimia being so coloured. In the eo in which the spermo- gones have been detected, except in those belonging to Section A, the ‘ spermatia are identical in size, viz. 0,0035-0,0040 mm. long, 0,0007 mm. thick, or vary so slightly that the difference is scarcely perceptible. There is every reason to believe that some Nostocs are undeveloped states of different species of this and perhaps also of the following genus. A. LEMPHOLEMMA (Koerb. 259 Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 400). —Thallus thinnish, dif- form; gonimie granules moniliform. § Apothecia innate; spores simple ; spermogones with simple sterigmata. d a. Hymenial gelatine wine-red Ue et f with iodine. Fig. 10. 1. C. chalazanum Ach. Lich. Collema myriococcum Ach.—a. Section . r of an apothecium, x 30. 8. Two Univ. (1810) p. 630.—Thallus thece and a paraphysis, x 350. ¢. Two pulvinate, thinnish, difformi- spores, x 500. d, Storigmata, and lobate or laciniate, crenulato- e, spermatia, x 500. 40 COLLEMACET. [CoLLEMA. granulate at the circumference, blackish-green or black. Apothecia small, reddish, the margin somewhat tumid ; spores ellipsoid, 0,020 —24 mm. long, 0,008-13 mm. thick (or sometimes rather smaller), paraphyses slender, scarcely articulate—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 104 ; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.4; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 17, ed. 3, p. 16.—To this apparently is referable C. maritemum Tayl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 194. In a moist state, when not fully developed, this might readily be taken for a Nostoc. The thallus, which is variable, is closely agglutinate to the substratum, with the lobes corrugato-difform, plicate, appressed, and usually more or less verrucoso-granulose. The apothecia, though nume- ‘yous, are inconspicuous in the dry:plant, being submersed in the small thalline verrucee. The spermogones are not unfrequent, with simple cylindrical sterigmata ; spermatia thin, obtuse at either apex, 0,0025 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. Among mosses on the ground in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. Apparently local and rare in S.W. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands, Seotland, and in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Lipsom Hill, near Plymouth, Devonshire ; Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; near Barmouth, Merionethshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 2. C. chalazanodes Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 293.—Thallus ditformi- lobate or laciniate, crenulato-lobed at the margins, dark-green or blackish. Apothecia small, reddish, the thalline margin tumid ; spores in clavate thece, ellipsoid or subglobose, small, 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,008-15 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p- 105; Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17, ed. 3, p. 16. This is distinguished from the preceding species, to which it is closely allied, by its much smaller and often subglobose spores. In the few British specimens seen, the apothecia are numerous, but no spermogones are visible. Hab. Among mosses on old walls in wooded upland tracts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in W. England, though it may occur in mountain- ous districts, as in Scandinavia, where it was discovered.—B. M.: Bradley Wood, Newton Bushell, S. Devon; Coln Rogers, Gloucestershire. 8. C. myriococcum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 638.—Thallus imbricato-lobed, or at length almost crustaceo-difform, olive-green or blackish ; lobes crowded, complicate, crisp. Apothecia minute, numerous, aggregate in thalline tubercles, somewhat concave, red- dish, the thalline margin tumid; spores in cylindrical theca, globose or subglobose, 0,009-12 mm. in diameter when globose, or 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,009-10 mm. thick, when subglobose. —Nyl. Syn. i. p. 104, t. iv. f. 21; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 146; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 16.—Lichen myriococcus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 127.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 3. This differs from C. chalazanum chiefly in the thallus being larger, the lobes more develcped, the apothecia more aggregate, and the spores more COLLEMA. ] COLLEMET. 41 globose. The apothecia are generally abundant, almost obliterating the thallus, and becoming like it blackish when dry. The preceding species is intermediate between this and C. chalazanum. Hab.’ Among mosses on old walls in shady places in upland districts. —Distr. Very local, though plentiful where it occurs in W. England, S. Wales, and N.E. Ireland, probably elsewhere overlooked.—B. M.: Near Cirencester, Stroud, and Ablington, Gloucestershire; Pembroke- shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. b. Hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. 4. C. confertum Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 330.—Thallus small, turgidly squamulose, blackish-brown; squamules crowded, usually cyathoid or podetiiform, almost all fertile. Apothecia small, urceo- lato-impressed, one at the summit of each thalline squamule or lobule, subconcolorous, the margin tumid; spores ellipsoid or fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,017-23 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick; paraphyses slender.— Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 259; Lich. Fl. p. 18, ed. 3, p. 16; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333.—Collema turgidum var. confertum Ach. L. U. (1810) p. 634. The peculiar squamulose thallus and the situation of the apothecia at once distinguish this from other British species of Collema. It is allied to C. lepideum Nyl., 2 West-African plant, and the two form a distinét group, characterized by the thallus and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. No authentic British specimen has been found in recent years; and indeed the plant is known only from the original specimen sent by Turner to Acharius, and from two fragments in Herb. Kew and Brit. Mus. Hab. Amongst mosses on the ground in maritime tracts.— Distr. Known only from E. England.—B. M.: Dunwich, Suffolk. B. EUCOLLEMA Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, Tp p. 333. — Thallus variously lobed, oe 5 rarely entirely granulose; gonimic on granules usually moniliform. Apo- thecia lecanorine ; spores septately Fig. 11. divided, irregularly murali-locular, Collema pulposwm Ach. ovoid or ellipsoid; hymenial gelatine Six spores, x 500. bluish with iodine ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata. CREP Ss é io} \% a. Thallus entirely granulose. QO 5. C. terrulentum Nyl. Flora, 1874, Staae p. 306. — Thallus small, scattered, thin, coxa ee Ach. granulose, olive-brown or brownish-black. Four spores, x 500. Apothecia small, concave, reddish-brown, ; the thalline margin thickish, entire; spores ellipsoid or oblong, submurali-divided (usually with 5 transverse septa), 0,018-24 mm. 42 COLLEMACEI. [coLLEaA. long, 0,010-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22; Journ. Bot. 1874, pp. 140, 333 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 25. This rather inconspicuous plant is characterized by the apparently constantly granulose thallus. The only specimen gathered occurred in small scattered pulvinuli, most of which were infertile. The nature of the thallus and the form of the spores separate it from Leptogium mucro- phyllum, to which it bears a general resemblance. The apothecia are at first somewhat urceolate. ; Hab. On the bark of an old ash-tree in a wooded upland district.— Distr. Known only from the 8. W. Highlands, Scotland.—-B. M.: Shores of Loch Katrine, Perthshire. b. Thallus acervulato-aggregate or pulvinato-congested. 6. C. ceraniscum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353.—Thallus small, cespitose, smooth, opaque, pulvinato-congested, -laciniato-divided, dark olive-greenish or olive-brown, divisions subrotundato-com- pressed, ceranoideo-dissected, somewhat obtuse and nodulose at the apices, erect or ascending. Apothecia small, somewhat concave, brownish-black, the thalline margin thin, smoothish ; spores (4—) 8ne, ellipsoid, rounded at both apices, 2-6 transversely seriate and loculose, 0,027-834 mm. long, 0,018-21 mm. thick; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish (the theca more intensely so): with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 6; Journ. Bot. 1874, pp. 140, 333; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24, ed. 3, p. 17.—Collema ceranoides Mudd (non Borr.), Man. p. 4, pro parte. This very distinct species (of which Nylander has given me the above amended diagnosis) has the appearance of a larger condition of Synalissa symphorea. The thallus, which forms small pulvinuli, is often pale olive at the base, and has the gonimia moniliform. The apothecia, which are subconcolorous with the thallus, are not at all numerous in the specimens seen, ‘Thecharacter of the thallus with its crowded nodulose dark apices, and the form of the spores which are internally as if grossly botryoso- granulose, prevent this species being confounded with any other” (Nyl. - an Utt.). Hab. On damp shaded rocks among small mosses in alpine places.—— Distr. Found only very sparingly among the 8. Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. ec. Thallus macrophylline, variously lobed. 7. C. auriculatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 98.—Thallus dilated, slightly rigid, roundly lobed, more or less granulate, opaque, sordid glaucous-green or olive-brown ; lobes irregularly repando- crenate, transversely rugulose (I+ blood-red). Apothecia moderate, scattered, concave, at length nearly plane, reddish-brown, the margin thick, entire; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-septate, with a few longi- tudinal septa, 0,022-27 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 17.—To this belongs Collema dermatinum Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716. f, 2 (lower fig.). Var. membranacea Kremp., Cromb. Journ. Bot. COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 43 1874, p. 333, Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 17, is a slightly thinner state of the species. The thallus is membranaceous in texture, and has rather small gonimia. From the allied species it is readily distinguished by the transversely rugulose lobes, and by the reaction with iodine in a thin section of the thallus, which takes place immediately on application. In the British specimens the apothecia are very rare. Hab. On rocks and old walls, chiefly calcareous, in upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, in the S.W. Highlands and the S. Grampians, Scotland —B. M.: Paignton, 8. Devon; Sherbrook and Cole Heath, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Island of Anglesea; Ashgill Force, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire. Subsp. C. granosum Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 11.— Thallus smaller, thickish, more rigid, somewhat smooth or granu- late; lobes more elongate, variously incised, imbricate in the centre, crenate at the margins. Apothecia and spores as in tho type.—Collema dermatinum Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716. f. 2 (two upper figs); Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p. 212; Mudd, Man. p.36. Leptogium dermatinum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 29, ed. 3, p. 32. Lichen granosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ili. (1789) p.181, t.10. f. 2. Lichenoides gelu- tinosum atro-virens, auriculatum et granosum Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19. f. 24. This is well distinguished as a subspecies by the smaller subcoriaceous thallus and by the more incised, imbricate lobes. The apothecia are sessile and numerous on our fertile British specimens. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland districts —Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, N. Wales, and 8. W. Ireland.—B. M. : Cheddar Cliffs and opposite St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol, Somersetshire; near Cirencester, Glowcestershhice Pentragaer, Oswestry, Shropshire. Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. 8. C. furvum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 650.—Thallus roundly lobed, more or less granulate on both sides, dark greenish-brown or olive-black (I+ blood-red when dry); lobes irregularly. complicate, usually undulate and crisp, entire. Apothecia moderate, somewhat scattered, plane, brown, the margin entire; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-septate, becoming irregularly murali-locular, 0,018-24 mm. long, 0,009-11 mm. thick.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.72; Mudd, Man. p. 36; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24, ed. 3, p. 17.— Lathagrium furvum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 400. Lichen furvus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 182. Collema granulatum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.110.. Lichen granulatus Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, p. 536, pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, p. 73, pro parte: Eng. Bot. t. 1757. Lichenoides gelatinosum lobis crassioribus fusco- viridibus Dill. Muse. 188, t. 19. f. 22.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 102. The thallus, usually of moderate size, is either naked or more frequently granulato-furfuraceous, from the presence of numerous isidia, occasionally giving origin to young lobules. By our older authors 44 COLLEMACET, [coLLEMa. it was mixed up with similar species, especially .C. granuliferum. It is more likely to be confounded with states of: C. flaccidum, but may be readily and certainly recognized by the reaction with iodine in a thin section of the thallus. The apothecia become, in old age, convex, dark, and immarginate. Hab. On rocks and old walls, chiefly caleareous, rarely on the ground in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Local and rare in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Walthamstow and Ilford, Essex; East Barnet, Middlesex; Ditcham and Babbicombe, Devonshire; near Marlborough, Somersetshire ; Rodmorton and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Lud- low, Shropshire; Garregwn rocks, Denbighshire; Rokeby, Durham ; Kirby Lonsdale, Westmoreland; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form tungforme Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333.— Thalline lobes rather longer, more deeply incised ; otherwise as in the type—Collema tuneforme Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Mudd, Man. p. 86. Lichen tunceeformis Ach, Prodr. (1798) p. 132; Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 25. Lichenoides gelatinosum foliis latioribus tunifor- mibus Dill. Muse. 142, t. 19. f. 29 a, B. This differs merely in the longer, more deeply incised lobes, which are also somewhat rugose. Like the species, it may be either naked or granulato-furfuraceous. It is very rare in a fertile condition. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations. —Distr. Seen only from W. and N. England, the S.W. Highlands, Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Winson, Gloucestershire ; Teesdale, Durham. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 9. C. flaccidum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 322.—Thallus broadly lobed, opaque, smoothish or blackish-granulate, dark-green or brownish- green ([—); lobes flaccid, discrete, round, flexuose, with entire margins. Apothecia moderate, scattered, plane, reddish-brown, the margin thin, entire; spores ovoid or broadly fusiformi-oblong, “ 3-septate, often becoming 5-septate, 0,023-28 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 107; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 25, ed. 3, p. 23.—Lathagrium flaccidum Gray, Nat. Arr. i.p.400. Synechoblustus flaccidus Mudd, Man. p. 42. Lichen flaccidus Ach. N. Act. Stock. v. (1795) p. 14, t. 1.1.4. Lichen rupestris With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 76.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 345. From the preceding, which it resembles, this is distinguished by the flaccid thallus, which gives no reaction with iodine. It is generally expanded, rather thin, loosely affixed to the substratum, and usually sprinkled, or when old nearly covered, on the upper surface with black pulverulent granules. The apothecia, which are rare in this country, are scattered, and from concave become somewhat convex. Hab. On old walls, rocks, and trunks of trees, in shady places in upland districts.—Distr. General, and common where it occurs, in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Pyecombe, Sussex; St. Johns, Isle of Wight; near Plymstock, East Lyn, Kingskerswell, and Cockington, t COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI, 45 Devonshire; Boconnoc, Camelford, and St. Minver, Cornwall; near Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Lyn Gwernan, Merionethshire; Nant Gwynant, Carnarvonshire; Rievaulx, Yorkshire; near Kendal and Windermere, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; King’s Park, Edin- burgh ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Killin, Kenmore, Kinnoull Hill, and Craighall, Perthshire; Den of Glammis, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Mallow, co. Cork ; Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry. d,. Thallus microphylline, variously lobed. 10. C. pulposum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 311. Thallus thickish, subimbricato-lobed, olive-brown or dark-greenish; lobes nearly entire or repando-crenate, often plicate (I+ reddish). Apothecia moderate, concave or plane, reddish or dark-red, the margin thick, entire; spores ovoid, usually 3-septate, or also with longitudinal . septules, 0,016-24 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 38 pro p., t. i. f. 3; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 18, ed. 3, p. 18.—Lichen pulposus Bernh. Schrad. Journ. (1799) i1p.7,t.1.f1. Lichen crispus Eng. Bot. t. 834. Lichenoides gélatinosum foliis imbricatis et cristatis Dill. Muse. 14), 6.19. f. 26. —Brit. Exs.: Cromb.n. 4. | From allied species this is distinguished by its thick, pulpy thallus, the repand, crenate, and often plicate lobes, and by the entire margin of the apothecia. Frequently seen in a rudimentary nostocine condition, and then not conspicuous unless in wet weather, when the thallus swells considerably. The apothecia are chiefly central, numerous, sometimes becoming confluent, and slightly convex, with thin recurved margin. Hab. On the ground and old walls, chiefly calcareous, in maritime and upland districts.—Disér. General in the Channel Islands, and in most arts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: St. Saviour’s Hill, Island of nemasg: Reigate Hill, Surrey ; Shoreham, Kent; Lewes and Hurst- pierpoint, Sussex; Undercliff and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Ply- mouth and Torquay, Devonshire; St. Minver, Cornwall; Preston, Wilt- shire; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; Tetbury and Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Norton, Worcestershire; Barmouth, Merionethshivre ; Teesdale, Durham ; Kendal, Westmoreland ; near Whitehaven, Cumber- land. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire. Great Island, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry. Form compactum Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 109.—Thalline lobes densely complicato-imbricate, somewhat rugose ; apothecia reddish. —Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. —Collema compactum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 313. The closely imbricate and rougher thallus distinguishes this form, which, however, is connected with the type by intermediate states, de- pending on the nature of the habitat. When fertile, the apothecia are numerous and become darker with age. Hab. On the ground in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in a typical condition, having been observed only in W. England and in the 8. and W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Kemble, Glouces- tershire; Malvern, Worcestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire. 46 COLLEMACTI. [coLLEMA. Var. 8. pulposulum Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.— Thallus smaller, granuloso-lobulate, scattered or but little developed. Apothecia rather small, numerous; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, 8-septate, with 1 or 2 longitudinal septules, 0,020-28 mm. long, 0,007-0,010 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 19.—Collema pulposulum Nyl. Act. Soe. Linn. Bord. xxv. (1864) p. 7. A distinct variety well characterized by the granulose, dispersed thallus, and the form of the spores, It is much smaller than the type, though externally similar. Hab, On old walls in shady upland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, though no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—B. M.: Near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 11. CG. tenax Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 314.—Thallus imbricato- lobed, thickish, dark-glaucous or dark-greenish ; lobes round, obtuse, inciso-crenate or subpalmate at the margins (I+reddish). Apo- thecia moderate, innate, concave, reddish, the margin entire, scarcely . prominent; spores ovoid or oblong, 3-septate, with a longitudinal septum, 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,009-10 mm. thick——Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 39; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333.— Collema pulposwm var. tenax Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.4; Leight. Lich.. Fl. p. 19, ed. 8, p. 19. Enchylium tenaw Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 397. Lichen tenax Swrtz. N. Act. Ups. iv. (1784) p. 249.—Brit. Hws. : Leight. n. 105, 290 ; Mudd, n. 1; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 201. Distinguished from C. pulposum by the inciso-dentate or subpalmate thalline lobes, the innate apothecia, the less prominent receptacle, the larger spores, and the reaction with iodine. The apothecia are usually scattered and not numerous. Hab. Among mosses on rocks, and on the bare ground in upland districts—Distr. Local and rather scarce where it occurs, throughout England, in S. Wales, the S. and W. Highlands, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Runton and Cromer, Norfolk; near Ightham, Kent; Reigate, Surrey; Luccombe, Isle of Wight; the Mendips, Somer- setshire; Hathrop Castle, Gloucestershire; near Bewdley, Claines, and Malvern, Worcestershire; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shropshire; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Brigsteer, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin and Island of Lismore, Ayrgyleshire; Killin, Perthshire. Kylemore, co. Galway. Var. 3. coronatum Koerb. Par. (1865) p. 413.—Thallus rather thinner and more appressed ; apothecia sessile, plane or slightly con- vex, with subentire margin, often large and confluent.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Collema pulposum var. cristatum Mudd, Man. p- 39. Collema cristatum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108. Lichen cristatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 821; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 75. Lichenoides gelatinosum folivis imbricatis et cristatis Dill. Musc. 140, t. 19. f. 26, A, B,D. Lichenoides foliis pilosis crassioribus, obscure virentibus Dill. in Ray, Syn. 74. 68. COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 47 Hudson’s specific name has priority, but as it might be confounded with C. cristatum Hoffm., I have not used it. Similarly C. multifiorum var. palmatum Hepp, is rejected on account of the homonym Leptogium palmatum i a £xs.: Leight. n. 106. A well-marked variety, distinguished by the apothecia being sessile. They are generally more numerous than in the type, sométimes becoming large and proliferous, with the subentire or subgranulate margin ob- literated. Hab. On the ground and on walls in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. General in §., W., and N. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and S.W. Ireland—B. M.: Amberley, Sussex ; near Claver- ton, Somerset ; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shrop- shire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Campsie Glen, near Stirling ; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Blackstone Bridge, co. Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 12. C. glaucescens Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p.100.—Thallus thin, appressed, lobed, sordid-green or dark-olive; lobes small, round or oblong, approximate or scattered, entire or slightly crenulate. Apothecia moderate, appressed, plane, reddish-brown or red; the thalline margin thin, scarcely prominent, entire or slightly crenate ; spores usually tne (6nz), ovoid, 5-septate, with several longitudinal septules, 0,027-38 mm. long, 0,014-16 mm. thick.—Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. (1866) p. 11.—Collema limosum Ach., Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2704. f. 1; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 19. Collema pulposum y. limosum Mudd, Man. p. 39. This is readily recognized by the agglutinate and somewhat evanescent thallus, and_ by the appressed, thinly and often indistinctly margined apothecia. Its chief characteristic, however, isin the spores, which at once distinguish it from states of the allied species. The apothecia are at first slightly concave, and when the lobes are scattered are single in each fertile lobe. Hab. On moist clayey soil in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Local and rare in §.W. and N. England, as also in the W. Highlands, Scotland ; probably overlooked when the thallus is evanescent.—B. M. : Near Southend, Essex; Croham Quarry, Kent; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ; Wootton-under-Edge, and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Bulstrode, Buckinghamshire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Hawford and Norton, Worces- tershire; Coatham Marshes, near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Miln- thorpe, Westmoreland. Fort Augustus, Inverness-shire. 13. ©. crispum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 311.—Thallus lobato- divided or subradiate, dark-green or brownish-black ; lobes some- what erect, granulate and crowded in the centre, depressed and dilated at the circumference, the larger granulato-crenate at the margins (I+reddish). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, plane, reddish or dark-red, the margin crenato-granulate; spores ovoid, usually 3-septate, becoming irregularly murali-locular, 48 COLLEMACEI. | COLLBMA, 0,016-24 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick.—Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716. f.1; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 212; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Mudd, Man. p. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 19.—Lichen crispus Ach. Prodr. (1798 p. 126. Lichen crispus of our older authors belongs to C. cheelewm. —Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 106; Mudd, n. 2. This is allied to C. pulposum, but differs in the form of the granulate lobes, and especially in the crenato-granulate thalline margin of the apothecia. Flom C. cheileum, which in fructification it closely resembles, it is distinguished by the central lobes being more developed, erect and aggregate. The apothecia are usually central, generally crowded, and sometimes large. Hab. Among mosses on gravelly soil, and the tops of old walls, chiefly in upland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce, at least in a fertile condition, in the Channel Islands, Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Shores of the Island of Herm. The Downs, Sussex; St. Lawrence and Sandown, Isle of Wight; near Torquay, S. Devon; St. Minver, Corn- wall; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Coatham Marshes, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Subsp. C. ceranoides Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Lobes in the centre imbricate, ascending, dilated upwards, some- what proliferous, fastigiate. Apothecia with subentire or granulate margin; spores 3-septate, 0,017-25 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick. —Collema pulposum var. ceranoides Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 833; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. Collema ceranoides Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. (1831) t. 2704. f. 2; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 41 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 238. Having regard merely to the imperfect portion of the plant figured in E. B. Suppl., this might be taken for a well-marked species. More perfect specimens, however, in which the lobes at the circumference are depressed and mote typical, show that it is to be viewed rather as a sub- species of C. crispum, well distinguished by the thallus and apothecia. It is usually seen only in a sterile condition. Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous soil, sometimes on shell-sand, in maritime and upland tracts——Distr. Rather local and scarce, in the Channel Islands, and 8S. and W. England.—B. M.: Island of Herm, Henham, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; The Downs, Halmaker, and. Rotting- dean Cliffs, Sussex; Babbicombe Downs, Devonshire; St. Minver and near Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire. Form cristatulum Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334.— Thallus microphylline, lobes crowdedly granulato-crenate. Apothecia small; spores 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, ed. 8, p. 20. This is a smaller and less developed state of C. ceranoides, from which probably it ought not to be distinguished. As in the type, the apothecia are but sparingly present. COLLEMA. | COLLEME1. 49 \ ab, On sandy soil in maritime tracts.—Distv. Local and rare; the oo ro and 8.W. England.—B. M.: Coast of Herm. St. Minver, ornwall, 14. C. concinnum Flot. Linnea, 1849, p. 361; 1850, p. 157. —Thallus somewhat small, orbicular, variously inciso-lobed, olive- brown or dark-glaucous ; lobes narrow, round, more or less ascending or depressed. Apothecia submoderate, plane, reddish, the margin entire; spores ovoid, 3-septate or submurali-locular, 0,014-20 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. From C. crispum this is distinguished by the smaller thallus and spores. The British specimens belong chiefly to 8. deplanatum Flot., with the lobes dopieated, but this is evidently a mere state. The apothecia are numerous, nearly moderate, or smaller, with the margin sometimes in- curved. Hab. On rocks and wall-tops in maritime districts.—Distr. Local and rare in 8.W. England, N. Wales, and W. Ireland; but no doubt occurring elsewhere.—B. M.: Plymouth, 8S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Barmouth, Merionethshire. Achanure Castle, co. Galway. 15. C. cheileum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 630.—Thallus imbri- cato-lobed or crenato-granulose, greenish-black or dark-olive; lobes round, or minute and crenate, variously divided. Apothecia mode- rate, or somewhat large, plane, dark-reddish, the thalline margin granulato-crenate ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 3-septate or submurali- divided, 0,025-40 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Mudd, Man. p. 40, t.i.f.4; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 20, ed. 3, p. 20.—Lichen cheileus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 184. nchylium crispum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Lichen crispus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447; Lightf. FI. Scot. ii. p. 820 ; With. Arr. ed.3, iv. p. 76. Lichen marginatus Bernh., Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 25. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens, crispum et rugosum Dill. Muse. 139, t. 19. f. 23.—Hudson’s name, Lichen cris- pus, has priority, but to set aside the established name of Acharius would lead to great confusion.— Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 3; Larb. Cesar. n. 52, Lich. Hb. n, 203. The thallus is occasionally somewhat effuse, and varies in the character of the lobes, being eitherdeterminate and orbicular, lobate, with the lobes very small in the centre and explanate at the circumference, or some- times little developed and crenato-granulose. ‘lhe gonimia are usually scattered, though some are occasionally moniliform, and the filaments are but scanty. The apothecia are chiefly central, with the margin persistent. Hab. On the mortar of old walls, rarely on calcareous rocks, chiefly in upland situations.—Distr, General and usually common in the Channel Islands, and most parts of Great Britain and Ireland, but frequently barren. —B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Thetford, Norfolk; Wal- thamstow,.Essex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Plymouth, Devonshire; St. Minver, Cornwall ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Milton, Ox- fordshire; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Cradley, near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Oswestry, Shropshire; near Barmouth, Merioneth ; EB 50 COLLEMACEI. (cortema. Pinchingthorpe, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kendal, Westmoreland; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Near Edinburgh; near Glasgow; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire; near Aberdeen; Fort William, Inver- ness-shire. Mallow, and near Cork ; Tullywhee Bridge, co. Galway. Form 1. nudum Nyl. Syn. i.(1858) p. 111; Lich. Scand. p. 31.— Thallus platyphyllous, lobate, usually naked; otherwise as in the type. —Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 20.—Collema crispwm var. nudum Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 25. This form is more distinctly and broadly lobed, and but sparingly, if at all, granulose. The colour of the thallus and of the apothecia is usually paler. Hab. On the mortar of old walls in upland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8. and W. England, the W. and 8. Highlands, Scotland, and S. Ireland.—B. M.: Neat Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Torquay, 8. Devon; near Cirencester and Burton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire ; near Farlow. Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form 2. monocarpon Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p.111.—Thallus micro- phylline, or nearly obliterated, visible chiefly about the apothecia.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.—Collema monocarpon Duf. ex Nyl. 1. ¢. The thallus is more or less scattered and microphylline, but often is scarcely visible, except as a granulate margin to the apothecia. In perfect specimens it is occasionally more developed at the circumference. Hab, On the mortar of old walls, rarely on calcareous rocks in mari- time and upland situations.— Distr. Local and scarce in S. and 8.W. Eng- land, no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Hastings, Sussex ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. e. Thallus variously laciniate. 16. C. granuliferum Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103.—Thallus imbri- cato-laciniate, firm, sprinkled with isidiose globules, dark olive- green or blackish, lacinie usually somewhat erect and crowded in the centre, beneath often longitudinally and crowdedly plicatulo- rugulose when dry. Apothecia moderate, slightly concave or plane, the thalline margin at length subcrenate, isidiose; spores ovoid, 3-septate, sometimes with 1—2 longitudinal septules, 0,024-32 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 191; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Collema pulposum var. granulatum Mudd, Man. p. 38. Lichen granulatus pro parte of our older authors.— Brit. Exs.; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 204. In the thallus and the fructification this species is subsimilar to C. melenum, but is at once distinguished by the peculiar isidiose globules with which it is sometimes almost entirely covered. A larger and a smaller condition occurs, to the former of which is to be referred C. Slac- cudum, var. microlobum Nyl,, ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1868, p. 100, Cromb. COLLEMA. ] COLLEMEI. 51 ; Lich. Brit. p. 5, and C. subplicatile, var. meizolobum Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; but these are connected by intermediate states, The apothecia are rare and scarcely seen in the larger condition. Hab. On calcareous walls and rocks, rarely among mosses on the ground in upland districts—Distr. Probably general and common in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Plymouth, Elburton, Paington, Ogwell, and near Kingsbridge, 8. Devon; St. Minver, Cornwall ; Bathampton Downs, ‘Weston-super-Mare, and Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire; Leigh Woods, near Bristol, Gloucestershire; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shrop- shire; Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry; near Kylemore and Recess, Connemara, co. Galway. 17. C. melenum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 636.—Thallus de- pressed, lacero-luciniate, greenish- or olive-black (I wine-red in thin section); lacinize more or less elongate, somewhat broad and imbricate, the margins elevated, undulate, crisp and crenate. Apothecia mode- rate, sessile or slightly elevated, submarginal, plane, reddish-brown or blackish, the thalline margin somewhat granulate ; spores ovoid, 2-3-septate and irregularly divided, 0,021-27 mm. long, 0,009- 11 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 37; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5 pro parte; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 19 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 20.—Lichen melenus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 1380. C. auriculatum var. pinguescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 853 ; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 183; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 17 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 534). The depressed orbicular thallus, and the form of the laciniz readily distinguish this from the allied species. In favourable situations it is often considerably expanded, and then in old plants becomes centrifugal. The apothecia are not uncommon, generally numerous, situated towards the margins, and at length slightly convex and concolorous with the thallus. On the sterile thallusis rarely seen a parasitic Obryzum, which must not be confounded with the spermogones. Hab. On calcareous rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, the W., Central, and N. Highlands of Scotland.—B.M.: Near Buxton, Derbyshire; Teesdale, Durham ; Kendal, Westmoreland; near Alston, Cumberland. Island of Lismore and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Coygach, Sutherlandshire. Form 1. marginale Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 637.—Thallus elongato-laciniate, lacinize narrow, canaliculate, the margins crisp and crenate. Apothecia marginal, scattered, the thalline margin prominent and entire —Mudd, Man. p. 37; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Collema marginale Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71; Engl: Fl. v. p. 210; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109. Enchylium marginale Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p. 397. Lichen marginalis E2 52 COLLEMACEI. [couLEMa. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 584; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 35 5 Eng. Bot. t. 1924. Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, Jacobee mart- time divisura Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19. f. 25. This differs from the type in the form of the lacinie, the situation of the apothecia, and their entire margin. The thallus also is not so dark when growing, and the apothecia are more scattered, and concave when young. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Probably general, though as yet seen only from W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and 8S. Ireland.—B.M.: Near Torquay, Devonshire; Pentregaer, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near Wrexham, Denbighshire; near Settle, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. Appin, Argyle- shire; Gairloch, Ross-shire. Middleton, co. Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Loughcooter, co. Galway. Form 2. jacobeifolium Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 637.—Thallus deeply laciniate; lacinie lacero-pinnatifid, radiate, narrow, canali- culate, the margins crisp. Apothecia marginal, the thalline margin subentire.—Mudd, Man. p. 37; Cromb. Journ, Bot. 1874, p. 334 ; Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Lichen jacobeefolius Schrank, FI. Bay. (1789) ii. p. 530 —Brit. Exs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 2. Very closely allied to the preceding, differing in the more deeply divided, radiating, narrower laciniz, and the subentire thalline margin of the apothecia. The fructification is very rarely present in the British specimens. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime districts.— Dist. Local and rare, in the Channel Islands and 8. England; it no doubt occurs elsewhere.— B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Isle of Wight. Form 3. gyrosum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 638.—Thallus gyroso-complicate ; lacinie approximate, subequal, crisp and crenate at the margins. Apothecia scattered, marginal, the thalline margin entire or slightly granulate—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Lichen gyrosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 135. This form (identified from a specimen of Acharius in Linn. Soc.) is not unlike C. cristatwm, and differs from the type in the gyrose laciniz, which are plicate, densely approximate, and nearly even at the margins, oe apothecia are scattered, but.are very rare in a fully developed con- ition. Hab. On the ground among calcareous rocks in upland situations— Distr. Very local and scarce, in Central England and among the Central Grampians, Scotland—bB.M.: Near Buxton, Derbyshire. Craig Tul- loch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Subsp. C. hypergenum Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 232.—Thallus lacero- laciniate ; laciniee somewhat narrow and short, the margins crisp and crenate. Apothecia marginal or submarginal, approximate, the thalline margin entire; spores 0,026-86 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm, thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 25; Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 8, p. 21. COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 53 Approaches f. marginale, but distinguished by the larger spores, which, as observed by Nylander /. ¢., entitle it to rank at least as a subspecies. In the only two specimens seen by me the apothecia are numerous, and almost crowded in the centre. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland districts——Distr. Found only in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Tullywhee Bridge, co. Galway. 18. C. cristatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 101.—Thallus intricately laciniate, thickish, olive-’or blackish-green (I+red); lacinise short, undulato-crisp, inciso-crenate at the margins. Apo- thecia rather large, somewhat plane, reddish-brown, the thalline margin at length crenulate; spores fusiformi-oblong, somewhat narrower at both apices, 3-septate, irregularly murali-locular, 0,026- 34 mm. long, 0,010-12 mm. thick.—Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 225; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.— To this belongs as an old state Collema subplicatile Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147, non Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 297, which latter belongs to the section of C. chalazanum. As already observed, Lichen crista- tus Huds., Linn., &. is a variety of Collema tenax. From the closely allied C. melenum this differs in the imbricato-aggre- gate iaciniz with inciso-dentate margins, in the larger apothecia with erer.ulate thalline margin, and in the slightly different spores. These discinguish it in its typical condition, though whether they make it speci- fi ally distinct is doubtful. The apothecia, when fully developed, are of considerable size, and only sparingly present. Hab. Among mosses on old walls and on rocks in maritime and up~ land districts.— Distr. Found only in W. England, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: St. Michal Tor, Devonshire: near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Killin and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. 19. C. polycarpon Koerb. Par. (1865) p. 417.—Thallus small, radiato-laciniate, appressed, dark-green or reddish-black (I+ pur- plish-red) ; laciniee narrow, short, complicate, suberect in the centre, more expanded and depressed at the circumference. Apothecia small, numerous, plane, or at length somewhat convex, dark-red or blackish, the thalline margin thin, entire; spores oblong or fusi- formi-ellipsoid, more constantly 3- rarely 5-septate, locular, 0,418— 27 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. (1873) p- 1382, 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.—Collema multifidum 6. polycarpon Scher. Spic. (1842) p. 532. Collema stygium Scher. Spic. p. 544, Lich. Helv. n. 434; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 23. Nylander observes in ltt. that while C. stygiwm Del., may be the plant of Scherer, it is probably not pure, and is besides only a MSS. name, while that of Scherer and Arnold is @. polycarpon (conf. Flora, 1883, p. 105).—Brit. Eas.: Cromb. n. 103; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 1. Might be taken for a smaller state of C. melenum, but the characters given separate it. The apothecia are usually abundant over the thallus, : and sometimes are so numerous as almost to obliterate the lacinize. d+ COLLEMACEL. [connema. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland hilly districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, the S.W. Highlands, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—3. M.: Cleeve Hill, Somersetshire ; Shipton and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Kendal, West- moreland, Appin, Argyleshire. Kylemore, co. Galway. C. SYNECHOBLASTUS (Trevis. Nuov. gen. Collem. 1853).—-Thallus variously lobed. Apothecia lecanorine, rarely biatorine ; spores narrow or fusiform, usually pluriseptate (not muriform) ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata. 20. GC. Laureri Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 182.—Thallus inciso-lobed, smooth or slightly granular, dull olive- black (I+-reddish, when dry) ; lobes some- what dilated, rounded, ascending, crowded, Fe. 13. imbricate and undulate in the centre, more a : or less depressed at the circumference, erect ce migrescens, Ach. - . ‘ive spores, X 500. and nearly entire at the margins. Apo- thecia moderate, sessile, plane, reddish-brown or dark-red, the margin entire or slightly crenate; spores lineari-oblong, obtuse at both apices, 3-septate, straight, 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 834; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.—Synechoblastus complicatus Mudd, Man. p. 44, t. 1. £. 6. Synechoblastus Laureri Flot. in Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 414. Externally subsimilar to C. polycarpon, but distinguished by the broader lobes, and especially by the spores being more obtuse. The thallus radiates from the centre, and according to Koerber is white-fibrillose on the underside. The apothecia are scattered and chiefly marginal. We have seen only a small specimen very sparingly fertile. Hab. On limestone walls in upland districts.—Distr. Local in N. Eng- land, where according to Mudd it is abundant near the High Force Inn, Teesdale ; if really British, should be detected elsewhere.—B. M. : Tees- dale, Durham. 21. C. nigrescens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 646.—Thallus sub- monophyllous, roundly lobed, radiately rugoso-plicate, olive- or black- ish-green (I+ reddish, when dry); lobes broad, smooth or granulose, depressed at the circumference, more or less ascending in the centre, entire or slightly crenate at the margins. Apothecia small, plane, at length convex, crowded, the margin entire; spores fusiformi- cylindrical, pluri-septate, 0,0034—42 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick.— Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.6: Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24, ed. 3, p. 24.—Synechoblastus nigrescens Mudd, Man. p. 42, t. i. f. 5. Lathragium nigrescens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 399. Lichen nigrescens Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 450 ; With, Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 74; Eng. Bot. COLLEMA. | COLLEMET. 55 t. 345, Lichen vespertilio Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 840, Lichenoides gelatinosum membranceum tenue nigricans Dill. Muse. p. 138, t. 19. f.20. Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gélatinosum tenue, nigres- cens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 72. 53.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 109 ; Cromb. n. 104. This is readily recognized by the nearly monophyllous, rugose, thinnish thallus, lacunose beneath, and by the small crowded apothecia. The thallus, which is orbicular and appressed at the circumference, is not inaptly likened by Dillenius to a “ bat’s wing,” whence the specific name of ightfoot; when growing more luxuriantly it sends forth smaller lobes. Sometimes in old age it is nearly obliterated, only the smaller lobes with the apothecia being apparent, when it might be mistaken for the next species. The apothecia are chiefly central, and in otherwise barren specimens the spermogones are usually abundant. _ Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly poplars and willows, in mari- time and upland wooded. districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon in the Channel Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland, but chiefly in the Western tracts.—B. M.: Noirmont, Rozel, and St. Quen’s Bay, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Near Ryde, Carisbrook Castle, and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Fairlight Glen, Hastings, Henfield, Hurstpier- poh and Beeding, Sussex; Torquay, Paignton, Sidmouth, Totnes, olt Head, and Cornworthy, Devonshire; Boconnoc, near Penzance, and the Lizard, Cornwall; Kemble, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Barrow Hill, Malvern, and Broadwas, Worcestershire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; near Guisboro’, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; near Callander, Loch Tay, and in Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Glen Dole, Forfarshire; Gairloch and Applecross, Ross-shire. Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Powerscourt, co. Wick- low; Killarney and Muckross, co. Kerry. 22. C. aggregatum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 318; Syn. i. p. 115, t. ii. f. 9.—Thallus small, lobate and plicate, somewhat rigid, difform, greenish-black or olive-brown (I+ red) ; lobes rather short, sometimes crenate, and often granuloso-crispate at the margins, Apothecia moderate, crowded, plane or slightly convex, red or dark-red, the thalline margin thin, entire; spores rarely 6ne, fusiformi-cylindrical, straight or curved, pluri-septate, 0,033-65 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26, ed. 3, p. 25.—Synechoblastus agqreqatus Mudd, Man. p. 48. Enchylium fasciculare B. aggregatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 398. Collema fasciculare var. aggregatwm Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 648. Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum, tuberculis con- glomerats Dill. Muse. 141, t. 19. f£. 273.—Brit. Hxs.: Cromb. n. 105. From the closely allied C. nigrescens this is distinguished by the thallus being much smaller, more rigid, and not radiately rugose, and by the shorter, not rounded nor appressed lobes. It is occasionally leaden- coloured when dry, and often but little developed. The apothecia in fertile specimens are usually numerous and crowded. Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of old trees in wooded upland tracts.—Distr. Found only in 8., W., and N. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and 8.W. Iveland.—B. M.: High Rocks, 56 COLLEMACET. [coLLEMA. Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; St. Leonard's Forest and Henfield, Sussex ; New Forest, Hampshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; near Killin and Aberfeldy, Perth- shire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. O’Sullivan’s Cascade and Derry- cuintry, Killarney, co. Kerry. 23. C. fasciculare Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 639.—Thallus sub- crenato-lobulate, brownish-green or dark-green (I+ blood-red); lobules rounded, usually in erect, small, subpedicellate tufts, dilated upwards. Apothecia small, very numerous and crowded, biatorine, somewhat convex, reddish, the margin thin, undulate ; spores fusi- form, normally 3- sometimes 1-septate, 0,016-29 mm. long, 0,00-4—6 mm. thick.—Collema fasciculare Hook. Fl. Scot. ii, p. 71; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 210; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 24. Enchyliwm fasciculare Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 398. Lichen fascicularis Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. 153; Light. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 841; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 536; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 76; Eng. Bot. t. 1162. Synechoblastus conglomeratus (Hoffm.) Mudd, Man. p. 43. Collema conglomeratum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 23. Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum, tuber- culis conglomeratis Dill. Muse. t. 19. f. 27 4. Distinguished by the thalline lobules of the thallus being fasciculate, except (in entire specimens) at the immediate circumference, where they are crenate and sterile. ‘The apothecia are so crowded as sometimes to render the thallus invisible except when moistened; so that in dry weather it is very apt to be overlooked. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded upland districts.— Distr. Local, and not common where it occurs, in the mountainous tracts of W. Britain; not detected in Ireland. B.M.: St. Leonard’s Forest and Hen- field, Sussex; near Barmouth, Merioneth; Nant Glyn, Denbighshire ; Ambleside, Westmoreland. Loch Katrine, Kenmore, and Den of Aber- feldy, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire. 24, C. multipartitum Sm. Eng. Bot. xxxvi. (1814) t. 2582.— Thallus laciniate, radiate, olive-brown or olive-black ; laciniz nar- row, multifid, somewhat convex, undulate and twisted, lobato- \wvided at the apices, the lobes divergent. Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, dark-reddish, the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores cylindrical, often somewhat curved, normally 3-septate and variously oleoso-locular, 0,028-48 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick; paraphyses thick, pauci-articulate—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 116, 6. ii. f. 8; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 210; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.108; Cromb. Enum. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26, ed. 3, p. 24.—Synechoblastus multipartitus Mudd, Man. p. 43.—Brit. Hvs.: Bohl. n. 70. _ From states of C. melenum, especially form jacobeifolium, with which it might be confounded, this is distinguished by the radiating thallus which is often centrifugal, and by the convex, undulate, or twisted lacinie. The lacinie ure sometimes rather discrete, and radiate con- tinuously from the centre, while at other times they are more or less broken up and dispersed. As observed by Nylander (Syn. p. 117), the internal structure of the thallus is nearly similar to that of C. cheileum, COLLEMA. ] COLLEMELI. 57 the gonimia being not moniliform but glomeruloso-congested. The apo- thecia are usually scattered over the whole thallus almost to the apices of the lacinize. Hab. On shady calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Sparingly here and there in Great Britain, 8. and W. Ireland.—B. M.: Mendip Hills and near Yatton, Somersetshire ; Dovedale and Buxton, Derbyshire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Nant Glyn, Denbigh- shire; Settle, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Haversham Head and Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; Lamplugh, Cumberland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, and island of Lismore, Argyleshire; shores of Loch Tay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Middleton, near Cork; Kenmare and O’Dono- ghue’s Prison, Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galway. 25. ©. isidioides Nyl. e Arn. Flora, 1870, p. 232.—Thallus granuloso-aggregate (isidioid), blackish, in subpulvinate glomeruli. Apothecia and spermogones unknown.—Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 98; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. The place of this species in the genus is uncertain in the absence of fructification. Detected by Arnold in the Bavarian Alps, Nylander observes that the “thallus consists of a congeries of syngonimia (sub- globose or oblongo-difform), with the filaments often indistinct.” Hab. On caleareous rocks in mountainous districts.—Dist. Gathered only in N.W. England (Warton Craig, Westmoreland). 15. COLLEMODIUM Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 841; Nyl. Flora, 1875 (ut subgenus).—Thallus small or submoderate, variously lobed or subfruticulose ; corti- cal layer somewhat distinct ; gonimia more or less scattered, @@ ’ @ partly moniliform. 628 g@p% Cong : Apothecia urceolate, 3 @ 0%, @8e 2.2 o lecanorine, rarely bi- ©e@ eo 22 © BP nee atorine; spores 8ne, ovoid or ellipsoid, Fig. 14. colourless, variously Collemodium fluviatile Nyl.—a. Vertical section septate and divided ; of thallus, x275. 6. Gonimic granules sepa- hvmenial gelatine rated from the cells. deep blue with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia obsoletely incrassate at either apex. Instituted by Nylander for various plants previously arranged chiefly under Collema. From Collema it differs in the cortical layer being distinct, though usually but slightly apparent. It thus forms a transition between Collema and Homodium, a subgenus of Leptogium to which it is closely related. The fructification is similar to that of Leptogiwm. 1. C. biatorinum Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus cffuse, minutely granuloso-lobulate, imbricate, brown or 58 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMODIUM. brownish-green. Apothecia biatorine, small, gyalectiform, brown or reddish, the margin thickish, entire ; spores ovoid, 3—-4-septate and sparingly longitudinally divided, 0,025-30 mm. long, 0011-12 mm. thick.—Collema biatorinum Nyl. Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1857) p. 268; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 335; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 25.—Brit. Hvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 282. Closely resembles Leptogium pusillum, from which it differs chiefly in structure and the purely biatorine apothecia. Internally the thallus presents scattered cavities, each containing 1 or 2 gonimic granules, with traces of tubiform canals. The apothecia are scattered, or more or less crowded. Hab. On cretaceous soil and the mortar of old walls in damp places in maritime and upland tracts— Distr. The Channel Islands, S. and W. England, plentiful where it occurs.—B. M.: Coast of the island of Alderney. Near Maidstone, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex; Reigate hill, Surrey; Wadebridge, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. 2. C. microphyllum Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883) p. 337.—Thallus effuse, microphylline, imbricato-lobed, often verrucoso-diffract, dark-green or olive-brown ; lobes minute, ascending, granulato-crenate, somewhat dilated at the circumference. Apothecia small, crowded, urcecolato-concave, reddish-brown, the thalline margin entire, tumid, subconcolorous; spores ovoideo- ellipsoid, usually 3-septate, becoming murali-locular, 0,016-24 mm. long, 0,008-0,010 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12.— Leptogium microphyllum Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 330. Collema microphyllum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 630; Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2721; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Mudd, Man. p. 41; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 22. Enchylium mi- crophyllum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Leptogium fragrans Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30 pro parte, ed. 3, p- 30. Collema fragrans Sm, Eng. Fl. v. p. 208. Enchylium fraqrans Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Lichen fragrans Eng. Bot. t. 1912.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 258; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 2. \ According to Nylander zm ditt. the gonimia are partly moniliform and artly without order, with interwoven filamentose elements. From Sowerby’s original specimen it appears that Lichen fragrans FE. B. is merely a state of this, and the fragrance from which it obtained its trivial name was, as observed by Borrer, accidental. The apothecia are minute, numerous and crowded. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly Ash and Elm in shady upland situations.—Distr. In the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England; not yet known from Scotland or Ireland.—B. M.: St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Bury, Suffolk; Copthall, Essex ; Southwick, near Lewes, and Henfield, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire; Claines, Worcestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Garn, Denbighshire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Leven’s Park, Kendal, Westmoreland. COLLEMODIUM. | COLLEMET. 59 3. C. fragile Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus small, rosulate, laciniato-lobed, dark olive-green or olive- brown ; lobes convex, granuloso-unequal, radiate and crenate at the circumference. Apothecia minute, urceolate, at length somewhat plane, dark-brown, the thalline margin entire, thickish; spores ovoid, variously divided, about 0,029 mm. long, 0,013 mm. thick.— Leptogium fragile Ny]. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 833; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 8, p. 27. Collema fragile Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 109; Mudd, Man. p. 38. The thallus is almost stellato-laciniate, with the lacinie irregularly arranged and variously divided ; the gonimic granules are rarely mouili- form. With its radiating lacinic, it somewhat resembles young states of Collema multipartitum. In the British specimens the apothecia are only sparingly present. Hab, On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Only sparingly in S, and N. England and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.. Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, 8. Devon ; Barrowmouth, Cumberland. Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. 4. C. plicatile Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883) p. 837.—Thallus somewhat small, laciniato-lobed, olive- or leaden- brown ; lobes thickish, slightly rugulose, erect or ascending in the centre, plicate towards the circumference, often crisp at the margins, more or less granuloso-furfuraceous. Apothecia small or nearly moderate, somewhat concave or plane, reddish-brown, the thalline margin thick, entire; spores ovoid, 3-septate, and irregularly murali- locular, 0,018-30 mm. long, 0,008-16 mm. thick.—Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 12.—Leptogium plicatile Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 8336; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30. Collema plicatile Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Mudd, Man. p. 38; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 22. Enchylium plicatile Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 3897. Lichen plicatilis Ach. N. Act. Stock. xvi. (1795) p. 11, t. 1. f£. 2. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens, auriculatum et gra- nosum Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19. f. 24 s—p.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 106. This, as observed by Nylander (Leptogium firmum Lich. Scand. p. 34), resembles L. sinwatum, but the thallus is thicker, very thinly or incon- spicuously cellulari-corticate. The apothecia, which are scattered, are not very numerous in our British specimens. Hab. On caleareous rocks and walls, rarely on trunks of trees, in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Local and scarce in S. and W. England, rare in the W. Highlands of Scotland and in 8.W. Ireland.— B. M.: Near Maidstone, Kent; Shoreham, Beeding, and Lewes, Sussex ; Babbicombe and Plymouth, 8. Devon; Mendip Hills, Somersetshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Near Appin House, Argyleshire. Ardtully, co. Kerry. Form minus Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—Thallus smaller, lacini narrower, rather longer, when dry somewhat angulose ; 60 COLLEMACEI. [conLEMODIUM. otherwise as in the type.—Leptogium plicatile £. manor Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 836; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 31. This form evidently depends upon the nature of the habitat. It is rarely fertile. Hab. In depressions of dry rocks in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Local and rare in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland and in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Near Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. 8. hydrocharum Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12. —Thallus thicker, rigid, greyish- or glaucous-greyish ; lobes repand, somewhat rugulose, depressed. Apothecia central, scattered, the thalline margin entire-—Leptogium plicatile var. hydrocharum Ny. Flora, 1875, p. 802. Collema pulposum var. hydrocharum Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. Parmelia hydrocharum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 222. Distinguished by the colour of the thicker thallus and the more de- pressed lobes, which are somewhat discrete at the circumference. No fractification is visible in our only British specimen. Hab. On damp calcareous rocks in upland districts—Dé¢str. Only among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B.M.: Craig Tulloch, Perth- shire. 5. C. fluviatile Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus inciso-lobed, thin, greyish-green or dark greyish-glaucous ; lobes somewhat erect, oblong, subrepand, flexuoso-complicate, simple or proliferous. Apothecia small, submarginal, elevated, plane or somewhat concave, dark-red, the thalline margin entire, paler ; spores ellipsoid, usually 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.—Leptogium fluviatile Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p- 386; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 32. Collema fluviatile Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24. Collema multipartitum 8. fluviatile Tayl. in Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109. Enchylium fluviale Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 397. Lichen fluviatilis Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 536 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 77; Eng. Bot. t. 2039. Lichenoides gelatinosum foliis angustioribus tuneformibus Dill. Muse. 142, t. 19. f. 28. Liche- nowdes gelatinosum opuntioides Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 72. 58. This approaches in habit small states of Leptogiwm tremelloides. It is distinguished from the preceding species by the form of the lobes and of the smaller spores. In texture, as observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 112) the thallus is entirely cellular, the cortex being composed of spheroi cells, with the gonimia either single or usually 4-agglomerate in each cavity. Only a few of the British specimens seen are sparingly fertile. Collema rivulare Ach., according to Nylander in litt., is only a state of this with shorter and simple lobes; this state occurs in this country. Hab, On moist rocks and boulders of streams in upland mountainous situations.—Distr. Found only sparingly in W. and N. England, N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland, and S.W. Ireland—B. M.: St. Minver, Cornwall; River Elwy, Denbighshire; Snowdon, Carnarvon- COLLEMODIUN. | COLLEMEI. 61 shire ; Malham Cove, Yorkshire. Bonnington Falls, near Lanark; near Leven, Fifeshire ; River Isla, near Ruthven Wood and Lochearn, Perth- shire. Ardtully, Kenmare, co. Kerry. 6. C. glebulentum Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12. —Thallus effuse, thickly isidiose, glomuloso-diffract, sublobate, and membranaceous at the circumference, olive-brown or blackish ; lobes very small, subentire or lacerate at the margins. Apothecia and spermogones unknown.—Leptogiwm glebulentum Nyl. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. A peculiar plant externally diverse, but nearly allied to the pre- ceding. The thallus is rather thin, except where it is covered with the pranuloso-crustose isidia, by which it is almost obliterated, unless at the circumference. Apothecia and spermogones are absent in the few speci- mens seen. Hab. On moist limestone rocks in subalpine and alpine localities— Distr. In 8. and N. Grampians, Scotland, rare—B. M.: Above Loch- na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 7. C. turgidum Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p- 842.—Thallus thickish, roundly lobed, naked or granulate, dark- olive or reddish-black ; lobes turgid, rugulose, ascending and some- what imbricate in the centre, concave and undulato-plicate at the circumference. Apothecia moderate, urceolate or at length some- what plane, reddish-brown or dark-brown, the thalline margin turgid, more or less granulate; spores oblongo-ovoid, 3-septate and raurali-locular, 0,023-32 mm. long, 0,010-12 mm. thick.—Lepto- togium turgidum Nyl. Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 10; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 28, ed. 3, p. 33. Collema turgidum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 634; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 38.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 257; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 42. From all states of Collema pulposum or Collemodium plicatile this is distinguished by the peculiar sublobato-fruticulose thallus, which when dry appears as if minutely verruceformi-lobed. The apothecia, which are sessile and normally urceolate, are usually numerous. Hab. On limestone and brick walls, also on calcareous and cretaceous soil, in upland tracts.—Distr. General, though nowhere common, through- out England, rare in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland, not seen from Ire- land.—B. M.: Dunwich, Suffolk; Chelsfield, Kent; Reigate Hill and Shiere, Surrey; near Hastings, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Ply- mouth, Devonshire; Wadebridge, Cornwall; Chew Magna, near Bristol, Somersetshire; Charfield, Gloucestershire; Sevenhampton, Wiltshire ; Barrington Hill and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Tetsworth, Oxtordshire ; near Shiffnal, Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire. Var. B. depressum Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—Thallus depressed, somewhat rosulate, very small, much scattered. Apothecia minute. This peculiar variety evidently depends upon the nature of the habitat, aud is probably a starved form of the type. Although the thallus is little developed, the apothecia are rather numerous. 62 COLLEMACEL. [conLEMODIUM. Hab, On calcareous stones in upland situations.—Distr, Very local in S.W. Eneland.—B. M.: Near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 8. C. Schraderi Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.— Thallus effuse, ceespitoso-fruticulose, somewhat erect, dichotomously branched, dull olive-green or dark reddish-brown; branches sub- linear, irregularly sulcato-rugose and somewhat angular, dilated in the middle, constricted at the base and at the apices. Apothecia lateral, small, concave, reddish, the margin entire, paler: spores ellipsoid, 3—5-septate and submurali-divided, 0,023-33 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick.—Leptogium Schraderi Mudd, Man. p. 49; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 3, p. 34. Polychidium Schraderit Gray, Nat. Arr. i.p.402. Collema Schraderi Eng. Bot. t. 2284; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 213. Lichen Schraderi Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. i. (1799) p. 22, t. 2. f. 5.— Brit. Exs, : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 4. This usually forms small tufts which shrivel up very much in a dry condition. The branches, which are at first appressed, become nearly erect and fastigiate at the apices, being paler at the base. It has monili- form gonimia. It is rarely seen fertile, and the apothecia are few. Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous soil, rarely on the mortar of old walls in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. General, though no- where very common in England (chiefly in the 8.), very rare amongst the S.W. Grampians, Scotland, and rare in the Channel Islands, in N. and 8. Ireland.—B. M. ; Island of Herm ; Moulin Huet, Island of Guern- sey. Caistor Church, Norfolk; Martham, Suffolk; Shiere, Surrey; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; The Downs and near Brighton, Sussex; Bab- bicombe and near Plymouth, 8. Devon; St. Minver, Cornwall; Cheddar Cliffs and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; near Siddington, Glou- cestershire; Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire ; Island of Anglesea, N. Wales; near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lyon, Perth- shire. Blackrock, near Cork; Muckross, Killarney, and Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Dawros, co. Galway ; Sheep Walk, co. Armagh. 16. LEPTOGIUM Gray, Nat. Arr. i. (1821) p. 895; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. (1855) p. 165, emend.—Thallus microphylline, fruticulose or rarely granulose, sometimes foliaceous and macrophylline, in- ternally cellular or with tubular interwoven cavities; gonimia more or less moniliform ; cortical layer more or less distinct, usually ‘formed of a simple series of cells. Apothecia lecanorine or biatoroid ; spores 8ne, more or less oblong, variously septate and divided, colourless ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine. Spermogones immersed, with shortly articulate sterigmata and straight spermatia obsoletely incrassate at both apices. As now limited, this genus, though better defined than formerly, is still closely related to Codlema. It is distinguished by the thallus in’ the foliaceous species being thinner and less turgid when moist, by the apo- thecia being often biatoroid, and more especially by having a distinct cortical layer, though sometimes entirely cellular within. The spermo- gones, as in Collema and Collemodium, have the spermatia identical in size, viz. 0,0035-0,0040 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mw. thick. According LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 63 to the anatomical structure of the thallus and the character of the apo- thecia, itis divided by Nylander into four subgenera, all of which occur in our Islands. Subgen. HOMODIUM Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 297 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12).—Thallus microphylline, granulose, or variously lobed or fruticulose, entirely cellular within ; gonimia rarely in part moniliform. Apothecia urceolate or biatoroid; spores variously septate and divided. Fig. 15. Leptogium tenuissimum Koerb.—a. Thalline lacinie, x30. 0. Transverse section of thallus, x200. ¢. Section of apothecium (when dry), X30. d. Spores, x 500. Fig. 16. Leptogium muscicola Fr.—a. Thalline branch, x80. a’. Branchlet with a prance x30. 0. Transverse and longitudinal sections of thallus, x 200. c. Spores, x500. d. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500, 64 COLLEMACEI. [LEPToGIUM. 1. L. rhyparodes Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.—Thallus diffuse, thin, furfuraceous or subgranulato-unequal, diffract, brownish-red or blackish-brown (I+ wine-red). Apothecia small, at first con- cave, becoming somewhat plane and at length biatorine with ex- cluded margin, concolorous or reddish ; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, attenuate at one or the other apex, submurali-divided, 0,020-35 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 35, ed. 3, p. 26.— Collema psorellum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 602; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26; vide Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 335. The thallus, which has the gonimia more or less scattered, sometimes ‘spreads extensively, and occasionally becomes almost evanescent. The apothecia are at first urceolate and sometimes at length subbiatorine. Occasionally specimens growing on moist shady rocks are more obscure and less developed with nearly biatorme apothecia; this state is Collema psorellum Nyl. Hab. On damp rocks and stones (schistose) in subalpine and alpine .ocalities.—Distr. Very local and rare among the S. Grampians, Scot- and.—B. M.: Craig Calliach, on the summit and above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 2. L. tenuissimum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 419.— Thallus effuse, squamuloso-granulose, olive- or brownish-green ; squamules laciniato-dissect or crenato-incised, congested into a dense crust. Apothecia moderate or large, urceolate, reddish-brown, the margin entire, thick, paler; spores ovoid or oblong, narrower at either apex, irregularly murali-locular, 0,024-34 mm. long, 0,011— 13 mm. broad.—Mudd, Man. p. 46; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 35, ed. 3, p. 26.—Collema tenuissimum Sm. Eng. FI. v. p- 213. Polychidiwm tenaissimum Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p.401. Lichen tenuissimus Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1785) t. 2. £. 8; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv, p. 61; Eng. Bot. t. 1427.—Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, n. 4: Well distinguished by the external character of the thallus from the allied species of the subgenus, and by the internal structure from states of L. lacerwm var. puloimatum, which it resembles. The apothecia, usually sparingly present, have the margin sometimes slightly connivent, and are often comparatively large and deeply urceolate. Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Sparingly here and there throughout England. very rare in Scotland and Ireland.—B, M.: Near Norwich, Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Reigate Hill, Surrey ; Hastings and Twineham, Sussex ; San- down, Isle of Wight; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Snowdon, Carnarvon ; near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; near Cramond, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben L: P i Middleton, ’co. Cork. ean aaa, Sr 3. L. humosum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 90; Syn. i. (1858) p. 119.—Thallus effuse, thinnish, consisting of lobulate gTa-~ nules closely aggregate (with larger lobules here and there inter- mixed), brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small, somewhat LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMET. 65 concave, concolorous ; spores 4—8ne, plurilocular or variously sep- tate, ovoid or oblongo-ovoid, 0,020-34 mm. long, 0,008-16 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p.195.—To this Nylander (in litt.) refers Leptogium tetrasporum Fr. fil. Vet. Ak. Férh. 1864, p. 276. As observed by Nylander, J. c., this has externally the appearance of Lecidea uliginosa Ach., from which it is far removed by the structure of the thallus and apothecia. It is near the preceding species, from which it is distinguished by the less-developed thallus and the smaller con- colorous apothecia. In the British specimens the apothecia are few, with the spores usually 4na, ovoid, 0,027-84 mm. long, 0,013-16 mm. thick. Hab. On mortar of walls in a maritime district.— Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Port Gorey, Island of Sark. 4, L. pusillum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 90; Syn. i. p. 121.—Thallus very minute, lobulato-granulose, thin, adnate, olive- or greenish-brown. Apothecia minute, concave, elevated, reddish, prominent in the thalline exciple, the margin of which is concolorous with the epithecium ; spores ovoid or narrowed at either apex, 3—4-septate, 0,018-26 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30, ed. 3, p. 27.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 54, An inconspicuous plant, apt to be overlooked. Scarcely any of the' gonimia are moniliform. The British specimens are usually little deve- loped and more or less effuse (form effusum Nyl.). The apothecia are very small and somewhat scattered. Hab. On mortar of old walls in maritime districts —Distr. Local and rare in the Channel Islands and in 8. and W. England.—B. M.: St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of Jersey ; St. Peter’s Port, Island of Guernsey. Shiere, Surrey; Freshford, near Bath, Somersetshire; Kemble, Glou- cestershire. 5. L. subtile Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 90; Syn. i. p. 121.—Thallus effuse, very minutely divided, somewhat laci- niato-dissect or granuloso-crenate, dark- or brownish-green. Apo- thecia minute, gyalectoid, pale-brown or reddish, the margin thin, entire, subconcolorous; spores ovoid, 3-5-septate, with longitu- dinal septules, 0,020-23 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 46, t. 1. f.8; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 31, ed. 3, p. 29.—Collema subtile Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111.—Polychidium subiile Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 401.—Lichen subtilis Schrad. Spic. (1794) p. 95; Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 28; Eng. Bot. t. 1008. The more distinctly laciniate thallus when fully developed, and the much smaller and thinly margined apothecia, distinguish this from L. tenuissimum, with which it agrees in its entirely cellular structure. The spores also are smaller, with fewer loculi. The apothecia are generally numerous and somewhat crowded. Hab. On cretaceous rocks, on the ground, rarely on the roots of old trees, in upland districts.—Dvstr. Pretty general, though not very com- mon, in 8. and W. England; rare in the Channel Islands, N. England, ; F 66 COLLEMACEL. [LEPICGIUM. the S.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. TIreland.—B. M. : The Grove, Island of Jersey. Near Hale End, Epping Forest, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey; Folkestone, Kent; West Downs and Henfield, Sussex ; Shanklin, Luccombe, and Bonchurch, Isle of Wight; near Withiel, Corn- wall; Clevedon, Somersetshire; near Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucester- shire; Colwall, Herefordshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Clova, Forfarshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 6. L. amphineum Ny]. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 32.—Thallus ad- nate, very thin, or subcrustaceous, unequal, olive or hrownish-green. Apothecia small, concave, dark-reddish, the margin thickish ; spores ellipsoid or ellipsoideo-ovoid, 3-septate and variously divided, 0,023-27 mm. long, 0,009-0,011 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ.. Bot. 1874, p. 183; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 29.—Collema amphineum Ach, ea Nyl. lc. Differs from Z. humosum in the more continuous and equal thallus, and in the structure of the spores, and from ZL. subtle, of which it seems a subspecies (Grevillea, xv. p. 12), in the more crustaceous thallus and larger spores. The plant spreads thinly over the substratum, and with us is sparingly fertile. Hab. On the ground, rarely on roots of old trees, in shady places in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Found only sparingly in S. and W. England.—B. M.: Henfield, Sussex ; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall; Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Newbury, Worcestershire. 7. I. minutissimum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122; Koerb. Par. (1865) p. 423.—Thallus thinly membranaceous, minutely lobed, smooth, olive-green or leaden-brown ; lobes imbricate, inciso-crenate at the margins. Apothecia minute, concave, reddish-brown, the margin thin, entire, or sometimes at length subcrenulate; spores oblongo-ovoid, irregularly murali-locular, large, 0,024—0,030 mm. long, 0,009-0,015 mm. thick.—Collema minutissimum Florke, Deutsch. Lich. (1815) n. 99. Leptogium lacerum var. crenatum Nyl., ew Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22. Leptogium subtile f. lati- usculum Nyl. ex Josh. Grevillea, iv. p. 43; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p- 29. Leptogium sinuatum var. crenulatum Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 40. Leptogium fragrans Mudd, Man. p.46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30, pro parte. Collema fra- grans Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 107.— Brit. Ews.: Cromb. n. 107. This species, little understood by British authors, looks like a diminu- tive state of ZL. laceruwm, though at once separated by the texture of the thallus. From the closely allied Z. sudtile it is distinguished by the more developed thallus and the larger spores. The apothecia, which are numerous and crowded, are gyalectiform and superficial. Hab. On the ground, rarely on trunks of old trees, in upland districts. —Distr. Local and rather scarce in S., W., and N. England, rare in S. Treland.—B. M.: Halstead, Kent ; Butler’s Holt, Buckinghamshire; near Cae Gloucestershire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Bantyy, co. Cork. LEPTOGIUM. ] COLLEMEL. : 67 8. L. cretaceum Nyl. Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1857) p. 270; Syn. i. p. 120.—Thallus rosulato-lobulate or stellato-laci- niate, olive-brown or dark-olive; the lobes unequal, crenate, almost imbricate. Apothecia small, nearly biatorine, concave or gyalecti- form, pale reddish-brown, the margin entire, paler; spores ovoid, 3-7-septate, with longitudinal septa, 0,022-40 mm. long, 0,011- 17 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 45; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 32, ed. 3, p. 27.—Enchylium cretaceum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 398. , Collema cretaccum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 210. Lichen eretaceus Eng. Bot. (1800) t. 738. This plant appears at first as minute, very thin, olive or dark stedle, somewhat immersed and ‘distinct. These become more prominent, ap- proximate and confluent, till it attains the perfect state. It is occasionally seen in an isidiomorphous condition. The gonimia are rarely moniliform. The apothecia, seen only in the best developed specimens, are small in the scattered, and moderate in the confluent rosue. Hab. On cretaceous and siliceous nodules in moist shady places in upland tracts — Distr. Confined to the Chalk and Oolite districts of 8. and W. England ; probably in its young state often overlooked.—B. M.: Near Folkestone, Kent; Plumpton and West Dean, Sussex; Reigate Hill, Surrey ; Isle of Wight ; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; near Northleach, Gloucestershire ; Stokesay, Shropshire. 9. L. microscopicum Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. iv. (1857) p. 920; Syn. i. p. 122, t. 4. f. 17.—Thallus effuse, very minute, fruticulose, erect, branched, olive-brown, dark-brown or blackish ; branches slender, elongato-papillate, un- equally rounded, somewhat constricted @ or attenuate at the base. Apothecia very minute, scattered, concave, pale brown or brownish-red, the margin smooth, entire ; spores .ovoid or oblong, 3-5-septate, and murali-locular, 0,022- 27 mm. long, 0,009-14 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336; Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, ed. 3, p. 34.—Brit. Hxs.: Cromb. n. 7. In its earlier stages of growth this has the appearance of a Strosophon. The thal- lis is cellular, and the gonimia are often 3-moniliform. Though resembling a mi- nute state of L. lopheum, it is distin- ished by its peculiar habit and the - Fig. 17. orm of the spores. It is very rarely Leptoyium microscopicum Nyl. fertile. On the thallus is occasionally —a. Thallus, x30. 0. Sec- seen a parasitic Obryzum described here- tion of apothecium, x30. after. c. Three spores, x 500. Hab, On slaty rocks, but chiefly on chalk pebbles and calcareous walls, F2 68 COLLEMACEL. , [LEProaruM. sometimes also on the trunks of old trees (willow and ash) in maritime and upland districts Distr. Local, though common where it occurs, in the Channel Islands, 8. and W. England, and S.W. Highlands, Scotland. —B. M.: Rozel and coast of the Island of Jersey. Shiere, Surrey (in fruit); near Maidstone, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex; Cheddar Cliffs, near Porloch and Yatton, Somersetshire; Weston-super-Mare (in fruit), Brinscomb, and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Malvern and Aston, Worcestershire ; Blaxton, Yorkshire; Eden, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, | Argyleshire. 10. L. placodiellum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.—Thallus small, somewhat firm, adnate, granulate or granulato-areolate, placodioideo- radiate at the circumference, olive or dark-olive, the radii and gra- nules convex. Apothecia not seen rightly developed—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Leptogium diffractum Kremp. Flora, 1861, p. 258, is a prior name, but had previously been given to a species of Collema. This resembles a small condition of Collemodium fragile, but it is readily distinguished from this and allied species by its placodioid appearance. Jn one British specimen young apothecia are sparingly present. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland hilly districts Distr. Extremely local and scarce, in W. England.—B. M.: Cleeve Hill, Somersetshire. 11. L. muscicola Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122.—Thallus pulvi- nate, filamentoso-fruticulose, rounded or slightly compressed, dark- brown or olive-black; branches minute, cylindrical, suberect or decumbent, intricate, somewhat obtuse at the apices. Apothecia subterminal, moderate, appressed, brownish-red, the margin thin, entire, pale; spores 1-septate (bilocular), oblongo-fusiform, 0,023- 27 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 134, t. iv. ff. 11- 15; Cromh. Lich. Brit. p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27, ed. 3, p. 34. —Polychidium muscicola Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402; Mudd, Man. p. 49, t.i. f. 9. Collema muscicola Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111. Lichen muscicola Sw. N. Act. Ups. iv. (1784) p. 248 ; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. t.6.f.9; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46; Engl. Bot. t. 2264.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 395; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 122. This plant is unlike any of the Colleme?, resembling when dry and sterile some young and paler state of Parmelia lanata. The thallus is composed of somewhat large elongate cells, which become smaller and subangular at the surface, the gonimic granules, which are scanty, being here and there aggregate in the cells. The branches, which are rigid when dry, are numerous and intricate, the lower ones sometimes anastomosing. The apothecia are horizontal, very much broader than the branches, while occasionally one is common to two or three of the branches. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and walls, in maritime, upland, and subalpine districts. Distr. General and not uncommon in mountainous regions, chiefly of W. Britain, rare in the Channel Islands, and in E. and - Ireland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. South Brent, Bottor Rock, and near Hunter Tor, Devonshire; Cader Idris, Drews-y-nant and Ty Gwyn, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Llanberis Pass and Snowdon, LEPTOGIUM. ] COLLEMEI. 69 Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea ; near Oswestry, Shrop- shire; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan and Loch OCreran, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and near St. Fillans, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. Luggelaw, co. Wicklow; Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galway. Subgen. 2. EULEPTOGIUM Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 183.— Thallus more or less foliaceo-membranaceous, cellulari~corticate on both surfaces; internally with entangled tubular cavities; gonimia moniliform. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores variously divided. rS bry ETD Wr TY ci ir ray ii. (1795) p. 114; Nyl. o\ ) Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n.s. v.(1866) Co p. 110.—Thallus laci- b . niato-foliaceous or squa- moso-foliolose at the base ; @ EX podetia branched or scy- d . ¢ phiferous, more or less pulveraceous or squa- mose, entire or with the Fig. 35. axils and seyphi perfo- Cyagonia pyxidata Fr.—a, Vertical section of rate. Apothecia termi- an apothecium, x30. J. Theca and para- nal, at first somewhat physis, x350. ¢. Spores, x500. d. Vertical plane and margined, but section of a spermogonium, x30. e. Sterig- immediately be aati e mata, and f, spermatia, x 500. convex and immarginate ; spores 8nx, oblong, simple, colourless. Spermogones usually situated pores Snz, oblong, simple, colourless. Spermog y situa on the apices of the podetia, conical ; spermatia equally cylindrical, somewhat curved or straight. The species of this genus are for the most part very variable. They are consequently so connected by intermediate states and forms (the result to a certain extent, perhaps, of hybridism) that it is sometimes difficult to separate them. Unfortunately, also, the chemical thalline reactions, apart from the characters of the basal thallus and the podetia, are not of decided value here *. Sometimes there is seen a thin extended hypothalline-filamentose patch, in which originate the basal squamules. 7 Phe thallus is loosely affixed by these filaments to the substratum, and in some instances, where they decay, it becomes free. The spores and the spermatia of the dif ferent species do not vary much in size, the former being 0,008-0,015 mm. long, 0,003-0,004 mm. thick, and the latter 0,008-0,012 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. The genus may, for convenience, be divided into the following sections from the colour of the apothecia. Some plants of this and the following genus, when growing in dry exposed places, become more or less cervine or brownish, whence vars. spadicea, fuscescens, &c., of authors. Our islands are peculiarly rich in Cladonias; further research will no doubt bring additions to light, as well as extend the distribution of some already detected. * Nylander says :—‘ The genus Cladonia is not well adapted to show the excellence of reactions, on account of the tinctorial particles being ften but sparingly present, by reason of the tenuity commonly of the cortex.”—‘ Flora,’ 1886, p. 101. CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 127 A. PH ZOCARPA.—Apothecia brown or pale. a. Macrophylline.—Thallus foliaceo-laciniose ; podetia usually little developed. 1. C. endiviefolia Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 212.—Thallus large and rigid at the base; lacinis multifid, long, flexuose, generally crenulate at the rounded apices, yellowish or glaucous-green, beneath pale straw-coloured or whitish ; podetia small, cylindrical, simple, rarely irregularly scyphiferous, arising from the upper surface of the lacinie (Kt+yellowish, K(CaCl)+deeper yellow). Apothecia more or less confluent, pale or brown; spores oblong, 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,0035-0,004 mm. thick.—Mnudd, Man. p. 52; Brit. Clad. p- 2; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 55, ed. 3, p. 53. —Scyphophorus endivifolius Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Cenomyce endivifolia Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62. Lachen endivifolius Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. (1793) p. 17; With. Arr. iv. p. 60; Eng. Bot. t. 2361.—Brit, Hxs.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. The basal thallus is larger than in the other species, the lacinie being often 1-2 inches long and } inch broad. The yellowish-green colour of the upper and the paler yellow of the under surface, turned up in dry weather, render this a beautiful plant. It varies in size, and the smaller and more divided states are with difficulty distinguished from other species, The apothecia are extremely rare and little developed in this country. Hab. On dry sandy (usually calcareous) soil among mosses and short grasses, chiefly in maritime districts.—Distr. Local and scarce, in a few lozalities in E. and 8. England.—B. M.: Hemsby, near Yarmouth, Suf- folk; Banstead Downs, Surrey ; Newhaven, Sussex (fruit). 2. C. alcicornis Floerke, Clad. (1828) p. 23.—Thallus somewhat large and rigid at the base; lacinize multifid, often almost palmately divided, more or less blackish-fibrillose at the margins, glaucous- green or yellowish, beneath whitish straw-coloured or nearly white ; podetia arising from the upper surface of the lacinizw, small or moderate, usually narrowly scyphiferous, scyphi cristate at the margins (K—, K(CaCl)+deep yellow). Apothecia often confluent, brown; spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 18; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 59, ed. 3, p. 56.—Cladonia endivicfolia f. aleicornis Mudd, Man. p. 52; Brit. Clad. p. 3. Scyphophorus alcicornis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Ceno- myce alcicornis Hook. Fl, Scot. ii. p. 62. Lichen aleicornis Lightf. FI. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 872 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 1892. Lichen foliaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 85. Coralloides scyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilagi- nosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 124. Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et pyxidulis exiguis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 70. 88.— Brit. Eus.: Leight. n. 15; Mudd, Clad. n.1; Larb. Cesar. n. 56. In its typical condition this may be distinguished from the preceding by the more divided, narrower, and congested thallus, which is sometimes pale rose-coloured beneath, and by the blackish fibrillose margins of the 128 LICHENACEI. [CLADONTA. lacinie. States, however, occur, as if intermediate between them, in which these characters are not so evident. With us it is rare in a fertile condition. The podetia are occasionally wanting, and then the apothecia and the spermogones are sessile on the laciniz. Hab. In dry sandy places amongst mosses and heaths in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain, chiefly in 8. England and the Channel Islands; rare in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey; Island of Sark; Jerbourg, Icart Point, and. L’Ancresse Bay, Island of Guernsey. Hunstanton, Norfolk; Aldgrave, Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex; the Downs, near Brighton, Sussex; Isle of Wight; near Torquay, S. Devon; Withiel and the Sey Islands, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Anglesea, N. Wales; near Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ; Island of Lismore; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; the Links, Old Aber- deen. Glengariff, co. Cork. 3. C. firma Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii. (1861) p. 755.—Thallus laciniato-squamose at the base; lacinie constipate, suberect, very minutely subareolato-insculpt, firm, crenate, naked, or at times fibrillose at the margins, and crenato-incised, yellowish or glaucous- greenish above, beneath pale yellowish or whitish or obsoletely rose-coloured and white-suffused; podetia small, narrowly scyphi- ferous (K—, K(CaCl)+ yellow, often ferrugineous). Apothecia more or less confluent, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cladonia aleicornis var. firma Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 191.—Brit. Exs. : Larb. Cesar. n. 57; Cromb, n. 122. Though originally regarded by Nylander as a variety of C. alcicornis, yet “it constitutes a proper species more certainly than many others in this genus” (Bull. Soc. Bot. .¢.). It differs from C. aleicornis in the lacinie being constipate, thicker, simpler, and more ascending, firmer when growing, but rather brittle when dry. The podetia and apothecia, which are very like those of the preceding, are not uncommon, The spermogones also are frequent, and are often sessile on the leaflets. Hab. On sandy soil and on the ground amongst rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in the Channel Islands and in 8. England.—B, M.: Noirmont, Warren, and Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Lydd, Kent; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; Start Point, 8. Devon. Form gracilescens Cromb.—Thallus small; lacinie very narrow, much divided, more or less crenate at the apices; podetia narrow and narrowly scyphiferous. Apothecia not seen.—Cladonia alci- cornis f£. gracilescens Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 111. A well-marked form, perhaps a variety, of this rather than of the pre- ceding species, characterized by the smaller thallus and the much more slender and divided lacinize. It closely approaches to var. gentilis Ach. of C. alcicornis, but differs in the marginal fibrille being not “long and simple ” but shortly fasciculate. In the only entire specimen seen the podetia, which are but sparingly present, are substerile and only spermo- goniiferous. Hab. On the ground among rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very sparingly in S. Wales——B. M.: Lydstep, Pembrokeshire. CLADONIA. | CLADONIET. 129 6. Microphylline.—Thallus typically small, variously squamulose. a’. Scyphophore.—Podetia normally scyphiferous. 4. C. pyxidata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 216.—Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base; squamules small, firm, glaucous-green or greyish, whitish beneath ; podetia short or somewhat elongate, con- tinuously corticate or verrucose, scyphiferous; scyphi large, cyathi- form, often proliferous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, brown or reddish-brown, sometimes symphicarpous ; spores oblong, variable in size, 0,008-14 mm. long, 0,003-0,0045 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 53 pro parte; Brit. Clad. p. 7 pro parte; Cromb. Enum. p. 18 pro parte; Grevillea, xi. p. 111; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 56.—Scyphophorus pyaidatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Cenomyce pyawidata Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 62. Lichen pywidatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1151; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 869 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 86; Eng. Bot. t. 1393. Cladonia coccifera Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81 pro parte. Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis Dill. Muse. 79, t. 14. f. 6c,1-. Lichenoides tubulosum pyaidatum cinereum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 68. 28 pro parte.— Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 6; Bohl. n. 32. This is with us, as elsewhere, a very variable species, giving rise to many marked forms and varieties, besides others enumerated by authors which are simply states and do not deserve distinctive names. Among these latter are :—simplex Roth., with “the scyphi larger and spermo- goniiferous at the margin ;” staphylea Ach., with “ the apothecia pedi- cellate on the margin of the scyphi;” syntheta Ach., with “the margin of the scyphi proliferous ;” costata Florke, with “the podetia denudate and longitudinally furrowed.” ‘Where the plant spreads extensively, one or other of these may be met with on the same specimen. In the type the basal squamules occasionally become nearly obsolete, and the apo- thecia are comparatively rare. Hab. On the ground, old walls, rocks, and about the roots of trees in maritime, lowland, and upland districts—Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain, and no doubt also in Ireland, though specimens have not been seen; rare in the Channel Islands—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; Hampstead Heath, Middlesex; New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Breward and near Bodmin, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Den of Mains, Forfarshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, A ber- deenshire ; south of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire, Form 1. lophyra Coem. Clad. Belg. (1863) n. 29.—Podetia short, turbinate; scyphi crisp, squamuloso-foliaceous at the margins, Apothecia large, sessile or pedicellate among the squamules.— Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 8; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.— Cenomyce pyxidata 8. lophyra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 535. The squamulose margins of the scyphi and the position of the apothecia K 130 LICHENACEI, [cLaDONIA. distinguish this form. In the British specimens the apothecia are very sparingly present, though the spermogones are not uncommon. Hab. On the ground in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. England and the Highlands of Scotland; probably overlooked.—B. M.: St. Breock, Cornwall, Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire. Form 2. epiphylla Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 50.—Podetia ex- tremely short or wanting. Apothecia subsessile on the basal squa- mules, conglomerate.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18; Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cladonia pyxidata B. chlorophea g. epiphylla Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 9. Lichen epiphyllus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 185. This distinct form, or probably variety, is characterized by the podetia being abortive or nearly so, and by the apothecia being consequently more or less sessile on the basal thallus. A single British specimen has been seen; it has a few very minute, scattered podetia. Hab. On the ground in upland tracts.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce in HK. England; not recently found.—B. M.. Epping Forest, Essex. Var. 6. pocillum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1845) p. 110.—Squamules at the base somewhat large, firm, usually appressed, subimbricate, pale-greyish ; podetia short, turbinato-scyphiferous, corticate, gra- nulato-verrucose. Apothecia small, dark-brown.—Mudd, Man. p. 53; Brit. Clad. p. 7; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18; Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Beomyces Pocillum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 336, t. 8. f. 6. In this variety the basal thallus, which is occasionally orbicular, is as if crustaceo-appressed to the substratum, and is sometimes of a cervine or lurid-cervine colour (form cervina Nyl. Syn. p. 193). The podetia are more or less scattered, and the apothecia, rare in our specimens, are mar- ginal on the scyphi. Hab. On sterile soil on banks and heaths in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Probably general and common, though seen only from comparatively few localities in England, Scotland, and the Channel Islands—B,. M.: The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Near Bodmin, Cormn- wall; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire; Barmouth, N. Wales; Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tongland, Kirkeudbrightshire; Killin and Rannoch, Perthshire; Durris, Kincar- dineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Var. y. chlorophea Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 70.—Squamules at the base somewhat small; podetia elongato-turbinate, greenish or sulphur-coloured, granulato-pulverulent, scyphiferous; scyphi usually narrow, simple or variously proliferous.—Mudd, Clad. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Ceno- myce chloropheea Florke in Somm. Suppl. Lapp. (1826) p. 180.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 7-11; Leight. n. 899; Larb. Lich, Hb. n. 206. Characterized by the granulato-pulverulent podetia, in which it ap- proaches C’. jimbriata. When less developed the basal squamules are CLADONIA. ] CLADONIEI, 131 often also pulverulent at the margins. It is not uncommon in a fertile condition, the apothecia being often confluent. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and old walls in maritime and upland districts—Déstr, General and common in Great Britain, and pet also in Ireland, though no specimens have been seen ; rare in the hannel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Wootton Common, Nor- folk; Epping Forest, Essex; Chislehurst, Kent; Leith Hill, Surrey ; Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Adderbury Church, Oxfordshire; Hale End, Malvern, Wor- cestershire ; Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire; Ayton, Newton, and Kildale Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Mor- peth, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Rannoch and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Form 1. lepidophora Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 70.—Podetia densely covered with minute, crowded, inciso-crenate, glaucous-grey squamules.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cladonia pywidata p. chlorophea c. phyllophora (Wallr.) Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 9. This form seems quite distinct from the type, but the younger podetia are as in it granulato-pulverulent. Its distinctive character no doubt depends upon age and the nature of the habitat; in the type itself podetia sometimes occur bearing a few scattered squamules. In the few speci- mens seen the apothecia are not numerous, Hab. On old brick walls and thatched roofs in lowland _districts.— Distr. Probably general, though seen only from Central and W. England, N. Wales, and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Lechlade, Oxfordshire; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Conway, Carnarvonshire. Kinnordy, For- farshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen. Form 2. myriocarpa Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 111.— Podetia somewhat short, subturbinate; scyphi subdilated, proli- ferous from the margins, the prolifications narrow, multifid. Apo- thecia sessile, small, aggregato-confluent.—Cladonia pymwidata var. JSimbriata f. myriocarpa Coem. Clad. Belg. (1863) n. 53 ; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 10.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 58. A well-marked form, referred to C. fimbriata by Coemans, but belonging to this variety of C. pyxidata, from which it is distinguished by the pro- lifications of the scyphi. The apothecia in well-fruited specimens are very numerous and crowded, from pale-brown becoming reddish-brown. Hab. On the ground and on wall-tops in maritime and upland situa- tions.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, W. England S. Scotland, and the S. and N. Grampians—B. M.: St. Ouen’s Bay, Island of Jersey. Ozleworth Park, Gloucestershire; Malvern and Bewd- ley, Worcestershire. Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 5. C. leptophylla Florke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 19.—Thallus squa mulose at the base, pale-greenish ; squamules small, scattered, K2 132 LICHENACEI. [cLADONTA, rounded, entire or slightly crenate; podetia rarely present, short, slender, glabrous, simple, sometimes bifid at the apices, ascyphous (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia solitary, turgid, capitate, brown ; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,003-35 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cladonia pyxidata subsp. leptophylla Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.18; var. leptophylla Leight. Lich. Fl. p.61, ed. 3,p.57. Cladonia cariosa (3. leptophylla Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 6. Cladonia squamosa f. leptophylla Mudd, Man.p. 57. Helopodium leptophyllum Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p.416. Cenomyce leptophylla Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 568. Scyphophorus microphyllus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Lichen micro- phyllus Eng. Bot. t. 1782. This anomalous plant resembles C. cariosa, but beside other characters differs in the absence of any thalline reaction. It is near C. pyxidata; but the form of the thallus and of the podetia (which when dry become shrunken and somewhat costate) entitle it to rank as a oe it was so regarded by the older authors, and more recently by Nylander (‘ Flora,’ 1874, p.70). The apothecia are nearly hemispherical, and much broader than the podetia. Hab. In moist places amongst heaths in wooded upland tracts.— Distr. Very sparingly in 8. England and 8.W. Scotland; probably overlooked elsewhere.—B, M.: Tilgate Forest, Sussex. New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire. 6. C. pityrea Florke Clad. (1828) p. 79.—Thallus squamulose at the base; squamules minute, often evanescent, greyish-green above, white beneath; podetia somewhat short, slender, entirely furfuraceo-granulate, obsoletely and irregularly scyphiferous, greyish- white ; scyphi narrow, little evolute or divided, fimbriato-radiate and often proliferous at the margins (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia moderate or small, subpedicellate or sessile, pale- or dark-brown.— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pyzidata subsp. pityrea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.18. Cladonia pywxidata p. pityrea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p.57. Capitularia pityrea Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 182. Coralloides parum ramosum, tuberculis fuscis Dill. Muse. 97, t. 15. £. 20.—Cla- donia pyaidatavar. symphicarpa Cromb. (non Ach.) Lich. Brit. p. 18; Grevillea, xi. p.111, is an obscure state of this Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 27-29, 16 pro parte, and 38; Larb. Cmsar. n. 8. Resembling generally C. fimbriata and var.chlorophea of C.pyxidata, yet so constant as to deserve to rank as a proper species. It is distinguished by the furfuraceo-pulverulent podetia and the minutely fimbriate narrow scyphi, which are pervious ornon-pervious. The apothecia are small and marginal on the scyphi, or large and subpedicellate, becoming dark in old age. Hab, On the ground among mosses and on dead stumps of trees in upland situations Distr. Local and scarce in S. and N. England, and among the Grampians, Scotland; rare in N.W. Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, near Bodmin, Cornwall; Loundsdale, Guisboro’ Moor, near Roseberry, Ayton Moor, and Black CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 133 Banks, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire; near Ballater, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Kylemore, co. Galway. Form hololepis Flirke Clad. (1828) p. 83,—Podetia somewhat short, densely squamuloso-furfuraceous ; squamules fragile, more or less pulverulent ; scyphi irregularly fimbriate or divided.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea j. hololepis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 16 (non Exs. n. 33). This differs in the minutely squamuloso-furfuraceous podetia somewhat elongate when sterile. Though distinct, it is only a form, as in the type a few minute squamules are occasionally present. In the only British specimen the apothecia are somewhat numerous. Hab. On the ground amongst decayed heaths in upland districts.— Distr, Very local and scarce in the S. Highlands, Scotland, though no doubt occurring elsewhere.—B. M.: Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. 7. C, acuminata Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 12.—Thallus minutely squamulose at the base; squamules greenish-grey above, white beneath; podetia slender, somewhat elongate, cylindrico-subuliform, simple or branched, acuminate at the apices, granulato-furfuraceous, greyish-white (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia terminal, small, brown.—-Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pywiduta p. pityrea e. acuminata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 15 (non Exs. n. 20). Cenomyce pityrea b. acuminata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 254. Coralloides corniculis brevioribus et crebrioribus Dill. Muse. 104, t. 16. f. 27 2. Till recently this was regarded by authors as a variety of C. pityrea. In addition, however, to the more elongate, subulate, apically acute podetia, with their terminal apothecia, it is at once separated by the thalline reaction with K. Of the two specimens gathered in this country, one is fertile. Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine districts Distr. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway).—B. M.: Head of Glen Callater, Brae- mar, Aberdeenshire. 8. C. Lamarkii Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 447.—Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules small, crenate, greyish-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia moderate, granulato-furfuraceous, scyphifero-pro- liferous, the scyphi not pervious, digitately divided at the margins, furcato-radiate at the apices (Kf+yellowish, then ochraceous, CaCl—). Apothecia small, conglomerate, brown.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Grevillea, xi. p. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 54.—Cladonia Lamarkit Del. fide Nyl.1.c. Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea c. fascicularis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 15. From the two preceding species this is distinguished by the scyphi and by the reaction with K. In the few British specimens the podetia are rather short (about 3 in. long), occasionally somewhat fasciculate, with 134 LICHENACEI. [cLaDoNTA. the scyphi proliferous from the margins. The apothecia do not usually occur, Hab. On the ground in upland situations—Distr. Local and scarce in 8.W. England, 8.W. Scotland, and the 8.W. Highlands.—B. M.: Near Widdicombe, Devonshire; Bodmin, Cornwall. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Form Isignyi Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 447.—Podetia densely squa- muloso-foliaceous. Apothecia moderate, dark-brown.—Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 44.—Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea k. d’Isignyi Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 16. Cladonia Isignyt Del. fide Nyl. 1. ¢. The podetia are usually covered with folioles except towards the apices, where they are more or less squamulose. In perfect specimens the basal thallus is more developed than in the type. With us it is rarely well- fertile. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and about the roots of trees in maritime and upland districts.—Dzstr. Local and rare in the Channel Islands and the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey. Near Falls of Tummel, Perthshire. 9. C. cariosa Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. (1827) p. 272.—Thallus squamulose at the base ; squamules minute, crenato-incised, greyish- glaucous above, white beneath; podetia rather short, somewhat stout, simple or branched, at first smooth, becoming granulato-ver- rucose, partly denudate, and then almost white carioso-cancellate, greyish-glaucous or glaucous; scyphi digitately divided into sub- fastigiate branches (K+ yellow, CaCl1—). Apothecia turgid, some- what large, subconfluent, brown ; spores 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 6; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 57, ed. 3, p. 55.—Cladonia gracilis E. cariosa Mudd, Man. p.55. Cenomyce cariosa Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2761; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Lichen cariosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 198. Coralloides fungiforme fuscum, basi foliacea Dill. Muse. 77, t. 14. f. 2.— Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 5. Easily known by the carioso-cancellate podetia, which, with the other characters, show it to be a very distinct species, The basal squamules are sometimes very small or evanescent, and minute squamules are rare on the podetia. These latter are crowdedly and longitudinally sulcate or subfissured, and usually corymbosely divided at the apices. The apo- thecia are cccasionally entirely sessile and subconfluent on the podetia. Hab. On clayey and sandy soil in maritime and upland wooded dis- tricts.— Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Horsemunden, Kent; Wyre Forest and Bewdley, Worcestershire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Loch- aber, Inverness-shire. 10. C. fimbriata Fr. Lich, Eur. (1831) p. 222.—Thallus squa- mulose at the base; squamules minute, greyish-green above, white beneath, occasionally evanescent; podetia usually somewhat elon- CLADONTA. ] CLADONTET. 135 gate, cylindrico-subulate or tubeform, scyphiferous, very thinly pulverulent, white or glaucous-white; scyphi with the margin usually erect and crenate, regular or variously proliferous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia brown, simple or confluent.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19; Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Oladonia pyxidata 3. fimbriata Mudd, Man. p. 53, Brit. Clad. p. 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 61, ed. 3, p. 57. Scyphophorus fimbriatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 248; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 419. Cenomyce jimbriata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen fimbriatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 870; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.37; Eng. Bot. t. 2438. Coralloides scyphiforme gracile, marginibus serratis Dill. Muse. 84, t. 14. f. 8, et Coralloides seyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis, p. 79, t. 14. f. 6a, B. Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 30.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. nos. 325, 376,377 ; Mudd, n. 1, Clad. nos. 14, 15, 17, 18; Bohl. n. 24, From C. pyxidata, to which it is allied, this differs in the podetia being whitish-pulverulent, often more extended, with narrower scyphi. In these respects it is constant, and may with propriety be regarded as speci- tically distinct. It is a very variable plant in the characters of the podetia. Sometimes they become denudate, and in this case are often longitudinally ribbed (form costata Flérke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11; Leight. Lich. F1. ed. 3, p. 58); and at other times they are once or twice proliferous (form prolifera Ach., Mudd, /. c.). The scyphi also are occa- sionally unequally denticulate at the margins (form denticulata Florke, Mudd, Man. p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 10), and more rarely are cyathiform, with the margin squamulose (pterygota Flérke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11). These, however, are mere states of the type resulting from the nature of the habitat, and more than one of them may at times be seen on the same specimen. In this country the apothecia are rarely well developed. Hab. On the ground, roots of trees, and among mosses on old walls in maritime, lowland, and upland districts.—Distr. General and common in Great Britain and Ireland, though seen but from comparatively few localities, the more typical condition being rarer—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; Dorking, Surrey; New Forest, Hants; Truro, Cornwall; New- market Heath, Cambridgeshire; near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Aber, Carnarvonshire; Over, Cheshire ; Ayton and Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmore- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Royal Botanic Gardens and Braid Hills, Edinburgh; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen; Castle- ton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Kylemore, co. Galway. Var. 3. conista Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 51.—Podetia short, subturbinate, pulverulent, greenish-grey ; scyphi simple, the margin subentire.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pywidata y. Jimbriata b. conista Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 10. Scyphophora conista Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Cenomyce fimbriata B. comsta Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 257.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, Clad. n. 13. Differs in the size and form of the podetia, and in their simple (never 136 LICHENACEI. [cuaponta. proliferous) scyphi. As these characters seem to be constant, it may be regarded as constituting a distinct variety rather than a less developed form. The apothecia, which are “marginal and minute” (Ach.), do not occur in our British specimens. Hab. On the ground and tops of walls in upland districts.—Distr, Probably not unfrequent, though seen only from a few localities in S. and N. England, N. Wales, S. and N.E. Scotland, and the 8. Grampians.— B. M.: Lanivet, Cornwall; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Form exigua Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—Podetia very short, whitish- or greyish-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, simple, brown within, the margin entire.—Lichen pywidatus n. exiqguus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 552. Scyphophora conista 8. eailis (Ach.), Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Lichen filiformis var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 8, iv. p. 39. Coralloides scyphis humilibus, intus fuscis Dill. Muse. 86, t. 14. f. 11. Probably only an accidental state, differing in the entire margin of the scyphi and their bright-brown colour in the interior, though, as indicated by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 535, cfr. Meth. p. 388), this may become blackish in age. In the British specimens seen, which are sterile, the podetia are numerous and crowded. Hab. On the ground upon upland heaths.—Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in E. England.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex. Var. y. tubeformis Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 22.—Podetia some- what elongate, cylindrical, pulverulent, white, scyphiferous ; scyphi narrow, regular, entire or slightly crenulate at the margins.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19.—Cladonia pywidata var. fimbriata f. tubeformis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Cladonia pywidata EK. tube- formis Mudd, Man. p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 10. Cladonia pywidata var. tubeformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1791) p. 122.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 377; Mudd, n. 7. The cylindrical and usually more elongate podetia, with their narrower scyphi, distinguish this variety, which is most frequently seen only in a juvenile condition, In this country, as elsewhere, the apothecia are apparently very rare, though the spermogones are oagasionally visible. Hab. On the ground and rotten stumps in wooded upland tracts.— Distr. Not very general nor frequent, occurring only here and there in England, N. Wales, and Scotland; not seen from Ireland.— Distr. Wal- thamstow, Essex; New Forest, Hants; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; St. Breward, Cornwall; Charlton Camp, Oxfordshire; Shrewsbury, Shropshire; near Worcester ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Craigforth, Stirling; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Form macra Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—Podetia short, cylindrical, slender, whitish-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, the margin entire.—Cladonia pyxidata B. fimbriata F. macra Mudd, Man. CLADONTA. | CLADONIEI, 187 p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 9. Capitularia pyzidata c. macra Florke in ee et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 290.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 12. The much shorter and slender podetia and the narrow scyphi cha- racterize this form, which is entirely referable to the above variety. With us it is scarcely, if ever, seen fertile. Hab. On putrid trunks in upland localities—Distr. Found only in E., 8.W., Central, and N. England, the W. Highlands, Scotland, aud S. Ire- land.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Charn- wood Forest, Leicestershire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire. Castlemartyr, co. Cork. Var. 6. carneopallida Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 195.—Podetia mode- rate, narrow, scyphiferous, whitish or greenish-white-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, crenate and sometimes proliferous at the margins. Apothecia small, pale flesh-coloured.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Cladonia pyaidata 6. carneopallida Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.11. Capi- tularia pyaidata y. carneopallida Florke in Web. et Mobr, Beitr. li. (1810) p. 304. Cladonia carneola Mudd, Man. p. 56 (excl. syn.). : Somewhat similar to the preceding. variety, from all states of which it differs in the colour of the apothecia. In this respect it approaches to C. carneola Fr., with which it has occasionally been confounded. The two British specimens seen are only sparingly fertile. Hab. On putrid trunks of trees in upland woods.—Distr. Seen only from E. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Epping Forest and Snaresbrook, Essex. Subsp. C. fibula Nyl. ea Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 12.—Podetia elongate, slender, simple, subcylindrical, white-pulverulent; scyphi narrow or none (K—, CaCl—). Apo- thecia small, brown, usually aggregate——Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p- 112.—Cladonia pywidata e. cornuta k. fibula Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 13. Lichen fibula Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 194. Seyphophora fim- briata 6. fibularia Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. The form of the podetia, which are 1-2 in. long, warrant this being regarded as a subspecies. In the British specimens the podetia are usually ascyphous and well-fertile. From it apparently descend the varieties and forms that follow, all of which are connected by inter- mediate states. Hab. On decaying stumps and on the ground among mosses in wooded upland districts—Distr. Gathered only very sparingly in S.W. England, S. Scotland, the 8.W. Highlands, and among the 8. Grampians.—B. M. : Dartmoor, Devonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. Form abortiva Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—Podetia elongate, rather thicker, white-pulverulent, obtuse or obscurely scyphiferous at the apices; scyphi subcrenate and somewhat dila- 138 LICHENACET. [cLaDONIA, cerate. Apothecia not seen.—Cladonia pyxidata y. fimbriata k. abortiva Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.11. Scyphophora fimbriata y. abortiva Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Capitularia pywxidata 6. longipes B. abortiva Flérke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 294. Seems to be only a form of this subspecies, next to which it was placed by Acharius, Syn. p.255. It is distinguished chiefly by the apices of the podetia and by being always sterile. In the British specimens the scyphi are not well developed, and only a few spermogones are visible, Hab. On semiputrid stumps in upland districts — Distr. Local and scarce in N, England and the 8.W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Var. 8. subcornuta Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112. —Podetia elongate, simple or sparingly branched above, white- pulverulent, subulate and more or less cornute at the apices.—Cla- donia fimbriata subsp. subcornuta Nyl. in Flora, 1874, p.318. Cla- donia pyaidata B. fimbriata A. cornuta Mudd, Man. p.53; Brit. Clad. p. 12. Scyphophora fimbriata yn. cornuta Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 420. Lichen cornutus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 8766; Eng. Bot. t. 1836. Coralloides viv ramosum, scyphis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 0, n.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 19, 20, 21; Bohl. n, 48. Distinguished from C. fibula by the form of the apices of the ascyphous odetia. In this it closely resembles states of C. cornuta, with which it as often been confounded, but is distinguished by the podetia being pulverulent throughout. Only spermogones are present in our specimens, Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts—Distr. Appa- rently not very common in Great Britain and Ireland—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; Ayton and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham. Leadbills, Lanarkshire; Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; Kinnordy Moss, Forfarshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. Near Cork; Blaris Bridge, Belfast, co. Antrim; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. nemoxyna Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Podetia slender, branched; branches divided, subuliform. Apothecia not seen.— Cladonia pyxidata e. cornuta 1. nemoxyna Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18. Scyphophora finbriata &. nemoxyna Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p. 420. Beomyces radiatus 3. nemoxynus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 342. Coral- loides seyphiforme cornutum Dill. Muse. 92, t. 15. f. 168, D, B. Differs in the subuliformi-branched podetia, with the branches usually of unequal length. It occurs only spermogoniiferous. Hab. On the ground among heaths in upland tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in IE. and N. England and among the 8. Grampians, Scotland ; probably to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire, Lillin, Perthshire. Form 2. tortuosa Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.— Podetia somewhat stout, flexuose, divaricately branched ; branches short, subulate, or thickened and obtuse at the apices.—Cladonia CLADONIA. | CLADONIEL. 139 pywidata e. cornuta c. tortwosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 12. Cenomyce tortuosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 622. _The contorted podetia and the often incrassate apices of their branches distinguish this form. The podetia are frequently also more or less squamulose and furfuraceous in the lower portion. In our specimens a few young apothecia only are present. Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts. Distr. Seen only from Central England and N.E. Scotland.—B, M.: Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Var. y. radiata Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xi, (1883) p. 112.— Podetia elongate, subulate or scyphiferous ; scyphi narrow, radiate or radiato-fimbriate at the margins.—Cladonia fimbriata var. radiata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.19. C. pywidata var. fimbriata f. radiata Mudd, Man. p. 53, Brit. Clad. p. 13. Scyphophora fimbriata (3. radiata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Cenomyce radiata Tayl. in Mack. Fi. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen radiatus Schreb. Spic. FI. Lips. (1771) p. 122; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 88; Eng. Bot. t. 1835. Cladonia pyxidata var. fimbriata f. cornuto-radiata Scher., Leight. Lich. Fl. p- 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Lichen pywidatus p Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 555. Coralloides scyphiforme cornutum Dill. Musc. 92, t. 15. f. 16 0, F, ¢.— Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 23 ; Leight. n. 376; Bohl. n. 47, This is distinguished by the radiate margins of the scyphi; but the ascyphous podetia are very similar to those of the preceding variety, with which it seems to be confluent. In luxuriant specimens the scyphi are expanded, with the subulate fimbriz more elongate. The apothecia are not present in our specimens, but the spermogones are frequent. Hab. On the ground in upland districts—Dizstr. Probably general in hilly tracts of Great Britain and Ireland, though as yet seen only from comparatively few localities——B. M.: Near Norwich, Norfolk; St. Breock, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Barmouth and Aber- dovey, Merionethshire; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Kinnordy Moss, Forfarshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Countesswells, near Aberdeen. Aghalee bog, N.W. of Lough Neagh, co. Londonderry ; Killarney, co. Kerry. 11. C. gracilis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 119.—Thallus sparingly squamuloso-foliolose at the base; squamules olive-green or brownish above, whitish beneath, often evanescent; podetia elongate, slender, corticate, glabrous, simple or branched, subulate or scyphiferous at the apices; scyphi narrow, denticulate at the margins, pale-greyish or pale-greenish, occasionally subspadiceous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia either pedicellate or sessile, moderate, brown or reddish; spores oblong, 0,009-0,012 mm. long, 0,0035- 0,004 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Cladonia gracilis d. chordalis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 17; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. C. gracilis y. hybrida c. chordalis Mudd, Mann. p. 55. Scyphophorus gracilis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 239. 140 LICHENACET. [cLaponza. Cenomyce gracilis Hook. F1. Scot. ii. p. 63 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Scyphophora ecmocyna (3. gracilis Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 421. Lichen gracilis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457; Leight. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 37; Eng. Bot. t. 1264. Coralloides scyphiforme serratum elatius, cau- libus gracilibus glabris Dill. Muse. 88, t. 14. f.13¢,p. Lichenordes pyxidatum cinereum elatius, ramulis pyxidatum desinentibus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 32.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 296 ; Mudd, nos. 10, 11, & 16 (pro parte), Clad. nos. 34, 37; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 207. A very variable plant. The form here described is Cladonia chordalis Fiorke, Clad. p. 34. The basal thallus is rarely visible except in young plants, becoming for the most part speedily obsolete. It is a social plant, often spreading extensively, with the podetia 2-4 in. long, simple or more or less branched, and frequently blackish at the base. The apo- thecia are rare; when present they are numerous and occasionally con- glomerate. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain and probably also Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Wootton Common, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Essex; Lydd, Kent; Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall; Wokingham Heath, Berkshire; Worcester Beacon, Worces- tershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland and Farndale, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Lamplugh, Cum- berland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Manor Head, Peebleshire ; Largs, Ayrshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Glen Ample, Blair Athole, and Rannoch, Perthshire; Kinnordy and Kirriemuir, For- farshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire; ‘Forres, Elginshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Ballynascreen Mt., co. Tyrone; Turk Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 1. abortiva Scher. Spic. (1823) p.33.—Podetia subuliform, recurved or hooked at the apices, and there verrucose, infuscate : substerile.-—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 17; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, Clad. n. 36. Probably an accidental state, resulting from the abortive apothecia deforming the podetia. Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Seen only from N. England and the Central Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt occurring else- where.—B. M.: Highcliffe, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Rannoch, Perthshire. Form 2. spinulifera Cromb.—Podetia slender, dark spadiceous, somewhat rugulose, with frequent short spinules; scyphi with the margins spinulose. A peculiar and probably accidental form, analogous to var. spinosa of C. furcata. The only: specimen yet gathered is sterile. Hab. On moors in upland situations.—Distr. Found only in 8.W. England.—B, M.: Near Newton Abbot, S. Devon. CLADONIA. ] CLADONIEL, 141 Form 3. aspera Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 30.—Podetia more or less clothed with foliolose squamules ; squamules crenate or crenato- incised at the margins.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Capitularia gracilis var. aspera Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr, ii. (1810) p. 333. —Brit. Fxs.: Leight. n. 402. Differs in the more or less squamulose podetia, which are usually ascyphous. The British specimens are in a stunted condition, with podetia short (scarcely more than 1 in. high), subulate and sterile. Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in Central and N. England.—B. M.: Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Var. 8. hybrida Scher. Spic. (1823) p.32.—Podetia more or less elongate, robust, sparingly branched, usually scyphiferous ; scyphi subdilated or proliferous at the margins. Apothecia moderate.— Mudd, Man. p. 55, Brit. Clad. p. 17; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. —Cladonia hybrida Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 119 pro parte. Cladonia gracilis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.19. Coralloides seyphiforme serratum elatius, caulibus gracilibus glabris Dill. Muse. &8, t. 14. £.134, B. A robust plant, with the podetia for the most part scyphiferous. As noticed by Nylander (Syu. p. 196), it approaches vars. of pyxidata, of which at first sight it looks to be a more extended form. In the few British specimens the apothetia are sparingly present. Hab. On mossy rocks and among mosses on the ground in mountainous districts.— Distr. Local; the Grampians, Scotland, probably not uncom- mon.—B. M.: By Loch Tay, Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfar- shire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. C. gracillima Norrl. Hb. Lich. Fenn. ix. (1882) n. 424.— Podetia elongate, very slender, crowded, subulate or scyphiferous, much branched above; branches divided, shortly subfurcate at the apices; scyphi very narrow, denticulate at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112. Distinguished by the slender podetia being densely ceespitose, much and intricately branched, especially in the upper portion, and by their apices being somewhat fureate, resembling C. fureata. Found only ina substerile condition. Hab. On mossy boulders in upland fir woods.—Distr. Very local and scarce in N, England and N.E. Scotland—B. M.. The Cheviots, North- umberland. Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen. 12. C. cornuta Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 225.—Thallus sparingly foliolose at. the base; leaflets lobato-crenate or none; podetia elon- gate, corticate and glabrous in the lower portion, pulverulent towards the apices, subuliformi-cornute or a few sometimes narrowly scyphi- ferous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown; spores as in the preceding species. —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.13; Grevillea, xi. p.112,— 142 LICHENACEL. [CLADONIA, Cladonia gracilis var. cornuta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Lichen cornutus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1758) p. 1152.—This is not Lichen cornutus of British authors: vide C. fibula var. subcornuta and C. macilenta. Though by some regarded as a variety or subspecies of C. gracilis, yet from the podetia being corticate only to beyond the middle and then more or less pulverulent upwards, it may rank as a distinct species. The basal leaflets are not unfrequently present ; and the podetia, which are 2-4 in. high, are quite naked. In British specimens the apothecia and spermo- gones are extremely rare. Hab, Among mosses on the ground on heaths and in woods in upland tracts.— Distr. Seen only from N, England and the Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Sherriffmuir, near Stir- ling; Rannoch and Killiecrankie, Perthshire ; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form clavulus Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 225.—Podetia short, somewhat turgid, corticate from below the middle; scyphi none. A stunted, stouter form, with the podetia sometimes pulverulent throughout, except towards the base. It apparently never occurs scyphi- ferous or fertile. Hab. On turf-walls in upland districts —Distr. Extremely local and scarce among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M. : Rannoch, Perthshire; Glen Quoich, Braemar. 13. C. ochrochlora Flérke, Clad. (1821) p. 75.—Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base ; squamules laciniato-crenate, greenish above, white beneath; podetia somewhat short, cylindrical, glabrous in the lower portion and pale greenish-grey, pulverulent above and whitish or ochroleucous, obtuse and truncate at the apices or narrowly scyphiferous, with the margins dentato-radiate (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, pale brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Cla- donia gracilis var. ochrochlora Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59. C. pyxidata &. ochrochlora Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 14.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. 24-26. This approaches in some respects subsp. C. fibula, and in others C. cornuta ; but as it constantly preserves its own type, it may be regarded as distinct. The podetia are occasionally sparingly squamulose (var. phyl- lostrota Flérke), and the scyphi are rarely proliferous. In this country it seldom occurs fertile, though the spermogones are not uncommon. Hab. On putrid trunks and turfy soil in wooded upland districts — Distr. Somewhat local and rare in 8.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland, and in the W. Highlands—B. M.: Near Beckey Falls, 8. Devon; near Bodmin, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Form ceratodes Flérke, Clad. (1821) p. 77.—Podetia slender, cylindrical or somewhat ventricose, simple, subulate at the apices. — CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI, 143 Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pywidata £. ochrochlora a. ceratodes Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.14.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 23. This differs chiefly in the form of the apices of the podetia, and appa- rently never occurs with apothecia. Hab. On putrid trunks and turf-walls in shady upland districts. —Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England and among the Central Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Beckey Falls, 8, Devon; near Bod- min, Cornwall; Loundsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumber- land. Rannoch, Perthshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. 14. C. verticillata Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 26.—Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base; leaflets few, small, laciniiform, crenato- incised, dark-olive or greyish-green; podetia corticate, glabrous, elongato-turbinate, scyphiferous, glaucous- or brownish-green ; scyphi regular, plane, denticulate at the margin, at length repeatedly proliferous (2-4 times) from the somewhat elevated centre (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, brown or reddish.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p- 63, ed. 3, p. 59.— Cladonia gracilis subsp. verticillata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. Cladonia cervicornis 3. verticillata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 5. C. gracilis B. verticillata Mudd, Man. p. 54. Scyphophora verticillata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Cladonia pyxidata var. verti- cillata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 122. Lichen pyaidatus GB. pro parte, Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 552; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 36. Lichenoides tubulosum pyaidatum proliferum Dill. Muse. 80. t. 14. f. 6p-H; in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 29.—Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 3. From C. gracilis, of which some make it a variety or subspecies, this is distinguished by the scyphi being at length 2-4 times proliferous from the centre, the uppermost scyphus being shorter and narrower. It approaches also C. verticillaris Mont., but is well separated by the basal thallus. In this country it is rarely fertile. Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts.— Distr, Local and scarce in §., W., and N. England, very rare in Scotland andin N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway), as also in the Channel Islands ; though it isno doubt more generally distributed —B., M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey. Broadwater Forest, Sussex; St. Breock, Cornwall; Delamere Forest, Cheshire; Ayton Moor and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Swinhope Fell, Northumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Moor of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Form laciniolata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.— Lacinie elongate and narrow at the base; podetia with the scyphi laciniolose at the margins. This may be a distinct variety. It is a luxuriant plant, with the apo- thecia numerous and dark brown. Hab, On exposed rocks in moist places in upland districts— Distr. Found only sparingly in S.W. England and the 8.W. Highlands, Scot- land.—B. M.: Carn Galva, near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 144 LICHENACEI. [cLaDonia. 15. C. cervicornis Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 195.—Thallus foliaceo- squamulose at the base ; leaflets large, laciniiform, crenate-or inciso- crenate, or variously multifid, ascending, firm, dark olive-green or glaucous-green above, whitish or brownish-black beneath ; podetia short, smooth or subverrucose, scyphiferous; scyphi simple or irre- gularly proliferous, more or less squamulose (K +-yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small, sessile, brownish-black.—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 4; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 57, ed. 3, p. 54.—Cladonia gracilis subsp. cervi- cornis Mudd, Man. p. 54; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. Scyphophorus cervicornis Sm. Eng. Fl. v.tp. 242; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen cervicornis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 184, Eng. Bot. t. 2574. Coralloides scyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 12 B. Though generally resembling less proliferous states of the preceding species, this differs in the more developed laciniz, the shorter podetia, and in the chemical reaction with K. The thallus at the base is densely ceespitose, with the leaflets nearly erect, somewhat thickened, in old lants rimoso-reticulate above and the podetia are often but little deve- Tspad, or entirely wanting (form basima Cromb.). The apothecia are sessile on the margins of the scyphi, and are either simple or conglo- merate, becoming blackish in age. Hab. On the ground among rocks and on heaths in maritime and upland regions.— Distr. General and usually plentiful in hilly and moun- tainous tracts of Great Britain and probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. : Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Pleinmont, Guern- sey. Rusthall Common, Kent; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton, Somerset- shire; Worcester Beacon, Worcestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire; Rhew- greidden, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Cardiganshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Moffat, Dum- friesshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs, Rannoch, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Lion’s Face and Ben- naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Carig Mt. and Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway. - Form stipata Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 239.—Squamules at the base elongate, sublinear, crenato-incised and deeply divided, erect, stipate ; podetia and apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p- 860; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 55, Differs only in the basal thallus, The podetia and apothecia very rarely occur. Hab. On the ground among rocks in upland districts— Distr. Rare and local in N. Wales, the Central Grampians and the N.W. Highlands, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland (Kylemore, co. Galway).—B. M.: Aber- dovey, Merionethshire. Loch Eagh, Rannoch, Perthshire; hills of Apple- cross, Ross-shire. 16. C. sobolifera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 66; Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 176 (note).—Thallus foliaceous at the base; leaflets somewhat narrow, inciso-crenate, cxspitose, CLADONTA. | CLADONIEL.’ 145 glaucous-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia short, cylindrical, glabrous, subverrucose or somewhat foliaccous, scyphiferous, greyish- green or glaucous-white ; scyphi dilated, proliferous from the centre and from the denticulate margins (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, simple or conglomerate, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Cladonia verticillata var. sobolifera Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvill. p. 411, Lich. Fl. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 59; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.19. Cenomyce cladomorpha var. sobolifera Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 681. Coralloides scyphiforme, marginibus radiatis et foliatis Dill. Muse. 85, t. 14. f.94, 8. Lichenoides pyxidatum, marginihus eleganter foliatrs Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 33.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 14; Mudd, n. 9 pro parte, Clad. n. 2; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 322. Very closely allied to C. cervicornis, from which it is at once separated by the reaction with K. {n other respects it is distinguished chiefly by the somewhat smaller (rarely nearly as large) and less ceespitose thallus, by the margins of the seyphi and the prolifications, which are often 2, rarely 3, in which respect it more resembles C. verticillata, From this also it seems distinct, and preserves its own type. The podetia are occa- sionally sparingly foliaceous, and the apothecia are usually numerous. Hab. On mossy boulders, rocks, and the ground in upland districts.— Distr. Somewhat local in S., W., and N. England, the Highlands of Scotland, S. Ireland, and the Channel Islands; no doubt often over- looked.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey. Near Dawlish and Hunter Tor, 8. Devon; St. Breock and Helminton, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Rhewgreidden and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Ayton and Ingleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkendbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Ballyedmond, co. Cork. 17. C. macrophylla Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 299.—Thallus squa- muloso-foliaceous at the base; squamules large, glaucous above, whitish beneath, crennte at the margins ; podetia moderate or some- what elongate, cylindrical, ascyphous or often with narrow scyphi, rough with smaller glaucous squamules, becoming at length carious (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia brown, generally confluent ; spores 0,008-0,011 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cladonia ventricosa B. macrophylla Scher. Spice. (1833) p. 316. In old age the podetia (which are then often blackish at the base, as are also the basal squamules at their base) become more or less carious, and thus somewhat resemble those of C. cartosa. From C. decorticata Flérke, with which it has sometimes been confounded, and which pro- bably also occurs in this country, it differs in the larger squamules and the chemical reaction. In the only fertile British specimen the apothecia are aggregate and deformed. Hab. On earth-covered boulders and a aa Mee in wooded a inous regions.— Distr. Apparently very local and scarce among the 8, nad N. Cae Scola iM. : Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. i 146 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA, 18. C. degenerans Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 41.—Thallus squa- mulose at the base; squamules few, small, crenato-incised, glaucous- green above, white beneath ; podetia moderate, glabrous, often sub- yerrucoso-unequal, scyphiferous, whitish or pale-greenish, black and whitish-punctate at. the base; scyphi often radiato-pedicellate or proliferous at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat large, brown, or pale reddish-brown; spores 0,010—11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.-—-Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19; Leight. Lich. F. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 59.—Cladonia degenerans b. euphorea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.17. Cladonia gracilis 6. degenerans Mudd, Man. p. 55, Capitularia degenerans Flérke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii, (1810) p. 308. A very variable plant, which approaches in its varieties and forms several other species. In general it may readily be distinguished from all of these, with which it might be confounded, by having the podetia, which in age become blackish in their lower portion, whitish corticali- punctate at the base. Its most typical state, as observed by Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 54), is form euphorea Ach. (Syn. p. 259), which has almost the habit of C. gracilis and presents the above characters. The only British specimen as yet seen is sterile. Hab. On the ground in moorlands in subalpine mountainous regiors.— Distr. Found only very sparingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Head of Glen Gairn, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 1. haplotea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 42.—Podetia moderate, usually proliferously divided above, scyphiferous, scarcely or rarely squamulose ; scyphi cristato-divided at the margins.—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19.—Cladonia gracilis 3. dege- nerans a. haplotea Mudd, Man. p.55. Cenomyce gonorega a. aplotea Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 258. The podetia in this form are from ] to 2 in. high, naked, or occa- sionally, especially at the margins of the scyphi, sparingly squamulose. In the few British specimens, the apothecia, which are minute, reddish- brown, are only sparingly present. Hab. On the ground in subalpine and alpine regions.—Distr. Appa- rently local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Pass of Leny, Perthshire; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen Dee, Breemar, Aber- deenshire. Form 2. granulifera Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 113.— Podetia moderate, densely verrucoso-granulose, simple, or shortly branched above, obscurely scyphiferous. Seems to be intermediate between the type and the following variety, and is well characterized by the minute crowded granules with which the blackish podetia are clothed throughout. The apothecia in the only specimen seen are somewhat large and dark-brown, but are visible only on a single podetium. Hab. On the ground in alpine situations,—Distr. Met with only once and very sparingly among the N. Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Cairn- gorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. CTADONIA.] CLADONIET. 147 _ Form 3. pleolepidea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 54,—Podetia simple or sparingly branched above, usually somewhat curved, ascy phous, densely covered with rigid squamules. Apothecia nume- rous, dark-brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 91. ‘The podetia, which Nylander (7. ¢.) describes as being 2-3 in. long, are with us much smaller, from 4 to lin. Occasionally, where less squamu- lose, they are white-punctate. In the twe «pecimens gathered the apo- thecia are more or less aggregate. Hab. Among short mosses on the ground in alpine places.—Distr. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Near the summit of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. 3. anomea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 43.—Podetia short, slender, rugose and more or less squamulose ; scyphi usually ra- diately divided. Apothecia either sessile or pedicellate, dark brown. —Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 60.—Cladonia gracilis 3. degenerans c. anomea Mudd, Man. p. 55. Scyphephorus anomeus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238. Cenomyce anomea Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen anomeus Eng. Bot. t. 1867. Beomyces anonieus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 349.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 32 (atypical). This variety is distinguished by the podetia, which are from 3 to | in. high, being either densely or partially covered with squamules, and by the form of their scyphi. As observed, however, by Nylander (Syn. p- 200), the podetia are scarcely scyphiferous, but rather radiato-partite (¢fr. Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 552), The apothecia are either simple or con- glomerate, becoming in age somewhat large. Hab, On the ground on heaths and on rotten wood in upland situa- tions.— Distr. Apparently locai and scarce in 8.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland, and among the Grampians; no doubt overlooked elsewhere.— B. M.: Lakenham, Norfolk; near Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Dartinoor, S. Devon; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Burton Head, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Glen Cal- later and Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. C. trachyna Nyl. ew Norrl. Not. Silisk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. x. (1873) p. 319.—Podetia elongate, or mode- rate, cylindrical, squamulose, scyphiferous, sordid-whitish ; scyphi denticulato-proliferous and radiato-cristate at the margins. Apo- thecia minute, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cladonia degenerans f. trachyna Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.18. Beomyces érachynus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 348. From the preceding varieties and forms this differs in the form of the scyphi, which give it somewhat the appearance of C. erispata. This and its general habit seem to entitle it to rank as a subspecies. The podetia are normally from 3 to 5 in. long ; but they sometimes occur less develuped. The apothecia are at length dark brown, but our more elongate states are only spermogoniiferous. Hab, On heathy ground amongst mosses in upland and subalpine recions.—Distr. Local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians,— B. M.: Rannoch, Perthshire; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. L2 148 LICHENACEI. [cLADONTA. Form subfurcata Ny]. ex Norrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Foérh. n. s. x. (1878) p. 320.—Podetia elongate, subulate, sub- stipate, fastigiate, branched upwards, granulato-unequal on the surface, brownish. Apothecia not seen—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. This very peculiar form is as if an hybrid between C. degenerans and C. fureata, to which latter, but for the granulate podetia, it might be referred as a variety. The absence of any reaction with K keeps it distinct from C/adonia stricta. In this country, as elsewhere, it is always sterile. Hab. On moist peaty ground in subalpine tracts.—Dzustr. Found only Yery sparingly among the N. Scottish Grampians.—3. M.: Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 2. C. coralloidea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 54.—Thallus small, somewhat pulvinate; podetia short, branched above, sub- flexuose, verrucose or granulate on the surface, ascyphous. Apo- thecia small, crowded, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45.—Cla- donia furcata subsp. coralloidea Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113. Cladonia coralloidea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 5. Cenomyce coralloidea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 528.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 4, Though receding in various respects from the type, this, according to the specimen from Acharius in Herb. Linn, Soc., is most probably to be regarded as a subspecies of C. degenerans. It is not unlike C. furcata var. palamea (Ach.), but at once differs from this by having a distinct basal thallus. The only British specimens seen agree with the plant of Acharius, except that the podetia are partly subsquamulose. the apo- thecia seem to be not unfrequent. Hab. On the ground on wet heaths in mountainous districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in N. England and among the 8. Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M.: Baysdale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 19. C. lepidota Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s, v. (1866) p. 176.—Thallus squamulose at the base: squamules somewhat large, crenato-incised, pale glaucous above, white beneath ; podetia robust, pale, foliolose or squamuloso-foliolose; seyphi usually narrow, irregular, difform or cristato-divided (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown, conglomerate.—Cenomyce gono- veya f, lepidota. Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 259. From C. degenerans, of which it has usually been regarded as a variety, this differs in being more robust and paler, in having the podetia squa- mulose with the squamules larger (as also at the base), and in the reaction with K. The type, however, does not occur in our Islands, but only the following form. Form hypophylla Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 118.—Thallus foliaceo-squamulose, subcespitose, greyish-white or greenish-grey, white beneath ; podetia obsolete (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, sessile, dark-brown. — Cladonia degenerans f. hypophylla CLADONIA. | CLADONIEL 149 Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p.54; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18 pro parte.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 9 pro parte, Clad. n. 18, A rather anomalous plant, which, if it does not descend from C. cervi- cornis, with which it somewhat agrees in the character of the basal squamules, is most probably referable to this species. The apothecia, which in the absence of rightly developed podetia are sessile on the leaf- lets, are numerous. Hab. On the ground among rocks in upland districts.— Distr. Some- what local, though not uncommon where it occurs in N. Wales, N. Eng- land, 8. Scotland, and among the Grampians. —B. M.: Plinlimmon, Car- diganshire ; Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Battersby and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Damyat, near Stirling; Craig Calliach and Loch Eagh, Perthshire; Lion's Face and Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. ; b'. Ascyphe.—Podetia not scyphiferous. 20. C. turgida Hoffm. Deutsch. FL. ii. (1795) p. 124.—Thallus foliaceous at the base; leaflets large, laciniiform, variously divided and crenate, sometimes few or evanescent, glaucous-green or whitish, white beneath ; podetia levigato-corticate, turgid, elongato-turbinate or cylindrical, subscyphiferous or perforate at the apices, the margin dentato-radiate, glaucous or pale-green (Kf+yellowish, CaCl—), Apothecia brownish-red or pale ; spores oblong or oblongo-fusiform, 0,010-15 mm. long. 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 54.—Lichen turgidus Ehrh. Crypt. (1798) n. 297. When rightly developed (for the podetia are occasionally absent), this is a very distinct species, which at first sight might be referred to the macro- phylline section. As stated, however, by Nylander ee p. 205), its true affinity is with C. furcata in the present section. In the only two British specimens the podetia are here and there sprinkled with smaller leaflets. There are no apothecia present, but the spermogones are abun- dant. Hab. On the ground among heather in subalpine regions.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 21. C. furcata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1793) p. 115.—Thallus squamulose at the base or evanescent; podetia slender, elongate, glabrous, sparingly branched, glaucous-white or brownish-green, not perforate or subpervious at the axils, the branches somewhat erect, attenuato-subulate and divergenti-furcate at the apices (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, subglobose, brown or reddish-brown ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0034-40 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 205, t. 1. f. 8; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich, Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60.— Cladonia furcata 3. subulata Sm. Eng. FL. v. p. 236 ; Mudd, Man. p. 58, Brit. Clad. p. 23. Cenomyce furcata f2. subulata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Cla- donia subulata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 414. Lichen subulatus Linn., 150 LICHENACEI. [cLADoNIA. Huds, F!. Angl. p. 459; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 881; With. Arr. iv. . 42. Coralloides corniculis longioribus et rariortbus Dill. Muse. 102, t.16.1.26. Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum minus crustaceum, minusque ramosum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 17.—Brit. Exs.; Mudd, n. 16 pro parte, Clad. nos. 50, 51. This, even its more limited Nylanderian conception, is a very variable species as to the podetia, the differences in which give rise to the fol- lowing subspecies, varieties, and forms. As observed by Nylander (J. wy it approaches on the one hand C. gracilis and on the other Cladina rangi- ferina, The type, as above described, is Lichen subulatus of Linnzus and other authors, which in general appearance is somewhat similar to C. gracilis (chordalis), from which it is at once distinguished by the apically furcate podetia. These ave at times dark-brown (form spadicea Pers., Ach.) and at other times white (form epermena Ach.), according to nature of habitat, the latter state occurring chiefly on cretaceous and calcareous soil. When fertile, as it rarely is with us, the branches are usually subfastigiate at the apices, with the apothecia either solitary or cymoso-aggregate, For the anatomical texture of the thallus, vide Ny). le. ji Hab. On the ground on moorlands and in woods in upland tracts.— Distr. Probably general and comnion in Great Britain and Iveland, though seen from only a comparatively few localities —B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; near Widdicombe and Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon; Temple Moor, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton and Newton, Cleveland, York- shire. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Millarney, co. Kerry. Form exilis Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 23.—Podetia very slender, short, simple or sparingly branched, once or twice furcate at the apices. Apothecia small, ageregate, dark-brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi, p. 113.—Cladonia furcata var. tenwissima Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 20 pro parte.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 53. This apparently descends from var. tenuissima Florke, of which pro- bably it is only a more stunted state, being from 2 to 1 in. high. In fertile specimens the podetia are somewhat thicker and but sparingly iatiched, with very rarely a few minute scattered squamules. The apothecia are usually somewhat numerous. Hab. On sterile ground in upland moorlands.— Distr. Local and scaree in N. England, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Quisboro’ Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Hill of Fare, Aberdeenshire. Var. 6. corymbosa Nyl. Syn. (1860) p. 207.—Podetia thickish, usually efoliolose, here and there longitudinally fissured, as also at one or the other side of the apices, which are radiato-ramose or subcorymbose. Apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20, Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Cenomyce allotropa var. corymbosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p, 556.—To this also seems referable the following :— Cenomyce furcata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p, 64; Cladonia fureata Grav. CLADONIA. | CLADONTEL, 151 Nat. Arr. i. p. 414; while it is also Cladonia furcata pro parte of more recent authors.— Brit. Hws.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 46, 47; Leight. n. 401; Bohl, n. 28. The more or less (sometimes sparingly) fissured podetia and the form of their apices characterize this variety. The podetia, which are fre- quently subspadiceous, vary in length from 1 to 5 in., and in our British specimens are usually somewhat slender and rarely sparingly foliiferous. ith K the reaction, at least in paler specimens, is often slightly yellow quickly turning to brownish. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia being numerous on the subcorymbose apices. Hab. On the ground and on turf-walls in wooded upland districts.— Distr. Somewhat local and scarce in England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and S. Ireland; more frequent, however, among the Scottish Grampians. —B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; Winchfield, Hants; Dartmoor, Devon- shire ; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; the Cheviots, Northumberland. New Gal- loway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Ran- noch, Perthshire. Countesswells, near Aberdeen; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe and Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire, Near Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. y. spinosa Hook. in Sm. Eng. FI. v. (1833) p. 236.—Podetia moderate, rigid, glabrous, decumbent; branches lax, curved and flexuose, here and there spinulose. Apothecia small, dark-brown.— Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80; Leight. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xxiii. p. 413, Lich. FI. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 118.—Lichen spinosus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 459; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45. Cladonia furcata 3. subulata d. spadicea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 23. Coralloides spar- sum, caulibus tortuosis et spinosis Dill. Muse. 101, t. 16. f. 25.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 52. This differs in the rather lax, irregularly branched and curved podetia, bearing scattered, short, erect or recurved spinules. The podetia, which, though rigid, are brittle, are often subspadiceous, but when paler in colour they usually give with K a distinct yellow reaction. It is rather rare in fruit, the apothecia being either simple or sparingly aggregate. Hab. On the ground in moorlands and ‘upon turf-walls in upland districts.—Distr. Probably general and common throughout Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Newmarket Heath, Cambridgeshire; Brandon Hill, Leicestershire ; Aber- dovey, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; the Cheviots, Northumberland; Harris Moor, Cumberland. Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Baldovan, Forfarshire; Durris, Kineardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; near Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Seymourhill Bog, near Belfast, co. Antrim. Subsp. C. racemosa Nyl. ea Norrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Farh, n.s. x. (1873) p. 820.—Podetia elongate, stoutish, irregularly branched, more or less squamulose, the branches short, erect, furcate at the apices (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, aggregate, brown. 152 LICHENACEL, [CLADONIA, —Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cladonia furcata 3. racemosa Mudd, Man. p. 37, Brit. Clad. p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60. Cladonia racemosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 114; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 414. Cenomyce race- mosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64. Cladonza furcata Sm. Eng. Fi. v. p- 236. Lichen furcatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p: 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot. li. p. 881; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.45. Coralloides corniculis brevt- oribus et crebrioribus Dill. Muse. 104, t. 16. f. 27 B, c.—Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, ramosius et crustaceum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 67. 18.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 48. Well distinguished by its general habit and the squamulose podetia, which are occasionally, however, somewhat slender (form tenuior Cromb.). By Acharius and others it was regarded as a distinct species; but it 1s searcely entitled to rank otherwise than as a subspecies or probably only as a variety of C. furcata. In this country the apothecia seem to be rare. . Hab. On the ground in moorlands, usually on damp peaty soil in upland districts —Dvzstr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and in S.W. Treland.—B. M.: Malvern, Worcestershire ; Rhewgreidden and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Guisboro’ Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Cal- later, Braewar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Tillarney, co, Kerry. Form 1. recurva Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 147.—Podetia usually more folioso-squamulose, the branches short, recurved, subfurcate and subulate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cladonia furcata [3. racemosa B, recurva Mudd, Man. p. 58; Brit. Clad. p. 22. Cladonia furcata var. recurva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60. Cladunia recurva Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p.115. Lichen furcatus B. Lightf. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 882; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45. Coral- loides corniculis breviorihus et crebrioribus Dill. Musc. 104, t. 16. £.27p. Lichennides tubulosum virescens, ramosius et foliosum, sum- mitatibus arcuatis Dill. in Rey, Syn. ed. 3, 67. 19.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 49. The more or less densely squamulose podetia and their recurved apices are the characteristics of this form. In a very young state it sometimes occurs with the basal thallus well-developed and the podetia very short. In our specimens the apothecia are seldom seen. Hab, On the ground in moorlands and on turf-walls in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. Occurs only here and there sparingly in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland—B. M.: Bolt Head and near Torquay, 8. Devon ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Farndale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Cal- liach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Hills of Nigg, Kincardineshire; Glen Muick, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. palamexa Nyl. er Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 91.— Podetia somewhat turgid and curved, noduloso-rngose, usually some- what dilated and subdigitately divided at the apices.— Beeomyecs spinosus j3. palaneus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 359. CLADONIA. J CLADONIEI, 153 A very anomalous form, distinguished by the podetia being rougher and here and there nodulose, as also by the form of their apices. In our British specimens the apothecia are small and but sparingly present. Hab, On the ground in upland localities.—Distr. Very local and scarce in S. and W. England.—B. M..: Near Shiere, Surrey ; Brighton Downs, Sussex; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire. 22. C. pungens Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 156.—'Thallus squa- mulose, evanescent at the base; podetia slender, erect or ascending, much and divaricately branched, glabrous or subverruculose, greyish- or sometimes brownish-white; branches attenuato-subulate and divergenti-furcate at the apices, which are often reddish-brown (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apotbecia small, brownish ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 235; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p- 406, Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 53; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Cladonia furcata 3. pungens Mudd, Man. p. 58, Brit. Clad. p. 23; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.20. . Lichen pungens Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 202, Eng. Bot. t. 2444. Lichen rangiferinus B. sylvaticus Huds. FI. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii, p. 879. Lichen rangiferinus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Coralluides frutiéult specie candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 16. f. 304, Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli sperie candicans, cor- niculis rufescentibus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 15.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 16; Mudd, n. 16 pro parte, Clad. nos. d4, 5; Cromb. n. 123. In general appearance this resembles smaller states of Cladina sylvatica, with which it was frequently confouuded by the older authors. Its affinities, however, are entirely with C. furcata, though, apart from the reaction, there are sufficient diversities in habit and the character of the podetia to entitle ic to rank as a distinct species. It forms densely con- gested and intricate tufts, which sometimes spread extensively. The podetia, which are often of « brownish colour, are rather fragile, small, and attenuate at the subpungent apices. It is comparatively rare in fruit, though in some situations the apothecia are abundant and more or less ‘conglomerate. ; Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Eng- land; apparently much rarer in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Sark. Near Hemsby, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Essex; Esher, Surrey; Shoreham, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Isle of Wiecht; Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance and St. Merryn, Corn- wall; Bretch, Oxfordshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Dovedale, Derbyshire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Delamere Forest, Cheshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; near Ayton and Clitirigg, Cleveland, York- shire; Windermere, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland. New Gal- loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen. Warrenscourt and Macroon, co. Cork. Form 1. nivea Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 55.—Podetia erect, crowded, very white.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45.—Bceomyces pungens 3. niveus Ach, Meth. (1808) p.304. 154 LICHENACEI. [cLaponza. Differs merely in the snow-white colour of the podetia, which become hrownish at the apices. The only British specimens seen are sterile. Hab. On mossy rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Dist. Very local and scarce in N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland— 3B.M.: Windermere, Westmoreland. Head of Loch Creran, Barcaldine. Argyleshire. Form 2. foliosa Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 156.—Podetia erect or decumbent, more or less sprinkled with minute leaflets —Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 54; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cla- donia furcata E. pungens c. foliosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 24. Coral- loides fruticuli specte candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 16. f. 300, p.— Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 56; Leight. n. 374. Except in the foliaceous podetia this form is also entirely similar to the type. It appears to be very rarely fertile, the apothecia when present being usually simple and dark-brown. Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs, in England; not yet seen from Scotland or Ireland.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; Lydd, Kent; Basingstoke, Hants; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shropshire; near Redcar, Yorkshire; near Hartlepool, Dur- ham; Windermere, Westmoreland. Subsp. C. muricata Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Podetia some- what turgid, rugose, sparingly branched, glabrous or squamulese, simple and obtuse or shortly furcate at the apices. Apothecia small, dark-brown.—Cladonia furcata var. muricata Ny]. Syn. i. p. 207. Cenomyce muricata Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 622. Lichen deformis Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 pro parte. Coralluides crassius subincanum, calicibus dentatis Dill. Muse. 95, t.15. f. 18 B (deformed state). Lichenoides tubulosum magis ramosum, maxime difforme Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 68, n. *23.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 369. This is amore robust and less-branched plant, having the podetia either erect or prostrate, with the cortex rugoso-unequal, usually more or less squamulose (form /epidota Del.), and occasionally variously difform. It somewhat resembles states of subsp. C. racemosa, but it has with K the reaction of C. pungens, of which it forms a well-marked subspecies. The apothecia are extremely rare in our British specimens. Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Local, though some- what plentiful where it occurs, in §., Central, and W. England.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey ; Basingstoke, Hants; near Amberley, Sussex; Thetford Road, Gloucestershire; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. 23. C. crispata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 110.—Thallus foliaceous at the base; leaflets small, incised and crenate, greyish- or greenish-white, sometimes evanes- cent; podetia somewhat turgid, glabrous, sometimes 3-4-, usually repeatedly, branched, concolorous or pale-greyish or subspadiccous, CLADONTA.] CLADONIET. 155 the apices and the axils infundibuliform, pervious, the apertures cristate at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown or reddish.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p- 61.—Cladonia furcata u. crispata Mudd, Man. p. 57, Brit. Clad. p. 22. Beomyces turbinatus E. crispatus Ach, Meth. (1803) p. 341. Coralloides perforatum minus, molle et tenue Dill. Muse. 99, t. 16. f, 22 ».— Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 45. Though regarded by some authors as the type of C. furcata, the glabrous proliferous podetia, the characters of their apices and axils, and the cristate margins of the apertures at once separate it from all the varieties and forms of that species and render it specifically distinct. In this country the apothecia are rare, though the spermogones are not unfrequent. Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland and subalpine moorland districts —Distr. Local and rare in N. England and among the Gram- pians, Scotland.—B. M.: Kildale Moor and Lounsdale, Cleveland, York- shire. Ben-y-gloe Mountains, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. C. furcatiformis Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 318.—-Podetia slender, very much branched, ceespitoso-fruticulose, the scyphi cris- tato-ciliate at the margins,—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 12. Distinguished as a subspecies by the characters of the podetia and their scyphi. The only British specimen seen is not very typical, and is quite sterile. Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts.— Distr, Appa- rently extremely local and scarce in N. Kngland, though it no doubt occurs also in the Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Ingleby Park, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. 24. C. cenotea Scher. Spic. (1828) p. 35.—Thallus nearly efo- liolose or with small lobato-crenate squamules at the base; podetia cylindrical, whitish or greyish-pulverulent, repeatedly proliferous, the axils and apices often dilated, scyphoid and pervious, the aper- tures (usually brownish within) denticulate (K—,CaCl—). Apo- thecia small, brown or pale; spores moderate-—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Beomyces cenoteus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 345. The pulverulent podetia, with their pervious axils and apices, readily distinguish this from C. erispata. They are glabrous and corticate at the base, and from being repeatedly proliferous have a branched appearance. In the few British specimens seen the apothecia are very rare. Hab. On putrid stumps of trees in wooded upland situations.— Distr. Very local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland, where it is con- fined apparently to some of the remnants of the old Caledonian Forest.— B.M.: Black Wood of Rannoch, Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Brae- mar, Aberdeenshire. B. glauca Nyl. in Zw. Lich. Heidelb. (1883) p. 12.—Podetia moderate, glaucous, furfuraceous or here and there sprinkled with 106 LICHENACEL. [CLADONIS. minute glaucous squamules, slightly pervious at the axils and lacero- radiate, the apices subulato-furcate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45, xi. p. 113 (ut subsp.).— Cladonia glauca Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 140. Differs perhaps as a subspecies in the colour of the podetia and the form of their apices. In our only two British specimens the podetia are almost entirely furfuraceous, with a few scattered squamules towards the base. The apothecia, which are small, dark-brown, are very rarely present. Hab, Among mosses on putrid stumps in mountainous districts. — Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. Wales and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Glen Creran, Argyleshire. 25. C. scabriuscula Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 447.—Thallus squa- mulose at the base, the squamules small, often evanescent ; podetia cespitose, slender, erect or curved, scabrid, more or less minutely squamulose, divaricately branched, greyish-white, the branches subalternate, recurved and furcate at the apices (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, terminal, brown.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 61.—Cenomyce scabriuscula Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii, (1830) p. 628. This approaches on the one hand subsp. C. racemosa f. recurva (tenwior) and on the other subsp. C. adspersa of the following species. From both, however, it is separated by the podetia and the reaction with K, so that it may with pepe be regarded as holding an intermediate specific place. In our British specimens there are only a few young apothecia. Hab. On mossy rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. Found only in the Channel Islands, 8. W. England, 8. Scotland, and the W. Highlands.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey. Near Beckey Falls, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Linnhe, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. : 26. C. squamosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 125.—Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base; squamules crenate or iuciso- crenate, greyish-white or pale above, white beneath ; podetia cylin- ‘ drical, branched, more or less covered with minute leaflets or furfu- raceous squamules, the axils pervious, dentate and proliferous at the apertures; apices somewhat furcate or, when fertile, radiato- cristate, subcorymbose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, pale or reddish-brown ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 56, Brit. Clad. p. 19; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 66, ed. 3, p. 61.—Scyphophorus sparassus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Cenomyce sparassa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Schasmaria sparassa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 416, Lichen sparassus Eng. Bot. t. 2362.—Brit. Evs,: Mudd, n. 13; Cromb, n. 124; Larb. Cesar. n. 10 pro parte. CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 157 Well distinguished by the minutely foliaceo-squamulose podetia (which in old age become subdenudate) and by their perforate axils with dentate or sublacerate margins. The podetia vary in height from 1] to 3 inches, and are slender or somewhat turgid, simple or repeatedly branched. It is not very common in fruit, but when present the apothecia are cymoso- aggregate, at first plane and margined, at length convex and immarginate. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in wooded, maritime, and upland tracts.— Distr. General, and usually plentiful where it occurs, chiefly in the hilly and mountainous regions of Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Noirmont Bay, Island of Jersey. Epping Forest, Essex; near Beckey Falls, Devonshire; St. Breock, Corn- wall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Ar- gyleshire; Bracklin Bridge, Rannoch, and Loch Tay, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods and Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Black Mountain, near Bel‘ast, co. Antrim; Doneraile Mts., co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. ventricosa Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 231.—Podetia stont, subventricose, the axils and apices dilated, open, infundibuliform.— Mudd, Man. p. 56, Brit. Clad. p.19; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.— Beomyces sparassus (3. ventricosus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 347.—- Lichen ventricosus Huds., as will subsequently be seen, is not, as supposed by authors, referable to this form.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 40. Probably this is to be regarded as but a more robust state of the type (with which it is sometimes confluent) depending upon the nature of the habitat. The podetia are much branched, with the branches often as if scyphiform. It is but sparingly seen fertile. Hab. Among mosses on moist rocks in wooded upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, N. England, and the 8.W. High- lands of Scotland.—B. M.: Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Form 2. cucullata Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.— Thallus with the squamules at the baye and on the podetia minute, narrowly laciniate, crenulate and cucullato-revolute.—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soe., Bot. xvii. p. 558; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.— Ceno- myce cucullata Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 626. Cladonia squamosa B. microphylla Mudd, Man. p. 56. Coralloides seyphi- forme foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 12 p.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 14, Clad. nos. 33, 50. Differs in the form of the smaller squamules, which give it a rather fine appearance. In the British specimens the podetia are usually short and sterile, rarely more elongate and fertile. Hab, On mossy boulders and putrid trunks in wooded upland districts. —Distr. Local and rare in W. and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, the W. Ilighlands, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Withiel, Cornwall ; 158 LICHENACEI. [craponra. Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tong- land, Kirkeudbrightsbire; Appin, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness- shire. Leenane, near Kylemore, co. Galway. Subsp. C. adspersa Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.— Podetia moderate, somewhat slender, squamuloso-furfuraceous, sparingly branched ; branches subsimple, usually recurved, subulate or furcately divided at the apices (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, dark-brown.—Cladonia adspersa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360. Cladonia fureata var. adspersa Flérke, Deutsch. Lich. (1821) n. 198; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 61. Though regarded by authors as belunging to C. furcata, var. recurva of which it closely approaches, Nylander now refers this to (\ sguamosa as a subspecies well characterized by the podetia. With us, as elsewhere, the apothecia are very rare, but the spermogones are frequent. Hab. Among mosses in woods and on shady rocks in upland districts. —Distr. Local in England and Ireland; more general in the Highlands of Scotland.—B, M.: Shanklin Downs, Isle of Wight; Epping Forest, Essex ; near Oxford ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Inglismaldie Wocds, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen, and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Connemara, co. Galway. 27. C. subsquamosa Ny]. ev Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 560.—Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base; squamules small, inciso-crenate, pale or greyish-green above, white beneath ; podetia somewhat short or more elongate, branched, minutely squa- mulose in the lower portion, granulate above, furcate, or radiato- cristate and subcorymbose at the apices (K+ yellow and then crim- son, CaCl—). Apothecia small, reddish-brown.—Cladonia delicata var. subsquamosa Ny]. ex Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. (1866) p. 407; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 59, ed. 3, p. 55.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 14; Larb. Cesar. n. 10 pro parte ; Leight. n. 405; Bohl. n. 16, A somewhat variable plant, approaching in some of its smaller states C. delicata, with which it agrees in the thalline reaction. In its larger states again it is subsimilar to C. sguamosa, from which it can rightly be distinguished only on the application of K. The apothecia in our speci- mens are rarely present. Hab. On rotten stumps of trees and among mosses in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Rather local in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, among the Grampians, and in E. and W. Ireland.—B. M.: Noirmont Bay, Island of Jersey. Ightham Com- mon, Kent; Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Penzance, Cornwall; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Kildale and Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland ; Bellingham Woods, North- umberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inver- ness-shire. Kelly’s Glen, near Dublin; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Leenane, Connemara, co. Galway. CLADONIA. | CLADONIET. 159 Form tumida Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Podetia turgid, ventricose, the axils and apices dilated, infundibuliform. This is analogous to form ventricosa of C. squamosa, with which but for the reaction it might readily be confounded. It is apparently but rarely fertile. Hab. On moist shady rocks among mosses in upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and in the S.W. Highlands.—B. M.: High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyle- shire. 28. C. asperella Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Thallus squamulose at the base, the syuamules minute, inciso-crenate, sub- evanescent; podetia elongate, slender, erect, whitish or greyish- white, glabrous, squamulose or furfuracoo-pulverulent, proliferously and variously branched, the axils and apices pervious, denticulate (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, conglomerate, brown.—Cladonia squamosa {3. asperella Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 182; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 20.—To this fide Nyl. is referable also Cenomyce speciosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 626.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 41. From subspecies C. adspersa, which it closely resembles, this differs in the erect podetia and their fasciculate branches, which are subulate or truncate at the apices. It may thus with propriety. be regarded as » distinct species rather than as a subspecies of C. squumosa. In the very few British specimens the podetia, which are 2-33 in. long, are sparingly foliiferous throughout, with the apothecia rarely present. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and heaths in upland districts—Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in N. England.—B. M. : Stogdale, Cleve- lan, Yorkshire. Form polychonia Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Podetia glabrous and furfuraceo-pulverulent, the axils dilated and radiato- proliferous.—Cladonia squamosa f. polychonia Flérke, Clad. (1828) p- 136; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 20.—Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, Clad. n, 42. Differs in the absence of any folioles on the podetia (except occasionaliy towards their base) and in the form of the axils, The apothecia are very rare. Hab, On the ground in upland heaths.—Distr. Rare and local in N. England; probably to be detected elsewhere.—B.M.: Baysdale, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. 29, C. cespititia Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 8.—Thallus squamulose- foliaceous at the base; leaflets small, ascending, laciniato-lobed, crenate or eroso-lacerate at the margin, densely ceespitoso-congested, pale-green above, white beneath; podetia very short, naked, cylin- drical, simple or divided, pale (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia conglo- merate either on the podetia or on the leaflets, flesh-coloured or reddish; spores 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—-Cladonia squamosa subsp. cespititia Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.20. Cladonia squamosa e, cerspititia Mudd, Man. p. 57, 160 LICHENACET. [cLaDonta. Brit. Clad. p. 21. Cladonia pyvidata var. cespititia Leight. Lich. FI. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57. Scyphophorus ceespititius Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p- 236; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 417. Lichen ceespititius Eng. Bot. t. 1796. Beeomyces ceespititius Pers. in Ust. Ann. i. (1794) p. 155. — Brit. Eas.: Mudd, Clad. n. 44; Larb. Cesar. n. 2; Bohl. n. 72; Leight. n. 368. Though appearing as if descending from C. sguamosa, yet preserving as it constantly does its own type, this may rightly be regarded as a distinct species. At first sight, as observed by Nylander (Syn. p. 210), it looks almost as if it were a foliolose species of Beumyces, or, when the apothecia are sessile, as if it were a squamulose Lectdea with reddish apothecia. When more developed, it forms erect imbricate tufts of moderate size, and when less developed and with the squamules more scattered (terri- cole) it is rather widely expanded. The podetia, which arise from the upper surface of the laciniz, are naked or occasionally subverrucose, and often so short that the apothecia and the spermogones are apparently sessile on the leaflets. Hab, Among mosses on the trunks of trees and on rocks, on thatched roofs, and also on the bare ground in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain; rare in 8. and W. Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Belcroute Bay, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex ; Hornsey Wood, Middlesex; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near Beckey Falls, S. Devon; St. Breward, Cornwall; Oaksey, Wiltshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire; near Matlock, Derbyshire; Stableford, Shrop- shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Beaumaris, Island cf Anglesea; Cliff- rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Loch Linuhe, Inverness-shire. Dunscombe Wood, co. Cork; Killamey, co. Kerry. 30. C. delicata Florke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 7.—Thallus ceespitosely foliaceous at the base; leaflets minute, narrowly eroso- laciniate, granulato-leprose at the margin, greenish-white or brownish- grey; podetia short, slender, somewhat thickened upwards, simple or shortly divided at the apices, granulato-furfuraceous or minutely squamulose (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia generally conglo- merate, brown or pale; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,0]0-15 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 58, ed. 3, p.55.—Cladonia squamosa §. delicata Mudd, Man. p. 56. Helopodiwm delicatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 416. Lichen delicatus Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. (1793) n. 247; Eng. Bot. t. 2052. Scyphophorus parasiticus (Hoffm.) Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Ceno- myce parasitica Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 15, Clad. n. 43; Leight. n. 382. From the preceding species, to states of which it bears considerable resemblance, this is distinguished by the microphylline thallus, the sub- leprose margins of the leaflets, and the grahulate or squamulose podetia. More especially, however, and at once, it may with certainty be recog- nized by the reaction with K. In suitable habitats it spreads somewhat extensively, and is generally fertile. The apothecia are small, but are seldom seen simple. CLADONIA. | CLADONIETL. 161 Hab. On rotten rails and stumps of trees in upland districts — Distr. Somewhat scarce, occurring here and there throughout England, rare in S. Scotland and in the 8. and W. Highlands; not yet seen from Treland.—B. M.: Edgefield, Norfolk; Chelsfield, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Crown East Wood, near Worcester ; Aymestry, Herefordshire ; Bagot’s Park, Staffordshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire ; Easby Wood and Kildale, Cleveland, York- shire; Wastdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Killin, Perthshire. B. ERYTHROCARP.A.—Apothecia scarlet. 31. C. coccifera Schwr. Spic. (1823) p. 24.—Thallus squamulose or subfoliaceous at the base; squamules somewhat firm, crenate or incised, greyish-green ; podetia somewhat short, glabrous, unequally granuloso-corticate, subsimple, scyphiferous, greenish- or whitish- yellow; scyphi subregular, dilated (Kf+ yellow, K(CaCl)+ yellow). Apothecia sessile or pedicellate, often confluent; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114; Mudd, Man. p. 60, t.i. f. 11 pro parte; Brit. Clad. p. 28 pro parte. Scyphophora coccifera Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Cenomyce coccifera Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81 pro parte. Lichen cocctferus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1151; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 866; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p- 39; Eng. Bot. t. 2051. Cladonia cornucopioides Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66, ed. 3, p. 62. Coratlloides scy- phiforme, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Muse. 82, t. 14. f. 7a-r, 6-1. Lichenoides tubulosum pyaxidatum, tuberculis ameene coceinets Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 35.—Lichen cornucopioides Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1151 (post cocciferum), according to the specimen in his own Herb., is not referable to this plant.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 23, Clad. nos. 65, 66; Leight. n. 404 & 375 pro parte; Bohl. n. 40. In various respects this resembles C. pyaidata of the preceding section, but is at once distinguished by the scarlet apothecia, which, however, in old age (and also in herbaria) frequently become denigrate. When sterile, the colour of the podetia, the less dilated antine of the scyphi, and the chemical reactions prevent it from being confounded with pyai- data. It is a somewhat variable species with respect to the podetia, which are either regular and simple (stemmatina Ach.), or proliferous from the margins (ertensa Ach.), occasionally becoming in old plants costate. The basal squamules are sometimes small or rarely subeva- nescent. When fertile the apothecia are occasionally expanded and nearly cover the whole interior of the scyphi. Hab, On sterile soil and turf-walls, chiefly upon moorlands from mari- time to subalpine tracts—Distr. General and not uncommon in most arts of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. : tie Gouffre, Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; St. Breward_ and near Wadebridge, Cornwall; Shotover Hill, Berks; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Battersby Moor, Ayton Moor, and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; the Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud- M 162 LICHEN ACE]. [cLADONIA, brightshire ; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, near Tummel Bridge, and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Countesswells, and Scotston Moor, near Aberdeen, Glen Clunie and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Done- raile Mts., co. Cork; Side Devis, near Belfast, co. Antrim; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. asotea Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 29.—Podetia obco- nico-scyphiform ; seyphi proliferous (or aggregato-proliferous) from the centre.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Scyphophora asotea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Beomyces cocciferus y. asoteus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 332. Coralloides scyphiforme, tubercults coceineis Dill. Muse. 82, t. 14. f. 7 R-m. This differs in the form of the podetia, whicli are often phyllophorous, _ and in the prolifications of the scyphi, which are sometimes 2-3 repeated, and thus present an analogy to those of C. sobolifera. As observed, how- ever, by Acharius, Syn. p. 269, it grows along with the type and probably occurs on the same thallus, so that it can be considered only as a form. In our British specimens the apothecia are generally expanded. Hab. On penty coil among mosses in mountainous districts.—Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in N. England, and among the Central and N, Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Alston Moors, Cumberland. Ran- noch, Perthshire; Head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. cornucopioides Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 71.— Podetia somewhat short, more or less squamoso-foliaceous ; scyphi proliferous both from the centre and the margins, foliiferous. Apo- thecia conglomerate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Scyphophorus asotea B. cornucopioides Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428. Cenomyce coc- cifera B. cornucopioides Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen cornuco- pioides Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 860 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40 pro parte. Beomyces cornu- eoptoides Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 3383. Cladonia cocctfera e phyllo- coma Florke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed. 3, p. 62.—Brit. Ews.; Mudd, n. 23 pro parte, Clad. n. 67; Leight. n. 375 pro parte. In the prolifications of the scyphi this unites in itself the position of those of the type (ertensa) and of form asotea. Its most characteristic mark is the development of the podetial squamnules into folioles on the margins of the scyphi, crowning as it were the usually crowded apothecia. Hab, Among mosses on boulders and walls in upland movntainons situations.—Destr. Rather local and scarce in N. England, S, Scotland, and among the Grampians.—B.M.: Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Battersby Moor and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Rannoch, Perthshire; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. 6. incrassata Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 71.—Thallus minutely squamulose and yerrucose at the base; podetia short, ver- rucoso-grauulate, simple and subcylindrical or sparingly divided at CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 163 the incrassate apices ; scyphi not (or scarcely) developed. Apothecia small, crowded.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92.—Cladonia inerassata Flirke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 21. Cladonia macilenta form deminuta Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115. This apparently descends from C. coccifera, of which it is probably only a peculiar and diminutive condition. The podetia are usually about 2 lines, rarely 3 in. high, with the scvphi either not at all developed or very narrow. The apvthecia are numerous, becoming at length more or less contluent. wa Hab. On peaty soil and putrid stumps of trees in mountainous districts. —Distr. Found only sparingly in the 8.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire, Subsp. C. pleurota Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Pode- tia turbinato-scyphiferous, pulverulent, yellowish-white or pale- greenish ; scyphi dilated, subentire or rarely proliferous at the margins. Apothecia solitary, subpedicellate—Cladonia cornuco- ptordes subsp. pleurota Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21. Cladonia cornuco- proides form pleurota Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed.3, p. 62. Cladonia coccifera B. pleurota Mudd, Man. p. 60; y.deformis b. pleurota Brit. Clad. p. 30. Scyphophora pleurota Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 424. Capitularia pleurota Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, p. 218. Seypho- phorus cocciferus Hook. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240. Though sometimes regarded as a variety of C. deformis, its affinity is undoubtedly with C. coccifera, to which it holds a somewhat analogous relation as C. fimbriata to C. pyxidata. Since, however, as pointed out by Nylander, Lich. Scand. p. 59, it occurs also with the podetia corticate at the base, it can scarcely be regarded as a distinct species. The podetia in states with larger scyphi have the margin at length sinuate and radiate. With us it is only smaller and less typical states that are usually seen, and the apothecia are rarely present. Hub. On the ground among mosses in shady places, on moorlands, and in woods in upland districts—Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, the W. and N. Grampians, Scotland, and 8.W. Treland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Breward, Cornwall; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co, Kerry. 32. C. bellidiflora Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 95.—Thallus foliaceo- syuamose at the base; leaflets somewhat firm, variously divided or crenato-incised, straw-coloured above, white beneath; podetia cor- ticate, subsimple, squamoso-foliaceous, cylindrical, or scyphiterous, often somewhat ventricose in the middle, straw-coloured or greyish- green ; scyphi narrow, sometimes divided when not rightly deve- loped (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat large, often conglo- merate; spores 0,009-11 mm. long, about 0,0035 mm. thick.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72, ed. 3, p. 65. _Cladonia cocerfera 3. bellidiflora Mudd, Man. p. 60, Brit. Clad. p. 29. Scyphophorus bellidiflorus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 424. Cenomyce bellidiflora Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Lichen bellidiflorus Ach. Prodr, mu 2 164 LICHEN ACE1. [CLADONIA. (1798) p. 194; Eng. Bot. t. 1894. Lichen cornutus «. Lightf. Fl. Ncot. ii. p. 876. Coralloides viv ramosum, seyphis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15.f. 14%. Coralloides scyphiforme, ossis femoris facie Dill. Muse. 91, t. 15. f£. 15.—To this also is referable Cladonia vestita Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xix. (1867) p. 117, Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed. 3, p. 62. From C. coceifera this differs in the longer (2-3 in.), slender, and more squamulose podetia, as also in the absence of any chemical reactions. As observed, however, by Fries fil. (Lich. Scand. p. 65), specimens from more arctic regions are with K (CaCl) distinctly yellowish. This is also occasionally the case with specimens growing at high altitudes on the Scottish mountains, whence C. vestita Leight., which is nothing typical, and differs in the diagnosis from var. vestita Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 541. The basal squamules or leaflets are often glaucous and occasionally some- what large, while the podetia are frequently brownish at the base and sometimes proliferous. The apothecia are usually numerous, of a fine scarlet colour, though occasionally, as in the other species of this section, becoming denigrate. Hab, On peaty soil among mosses in upland, but chiefly in subalpine and alpine districts of mountainous regions.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. and N. England and N. Wales; more frequent among the Scottish Givampians ; doubtful in E. Ireland—B. M.: Hustyn Down, Cornwall ; Diffwys, near Barniouth, Merionethshire; the Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and-Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Loch Phadrig in Glen Callater, and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form 1. gracilenta Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 99.—Podetia elon- gate, slender, branched ; scyphi dilated, dentato-radiate ut the mar- gins, substerile—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21.—Cladonia coccifera 3. bellidiflora b. gracilenta Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 29. Cenomyce coeco- cephala & gracilenta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 542. Differs only in having the podetia more slender, branched (2-4 divided), and in being substerile, with the apothecia seldom rightly developed. Hah, On the ground in subalpine moorlands.—Distr. Apparently local and scarce in N. England, and among the Central and N. qettish Gram- piaus.—B. M.: Kilhope Law, Northumberland. Rannoch, Perthshire ; near co Phadrig, Glen Callater, and on Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. $B. Hookeri Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 221.—Podetia glabrous, unequally corticate, esquamulose, or occasionally here and there with a few small squamules. Apothecia large—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p- 114.—Cladonia Hookeri Tuck. Syn. (1845) p. 55. Characterized by the naked or almost entirely naked podetia. In the only British specimen seen these are about 1 in. high, robust, entirely esquamulose, with the apothecia somewhat large, conglomerate, and having a few minute squamules intermixed. Hab. On the ground in subalpine mvorlands.—Diéstr. Very local and rare, having been seen only from one locality among the N, Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.. Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. CLADONIA. | CLADONTET, 165 33. C. deformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 120.—Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base; leaflets moderate or somewhat large, pale-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia elongate, turgid, simple, efoliolose, tubzformi-scyphiferous, sulphureo-pulverulent ; scyphi regular or difform, crenato-dentate or irregularly proliferous at the margins (Kf+ yellowish, K(CaCl)+yellow). Apothecia dis- crete or conglomerate; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 68, ed. 3, p. 63.—Cladonia coceifera 6. deformis Mudd, Man. p. 61, Brit. Clad. p. 80. Scyphophorus deformis Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 244; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442. Cenomyce deformis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen deformis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152; Eng. Bot. t. 1894.—Lichen deformis of Hudson and our older authors is referable to the next species..—Brit. Has.: Mudd, n. 25, Clad. n. 68; Bohl. n. 39. From var. pleureta of C. cornucopivides, with which it is comparable, this is distinguished by the elongate, more turgid, and differently coloured podetia. These are sometimes nearly fissured throughout, more or less corticate, and when sterile are cornute. The apothecia, which are at length conglomerate, are very rare in Great Britain, and are seldom seen rightly developed. Hab. On the ground among heaths in wooded upland tracts.— Distr’. Not very general nor common in W. and N. England, more frequent among the Scottish Grampians, especially in Braemar; not seen from Treland—B. M.: Hay Coppice, Herefordshire; Guisboro’ Moor and Loundsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perth- shire; Linn of Dee, Ben-naboord, and Loch Phadrig, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire; near Forres, Elginshire. Form 1. gonecha Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 222. —Podetia longer, gradually incrassate upwards from the base; the scyphi dilated, irregular, lacero-radiate. Apothecia somewhat large, confluent.— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Beomyces deformis y. gonechus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 335. This form is characterized by the larger, turgid podetia, and by the irregular form of the scyphi. The only British specimens gathered are sterile. Hab. On peaty soil amongst stunted heaths on subalpine moorlands.— Distr. Very local and rare among the N. Grampians and in the N.W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire; Ben Ferrog, Inverness-shire. Form 2. pulvinata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 60.—Thallus pulvinato-congested at the base, the podetia short, narrow, curvate- flexuose and lacero-fissured, substerile-—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46. —Cenomyce pulvinata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 544. The small pulvinate basal thallus, consisting of minute imbricate leaf- lets, and the less developed, curved, and fissured podetia are the dis- tinctive marks of this form, which, however, is connected with the type by intermediate states. It is mever seen with the apothecia rightly developed. 166 LICHENACEI. [ctaponra. Hab. On peaty soil and decayed trunks of trees in upland situations.— Distr. Found only in N. England and among the Scottish Grampians. —B. M.: Eglestone, Durham. Rannoch and Craig-y-barns, Dunkeld, Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothie- muichus Woods, Inverness-shire. 34. C. digitata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 124.—Thallus foliaceous at the base, the leaflets roundly lobed or crenato-incised, pale-green above, beneath whitish and usually pulverulent ; podetia subcylindrical, simplish, rarely divided, scyphiferous, white- or yellow-pulverulent in the upper portion, corticate and subrugulose at the base; scyphi usually narrow, the margin incurved, entire or irregularly divided and shortly proliferous (K+yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small and discrete, or large and confluent; spores 0,009- 11 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69, ed. 3, p. 63.—Cladonia coccifera e. digitata et E. digitato-radiata Mudd, Man. p. 61, ¢. digitata Brit. Clad. p. 32. Scyphophora digitata Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 422. Lichen digitatus Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152. Lichen deformis Huds, Fl. Angl. p. 458 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p- 38. Coralloides crasstus subincanum, calicibus dentatis Dill. Muse. 95, t. 15. f-18 4 (atypica)—Lichen digitatus of our older authors is not this, but a variety of the following species.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 76 (juvenilis). From the preceding this is distinguished by its different habit, the colour of the more corticate podetia, and the incurved margin of the scyphi. It is often somewhat macrophyllous at the base. The podetia, which are 1-2 in. long, not unfrequeutly arise from the margins or the surface of the leaflets, and are either naked or with a few smaller and scattered leaflets chiefly towards the base or at the apices. In sterile specimens they are often cornute or subulate. With us the apothecia are rare, Hab. On putrid trunks of trees among mosses in wooded upland districts—Drstr. Local and rather scarce in W. and N. England, N. Wales, and among the W. and N. Scottish Grampians; not seen from Treland.—B. M.: Malvern, Worcestershire; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth- shire; Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Barcaldine, Argvleshire ; Glen Muick and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, and by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Form 1. brachytes Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 61.—Thallus large at the base; podetia short, simple, somewhat slender; scyphi regular, narrow. Apothecia small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46.— Beomyces bacillaris {. brachytes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 329. Differs in the more developed basal thallus and in the slender, narrow, usually substerile podetia. Our British specimens are only sparingly spermogoniiferous, Hab. On old fir-trunks in upland wooded districts.— Distr, Found only among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI, 167 Form 2. cerucha Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 61.—-Podetia simple, subventricose, slightly attenuate at the apices; scyphi minute, narrow.— Gromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46. —Ceromyce digitata c. cerucha Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 268. The more turgid and almost cornute podetia and the very small narrow scyphi distinguish this form from the type. It is very rarely seen with the apothecia well developed, but occurs for the most part in a spermogoniiferous or substerile condition. flab. Among mosses on putrid stumps in upland woeded districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in N. England, 8. Scotland, and the N. Grampians.—B. M.: Windermere, Westmoreland, |New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 3. monstrosa Nyl. Lich. Seand. (1861) p. 61.—Podetia large, thickened, the seyphi difform and divided, shortly branched or subproliferous. Apothecia moderate.—Cromb. Greviliea, xi. p. 114. —Scyphophora digitata B. monstrosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 422. Cenomyce digitata e. monstrosa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 268. Evidently but an accidental monstrosity, characterized by the more turgid podetia and the abnormal form of the scyphi. In the few British specimens the apothecia are but sparingly present. 7 Hab. On decaying trunks of trees in wooded mountainous districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:. Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness- shire. 35. C. macilenta Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 126.—Thallus squamuloso-foliaceous at the base, the squamules small, incised or crenato-lobed, glaucous-greenish or glaucous-greyish above, white beneath; podetia cylindrical, slender, simple or sometimes shortly divided at the apices, ascyphous or rarely narrowly and minutely scyphiferous, whitish-pulverulent (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, terminal, solitary or tuberculoso-confluent.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21, Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Cladonia digitata subsp. macilenta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69, ed. 3, p. 63. Lichen macilentus Ehrh. Pl. Crypt. (1793) nu. 257. Cladonia coccifera n. macienta c. filiformis Mudd, Man. p. 62, Brit. Clad. p.32. Cenomyce filuformis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 239; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Lichen filiformis Relh, in Eng. Bot. t. 2028; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38. Seypho- phora bacillaris Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 422 pro parte. Lichen tubi- formis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 871 pro parte. Coralloides via ramosum, scyphis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 4.—Coralloides scyphis gracilibus tubiformibus, Pedicularis folio Dill. Muse. 85, t. 14. f. 10 8.— Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, nos. 26 pro parte, 29, Clad. n. 75; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 283. In its typical state this is distinguished from the preceding by the smaller basal squamules, which are esurediate beneath, and by the slender ascyphous or minutely scyphiferous podetia, which are pulverulent throughout. It is very variable as to the basal thallus and the pode- tia, the differences in which give rise to the following varieties and 168 TICHENACEL. [cLaDONTA. forms. The apothecia are not very common in a rightly developed con- dition. Hab. Among mosses on old trunks of trees and on the ground in wooded upland districts——Distr. General and not uncommon in most parts of Great Britain, rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland. —B.M.: Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants; ae Devonshire ; near Withiel, Cornwall; Bradgate Park, Leicestershire ; Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Ayton and Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Barcal- dine, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Craig-y-Barns near Dunkeld, and Falls of Bruar, Perthshire; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling; Craig Cluny, . : ta Oo? . Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Form 1. styracella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Thallus foliolose at the base, the leaflets minute, thin, lobed, subimbricate or somewhat scattered; podetia simple, slender, subuliform, white- pulverulent, the scyphi very minute with entire margin. Apothecia not seen rightly developed.cCromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Beo- myces bacillaris y. styracellus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 330. Cladonia coccifera e. macilenta f. subulata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 32.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 74; Leight. n. 297. Differs chiefly in the thinly lobed basal folioles and in the simj1 r podetia, which are attenuate upwards. The minute scyphi are rarely present, and the apothecia occur only in a young state. Hab. On mossy trunks of old trees in mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and rare in S., W., and N. England, more frequent among the Scottish Grampians; rare in the Channel Islands and in S.W. Ireland. — B. M.: Island of Jersey. Withiel, Cornwall; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Nesscliff, Shropshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Tum- mel, Perthshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Turk Mt., Killamey, co. Kerry. Form 2. clavata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 334.—Podetia thickish, simple, subventricose, cornute at the apices, white-pulverulent. Apo- thecia few, minute.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Subsp. Cladonia macilenta f. clavata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p. 64. Beeomyces deformis 6. clavatus Ach, Meth. (1803) p. 334. Cladonia coccifera e. macilenta 1. monstrosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 33. Lichen cornutus f. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876. Coralloides vix ramosum scyphis obscuris Dill. Musc. 90, t. 15. f. 143, c.— Brit. Fvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 79; Leight. n. 403. This form is as it were only a more turgid state of the preceding, with which also it agrees in the length of the clavato-ventricose podetia (though these are sometimes thick and stunted), which render it easily distinguished. It is apparently everywhere extremely rare with rightly developed apothecia. Hab. On the ground among mosses on heaths and on the dead stumps of trees in wooded upland districts —Distr. Found only in 8., W.,and N. England, N. Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Long Mynd, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. CLADONIA. | CLADONIET. 169 Form 3. scolecina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Thalius with the basal squamules minute, greyish, partly granulose or gra- nuloso-dissolved ; podetia very short, somewhat ventricoso-subulate, greyish-granulose. Apothecia minute, solitary or 2-3-aggregate.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21, Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Baomyces scolecinus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 324, t. 7. f. 2. A well-marked form distinguished by the short podetia (2-3 lines in height) and by the granulose squamules. The apothecia, which Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. B13) erroneously describes as “brown,” are apparently extremely rare; so that the plant is generally spoken of as sterile. Hab, On old decaying pales and dead wood of trees in lowland and upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8. and Central Envgland.— B. M.: Walthamstow, Essex ; Chichester, Sussex; New Forest, Hants ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire. Var. 3. scabrosa Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 357.—Thallus granuloso-squamulose at the base; squamules greyish or glaucous, beneath white; podetia short, cylindrical, simple or short and variously divided above, ascyphous, greyish- white or glaucous, entirely granuloso-rugose. Apothecia small, discrete or confluent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cladonia coc- cifera ¢. macilenta e. scubrosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 32.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 73. Well characterized by the crowdedly rugose basal and podetial squa- mules, which give it a peculiarly scabrid appearance. The podetia are from } to 3 in. long, of moderate thickness, and often divided towards the apices. In the simple podetia the apothecia are rarely present ; but in those more divided they are frequent and numerous, Hab. On putrid stumps and on turf-walls in wooded upland tracts.— Distr, Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. England and N. Wales, but more frequent among the Scottish Grampians; not seen from Ireland. —B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex; Ardingly, Sussex; near Bodmin, Comwall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Dolgelly, Mericnethshire ; Bridel Gill, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Ar- gyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, . Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form intumescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 46.—Podetia more elongate, turgid, densely and coarsely granulato-squamulose, simple and rarely obscurely scyphiferous at the apices.— Cladonia macilenta form inerassata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92. Differs in the much thicker podetia, which are from } to 1 in. in length. They are also occasionally obscurely scyphoid at the apices, the scyphi being coarsely granular within. When present the apothecia are minute and discrete. Hab. On turf-walls in shady upland situations.—Distr. Found only among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. y. coronata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Thallus folioloso-squamulose at the base, the leaflets pale-greenish above, 170 LICHENACEI. [CLADONTA, multifid and crenate; podetia somewhat thickish, pulverulent and squamulose, either digitately branched or with narrow proliferous scyphi at the apices. Apothecia moderate, or smaller aud conglo- merate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46.—Baomyces digttatus B. coro- natus Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 333. Cladonia diyitata var. macilenta f. polydactyla (Florke) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p. 64, et forma coronata p. 65.—Cladonia coccifera n. macilenta A. polydactyla Mudd, Man. p. 62, Brit. Clad. p. 32. Scyphophorus digitatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240. Cenomyce digitata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen digitatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 89; Eng. Bot. 2439. Lichen pywidatus e. digitatus Huds. Fi. Angl. p. 457. Coralloides cornucopioides incanum, scyphis cristatis Dill. Muse. 94, t. 15. f. 17 a.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 274; Mudd, nos. 27, 28, Clad. nos. 77, 78, 72 pro parte; Bohl. nos. 7, 8. Often confused with C. digitata, from which it is well distinguished by the podetia. It differs from the other varieties and forms of this species in the more developed basal leaflets, and in the more or less squamuloso- foliaceous podetia, which are either ascyphous and digitately branched, or apically narrowly scyphiferous and proliferous. It usually occurs well- ' fruited. Hab. Among mosses on the ground, on boulders, and about the roots of old trees in wooded upland districts.—Distr. General and usually plentiful where it occurs in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain, and probably also of Ireland.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Ivy Bridge and near Totness, Devonshire; near Bodmin, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Barmouth, Jolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Baysdale, Ingleby, Lounsdale, and Kildale, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Falls of Bruar, and Loch Rannoch, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway; Devis Mt., co. Antrim. Form 1. ventricosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 46.—Podetia thick, somewhat turgid above, narrowly scyphiferous, variously branched at the margins. Apothecia not seen rightly developed. Lichen ventricosus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 457; Lightf. FI. Scot. ii. p. 875; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 88. Coralloides cornucopioides -incanum, scyphis cristatis Dill. Muse. 94, t. 15. f. 17 8, c.—Though there is no specimen of Lichen ventricosus in any of the old herbaria, yet from their references to the figure of Dillenius there is little doubt that this was the plant intended by the above authors.” This seems to be only a larger and thicker form of var. coronata, some- what analogous to form monstrosa of the preceding species. As Lightfoot 1. c. remarks, “it resembles in miniature a pollard tree with its lop on.” Tn the only recent British specimen seen referable to this form, as in that in Herb, Dill., there are no apothecia visible, but only decolorate spermo- gones. Hab, On peaty soil in upland moorlands.—Distr. Local and scarce in CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 17) N. England, but no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Form 2. carcata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Podetia moderate, granulato-pulverulent and partly squamulose, simple or subdivided at the apices; apothecia solitary or conglomerate.— Cromb. Tich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70 pro ‘parte, ed. 3, p. 64 pro parte (¢fr. Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115).—? Cenomyce earcata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 568. The original specimen gathered in England by Turner having disap- peared from Herb, Ach., at Helsingfors, it is very doubtful what Acharius really meant by his carcata, which in Syn. p. 266 he refers to Cenomyce bacillaris as a vaviety. If really referable to this latter, Nylander suggests in litt. that it may be the same as his var. subcoronata. Probably, however, it is nothing very typical, and if belonging to the present variety, is only a simpler condition, and such as sometimes occurs in this country. Hab. On mossy boulders in wooded mountainous districts.—Distr. Very local and scarce (at least in its more characteristic state) in S.W. and N. England and the Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, 8. Devon; Wark, Northumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Falls of Bruar, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. 5. ostreata Nyl. Lich. Par. (1855) n. 108, Syn. i. p. 225. —Thallus with the basal squamules ascending, subimbricate, usually. subrotundate, white-pulverulent at the margin and on the under surface; podetia small, white-pulverulent, the scyphi narrow. Apothecia minute, very rare.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cla- donia digitata var. macilenta {. ostreatiformis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p. 64.— Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 69; Leight. n. 371. Readily recognized by the basal sqnamules bearing a very considerable resemblance to those of Lecidea ostreata, from which when sterile it is distinguished by the different reaction with K. In our British specimens the podetia are usually short, somewhat cornute at the apices, or when better developed narrowly scyphiferous. The apothecia are extremely rare, though the spermogones are not unfrequent. Hab. On old mossy stumps of trees in upland wooded districts.— Distr. Found sparingly only here and there throughout England.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; New Forest, Hants; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 36. C. bacillaris Nyl. ew Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ., Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 559.—Thallus minutely squamulose at the base; squa- mules incised and crenate, greyish-white above, white beneath; podetia slender, cylindrical, simple or shortly branched at the apices, very rarely narrowly scyphiferous, greyish-white, granuloso-pulve- rulent (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, discrete or contluent— Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cladonia Floerkiana var. bacillaris Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 417 pro parte; Lich. Fl. p. 71, ed. 3, p. 65 pro parte. Cladonia Floerkiana var. bacillaris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21. Scyphophora baciilaris Gray, Art. i. p. 422 pro parte. Bwomyces bacillaris Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 329. 172 LICHENACEI, [cLaDonIa. Cladonia coccifera e. macilenta a. clavate Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 31. Coralloides ramulosum, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Musc. 96, t. 15. f. 19 c.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 70; Bohl. n. 80. From C. macilenta (typical), to which it is similar and with which it has usually been confounded, this species is at once separated by the absence of any reaction with K. In other respects it differs in the podetia being more slender and granuloso-pulverulent. Our British specimens are but rarely well fertile. Hab. On the bare ground and turf-walls in upland situations.—-Distr. Seen only from a few localities in 8. England, the Scottish Grampians, and N.W. Ivreland.—B.M.: Bournemouth, Hampshire; Wadebridge, Cornwall. Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Hills at Nigg, Kincardineshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Kylemore, co. Galway. Form pityropoda Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 115.— Podetia somewhat thick, granuloso-rugose, simple or shortly divided at the apices. This form, which is distinguished by the thicker and coarsely granulose podetia, is analogous to var. seabrosa of Cl. macilenta. Our British spe- cimens are for the most part well-fruited. Hab. On the ground and turf-walls in upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, among the Grampians, Scotland, and in N. Treland.—B. M.: Kildale Moor, Cleveland, orkshire. Appin, Argyle- shire; Rannoch, Perthshire. Colin Glen, near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Con- nemara, co. Galway. Var. 8. subcoronata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 92. —Podetia thickish, granulato-squamulose, somewhat simple or digi- tately branched towards the apices.—Coralloides ramulosum, tuber- culis coccineis Dill. Muse. 96, t. 15. f. 19 4, n.—Lichen digitatus pro parte as it appears of our older authors.— Brit. Ewvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 72 pro parte. Differs in the podetia being more or less squamulose and often digi- tately divided, so that it has a considerable resemblance to states of var. eee of the preceding species. The British specimens seen are well fertile, Hab. On the ground in upland moorlands —Distr. Local and rare in S.W. and N. England, among the S. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland ; no doubt overlooked elsewhere—B. M.: Near Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; St. Breward, Cornwall; Ingleby Park, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. Letter Hill, Conne- mara, co. Galway. 37. C. Floerkeana Fr. Sched. Crit. iii. (1824) p. 18.—Thallus squamulose at the base; squamules small, inciso-lobed or crenate, greenish-white above, white beneath, often evanescent; podetia cylindrical, slender, corticate, glabrous, simple or shortly divided at the apices, greyish-white, greyish-green or brownish (K—, CaCl—), Apothecia moderate, usually conglomerate; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,003 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115, Lich. Brit. CLADONIA, | CLADONIEI, 173 p- 21 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 71 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 65 pro parte.—Cladonia coccifera y. Floerkeanuw Mudd, Man. p. 61 pro parte, Brit. Clad. p. 33 pro parte. Closely allied to C. bacillaris, from which it is distinguished by the glabrous corticate podetia, which are often blackish at the base. It is almost always abundantly fertile, and the fine scarlet, often confluent apothecia render it one of our most beautiful species. Hab. On peaty ground in subalpine mountainous moorlands.—Disir. Local and rare in its typical state, having been found only in a few places in the Scottish Highlands and 8.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Acbrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Willarney, co. Kerry. Form trachypoda Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.— Podetia rather shorter, more or less verrucoso-squamulose.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cladonia coceifera e. macilenta b. carcatau Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 32.—To this is also referable Cladonia Floer- keana var. bacillaris Leight. pro parte.—Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 71; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 84. Usually not rightly distinguished from the type, this differs in the podetia being either partly verrucose or entirely squamulose. Interme- diate states, however, in which the squamules are but sparingly present (though probably from abrasion), are frequent in herbaria. Hab. On the ground, generally on peaty soil in upland and subalpine mountainous regions.— Distr. Not unfrequent in Great Britain and Ire- land; very abundant among the Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; Leith Hill, Surrey; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Rhewereidden, Merionethshire; Baysdale, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling ; Craig Tulloch and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Canlochan Glen, Clova, Forfarshire ; Cairnma ‘Earn, Kincardineshire; Hill of Fare and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Doneraile Mts., co, Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; near Kyle- more, co. Galway. 33. CLADINA Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Foérh.n.s. v. (1866) p. 110.—Thallus wanting at the base; podetia fruticulose, very much “ {f\ branched, more or less y smooth, glabrous; scyphi none or narrow. Apo- vu : thecia terminal on the at Bere - apices of the branches, Fig. 36. biatorine, small, pale or Tadina r iferin yl.—a, a'. Vertical sections og s Sn, ob- Cladina rangiferina Ny j ; ral sectic ane Aen aeean : of two apothecia (the lower juvenile), x 30. ong, simpie, colourless; }, Theea and paraphysis, 350. c. Spores, thece, especially the api- 500, d@. Vertical section of a spermogone, ces, bluish with iodine. x0. ¢. Sterigmata, and/, spermatia, x 500. 174 LICHENACEI. [cLaDINA. Spermogones terminal, conical; spermatia cylindrical, somewhat curved or straight. Distinguished from Cladonia by the absence of a basal thallus*, and by the podetia being naked, usually ascyphous, with the cortex not pul- veraceo-fatisceut. The species are extremely social, some of them in Arctic and Antarctic regions forming the most characteristic feature of the vegetation, as also on the higher moorlands and mountains of more temperate climes, 1. C. rangiferina Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 110.—Podetia very much branched, cylindrical, somewhat slender, opaiyue, subperforate at the axils, more or less ver- ruculoso-scabrous, subtomentose, greyish or greyish-white ; branches short, divaricate or subdeflexed, subsecund, the apices nodding when sterile, erect and subcorymbose when fertile (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 418; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22—Cladina rangiferina Leight. Lich. FL. p. 74, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia rangiferina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Sm. Eng. Fl v. p. 285; Mudd, Man. p. 58; Brit. Clad. p. 24. Cenomyce rangiferina Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 65; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Lichen rangiferinus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 877; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41; Eng. Bot. t.173. Coralloides mon- tanum fruticuli specie ubique candicans Dill. Muse. 107, t. 16. f. 29 a-v. Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie ubique candicans Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 66, n. 14.—Under this our earlier, and some more recent, authors include also the following species. This, with C. sylvatica, is the familiar ‘‘ Reindeer Moss.” By the separation of that species it is not so variable as it was formerly regarded. The podetia are elongate, 8-5 in. and sometimes more in length, densely stipate, subsmooth or granuloso-unequal, more or less tomentose, tricho- tomously branched, with the branches closer at the apices. In dry and more exposed situations they occasionally become greyish-brown. With us the apothecia are comparatively rare, but the spermogones are more frequent. Hab. On the ground, usually in boggy places, on moorlands and mountains from upland to subalpine regions.—Dzstr. Not general nor common in Great Britain, and not yet seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Tre- vello Carne, near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire; Delamere Forest, Cheshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; the Cheviots, Northumberland. Glen Locbay, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch and Glen Callater, saeiehi Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Forest, and Glen Nevis, Inver- ness-shire. Form gigantea Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 358.—Podetia more elongate, thickish, granuloso-unequal, whitish * In Medd. Soe. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 32, Dr. Wainio affirms that both C. sylvatica and C. uncialis do very rarely occur with a basal thallus; but this certainly requires further proof. eg CLADINA.] CLADONIEI. 175 and partly greyish-brown, the branches erect at the apiccs.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Lichen giganteus Bory, Voy. iii. (1803) p. 83. Distinguished by the longer (4-8 in.) and thicker podetia, and is con- nected with the type by intermediate states. Of the few British speci- meus only one is sparingly fertile. Hab. Among mosses dn subalpine heaths.— Distr. Found only once and ay among the N. Grampians.—B M.: Glen Derrie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2. C. sylvatica Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et FL. Fenn. Forh. n. s. vy. (1866) p. 176.—Podetia much branched, cylindrical, slender, opaque, subperforate at the axils, glabrous, at length verruculoso- scabrous, pale straw-coloured or whitish; branches short, divaricate or subdeflexed, the apices subsecund, nodding when sterile, erect and subcorymbose when fertile (K—, K(CaCl)+ yellow). Apothecia and spores as in the preceding species.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 418; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina sylvaticu Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72, ed. 3, p.66. Cladonia rangiferina B. sylvatica Mudd, Man. p. 59, Brit. Clad. p. 25. (@. sylvatica Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 114. Coralloides fruticuli specie candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 19. f. 830 3.— As already noticed, Lichen sylvaticus of Hudson and Lightfoot is referable to Cladonia pungens.—Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 57; Mudd, nos. 19, 20, Clad. nos. 57, 58; Larb, Lich. Hb. nos. 242, 243; Bohl. n. 6. : Apart from the etomentose podetia thisdiffers but little in external form and appearance from C. rangiferina, of which it has generally been regarded only as a variety with somewhat uncertain characters. By the aid of the chemical reactions, however, we are now able to distinguish it in all its different states, and to assign to it its proper specific value. In this country it is comparatively rare in a fertile condition. Hab. On the ground in forests, on moorlands and mountains from lowland to alpine regions.—Distr. General and frequent throughout Great Britain and no doubt also Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands; often constituting in otherwise sterile tracts the greater part of the vegetation.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. North Wootton Common, Norfolk; Eppitg Forest, Essex; Shanklin Downs, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Tregawn, Cornwall; Farnham Royal Common, Bucks; Nettlehead Wood, Oxfordshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Wyre Forest, Worcestershire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Ayton and Kildale Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire: Windermere, \Westmoreland ; the Cheviots and West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills near Edinburgh; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Kinnoal Hill and Moncrieffe Hill, near Perth, and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Countesswells ‘Wood, near Aberdeen, Mar Forest and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire; Rothiemurchus and Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Suther- landshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Conneimara, co. Galway; Arklow co. Wicklow. : 176 LICHENACEL, [oLaDINa. Form 1. tenuis Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 358. —Podetia somewhat short, very slender, much and intricately branched.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n, 58 (vix). Has very much the aspect of Cladonia pungens, from which, as well as from an analogous form (tenuis Floerke) of C. rangiferina, not yet detected in Britain, it differs in the absence of any reaction with K. It is from 1 to 14 in. high, and with us occurs only sterile, Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S. and N. England, and S. and Central Scotland. B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants ; Kildale Moor, Cleve- land, Yorkshire (atypical). Near Castle Douglas, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness- shire. Form 2. lacerata Nyl. ea Nérrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876) p. 14.—Pedetia moderate, very shortly branched, perforate or lacerate at the axils.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cenomyce sylvatica 6. lacerata Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 621. The lacerate axils of the rather stouter and shortly branched podetia distinguish this form. The apothecia are rare. Hab. In moist sandy places and on moorlands in maritime and upland districts.—Déstr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, S. Scotland, and the Central and N.E. Grampians—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Near Bodmin, Cornwall. Nowe Galloway, Kirkeud- brightshire; Moor of Rannoch, Perthshire; Hills at Nigg, Kincardine- shire. Var. 3. grandis Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 92.—Podetia robust, inflato-cylindrical, flexuose, much branched, pale straw- coloured, the branches short, somewhat drooping and brownish at the apices.-—Cladonia rangiferina var. grandis Florke, Clad. (1828) p- 169; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 25.—Brit. Evs.. Mudd, Clad. n. 60. Well distinguished by the much stouter podetia with their shorter branches. Although regarded by some authors as a distinct species s. n. Cladonia arbuscula Wally., it holds only a somewhat analogous relation to the type as forma gigantea does to the preceding species. It varies in length from 8 to 5 in., and occasionally has the podetia very robust and less branched. The few British specimens are only sparingly fertile. Hab. On the ground in elevated moorlands in mountainous regions.— Distr. Sparingly in N. England, 8. Scotland, and among the Gram- pians.—B. M.: Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barend Moss, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form portentosa Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. (1866) p. 419.—Podetia very thick, difform, lacerate, verruculoso- scabrid, very shortly branched, the branches turgid and denticulato- cristate at the apices.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22, Grevillea, xi. p- 115.—Cladina sylvatica form portentosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 73, CLADINA. | CLADONIET. 177 ed. 3, p. 67. Cenomyce portentosa Duf. Ann. Sc. Physig. t. viii. (1821) p. 69. The turgid deformed podetia and the form of their apices distinguish this. Apparently, however, it is only an abnormal and stunted condition of the preceding variety. It is very rarely fertile. Hab. In moist places on moorlands in upland districts —Distr. Local and scarce in SW. and Central England, in S. Scotland, and among the Grampians.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Moor of Rannoch, Perthshire ; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. y. alpestris Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n.s. vy. (1866) p. 176.—Podetia slender, somewhat soft, intricately and divaricately branched, the branches and branchlets very densely thyrsoid.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvili. p. 119; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina sylvatica f. alpestris Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 78, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia rangiferina (3. alpestris Mudd, Man. p. 59, Brit. Clad. p. 25. Lichen rangiferinus alpestris Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 877. Coralloides montanum, fruticuli specie ubique candicans Dill. Muse. 107, t. 16. f. 29 5, r—Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 85. A well-marked variety, which alike in a young and mature state appears to be constant to its characters. It is ea~ily recognized by the densely thyrsoid apices of the podetia, which are usually shorter than in the type. With us it is very seldom fertile. Hab. In moist places of woods and moorlands in upland and subalpine regions.— Distr. Local and scarce in England and Ireland; more frequent among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire; Rhewereidden, N. Wales; Windermere, Westmoreland. Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen, and Ben-nabvord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Ballytore, co. Kildare; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form pumila Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. (1866) p. 419.—Podetia short, slender, very much branched, rather fragile, densely cespitoso-pulvinulate.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cladina sylvatica f. pumila Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 738, ed. 3, p. 67. Cenomyce rangiferina &. pumila Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 566.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, Clad. n. 52. The much smaller size (1-2 in. high) and the cespitose pulvinate habit distinguish this form. It approaches states of Cladonia pungens, from which the absence of any reaction with K keeps it distinct. It rarely occurs in a fertile condition. Hab. In dry bare places on heaths and on turf-walls in upland dis- tricts.— Distr. Rather local and scarce in Great Britain, and not seen from Ireland; probably often overlooked.—B. M.: Broadwater Forest, Sussex ; Charnwood Forest. Leicestershire; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth- shire; Burton Head, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Ran- noch, Perthshire; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus, Inyerness-shire. N 178 LICHENACET. [chaprna. 3. C. uncialis Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s, v. (1866) p. 111.—Podetia cylindrical, somewhat close, glabrous or verruculose, shiving or subopaque, shortly and dichotomously branched, more or less perforate at the axils, straw-coloured or greenish-straw-coloured, the apices erect, subulate or (2-5) denti- culate when sterile, digitato-radiate when fertile; scyphi none (K—, K(CaC!)+yellowish). Apothecia small, pale or brown ; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0.0035 mm, thick —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina uncialis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 74, ed. 8, p. 67. Cladonia wneialis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Sm. Eng. Fl. y. p. 238; Mudd, Man. p. 59. Cenomyce uncialis Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Lichen uncialis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 459; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 880; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.44; Eng. Rot. t.174. Cladonia stellata Scher., Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 26. Coralloides perforatum minus molle et tenue Dill. Muse. 99, t. 16. f. 22 a,c,p. Lichenoides tubulosum cauliculis mollioribus et crassioribus, minus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 21.—Brit. Hvs.: Bohl. nos. 15, 31. Though the podetia are usually glabrous, yet when the plant grows at high altitudes and in exposed situations they often become subgranulato- unequal, as also in the following forms. In the type the podetia are of nearly equal thickness throughout, and vary in height from 1-3 inches. The apothecia are very rare with us, nor are the spermogones frequent. Hab. On the ground among mosses on moorlands and mountains from upland_to alpine regions.—Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain, and probably in Ireland ; usually associated with the two preceding species.—B. M.: Yarmouth, Suffolk; Reigate Heath, Surrey ; near Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Respring, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire ; Barmouth and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Ingleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ; Craig Calliach and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen, Glen Callater and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; near Rothiemurchus and -Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Coachford, near Cork ; Erris, co. Mayo; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. bolacina Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 22.--Podetia short, slender, usually very much and somewhat intricately branched, imperforate at the axils.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cenomyee uncialis y. bolacina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 559.—Brit. Evs. : Leight. n.58; Mudd, n. 17, Clad. n. 61. Cespitosely pulvinate in habit, and distinguished by the smaller and much more branched podetia, which are scarcely 1 in. long. They are occasionally “adspersed with a verruceform lepra” Del rugoso-ver- rucose with brown points” Scheer., var. leprosa (Del.), which appears to be caused by a fungus. Jt is rarely fertile. Hab. In dry places among ‘mosses on moorlands in upland districts. — Distr. Apparently local and scarce in N. England, N. Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Cleve- CLADINA. | CLADONIEI. 179 land, Yorkshire. Rannoch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, A berdeen- shire (in both localities also leprosa (Del.)). Form 2. adunca Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. (1880) p- 560, Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Podetia elongate, thickened upwards, sparingly branched, perforate at the axils ; branches subfastigiate, subulate, furcate, or stellato-dentate at the apices.—Cladina uncialis f. adunca Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 75, ed. 3, p. 68. Cladonia uncialis B. adunca Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64. Cludonia stellata B. adunca Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 26. Beomyces aduncus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 353. Cladonia uncialis (3. elatior Fr., Mudd, Man. p.59. Lichen uncialis var. §, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 555; Lightf. FL. Scot. ii. p. 880; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 44. Coralloides perforatum majus, molle et erassum Dill. Muse. 98, t. 16. f£. 21. Lichenoides tubulosum, cauliculis mollioribus et crassioribus, majus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 20.-—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 21, Clad. n. 62, Larger than the type, usually 8-4 in. in length, with the podetia softer, thicker, more open at the axils, and subfastigiate at the apices, which are somewhat variable in form. The apothecia are very rare in our specimens. Hab. On the ground in damp places on moorlands and mountains in upland and subalpine districts — Distr. Probably general in Great Britain ; apparently rare in 8, Ireland.—B. M.: Esher, Surrey ; Dartmoor, Devon- shire; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- shire; Battersby Moor and Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Ben Crua- chan, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Clova Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ber Nevis, Inverness-shire. Doneraile Mts., co. Cork. Form 3. turgescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 22.—Podetia thick, turgid, sparingly branched, perforate at the axils; branches subtruncate, fastigiate, stellato-denticulate at the apices.—Cladina uncialis f. turgescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 75, ed. 3, p. 68. Cladonia uncialis c. turgescens Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 244; Mudd, Man. p. 59. Cladonia stellata (3. adunca b. turgescens Mudd, Brit. Clad. p- 27. Cladonia uncialis B. turgida Scher., 8m. Eng. Fl. v. p. 235. Perhaps a more turgid state of the preceding, with which it seems to be confluent, though differing also in the subtruncate apices. The podetia, which are 2-3 in. in height and often more than 3 mm. in thickness, are sometimes much deformed. In our British specimens the apothecia are rare. Hab. On the ground among mosses and on turf-walls in upland moor- lands.—Drstr. Local and scarce in S. and W. England, S. Scotland, and among the Grampians.—B, M.: Aldershott, Hants; Cwm Bychan, Merio- nethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers and Ran- noch, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Hill of Ardo, near Aber- deen ; Moor of Morrone, Braemar ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form 4. obtusata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 111.—Podetia decumbent, short, turgid, simplish i n2 180 LICHENACEI. [CLADINA. or very shortly branched; the branches obtuse, usually imperforate and shortly denticulate at the apices. Spores 0,008-9 mm. long. —Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 561.—Cladina wneialis f. obtusata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 68. Cenomyce uncialis 6, obtusata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 559. Corallotdes imperforatum corniculis brevissimis crispis Dill. Musc. 100, t. 16. f. 12, The short (2 in. to 1 in. long), inflated, decumbent podetia, with their thickened and frequently dark brown apices, characterize this form. In more branched specimens the podetia are somewhat aggregate, but when simpler they are often somewhat discrete, owing to the nature of the habitat. The apothecia are extremely rare, and even the spermogones are seldom visible. Hab. In peat bogs on upland and subalpine moorlands. —Distr. Appa- rently local and scarce in N. Wales, 8. Scotland, among the Grampians, and in 8.E. and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Craig Calliach and Moor of Rannoch, Perthshire; Glen Candlic and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kylemore, co. Galway ; Achavanagh, co. Wicklow. 4. C. amaurocrea Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. 8. v. (1866) p. 111.—Podetia slender, close, erect, glabrous, subu- late, more or less branched, sparingly and narrowly scyphiferous, straw-coloured or whitish straw-coloured ; scyphi dentato-cristatc, or subulato-spinulose at the margins, often proliferous, rarely perforate at the axils (K—, K(CaCl)+yellow). Apothecia somewhat small or moderate, brown or pale-testaceous ; spores oblong, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina amaurocrea Leight. Lich. Fl. p.'74, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia amauro- crea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 27. Capitularia amaurocrea Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 334.—As observed in Grevillea, xi. p. 115, var. myriocrea (? Flérke) Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 27, Exs. n. 18, is referable to some condition of Cladonia furcata rather than to this species ; but the specimens seen are imperfect. From the closely allied C. uncialis this, when well developed, is easily known by the podetia being scyphiferous, more slender, and close. When ascyphous, as it often occurs, it 1s apt to be confounded with that species, though even then it must be regarded as distinct. With us the apothecia are very rare, and the spermogones only occasionally present. Hab. On the ground in moist places amongst heaths in upland and subalpine regions.— Distr, Found sparingly among the Grampians, Scot- land, and in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Ben- naboord and Glen Dee (frt.), Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Kylemore, co. Galway. Subsp. ©. destricta Nyl. ex Norrl. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh, xiii. (1873) p. 321.—Podetia short, more or less verrucose, not close, but vaguely directed, much branched, ascyphous, straw-coloured or greenish-grey ; branches short, subulate or furcate at the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360, Grevillea, xi. p.115,.—Cladonia amauroereea f. destricta Ny]. Scand. (1861) p. 59. CLADINA. ] CLADONIEI. 181 Cladonia amaurocrea c. depressa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 28.—Brit. Exs,; Mudd, n. 18, Clad. n. 64. To this is probably referable Mudd, Clad. n. 63, as an atypical state. Well distinguished as a subspecies by the vaguely directed ascyphous podetia, It appears on the summits of the higher Grampians in the form of rotundate tufts of moderate size, and along with a small form of Lyco- podium Selago L. often constitutes the scanty vegetation of the granitic and schistose detritus. The débris of the podetia, broken by the tread of sheep or the red deer, may be found extensively scattered over the ground (cfr. Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 23). It is never fertile. Hab, On sterile moorlands and mountains from upland to alpine regions. — Distr. Local in N. Wales, N. England, and 8. Reotlands but usually abundant among the Grampians, Scotland, especially in Braemar.—B. M.: Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Baysdale and Guisboro’ Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers, Perth- shire; Morrone and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Series ILI. Ramalodei Ny]. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170. Thallus fruticulose or filamentose, erect or pendulous, rounded, compressed, or angulose, corticate on both sides, destitute of leaflets, granules or basal crust, internally hollow or solid. Apothecia usually lecanorine, rarely ‘lecideine or difform ; spores ellipsoid and simple, or oblong and 1-—3-septate; paraphyses either not discrete or sometimes discrete. Spermogones with stcrigmata either simple or pauci-articulate, and straight, rarely curved spermatia. This series is distinguished from the preceding by the naked thallus and the absence of a basal crust. Though more compact and better limited than Cladodei, the tribes and genera of which it is composed differ considerably from each other. ‘There are, however, close and important links which render the series a very natural one. Tribe VII. ROCCELLEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170. Thallus subsimple or branched, rounded or compressed, subcarti- laginous, erect, or at length somewhat pendulous, internally entirely filled with a filamentose medulla. Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine, or irregular, lateral or terminal, adnate or innate; spores 8nz (or 6ne), oblongo-fusiform, 3-septate, colourless; paraphyses discrete. © Spermogones immersed: sterigmata simple or subsimple. A distinct tribe, comprising two small genera, one of which, Combea, is exotic. The species are maritime, occurring on rocks, occasionally on trees, chiefly in warm regions, where they coupe the place of the mari- time Ramalinas of colder climates, towards which in habit and various characters they approach. They yield a yaluable purple dye—the well- known “ Orchill ” of commerce. 182 [ROcCELLA. LICHENACEI. 34, ROCCELLA DC. Fi. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 334.—Thallus sub- fruticulose, usually opaque and smoothish, somewhat tough, atten- uate at the apices, con- colorous on both sides, medullary layer dense. Apothecia lateral, leci- dvine or irregular,naked or pruinose; hypo- thecium thick, black ; spores oblong or fusi- form, straight or curved; hymenial gelatine wine- red or wine - yellow, or sometimes slightly bluish with iodine. Spermogones _ lateral, with acicular, curved spermatia. The thallus is more or less fruticulose from a common base,and insome species is of considerable size, Itis whitish, rarely brownish, in colour, and Fig. 37. Roccella phycopsis Ach.—a. Section of external firm, though sometimes from tenuity becoming flaccid. The cortical and gonidial systems, as ob- served by Nylander, Syn. i. p. 256 (ef. Flora, 1866, p. 198), form a confluent portion of the thallus, showing the cortical and gonidial layers and a small exterior portion of the medulla, x 200. &. Gonidia, x 3850. ¢. Ver- tical section of an apothecium, x30, d. Theca and paraphysis, x350. ¢. Spores, x500. ff. Vertical section of a spermogone, x 30. g. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500, layer, the cortex, which is destitute of an epithallus, consisting of medullary filaments thickened towards the surface and there densely parallel, external to which are seen granular elements, while internally and immediately beneath the cortex are the gonidia. The apothecia are lecideine or variously deformed, often as in Derina, sometimes as in Chiodecton, with the paraphyses slender or nearly moderate, and not unfrequently bifurcate. 1. R. phycopsis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 440. —Thallus rounded or slightly compressed, very much branched and densely cespitose, whitish or glaucous-brown, more or less sorediiferous ; branches subsimple or dichotomously divided (Ca Cl+reddish, sore- dia —, medulla [+ bluish). Apothecia small, lecideine, black, naked or slightly pruinose, somewhat prominent or appressed ; spores fusi- formi-oblong, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 259, t. 8. f. 3; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 426; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 81, ed. 3, p. 74.—Loccella tinctoria 3. phycopsis Mudd, Man. p. 75. Lichen fucoides Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 22. Lichen Roceclla With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Roccella tine- toria Sin. Eng. Fl. v. p. 221; Mudd, Man. p. 75; Leight. Lich. Fl. ROCCELLA. ] ROCCELLEI. 183 p- 81, ed. 3, p.74. Lichen Roccella Eng. Bot. t. 211, is true Roccella tanctoria DC. (minor), but the figure is drawn from an exotic spesi- men.— Brit. Kvs.: Mudd, n. 48; Larb. Cesar. n. 11; Lich. Hb. n. 122; Cromb. n. 14. States with the branches more elongate and scarcely sorediiferous have been confounded with ZR. tixctoria, whose range, however, does not extend so far north as our islands. It differs in its smaller size (1-8 inches in height), the less opaque thallus, which is more thinly branched and sore- diiferous (not farinaceous) on the surface, as also in the smaller lecideine apothecia. It is very rarely fertile in Great Britain. The spermogones, which are occasionally present in our specimens, have the sterigmata slender and the spermatia arcuate, 0,013-16 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Our fig. 87 shows that the globulose or ellipsoid gonidia are simple, or two or more concatenate. The papilleform cells of the cortex are sprinkled with the powder (granulations) of the pigmentary matter. Hab. On rocks, rarely on walls in maritime localities— Distr. Not un- common in the Channel Islands and in 8. England; extremely rare in 8.W. Scotland—B.M.: St. Brelade’s Bay, La Moye and Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Petit-Bot Bay, Island of Guernsey. Godshill Church and Bembridge, Isle of Wight; Portland Island, Dursetshire ; Bolt Head, Lynmouth, and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire; Tintagel Castle, Lamorna Cove, Pentire and St. Minver, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly Islands. Millport, Cumbrae Island, Frith of Clyde. Form tenuior Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 74.— Thallus somewhat elongate, very slender, much branched towards the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Roccella fuciformis (errore) f. tenuior Cromb, Grevillea, xv. p. 47. Differs from the type in the more slender, elongate, and apically branched thallus. It is plentifully sorediate, but apparently never fertile. Hab. On rocks in maritime situations.—Dist7. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. 2. R. fuciformis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 335.—Thallus com- pressed, much branched, glaucous-white or glaucous-brown, often sorediiferous ; branches dichotomously laciniate (Ca Cl—, soredia +reddish, medulla I+bluish). Apothecia moderate, superficial, lecanorine, black, pruinose, the thalline margin at length nearly excluded ; spores fusiform or oblongo-fusiform, 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 426; Sm. Eng. FL v. p- 222; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 83; Mudd, Man. p. 76, t. 1. f.18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 82, ed. 3, p. 74. Lichen fuciformis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1614; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 17; With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 51; Eng. Bot. t. 728. Lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium, corniculis lonqrorihus et acutioribus Dill. Muse. 168, t. 23. f. 61.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 171; Larb. Cesar. n. 12; Lich. Hb. n. 123; Cromb. nos. 15, 125. From 2. phycopsis, with which in this country it is usually found asso- ciated, this differs in its compressed, broader, generally longer thallus, and in the fructitication, It varies considerably in size, occasionally 184 LICHENACEL, [ ROCCELLA. attaining a length of 6 inches or more. The apothecia are rare in Britain, though numerous when present. They are dirinean in appearance, super- ficial, somewhat prominent, chiefly marginal, with the pruina at length evanescent. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Local though plentiful where it occurs in the Channel Islands and in S. England; very rare in the islands of S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: St. Ouen’s Bay, Beauport Bay, and St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg and Petit-Bot Bay, Island of Guernsey. Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Logan Rocks, near Land’s End, Tintagel, the Lizard and Lamorna Cove, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly Islands. Tribe VIII. SIPHULEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 97; Syn. i. p. 261. Thallus podetiiform, simple or fruticuloso-divided, somewhat tough, usually opaque, often affixed to the substratum by radical branchlets, internally either with a dense filamentose medulla or fistulose. Apothecia not rightly known. Spermogones (in so far as detected) innate. This small tribe is composed of three genera, Siphula, Endocena, and Thamnolia, The last only is found in Britain. As the apothecia are un- known, the systematic place aud even the value of the tribe are somewhat uncertain. Stphula is near to Roccella and Thamnolia to Cladonia, 35. THAMNOLIA Ach. in litt. 1819, ex Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 243. Thallus \- formed of stipites or se as podetia which are cy- lindrical or somewhat compressed, subulate or cornute, imperfor- ate,simpleor somew hat branched, acute at the apices, internally fistu- lose; cortical layer composed of small cells laxly united. Apothe- cia not rightly known. Spermogones innate, pale, with long jointed sterigmata; spermatia Thamnolia vermicularis Scher.—a. Longitudinal cylindrical, obsoletely section of thallus, x 200. 4. Vertical section of thickened at either a spermogone, X 30. c¢. Sterigmata and sper- matia, x 500. Fig. 38. apex. The fistulose podetia and the gonidia ally this to Cladonia; the sper- mogones are similar to those of Beomyces, while the continuity of the THAMNOLIA. | SIPHULEI. 185 cortical layer separates it from the former. The apothecia have been described by-some authors as similar to those of Roccella, and by others to those of Cladonia, but both are apparently erroneous. 1. T. vermicularis Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 248, t. ix. f£.7.— Thallus prostrate, ascending or erect, simple or bifurcate, smooth or longitudinally rugulose, somewhat dispersed or stipitate, chalky- white or whitish (K+yellow): apothecia unknown.—Mudd, Man. p- 68; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83, ed. 3, p. 75. —Cladonia vermicularis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 234; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 34. Cenomyce? vermicularis Hook. Fi. Scot. ii. p. 65. Cerania vermicularis Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 418. Lichen vermicularis Sw. in Linn. fil. Meth. Muse. (1781) p. 119; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. 6. 6. f. 10; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41; Eng. Bot. t. 2024.—Brit. xs, : Cromb. n. 13. Easily recognized by the form and habit of the thallus, somewhat resembling small white worms, whence its trivial name. The stipites are simple, but sometimes more or less shortly branched. The apothecia have not yet been certainly detected; for in the absence of any fertile specimen it is very doubtful whether the “tubercules” figured by ickson, J. ¢., corresponding to those described by Swartz, be really the fructification. Massalongo, Flora, 1856, p. 234, and Fries fil. Lich. Arct. p. 161, represent the apothecia as being Cladonieine, but this is still very doubtiul. The spermogones are also very rare. They are somewhat large, lateral, margined by the thallus, entirely white or colourless, with _ spermatia 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Qn the thallus occasionally are found two parasites, Microthelia vermicularia Linds., and Endocarpon Crombiet Mudd, both of which are evidently fungi. Hab. ‘On the ground among mosses and heaths in subalpine and alpine regions.— Distr. Very local and rare on the mountains of N. Wales and N. England ; general and plentiful on all the higher Grampians and the N. Highlands of Scotland; not seen in Ireland—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Skiddaw, Cumberland.. Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Clova Mts. and Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, Glen Candlic, Ben-naboord, and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Ben Luighal, Sutherland- shire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Var. 3. taurica Scher.’Enum. (1850) p, 244.—-Thallus ventri- coso-subulate, suberect, recurved, and cornute at the apices, often divergently branched, the branches cornute and subulate.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Lichen tauricus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. (1788) p. 177, t. 12. f. 2. Differs in the more turgid and erect stipites, and in the form of their apices. Like the type it is never found with apothecia, though, as observed by Nylander, Lich. Scand. p. 68, it occurs spermogoniiferous. Hab. On the ground in alpine places.—Distr. Extremely local and rare, having been found only on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Near the summit of Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, 186 LICHEN ACEI. [RAMALINA. Tribe IX. RAMALINETI Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 103. Thallus fruticulose, laciniose, or filamentose, rounded or com- pressed, erect or pendulous, internally with woolly arachnoid me- dulla. Apothecia lecanorine, scutellate, terminal or lateral ; spores Sne, l-septate, suboblong, straight or slightly curved, colourless ; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones immersed or slightly prominent ; sterigmata subsimple or pauci-articulate, with long anastomosing filaments intermixed. This tribe, under which Nylander in his former arrangement included Alectoria and Evernia, is now, in its more limited acceptation, rezarded by him as quite distinct, on account of marked analytical differences, more especially of the thalamium, while the structure uf the spermogones is entirely peculiar (r?de Ramal. Monogr. /. c.), The exotic genus Rumalea Nyl. externally resembling Ramadina, ought, from the type of the sper- matia, to be relegated to the Cludunied; while Dactylinu and Dufourea, neither of which occur in Britain, are also excluded from this trib. 36. RAMALINA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 122.—Thallus cwes- pitoso-fruticulose, foli- aceo-complanate or rounded, somewhat shining or subopaque, soft or rigid, solid or fistulose, ramoso-lacini- ate,concolorous on both sides; medullary layer arachnoid, becoming sometimes very lax, cor- tical layer composcd either of indistinct cells or of longitudinal con- glutinate filaments. Apothecia scattered, opaque, subconcolorous Fig. 39, with thallus ; hypothe- Ramalina fraxinea Ach.—a, Longitudinal section cium colourless; spores of (one side of) thallus, x 200. 4. Theca and small; paraphyses thin _ paraphysis, x 350. ce. Spores, x500. d. Bec- or moderate, thicker or tions of two spermogones, X30. ¢. Stevigmata clavate at the apices ; and spermatia, x 5U0. (Also on the left a é . fragment of the anastomosing spermogonic fila- hymenial gelatine blu- ites ene ish, then violet with iodine. Spermogones scattered ; spermatia straight, cylindrical, or oblongo-cylindrical. The species of this genus, formerly little understood, have recently had new light thrown upon them by the minute researches of Nylander. He RAMALINA. | RAMALINEL. 187 has shown that the chemical reactions of the medulla with K, the differ- ences in the receptacle of the apothecia, the form and size of the spores and spermatia, afford invaluable aid in the discrimination of species. The number of species have been consequently largely increased, and varieties more definitely referred to their species. As compared with other Euro- pean countries, the genus has a very fair number of species and varieties in Great Britain, all belonging to Nylander’s Section C, which is charac- terized by the spermogones having pale or colourless conceptacles. a. Thallus attenuate, fruticulose, subrounded or subcompressed ; cortical layer filamentose. 1. R. thrausta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 116.—Thallus elongate, pendulous or prostrate, filiform, sub- rounded, here and there compressed, very much branched, smooth, somewhat shining, pale straw-coloured ; laciniz very slender, densely interwoven, the apices unequally capillari-attenuate (medulla K—). “ Apothecia superficial, sessile, minute, plane, pale, the margin very thin; spores straight.”—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 71; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 470, ed. 3, p. 83.—Ramalina calicaris, var. thrausta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 pro parte. Alectoria thrausta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 596. The thallus, which is somewhat Alectorioid, is very fragile when dry, and in the few British specimens gathered is destitute of the soredia, with which it is elsewhere sometimes sprinkled. The apothecia, which are not well known, are absent from our specimens, which are also without spermogones. Hab. On sandy soil among short heath in maritime tracts.—Distr. Very sparingly in one spot on the N.E. coast of Scotland—B. M.: Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire (now extinct). b. Thallus compressed, longitudinally striato-nerved or subcostato- unequal; cortical layer filamentose. 2. R. calicaris Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 131.—Thallus subrigid, compressed, linear or lineari-laciniate, pale glaucous or greyish green, laciniz sublacunosely longitudinally nervoso-rugose, usually canaliculate (medulla K—). Apothecia pedicellate, marginal and terminal, small or moderate, pale flesh- coloured or glaucescent, the receptacle rugose beneath; spores straight, ellipsoid, 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47; Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 83.—Ramalina calicaris y. canaliculata Fr. Mudd, Man. p. 73, t.1.f.17; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 92. Ramalina fastigiata (3. calicaris Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85. Lobaria calicaris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 139 pro parte. Lichen calicaris Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte ; Lightf. F). Scot. ii. p. 834 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 pro parte. Lichen fastigiatus Eng. Bot. t. 890 (upper fig.). Ramalinu fastigiata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225 pro parte. Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 28. £..62 a.—Lichenoides arboreunt 188 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA.. ramosum, angustioribus cinereo-virentibus ramulis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 81.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 44; Cromb., n. 21. Length of the thallus rather variable. The lacinie generally attenuate, sometimes considerably so, often give forth transverse laciniole from one or both margins. The apothecia are frequent on the reflexed apices of the lacinia. The spermogones are also common, with spermatia oblongo- cylindrical, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in lowland and upland dis- tricts.— Distr. General and common in Great Britain; rare in the Channel Islands and in Ireland.—B. M.. St. Aubin’s, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent; New Forest, Hants; near Totnes, S. Devon; near Respring and Penzance, Cornwall; Dynevor Castle, Carmaithenshire; Pyle, Glamor- ganshire ; Old Windsor, Berkshire ; Gopsal! Park, Leicestershire ; Oswes- try, Shropshire; Llandrindod, Radnorshire; Island of Anglesea; Airy- holme Woods, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Stavely, Westmoreland: The Cheviots, Northumberland; Wastdale, Cumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Kenmore, and Abernethy, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood and near Arbroath, Forfar- shire ; Countesswells Woods and Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Loch Shin, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim. Var. 8. subampliata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 132.—Laciniz broader, longitudinally sublacunosely ner- voso-rugose, canaliculate. Apothecia marginal and terminal, the receptacle rugose; spores as in the type.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ix. p. 129; Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 471, ed. 3, p. 84.— Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62 Bp. —Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 42 pro parte. Externally like a narrow state of R. fravinea, but distinguished by the form of the spores. Hab. On the trunks of trees in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, and in S.W. Scotland —B. M.: Beeding Priory, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Pen- zance, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Var. y. subfastigiata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 182.—Lacinie broader, longitudinally nervoso-rugose. Apothecia terminal, the receptacle rugose ; spores as in the type.— Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ix. p.129; Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 471, ed. 3, p. 84. In the character of the thallus and the situation of the apothecia this resembles larger states of 2. fastigiata, but is distinguished by the form of the spores. Hab. On trees and rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. 8.W. England, S. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S. Ireland. —B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall; Llandrindod, Radnorshire. Appin, Argyleshire. Coachford, co. Cork. RAMALINA. ] RAMALINEI. 189 3. R. farinacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 606.—Thallus sub- rigid, roundly or planely compressed, sublacunose or obsoletely nervoso-plicate, white straw-coloured or pale-glaucous; lacinie linear, attenuate, sorediiferous (medulla and soredia K—). Apo- thecia pedicellate, small, terminal and lateral, plane or convex, glaucescent or pale-testaceous, the receptacle smooth beneath ; spores straight, ellipsoideo-oblong or fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,008-16 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 472, ed. 3, p. 84.—Ramalina calicaris e. farinacea Mudd, Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 93. Lichen farinaceus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p- 1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 833 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.50; Eng. Bot. t. 889. Lichenoides segymentis angus- tioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulverulentis Dill. Muse. 172, t. 23. f. 633, c.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 40; Mudd, n. 45; Cromb. n. 22. The thallus, which varies somewhat in the length and breadth of the lacinie, is more or less sprinkled with white-pulverulent, round or oblong marginal soredia. Occasionally these are almost absent, when it seems to merge into the preceding. The apothecia, which are small, are rare in this country, as well as the spermogones, which are similar to thuse of R. calicaris. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in wooded lowland and upland districts.—Distr. General and usually plentiful throughout Great Britain; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Loughton, Epping Forest, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey; Glynde, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Lydkarst, New Forest, Hants; Carrisbrook, Isle of Wight; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Madingley, Caml ridgeshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Malvern and Broad- was, Worcestershire; Causeway, Warwickshire ; Dynevor Castle, Car- marthenshire; Island of Anglesea; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; near Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale and Eglestone, Durham; Stavely, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Edin- burgh ; a Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Finlarig, Craig Calliach, Blaeberry Hill, Balthayock Woods, Perthshire; Baldovan Wood, For- farshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen and Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form 1. pendulina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 607.—Thallus more lax, longer and pendulous, the lacinis rather broader.— Cromb. Grevillea, 1886, p. 47.—Parmelia farinacea y. pendulina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 264. A mere luxuriant form, which is but sparingly fertile. Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded districts.— Distr. Local and rare in §S.W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: New Forest, Hampshire. Form 2. phalerata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 607.—Thallus small; laciniee short, somewhat broad, usually proliferous at the 190 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA, apices and margins; soredia large. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. L41.—Parmslia farinacea 6. phalerata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 264. Lichen furinaceus var, 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50. Lichenoides segmentis angustioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulve- rulentis Dill. 1. ¢. D, B. Probably a stunted state; in size and general aspect like small condi- tions of R. fastigiata, but separated by the soredia. It is apparently always sterile. Hab. On the trunks of trees.—Distr. Only one locality in 8. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Stowe Park, Buckingham- shire. Subsp. R. intermedia Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 380 (obs.).—Thallus smaller, smooth, not nervose ; other- wise as in the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47.—Ramalina inter- media Del. ex Ny). Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, t. iv. (1870) p. 166; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 132; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p- 90.—Brit. Evs.: Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 248. Distinguished by the generally smaller size and especially by the smooth thallus. From R. subfarinacea, which it closely resembles, it at once differs in the absence of any reaction with K on the medulla or the soredia. The apothecia are very rare, and in our specimens the spermo- gones are absent. Hab. On the branches of shrubs in maritime districts—Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Moulin Bay, Island of Sark. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Annet Island, Scilly (frt.). Black Island, Appin, Argyleshire. Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 4. R. fraxinea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 602.—Thallus sub- rigid, compressed, sublineari-laciniate, greenish-grey ; laciniz longi- tudinally rugose or nerved, or partly also transversely rugulose, somewhat attenuate towards the extremities (medulla K—). Apo- thecia pedicellate, moderate or large, carneo-testaceous or glaucous, concave or plane, marginal and superficial, the receptacle unequally rugose; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, curved, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. vy. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p- 472, ed. 3, p. 85.—Ramalina calicaris a. frawinea Mudd, Man. p- 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichen fracineus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 541 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.56 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 1781. Lichenoides longifolium rugosum rigidum Dill. Muse, 165, t. 22. f. 59 a, B. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum scutellatum, majus et rigidius, colore virescente Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 79 pro parte.—Brit. Exvs.: Bohl. n. 21 pro parte ; Leight. n. 38 pro parte; Mudd, n. 42 pro parte. The varied length and breadth of the laciniw give rise to several varieties and forms. The common and typical condition is that described (var. tenieformis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 603). From R. calicaris it may be recognized by the always broader rugose lacinia, by the rugose receptacle RAMALINA, | RAMALINEI, 191 of the larger apothecia, and especially by the form of the spores. The 2 aaa are usually very abundant, and are often scattered on both sides of the thallus. The spermogones are also frequent, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab, On the trunks of old trees in open places, and in forests in low- land and upland districts.—D¢str. General and common where it occurs throughout Great Britain; apparently rare in Ireland.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; near Glynde, Sussex; Brading Downs, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucester- shire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Clungunford and near Shrews- bury, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Winder- mere, Westmoreland: Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeud- brightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Roslin and near Edinburgh, Midlothian; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Blair Athole, Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen; Invercauld, Craig Coinnoch, and Glen Clunie, Braemar; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. 6. ampliata' Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 603.—Thallus dilated, lanceolato-difform, or broadly lobed, obtuse at the apices, longitudinally costato-rugose, transversely subreticulato-rugose. Apothecia and spores as in the type.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 72; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473, ed. 3, p. 86.—Parmelia fraxinea y. ampliata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 259. Lichenoides longi- folium rugosum rigidum Dill. Muse. 1. ¢. c.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. u. 38 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 286; Bohl. n. 21 pro parte. The lacinize are more dilated and coarsely rugose, though when younger they more resemble the type. Occasionally the thallus is stunted and deformed. The apothecia are usually abundant, often superficial, large, and when young rather concave. The spermogones are very frequent on deformed states. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oak and ash, in wooded upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain; not observed. in Treland.—B. M.: Brandon, Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Bartonbury, Gloucestershire ; Darnley, Derbyshire ; Alfric, Worcestershire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham ; vast Allendale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire. Form monophylla Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141.—Thallus simple, very broad, oblongo-rotundate, subreticulately costato- rugose. Apothecia as in the preceding. Its simple thallus gives this a leaf-like appearance, but probably it is not constant. The apothecia are numerous and chiefly superficial. Hab. On an aged oak in a wooded upland district.— Distr. Observed only in 8. England.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants. Var. y. calicariformis Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 1386.—Thallus attenuate; lacinie longitudinally rugose or nerved and sparingly transversely rugulose. Apothecia marginal and subterminal, the receptacle rugose; spores curved, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. 192 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA. Externally like R. calicaris, but distinguished by its curved spores. The apothecia are small and numerous; the spermatia are 0,0035-45 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the branches of trees in upland situations—Distr, Gathered only very sparingly in W, England and N. Wales.—B. M.: Near Bar- mouth, Merionethshire; Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. 5. R. fastigiata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 603 pro parte.— Thallus subrigid, subcompressed or inflato-hollow, smoothish or lon- gitudinally unequal and nervoso-rugose, pale straw-coloured or greenish-white ; lacinie short, subfastigiate, crowded (medulla K~—). Apothecia terminal, peltato-sessile, plane or convex, small or moderate, pale-testaceous or glaucous, the receptacle somewhat rugose beneath; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, curved, 0,009-17 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406; Hook. Fl. Scot. ji. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p- 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473, ed. 3, p. 86.—Ramalina calicaris B. fastigcata Mudd, Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichen fastigiatus Pers. in Ust. N. Ann. i. (1794) p. 256; Eng. Bot. t. 890 (lower figs.). Lichen calicaris Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 834 pro parte. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill. Musc. 160, t. 21. f.55 3. Lichenoides coralliforme, rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62c.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 82; Mudd, n. 48; Larbal. Cesar. n. 60; Lich. Hb. n. 287; Bohl. n. 22. Although Nylander (Mon. Ram. p. 39) considers this to be scarcely more than a variety or subspecies of the preceding, yet its constant characters induce me to treat it as a species. From young states of R. fraxinea it is distinguished by the thallus being ceespitose, erect, more contracted and subfastigiately divided. Externally it approaches R. cali- caris var. subfastigiata, but the spores are more brpteally curved. The apothecia are usually very numerous and the spermogones rare, with spermatia 0,0035 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks, and more especially on the branches, of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts —Dustr. General and common in Great Britain, seldom seen in the fir woods of the Highlands; rare in Treland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Epping Forest and Copthall Green, Essex; Penshurst, Kent; Beeding Priory, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Eversden Wood, Cambridgeshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern and Broadwas, Worcestershire; near Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Causeway, Warwickshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth, and Angle- sea; near Over, Cheshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Kendal, Westmoreland; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire ; Yester House, Haddington; Roslin and Bonally, Mid- Lothian; Bowling Bay, Dumbarton; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Tay, Blaeberry Hill, and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Abergeldie and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; ee Strathpeffer, Ross-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Derriquin, co. erry, RAMALINA. | RAMALINEI. 193 Form minutula Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 37.—Thallus very small, ceespitoso-erect, very much branched, non-sorediiferous, somewhat shining. Apothecia never seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p- 141.—Ramalina farinacea u. minutula Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 606. Lichenordes segmentis angustioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulverulentis Dill. Musc. 172, t. 23. f. 63 a. - Referred by Acharius and most authors to R. farinacea, this is rightly placed by Fries fil. (2. c.) under the present species. Probably a young and barren state. Hab. On pales, chiefly larch, in wooded upland districts.—Distr. Local in 8. England, 8., N.E., and N, Scotland; no doubt often overlooked.— B. M.: New Forest, Hants. Swanston, near Edinburgh; Park, near Aberdeen ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. 6. R. polymorpha Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 600.—Thallus rigid, compressed, nervoso-unequal or longitudinally sublacunose, moderate, subopaque, granuloso-sorediate, sublineari-laciniate, glau- cous or greenish-white ; lacinie plane, subsimple, often somewhat broad (medulla K—). Apothecia marginal, concave, small, pale- yellow or glaucescent, the receptacle rugoso-unequal or smaoothish ; spores oblong, straight or substraight, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,004—5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47 ; Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 474 pro parte, et var. ligulata, ed. 3, p. 87 pro parte.—Lichen polymorphus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 178. A variable species, of which ligulata Ach. (Meth. p. 265), Lich. Univ. p- 600, is the type. From all states of R. cuspidata, with which it agrees in the reaction of the medulla, it is distinguished by the con- colorous globuloso-granulose soredia, more or less scattered over the thallus. It has not occurred with us fertile. Hab. On exposed rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce on the N.E. coast of Scotland—B. M.: Near Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. Var. 8. emplecta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 601.—Lacinia attenuate, very much branched, acuminate, granulate. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 87 pro parte-—Parmelia polymorpha «. emplecta Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 267. Distinguished by the narrower and much branched lacinie, which are also more erect, and somewhat rounded and acuminate at the apices. The soredia are not crowded in our specimens, which are always sterile. Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions.—Disty. Local and scarce in the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Near Loch Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. R. capitata Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141.— Thallus small, with the lacinie lineari-divided, branched, obtuse and capitato-sorediate at the apices. Apothecia terminal or subterminal, the receptacle beneath at length nervoso-rugose or costato-nervose ; spores oblong, slightly curved or substraight.—Ramalina poly- 0 194 LICHENACEI, [RAMALINA. morphea e. eapitata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 601; Nyl. Bull. Soe. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 149. Ramalina polymorpha Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 229, Distinguished by the lacinie, which are esorediate at the sides, and by the situation of the apothecia. The apices of the lacinizw are subfasti- giate, with the soredia globuloso-granulose, or partly pulverulent, whitish and convex. It should perhaps, as Nylander suggests (/. c.), rank as a distinct species, intermediate between R. polymorpha and R. pollinaria, In this country it is always sterile. Hab, On weathered granitic boulders in mountainous regions. —Distr., Local and scarce in N. England and in the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Teesdale, Durham. Ben-naboord, Aberdeenshire. 7. RB. pollinaria Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 608.—Thallus sub- erect, somewhat elongate, subflaccid, subcompressed, sublacunoso- unequal, and longitudinally rngose towards the base, lacero-laciniate, slightly shining, pale straw-coloured or glaucescent; lacinie plane, sublinear, variously divided, with white farinose, scattered soredia (medulla K—). Apothecia subterminal, moderate, concave, pale or glaucous, the receptacle unequal beneath ; spores oblong, straight or slightly curved, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85 pro parte; Mudd, Man. p. 74; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 95, ed. 2, p. 478, ed. 3, p. 87.—Lichen pollinarius Westr. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1795) p. 56; Eng. Bot. t. 1607 (descr. pro parte). Lichen farinaceus var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p-. 50. Lichenoides lacunosum lacerum, angustius Dill. Muse, 163, t. 21. £.57 D, 2.— Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 46 pro parte; Cromb. n. 130. Related to R. farinacea as well as to the preceding species, but dis- tinguished from both by the laciniz and the soredia. The lacinie are variable, the typical form being that described (elation Ach. Lich, Univ. p: 608). The soredia are numerous, though occasionally they occur only towards the apices, sometimes rendering the thallus inflated on the oppo- site surface. In this country the apothecia are rarely met with. The spermogones, which are also rare, have the spermatia cylindrical, about 0,004 mm. long, and 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, rarely on rocks, in wooded maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. General and common in 8. and W. England, local in N. Wales and the Channel Islands; very rare in S. Scotland; not seen from IJreland—B. M.: La Roche, Jersey ; Island of Sark. Waltham Abbey, Essex; near Maidstone, Kent; Hen- field and near Lewes, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Plymouth and Streat, Devonshire; Pentire, The Lizard, and near Penzance, Cornwall; Fresco Island, Scilly; Stowe Park, Bucking- ham; Twycross, Leicestershire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; near Skelton, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrichtshire: Salish’ Crags, Edinburgh. ‘ Srna yt ererwee Form humilis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 608.—Lacinice short, aggregate, complicate, often flexuose; soredia large, usually con- fluent. Apothecia very rare.—Cromd. Joirn. Bot. 1872, ‘D. 73 RAMALINA. | RAMALINEI. 194 Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 88.—Lichenoides cornutwum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill. Musc. 160, t. 21. £, 55 n— Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 41 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 208. Distinguished by the subpulvinate thallus, which in its smaller states is often almost covered by the confluent soredia. With us it is never seen fertile. Hab. On trees, pales, barn-doors, occasionally on rocks and stones, in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr, Local, though plentiful where it occurs, throughout England; very rare in 8. Scotland.—B. M.: Near King’s Lynn, Norfolk; Lakenham, Suffolk; Penshurst, Kent; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall; Gopsall, Leicestershire. Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh. ce. Thallus usually transversely or subreticulately unequal ; cortical layer amorphous or subamorphous. 8. R. evernioides Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. ser. 2, iv. p. 153.—Thalius suberect, crowdedly reticulato-rugose, or reticulato-scrobiculose, or thinly rugulose and partly plane, compressed, subopaque, Yariously laciniate, whitish or greenish straw-coloured; lacinie difform and variously divided, more or less soredioso-lacerate (medulla K—). Apothecia moderate, concave or somewhat plane, pale-testaceous or pale-glaucous, the receptacle rugose beueath; spores oblong, slightly curved, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 73; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 88.—Lichen pollinarius Eng. Bot. t. 1607 (fig. et descr. pro parte). Lichenotdes lacunosum lacerum, latius Dill. Muse. 163, t. 21. f. 57 4, 3, c.— Brit. Hes. : Leight. n. 41 pro parte; Mudd, n. 46 pro parte; Cromb. n. 131. The thallus is somewhat soft and often pliciform from rugosity. It varies considerably in size as well as in the breadth and divisions of the lacinie. The apothecia occur sparingly in this country, and the spermo-~ gones, which are not frequent, are somewhat scattered, with spermatia 0,003-4 mm. long’, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland dis- tricts.—Distr. General and common in 8. and W. England and S. and E. Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Scotland.—B. M. : Dixcart, Island of Sark. Near Walthamstow, Essex; near Reigate, Surrey; Eridge, near Tunbridge Wells and Worthing, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Testwood Park (frt.) and near Lyndhurst (frt.), New Forest, Hants; Bembridge, Isle of Wight; Usington, 8. Devon; Endellion and Tintagel, Cornwall; Bourton-on-Water, Gloucestershire; Stowe Park, Buckinghamshire; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Ingleby, Cleveland, York- * shire. Near Belfast, co, Antrim. t Form monophylla Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 73.—Thallus pendulous, simple, broad, oblongo-rounded, very rugose, the margin entire. Apothecia not seen.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 88. Apparently distinct, with a simple, leaf-like thallus. It has the same relation to the type as the analogous form of var. ampliata has to R. fravinea, The soredia ave rather large, and the thalline reticulationa 02 196 Li SHENACEL. [RaAMALINA. distinct and prominent. In the specimens gathered, which were old and sterile, the thallus is of a sordid-brown colour. Hab. On the trunks of old oaks in open places in a wooded tract.— Distr, Local and scarce in S. England. B. M.: New Forest, Hants. d. Thallus firm, solidly corticate, subroundly compressed or super- ficially unequal ; cortical layer externally amorphous, internally filamentose. 9. R. scopulorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 604.—Thallus rigid, more or less compressed and shining, smoothish or longitu- dinally unequal, lineari-laciniate, pale-greyish or pale straw-coloured; laciniz sublinear, attenuate (medulla K + yellowish, then rusty-red). Apothecia subpedicellate, marginal and subterminal, moderate, pale- testaceous or pale-glaucous, the receptacle somewhat smooth ; spores oblong, straight, 0,012-19 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63; Sm. Eng. Fi. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85; Mudd, Man. p. 74; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 91, ed. 2, p. 476, ed. 3, p. 88.—Lichen scopulorum Retz. Obs. Bot. fase. iv. (1791) p. 30; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57; Eng. Bot. t. 688.—Most of these references belong only in part to this species, from which until recently R. cuspidata was not clearly distinguished. It is also the Lichen calicaris pro parte of the older British authors.— Brit. Has.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 247; Bohl. n.112. Recognized by the shining, rigid, cartilaginous thallus and the chemical reaction of the medulla. It varies in length, and is often little branched. The apothecia are common and usually abundant, though in shady places it is generally sterile. The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia oblongo-cylindrical, 0,0085-45 mm. long, 0,0010-15 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts—Drst. General and common on most of the rocky coasts of Great Britain and the Channel Islands, pro- bably also of Ireland.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey; Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Bolt Head, S. Devon; St. Michael’s Mount, Land’s End, and Lamorna Cliff, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly Islands; Harlech Castle, Merionethshire ; Port Soderick, Isle of Man; Holy Island, Northumberland. Solway Frith, Kirkcudbrightshire; Isle of May, Frith of Forth; Ailsa Craig, Frith of Clyde; Island of Mull and Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire ; Orkney Islands. Var. 8. incrassata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 15.—Thallus smaller, thickish, rigid, subopaque, tuber- culoso-difform, shortly laciniate, sparingly divided (medulla K+ yellow and then rusty-red)—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 89.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 324. A small, thick, stunted, and deformed plant, with the thallus scarcely shining and less divided, and with broad, short lacinie. It is often tuberculoso-rugose from the numerous prominent spermogones. The apothecia in British specimens are sparingly present. Hab, On rocks in maritime tracts:.—Distr. Local and rare in the RAMALINA. | RAMALINEL 197 Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.. La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Penzance, Cornwall. Near Renvyle, Conne- mara, co, Galway. 10. R. subfarinacea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 66.—Thallus cespi- tose, suberect, shining, smoothish, rigid and fragile when dry, pale- greenish or greenish-grey ; lacinie lineari-attenuate, short, roundly compressed, usually much divided towards the apices, pulverulento- sorediiferous (medulla and soredia K+ yellowish and then rusty- red). Apothecia small, marginal and subterminal, at length con- vex, the receptacle subsmooth; spores oblong, straight, 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47.— Ramalina scopulorum var. subfarinacea Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 74; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 476, ed. 3, p. 89. Rama- lina calicaris 6. thrausta Mudd, Man. p. 73; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25.—-Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 23 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 328. This looks as if related to R. farinacea, but the structure of the cortex and the chemical reaction, as well as the general habit and place of growth, show its affinity io be rather with R. scopulorwm, to which it holds the same relation as R. farinacea has to R. calicaris. Sometimes it spreads extensively over the substratum, while at other times it occurs only in small tufts. It is very rarely fertile in Great Britain, the spermo- gones having the spermatia as in the preceding species. Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts. Distr. General, and common where it occurs, on the rocky sea-coasts of the Channel Islands and Great Britain, also in the mountainous tracts of England and Scotland; no doubt also in Ireland.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Islands of Sark and Alderney. Near Plymouth, Ivy Bridge, and Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall (frt.) ; Annet Island, Scilly (frt.); Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; near Dol- gelly and Harlech Castle, Merionethshire ; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomery- shire; Beddgelert and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Long Mynd, Shrop- shire ; Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Staveley, Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland; St. Bees, Cumberland. Black Island (frt.) and Airds, Appin, ae Killin, Perthshire; Banchory Devenick, near Aberdeen; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. 11. R. cuspidata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 158.—Thallus rigid, subcompressed and slightly shining, smoothish or longitudinally unequal, lacunose and tuberculate, lineari-laciniate, pale-greyish or pale straw-coloured ; laciniz simple or dichotomously branched (medulla K—). Apothecia with the receptacle sometimes striatulate; spores substraight or slightly subcurved, 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 74; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 477, ed. 3, p. 89.— Ramalina scopulorum f. cuspidata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) vo, 305, Ramalina scopulorum 6. cornuata Ach., Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 407. Lichen siliquosus Huds. F]. Angl. p. 460 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40. Coralloides fasciculare verrucosum et veluti siliguosum Dill. Muse. 119, t. 17. £. 38.—Lichen siliquosus, from specimens in herbaria, 198 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA, is merely an accidental state of this species.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. m 2. This differs from R. scopulorum chiefly in the absence of any chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus is variable in size and in the character of the lacinie, and is often roughish with spermogoniiferous pustules. The apothecia, except in the occasionally striatulate receptacle and the size of the spores, are, as well as the epee similar to those of R. scopulorum, though often congested and difform. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime districts, rarely on hills at a distance from the sea.—Dzstr. General and abundant on all the rocky coasts of Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and probably also of Ire- land.--B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Leigh Tor, Dartmoor, near Ply- mouth, Wembridge, and Torquay, Devonshire; Land’s End, Tintagel, the Lizard, Lamorna, St. Breock, and Pentire, Cornwall; Tenby, Pem- brokeshire; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; South Stacks, Island of Anglesea; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire ; Holy Island, Northumber- land; St. Bees, Cumberland. Solway Firth, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Rivel- ston and Cramond Island, near Edinburgh; Innerkip, Renfrewshire ; Banks of the Tay and Turin Hill, Forfarshire ; Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Great Island, Cork ; Ardglass, co. Down. Form minor Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159.--Thallus small, erect ; laciniz simplish, slender, subulate. Apothecia small, terminal or subterminal.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 141. A much dwarfed condition, being only 3 in. to 1 in. in height, with the lacinie often black at the apices. The apothecia are small and usually numerous. : Hab. On dry exposed rocks in maritime tracts — Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, S. and W. England, and in N.E. Scotland ; probably to be detected elsewhere. —B. M. : The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Wembury, Devonshire; Fowey and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Var. B. crassa Del. ew Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159.—Thallus somewhat small, thick, subopaque, tuber- culoso-difform, rigid, shortly laciniate; lacinie dilated, sparingly divided (medulla K—). Apothecia chiefly terminal.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90. Analogous to var. incrassata of R. scopulorum, from which it differs in the absence of any chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus is sometimes terebrate in old plants. Our British specimens are rarely fertile. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime tracts— Distr. Local and searce in the Channel Islands, 8. and N. England, and in N.E. Scotland.— B. M.. La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Penzance, Cornwall; St. Bees, Cumberland. ‘Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Subsp. R. breviuscula Ny]. Flora, 1873, p. 66.—Thallus small, depresscd, firm, often subpulvinato-stipate ; lacini short, congested, RAMALLNA., | RAMALINET, 199 turgid, variously difform (medulla K—). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, the margin of the receptacle subcrenate.—Cromb. Gre- villea, vii. p. 141.—Ramalina cuspidata £. breviuscula Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159. Ramalina poly- morpha f. depressa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 72; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p.87. Hamalina scopulorum, B. polymorpha Mudd, Man. p. 74. 2. polymorpha pro max. parte, Leight. Lich. Fl. and Cromb. Lich. Brit.; ? Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 73; Mudd, n. 47. This subspecies is somewhat variable in size, and in some of its smaller states is closely appressed to the substratum. The broader laciniee, which are occasionally convex, are often covered with spermogoniiferous ver- rucee and young apothecia; the former have been mistaken by British authors for the granulose soredia of R. polymorpha. It is usually in- fertile. Hab. On rocks in maritime tracts and on mountains.—-Distr. Not gen- eral nor common in the Channel Islands, 8., W., and N. England, on the N.E. coast of Scotland, and probably also among the Grampians.—B. M.: Coast of Guernsey and Island of Sark. Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Tintagel and Polperro, Cornwall; Gower Peninsula, Gla- morganshire; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomeryshire; near Thirsk and on top of Roseberry, Yorkshire. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Form gracilescens Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141.—Thallus very small, pulvinato-congested, lacinie short, slender, shortly divided at the apices, which are finely incurved or revolute. Apo- thecia not seen. The characters given separate this form, which otherwise-agrees with thé type. No apothecia have been seen, but spermogones are sparingly present. Hab. On boulders and walls in maritime tracts.— Distr, Local and rare in the Channel Islands and 8. England, but may occur elsewhere.— B. M.. Island of Sark. Near Brighton, Sussex. 12. R. Curnowii Cromb. ex Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 441.—Thallus fruticulose, subrigid, slender, rounded or somewhat compressed, shining, sparingly branched and but slightly interwoven, pale glau- cous (medulla K—). Apothecia terminal and lateral, small or nearly moderate, convex, pale, geniculato-adnate, the receptacle smooth ; spores ellipsoid, straight, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. —_Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 180; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 129; Larb. Cesar. n. 13. Allied to RB. cuspidata, though, as stated by Nylander 2. c., the colour of the spermogones might lead us to place it in the section of R. carpa- thica. The thallus, which is moderate or more or less elongate (from 2 to 6 inches in length), is blackish towards the base, and the laciniz, for the most part simplish (rarely branched towards the apices), are usually narrow, though varying somewhat in breadth. When fertile the apo- thecia are numerous. The blackish spermogones are frequent, with sper- matia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, 200 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA, © Hab, On rocks in maritime districts — Distr. Very local though plen- tiful where it occurs, in the Channel Islands and 8.W. England.—B. M.: Mont Orgueil, Island of Jersey. Near Land’s End and Penzance, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly. 13. R. geniculata Hook. & Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot, 1844, p. 655. —Thallus moderate or somewhat small, subrounded or subcom- pressed, smooth, or obsoletely longitudinally subnervose, ceespitosely and subfastigiately branched, pale or pale straw-coloured, often terebrate with scattered perforations, fistulose within; branches usually attenuate (medulla K—). Apothecia small, terminal or sub-. terminal, pale-testaceous or glaucous-white, the receptacle smooth or rugulose; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, straight (or obso- letely slightly curved), 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.. —Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. p. 163; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90. Resembles R. pusilla Le Prév., a plant found in Portugal but not- reaching our Islands: it is distinguished by the cortical texture and the shining, smooth, and more freely divided thallus. To the following species also it presents several points of alliance. It is interesting as one of the exotic plants which extend to W. Ireland. In the British specimens the apothecia, which are appendiculate, are very sparingly present. Hab. On stems of shrubs (thorns) in maritime districts —Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce in N.W. Ireland, though we may expect to find it in the S.W. also.—B, M.: Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 14. R. minuscula Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 164.—Thallus small, subrounded, shining, soft, subpel- lucid, very finely longitudinally striatulate, cespitosely branched, straw-coloured or pale straw-coloured, branches attenuato-ramulose (medulla K—). Apothecia small, terminal, plane or convex, yel- lowish flesh-coloured or glaucous, the receptacle smoothish beneath ; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, straight, 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 142.—Ramalina caleavis f. minuscula Nyl. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 114. This might be taken for a small, narrow state of R. fastigiata, or for a young condition of R. calicaris. It is, however, a very distinct species, differing from the preceding in the smaller and softer thallus, which is scarcely more than } inch in height; it occasionally presents small scat- tered oblong perforations. In British specimens the apothecia are very rare. Hab. On the branches of stunted larches, and erratic on rocks in a wooded mountainous district.— Distr. Very local and scarce, found only among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. USNEA. | USNEEI. 201 Tribe X. USNEETI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170. Thallus fruticulose, somewhat rounded, rarely angulose, erect or pendulous, internally with a firm chondroid axis. Apothecia leca- norine, peltate, terminal or lateral; spores Sne, small, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones immersed ; sterig- mata simple or subsimple. A natural tribe, distinguished from its allies by having internally a solid axis (as in Stereocaulon), which readily separates from the cortical layer. Comprising only three small genera, two of which, Newropoyon and Chlorea, do not occur in Great Britain, it is with us, as in most other countries, marked by the abundance of the species of Usnea. 37. USNEA Dill. Muse. (1741) p. 56 pro parte; Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 306.—Thallus filamentoso-elongate, or tibrilloso-ramulose with patent branches, concolorous on both sides; chondroid axis composed of densely conglutinate filaments, cortical layer fragile and often diffract. Apothecia concolorous or subconcolorous with KO d WS SY ce Fig. 40. Usnea florida Ach.—a. Longitudinal section of the thallus, x200. 2. Vertical section of a young apothecium (with thalline receptacle), x30. ¢. Theca and paraphysis, X350. d. Spores, 500. ¢. Transverse section of the thallus, showing above a spermogoné (beneath which is a section of the medulla), x30. f. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. the thallus, often with ramuloso-ciliate margin; hypothecium colour- less ; spores small, ellipsoid; paraphyses _ stipate in the dense hymenial gelatine, which is bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral, slightly protuberant, in colourless conceptacles ; spermatia straight, cylindrico-acicular, slightly incrassate towards the base. 202 LICHEN ACEI. [USNEA. The species are more or less social, occurring in wooded regions, chiefly in old woods (though sometimes saxicole and lignicole), where, with their pale-greenish or yellowish thalli often very considerably elongate, they form, especially when fertile, a fine ornament to the trunks and branches of the trees, covering them as if with a “shaggy fleece.” The limits of many species have been little understood by recent authors, the earlier writers having in this respect a more accurate judgment. Accordingly, modern lichenologists, following Fries, have usually included several dis- tinct species as varieties under Usnea barbata Fr., supposing that they were connected by intermediate states. Nylander has, however, again separated these, and pointed out that there are sufficient external and anatomical differences to entitle them to rank as distinct species—one of the more important characters being the size of the spores. Nearly all the species are often sorediiferous, especially in barren specimens ; while on the thalli of several “cephalodia” are not unfrequent. These are lateral, pale, or at length brown, tuberculoso-pulvinate, solid, internally dense (with no distinct gonimic layer), and composed of thin, interwoven filamentose elements (vide Nyl. Syn. i. p. 266). The spermogones are rare and covered by the thallus, on which they appear as slight protuber- ances, with spermatia 0,009 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. In the British species the cortical layer usually gives a more or less yellowish reaction with K, but is untinged by CaCl. Frequently, however, the positive reaction is very faint or even wanting in portions of the same specimen, so that it cannot be employed for the discrimination of species, as Dr. Stirton has done (Scottish Naturalist, vi. p. 101 e¢ seq.). 1. U. florida Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 307 pro parte.—Thallus erect, rounded, scabrous, very much branched, pale-greyish or greyish- green; branches patent, nearly simple, with crowded horizontal fibrils. Apothccia plane, moderate or large, pale or somewhat glau- cous, ciliate at the margins, the cilia long, fibrillose, radiating ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0-007-11 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 226; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 555. Usnea bar- bata a. florida Mudd, Man. p. 69, t. i. f. 15; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83, ed.3, p.75; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib, li. p. 86. Lichen floridus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1154; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 463; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50; Eng. Bot. t. 872. Usnea vulgatissima tenuior et brevior, cum orbiculis Dill. Muse. 69, t. 13. f. 13. Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus cum orbieulis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 6.— Brit. Exs.; Cromb. n. 16. Easily recognized by its constantly erect habit, and the horizontal fibrils with which the branches are covered. The thallus is usually rigid and more or less scabrid. ‘When several plants grow in proximity they form, with their large and numerous apothecia, a striking object on the forest trees, and present the appearance of a small parasitic shrub. The apothecia are terminal and smooth, though in age they become rugulose and shortly fibrillose on the underside. Hab. On the branches of trees, rarely erratic on rocks, in upland woods and forests.— Distr. General and not uncommon in Great Britain, but more frequent and fruiting more freely in the Southern tracts; rare in the Chanuel Islands; not seen from Ireland, though said by Dr. Taylor USNEA., | USNEEI, 203 (1. ¢.) to be common.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Near Lydd, Kent; New Forest, Hants; Lydford and near Totnes, Devonshire ; Bocconoc and near Penzance, Cornwall; Hay Coppice and Whitfield, Herefordshire ; near Porthogo, Breconshire ; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Island of Anglesea; Gibside Woods, Durham; Ambleside, ‘Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; near Inverary, Argyleshire; Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire ; Durris Woods, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen, and Ballochbuie Jforest, Braemar; Lochaber, Inverness- shire. 2, U. hirta Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 183.—Thallus some- what small, nearly erect, ceespitose, crowdedly branched, densely and minutely fibrillose, greenish- or yellowish-white; branches often covered with verrucoso-pulverulent soredia. Apothecia small, pale, the margin with short radiating fibrils; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,006-8 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 555.—Usnea barbata B. hirta Mudd, Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 84, ed. 3, p. 76. Usnea pitcata y. hirta Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 404; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 226; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86. Lichen hirtus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1155; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 895; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46. Usnea vul- gatissima tenuior et brevior, sine orbiculis Dill. Muse. 67, t. 13. £12. —Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 1 pro parte; Mudd, n. 35. Distinguished from the preceding, which it resembles in habit, by being much smaller (usually about 1-2 inches in height), more ceespitose, branched and fibrillose. Occasionally it is very small and pulvinate, and is sometimes only sparingly sorediiferous. ‘The apothecia are very rare in Great Britain, and are found only on the smaller conditions, Minute cephalodia, however, are not unfrequent on the main branches. Hab. On old pales (oak and larch), and occasionally on the branches of trees in wooded tracts —— Dzstr. General in maritime and upland districts, sometimes abundant, especially in the Central Highlands of Scotland ; apparently rare in Ireland and in the Channel Islands.—B. M. : Island of Guernsey. Walthamstow, Essex; Lydd, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire; Coryton, §. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gop- sall, Leicestershire; Rowter Rocks, Derbyshire; near Oswestry and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Bettws- y-Coed, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby, Cleveland, York- shire; near Hexham, Northumberland; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perth- shire; Muchills, Kincardineshire; Park, near Aberdeen; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Wood, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. 3. U. dasypoga Nyl. ea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 202.— Thallus elongate, pendulous, scabrous, sparingly branched, greyish- white or pale-greyish ; the branches long, divergent, simplish, with short, patent, crowded fibrille. Ayothecia small or nearly mode- 204 LICHEN ACEI. [USNEA. rate, concave, pale or flesh-coloured, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick— Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 555.— Usnea barbata 6. dasy- poga Mudd, Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 84, ed. 3, p. 76. Usnea plicata y. dasypoga Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 312. Usnea barbata Hook. Fl. Scot. it. p. 70 pro parte ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231 pro parte. Lichen barbatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 890; Eng. Bot. t. 258. f.2. Usnea barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis Dill. Muse. 63, t. 12. f. 6.—The specific name of barbatus Linn. having been applied to the aggregate species of recent authors, it is better to adopt the later name in order to prevent confusion. Distinguished from U. florida by the elongate, pendulous thallus with its long divergent branches, and by the smaller and fewer apothecia. The thallus, as is the case in other species, is in old plants sometimes very sparingly articulate towards the base, and occasionally also con- sists merely of one or two elongate branches, which at first sight are not unlike those of U. longissima Ach., which does not occur in this country. It is often widely spreading and cephalodiiferous, and from its appear- ance is best entitled to the name of “bearded.” With us it is very rarely seen in fruit; when present the apothecia are scattered and chietly subterminal. Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly firs, in wooded upland tracts.— Distr. Somewhat local in 8S. and N. England, N. Wales ; more common among the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Iveland.—B. M.: Dart- moor, Lydford, and near Totnes, 8. Devon; near Dolgelly and Rhew- greidden, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Teesdale Forest, Dur- ham; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Loch Ard, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Mar Forest, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Var. 6. plicata Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.—Thallus smooth, sub- dichotomously branched; branches lax, entangled, subarticulate, very sparingly or non-fibrillose, the ultimate ones capillary. Apo- thecia somewhat small, concave or at length plane.—Cromb. Gre- villea, xv. p. 48.—Usnea barbata y. plicata Mudd, Man. p. 69 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 76 pro parte. Usnea plicata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403 (excl. vars.); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. Fl. p. 226. Lichen plicatus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 225; Eng. Bot. t. 257 (atypical, and referable rather to dasypoga).—As there is no speci- men of Lichen plicatus in Herb. Linn., it is very doubtful if this be the plant he intended by that name. This, regarded by Nylander as a variety of U. dasypoga, has been little understood by lichenologists. It is distinguished by the thallus being quite smooth, very sparingly fibrillose (in its more typical state efibril- lose), and the branches more lax and entangled. The older branches are somewhat articulato-diffract, and the ultimate ones attenuate, filiform. Only one of our British specimens is quite typical and well fertile. Hab. On the branches of trees, chiefly larch, in wooded mountainous USNEA. ] USNEEI. 205 regions.— Distr. Local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire; near Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (typical); Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness- shire ; Dulcie, by the Findhorn, Morayshire, Var. y. scabrata Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.—Thallus rough with more or less crowded, slightly elevated papille ; branches somewhat strict, nearly efibrillose. Apothecia small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48.—Usnea scabrata Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 27. Differs from the preceding variety in having the branches scabrid and not subarticulate. From U. ceratina, which it also resembles, it is dis- tinguished by the absence of patent branches. The British specimens are short, about 6 inches long, often verrucoso-sorediiferous, and are for the most. part sterile. Hab. On the trunks and branches of larches in mountainous woods.— Distr, Probably general in the fir forests of the Scottish Highlands, though seen only from a few localities in S. Scotland and among the Grampians.—B, M.: New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; near Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 4, U. ceratina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 610.—Thallus elon- gate, subpendulous, rigid, papilloso-scabrous, at length verrucoso- sorediate, much and variously branched, palé-greyish or yellowish ; the branches patent, diffuse, more or less fibrillose. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, slightly concave, concolorous, some- times pruinose, the margin with long, stout, recurved cilia, the receptacle beneath papilliferous ; spores 0,0U7-9 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm, thick.—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 554.—Usnea barbata var. ceratina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85, ed. 3, p.77. Lichen plicatus Huds. Fl. Argl. p. 461; Tightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 889; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50. Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis Dill. Muse. 56, t. 11. f.1. Muscus arboreus, Usnea officinarum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 64, n. 1— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 36. Generally confounded by British authors with var. plicata of the pre- ceding species, from which it is readily distinguished by the numerous papillz or short fibrils, which give it so very rough an appearance. It is very variable in size, mode of branching, and degree of fibrillosity, while in old plants it is sometimes sparingly articulate at the base. The apothecia in this country are seldom present. Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees in upland woods.— Distr, General and common in §., W., and N. England, in N. Wales, and the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Ireland or the Channel Islands.— B. M.: Lydd, Kent; Bexhill, Sussex; Isle of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, and Woodcote Wood, Hampshire; Beckey Falls, S. Devon; Roughton and Bocconoc, Cornwall; Annet Island, Scilly ; near Malvern, Worcestershire; Nannau, near Dolgelly, and Harlech, Merionethshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, 206 LICHENACEI. [UsNEA, Yorkshire; Ashgill Woods and Lamplugh, Cumberland. Stronaclachan Woods and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Cuuntesswells Woods, near Aber- deen; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Weods, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn, Morayshire. Var. 6. scabrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 620.—Thallus smaller, erect or suberect, subczspitose, more or less fibrillose, papil- loso-scabrid, verrucoso-sorediate: otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Journ, Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 34; Leight. n. 1 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 285. When erect and fibrillose this is not unlike U. florida, from which it differs in the papille and prominent yerrucose soredia, with which it is more or less covered. It is 3-5 inches in length, and is rarely fertile, though cephalodia are often present. Hab. On trunks and branches of trees, also on stunted shrubs and rocks in maritime and upland districts Distr. Rather local, though plentiful where it occursin S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and the S.W. Highlands; not seen from Iveland—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, and Lydd, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire; near Lydford, S. Devon; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Haughmond, Hill, Shrop- shire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, York- shire; Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; «Appin, Argyleshire. Form ferruginascens Cromb. Trans. Essex Field Club, iv. (1885) p. 60.—Thallus erect, small, deep rusty-red. Apothecia not seen.— Usnea florida f. rubsginea (non Mich.), Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 86, ed. 3, p. 77. Evidently an accidental condition, abnormally coloured by some kind of maceration. The main branches are occasionally sparingly articulate towards the base. It is always sterile. . Hab. On trees and shrubs in maritime aud upland tracts.—Distr. Hainault Forest, Essex; Lydd, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest and Maple- hurst, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; Falls of Beckey, 8. Devon; Withiel, Cornwall. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. 5. U. articulata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 185.—-Thallus pendulous, nearly smooth, flaccid, very much and dichotomously branched, pale-greyish or pale-yellowish ; branches elongate, arti- culato-constricted, the articulations ventricose, discrete; branchlets slender, fibrillose and entangled. Apothecia small, pale, somewhat sparingly fibrilloso-ciliate—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 554.—Usnea barbata . articulata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 (e); Mudd, Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85, ed. 8, p. 77. Lichen articulatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1156; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 48, et var. 2 barbatus; Eng. Bot. t. 258. f.1. Usnea barbata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Usnea capillacea nodosa Dill. USNEA. ] USNEEI. 207 Muse. 60, t. 11. f. 4. Lichenoides quod Museus arboreus nolesus Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 65, vn. 4. Brit, Hvs.: Cromb. n. 17; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. Apparently a distinct species, easily recognized by the articulate thal- lus and the long capillary tibrils of the lateral branches. The rest of the thallus is sometimes nearly efibrillose, and the articulations, few or many, are caused by the transverse rupture of the cortical layer. In this country the apothecia have never been met with, the supposed fruit of _the older writers being merely the “ cephalodia,’ which are sometimes very frequent and occa-ionally conglomerate. Hab. On the trunks of aged trees in old shady woods and forests in upland districts —Distr. Local and scarce at the present day in Great Britain, though before our old woods and forests were so extensively felled it seems to have been much more frequent.—B. M.: Charlton Forest, Sussex; near Appuldurcomb and Ventnor, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; near Exeter, Arton, Beckey Falls, Devonshire ; Liskeard, Corawall; Enfield Chace, Hertfordshire; near Stockenchurch, Oxford ; Cwm Bychan, near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Burnley, Lancashire. Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire; Deerhill Woods, Forfarshire ; Rothiemurchus Wocds, Inverness-shire. Form intestiniformis Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48.— Thallus prostrate, thick, and inflated, here and there coarctate and ventricose; branchlets short, attenuate, flexuoso-interwoven.— Usnea barbata d. intestiniformis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 625. Usnea barbata B. articulata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Usnea arti- culata Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86. This singular state, evidently depending on the habitat, differs in the articulations being very much swollen and the branchlets much shorter. It is always infertile. Hab. On the ground in sandy tracts in maritime districts — Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. England and 8.E. Ireland; not recently gathered—B. M.: Exmouth Warren, Devonshire. Malahide, near Dublin. Tribe XI. ALECTORIEI Nyl. Flora 1869, p, 444. Thallus fruticulose, rounded or compressed, erect or pendulous, decumbent or prostrate, internally with lax, arachnoid medulla, or entirely hollow. Apothecia lecanorine, scutelliform, lateral or pseudo-terminal; spores usually 8ne, small or moderate, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones immersed or superficial ; sterigmata pauci-articulate. As instituted by Nylander this is a well-defined and natural tribe. It is allied to the preceding and following tribes. Of its three genera, Du- fourea and Dactylina do not occur in our Islands, 208 LICHENACEI. [ALECTORTA, 38. ALECTORIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 592 pro parte; Nyl. Syn. p. 277.—Thallus filamentose, often intricately branched, concolorous on both sides, somewhat shi- _ ning ; medullary layer [ ' loosely arachnoid or | lacunose, not readily i separating from the qd cortical layer, which is corneous, formed of subparallel filaments closely conglutinate. Apothecia discolorous, or rarely subconcolo- rous with the thallus, rarely with ciliate margin; hypothecium colourless ; spores Snze Fig. 41. and small, or 2—4ne Alectoria ochvoleuca Nyl.—a. Vertical section of ; a young apothecium, x30. 6. Theca and and larger, very rarely parapbysis, X 350. ¢. Spores, x 500. d. b murali- divided, i el- Longitudinal section of thallus with a sper- lipsoid, sometimes mogone, X 80. e¢. Sterigmata and spermatia, at length becoming x 500. brown ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral, inclosed in thalline tubercles, the conceptacles externally blackish ; spermatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate towards either apex. The species of this genus are characteristic of mountainous regions, and several occur in great abundance in suitable localities. In some the thallus becomes at length free from the substratum, because of the decay and death of the lower portion, which does not, however, prevent them from freely vegetating. a. Apothecia lateral or pseudo-terminal; spores 2-4nx, somewhat large, colourless or at length brown. (Hualectoria Fr. fil. Gen. Heterol. (1861) p. 48.) 1. A. ochroleuca Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1837) p. 98.—Thal- lus ceespitoso-fruticulose, rigid, erect, rounded or somewhat com- pressed, smooth, or here and there lacunoso-impressed, much and divaricately branched, ochroleucous or whitish straw-coloured ; branches attenuate, the apices recurved and usually blackish (Ket sellowish CGacl—), Apothecialarge, innato-sessile, at length re- pand, bright brownish-red or brownish-black, the margin inflexed or excluded; spores 0,028-42 mm. long, 0,014-24 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 87, ed. 3, p. 79.—Cornicularia ochroleuca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p- 69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 229. Lichen ochroleucus Ehrh., Beytr. iii. (1789) p. 82; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 19; With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 46 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 2374.-- Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 126. ALECTORTA.] ALECTORIEI. 209 Grows in large tufts with the thallus at length free, is often sprinkled with small whitish soredia, and has the fertile branches thicker. It varies somewhat in the degree of blackness with which its normally pale yellow colour is diversified, this being confined to the apices of the branchlets, as is usually the case with us, or extending, over the greater portion of the thallus, as in Arctic regions. In Great Britain the apothecia are extremely rare, having been seen in only a-single specimen. The spermogones, which are seldom present with us, are minute, punctate, eee within, with spermatia 0,007-8 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. ick. Hab. Among mosses on gravelly soil in alpine places. Distr. Confined to some of the higher Grampians, Scotland, on or near their summits.— B. M.: Cairngorm and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; ? Clova Mts., Forfarshire. | Form tenuior Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232.—Thallus smaller, decumbent, the branches more slender, somewhat entangled and concolorous at the apices. Apothecia small, pale reddish-brown.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.—Lichen sarmentosus Eng. Bot. t. 2040 (smaller fig.). This form depends no doubt upon the habitat. It bears a general re- semblance except in colour to the terminal branchlets of var. cincinnata of A. sarmentosa, to which belongs the specimen from Morrone cited in Journ, Bot. 7. c. and quoted in Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88as var. erinalis, In the only specimen seen there is but a single young apothecium visible, which is rather lateral than pseudo-terminal. Hab. On sterile ground in alpine places.—Distr. Seen only from one of the loftier mountains of the N. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Luighal, Sutherlandshire. 2. A. sarmentosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 595.--Thallus pendulous or prostrate, elongate, complicate, very much and remotely branched, compressed at the axils, whitish-straw-coloured, the upices attenuate, long, concolorous (K_, K (CaCl). aaien) Apothecia smail, lateral, badio-reddish or brown; spores 3-4ne, 0,015-36 mm. long, 0,014-80 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.—Lichen sarmentosus Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1795, p. 212,t. 8. f. 2. ? Usnea loris longis dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus Dill. Muse. 59, t. 11. f. 2. Distinguished by the form of the thallus and the situation of the apo- thecia, The thallus, which varies in thickness, is rounded or here and there somewhat compressed, smooth or more or less lacunoso-foveolate, with the branches divaricate or dichotomous. Our only known British specimen belongs to the usual alpine and thicker condition. It has only a few apothecia and no spermogones. Hab. Among mosses on the ground in alpine situations.— Distr. Known only from one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.. Cairn- gorm, Banffshire. Var. J. cincinnata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 282 ; Flora, 1869, p. 244. —Thallus prostrate, sarmentose, intricate, unequally compressed, thickened, impresso-lacunose, remotely branched, pale greenish P 210 LICHENACEI. [ALECTORIA. sulphur-coloured ; branches very much divaricate, long, attenuate, concolorous or sparingly blackish at the apices (K_, CaClp .aaish): Apothecia lateral, becoming brownish-black, the margin entire.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79.—Alectoria ochroleuca var. cincinnata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88, ed. 3, p. 79. Zvernia ochroleuca b. cin- cinnata Fr. L. E. (1830) p. 22. Alectoria ochroleucu var. sarmentosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24. Alectoria surmentosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 408; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227; Mudd, Man. p.70. Lichen ochroleucus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 pro parte. —aAs specimens in herbaria show, this was mistaken by our earlier and some later writers for A. sarmentosa (cfr. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232).—Brit. Exvs.: Cromb. n. 18. The thallus often bears large foveolate, and scrobiculate concolorous excrescences, and usually is here and there tinged of a bluish-black colour. The apothecia do not occur in this country, and the spermogones are very rarely seen. Hab. On the ground in alpine places, creeping loosely over mosses and the stems of Azalea procumbens —Distr. Very local, though somewhat plentiful on a few of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben- naboord, Morrone, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. b. Apothecia lateral: spores 8nz, small, colourless (Bryopogon Link. Handb. (1833) p. 164 pro parte). 3. A. divergens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 71.—Thallus ceespi- tose, erect or prostrate, robust, rigid, and fragile, somewhst rounded or subangular, shining, often much branched, brownish-chestnut- coloured ; branches dichotomously diverging (K—, CaCl be deep red" Apothecia bright-brown, the margin usually crenulate or rough ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot.- 1873, p. 183; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 78.—Cornicularia divergens Ach, Meth. (1803) p. 303. This is like larger states of Cetraria aculeata, from which, however, itis well distinguished by being more robust, not spinulose, by the medullary reaction with CaCl, and the nature of the spermogones. In the few specimens gathered in Britain the thallus is less developed than in those from Arctic regions, and is destitute of the white points which elsewhere are sometimes present, arising from the rupture of the cortical layer. The apothecia have as yet been detected only in N.E. Asia. Hab. On the ground among mosses in alpine places.—Distr. Found only on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, 4, A. nigricans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p.71.—Thallus cespi- toso-fruticulose, erect or ascending, rigid, somewhat rounded, dicho- tomously and intricately branched, livid- or chestnut-black, paler towards the base, opaque, branches more or less deflexed at the apices, the axils somewhat lacunoso-impressed (K ae gallon al bane’ CaCl) eddish”” Apothecia lateral, moderate, badio-brownish, the ALECTORIA. | ALECTORIFT. 211 margin thin, at length exciuded; spores 0,021-35 mm. long, 0,015 —20 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 87, ed. 3, p. 78.—Oornicularia ochroleuca 3. nigricans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 615.—Brit. Exs. : Cromb. n. 19. The thallus, which is at length free, and, except in colour, like that of A. ochroleuca, is often blackish almost throughout, though sometimes only towards the apices. When long preserved in herbaria it becomes reddish, avd tinges the paper of the same colour. The apothecia have been found only in Labrador and Arctic N. America. With us the sper- mogones are not uncommon. They are somewhat protuberant, most frequent towards the apices, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks, in alpine and sub- alpine situations.— Distr. Somewhat local, but usually plentiful on several of the higher Grampians, Scotland ; very sparingly on mts. in N. Wales ; doubtfully on those of N. England—B.M.: Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- shire; The Glyders and Carnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire ; ? Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and Mael Girdy, Perthshire; Ben-y-Gloe and Cairn Gowar, Blair Athole; Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 5. A. jubata Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233.—Thallus elongate, pendulous, filiform, subrounded, somewhat rigid, much branched, sorediiferous, olive-brown or brownish black, rarely paler; branches entangled, smooth, subconcolorous at the apices (K_, CaCl—). Apothecia innato-sessile, affixed to geniculations of the thallus, small, plane or convex, the margin entire, at length excluded ; spores 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p.408; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p.67; Sm. Eng, Fl. v. p. 227; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86; Mudd, Man. p. 70 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 80.—Lichen jubatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1155 pro parte; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 891 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.46; Eng. Bot. t. 1880 pro parte. Usnea jubata nigricans Dill. Muse. 64, t. 12. f.7. Lichen- oides quod Muscus corallinus sawatilis foniculaceus Dill. in Ray Syn. p. 65, n. 7.—Brit. Exvs.; Leight. n. 72; Mudd, n. 37; Cromb. n. 128 (pallidior); Bohl. n. 83. The thallus of this-well-known plant, of which the type is A. proliva Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 592, is in its young state suberect, as it frequentl appears on old fir pales, Usually it is more or less sprinkled with whitis or greyish soredia, which are especially abundant in the less elongate or suberect states. It is one of our most social lichens, frequently along with Usneas completely covering the trunks and branches of firs in Highland woods and forests. The apothecia are extremely rare in Great Britain, owing, no doubt, to so many old forests having been felled. The spermogones, which are also very rare, are inclosed in scattered thalline tubercles, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,005 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, chiefly pine and larch, as also on boulders among mosses, in wooded upland and subalpine regions, P2 212 LICHENACEI. [ALECTORIA. —Distr. General in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain— very abundant amongst the Grampians, Scotland ; rare in Ireland.—B, M.: St. Leonards, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon- shire; Helminton and Roughton, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- shire ; Gamlingay Park, Cambridgeshire; near Kingley, Warwickshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and near Barmovuth, Merionethshire; Baysdale and near Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Keswick and Alston, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Falloch, Killin (frt.), Ben Lawers, and Knock of Crieff, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire (frt.); Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Ballochbuie Forest, Craig Cluny, and Mar Forest, Braemar; Rothiemurchus Woods, Glen Nevis, and Glen Morriston, Inver- ness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Killiney Hills, near Dublin; Luggle- law, co. Wicklow ; near Innishowen, co. Donegal. Var. #3. lanestris Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 593.—Thallus some- what small, prostrate, rather soft, very sparingly sorediiferous, brownish-black or blackish ; branches short, slender, densely en- tangled. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233.— Lichen jubatus Eng. Bot. t. 1880 (upper fig.). This variety, which superficially resembles Parmelia lanata, is well distinguished by the smaller, denser, more tender thallus, and by the almost entire absence of soredia. The fructification has apparently never been observed, even in countries where the plant is more common. Hab. On old fir pales in mountainous districts — Distr. Local and rare, in W. England and among the Grampians, Scotland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Helsby Hill, Cheshire. Killin, Perthshire ; Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Form tenerrima Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48.—Thallus smaller, very much branched ; branches short, very slender, fragile, soft and much interwoven. At first sight might readily be mistaken for an Ephebe. It is always sterile. Hab, On the trunks of old birch trees in upland situations.—Distr. Very local and rare among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. A. chalybeiformis Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48.— Thallus subfiliform, prostrate, flexuose, rigid, divaricately branched, sparingly sorediate, olive- or brownish-black (or dark leaden- coloured), often a little paler at the apices ; branches short, remote (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia not seen.—Alectoria jubata var. chaly- beiformis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 592; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 67; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227; Mudd, Man. p. 70; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 89, ed. 3, p. 80.—Alectoria chalybei- formis Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 408. Lichen chalybeiformis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1155; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47. Usnea rigida hor- sum vorsum extensa Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f.10. Lichenoides caule vigido, instar fili chalybet Dill in Ray Syn. ed: 3, p. 65, n, 2.— Brit. Exs.: Larb, Lich. Hb. n, 245. ALECTORIA.} ALECTORIEI. 213 The simpler, less intricate thallus, which is usually more compressed at the axils, more shortly and remotely branched, thicker, flexuose and less sorediate than in A. jubata, entitles this to be viewed as a subspecies. The apothecia have never been detected, and the spermogones are absent in our specimens. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders in upland and mountainous districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon in England and N. Wales ; lentiful among the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Ireland.— . M.; Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Eridge Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, Sussex; Templemore and Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Malvern and Herefordshire Beacon, Worcestershire; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Island of Anglesea; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Gateshead Fell, Durham; Suddale, Westmoreland. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Cluny, Lochnagar, and Ben- ee Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis and Loch Ennich, Inver- ness-shire. Subsp. 2. A. subcana Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.— Thallus pendulous, filiform, subelongate, much branched, greyish- white (K7~, CaCl_); soredia small, somewhat prominent, whitish. Apothecia not seen. Very similar in colour to A. implera f. cana, for which but for the absence of any reaction it might readily be mistaken. The thallus is less elongate, more slender, with the branches less entangled than in A. jubata, while the soredia also are different. It has not been found fertile. Hab. On the branches of old firs in wooded mountainous tracts.— Distr. Very local among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perth- shire; Glen Derrie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 6. A. implexa Nyl. ew Norrl. Med. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 14.—Thallus pendulous, elongate, filiform, subrounded, very much branched and entangled, slender and flaccid, greyish- yellow or greyish -white, with whitish or greyish scattered soredia (Kt+yellowish’ Cacl—), Apothecia as in the preceding species.— Usnea implexa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 134, Alectoria cana Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88. -Alectoria capillaris Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.—This is the Lichen jubatus pro parte of Linneeus and of some of the older British authors. Similar in habit to A. jubata, of which it has usually been considered a variety, but from which it is separated by the more slender and differ- ently-coloured thallus, and especially by the reaction. It has a still closer resemblance to A. sarmentosa f. crinalis Ach., with which, in countries where both are frequent, it is apt to be confounded. It is often almost entirely esorediate. It is very rarely fertile, and the few British speci- mens are sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old firs in mountainous districts.—Distr. Very local and rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : York- shire. Killin, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. 214 LICHENACEL, [ALECTORIA. 7. A. bicolor Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 98.—Thallus filiform, erect, very much and divaricately branched, densely intri- cate, black or brownish-black ; branches short, slender, rounded, patent, subfibrillose, the apices usually somewhat curved and pale- brown (K_, CaCl7). Apothecia lateral, small, blackish ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,007-8 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 70; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 86, ed. 3, p. 78.—Cornicularia bicolor Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 405 ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p.69; Sm. Eng. FL. v. p. 229. Lichen bicolor Ehrh. Beytr. iii. (1789) p. 82; Eng. Bot. t. 1853. Lichen lanatus Huds. FI. Angl. p. 461 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 892; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57. Usnea lane nigre instar saxis adherens Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f. 8. Muscus coralloides lane nigre instar, saais adherens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 3.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 39; Cromb. n. 127. Though allied to A. jubata, of which it has been regarded as a variety, yet, in the absence of any intermediate states, this is a very distinct species. The apices of the thallus, which is at length free, are frequently concolorous with the branches (var. melaneira Ach, Lich. Univ. p. 614); but this evidently results from exposure. The apothecia have been gathered only in the Himalaya Mts. The spermogones are very minute, more frequent towards the apices, with spermatia 0,008 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and boulders among mosses in upland and subalpine tracts.— Distr. Frequent and sometimes abundant in mountainous tracts of W. and N. England, N. Wales, and the Highlands of Scotland, but apparently very rare in N.E. Iveland.—B. M.: "Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Walkington, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Capel Arthog, Llyn Bodlyn, and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Island of Angle- sea; Farndale, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmore- Jand. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben-A’an, near Taymouth, Ben Lawers, Ben More, Glen Lyon, Corrie Uachlar, Rannoch, and Ben- y-Gloe, Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Luighal, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim. Tribe XII. CETRARIEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 172; Syn. i. p. 297. Thallus subfruticulose or foliaceous, compressed or rarely rounded, erect, ascending, or appressed, occasionally sparingly rhizinose be- neath, internally filled with a white woolly medulla. Apothecia lecanorine, marginal, obliquely affixed to the lacinia ; spores 8ne, small, simple, colourless; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones enclosed in setuliform apiculi or biack papille; sterigmata subsimple or pauci-articulate. In habit and general appearance this tribe approaches some of the Alectoriet, though in more important respects it is allied to the Par- meliei. Having regard, however, to the usually fruticulose thallus the situation of the apothecia, and the character of the spermogones, it is entitled to be separated from both. Most of the European species are found in Britain. CRIRARrA. ] CETRARIET. 215 _ 39. CETRARIA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 292 pro parte; Nyl. Syn. 1. p. 298.—Thallus fruticulose, erect or ascending, more or less rigid, laciniose, rarely fistulose, concolo- rous on both sides; epithallus 3S somewhat shining; medullary CO 3 Pi 2 layer with the filaments loosely coral interwoven, or in the fistulose species arachnoid, scanty, intri- S M cate within; cortical layer inter- nally formed of longitudinal tubes, externally cellular. Apothecia subconcolorous with the thallus, . Fie. 42 marginal, adnate on the front of sai the apices of the lacinie, usually Cetraria Islandica Ach.—a. A theca, with entire, sometimes with cre- oe fe PERE eae oe ar : i ical section of a spermogone, x30. nulate margin; hypothecium g Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500, colourless; — spores subellipsoid ; : hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones marginal, spinuliform ; sterigmata simple ; spermatia cylindrical, moderate or somewhat short. : d Wa.8. SB This genus is especially characteristic of sub-arctic or alt-alpine regions. The thallus, which is of a lighter or darker spadiceous colour, becomes at length free from the substratum. In most species the apothecia are very rare or unknown in this country, and even the spermogones, which are more frequent than the apothecia, are seldom seen in herbaria specimens, in consequence of the spinules in which they are enclosed being abraded. 1. C. Islandica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 293.—Thallus subfoliaceous, cxspitose, variously laciniate, subcanaliculate, more or less ciliato- spinulose at the margins, shining, pale-chestuut-coloured or dark- chestnut-brown, usually with impressed white soredia at the back, often stained of a blood-red colour at the base (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia adnate on the upper surface of the apices of the lacinie, large or moderate; the margin thin, entire or crenulate, at length excluded; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.51; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p- 221 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96, ed. 3, p. 91.—Cornicularia Islandia, Mudd, Man. p. 77, t.1.f. 19. Lichen Islandicus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.1145 a; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.829; Eng. Bot. t. 1830; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54. Lichenoides rigidum eryngii folits referens Dill. Muse. 209, t. 28. f. 1114, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 90.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 51; Leight. n. 42 pro parte. The thallus of the “Iceland Moss” varies considerably in colour, being sometimes almost entirely greyish-white, and in the character of the lacinize. The fertile laciniz are broader at the apices than the barren. The apothecia, which are seldom met with in this oi are usually of moderate size, and become at length somewhat deformed. The spermo- 216 LICHENACEI. [CETRARIA. gones are situated at the apices of the marginal cilia, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. A parasitic fungus, Spheria cetra- riicola Nyl., is occasionally seen on the thallus; in Lapland it has been seen also on C. hiascens, Hab. On the ground among heath, and in stony places in upland, sub- alpine, and especially in alpine situations.—Distr. Not general nor com- mon on the mts. of N. Wales, N. England, S.W. Ireland, and S. and N. Scotland, but very plentiful amongst the Grampians, especially in Brae- mar, where it occurs in fruit on some of the loftier summits; occasion- ally descending to low altitudes on more exposed upland heaths—B. M.: Wootton Common, Norfolk; Stockton Forest, Langwith Moor, and Sten- shall Common, Yorkshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Teesdale, Durham. Cheviot Hills, Roxburghshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Mael Graedha and Ben Lawers, Perth- shire; Clova Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Hills of Nigg, near Aberdeen ; Morrone, Lochnagar and Ben Macdhui, Braemar ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Slieve Donard, co. Down; Mangerton, co. Kerry. Form platyna Fr. Lich. Europ. (1831) p. 37.—Lacinie rather broad, subsimple and sparingly denticulate at the margins. Apo- thecia large.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96, ed. 3, p. 91 pro parte. Cetraria platyna Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 229. Cetraria Islandica f. dilatata Norrl., Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. 1880, p. 575, Lichenoides rigidum eryngii foliis referens Dill. Musc. 209, t. 28. f. 1113. Varies in colour like the type, with the laciniz occasionally 1 inch in breadth. The apcthecia are usually rather large and few, with the mar- gin generally excluded. From the paucity of the marginal cilia, the spermogones are rarely seen. Hab. On the ground among heaths in alpine places.— Distr. Local on the loftier Grampians, chiefly in Braemar, at high altitudes, where it is not uncommon.—B. M.: Lochnagar, Ben-naboord, Ben Macdhui, Cairn- gorm, Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 2. C. crispa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. (1878) p. 362. —Thallus somewhat small, czespitose, erect or depressed, pale-chest- nut or chestnut-brown; Jacinie crowded, rather narrow, canalicu- late, densely ciliate and connivent at the margins, often reddish at the base (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia small, submarginal, the margin persistently denticulate; spores as in the preceding species, or slightly smaller.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48.—Subsp. Cetraria crispa, Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 73. Cetraria Islandica (3. crispa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 513; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p- 97, ed. 3, p. 92. Cornicularia Islandica B. crispa, Mudd, Man. p. 77. Lichen Islandicus 3 Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 880; Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, p.539 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54. Lichenoides eryngit folia referens, tenuioribus et crispioribus foliis Dill. Muse. 212, t. 28. f. 112.— Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 52; Leight. n. 42 pro parte. Smaller, and somewhat pulvinate, with narrower and more ciliate lacinize than C. Islandica, of which it was considered a variety, but is now sepa- rated as a species by Nylander. The apothecia are very rare in Britain. CETRARIA.] CETRARIEI. ‘217 Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine and alpine districts — Distr, Local in N. Wales, N. England, and 8. Scotland, more frequent among the Grampians, especially in Braemar.—B. M.: Snowdon and Carnedd Llewellyn, Carnarvonshire ; ‘Teesdale, Durham. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Mael Graedha, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Katelaw, Forfarshire; Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form subtubulosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48.—Lacinie interruptedly tubulose, with the suture ciliato-spinulose. Apothecia not seen.—Cetraria Islandica f. subtubulosa Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 37. A modification of the preceding, which scarcely deserves to rank as a separate form. The thallus is only sparingly branched, and is never seen fertile. Hab. On mossy ground among boulders in alpine places.-—Distr. Local and uncommon on a few of the higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : Kate- law, Forfarshire ; Ben-naboord and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 3. C. hiascens Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 98.—Thallus densely cespitose, subfoliaceous, canaliculate or somewhat plane, opaque, pale- or dark-brown, with white impressed soredia at the back, often stained yellowish-brown at the base ; lacinize narrow, sparingly ciliato-spinu- lose, much and repeatedly dichotomously branched at the apices (K~ > CaCly peddish)* Apothecia adnate to the upper surface of the apices of the laciniz, elevated, moderate, subconcolorous, the margin some- times denticulate; spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48.—Cetruria aculeata b. hiascens Fr. Lich. Europ. (1831) p. 36. Cetraria Deliset (Bory), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97, ed. 3, p. 92. Differs from C. crispa in the lacinie and the chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus, which is rather brittle when dry, varies consider- ably in colour and in the length of the laciniz, being dark and short in Britain. Neither the apothecia nor the spermogones occur in this country. Hab. Among mosses on the ground in alpine places.—Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare on the summits of two of the loftier N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Lochnagarand Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, 4. C.aculeata Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. (1825) p. 239.—Thallus caespi- toso-fruticulose, rigid and somewhat fragile, fistulose, erect, some - what rounded or anguloso-unequal, or somewhat compressed, sub- lacunose, very much and irregularly branched, bright- or dark- brown; branches divaricate, more or less blackish-spinulose (K —> CaCl—). Apothecia subterminal, concolorous, small or moderate, the margin spinuloso-denticulate ; spores 0,005-9 mm. long, 0,003- 4 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97, ed. 3, p. 92.— Cornicularia aculeata Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p.405 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 228; Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86; Mudd, Man. p. 77 (incl. 6. celocaula Flott.). Lichen acu- 218 LICHENACEI. [CETRARIA . leatus Schreb. Fl. Lips. (1771) p. 125. Lichen Islandicus y Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539. Coralloides fruticuli specie fuscum, sjino- sum Dill. Muse. p. 112 pro parte. Lichenoides non tubulosum ramo- sissimum fruticuli specie, rufo-nigrescens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 66,n.10 pro parte.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 50; Leight. n. 3; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 163. A very distinct species, variable in size and degree of spinulosity, and so giving rise to several forms. The apothecia aré not common in Britain, and the spermogones are but occasionally seen. They are very minute, blackish, situated on the apices of the marginal cilia, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the ground in sandy and gravelly places among grasses and heath of moorlands in upland and subalpine tracts.—Distr. Not verv general nor common, though occurring here and there in most parts of Great Britain; rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.— B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. North Wootton, Norfolk; Reigate Heath, Surrey ; Lyndhurst Common, Hampshire ; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Malvern Hills and Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Over, Cheshire; Farn- dale, Yorkshire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Gateshead, Durham ; Kilhope Law, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Glen Lochay, Ben Lawers, and Birnam Hill, Perthshire; Baldovan Woods and Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Culbin, Elgin- shire. Form 1. hispida Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 561.—Thallus smaller, more slender and intricate, densely caspi- tose. Apothecia numerous.—Lichen hispidus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 883; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Eng. Bot. t. 452. Cetraria aculeata var. muricata Ach., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93. Ooralloides fruticuli specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Muse. 112, t.17.£.31 4.—Brit. Has. : Leight. n. 4; Mudd, n. 49. Grows in low dense tufts, about 4 to 1 inch high, and occasionally spreads very extensively. The thallus is densely branched, more or less spinulose, and is often darker in colour than in the type. Usually well fertile with crowded apothecia, which are sometimes comparatively large. The spermogones in otherwise barren specimens are numerous. Hab. On the ground of moorlands in upland and apg a districts, — Distr. Frequent in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain— more especially in the Central Highlands of Scotland; very rare in S.W. Treland.—B. M.: Hainault Forest, Essex; Wokingham Heath, Bucking- hamshire; Lydd, Kent; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Scilly Islands, Corn- wall; Black Edge, near Buxton, Derbyshire; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire ; Longmynd, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Breid- den, Montgomeryshire; near Beverley and Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kent- mere, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Asby, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill and Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Montrose links, and near Cortachy, Forfarshire; Glen Dee and Glen Muick, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Kil- larney, co. Kerry. CETRARIA. ] CETRARIEI, 219 Form 2. acanthella Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100.— Thallus as in the type, but very much spinuloso-denticulate through- out. Apothecia few.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 938.—Cornicularia spadicea y. acanthella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.612. Coralloides fruticuli specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Muse. 112, t. 17. f. 31 B. Distinguished by the entirely hispido-spinulose or setulose thallus, In this country the apothecia are very rare. The spermogones are frequently present in herbaria specimens. Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. and N. England, N. Wales, and among the N. Gram- ians, Scotland.—B. M. : Clifton, near Bristol; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; arudale, Yorkshire; Prestwick Carr, Northumberland. Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Hill of Ardo near Aberdeen, 8. of Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. 5. C. odontella Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 230.—Thallus densely fru- ticuloso-ceespitose, depressed, narrowly laciniate; laciniz plane, linear, thin, palmately ramoso-divided, spinulose at the margins, spadiceous, chestnut-brown or pale spadiceous, paler at the base, or sometimes blood-coloured (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia terminal, concolorous, the margin denticulate; spores 0,007-010 mm. long, about 0,0045 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Lichen odontellus Ach, Prodr. (1798) p. 213. This usually forms minute depressed tufts, and somewhatresembles form hispida of the preceding species, but is distinguished by the plane thin lacinie. The thallus closely allies it to C. crispa, from which it is, however, separated by the characters given. In the only specimen found in this country, apothecia and spermogones are absent. Hab. Among mosses on rocks in aes tracts.— Distr. A single specimen from the N, Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Cairntoul, Braemar, ‘Aberdeenshire. 40. PLATYSMA Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100; Syn.i. p- 301.—Platisma, Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 138 pro minima parte (ut sectio Lo- =, 1Qd 0 barie).—Thallus fruticulose vr membranaceo- SQ a8 dilated, erect, ascending or appressed, more or 6 ; less rigid, lobed or laciniate, concolorous on both sides or discolorous ; medullary layer with the filaments loosely interwoven ; cortical layer more or less cellular, very rarely with tubulose cavities. Apothecia discolorous from thallus, marginal i or submarginal, rarely adnate on the back of Fig. 43. the apices of the laciniz, the margin entire or Platysma commixtum crenulate; hypothecium colourless; spores sub- = Nyl.—a. Section of ellipsoid ; hymenial gelatine bluish withiodine, —_ upper portion of the Spermogones marginal, globulose; sterigmata wan x 200, i somewhat simple or pauci-articulate ; sper- eee Sea matia various (not cylindrical). c. Sterigmata and sperinatia, x 00. 220 LICHENACEI,. [PLATYSMA. Well distinguished from Cetraria by the form of the pena Rane, though in one section the form of the spermatia indicates some affinity. The thallus is at length free, or affixed to the substratum by a few rhizine, and is more variable in colour than in Cetraria, When it is membrana-~ ceo-dilated, as it sometimes is, it resembles Parmelia, but is separated by the spermogones. A. Spermatia slightly incrassate or clavate at the obtuse apices. a. Thallus erect, becoming free, concolorous on both sides, the lacinie elongate. 1. P. nivale Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, 1. (1867) p. 295.— Thallus fruticuloso-erect, foliaceo-expanded, sinuato-laciniate, pale straw-culoured or ochroleucous, usually tinged brown-ochraceous at the base ; lacinis canaliculato-patulous, reticulato-lacunose, dentate at the apices (K_,CaCl_). Apothecia adnate on the front of the lacinie, subterminal, moderate, yellowish flesh-coloured, the margin crenulate; spores small, 0,007-9 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 802, t. 8. f.33; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 93.—Cetraria nivalis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 221; Mudd, Man. p. 78. Lichen nivalis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1145 ; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60; Eng. Bot. t. 1994. Lichenoides lacunosum candidum glabrum, endivie crispe facie Dill. Muse. 162, t. 21. f. 564.— Brit. Has.: Leight. n. 43 ; Mudd, n. 58; Cromb. n. 24. This beautiful species, so characteristic of Arctic and Alpine regions, often forms dense tufts, occasionally of considerable size. The apothecia do not occur in this country, but the spermogones are occasionally seen. They appear as black marginal papille, with sterigmata subsimple, or 2-3-articulate, and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, Hab. On the ground among mosses and on bare detritus in alpine places. —Distr. Rather local, thount lentiful among the Grampians, Scotland, chiefly in Braemar.—B. M.: Bea Lawers, Perthshire; Bassies, Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-naboord, Morrone, Ben Avon, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm, Cairntoul, sources of the Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire, 2. P. cucullatum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1867) p. 295.—Thallus fruticuloso-erect, foliaceo-complanate, smooth, canaliculato-laciniate, pale ochroleucous, usually tinged purplish at the base ; laciniz sinuato-divided, the margins connivent, undulate, naked, somewhat recurved at the apices (K™, CaCl_). Apothecia adnate on the back of the lobes, subterminal, often dilated, pale flesh-coloured, the margin thin, or at length excluded; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p- 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 94.—Cetraria cucullata Mudd, Man. p. 87. Lichen cucullatus Bellard, Obs. Bot. (1788) p. 54. Lichenoides marginibus coéuntibus et velut tubulosum Dill. Muse. 162, t. 21. f. 56 ».—Brit. Exvs.: Cromb. n. 182. In Great Britain this occurs only in small, scattered tufts. It differs PLATYSMA. | CRTRARIEL, 221 from the preceding in the narrower lacinis, connivent at the margins, and when fertile in the position of the apothecia. With us it is sterile. Hab. On the ground among mosses in alpine places.— Distr. Known only from the summits of some of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland. —B.M.; Cairntoul and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 6. Thallus subascending or appressed, more or less closely adherent, subdiscolorous ; Jacinie somewhat narrow. 3. P. sepincola Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 295.—Thallus small, smooth, laciniato-lobed, olive- or chestnut- brown, beneath paler; laciniz# decumbent or ascending, somewhat plane, the margins undulato-sinuate or crenate (K_, CaCl_), Apothecia submarginal, adnate, small or moderate, dark-brown or subconcolorous, shining, the margin thin, crenate; spores ellipsoid 0,006-10 mm. long, 0,005—6 mm. thick—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 100 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 94 pro parte. —Lichen sepincola Ehrh. Phyt. (1730) n. 90; Eng. Bot. t. 2386. f. 2.—To this, from specimens in herbaria, is not referable the Lichen ov Cetraria sepincola of other British authors, which refers to the following species. A small plant, with the thallus rosulate, pulvinate, or sometimes effuse, and generally smaller when fertile than when barren. The small and crowded apothecia are rare in this country, as also the spermogones, which have the spermatia 0,006 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On old pales and branches of trees, mostly firs, in mountainous districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce, in the N. Grampians, Scotland ; very doubtfully in N. England—B. M.: ? Teesdale, Durham. Glen Quoich and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 4, P, ulophyllum Ny]. Flora, 1869, p. 442.—Thallus moderate, smooth or isidio-furfuraceous, lacero-laciniate, greyish- or pale chest- nut-brown, beneath paler ; laciniz subappressed or ascending, some- what narrow, variously divided, the margins undulato-crisp and white sorediato-pulverulent (K_,CaCl._). Apothecia submarginal, small, the margin subcrenulate or entire; spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 75.-—Platysma scepincola var. ulophyllum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 100, ed. 3, p. 95. Cetraria sepin- cola (3. ulophylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 297. Cetraria sepincola Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220; Mudd, Man. p. 80. Lichen sepincola Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii, p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, i. v. p. 73; Eng. Bot. t. 2386. f. 1.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 45; Mudd, nos. 55, 56. From P. sepincola, of which it has generally been regarded a variety, this is distinguished by the longer and broader, sometimes isidio-furfu- raceous laciniz, which when fully developed are somewhat flaccid, and by their crisp sorediate margins. The states by which it has been sup- posed to be connected with the preceding are merely young and non- isidiiferous conditions of this plant.. The small apothecia have only once been met with in this country rightly developed. 222 LICHENACET, \ ‘[PLATYSMA. Hab. On old pales and firs, very rarely on boulders, in hilly and mountainous districts Distr. General and not uncommon in 8., W., and N. England and the Highlands of Scotland; not seen from Ireland. —B.M: Between Yarmouth and Caistor, Suffolk; near St. Leonards and Ifield, Sussex ; Hay Tor, Devon; Bardon Hill and Gopsall, Leicester- shire; Oteley Park, Ellesmere, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth- shire ; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Falloch, Killin, Ben Lawers, Glen Lyon, and Falls of Bruar, Perth- shire ; Deerhill Wood and Kinnoul Wood, Forfarshire ; Morrone and Linn of Quoich (frt.), Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Loch Ennich, and Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. 5. P. diffusum Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 247.—Thallus orbicular, ap- pressed, closely adherent, isidioso-rugose in the centre, naked and sinuato-lobed at the circumference, greyish- or brownish-white, beneath pale brown, with a few long rhizinw; lacinie narrow, ap- planate, multifid, rounded and crenate at the apices (K + deep yellow, CaCl_). Apothecia small, subopaque, reddish-brown, the margin crenulate and sorediate; spores ellipsoid, 0,006—-9 mm. long, 0,005 —6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 95.—Parmelia diffusa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442. Lichen diffusus Web. Spic. Fl. Gott. (1778) p. 250; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. 17, t. 9. £6; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32. Parmeliopsis aleurites (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.37. Parmelia aleurites Hook. Fl. Scot. ii, p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Mudd, Man. p. 98; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 130. Lichen aleurites Eng. Bot. t. 858.—To this is referable Parmelia horrescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144 pro parte (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 98).—Brit. Hws.: Leight. n. 47; Mudd, n. 71; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23. Not unlike Parmeliopsis aleurites Nyl., but the spermogones place it in this genus. The thallus is often densely isidiiferous alwost throughout, only the apices of the lacinize being naked. It usually occurs sterile ; when present the apothecia are elevated and numerous. The spermogones are large, black, marginal and tubercular, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On old pales, rarely on stumps of felled trees in wonded lowland and upland districts.—Distr. Somewhat local in England, N. Wa'es, and the Highlands of Scotland; rare in 8. W. Ireland—B. M.: Henham, Suffolk; Penshurst, Kent; Wakehurst, Sussex; Croft Castle and near Hereford, Herefordshire; near Windsor, Berkshire; Stoke Park and Sotterly Park, Buckinghamshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry and Ellesmere, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Mericnethshire ; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barealdine, Lorne, Argyleshire ; Inverarnan and Crianlarich, Perthshire ; Glee Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemur- chus, Inverness-shire. Askew Wood and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 6. P. Fahlunense Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 309.—-Thallus suborbi- cular, appresso-imbricate, smooth, laciniate, spadiceo-brownish or pbrownish-black, beneath blackish, with a few rhizine at the cir- cumference ; lacinie narrow, multifid, sinuate, subcanaliculate PLATYSMA. | CETRARIEI. 223 (Ky yetlowieh’ CaC17). Apothecia moderate, brownish-red, the receptacle externally plicato-rugose, the margin granulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,005-11 mm, long, 0004-6 mm. thick.—Cromh. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 101, ed. 3, p. 95.—Parmelia Fahlunensis Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p.441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 206; Mudd, Man. p. 100 pro parte. Lichen Fahlunensis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p.110; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 532 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 653 (descript. non fig.); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30 pro parte. Lichenoides tinctorium atrum, foliis minimis crispis Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 81.—The specimens in Herb. Linn. named Lichen Fahlu- nensis belong to the next species, as do specimens in the Herbaria of our older authors. To prevent the greatest confusion I have used the name applied by Acharius to this plant, and by which it has been usually designated. The thallus is parmelioid, occasionally somewhat expanded, with the lacinize more or less subascending. The apothecia are elevated, at first urceolate, at length becoming somewhat plane. The spermogones are frequent, brownish-black, in protuberant marginal papille, with spermatia, slender, elongate, 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine places.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. England, and N. Wales; more frequent among the Grampians, Scotland, especially in Braemar; not seen in Treland.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Cader Idris, Merio- nethshire ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Lochnagar, Ben Macdhui, Aber- deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. 7. P.polyschizum Nyl. Flora, 1862, p. 82 (not.), 1869, p. 442.— Thallus orbicular, appressed, thickish, smooth, laciniato-divided, greyish- or dark-olive-brown, beneath paler or dark; lacinie short, narrow, imbricately crowded, subcanaliculate, slightly elevated at the margins, and rotundato-crenate at the apices (K_,CaCl_). Apo- thecia and spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. This might be taken for a ee condition of P. Fahlunense, with which it agrees in the form of the spermatia, but it is at once saparated by the absence of any reaction of the medulla. The thallus when mois- tened is of a greenish colour, and varies beneath from osseous-white to dark-spadiceous. In perfect specimens the lacinia are broader, planer, and less divided at the extreme circumference. When fertile the apo- thecia and spermogones are occasionally numerous and crowded. Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine places.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben- naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. B. Spermatia ellipsoid. Thallus subascending, closely affixed, sub- concolorous; lacinie rather narrow. 8. P. commixtum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 310, t. 8. f. 83.—Thallus suborbicular, adpresso-imbricate, smooth, laciniate, spadiceous or spadiceo-brownish, beneath nearly concolorous, with a few rhizinse 224 LICHENACET. | PLATYSMA. towards the circumference ; lacinize somewhat ascending, much en- tangled, subplane or plane, crisp (K_, CaCl~). Apothecia mode- rate, brownish-red, the receptacle smoothish, margin nearly entire ; spores ellipsoid, 0,005-11 mm. long, 0,004—6 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 101, ed. 3, p. 96.—Lichen Fahlunensis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1143; Eng, Bot. t. 653 (fig. only).— Vide sub P. Fahlunenst.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 25; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23. Often confounded with the preceding, from which, apart from the characters of the thallus and the receptacle of the ee it is distin- guished by the absence of any chemical reaction and by the form of the spermatia. The apothecia are numerous, chiefly central, sometimes be- coming large in old age. The spermogones usually very numerous, have short, simple sterigmata, and spermatia oblongo- or fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,0015-20 mm. thick. Hab, On rocks and boulders chiefly in alpine situations.— Distr. Rather local, being confined to N. Wales, S. Scotland, and the Grampians, espe- cially those of Braemar, where it is plentiful.—B. M.: Carnedd Llewelyn and the Glyders, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lawers and Hills near Amulree, Perthshire; Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire, Form tenuisectum Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 49.—Lacinia narrower and more intricately crowded.—Cetraria commixta f. tenui- secta Fr, fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 109. Connected with the type by intermediate states, and probably not con- stant; always sterile. Hab. On rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Local and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Brae- mar, Aberdeenshire. C. Spermatia acicular, cylindrical, slightly incrassate at one apex. a, Thallus suberect or appressed, somewhat loosely affixed, concolorous; lacinie narrow or dilated. 9. P. juniperinum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1857) p- 295.—Thallus ascending, lobato-laciniate, citrine or greenish- yellow on both sides, or somewhat paler beneath ; medulla intensely citrine ; laciniee crowded, eroso-crenate, crisp, concave (K~ , CaCl_). Apothecia adnate to the front of the laciniw, moderate, badio- reddish or badio-brownish, the margin corrugate or denticulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 312, t. 8. f. 84; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 96.—Cetraria juniperina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220; Mudd, Man. p. 79. Lichen juniperinus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1147. Lichen juniperinus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 836, apparently refers to some state of Physcia parietina, as observed in Eng. Bot. 194, and With. Arr. ed, 3, iv. p. 34 (efr. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234). PLATYSMA. | CETRARIEI. 225 Our few authentic specimens are typical, though smaller than in countries where it is more plentiful. he apothecia do not occur in these, and the spermogones are rarely seen. They are minute, marginal, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of aged pines in mountainous woods.—Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland; very deubtfully in N. England.—B. M.: ? Near High Force Inn, Teesdale, Durham (frt.). Clova, Forfarshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. 10. P. pinastri Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 442.—Thallus depressed, roundly lobed, greenish-yellow; lacini plane, somewhat broad, sometimes imbricate, the margins intensely citrino-sorediate; medulla deep citrine (K_, CaCl). Apothecia as in the preceding species, but very rare.—Platysma juniperinum, subsp. pinastré Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234. Platysma juniperinum var. pinastrt Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 97. Cetraria pmastri Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432. Cetraria juniperina 6. pinastri Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 pro parte; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 ; Mudd, Man. p. 79. Lichen pinastri Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. (1772) p. 382; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51; Eng. Bot. t. 2111. This holds the same relation to P. juntperinum, of which it has usually been considered a variety, as P. ulophyllum does to P. sepincola, except with respect to size. It is distinguished from the preceding by being smaller, with broader and more appressed lobes, and by the bright citrine- coloured marginal soredia. The colour of the medulla in both species, as observed by Nylander, /. c., depends upon the presence of vulpuline. Neither apothecia nor spermogones are seen in our British specimens. Hab. On the trunks of old firs and on larch pales in upland wooded districts Distr. Very local and rare in E. and N. England, and in the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Framlingham, near Norwich, Norfolk; Holwick, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Woods of Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. b. Thallus subascending, somewhat loosely affixed, discolorous ; lacinie dilated. 11, P. glaucum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i, (1857) p. 295. —Thallus foliaceo-expanded, ascending, smooth or lacunoso-rugulose, laciniate or laciniato-lobed, glaucous-grey or pallescent, beneath brownish or blackish, paler at the circumference; lacinis: more or less ascending, sinuate, crenate, or lacerate, often sorediate at the margins (Kt3owish, Gacl—), Apothecia marginal, adnate, moderate or somewhat large, reddish-brown, the margin thin, evan- escent; spores ellipsoid, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,035-50 mm. thick.— Nyl. Syn. i. p. 314, t. 8. f 85; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 97.—Cetraria glawea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p- 483; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154; Mudd, Man. p. 79, t. 1. f. 20. Lrchen glaucus Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1148; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 888; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53; Eng. Bot. a 226 LICHENACET. [PLATYSMA. t. 1606. Lichenoides endivic foliis crispis splendentibus, subtus nigricantibus Dill, Muse. 192, t. 25. f. 96.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 54; Leight. n. 44; Bohl. n, 79, The thallus often spreads extensively over the substratum to the ex- clusion of all other lichens. It varies in colour from ivory-white above to pitch-black beneath, and also in the length and breadth of the laciniee ; when more depressed it is often somewhat parmelioid. The apothecia, which in old plants become large and deformed, are rare in this country ; nor ere the spermogones very common, at least in dried specimens, They are papilloso-tuberculose, with sterigmata 2-4-articulate, and spermatia about 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On trunks of trees, walls, rocks, and on the ground, in upland and subalpine localities.—Dvstr. General and usually plentiful in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain; very abundant and luxuriant in the Central Highlands of Scotland; not very frequent in Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Sprous- ton and at Sall, Norfolk; High Beech, alee Forest, Essex ; New Forest, Hants; Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Lamorna and Helminton, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall Park, Leices- tershire; near Matiock, Derbyshire; Craigforda near Oswestry, Shrop- shire; near Barmouth, and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Island of Anglesea; Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale and Cronkley Fell, Durham; Stavely Head, Westmoreland; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Loch Skene, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Pentland Hills and Swanston Wood, near Edinburgh; near Inverary and Loch Creran, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers, Loch Earn, and Birnam Hill, Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen; Glen Callater and Lion’s Face, Braemar; near Forres, Elginshire; Glen Nevis and Loch Ennich, Inverness-shire; Hills ot Applecross, Ross-shire. Killarney, Lough Brui and Finnchey Bridge, co. Kerry. Form 1. fallax Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 314.—Thallus cither whitish maculate or almost entirely whitish beneath, the laciniz often more or less dissecto-fimbriate at the margins. Apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 103, ed. 3, p. 98.—Cetraria glauca 8. fallaa Hook. F1. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sm. Eng. Fi. v. p. 220; Mudd, Man. p. 80. Lichen fallax Web. Spicil. Fl. Germ. (1778) p. 244; Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 13.; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.53; Eng. Bot. t. 2373. Lichenoides membranaceum, tube Fallo- prance emulum Dill. Muse. 165, t. 22. f£. 58.—Brit, Hxs.: Mudd, n. 55. Distinguished by the colour of the under surface of the thallus, which is sometimes variegated with black and white, and at other times is almost entirely whitish. With us it is very rarely fertile, the state in which the lacinie are dissecto-fimbriate (coralloidea Wallr., Leight. Lich, Fl. Ul. c.) being here as elsewhere always sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in shady woods, rarely on moist rocks, in upland districts — Distr. Rather local and scarce in 8., W., and N. Eng- land, in Central Scotland, and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, Cornwall; Garth, Dolgelly, Merionzthshire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Near Inverary, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch, Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Glen Nevis, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. ~ PLATYSMA. ] CETRARIEI. 227 Form 2. ampullaceum Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 572.—Thallus vesiculoso-inflated either towards the apices of the lacinim, or here and there throughout. Apothecia never seen.—Lichen ampullaceus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 450; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 61. Lichenoides tinctorium glabrum vesiculosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 82. La- chenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis latioribus non pilosis, vesiculas proferens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p, 74, n. 71. A monstrosity, caused by the presence of the parasite Abrothallus Smithii. The portions of the laciniee which are the host become more or less bullato-inflated (var. buddata Scher. Enum. p. 13). These “ inflated vesicles” were mistaken by Dillenius and older authors for apothecia. Hab. On shady rocks in upland situations.— Distr. Local and scarce in N, England (where it was originally detected near Coln, in Lancashire), and among the N. Grampians.—B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. : Var. 3. tenuisectam Cromb. Grevillea xv. (1886) p. 49.—Thallus dark-glaucous or brownish-black above, blackish beneath; lacinice short, narrow, much divided and crowded. A distinct variety, presenting a panniform aspect. The darker colour of the thallus is probably owing to the habitat. It is seen only ina sterile condition. Hub. On exposed boulders in mountainous regions.—Distr. Rather local, though not uncommon in W. England, N. Wales, among the Grampians, and the N.W. Highlands of Scotiand.—B. M.: Stiperstones, Shropshire; Clougha, Lancashire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Orian- larich and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. 12. P. lacunosum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100; Syn. i.p.314.—Thallus foliaceo-expanded,reticulato-lacanose, broadly laciniate, or laciniato-lobed, glaucescent or greyish-white, beneath blackish or pale-brown towards the circumference; lacinie crenato- undulate and incised, rotundate at the apices (KTI¢owish CaCl7), Apothecia elevated, moderate or large, reddish-brown, the margin entire ; spores ellipsoid, (,006-8 mm. long, 0,004—5 mm. thick.— Carroli, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 103, ed. 3, p. 98.—Cetraria lacunosa Ach. Meth. (1803) p- 295. Distinguished from the preceding, some states of which it closely re- sembles, by the much broader and rounded lacinie, with their reticulato- rugose upper surface. The thallus is frequently more or less isidiiferous, sometimes densely so, when growing in moist places. On dry exposed rocks it is of a dark-chestnut colour, as if it had been scorched. The apothecia have not been found in this country, but the spermogones, which are similar to those of Pl. glaucum, occasionally occur. Hab. On shady rocks in subalpine districts. — Distr. Local in the 8.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland, chiefly among the Grampians.—B.M. : Glen Falloch, Ben Lawers, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-shire. a2 228 LICHENACEI, [EVERNIA. Series IV. Phyllodei Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (185-4) p. 12; Syn. i. p. 315. Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or variously laciniate or stel- late, rarely fruticulosely ceespitose, corticate on both sides, or some- times only on the upper surface ; beneath discolorous, very rarely subconcolorous, affixed to the mibsttatun by rhizine, internally woolly, very rarely solid. Apothecia either peltiform or lecanorine, or lecideine and gyrose: spores usually 8ne, ellipsoid or fusiform, simple or variously divided ; paraphyses either discrete or conglu- tinate. Spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata; spermatia acicular or cylindrical, straight. A well-marked Series comprising the best developed of all lichens, many of which from their large size are conspicuous objects in their various habitats. Though the tribes are as to thallus and tructitication rather diverse, yet there are mutual links by which in both of these respects they are closely connected. The foliaceous and usually horizontal appressed thallus at once distinguishes it from the preceding and the following Series. Tribe XIII. PARMELIETI Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 445 (ofr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77). Thallus horizontally expanded, or occasionally erect or ascending, laciniate or laciniato-lobed, beneath discolorous ; gonidial layer con- sisting of true gonidia. Apothecia parmeleine, sessile or sub- pedicellate ; spores usually 8nz, ellipsoid or rarely oblong, simple, colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones innate; sterig- mata pauci-articulate ; spertnatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate at either apex, or very rarely cylindrical, long and arcuate. According to Nylander’ 's recent arrangement, this tribe includes four genera, of which Lverniopsts occurs only i in subtropical America. Most of the European species of the other genera are met with in Great Britain. 41. EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 84; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 283, Flora, 1869, p. 445.—Thallus erect or ascending, or pros- trate or pendulous, applanate or somewhat rounded, laciniately divided or very much branched, opaque or subopaque, somewhat soft or flaccid, rhizinae none or very few ; medullary layer without any cavities, arachnoid or partly chondroid, cortical layer thin, formed of obliterated cells. Apothecia lateral, with entire thalline margin ; hypothecium colourless, thecee small, clavate ; spores 8nx, small, simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones immersed or somewhat superficial ; spermatia acicular, straight, somewhat acute at the apices, and towards either apex very thinly fusiformi-incrassulate. Nylander with most authors placed Zvernia near Alectoria, on account EVERNIA, | PARMELIEI. 229 of the typically fruticulose thallus, but he now more correctly refers it to the Parmelici?. ‘The structure of the apothecia, the presence of rhizinw sparingly in one of the species, and other characters ally it to Parmelia, from which, as Nylander observes (Flora /. c.), it scarcely differs gene- rically. Indeed in Parmelia we have sometimes the same fruticulose habit, as in P. Kamtschadalis; while in the section of P. physodes (and the species of Evernia approach very near to P. vittata) the thallus is similarly glabrous beneath. 1. E. prunastri Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 442 —Thallus at first ascending, then more or less pendulous, sublacunoso-rugose, laciniate, greenish-white above, beneath white, subcanaliculate ; lacinies much and dichotomously divided, lineari-attenuate, usually involute and frequently sorediiferous at the margins (K* alee, CaCl_). Apo- thecia subpedicellate, moderate, chiefly lateral, reddish-brown, the margin inflexed; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,0045-60 mm. thick. —Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 425; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 224; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84; Mudd, Man. p. 72; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90, ed. 3, p. 82.— Lichen prunastri Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1147; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 835; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52; Eng. Bot. t. 859. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiule molle, subtus incanum Dill. Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 55.4. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum majus et mollius, colore candicante Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 75, n. 80.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 86; Mudd, n. 41; Larb. Caesar. n. 59; Lich. Hb. n. 246; Bohl. n. 64. Varies considerably according to age and habitat, but always easily recognized. The thallus in old plants is covered with white confluent soredia ow the margins, which are sometimes also sparingly scattered over the surface of the laciniee (form sorediata Ach.). The apothecia are rare in this country, and the spermogones are also seldom seen. They are externally black, colourless within, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,005 mm. thick. Hab, On the trunks and branches of trees, chiefly firs, and on hedge bushes, in wooded upland tracts.—Distr. General and usually plentiful in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rarer in the Channel Islands ; abundant in old fir woods in the Grampians, Scotland, where also it is frequently fertile—B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Jpping Forest and near Walthamstow, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; Lydd, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Cirenceste., Gloucestershire; Madingley, a ; near Milton, Oxfordshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Bank House, Derbyshire; Malvern, Wor- cestershire; Oswestry, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Gibside Woods, Durham; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Hall Mil’, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Currie, near Edin- burgh; Falls of Clyde, Lanark; near Glasgow; Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Aberfeldy, and Blaeberry hill, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, For- farshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen, and Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; Caw- dor woods, Nairnshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; near Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. 230 LICHEN ACEI, [EVERNIA. Form retusa Ach. Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 443.—Thallus caespitoso- erect, shortly laciniate ; laciniz crowded and retuso-emarginate at the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 569.—Parmelia prunastri B. retusa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 257. Lichenordes cornutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill, Muse. 160, ¢. 21. f, 55. Grows in dense tufts } to 1 in. in height, and often spreads extensively. It occurs only sterile, and is more or less sorediiferous. Hab. On old pales, chiefly larch, in uplund and sometimes in lowland districts.— Dist. Seen from only a few localities in 8. England, E. and N. Scot'and.—B. M.: Near Mitlhill, Middlesex. Park, near Aberdeen ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Var. 2. stictocera Hook. in Sm. Eng. Fl. v. (1283) p. 224.—- Thallus decumbent, subpendulous or prostrate, subcompressed, greenish sulphur-coloured, concolorous on both surfaces; laciniz somewhat narrow, attenuate at the apices, often with minute brown or blackish tubercles, Apothecia very rare.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 74; Mudd, Man. p.62; Cromb. Lich. Br. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p- 91, ed. 3, p. 8%.—Lichen stictoceros Sm. Eng. Bot. (1802) t. 1353. Evernia prunastri var. gracilis Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 83. Lichen prunastrt 3 Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 541; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53 pro parte. Lichenoedes corniculatum candidum molle, segmentis angustis Dill. Muse. 159, t. 21. f. 54. Distinguished by the narrower (in corticole plants rather broader), more cylindrical laciniw, and especially by being concolorous on both surfaces. It approaches LZ. divaricata, which does not occur in our Islands. The lacinie occasionally put forth transverse lacinioli, are but sparingly sorediate, and sprinkled, chiefly at the apices, with peculiar foreign (algoid?) tubercles (not true cephalodia). The apothecia are extremely rare, and are seen only on corticole specimens. Hub. On bare sandy soil, and on heather in sandy soil in maritime tracts, rarely on the trunks of aged firs in mountainous districts.—Destr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, 8. England, and on the Gram- pes Scotland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Lydd Beach, ent; Exmouth Downs, S. Devon. Stronaclachan and Finlarig Woods, Killin, Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire. 2. E. furfuracea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 26.—Thallus ascending, pendulous, or prostrute, laciniose, furfuraceous, greyish or greyish- green; beneath subcanaliculate, black or cesio-black, with a few rhizine at the base; lacinie much and dichotomously branched, lineari-attenuate, incurved at the margins (KT yetoma CaCl7), Apothecia subpedicellate, moderate or large, concave, badio-reddish, the margin thin, intlexed ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Mudd. Man. p.71; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p, 24; Leight. Lich, FI. p. 90, ed. 3, p. 82.-—Borrera furfuracea Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 435 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 223. Parmelia fur- furacea, Tayl. in Mack, FI. Hib. it. p. L4d. ° Lichen furfuraceus Linn, EVERNIA. | PARMELIEI. 231 Sp. Pl. (1753) p.1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p.450; Lightf.-Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.56. Lichenoides cornutum amarum, superne cinereum, inferne nigrum Dill. Muse, 157, t. 21. f.52.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 37; Mudd, n, 40. The furfur with which the thallus is usually covered above, and the different colours of the upper and the lower surfaces, readily prevent this being confounded with Z. prunastri. Occasionally, when growing on the tops of stone wulls, it is somewhat orbicular, depressed, and loosely adnate, with a very few obscure rhizinee towards the point of attachment. The variations in the laciniz give rise to the several forms described ° below. The apothecia, which at length become plane and large, are rarely seen in Britain. The spermogones and spermatia are as in the preceding species. Hab, On the trunks of trees, old pales, walls, and sometimes rocks, in upland districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain ; most frequent in the Central Highlands of Scot- land; apparently very local in lreland—B. M.: New Forest, Hants ; Dartmoor and South Brent, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Chester- tield, Darley, and near Buxton, Derbyshire ; near Oswestry, Caer Caradoc, and Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Arkindale and Farndale, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham ; Kentmere, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Chillingham Park, Northumber- land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Swanston Wood, near Edin- burgh ; Glenfalloch, Argyleshire; Blaeberry Hill, Glen Lochay, Killin, and Glen Lyon, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood and Johnston Hill, Forfar- shire; Invercauld, Auchindryne, and Castleton, Braemar; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Lough Bray, near Dublin. Form 1. nuda Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 74.—Thallus. smaller ; lacinize shorter, broader, somewhat plane, pale or here and there subviolet, naked.— Borrera furfuracea (3, nuda Ach. Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 500. A smaller plant, with the thallus entirely glabrous and the lacinie broader. The apothecia are not present in our specimens. Hab. On old pales and the trunks of birches in upland situations.—. Distr. Found only sparingly in the S.W. Highlands and the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B.M.: Crianlarich, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. Form 2. scobicina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 73.—Laciniz broader, densely isidioso-furfuraceous or isidioso-tibrillose ; other- wise as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90.—Parmelia furfuracea y. scobicina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 255. Differs chiefly in being crowdedly isidiiferous; the thallus is usually dark greyish, and the laciuiz less branched, broader and lacero-laciniate towards the apices. It is rarely fertile; the apothecia occasionally have both the margin and the back of the receptacle minutely isidiose. Hab. On the trunks of trees, old pales, and stone walls in upland districts. Distr. Rather local, though plentiful in W. and Central England; but chiefly in the Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Gopsall, Park, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire, Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. 232 LICHEN ACEI. [EVERNTA. Form 3. ceratea Nyl. Lich. Seand. (1861) p. 73.—Thallus de- eumbent ; lacinie narrow, convex and subcylindrical, acuminate, subglabrous.—Cromb, Grevillea, vi. p. 21.—Parmelia furfuracea f. ceratea, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 255.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 139. Distinguished by the form of the more naked laciniz ; but intermediate states occur, in which these characters are less marked, With us it is always barren, though Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 501) says the apothecia chiefly occur in this form. Hab. On rocks and old walls in upland distriets.—Distr. Seen only from a few localities in 8.W., Central, and N. England, S. and N.E. Scotland, and the 8.W. Highlands.—B. M.: Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Winder- mere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edin- burgh; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; near Countesswells, Aberdeen. 42, PARMELIA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 153 pro parte; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 375.—Thallus foliaceous, horizontally expanded or rarely ascending, variously lobed and laciniate; epi- thallus somewhat shining, beneath usually fibrilloso- rhizinose; medullary layer woolly, composed of fila- ments loosely interwoven ; cortical layer thin, formed of minute cells with thick- ened walls. Apothecia scat- tered, scutelliform, with thal- e line margin; hypothecium ~\ colourless, thece short, the wall thickened above ; spores usually 8nz, ellipsoid, simple, colourless ; hymental gelatine b bluish with iodine. Spermo- gones generally scattered, e at length slightly prominent, <> Ge blackish; sterigmata 2-5- articulate; spermatia acicular, Was.ea e fusiformi-incrassate at either Fig. 44. apex. Parmelia periata Ach.-—a, Fragment of the ! id i The species vary i . thalamium and a theca, x 350. _O. Three but oe be the Breed ee spores, X500. c. Vertical section of the ontally: expanded Sa ate thallus, with two spermogones, x 80. Focal a P Tn e j he a et d. pienemsle and Sea x 500. ees a . Lhree gonidia, 50. are the reactions of more value ° ere e in discriminating species, which were often not distinguished from each other, or were regarded merely as varieties, forms, and states, ) 8 yy ) ) PARMBLIA.] PARMELIEI. 233 It may be divided into the following sections (or subgenera) and sub- sections, according to the presence or absence of rhizine and the colour of the thallus. A. RHIZINOSAi.—Thallus more or less distinctly fibrilloso- rhizinose beneath (subgenus Hyporhizia Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 74). a. Glaucescentes.—Thallus normally grey, greyish-white or glaucous. 1. P. perlata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 216.—Thallus orbicular or expanded, imbricato-lobed, smooth, glaucous- or greyish-white ; beneath somewhat shining, brownish-black or blackish, paler at the circumference, with short scattered rhizinee; lobes rounded, often white-sorediate towards the margins (aoe, ellow, CnCl—), Apothecia moderate or large, scattered, badio-reddish, the margin thin, entire; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 437; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Mudd, Man. p. 92; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128, ed. 3, p. 119. —Lichen perlatus Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1767) p. 712; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 839; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.p.68. Lichenoides glaucum perlutum, subtus nigrum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 147, t. 20. f. 39, a, 3, v, E— Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 76, 392; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 291. Several species were included under this which have been definitely separated by the chemical reactions of the medulla. P. perlata is now seen to be a much less variable plant than was supposed, though the thallus varies in the presence or absence of soredia. The apothecia are very rare in this country, por are the spermogones often seen. When present, they are scattered, minute, blackish, with spermatia about 0,005-G mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. General and often plentiful in most parts of Great Britain and in the Channel Islands; apparently rare in Ireland.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. St. Leonard’s Forest, near Brighton, Hlenfield, and Arundel, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Isle of Wight ; Torquay, South Brent, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Ifracombe, Devonshire; Bocconoc, near Penzance, and Withiel, Cornwall; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Wrighton Park, Herefordshire ; Haughmond Hill, Shrop- shire; Llanbedr, Barmouth, and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Stavely, Kendal, and Windermere, West- moreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Inverary and Bar- caldine, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire ; 8. of Fort William, Lochaber, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Subsp. P. ciliata Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 247.—Thallus moderate or large, imbricato-lobed, smoothish,' often isidiiferous, white or 234 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. glaucous-white, beneath black, glabrous, rugulose, the lobes eroso- crenate and ciliate at the margins See a CaCl~). Apo- - thecia moderate or large, scattered, elevated, urceolato-subpedicellate, badio-reddish, the margin frequently eroso-crenate and sometimes ciliate ; spores as in the preceding.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 74.— Parmelia perlata 3. ciliata Mudd, Man. p. 92 pro parte; Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 82; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 129, ed. 3, p. 120. Lobaria perlata var. ciliata DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 4038. Parmelia pro- boscidea Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. il. p. 143. Parmelia perforata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200 pro parte. Lichen perforatus Kng. Bot. t. 2423 pro parte-—As Nylander observes (Flora, 1869, p. 91), this should perhaps be referred to P. crinita Ach.— Brit. Has.: Larb. Cesar. n. 17; Lich. Hb. n. 86; Leight. n. 112; Cromb. n. 30. Differs from the type in being frequently more or less coralloideo- isidiiferous (form everescens Arn.) and in having the lobes, which are occasionally dissected at the margins (form dissectula Nyl. in Leight. Br. FL iii. p. 120), fringed with elongated cilia, which are sometimes shorter or almost wanting. These differences, and the character of the margins of the apothecia, entitle it to rank at least as a subspecies, if not as a distinct species. In this country, as in most other parts of Europe, the apothecia are rare. They are usually scattered, though sometimes two or three are congregate and smaller. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, as also on rocks and boulders in shady places in maritime and upland districts.—Dvstr. General in S. and ‘W. England and N. Wales; rarer in the W. Highlands of Scotland, W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: E. coast of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Isle of Wight; Lustleigh Cleeve, Hay Tor, Lydford, and Bolt Head, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly Islands; Malvern, Worcestershire; Dolgelly, Nannau, and Bar- mouth, Merionethshire; River Elwy, Carnarvonshire; Keswick and Eskdale, Cumberland ;, near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; shores of Loch Tay, Perthshire; Lochaber, Inverness- shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron Mts, Killarney, and Dinis, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. 2. P. olivetorum Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 180.—Thallus expanded, roundly lobed, smooth, greyish-green; beneath blackish, very sparingly and shortly rhi- zinose, lobes elevated, crisp, incurved, thickened and white-sorediate at the margins (KT) ellog Cacly ved): Apotbecia moderate, reddish- brown, the thalline margin entire; spores 0,014-18 mm, long, ,0,007-12 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 180, ed. 3, p. 121.— Parmelia perlata 3. olivetorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 458. From the sorediate states of P. perluta this is at once distinguished by the different reaction of the medulla with CaCl. The soredia are minute, © confined to and bordering the margins of the lobes. When growing, and in wet weather, it is of a greenish colour, resulting from the cortical layer being subhyaline (Nylander, Pyr. Or. p. 16). Neither apothecia nor spermogones are present in our British specimens. PARMELIA. | PARMELIEL, 235 Hab. On the trunks of trees and on rocks in wooded maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Apparently very local and rare in 8S. Eng- land (Danny, Sussex, fide Nyl.), in N. Wales, and the S.W. Highlands, Sovran M.: Drews-y-nant, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire. 3. P. cetrarioides Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 290.—Thallus large, orbicular or expanded, subcoriaceous, smoothish, roundly lobed, glaucous-white ; beneath brownish-black or blackish, paler at the circumference, with few and short rhizine; lobes broad, crenate, elevated, crisp and sorediate at the margins (Kt°™™s°ylow, CaCl, medulla K(CaCl)f+reddish). Apothecia moderate or large, badio- reddish, the margin entire ; spores 0,012-14 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128, ed. 3, p- 119.—Purmelia perlata var. cetrarioides Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1829) p. 601. Near to P. olcvetorum, but usually (at least with us) a larger plant, and with a different medullary reaction with CaCl. It also resembles states of Platysma glaucum, from which the sparingly rhizinose under surface separates it. In some habitats, as also in herbaria, the thallus becomes brownish and the soredia form a fine narrow border on the margins of the lobes. The apothecia in this country are extremely rare, and only once . seen fully developed. The spermogones alsv are seldom present. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks, in wooded maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Rather local and scarce in N. Wales, S. Scotland, and the W..Highlands; rare in the Channel Islands— B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hampshire; Isle of Wight; Dartmoor and Bickleigh Vale, Devonshire; Helminton, Corn- wall; Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and near Barmouth (iruit), Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyle- shire; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. 4. P, perforata, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 217.—Thallus suborbicular, membranaceous, imbricato-lobed or lobato-laciniate, smooth, mi- nutely reticulato-rimulose, whitish or glaucous-white, beneath brownish-black or black, with black dense rhizine ; lobes crenato- sinuate or sinuato-divided, often white-sorediate and occasionally os : lowish, =e ie ciliate at the margins (Etowah Pasty t08, CaCl_). Apothecia moderate, perforate in the centre, badio-reddish or brownish-red, the margin entire; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick.— Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 204 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32; Leight. Lich, Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p. 123.—Lichen perforatus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. i. (1786) p. 116, t.3; Eng. Bot. t. 2423 (mid. fig.). Parmelia reticulata, Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143. Parmelia perlata, 3. ciliata, Mudd, Man. p. 92 pro parte, Lichenoides glaucum, foli- arum lacintis crinitis, Dill. Musc. 149, t. 20. f. 42 a.—Brit. Hus. : Cromb. n. £9; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 250. ; Closely allied to P. perlata, but with the appearance of P. ciliata, which, as already intimated, has been frequently confounded with it by 236 LICHENACET. fPARMELIA. British authors. From both, it may at once be distinguished by the per- forate apothecia, and, when infertile, by the minutely reticulate rimulose thallus, ‘The apothecia are extremely rare in our islands, nor are the spermogones present on our specimens. - Hab, On mossy rocks and the trunks of old trees in maritime districts. —Distr. Rather local, though plentiful, in S.and W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland, the Channel Islands, and W. Ireland, where it has once been gathered sparingly fertile—B. M.: Near Fort Essex, Island of Alderney; Island of Guernsey. St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex ; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire; Carisbrook and near Ryde, Isle of Wight; South Brent, Devonshire; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Dolgelly, Nannau, and Tan-y-Croes, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry (fruit); near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. 5. P. levigata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 212.—Thallus suborbicular, membranaceous, laciniato-lobed, glaucous-white or whitish; be- neath blackish and black-fibrilloso-rhizinose ; lacinie divaricately sinuato-multitid or sinuato-incised, often subimbricate and whitish tuberculato-sorediate at the apices, smooth or smoothish (Kt, CaCl_, medulla K (CaCl) f+red). Apothecia moderate or large, badio-reddish, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate or sore- diate; spores 6-8ne, 0,012-13 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p: 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 189, ed. 3, p. 128.—Parmelia sinuosa 3. levi- gata, Mudd, Man. p. 92. Lichen levigatus, Sm. in Eng. Bot. xxvi. (1808) t. 1852.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 69; Larb. Caesar. n. 64, Lich. Hb, n. 124; Cromb. n. 141. The thallus is loosely attached to the substratum, often much ex- panded and generally divided into narrow approximate lacinie. The soredia occur at the apices, but are occasionally scattered over the surface of the laciniz. From the allied species it is well separated by the thal- line reactions. The apothecia are very rare, occurring chiefly in the smaller corticole states, but the spermogones are not uncommon. They are minute, dark-brown or blackish, irregularly scattered, with spermatia about 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and trunks of trees, chiefly in maritime and mountainous districts —Distr. Somewhat local, though usually plentiful in S. and W. England, N. Wales, W. Highlands, Scotland, W. Ireland, aud in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Islands of Jeisey and Guernsey. New Forest and Bournemouth, Hampshire; Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Lynton, and Bolt Head, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel, Corn- wall; near Dolvelly, Aberdovey, and Barmouth, Merionethshire; Llan- beis and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea; Asby, Cumberland. Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Ross-shiie. Killarney, co. Kerry ; Gougaumbara, co. Cork; Connemara, co. Galway. 6. P. xanthomyela Nyl. Flora, 1874, p.306.—Thallus externally similar to that of P. lavigate (K+yellow), medulla sulphureous (K+ yellowish). Apothecia moderate or large, badio-reddish, the PARMELIA. | PARMELIE!. 237 receptacle reticulato-verrucose, the margin incurved, verrucose ; spores 6-8nx, 0,016-19 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 860.—Purmelia endochlora, Leight. Lich. FI. (1871) p. 140, ed. 3, p. 183. Parmelia McMillana, Stirt. Grevillea, iit. p. 79.—Indicated by Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 290) as a variety of P. comparata, to which it is closely related. I have therefore retained his specific name in preference to that of Leighton, whose diagnosis of the plant is misleading. Distinguished from the preceding by the colour of the medulla. The thallus is smooth and unequal, thin or moderate, often whitish-sorediate at the apices of the lobes, the soredia becoming dark-greyish inage. The reaction of the medulla with K, which is pale yellowish (not ‘ yellowish- brown,” Leight.), is especially seen under the microscope. It is very rarely fertile in this country, the apothecia becoming very large, with the thalline margin obliterated. ; Hab. On rocks and boulders in shady wooded upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands, Scotland, and W. Ireland—B. M.: Nannau, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Glen Croe and Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Askew Wood, Dunkerron, co. Kerry (frt.) ; near Kylemore, co. Galway. 7. P. revoluta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iii. (1868) p. 264.—Thallus orbicular, moderate, smoothish, narrowly sinuato- lobed, glaucous-white or whitish; beneath blackish-fibrillose, at length nearly glabrous, the lobes cucullato-revolute and usually : : +yellowish _ tuberculato-sorediate at the apices (KT! » CaCl 4 -redaiai” Apothecia nearly moderate, badio-reddish, the margin entire or obsoletely crenate; spores 6-8ne, 0,011-19 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75.—Parmelia tiliacea var. revoluta, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3, p. 129. Imbricaria revo- luta, Florke, D. Lich.(1815) p. 15.—To this also are referable Parmelia levigata var. subsinuosa, Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 129, and P. é2li- acea var. sublevigata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132, ed. 3, p. 122.—P. sub- hevigata Nyl. is an exotic species, which does not occur in Europe. —Brit, Exs.: Leight. n. 202 (s.n. P. Forstert Borr.), n. 357 ; Mudd, n. 68; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 293. Distinguished from P. levigata by the cucullato-revolute apices of the narrower and more approximate lobes, by the chemical reaction of the medulla with CaCl alone, and by the larger spores. These characters warrant us in regarding it as a species, and not as a variety of P. levigata. The tuberculose soredia, with which the apices of the lobes are frequently covered, are whitish, becoming in age dark-greyish. In this country it is but very seldom seen in fruit. The spermogones are as in the former species. Hab. On rocks and trees among mosses in maritime and mountainous districts — Distr. General, but not common in S., W., and N. England ; rarer in S. Scotland and the W. Highlands, as also in W. Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey. St. Leo- nards Forest, Sussex ; Isle of Wight; near Lyndhurst and Bournemouth, Hampshire ; Isham, Torquay, Ullacomhe, near Bovey Tracey, and Lyn- ton, Devonshire; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Aberdovey, Bar- 238 LICHENACET. [PARMELIA. mouth, Dolgelly, and near Harlech, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Oswestry, Shropshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshird; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Castlebernard Park, Bandon, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Letterfrack, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 3. rugosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus somewhat expanded, the lobes broadly linear at the circumference, more or less rugose. Apothecia with the thalline margin at length rigose; spores 0,013-15 mm. long, about 0,008 mm. thick. —Par- melia tiliacea var. rugosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188. P. leevigata var. rugosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 128. Parmelia rugosa Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 145. A well-marked variety, agreeing with the type in the reaction of the medulla, but differing in the rugose thallus and margin of the apothecia, and in the broader (Jess revolute) lobes, which are rarely and sparingly sorediiferous at the apices. The apothecia are very rare. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts —Diéstr. Local in 8.W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Corn- worthy, Devonshire ; The Lizard, Cornwall; .Barmouth (fruit), Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Dunkerron (fruit), co. Kerry. Form panniformis Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus more or less rugose ; laciniz short, narrowly dissected and congested. Apothecia not seen. Forms a somewhat densely imbricate crust, from the short lacinie being much divided and aggregate. It occurs only sterile. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, near the base, in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce, in 8.W. England and the W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Pentire, Cornwall. By Loch Linnhe, Inverness- shire. Var. y. concentrica Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus panniform, free, spherical, growing in involved concentric layers. Apothecia not seen.— Parmelia tiliacea var. concentrica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183, ed.3, p. 122. Parmetia laevigata var. concentrica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33. Parmelia sinuosa y. concentrica Mudd, Man. p. 96. Parmelia saxatilis var. concentrica Leight. in Garden. Chron. 1856, pp. 84,172. Parmelia sinuosa var. erratica Linds. Mem. Sperm. p. 218.—Brit. Eas.: Leight. n. 232. This curious variety occurs on the ground in a free condition as small globular balls. There is no reason to suppose that it is free ab initio, but that, after being detached, it assumes this form from accidental circum- stances (cfr. Cromh, Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 307). Though it has been re- ferred to different species, the thalline reactions, in conjunction with the general aspect of the plant, show that it belongs to P. revoluta, produced no doubt by a panniform condition of this species. ‘ Hab. On the ground in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Extremely local and rare in 8.W. England.—B. M.: Melbury Hill, near Shaftes- bury, Dorsetshire. PARMELTIA, | PARMELIEL, 239 &. P, tiliacea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 215.—Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, appressed, smoothish or partly rugulose, laciniato- lobed, pale greyish-glaucous, subpruinose; beneath brownish black and black-fibrillose ; lobes short, subimbricate, rounded and sinuato- crenate at the margins (K*Y ellpyaah, CaCly oq): Apothecia mode- rate, crowded, concave or nearly plane, badio-reddish, the margin subentire; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm, thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 pro parte; Mudd, Man. p. 93, t. it. f. 28; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131 pro parte, ed. 3, p.121 pro parte.— Lichen tiliaceus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 26 pro parte, t. xvi. f. 2; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 292. Well distinguished from both the preceding species by having the thallus more closely appressed and somewhat pruinose, with the laciniz more contiguous, narrowly sinuate and crenate at the margins. As men- tioned by Acharius /. c., the lobes towards the centre of the thallus are more rugose (var. ragosula Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131, ed. 3, p. 121), especially seen in old plants. The apothecia are chiefly central, and the spermogones are not uncommon. They are rather prominent, brownish-black, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Charnel Islands, 8. and N. England, N. Wales; not yet seen in Scotland, nor with certainty in Ire- land.—B. M.: Petit Port, Island of Jersey. Esher, Surrey; Glynde, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Lymington, Hampshire ; near Exeter and Ilsham, Torquay, Devonshire ; near Barmouth and Harlech, Merion- ethshire ; Clapdale, Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Subsp. P. carporhizans Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.— Thallus similar to that of P. tiliacea(K +I, CaCly a). Apo- thecia moderate, often excentrically perforate, badio-reddish, the receptacle beneath black-setulose, the margin subentire or slightly crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. —Parmelia carporhizans Tayl. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) p. 163; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. Parmelia tiliacea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 83 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131 pro parte, ed. 3, p- 121 pro parte. Lichen tiliaceus Eng. Bot. t. 700. When sterile, scarcely to be distinguished from P. tiliacea, but at least a good subspecies, characterized by the short, blackish, setulose fibrils with which the thalline receptacle of the fruit is densely clothed beneath. In this respect, as pointed out by Taylor J. c., it is analogous to Physcia ulo- thrix. The apothecia are plentiful when they occur, and frequently be- come perforate, though the perforations are not exactly in the centre, as in P. perforata, Hab, On the trunks of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts. —Distr. Local but not uncommon in 8. England and the Channel Islands. —B. M.: Near Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Lymington, Hampshire ; Chagford, Ashburton, and Cornworthy, 8S. Devon; Dunster Tower, Somersetshire. 240 LICHENACEI, [PARMELIA. 9. P. scortea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 461.—-Thallus orbicular, subcoriaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, very thinly isidiose in the centre, sinuato-lobed, greyish-white or whitish; beneath rugose, brownish, densely black-fibrillose ; lobes short, rounded, undulate, inciso-crenate at the margins (K+Y ellowey, CaCly veaaish ~ APO- thecia moderate, scattered, reddish-brown, the margin subentire; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 203.—Parmelia tiliacea var. scortea Mudd, Man. p. 93; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131, ed. 3, p. 122. Lichen scorteus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p.119; Eng. Bot. t. 2065.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 87; Larb. Cesar. n. 18. . Closely allied to P. tiliacea; but its thicker and less appressed thallus, its normally whiter colour, the central isidia, the form of the lobes, and the more scattered apothecia warrant us in regarding it, with the older authors, as a distinct species, in which light also it is now viewed by Nylander (Pyr. Or. p 5)... The isidia, which are greyish, becoming blackish in age, though chiefly central, are sometimes sprinkled over the thallus nearly to its circumference. In this country, as elsewhere, the apothecia are very rare, and even when present are but few. The sper- mogones, which are more common, are similar to those of P. tiliacea. Aab. On trees and old pales, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland districts — Distr. Local and scarce in England (chiefly in the South), the Channel Islands, and Wales; very rare in 8.W. Scotland and in 8. Ire- land.—B. M.: L’Etacq, Island of Jersey; Island of Sark. Near Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; near Lewes and Henfield, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Bolt Head, Devonshire; Stone- henge, Wilts; Harboro’ Magna and Newbold-on-Avon, Warwickshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; Little Stretton, Shropshire; Holyland, Pem- brokeshire; Dolgelly and near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Eglestone, Durham ; near Stavely, Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Dumfries; Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire. Askew Wood and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form concrescens Cromb.—-Thallus orbicular, small, isidiose ; lobes very short, narrowly dissected and crowded. Apothecia un- known. A panniform condition, referred to in Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 188, as approaching var. concentrica of P.revoluta, It is, however, neither spherical (but only somewhat convex) nor free; while the isidia and other cha- racters show that it belongs to P. scortea. The specimens seen are sterile. Hab. In crevices of stone walls in a maritime district—Distr. Ex- tremely local and rare in 8, W. England.—B. M.: Bolt Head, 8. Devon. 10. P. saxatilis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204.—Thallus orbiculari- expanded, membranaceous, subimbricate, reticulato-rugulose, often somewhat isidioso-scabrid, greyish-white or glaucous-grey, beneath black, rhizineo-fibrillose ; laciniee sinuato-incised or sinuato-lobed, : +-yellowish, - : retuse at the apices; (K Tallon: tose iieataed, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate cr somewhat large, badious or brownish, the margin thin, PARMELTA. | PARMELIEL. 241 entire or crenulate; spores 0,014-19 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440: Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144; Mudd, Man. p. 94; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 137, ed. 3, p. 126.—Lichen saxatilis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1142; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 531; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 816; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 33; Eng. Bot. t. 603. Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum laciniosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 118, t. 24. f. 83.4. Lichenoides crusta foliosa, superne cinereo-glauca, inferne nigra et cirrhosa, scutellis nigricantibus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 16.—Under the type was included also the following form by most of our earlier authors.—Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 203 pro parte; Cromb. n. 27. : This well-known species is readily recognized by the reticulato-rugu- lose thallus. Often very widely spreading, it is one of the largest plants of the genus, and though sometimes subsmooth is usually isidioso-scabrid on the ruge. It is seldom fertile, the apothecia, which are at tirst urceo- late and moderate, becoming at length large and flexuose. The spermo- gones, which are not uncommon, are very minute, black, with spermatia 0,007 mmn. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. The parasites Dothidea homosteyia Nyl. and Abrothallus parasiticus Nyl. (Lichen parasiticus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1866) are often met with on the thallus of this species and of the form here described. Hab. On trees, walls, rocks, and boulders in upland and subalpine, sometimes in lowland districts. —Distr. Local throughout Great Britain; rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—B M.: Island of Guernsey. Near Brighton, Sussex; Basingstoke, Hampshire; near Pen- zance, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Wrekin Till, Shrop- shire; Lambeth, 8. Wales; Island of Anglesea; Stavely, Westmore- land. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Abernethy, Black Wood of Rannoch, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire; Cortachy, Forfarshire; Por- tlethen, Kincardineshire; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form furfuracea Scher. Spic. (1840) p. 455.—Thallus much expanded, greyish-white, densely covered with greyish-brown isidia : otherwise as in the type.— Mudd, Man. p. 95; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188, ed. 3, p. 127; Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p- 573.—Parmelia horrescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144 pro parte.—Lichenordes vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 83c, p.— Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 46 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 211; Bohl. n. 11. Remarkable on account of the isidiose furfur with which itis frequently covered and which obliterates the lobes except at the civcumference, giving it a panniform appearance. — Smaller and sterile states in this con- dition, and some very sparingly isidiiferous, are the form panniformis (Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75). The thallus is often dark-grey, and occa- sionally becomes centrifugal from the decay of the central portions, when it may present merely a narrow circumferential border. The apothecia, which are frequent, have the thalline margin sometimes exasperate with the isidia. Hab. On rocks, walls, and trees, chiefly in upland districts.— Distr. R 242 LICHEN ACEI, [PARMELTA. General and common in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, espe- cially in the Scottish Highlands; apparently rare in 8. and W. Ireland and in the Channel Islands—B. M.: Island of Alderney. Eridge Rocks and Ardingley, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; near South Brent, Devon; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Savernake Forest, Wiltshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Black Edge, Buxton, Derbyshire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Lambeth, S. Wales; Barmouth and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland. Dal- mahoy Crags, near Edinburgh; near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and near Dunkeld, Perthshire; Clova and Cortachy, Forfarshire; Crathes, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Callater, Mor- roue, and Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness- shire. Lambay Island, near Dublin; near Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway. 11. P. suleata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 145.— Thallus orbiculari-expanded, membranaccous, smoothish, not isidii- ferous, irregularly imbricate, reticulato-sorediate, greyish or glau- cous-white, the soredia sulciform, rotundato-oblong or linear, mar- gined, whitish (KT OeTO" hen blood-rea, CACL). Apothecia and spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75.— Parmelia saxatilis var. suleata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188, ed. 3, p. 126. Parmelia saxatilis 3. leucochroa (Wallr.) Mudd, Man. p. 94. Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo- glaucum, lacunosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 83 B.— — Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 203 ; Mudd, n. 66; Cromb. n. 28. Distinguished from P. saxatilis by the soredia and the absence of isidia. The thallus often spreads extensively and varies in the breadth of the laciniz ; short and broad states are form roseformis Ach, (Lich. Univ. p.470). The apothecia are moderate, and sometimes have rather smaller spores than in the preceding species. They are comparatively rare in Britain as elsewhere, nor are the spermogones frequent in our specimens. Hab. On trees and old walls, chiefly in maritime and upland districts.— — Distr. General and usually plentiful in Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands; fertile chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex ; New Forest, Hants; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; near Cirencester and Sapperton, Gloucestershire; Darley, Derbyshire; Grimsbury Green, Northamptonshire; Ludlow, Shropshire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwick- shire; near Hopton, Cheshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kendal, West- moreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Preghorn and Craig Lochart, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire; Den of Murtle, near Aberdeen ; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Rostellan, co. Cork; Dunkerrcn, co. Kerry. Var. 3. levis Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 389.—Thallus smooth, eso- rediate, glaucous- or greyish-white ; beneath black, denscly rhizineo- fibrillose ; lacinie narrow, more divided and discrete, greyish or brownish at the apices. Apothecia not seen.—-Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1375, p. 140. PARMELIA. | PARMELIEL 243 A peculiar variety, which, notwithstanding the smooth thallus, is from its general aspect referable to P. suleata rather than to P, savatilis. At the same time it is well distinguished by the esorediate thallus which is but loosely affixed to the substratum, and by the form of the laciniz. The under surface is occasional’'y covered to the very extremities of the lacinise with numerous densely crowded black rhizine (form hirsuta Cromb. /.c.). In the British specimens neither apothecia nor spermogones are present. , Hab. On the trunks of old firs and on granite walls in upland locali- ties.— Distr. Found only in two localities amongst the Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire. 12. P. omphalodes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204.—Thallus orbi- cular, expanded, submembranaceous, somewhat shining, smoothish, dark-brown, brownish-black or purplish-black; beneath black, densely rhizineo-fibrillose; lacinia subtruncate at the apices Ce tea eae CaCl_). Apothecia dark-badious, mode- rate or large; otherwise as in P. sawatilis—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440; Hook. FI. Seot. ii. p. 53; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 145.—Purmelia saxatilis 0. omphalodes Mudd, Man. p. 95; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138, ed. 3, p. 127. Lichen omphalodes Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1143; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 818; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34; Eng. Bot. t. 604. Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium, foliis pilosis purpurets Dill. Muse. 185, t. 24. f. 80, in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 70.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 7; Mudd,n. 67; Larb. Cesar. n. 19; Bohl. n. 18. Though by some recent authors regarded as a variety of P. savatilis, it is entitled to rank as specifically distinct. It varies in colour from brown or greyish-brown to nearly black, and is often, as observed by Hooker, Eng. Fl. l¢., marked with pale zigzag cracks. In the darker thalli the reaction of the cortical layer with K is less distinct. It often spreads extensively, almost covering the larger and otherwise naked boulders, and is somewhat variable. The apothecia are not unfrequent, sometimes numerous and very large, becoming in old age angulose and flexuose, often with slightly smaller spores as in P. sudcata. The spermo- gones, which are also common, are usually more prominent than in P. saxatilis, giving the thallus a black-punctate appearance. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime, upland, and alpine tracts.— Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain; very abundant in the Ilighlands, Scotland, to the summits of the higher mountains; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Beauport Bay, Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Dartmoor, Hay Tor, and Lustleigh Cleeve, Devonshire; Temple Moor, near Penzance, and Helminton, Corn- wall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Bar- mouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Conway Mt., and Cwm Idwal, Carnarvon; Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham ; Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Cheviots, Northamberland. Moffat, Dunifriesshire; Dalmahoy Crags, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Rannoch, near Dunkeld and Aber- nethy, Perthshire; Canlochan, Forfarshire; near Invereauld, Craig R2 244 LICHENACEI. [PARMEL1A, Coinnoch, Morrone, Glen Dee, Braemar ; near Aviemore, and Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron and Caher, co. Kerry. Form cesio-pruinosa Nyl. ez Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 206.—Thallus and the thalline margin of the apothecia cesio- pruinose.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—subsp. Parmelia omphatodes f. ceestopruinosa Nyl. ew Norrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii. (1873) p. 324. : This differs merely in the presence of the cesiovs pruina, which, however, at length becomes more or less obsolete, and the thallus is sometimes of a bluish tint. The few British specimens yet seen are sterile. Hab, On rocks in alpine situations.—Dist7. Found only on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Summits of Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire, Var. 3. panniformis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204 pro parte.—Thallus more or less effuse, the laciniee much narrower, shortly dissected and imbricate. Apothecia small or submoderate.—Nyl. ea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 206; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 73.—Par- melia saxatilis var. panniformis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 139, ed. 3, p. 128. Forms a densely imbricate and congested crust which is somewhat effuse. It is usually less shining than the type. The apothecia are occasionally present, but are not numerous, Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions.— Distr. Not general, though plentiful in S.W. and W. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and on the Grampians.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Did- worthy, Devonshire; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Llyn Gwrionydd, Merionethshire. Stiperstones Hill, Shropshire. New Gal- loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben More, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch, Perthshire; Canlochan, Forfarshire; Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form 1. glomulifera Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 307.—Thal- lus with scattered, isidioid, nodulose, dark-brown or blackish glomeruli.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 126. Only var. panniformis with a few glomeruli, subsimilar in appearance, though differing in structure, to those of Ricasolia amplissima. These abnormal growths are probably peculiar to sterile states of the plant. Hab. On boulders in subalpine tracts.—Distr. Rare and local on the mts. of N. Wales and the Scottish Grampians—B. M.: Cym Idwal, Carnarvon. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form 2. subconcentrica Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 306.— Thallus panniform, subspherical, growing involved in concentric layers.—Leight. Lich. FI. ed. p. 128. A peculiar state analogous to P. revoluta var. concentrica, though the few specimens gathered were not so globular. As observed in Journ. PARMELIA. ] PARMELLEL. 245, Bot. Jc. it evidently originates from the nodular excrescences on the thallus of the preceding form becoming detached. Hab, On the ground in alpine situations—Distr. Found only on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, A berdeen- shire. 1 13. P. Borreri Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 148, t. 13. p. 2.—Thallus suborbicular, cartilagineo-membranaceous, appressed, imbricato-lobed, rugoso-sorediate, glaucous-grey or pale whitish- grey; beneath brownish or pale, subfibrillose, glabrous at the cir- cumference ; lobes broad, rounded, sinuate, the soredia white-punc- tiform (KT IMM, CaCl? ..q, soredia CaUl+red). Apothecia large, badio-reddish, the margin elevated, inflexed; spores 0,011- 15 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147; Mudd, Man. p. 94, t. ii. f.29; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183, ed. 3, p. 122.—Lichen Borrert Eng. Bot. t. 1780. Lichenoides glaucum perlatum, subtus nigrum et cirrosum Dill. Muse. 147, t. 26. £.39¢. Parmelia red- denda Stirt. in Scottish Naturalist, 1878, p. 298; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 199, is an accidental state, in which the medulla (not the soredia) gives no reaction with CaCl (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, 1881, p. 26). Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 231; Larb. Cesar. n. 20. Similar to P. suleata, from which it is distinguished by the thicker, more rigid, smoother, less imbricate, appressed, differently coloured thallus, and by the form of the soredia. These appear as numerous, ir- regularly scattered, often impressed and pseudo-cyphelloid, whitish punctate verruce, giving it a rough aspect. The thalline reactions, the smaller spores, and the spermogones render it very distinct. In this country the apothecia are rare and chiefly central, becoming irregularly erforate in old age. The spermogones have the spermatia lageniform, 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0010 mm. thick. Hab. On trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland wooded. districts—Dvrstr. General in 8. and W. England; rare in 8. Scotland, S. and §.W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; near Jerbourg, Guernsey. Near Bury, Suttolk ; Wal- thamstow, Essex ; Maidstone, Kent ; near Brighton and Henfield, Sussex ; Ryde and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Basingstoke and Lyndhurst, Hamp- shire; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Kemble, Gloucestershire ; near Oxford and Charlton Camp, Oxfordshire; Hindlip and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwick- shire; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Dynevor Castle, Car- marthenshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Dumfries; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire. Riverston, co. Cork; near Limerick ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. b. Ochroleuce.—Thallus normally yellowish green, or pale straw-coloured. 14. P. caperata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 216.—Thallus expanded, imbricato-lobed, rugulose, pale yellowish-green or ochroleucous ; 246 LICHENACEL. [PARMELIA. beneath black, paler and glabrous at the circumference, with few rhizine ; lobes sinuato-laciniate, rounded, subcrenulate at the mar- gins (Ix x yellowish, CaCl —). Apothecia moderate, badio-reddish, the margin crenulate and often pulverulent; spores 0,017-20 mm. long, U,007-10 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 437; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 146; Mudd, Man. p. 101, t. ii. £30; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122, ed. 8, p. 114.—Lichen caperatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1147; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 5435 With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58; Eng. Bot. t. 654. Lichenoides caperatum, rosacee expansum, e sulphureo virens Dill. Muse. 193, t. 25. f.97. Lichen- oides crusta folrosa, ex cinereo et luteo virescente, inferne nigra et levi Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 62.—Brit. Kus. : Leight. n. 77; Mudd, n. 73; Cromb. n. 140; Larb. Cesar. n. 63; Lich. Hb. n. 251; Bohl. n. 123. The thallus, which is normally orbicular, frequently spreads exten- sively. It is usually undulato-plicate, and often more or less granuloso- pulverulent, except at the circumference. The apothecia, which are comparatively rare, are usually scattered, but occur chiefly towards the centre of the thallus. The spermogones are minute, infuscate, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab, On the trunks of old trees, on boulders, and on old pales, in lowland and upland tracts.—Distr. General and abundant in most parts of England; rarer in Ireland, the Channel Islands, and: in Scotland, where apparently it rarely extends beyond the S. Grampians —B. M.: St. Brelade’s and Boulay Bay, Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Waltham- stow and Hainault Forest, Essex; near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Lewes, Hastings, and near Brighton, Sussex; Lyndhurst and near Lymington, Hampshire; Carisbrook and Ryde, Isle of Wight; Ivy Bridge, Torquay, Newton Bushell, and Totnes, 8. Devon; Bocconoc, Penzance, and Withiel, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly; Elstree, Herts; near Malvern, Worcester- shire; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Cwm Bychan and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Island of Angle- sea; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire; Keswick and Asby, Cumberland; Tees- dale, Durham ; Stavely, Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; King’s Park, Swanston Wood, Rivelstone and Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Airds, Appin, Argyle- shire ; Blairdrummond, Aberfoyle, Kenmore, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Rostellan, co. Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 15. P. sinuosa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 207.—Thallus suborbicular, membranaceous, divaricato-lobed, smooth, yellowish; beneath blackish and black-fibrillose, paler towards the circumference ; lacinie nar- row, sinuato-pinnatifid, dilated and often sorediate at the apiccs; the sinuses wide, circular (Kf ies then rea, CACL_). Apothecia moderate, subplane, dark-brown, the margin thin, smooth, entire ; spores 0,011-20 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick—Gray. Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 149; Mudd, Man. p. 95; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186, ed. p. 125.—Lichen sinuosus PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI. 247 Sm. Eng. Bot. xxix. (1809) t. 2050.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 8. : Often confounded with smaller states of P. levigata, to which it is closely allied, but is distinguished not only by the reaction with K, and the larger spores, but also, and at first sight, by the yellow thallus, which is usually smaller, more divided, and somewhat closely affixed to the substratum. The apothecia are extremely rare in our Islands, and when present are but few and central. Hab. On trunks of trees and boulders in maritime upland districts.— Distr, Rather local and very sparingly in S. and W. England, N. Wales, 8. and W. Scotland, W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands——B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Bournemouth, Hampshire ; Ullacombe, Devonshire ; Barmouth, Ty Gwn, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea. Brodrick Castle, Island of Arran; Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Macroone, co. Cork; Cromaglown and Dunkerron (fruit), co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. 16. P. dissecta Nyl. Flora 1882, p. 451.—Subsimilar to P. levigata, but the thallus yellowish, much smaller and thinly-dis- sected, isidiiferous, with short rhizine on the under surface (me- dulla K(CaCl)+red). Apothecia unknown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 74. This also is closely allied to P. levigata, to which Nylander (Syn. i. p- 384) originally referred it as a variety. It has been raised by him to specific rank because it constantly preserves its own type. I have not seen a British specimen; according to Nylander it is not unfrequent in France. Hab. On rocks in(?) upland situations.—Distr. Extremely local and rare in Ireland (fide Nyl.). 17. P. conspersa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 205.—Thallus orbicular, expanded, appressed, laciniato-divided, shining, somewhat smooth, greenish-straw coloured; beneath brown, with short black rhizine ; lacinia plane sinuato-incised and crenate at the margins Cc suC rie then rea, C2C1_). Apothecia moderate, spadiceous or brownish, the margin entire and inflexcd; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook, Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii, p. 143; Madd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p. 124.—Lichen conspersus Ehrh. in Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 118; Eng. Bot. t.2097. Lichen centrifugus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 445; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 814; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p- 82 pro parte. Lichenoides embricatum viridans, scutellis badiis Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 75 a.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 78; Larb. Cesar. n. 65; Cromb. n. 26. Often spreads rather extensively, though always preserving an orbi- cular outline. It is occasionally somewhat glaucous, and specimens rarely occur in which the medulla is partly tawny-yellow, the result evidently 248 LICHENACEI, [PARMELIA. of maceration. In the centre the lacini are convex and subrugose. The apothecia are numerous, chiefly central, becoming somewhat large and flexuose. The spermogones are abundant, black, irregularly scattered over the surface of the thallus, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. 7 Hab. On old walls, rocks, and boulders in maritime and upland regions. —Distr. General and common in Great Britain, especially in mountainous tracts; rarer in the Channel Islands; apparently rare in Ireland. —B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Sark. Dartmoor, Ivy Bridge, and Temple Moor, Devonshire; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Llanbedr, Barmouth, Cader Idris, and Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Beaumaris, Island of Angle-ea; Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; near Mof- fat, Dumfriesshire; Ayrshire; Inverary, Crinan Canal, and Appin, Argyleshire ; Loch Ard, Ben Lawers, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form isidiata Leight. Lich. Fl. i. (1871) p. 185.—Thallus co- vered with densely crowded isidia, except at the circumference ; otherwise as in the type.—Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 125.—Jmbri- caria conspersa f. isidiata Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 28. Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scutellis badiis Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 75 B.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 79 pro parte; Bohl. n. 110. Easily recognized by the densely isidioid thallus, in which the laciniz are often scarcely visible. It is usually infertile, and when present the apothecia are not numerous. Hah, On rocks and boulders in upland districts—Distr. Rather local in 8.W., W., and N. England, in Wales and 8. Scotland, more frequent in the S. and W. Highlards; apparently rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Here- fordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Pont-nedd-Vechan, Breck- nockshire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; near Kendal, Westmoieland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire; King’s Park, Stirling; Ben Lawers and Rannoch, Perthshire; near Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire. Var. 6. stenophylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 206.—Thallus some- what effuse: lacinie longer, narrower, more divided and imbricate. Apothecia smaller, rare—Mudd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 135, ed. 3, p. 124.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n, 79 pro parte. Well distinguished by the form of the laciniee. It occasionally pre- sents an almost panniform aspect, and is normally glabrous, though some- times sparingly isidiifercus. The apothecia are very rare in British specimens. Hab. On boulders and old walls in upland districts— Distr. Local and scarce in 8., Central, and W. England, in N. Wales, in the 8.W. High- lands and 8. Grampians, Scotland ; rare in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry, Shrop- PARMELIA. | PARMELIEL. 249: shire; Llaneltyd, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Coe Coch, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 18. P. Mougeotii Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 46.—Thallus small, orbicular, appressed and closely adnate, shining, greenish or greyish- yellow, usually with yellowish-white tuberculose soredia; beneath rugose, brownish-black ; rhizinz not visible ; laciniz narrow, lineari- multifid, slightly convex, sub-diffract in the centre, explanate at the apices, transversely rimose (K7 yellowish, CaCl). Apothecia minute, reddish-brown, the margin sulphureo-pulverulent ; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick—Mudd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 834.—Parmelia conspersa f. Mougeotii Leight. Lich. FJ. p. 136, ed. 3, p. 125. Lichen incurvus Eng. Bot. t. 1375 (et descr. pro parte).—Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 143; Mudd, n. 74; Cromb. n. 143; Larb. Lich. Herb. nos. 87, 251. Closely allied to P. conspersa, but distinguished by the frequent presence of scattered soredia and by being much smaller in all its parts, though the individual plants sometimes become confluent. The thallus is frequently greyish or dark in the subcrustaceous centre, and the lacinix are occa- sionally more discrete at the circumference, The apothecia, which are rare in this country, as elsewhere, are few and scattered. The spermo- gones, which are not frequent, are very minute, brownish-black, with straight, short, subcylindrical spermatia, 0,005-6 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly granite and gneiss, in maritime and upland districts.—-Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and Ire- land; most frequent, perhaps, on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; near Barmouth and Capel Arthog, Merioneth- shire; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire (frt.) ; and Glen Dee, Braemar. Curraghmore, co. Waterford; Dunkerron, co, Kerry; Connemara, co. Galway. Form dispersa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus indeterminate, diffract; the lacinize very narrow, short, discrete, and more or less scattered. Apothecia not seen. ; This form no doubt is due to the normal evolution of the thallus being arrested, so that it grows in an interrupted manner. It is but sparingly sorediate, and is always sterile. Hab. On schist rocks in shady situations in subalpine traets.— Distr. Local and scarce in the W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire. 19. P. incurva Fr. Noy. Sched. Crit. (1826) p. 82.—Thallus orbicular or expanded, appressed, stellato-laciniose, subopaque, greenish straw-colourcd or oehroleucous, with somewhat large, 250 LICHENACFI. [PARMELIA. subglobose, sulphureous soredia; beneath dark, with blackish rhizine ; laciniw narrow, multifid, somewhat convexo-compressed, incurved at the apices (K~, CaCl_). Apothecia small, reddish- brown, the margin subentire; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. it. p- 149; Mudd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. F1. p. 140 pro parte, ed. 3, p.129 pro parte.—Lichen incurvus Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 24. Parmelia recurva Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hock. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54. Lichen multifidus, Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 16, t. 9. f..7; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28. Easily recognizable from the allied species by the incurved apices of the lacinie. The thallus, which is usually widely expanded, often becomes subcrustaceous and dark in the centre, where also, in very old plants, it sometimes decays like P. centrifuga, a plant not found in Great Britain. The apothecia are very rare in this country, and when present are not rightly developed. The spermogones, however, are frequent, giving the thallus a black punctate appearance, with spermatia 0,005-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On granitic rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine places.— Distr. Local in 8.W. Ireland and S. Scotland ; more frequent among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Candlic, Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Upper Glen Dee (fruit), Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron Mt., co. Kerry. ce. Olivaceo-nigricantes.—Thallus normally olive-brown or brownish-black. 20. P. acetabulum Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 601.—Thallus orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, unequal or rugulose, subopaque, imbricato-lobed, glaucous- or lurid-olivaceous ; beneath paler and sparingly black-fibrillose ; lobes rounded, appressed at the circum- ference, ascending and undulate in the centro Ss owish: dened, CaCl1_). Apothecia moderate or large, rugose, badio-reddish, the margin crenulate, inflexed: spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 9,008-10 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 99; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 136, ed. 8, p. 125.—Licken acetabulum Neck. Delic. (1768) p. 506. Parmelia corrugata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438; Hook. Eng. FL v. p. 201. Lichen corrugatus Eng. Bot. t. 1652. Lichenoides acetabulis cutaneis et rugosis Dill. Muse. 185, 6. 24. f. 79.— Brit. Lxs.: Cromb. n. 142; Leight. n. 362. The thicker thallus, the larger lobes, and rugose apothecia readily dis- tinguish this from our other species of this subsection. Elsewhere it grows widely expanded, though this state is rare in Britain. The apothecia, which are not frequent in this country, become rather large in very old plants. The spermoyones, generally very abundant, are at length confluent, and form rugosities on the thallus, with the sterigmata often branched and jointed, and the spermatia about 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in woods and parks in lowland districts —Dist. Not general nor common throughout England, chiefly PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI. 251 in the 8.; very local in Central Scotland; not seen from Jreland.— B. M.: Saham Wood, Norfolk; near Bury, Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex; Broome Park, Kent; St. Leonard's Huraet, Poyning’s Hill, and Beeding Priory, Sussex; near Netley Abbey, Hampshire; Somerford Keynes, Wiltshire; near Cirencester and Fairford, Gloucestershire; near the Ketch, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Auldbar, Forfarshire. 21. P. olivacea Ach. Meth, (1803) p. 213.—Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, appressed, rugulose or minutely corrugate, laciniato- lobed, subopaque, olive-brown or badious-umbrine; beneath nearly concolorous, paler at the circumference, obsoletely fibrillose ; lobes radiating, plane, rounded, crenate (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia mode- rate, dark chestnut-coloured, the margin entire or nearly entire; spores 0,011-19 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm, thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 395; Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 24; Lich. Brit. p. 35 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 115 pro parte.— Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis levibus Dill. Musc. 182, t. 24. f.'77 a. —Lichen olivaceus and Parmelia olivacea of ovr oldcr authors belong to one or other of the following allied plants. Several species, now rightly separated, have been included here by authors. As limited, it is readily recognized by the rugulose thallus and the entire margin of the apothecia. It isa plant of a more boreal type than any of its immediate allies. _The apothecia are chiefly central and crowded, the margin of the receptacle becoming less smooth and entire in age. The spermogones are minute, black, immersed or prominent, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of trees, birch and alder, in wooded upland dis- tricts.—Distr. Very local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Abergeldie and Glen Clunie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 22. P. exasperata Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 120 (note).—Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, mi- nutely and densely rugoso-papillose, olive-brown ; beneath paler, sparingly fibrillose ; lobes more or Jess obliterated in the centre, appressed, rounded and inciso-crenate at the circumference (x. CaCl_). Apothecia small, or at length somewhat large, chestnut- coloured, the margin elevated, verrucose and papillose ; spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572.—Parmelia olivacea subsp. exasperata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 85; var. ewasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 123, ed. 3, p. 115. Collema exasperatum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 645. Parmelia olivacea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 488; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52; Eng. FI. ii. p. 200; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Mudd, Man. p. 99 pro parte. Lichen olivaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446; Lightf. FI. Scot. ii. p. 819 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p- 85; Eng. Bot. t. 2180. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis ampliori- bus verrucosis Dill. Muse. 184, t. 24. f. 78. Lichenoides erusta foliosa scutellata, pullum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 38, p. 72, n. 60.— 252 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 72; Leight. nos. 263, 356; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 327; Bohl. n. 86. Readily distinguished from P. olivacea, of which it is generally regarded as a variety, by the papillato-exasperate thallus and the verrucoso-papillose margin of the apothecia. With us the apothecia are comparatively rare, though plentiful when present. ‘Ihe spermogones are very abundant on the papilla, when these are not abraded, with spermatia 0,008-11 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts — Distr. General and usually common in the W. tracts of Great Britain and Treland.—B. M.. Bury, Sutfolk ; New Forest, Hants; Withiel, Cornwall ; Pembridge, Herefordshire; Cricklade, Wiltshire; Crowle, Worcester- shire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham, near Stavely, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Largs, Ayrshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Kilravock, Nairnshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Glencar and Mangerton, co. Kerry ; Killerey Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 23. P. subaurifera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 22.—Thallus orbicular, thinly membranaceous, closely appressed, glabrous or thinly fur- furaceous in the centre, laciniato-lobed, olive-brown or umbrine, yellow-sorediate, medulla yellow ; beneath blackish, shortly fibrillose; lobes plane, crenate (Ky yellowish? CaCl]. dish)? Apothecia small, dark chestnut-coloured, the margin subentire, often yellow-sorediate ; spores 0,011-13 wm. long, 0,007—-8 mm. thick.-—Cromb. Journ. Linn, Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572; Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Lichen olivaceus, var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 85. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutcllis levibus Dill. Muse. 182, t. 23. f.'77 c.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 210. From the allied species this differs at once in the yellow medulla and the small yellow soredia with which the thallus is everywhere eftlorescent. Our Britieh specimens are, with one or two exceptions, less well developed than those from Scandinavia—the thallus being smaller, the medulla less distinctly yellow, and having only in one instance a few young apothecia, The spermogones, which also seem to be very rare with us, have the sper- matia 0,005 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of trees and branches of shrubs, chiefly oak and firs, in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Local and scarce in Eng- land, N. Wales, the Highlands, Scotland, and N.W. Jreland; no doubt often overlooked.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; near Tooting, Surrey; Lydd, Kent; Henfield, Sussex ; near Penzance, Cornwall (frt.);, Whim- pole Park, Cambridgeshire; Grimsbury Green, Northampton ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Kempsey, Worcestershire: Aberdovey, Merioneth- shire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland. Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Wills Braes, Forfarshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Kylemore, co. Galway. 24. P. prolixa Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 35.—Thallus suborbicular, appressed, somewhat shining, laciniate, dark-olive or blackish-umbrine ; beneath blackish or black, moderately fibrillose ; lacinie narrow, subimbricate, much and variously divided, somewhat PARMELIA. | PARMELIET. 253 convex, crenato-incised and but slightly dilated at the apices (KT CaCl_). Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, subconcolorous, the margin entire or subentire; spores 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005— 6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Parmelia olivacea vars. proliva et dendritica (Pers.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 115. Parmelia olivacea y. proliva Ach, Meth. (1803) p. 214.—Brit. Evs. : Leight. n. 365. Generally regarded as a variety of P. olvacea, but separated by the form of the laciniz and by the smaller spores. The thallus is usually smooth, but sometimes rugulose, as is also the margin of the apothecia. The apothecia are rare in Britain, but the spermogones are not unfrequent. They are at length somewhat prominent, with spermatia scarcely 0,007 mm. long, and about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. England and Wales; here and there in Scotland and in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Llandegley Rocks, Radnorshire ; Moel-y-Golfa, Montgomery- shire; Douglas Head, Isle of Man. New Galloway, Kirkeudbright- shire; Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Connemara, co. Galway. Subsp. 1. P. sorediata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Thallus smaller, adnate, sprinkled towards the centre with whitish or brownish-white, verrucoso-prominent soredia; lacinize somewhat plane (K_, CaCl7). Apothecia small; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Parmela stygia b. sorediata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 471. Distinguished by the pulvinate soredia with which the thallus is more or less sprinkled towards the centre or occasionally almost throughout. It is of small size (scarcely more than 1 in.), frequently opaque, with the lacinize contiguous. The apothecia, which are small and scattered, are very rare in Britain as in other countries. Hab. On rocks in upland mountainous districts.— Distr. Very local and rare in W. England and among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 2. P, Delisei Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 67.—Thallus larger, pale- olive, the lacinie broader at the circumference (K(CaCl) 7 reddish)" Apothecia and spores as in P. prolixa.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 138; Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Parmelia Delisei Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 129. Parmelia olivacea var. Deliset Dub. Bot. Gall. (1829) p. 602. Parmelia olivacea var. aquiloides Linds., Mudd, Man. p. 99. —Lichen olivaceus pro parte and Parmelia olivacea pro parte of the older and some more recent British authors.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 291 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 328; Bohl. n. 109 pro parte. The characters of the thallus and the chemical reaction make this a distinct subspecies. In old plants the apothecia become large, crowded, and somewhat flexuose. 254 LICTEN ACEI. [PARMELIA. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Local in 8. and W. England, N. Wales, Central Scotland, 8. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Shank- lin, Isle of Wight; Wembury, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea ; Isle of Man; Stavely, Westmoreland. Loch Creran, Argyleshire; King’s Park, Stirling. Mizen Head, co. Cork. (B. isidiascens Ny]. Flora, 1875, p. 8.—Thallus more or less sprinkled with olive-brown verrucseform isidia, which become whitish- sorediate at the apices; otberwise as in the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Brit, Hws.: Leight. n. 291 pro parte; Bohl. n. 109 pro parte. Well characterized by the often crowded and at length thickish isidia, which sometimes nearly cover the thallus, and give it an almost panni- form appearance. It is rarely seen fertile, the apothecia being but few, with the margin sometimes rugose with isidia. Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. England, N. Wales, and Central Scotland.—B. M.: Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Near Pen- zance and Helminton, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Isle of Man. King’s Park, Stirling. 25. P. fuliginosa Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 8346.—Thallus orbicular or suborbicular, membranaceous, appressed, laciniato-lobed, umbrine- badious or olive-black, fuliginoso-furfuraceous or black-isidiose, be- neath blackish, sparingly fibrillose; lobes plane, crenate (K_: CaCl nea): Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, pale- or dark- brown, the margin thickish, slightly crenulate ; spores 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 123.—Parmelia olivacea var. fuliginosa Fr. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 602. Parmelia olivacea y. furfuracea Scheer., Mudd, Man. p. 100. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis levibus Dill. Muse. 182, f. 77 3. Readily recognized by the peculiar black, setuloso-papillose isidia, which are sometimes so dense as to cover the whole thallus and obliterate the lobes, except at the immediate circumference ; otherwise sufficiently separated from the preceding species by the chemical reaction of the medulla with CaCl. The apothecia are rare in this country, especially on saxicole specimens, and the spermogones are very rarely visible. Hab. On rocks and walls, also on old pales, rarely on trees, in maritime and upland districts— Distr. Probably general, though not common, in the mountainous regions of Great Britain and Jreland.—B. M.: Penzance and near St. Breock, Cornwall; Herefordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worces- tershire ; Borthwynog, near Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Haughmond Hill and Stiperstones, Shrop- shire; near Ayton, Yorkshire; Stavely, Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perth- shire; Glen Shee, Forfarshire; Portlethen and Durris, Kincardineshire ; Till of Ardo, near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Abernethy, Elgin. Near Cork; Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. PARMELLA. | PARMELIE1, 255 Var. 3. letevirens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. vi. 1872, p. 272.—Thallus orbicular or effuse, greenish-olive or greenish- brown, more or less covered with concolorous isidia (medulla CaCl+ ted). Apothecia and spores as in the type.—Cromb. Grevilica, x. p- 26.—Imbricaria olivacea y. letevirens Flot. Lich. Sil. (1829) n.90, Parmelia fuliginosa f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 123. Purmelia Borreri f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 479. Though differing in the colour of the thallus and of the isidia, the reaction of the medulla shows that this is only a variety of P. fuliginosa. States occur in which there is scarcely any trace of isidia (form denudata Cromb., probably referable to subsp. g/abratula Lamy, as in Grevillea, xv. p. 75). In herbaria specimens the isidia often become abraded, rendering the thallus white-punctate. The apothecia are not uncommon, but the spermogones are rarely seen. Hab. On old trees and pales, rarely on walls, in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in E, and N. England, N. Wales, the Tlighlands, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland—B. M.: Hopton, Suffolk ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; near Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merio- nethshire; Devil’s Bridge, Cardiganshire; Kendal and Levens Park, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin and head of Loch Awee, Argyleshire; Loch Ard and Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Durris, Kincar- dineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dertyclare and near Kyle- nore, co. Galway. 26. P. stygia Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 203.—Thallus orbicular, appressed, somewhat shining, smooth, imbricate, olive-brown or blackish ; beneath pitch-black, paler at the margins, with but few rhizine ; laciniz sublinear, palmato-multifid, convex, incurved at the apices (K_,CaCl_). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, sub- concolorous, the margin granulato-crenate; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202; Mudd, Man. p. 100; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124, ed. 3, p. 116.— Lichen stygius Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1143; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p- 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30; Eng. Bot. t. 2048.—Brit. Hus. : Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25 pro parte. Somewhat resembles Platysma Fahlunense, but distinguished by the form of the Jacinise, the character of the spermogones, and the absence of medullary reaction with K. It is generally fertile, though the apothecia are rather scattered and not numerous. The spermogones, which are frequent, are immersed, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, constricted in the middle and somewhat obtuse at the apices. Hab. On rocks and boulders, granitic and quartzose, in subalpine and alpine regions. —Disir. Local and rare, being confined to a few of the higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben More, Perthshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-naboord and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, In- verness-shire. 27. P. alpicola Fr. fil. Nov. Ac. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal. (1861) p- 157.—Thallus orbicular or expanded, somewhat appressed and adnate, subopaque, blackish-olive or dark-grey ; bencath very black, 256 LICHEN ACEI. [PARMELTA. with few rhizine ; lacinie narrow, convex, rugoso-plicate, imbricate and complicate, incurved at the apices (K fryellowion, CaCl— ). Apothecia small, concave, or at length slightly convex, blackish, the margin entire; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, 0,007-12 mm. long, 0,005-9 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 357; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.—Parmelia discreta Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 36. Parmelia physodes var. discreta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127. Parmelia stygia var. minor Nyl. ev Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 85. Parmelia encausta var. stygioides Linds. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxii. p. 224; Mudd, Man. p. 99. Lichen encaustus Eng. Bot. t. 2049.—As pointed out in Grevillea, vii. p. 98, this ought rather to be called P. atrofusca (Scher.).—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 32; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25 pro parte. Looks intermediate between P. stygia and P. encausta, being sometimes confounded with the latter. The presence of rhizinze very rarely on the under surface in very young plants shows that it belongs to this Subsection. The thallus varies in colour from nearly pitch-black to dark- grey, the laciniz being often torulose. It is generally fertile, the apo- thecia being scattered and at length somewhat large. The spermogones are black, minute, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. : Hab. On granitic and quartzose boulders in alpine places.— Distr. Local and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland; very rare in N.W. IJreland.— B. M.: Ben More and Cairn Gowar, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Cairn Drochit, Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Co. Mayo. 28. P. lanata Wallr. Fl. Germ, iii. (1531) p. 529.—Thallus ex- panded, decumbent, loosely appressed, setaceo-filiform, dichotomously and intricately branched, olive-brown or brownish-black, somewhat shining; beneath paler, with minute rhizine; branches unequal, rounded, slender, flexuose, furcate at the apices (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia lateral or subterminal, nearly moderate, plane or convex, concolorous, the margin subentire or granulato-unequal; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick—Mudd, Man. p. 101; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124.—Alectoria lanata Leight. Lich. FL. ed. 3, p. 80. Cornicularia lanata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 405; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 87. Lichen lanatus, Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) p. 1153; Eng. Bot. t. 846 (middle fig.). Usnea cerspitosa exilis, capillacea atra Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f. 9.—As already observed the Lichen lanatus of our older writers is Alectoria bicolor. A species entirely Alectorioid in habit, so that it might be referred to Alectoria. The presence, however, of rhizine on the under surface of the thallus, the crenulato-undulate margin of the apothecia, and the distinctly Parmelioid character of var. 8 show that it belongs to this genus, The thallus is often suberect, and in favourable situations spreads extensively. The apothecia are rare, but the spermogones are frequent and sometimes so abundant as to render the thalline filaments torulose or noduloso-unequal. They are immersed, with sterigmata PARMELIA. | PARMELIFL. 257 usually almost simple and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, slightly subacute at the apices. Hab. On rocks and boulders, very rarely on gravelly soil, in subalpine and alpine localities—Distr. Local and scarce in 8.W. and N. England and in N. Wales; more frequent on the Grampians, Scotland; rarer in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor Tors, Devonshire; Cader Idris, Merion- ethshire; Snowdon, N. Wales; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Ben More, Mael Girdy, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts. and Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Loch Phadrig, Lochnagar, Mor- rone, Cairngorm, and Ben-naboord (frt.), Braemar; Ben Nevis, Inver- ness-shire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Mangerton, Killarney, and MacGillicuddy’s Reeks, co. Kerry; Doughbruagh Mts., Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 6. reticulata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 72 —Thallus orbicular or suborbicular, closely appressed, black or blackish, opaque; branches short, slender, very much entangled, subimbricate, dicho- tomously reticulate, shortly furcate at the apices. Apothecia con- colorous, with the margin often ciliate.—Lichen reticulatus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. (1788) t. 9. ff. 6, 7. Alectoria lanata var. parmelioides Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 81 (inel. var. subciliata). Parmelia lanata var. subciliata Nyl., Cromh. Lich. Brit. p. 35 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 125. Lichen pubescens Huds. Fi. Angl. ed. 2, p. 132; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.893; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 48. Coralloides tenuissimum nigrescens, mundi muliebris instar tectum Dill. Muse. 113, t. 17. f. 32.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 20. A well-marked variety, which in its normal condition with its parme- lioid habit looks like a distinct species. Transition states, however, exist, and old plants gradually assume more of the characters of the type. The thallus, which is aptly compared by Dillenius to “ black lace,” occasionally becomes centrifugal. It is not uncommon in a fertile condition, the apo- thecia being usually numerous, with the margin often ciliate with spinu- liform papillee. Hab. On quartzose rocks and boulders in alpine localities. — Distr. Con- fined to some of the higher Grampians, Scotland, where it is plentiful — B.M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Morrone, Glen Callater, Cairngorm, and Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 29. P. tristis Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 304; Flora, 1872, p. 548.—Thallus ceespitoso-fruticulose, cartilaginous, erect, rigid, somewhat roundly compressed, sparingly distichously branched, pitch- or brownish-black; branches subfastigiate, at- tenuate (K—, CaCl_). Apothecia plano-convex, moderate, sub- concolorous, the margin entire or fimbriate; spores 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 71.—Platysma triste Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 94. Cornicularia tristis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 228; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86; Mudd, Man. p. 76. Lichen tristis Web. Spicil. (1788) p. 209; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Eng. Bot. t. 720. Lichen radiatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 559. Lichen corniculatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. s 258 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA, li. p. 383. Coralloides corniculatum, fuct tenwioris facie Dill. Muse. p. 118, t. 17. f. 37. Somewhat resembles a small Fucus, and has been placed by authors in different genera, though by some regarded as a proper genus. The typically depressed or subdepressed thallus, as observed by Nylander /.c., and the nature of the spermogones, induce us to refer it to Parmelia, near P. la- nata, to which in various respects it has a marked affinity. The thallus is closely and umbilicately affixed to the substratum, over which it occa- sionally spreads in large patches, though usually it occurs in small and scattered tufts. The apothecia, which are common, are subterminal on short deflexed ramules; the spermogones are numerous, prominent, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous districts.—Distr. Local in W.and N. England and in Wales; more frequent in the Highlands, Scotland, especially on the N. Gane rare in S. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Sugar Loaf Mt., Monmouthshire; The Glydirs, Snowdon, and Moel Siabod, Carnarvon- shire; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Durham; Crickley Scar, Yorkshire; Mardale, Westmoreland; The Cheviots, Northumberland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben More, Ben Lawers, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., head of the White Water, and Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen; near Invercauld, Craig Coinnoch, Morrone, Glen Callater, Glen Dee, and Ben- naboord, Braemar; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Dunkerron, co, Kerry. B. ERHIZINOS4.—Thallus glabrous beneath (subgenus Hypogymnia Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 537). 30. P. physodes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 250.—Thallus moderate or somewhat large, substellate, loosely adnate, smooth, imbricato- laciniate, glaucous-white; beneath brownish-black, paler at tho circumference, rugose, naked ;: laciniz multifid, linear, sinuate, some- what plane, the apices subinflated, imperforate (K{yellow, CaCl—> medulla K (CaCl)+red). Apothecia subpedicellate, moderate, badio- reddish, the margin entire ; spores 0,006-8 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick— Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204; Mudd, Man. p. 96; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. F). p. 125, ed. 3, p. 116.—Physcia physodes Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436. Lichen physodes Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1144; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882: With. Arr. ed. 8, iv. p. 32; Eng. Bot. t. 126 (middle fig. pro parte). Lichenoides ceratophyllon obtusius et minus ramosum Dill. Muse. p. 154, t. 20. f. 49.4, B; in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 85.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 48 pro parte ; Cromb. n. 31. Readily recognized by the naked under surface and the more or less inflated apices of the laciniz. The thallus is normally orbicular, but at length becomes expanded, varying considerably in the character of the lacinie, and thus presenting several forms and varieties. The apo- thecia are not ea in Britain; they are urceolate, and small when young, at length large, plane and flexuose. The spermogones are very PARMELILA. | PARMELIEI. 259 abundant and crowded in otherwise sterile specimens, and are minute, ag punctiform, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. ick, Hab. On trees and old walls in maritime and upland districts—Disér. Not general nor common throughout Great Britain ; probably occurs in Ireland ; fertile chiefly in the Grampians, Sootlands 8, M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Black Edge, Bux- ton, and Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire; Lickey Hills, Wor- cestershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Stormy Down, Glamorganshire ; Nannau, near Dolgelly, Cwm Bychan, Garth, near Barmouth, Merioneth- shire; Island of Anglesea; Gateshead Fell, Durham; near Kendal, West- moreland, Near Inverary, Argyleshire ; Crianlarich, Killin, Ben Lawers, and Moncrieffe Hill, Perthshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen ; Castleton, Morrone, and Glen Derry, Braemar; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness- shire ; Unst, Shetland. Form 1. labrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 493.—Lacinie with the apices ascending, somewhat dilated, recurved and sorediate.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 86 pro parte.—Parmelia physodes {. recurva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117. Parmelia physodes Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149. Lichen physodes Eng. Bot. t. 126 (upper fig.). Lichenoides ceratophyllon obtusius et minus ramosum Dill. Muse. p. 154, t. 20. f. £9 o.—Brit. Hus.: Leight. n. 48 pro parte, n. 389; Mudd, n. 70; Cromb. n. 144; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 290; Bohl. n. 13. Differs only in the recurved and sorediate apices of the lacinie. As noticed by Acharius /. c. these, in consequence of being ruptured beneath, dilated and inflated, present a pulverulent and verrucose small lip. It is a mere condition, depending on age or nature of habitat, and not a variety ; indeed it is difficult to find old specimens of the normal type of the species in which some of the lacinize have not these characters, so that Acharius subsequently (Syn. p. 218) with propriety regarded it as a mere state. The apothecia are for the most part plentiful, becoming large in old age. Hab. On trees, old pales, rocks and walls, in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain, probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands; fruiting freely in the Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Walthamstow and Epping Forest, Essex ; Millhill, Middle- sex; Ardingley Rocks, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Sandy, Bedfordshire ; near Cambridge ; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Church Stretton, Wrekin Hill, and Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Cader Idris, and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, West- moreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Glasgow ; Swanston Wood, Edinburgh; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perth- shire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Coun- tesswells Woods, near Aberdeen; Invercauld, Morrone, and Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods and Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire; Forres, Elgin; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Form 2. tubulosa Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 97.—Laciniw lax, ascending, tubulose, turgid and sorediate at the apices. Apothecia very rare.—Parmelia ceratophylla ¢. tubulosa Scher. Enum. (1850) B2 260 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. p. 42. Parmelia physodes var. labrosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117. Lichen physodes Eng. Bot. t. 126 (lower fig.).—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 70 pro parte ; Leight. n. 48 pro parte. A more distinct form than the preceding, with which it has sometimes been confounded. It is readily recognized by the thallus, and by the soredia beiny protuberant on the apices of the laciniz. In this country, as elsewhere, it seems to occur chiefly in a sterile condition. Hab. On trees and stone walls in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. Not very general nor common in Great Britain; not seen from Ire- land.—B. M.: Lustleigh Cleeve, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Sweeny, Shropshire; near Monmouth; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbigh- shire; Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Asby, Cumberland (fruit). New Galloway, Kirkeud- brightshire; Ben Lawers, Killin (fruit), and Abernethy, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Park, near Aberdeen; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Var. 6. platyphylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 251.—Lacinie rather broad, subconcrete, rugoso-plicate, roundly lobed and inciso-crenate at the circumference. Apothecia very rare.—Leight. Lich. FI. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 329. Usually smaller, though thicker than in the type. In the centre it is rugose plicate-and scarcely laciniate, the laciniz being more distinct and depressed at the circumference. Occasionally it is more or less sorediate at the apices of the lacinie. As observed by Acharius J. c., the whole thallus has a monophyllous appearance; but transition forms are not wanting. It is very rarely fertile, the spermogones, however, being not unfrequent. Hab. On old pales and stone walls in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. Seen from several localities in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands:—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent; New Forest, Hampshire; Brading, Isle of Wight; near Ciren- cester, Gloucestershire; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Aberdovey and near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Killin, Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers (fruit), and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Guthrie, Forfarshire ; near Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Park, near Aberdeen; Rothie- murchus, Inverness-shire. Near Cork. Form fuscescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus rather smaller, opaque, esorediate, brownish; otherwise as above.— Parmelia physodes var. obscurata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.—According to Nylander, Flora, 1881, p. 537, var. obscurata Ach. is P, austerodes Nyl., a subspecies of P. vittata. Evidently referable as a form to var. platyphylla, with which, except in being somewhat smaller, constantly esorediate, and especially in the colour of the thallus (owing probably to being suffused with salt-water), it in other respects agrees. In the few specimens gathered neither apo- thecia nor spermogones are visible. Hab. On old pales in maritime districts — Distr. Local in 8.E. England and N.E, Scotland.—B. M.: Lydd, Kent. Near Cove, Kincardineshire, PARMELIA, ] PARMELIEL, 261 31. P. vittata Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 106.—Thallus somewhat ex- panded, lineari-laciniate, loosely adnate, smooth, greyish-glaucous ; beneath naked, black; laciniz elongate, divaricately divided, some- what plane, dark-brown or blackish at the margins (KtY llow. CaCl_). Apothecia pedicellate, large, badio-reddish, the margin thin, entire or inflexed; spores 0,004—6 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick. —Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 76.—Parmelia physodes (3. vittata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 251; Mudd, Man. p. 96 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 117 pro parte. Formerly regarded by authors as a variety of P. physodes, but now separated by Nylander on account of the smaller spores and shorter sper- matia. The thallus does not apparently become sorediiferous at the apices of the laciniz, and in our specimens is of a glaucous-brown colour. Neither apothecia nor spermogones occur in Britain. These latter organs have the spermatia 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. thick. Hab. On the ground in alpine places— Distr. Found only on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairntoul, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. 32. P. encausta Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 202.—Thallus suborbicular, appressed, corrugate, narrowly laciniate, unequal, greyish-white or greyish-glaucous; beneath black, naked: laciniz crowded, multifid, complicate, convex or somewhat rounded, only slightly inflated at the apices (K{yellow, CaCl_). Apothecia adnate, moderate or small, badio-reddish, the margin crenulate or subentire ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,005—7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Mudd, Man. p. 97; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36.—Parmelia physodes var. encausta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127, ed. 3, p. 117. Lichen encaustus Sm. Trans. Linn. Soe. i. (1791) p. 83. Sometimes regarded as an alpine var. of P. physodes; but in the absence of any well-marked intermediate states it may be considered distinct. In regions where the plant is common, the thallus varies con- siderably in colour and in the character of the laciniz, but the very few British specimens are sufficiently typical. The apothecia are more or less scattered, at first concave, then plane, and in old plants flexuose. The spermogones are frequent, minute, black, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On granitic boulders in alpine places.—Distr. Found on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairntoul, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. 33. P. pertusa Scher. Spic. (1840) p. 457.—Thallus orbicular, plano-appressed, glabrous, sinuato-laciniate, glaucous-white; be- neath black, rugose, naked; lacinie multifid, convex, minutely perforate, dilated and crenato-incised at the apices (K7 yellow, CaCl_). Apothecia central, small, reddish-brown, the margin entire, inflexed; spores 2-4ne, 0,0045-60 mm. long, 0,022-28 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 129, ed. 3, p. 120.—Lichen pertusus Schrank, Fl. Bavar. ii. (1789) 962 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA. n.1513. Parmelia terebrata (Hoffm.), Mudd, Man. p.97. Parmelia diatrypa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 150. Physcia diatrypa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 486. Lichen diatrypus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1248.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 264; Larb. Cesar. n. 66; Cromb. n. 145. In general appearance like small states of P. physodes, from which, apart from the chemical reaction of the medulla and the nuwber of the spores, the peculiar perforations in the laciniz at once distinguish it. The thallus is usually sprinkled with round whitish soredia (form sorediobola Nyl.). In this country it has not occwred fertile. The sper- mogones, which are very seldom present in our specimens, are as in P. physodes, : Hab. On rocks among mosses and on the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, S.W. Eng- land, N. Wales, S. Scotland and the W. Highlands, in 8.W. and N. Treland.—B. M.: Bonne Nuit, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants; Bolt Head and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Tregawn, Cornwall; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; foot of Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Bal- lachulish, Argyleshire. Pass of Keim-an-High, co. Cork ; Glenmore Lake and Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Connemara, co. Galway; Cushendun, co. Antrim. 43. PARMELIOPSIS Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 105 (ut sectio Parmelis) ; Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 121.— Thallus small, thin, appressed, stellate; beneath sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose. Apothe- cia small, parmelioid ; para- physes not discrete; spores 8ne, simple, more or less ellipsoid, colourless; hyme- nial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones scat- tered, at length slightly pro- minent; sterigmata short, simple ; spermatia long, aci- cular, arcuate. A small genus separated from Parmelia on account of its @ was.ss, spermatia, which are like those Hig. 45. of Squamaria in the Lecanorei, Parmeliopsis ambigua Nyl.—a. Vertical but the thalius shows that it section of a young portion of thallus, belongs to this tribe. Two of Witharhizina beneath, x200. 0. Ver- its three European species occur tical section of an aputhecium, x30. c. sparingly in Great Britain A theca, 350. d. Spores, x500. ¢, fe , Vertical section of thallus with a spermo- gone (on the left beneath, a rhizina), x 30. f Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500, PARMELIOPSIS. | PARMELIEI. 263 1. P. ambigua Nyl. Not. Séllsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Férh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 121.—Thallus stellato-orbicular, appressed, closely adnate, imbricato-laciniate, opaque, straw-coloured, sulphureo-sorediate ; beneath brownish-black; lacini somewhat narrow, plane, multifid (K_, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate; spores oblong or ovoid- oblong, often somewhat curved, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,0025-35 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37.—Parmelia ambigua Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two lower figs.); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127, ed. 3, p. 118. Lichen ambiguus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iv. (1790) p. 239. Parmelia diffusa Mudd, Man. p. 103.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 373; Mudd, n. 75; Cromb. n. 146. ‘ The thallus is not unlike that of Parmetia Mougeotu, and is more or less sprinkled with soredia, which are normally convex and often con- fluent. In this country the apothecia are rare. The spermogones, which are more frequent, are very minute, blackish, sparingly scattered, with spermatia 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick. Hab. About the roots of fir trees, and occasionally on old fir pales, in wooded, upland, and mountainous districts. Distr. Local, though common where it occurs, in S., Central, W., and N. England, N. Wales, the Central Highlands, Scotland; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Ightham, Kent ; Twycross and Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Ingleby Greenhow, Yorkshire. Killin, Perthshire; Kinnordy, Forfarshire; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire ; Larig Grue, Banffshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. 2. P. aleurites Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.—Thallus stellato-orbi- cular, closely appressed and adherent, laciniato-lobed, greyish-white, whitish pulverulento-sorediate ; beneath brownish-black, sparingly fibrillose; lacinie somewhat convex and rugoso-plicate in the centre, plane and linear at the circumference (K*¥", Cacl—). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, concave or somewhat plane, brownish- or reddish-spadiceous, shining, the margin slightly crenu- late; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, usually somewhat curved, 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p- 234.—Lichen aleurites Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 117. Parmelia ambigua Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two upper figs.). Par- melia hyperopta Mudd, Man. p. 91; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 478, ed. 3, p. 119. Externally little different, except in colour, from the preceding. The thallus, which is sometimes dark-greyish, is sprinkled towards the centre with white, scattered, roundish soredia. In the very few British speci- mens there are only one or two small apothecia with subentire margin. The spermogones, also rarely present, have the spermatia 0,0023-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old firs near the roots and on old fir pales in mountainous districts.—Distr. Very local and scarce in the N. Gram- pians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Derry and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aber- deenshire; Larig Grue, Banffshire. 264 LICHENACEL. Tribe XIV. STICTEI Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 332, ut subtribus Parmelieorum ; Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, 11. (1867) p. 498. Thallus frondosely dilated, lobate or lobato-laciniate, loosely affixed to the substratum ; the under surface usually with tomentose rhizine, and also pulverulent or sorediiform cyphelle (pseudo- cyphelle), or true urceolate or thelotremoid cyphelle; gonidial layer consisting either of gonimic granules or of true gonidia. Apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine; spores 8ne, fusiform, usually 1- or 3-septate, generally colourless or sometimes pale-brownish ; paraphyses discrete, usually more or less articulate, moderate, or thickish ; hymenial gelatine (especially the apices of the thece) blue with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata. The plants of this tribe are for the most part the largest and best developed of all lichens. With these “ patricians of lichens,” as they were termed by Drs. Taylor and Hooker (Hook. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 635), the ascending series in Nylander’s classification culminates. The thallus, which in itsearlier stages of growth is orbicular, is usually widely expanded, of a coriaceo-membranacesus texture, and frequently, when wet, emits au odour as of hemp. In a few species peculiar cephalodia occur either on the upper surface, on the margins, or on the lower surface of the thallus (vide Nyl. Syn. 1. ¢. p. 333). The great majority of species are found in warm climates or in the Southern hemisphere; most of the European Fig. 46. Lobaria pulmonaria Hoffm.—a. Vertical section of thallus, x200. 6. Gonidia, x50. ¢, Vertical section of a small apothecium, x30. d. A theca and paraphysis, X850. ¢. Three spores, x 500. f. Vertical section of a spermo- gone, X30. g. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. STICTEI. 265 Fig. 47. Ricasolia amplissima Leight.—a. Vertical section of a young apothecium, x30. 6, A theca and paraphysis, X350. c¢. Spores, x500. d. Vertical section of a spermogone, X30. e. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. species occur in the more humid tracts of our islands. The tribe has been divided by Nylander into the following 2 subtribes, comprising 5 genera, founded npon differences in the structure and character of the thallus, the presence or absence of cyphelle, and the nature of the apo- thecia. Subtribe I. STICTINET Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360. Thallus either cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia arranged in pluri-locular nodules. Apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine. Distinguished by the nature of the gonidial layer, which separates it as a very distinct subtribe. The plants are easily recognized by this layer presenting under the lens, or even to the naked eye, a bluish or leaden-bluish appearance. 44, STICTINA Nyl. Flora, 1860, p. 66, Syn. i. p. 333.—Thallus variously lobate or laciniate, often sorediiferous ; beneath cyphellate or pseudocyphellate, with simple rhizine (rhizohyphe Nyl.); gonimia often 2-3 moniliform. Apothecia usually with septate spores. Spermogones innate, not prominent, with spermatia somewhat short, obtusely and slightly thickened at either apex. 266 LICHENACEL, [STICTINA. This has been divided into two subgenera, viz. Eustictina and Parmo- stictina, the former characterized by lecanorine and the latter by parme- leine apothecia. ‘These characters would justify their being regarded as genera; but gonidia are protruded into the thalline margin of some species of Sticta, though their apothecia can scarcely be regarded as truly parmeleine (Nylander, Flora, 1875, p. 363). Of Parmostictina, repre- sented by the exotic Stictina hirsuta, we have no species in our islands. Subgenus EUSTICTINA Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.— Thallus beneath cyphellate or pseudo-cyphellate. Apothecia leca- noroid. a. Pseudocyphellate.—Thallus with white or yellow pseudocyphelle. 1. S. intricata Nyl. Var. 6. Thouarsii Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 335.—Thallus somewhat expanded, rigid, glabrous, sinuato-lobed, lurid-brown or pale-brown; beneath tomentose, blackish-brown, paler at the circumterence, with white pseudocyphelle; lobes short and broad, sprinkled on the surface, and especially on the margins, with simple, or verrucose, or coralloid casio-white soredia. Apo- thecia not seen rightly developed.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114, ed. 3, p. 108.—Sticta intricata var. Thouarsit Mudd, Man. p. 90. Stictina Thouarsii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31. Sticta TLhouarsit Del. Stict. (1822) p. 90, t. 8. f. 29. Stieta crocata f.'Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 33. Though appearing distinct, the relation of this plant to 8. ¢ntricata (Del.) is so intimate as scarcely to warrant its separation. It is, however, distinguished from the type by its short and broader lobes, as also by the soredia with which it is often copiously sprinkled. With us young apothecia were once very sparingly met with, but no mature spores have occurred. Hab, On mossy rocks and boulders, and the trunks of old trees in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and rare in 8. W. Eng- land, N. Wales, the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland, and 8., W., and N. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merionethshire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Inverary, head of Loch Awe, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Tay, Perthshire; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Cromaglown and Kil- larney Woods, co. Kerry ; Glenarm, co. Antrim; Fenagh, co. Carlow; Maam, Turk Mts., co. Galway. 2. S. crocata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 338.—Thallus moderate, somewhat shining or nearly opaque, often reticulato-lacunose, broadly lobed, dark olive-green or lurid-brown; beneath brown or blackish tomentose, with moderate rhizine and yellow pseudo- cyphelle ; lobes variously divided and crenate, scrobiculato-unequal, citrino-sorediate. Apothecia scattered or nearly marginal, mode- rate, blackish, the margin crenate, at length nearly excluded ; spores l-septate, oblongo-fusiform, brown, 0,020-32 mm. long, 0,009-10 mm. ‘thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114, ed. 3, p. 108.—Sticta crocata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 58; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205; Tayl. in Mack. STICTINA. | STICTEI. 267 Fl. Hib. ii. p.151; Mudd, Man. p.89. Lichen crocatus Linn. Mant. (1771) p. 310; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 22; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. a 52; Eng. Bot. t. 2110.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 34; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24, The plant is sprinkled with scattered, citrine soredia, situated on the reticulations and on the margins, which contrast with its otherwise darkish colour, The medullary layer is either white or white-citrine. In this conntry neither apothecia nor spermogones occur. Hab. Among mosses on trees and rocks in moist shady places, generally ravines, in subalpine tracts—Distr. Extremely local in S.W. England and 8. Scotland, more frequent in the W. Highlands; scarce in 8.W. and N. Ireland.—B. M.: Walkham River and near Vixen Tor, Dart- moor, Devonshire; Carn Galva, near Penzance, Cornwall. Dalmahoy hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverary, Glen Falloch, and head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; ravine at foot of Ben More, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire. Pigeon Island in the river Kenmare, co. Kerry ; Cushendall, eo. Antrim. b. Cyphellate.—Thallus with thelotremoid or urceolate cyphelle. 3. 8. fuliginosa Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 347.—Thallus moderate or small, monophyllous, somewhat rigid, smoothish or unequal, nearly opaque, roundly lobed, cervine or greyish-brown; beneath tomentose, pale-brown, with whitish or pale cyphelle ; lobes gene- rally broad and rounded, sprinkled with small brownish-black or black, coralloid isidia. Apothecia small, scattered, plane or slightly convex, reddish-brown, the margin at first piloso-ciliate ; spores 1-3-septate, fusiform, colourless, 0,027-40 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 116, ed. 3, p. 109.—Sticta fuliginosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 480; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p- 152; Mudd, Man. p. 88. Lichen fuliginosus Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1785) p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70; Eng. Bot. t. 1103. Lichenoides fuliginosum et pulverulentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill. Muse. 198, t. 26. f. 100 4.—Brit. Hws.: Leight. n. 142; Larb. Cesar. n. 61; Cromb. n. 133. The thallus, which in the larger states expands from a centre, is with us generally smoothish, seldom rugose. It is often covered with the blackish efflorescent isidia, by which at once it may be distinguished from the allied species. The apothecia, which are rare in Great Britain, are at length ssmewhat biatorine. i Hab, On mossy trunks of old trees and on rocks in moist shady places, especially by waterfalls, in upland districts Dist. General and not un- common, though almost confined to the Western part of Great Britain ; apparently rare in W. Ireland and_the Channel Islands—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Lydd, Kent; Isle of Wight; Walkhampton and Ivy Bridge, near Lustleigh and More- ton, between Chudleigh and Ashburton, and at Beckey Falls, 8S. Devon; Boconnoe, Launceston, Camelford, Withiel, and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Annet Island, Scilly ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Dolgelly and Aberdovey, 268 LICHENACEL, [S4IcrINa. Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Denbighshire; near Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Island of Anglesea; Ambleside and near Rydal, West- moreland ; Keswick and Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirk- cudbrightshire; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire; Inverary, Appin, and head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire; Leny Falls near Callander, Glen Lochay, and Glen Lyon, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry; near Kylemore, co. Galway. 4. §. limbata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 346.—Thallus moderate or small, monophyllous, scarcely rigid, smooth or very slightly scrobiculato-unequal, somewhat or but little shining, roundly lobed, glaucous-lurid or pale cervine-brown; beneath pale, more or less tomentose with whitish cyphelle ; lobes broad and rounded, sprinkled on the surface with scattered cwsio-greyish soredia, and densely similarly sorediate towards the margins. Apothecia unknown.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 115, ed. 3, p. 108.-—Stectina fuliginosa subsp. limbata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30. Sticta limbata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 431; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 88. Lichen imbatus Sm. in Eng. Bot. xvi. (1803) t. 1104. Lichenoides fuliginosum et pulveru- lentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill. Muse. t. 26. f. 100 B, c.— Brit. Fxs.: Larb, Cesar. n. 15; Cromb. n. 35. Distinguished from the preceding by the paler thallus, the absence of isidia, and the presence of greyish or sordidly cesious soredia. The thallus is usually small, and is either strictly monophyllous or sublobate at the circumference. The fructification is not known; the parasite Abrothallus Welwiteschii, sometimes found on the thallus, might be mistaken for apothecia. Hab. On the mossy trunks of trees, and on shady rocks among mosses in wooded upland regions.—Dist7. General and not uncommon, though chiefly in the Western portions of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lydd, Kent; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Shaugh, Ilsham Walk, Torquay, Dartmoor, and near Exeter, Devonshire ; Boconnoc, Withiel, near the Tavy, and near Pen- zance, Cornwall; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws- y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Capel Curig and near Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea; near Stavely, Kendal, Westmoreland; Teesdale, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Thornthwaite, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire; Turfin Hill, near Edinburgh; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Island of Skye. Near Bel- fast, co. Antrim; Aghada, Cork Harbour, and Castlebernard Park, Ban- don, co. Cork ; Cromaglown, Killarney, and Old Dromore, co. Kerry. 5. 8. sylvatica Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 348.—Thallus large, rather rigid, subopaque, scrobiculato-unequal, laciniato-lobed, cer- vine or greyish-brown; beneath tomentose, brown or brownish, paler at the circumference, with pale cyphellw; lobes variously divided, rounded, crenulate, above slightly furfuraceous, the divisions STICTINA.] STICTET. 269 obtuse at the apices. Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, plane or slightly convex, the margin naked; spores as in S. fuliginosa. ——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 116, ed. 3, p. 109. —Sticta sylvatica Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59; Sm. Eng.-Fl. v. p. 207; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152; Mudd, Man. p. 87. Lichen sylvuticus, Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p- 453 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 848; With. Nat. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p- 71; Eng. Bot. t. 2298. Lichenoides polyschides villosum et scabrum, peltis parvis Dill. Musc. 199, t. 27. f. 101.—Brit. Eas. : Leight. n. 109; Cromb. n. 134. Also intimately allied to 8. fuliginosa, from which it may be recog- nized by the more deeply divided thallus, the narrower lobes which are bifid or trifid towards the extremities, and the generally more naked or slightly furfuraceous upper surface. It is usually a larger plant, and spreads more extensively over the substratum. With us it is always sterile. Hab. On mossy rocks, old walls, and about the roots of trees in shady places by lakes and rivers in upland districts.—Distr. Not very general, though usually plentiful, in the West of Great Britain and Ireland ; abundant in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.. Lydford, Widde- combe, Meavy, Lustleigh Cleeve, and Bigbury, Devonshire ; Boconnoe and near Penzance, Cornwall; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Hafod, Car- diganshire, Dolgelly, Barmouth, and Rbewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Island of Anglesea; Eglestone, Durham; Mardale, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Nor- thumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Callender rock, near Stirling ; Inverary, Appin, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Falls of Leny, of Moness, and in Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Recky Linn, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 8. of Fort Wilham, and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire; Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Blackwater Bridge, co, Kerry; near Kylemore and Derryclare, Conne- mara, co. Galway; near Carrickfergus, co, Antrim. 6. 8. Dufourei Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. 2 sér. ii. (1867) p. 590.—Thallus small, thin, smooth, laciniato-lobed, glaucous or glaucous-brown ; beneath slightly tomentose or nearly naked, pale- brown, often reticulately rugose, with whitish or pale cyphelle ; lacinisee minutely dissecto-fimbriate at the margins. Apothecia nn- known.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117, ed. 3, p. 110.—Stictina sylvatica subsp. Dufourei Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30. Sticta Dufowre: Del. Stict. (1826) p. 78, t. 6. f. 22, Sticta elegans Deak. Mudd, Man. p. 89. Sticta ciliata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ti. p.152. 8. fimbriata Tayl. Jour. Bot. 1847, p. 180.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 173 ; Cromb. n, 135. Looks intermediate between S. fuliyinosa and S. sylvatica, and pos- sesses some characters in common, but is distinguished from both by the characters given in the diagnosis. It is easily recognized by its fim- briate margins. It is met with in a less typical condition, with darker thallus and more entire margins. It has not been seen fertile. Hab. On mossy rocks and trees in maritime and upland wooded tracts, —Distr. Local and rare in 8.W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland (less typical), and S,W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Torquay, and at East Llyn, Devonshire; Pentire, near the Lizard, and Liskeard, Corn- 270 LICHENACEI. [strcTrna. wall; Ty Gwyn, Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Tongland, Kirkeudbright- shire; Barcaldine, Lorne, Argyleshire. Askew Wood and Hyde's Cottage, Killarney, co. Kerry. 45. LOBARINA Nyl. Flora 1877,.p. 233.—Thallus broadly lobed, scrobiculose; beneath partly tomentose, gibbous, ecyphellate ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia. Apothecia lecanoroid, with 3-septate spores. Spermogones as in the preceding genus. Formerly included under Stictina, but separated because the thallus is scrobiculose above, and destitute of cyphelle beneath. It consists of a single species common with us, as it is in most parts of Northern Europe. 1. L. scrobiculata Nyl. Flora 1877, p. 233.—Thallus dilated, rigid, subopaque or opaque, more or less reticulately scrobiculosc, usually sprinkled with whitish or c#sio-white soredia, broadly lobed, glaucous-yellowish ; beneath gibboso-unequal, tomentose, pale- brown, the gibbi naked, white; lobes rounded, undulate and more or less crenate at the margins. Apothecia small, scattered, red or brownish-red, the margin thick, entire, inflexed; spores fusiform, 3-7-septate, colourless, 0,050-80 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—. Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 76.—Stictina scrobiculata Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 80; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117, ed. 3, p. 110. Stteta scrobiculata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 480; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59: Eng. Fl. p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151; Mudd, Man. p. 87, t. 1. f. 26. Lichen scrobiculatus, Scop. Fl. Carn. (1772) p. 384: Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 850; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 59; Eng. Bot. t. 497. Lichen verrucosus Huds. Fl. Ang. ed. 2, p. 545. Lichenoides pulmonewm villosum, superficie scrobiculata et peltata Dill. Muse. 216, t. 29. f. 114. Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cine- reum et sinuatum, inferne scabrum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 77.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 201; Mudd. n. 65; Larb. Cesar. n. 14, Lich. Hb. n. 325; Cromb. n. 36. A well-marked species, not likely to be confounded with any other in the tribe. In young plants the thallus is orbicular, less scrobiculose and sorediate. The lobes are occasionally more or less white-sorediate at the margins. The naked gibbi of the underside of the thallus are due to the faveole of the upper surface; and the rhizine which constitute the tomentum are brown, pale, or greyish. In this country it is rather rare in a fertile condition. More frequently the apothecia appear in an abortive state, constituting the host of Cédium stic- tarum, Tul. Hab, On the trunks of old trees and on moist shady rocks, chiefly near streams and lakes in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain; plentiful in the W. Highlands, Scotland, apparently rare in 8. and W. Ireland, and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Tunbridge Wells and Lydd, Kent; Hastings, Sussex; Quarn Wood, Ryde, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; South Brent, Ivy Bridge, and Dewerstone Rock, Devonshire ; Helminton, Liskeard, Tre- awn, near the Tavy and Lamorna, Cornwall; Bryer Island, Scilly ; harnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Hay Cuop- LOBARINA. | STICTEL. 271 pice, Leicestershire ; Cader Idris, near Dolgelly, and Barmouth, Merion- ethshire; Trefriw and Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea; Oggeray Gill, Cleveland, near Halifax and Castle Howard, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale, Westmoreland ; Keswick and Calder Abbey, Cumberland ; Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeud- brightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Turfin Hill, near Mdin- burgh ; Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire ; near Inverary, head of Loch Awe, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, Loch Conn, Glen Lochay, Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch and Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis and 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Hill of the Doon, Nairn, Moray- shire. Castlebernard, co. Cork; Muckross, Killarney, co. Kerry; Kyle- more and near Renvyle, Connemara, co. Galway. Subtribe II. HUSTICTET Nyl. Flora 1879, p. 360. Thallus either cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia or gonidimia. Apothecia lecanoroid or par- meleine. Separated from Stictinet by the nature of the gonidial layer. In other respects the two are very similar, several of their species, being distin- guichable from each other only by the gonidia. 46. LOBARIA Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 188 pro min. parte; Nyl. emend. Flora, 1877, p. 283.—Thallus laciniato-divided, scrobiculose; beneath partly rhizinoso-tomentose (with rhizohyphe), gibberoso-unequal, ecyphellate; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia, bright-green or yellowish-green. Apothecia lecanoroid, with 1-3-septate spores ; spermogones as in the preceding genera. This has the same relation to Sticta that Lobarina has to Stictina, and is similarly distinguished by the scrobiculose upper, and the ecyphellate lower surface of the thallus. It includes a very few species. 1. L. pulmonaria Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 146; Cromb. Greyillea, xv. p. 76.—Thallus dilated, rigid, somewhat shining or subopaqne, reticulato-foveolate, laciniato-lobed, often sorediiferous, sometimes isidiiferous, olive-green when moist, pale cervine or lurid-brown when dry ; lobes sinuato-lobulate, retuso-truncate at the apices ; beneath bullato-unequal or papular, whitish, between the papule ochraceo-testaceous and rhizineo-tomentose. Apothecia moderate, submarginal, red, the margin often ruguloso-crenate, con- colorous, at length excluded; spores 1-3-septate, 0,018-30 mm. long, 0,005-9 mm. thick.—Sticta pulmonaria Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p- 58; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151; Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 82. Lichen pulmonarius Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) p. 1087 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 449 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 831; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54; Eng. Bot. t. 572. Sticta pulmonacea Ach. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Mudd, Man. p. 87, t. 1. f. 25; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 118, ed. 3, p-. 111. Lichenoides pulmoneum reticulatum vulgare, marginibus peltiferis Dill. Muse. 212, t. 29. f. 118. Lichenoides peltatum arbo- 272 LICHENACEL. [LOBARIA. reum maximum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 86.—Brit. Eas. : Leight. n. 74; Mudd, n. 64; Cromb. n. 37. The familiar “Tree Lungwort,” when fully developed, is one of the largest, as it is one of the most common, of the British species of this tribe. It varies considerably in the breadth and divisions of the lobes, old plants being much broader and less laciniate, The thallus, which hangs loosely from the trunks on which it grows, is more or less shining, especially in young plants, while the laciniw are often whitish sorediate and isidiate at the margins. Usually also seriately arranged soredia and occasionally isidia are present in the cost between the faveole. States in which the isidia are numerous and crowded form the variety papillaris Del, Stict. p. 144, t. 17. f. 63. With us it is comparatively rare in a fertile condition, though the apothecia are sometimes very numerous. Hab. On the trunks of forest trees, especially old oaks, in mountainous regions, rarely on mossy rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. General and for the most part plentiful in the Channel Islands, the more Western tracts of Great Britain, and probably of Ireland ; fruiting more freely in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Near Loughton, Essex; near Lydd, Kent; Ryde and Appuldurcomb, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Lydford, Tot- nes, Buckfastleigh, and Ivy Bridge, Devonshire ; Boconnoc, Pentire, St. Minver, and near Penzance, Cornwall; Bryer Island, Scilly ; Chedworth ‘Woods, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Bagley Wood, near Oxford ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; near Ludlow, Shropshire. Cader Idris, Rhewgreidden, Aberdovey, and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; near Dolgelly, Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Conway and Devil’s Bridge, Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham; near Grassmere, West- moreland; Cheviots, Northumberland; Patterdale and Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dum- friesshire ; Pentland Hills and Turtin Hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverary, head of Loch Awe, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs, Loch Katrine, and Killin, Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Lundie Craigs, and Clova, Forfarshire ; Dunottar Castle, Kincardineshire; Craig Cluny and Cor- riemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dinish and Ronayne’s Island, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Lough Inagh, co. Galway. Var. pleurocarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 450 (Cromb. Exs. n. 187), isa state in which the apothecia are abortive, tuberculoso-difform and brown- ish-black in consequence of being the host of Cekdium stictarum, Tul. In the Museum herbarium there are specimens showing this condition from the following localities:—Bocconoe, Cornwall ; Hafod, Cardigan- shire; Cwn Bychan, Merioneth. Appin and head of Loch Awe, Argyle- shire; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Form 1. hypomela Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.—Thallus with the interstices of the under surface reticulate with black rhi- zine. Apothecia with the thalline margin rugoso-crenulate.—Sticta pulmonacea var. hypomela Del. Stict. (1825) p. 144, t. 17. f. 64; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 852.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 136. Approaches L. retigera (Ach.), an exotic species, in the character of the thallus beneath, which probably results from the habitat, the type itself at times having the rhizine dark brown. ‘With us it is seldom well fruited. LOBARIA. | STICTEL. 273 Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy rocks in maritime and mountainous districts—Distr. Seen only in a characteristic state from S.W. England, N. Wales, the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : Bryer Island, Scilly, Cornwall; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire. Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Form 2. aggregata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1877) p. 76.—Thallus with cephalodioid tubercles, either simple or small and aggregate, testaceous or somewhat dark.—Sticta pulmonacea var. aggregata Del. Stict. (1825) p. 123, t. 17. f. 62. Differs from the state pleurocarprin bearing, not apothecia, but peculiar tubercles, which are rarely present on the under surface of the thallus. Hab. On the trunks of old oaks in wooded mountainous districts.— Distr, Found only in the 8.W. Highlands, Scotland. —B. M.: Inverary, Argyleshire, 47. STICTA Schreb. in Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, ii. (1791) p. 768; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 351; Flora, 1875, pp. 303, 363.—Thallus lobate or laciniate, often more or less sorediiferous, beneath with simple rhizine (rhizohyphe), cyphellate or pseudocyphellate; goni- dial layer consisting of gonidia. Apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine, with variously septate spores. Spermogones as in the preceding genera. Distinguished from Zobaria by the thallus being cyphellate beneath and not scrobiculose above. From the character of the apothecia it may, like Stictina, be divided into two subgenera, viz. Eusticta and Parmosticta, the former with lecanorine and the latter with parmeleine apothecia. Nearly all the species are exotic, but one seen nowhere else in Europe occurs in Great Britain. Subgenus EUSTICTA Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.— Thallus beneath cyphellate or pseudocyphellate. Apothecia leca- noroid. a. Cyphellate.—Thallus cyphellate beneath, the cyphelle thelotremoid or urceolate. 1. S. damacornis Nyl. form latior Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.—Thallus expanded, smooth, slightly shining, laciniate, pale brownish-red ; beneath tomentose, dark brown, paler at the circum- ference ; lobes somewhat broadly dilated, sinuate, dichotomous and retuso-truncate at the apices. Apothecia moderate, chiefly marginal, reddish-brown, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate; spores fusiform, 1-3-septate, 0,026-36 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.— Sticta dameecornis a. macrophylla Mudd, Man. p. 89; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 82; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 119, ed. 3, p. 112. Sticta macro- phylla Hook. in Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 205 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 150; Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2697.—The specific name macrophylla, having been previously given by Delise (1825) to an r 274 LICHENACEI. [sricra. exotic variety, cannot be retained for our British form.—-Brit. Ews.: Cromb. n. 38. Differs from the type chiefly in having the lobes more broadly dilated, and approaches var. Canariensis Ach. It is a very interesting British form of an exotic lichen, which has not been found elsewhere in Europe. In fertile specimens the apothecia are numerous, chiefly marginal, but sometimes also sparingly scattered. Hab, On shady rocks in maritime and upland districts —Distr. Very local, though somewhat plentiful in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Turk Cascade, Killarney AWonds Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; near Bantry, co. Cork. Subgenus PARMOSTICTA Nyl. Flora, 1875, pp. 803, 363.— Thallus beneath with pulverulent sorediiform pseudocyphelle ; apothecia truly parmeleine (with gonidia present throughout, even to the extreme margin of the receptacle). 2. §. aurata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 277.—Thallus expanded, opaque, or but slightly shining, lobato-divided, reddish-brown or red ; beneath shortly tomentose, brownish-black in the centre, brownish at the circumference ; lobes sinuato-incised, crenato-undu- late, and generally citrino-pulverulent at the margins. Apothecia large, subpedicellate when young, marginal or submarginal, dark brown, the margin thin, usually inflexed; spores 3-septate, fusi- form, brownish, 0,024-28 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205; Mudd, Man. p. 90; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 119, ed. 8, p. 112.— Lichen auratus Eng. Bot. t. 2359. Lichenoides lacunosum rutilum, marginihus flavis Dill. Muse. 549, t. 84. f. 12.—Brit. Hrs. : Cromb. n. 39; Leight. n. 261; Larb. Cesar. n. 16. The thallus with us is smooth and usually little expanded. The pseudocyphellz and the medullary layer are citrine. In this country neither apothecia nor spermogones have been detected. Hab. On trees, rocks, and heather in maritime localities.— Distr. Local and scarce in §.W. England, chiefly in the Channel and Scilly Islands. —B.M.: Near the Eperquerie, Island of Sark; Jerboure, Island of Guernsey. Near Shanklin, Ryde, and Ventnor, Isle of Wight; coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall ; Fresco Island and Bryer Island, Scilly. Form subglaucescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.—Thallus pale brownish-glaucous, bright-green when moist ; otherwise as in the type. Though differing merely in the peculiar colour of the thallus both in a dry and wet condition, this must rank as a well-marked form. Hab. On the branches of old apple-trees in maritime districts.— Distr. Very rare in one locality of S.W. England.—B. M.: The Undercliff, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. 48. RICASOLIA De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. i. (1846) p.178; Nyl. Syn.i.(1860) p.355.—Thallus frondose, lobed or laciniate, very rarely RICASOLIA. ] STICTEI. 275 sorediiferous ; beneath with fasciculate rhizine, or sometimes nearly glabrous, very rarely with cyphelle; gonidial layer composed of gonidimia. Apothecia parmeleine, usually scattered; spores vari- ously fusiform, septate. Spermogones in mastoid prominences, with jointed sterigmata ; spermatia shortly cylindrical, somewhat thick- ened and obtuse at either apex. Distinguished from the preceding genera of the tribe by the fasciculate rhizinw, the nature of the gonidia, and the situation of the spermogones. Most of the species are natives of equinoctial regions ; of the three which occur in Europe two are plentiful in our Islands, 1. R. amplissima Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 120.—Thallus orbi- cular, expanded, rigid, opaque, smooth or rugose in the centre, glomuliferous, laciniato-divided, glaucous-green or pale-brown, laciniz crowded, sinuato-lobed ; beneath pale, with brownish rhizine, cyphella none (K+3°w's4, Cac] —). Apothecia large, concave, or at length plane, reddish, the margin entire, inflexed or granulate ; spores elongato-fusiform, (1—)3-septate, colourless, 0,32-60 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 112.—Lichen amplissimus Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. (1772) p. 386. Ricasolia glomu- lifera Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32. Sticta glomulifera Mudd, Man. p. 91. Purmelia glomulifera Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.52; Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p.198. Lichen glomuliferus Lighté. FL. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 853; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57; Eng. Bot. t. 293. Lichen laciniatus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 449. Lachen- oides subglaucum cumatile, foliis tenacibus, eleganter luciniatis Dill. Muse. 197, t. 26. f. 99.—Hudson’s specific name has priority, but having fallen into oblivion is not adopted.—Brit. Hws.: Leight. n. 110; Larb. Cesar. n. 62; Cromb. n. 138. One of the largest lichens, spreading in favourable situations exten- sively, and_scmetimes enveloping a large portion of the trunks of trees with an unbroken covering. It is easily recognized by the almost con- stant presence of the dark-green glomeruli of Dendriscocaulon bolacinun on the upper surface of the thallus, The apothecia are somewhat rare, but are generally abundant when present, Occasionally they are abortive, small and crowded, appearing as if cephalodine. The spermogones in otherwise sterile plants are frequent, prominent, the ostiole brown, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly ash and oak, rarely on rocks in maritime and upland districts —Dvstr. Not very general, though usually lentiful, chiefly in the western tracts of Great Britain; rare in S.W. and K Ireland and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Near Rozel, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. New Forest, Hampshire; Manaton Moor, Brent Tor, and Ivy Bridge, Devonshire ; Boconnoc and near Launceston, Cornwall; Llanforda, near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; near Dolgelly, Barmouth, Aberdovey, and Llanbedr, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Sedburgh and Windermere, Westmoreland; Horsleyhope Denes, Durham; Kes- wick, Cumberland. New Galloway, Weirkendorghtahine + Minto Crags, Roxburghshire ; Mugdock Castle, near Glasgow ; Loch Long, near Ros- neath, Inverary, and Barcaldine House, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Glen © 2 276 LICHEN ACEI. [RICASOLIA. t Lochay, and Kenmore, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire; Lochaber, Inver- ness-shire, Dinis Island, Killarney, co. Kerry; Glenarm, co. Antrim. 2. R. letevirens Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 121.—Thallus orbi- cular, expanded, scarcely rigid, smooth or rugulose, somewhat shining, laciniato-lobed, bright-green or pale-brown, or lurid; beneath tomentose, pale, the rhizine concolorous or white, ecyphel- late ; lobes roundly crenate and undulate at the margins, cyphelle none (K~, CaCl_). Apothecia large, scattered, reddish, the margin granulato-rugulose, inflexed ; spores fusiform, 1-septate, at length -pale-brown, 0,026-44 mm. long, 0,009-11 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.1138.—Lichen letevirens Lightf. Fl: Scot. ii. (1777) p. 852; Eng. Bot. t. 294; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58. Ricasolia herbacea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32. Sttcta herbacea Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 431; Mudd, Man. p. 91, t. ii. f. 27. Parmelia herbacea Hook. Fi. Scot. ii. p.52; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141. Lichen herbaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778) p. 544; Eng. Bot. t. 294; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58. Lichenordes lete- verens, scutellis fulvis Dill. Muse. 195, t. 25. f.98. Lichenoides arboreum cinereo-virens, tenue et leve ubique, scutellis minoribus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 64.— Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 75; Cromb. n. 40; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 326. Also a widely expanded plant, though not so much as the preceding. The thallus, which is somewhat thinly membranaceous, is of a bright green colour, but in drying it becomes greyish-green and then lurid- brown. The apothecia are common, as are also the spermogones, which are similar to those of R. amplissima, Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and occasionally on mossy boulders, in maritime and upland situations Distr. General and common in the hilly and mountainous regions of Great Britain; rare in W. Ireland and the Channel Islands; abundant in the 8. W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Near Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Shanklin and Appuldurcomb, Isle of Wight. New Forest, Hampshire; Ivy Bridge, South Brent, near Totnes, Beckey Falls, and near Haberton, 8. Devon; Boconnoc and St. Minver, Cornwall; Bryer Island, Scilly; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Derbyshire; near Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and Bar- mouth, Merionethshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighebire: Island of Angle- sea; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Eglestone, Durham; Winder- mere and near’ Stockgill, Westmoreland; Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Largs, Ayrshire; near Inverary, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Bracklin Falls, Glen Lochay, and Craighall, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire; Cawdor Woods, Nairn; Applecross, Ross-shire. Killarney and Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; near Kylemore, co. Galway. Tribe XV. PELTIGERETI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 13; Syn. i. p. 315; Flora, 1882, p. 457. Thallus frondosely dilated, membranaceous, the cortical layer dis-_. tinctly cellular, usually wanting beneath ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia, or more frequently of gonimia. Apothecia peltiform, PELTIDEA. ] PELTIGEREI. 277 marginal and adnate either to the upper or the lower surface, or innate and scattered on the upper surface of the thallus: spores 8nx, rarely 4nez or 2ne, colourless, septate and fusiform in the marginal apothecia, brown, ellipsoid and bilocular in the scattered apothecia; paraphyses discrete, articulate, usually thickish. Sper- mogones (in so far as known) immersed in the thallus, with jointed sterigmata. Nylander points out the analogies of this tribe in various respects to Stictei (Pyr. Or. p. 31 note); but being lesy developed, it occupies an inferior place. The thallus for the most part is without a cortical layer on the lower surface, where also it is destitute of cyphelle. It is a small tribe, though most of the species are widely distributed in the colder and more temperate regions of the globe. In Nylander’s recent arrangement it is divided into the two following subtribes, distinguished from each other by anatomical characters (cfr. Flora, 1884, p. 219). Subtribe I, PELTIDEI Ny). Flora, 1882, p. 457, 1884, p. 219. Thallus bearing cephalodia ; gonidial layer composed of gonidimia. Apothecia and spores variable as in the tribe. Well characterized by the thallus being cephalodiiferous and gonidi- miose. Of the three genera, Nephroma, Peltidea, and Solorina, the first does not occur in Great Britain. It is distinguished from the others by the thallus being continuous beneath, with the apothecia adnate on its lower surface. ‘The cephalodia are variable in their position, being either epigenous or hypogenous or endogenous; when rhizine are present, they are composed of fasciculate filamentose elements. 49, PELTIDEA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 282 pro parte; Nyl. Flora, 1866, p. 116.—Thallus fragile, the cortical layer not continuous on the under surface, : which is nerved and erhizinose. Apothe- ®@ cia adnate on the marginal lobules of the upper surface of the thallus, ascending or horizontal ; spores 3- or pluri-septate, - fusiform ; hymenial | gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones | unknown. d A small genus dis- tinguished from Pelt?- gera of the following z a subtribe by the pre- sence of cephalodia, Fig. 48. and by the nature of the gonidia. Itcon- Pyitidea aphthosa Ach.—a. Section of (entire) thallus, tains only two species, x 200. 6. Gonidimia, x 350. cv. Theea and para- both of which occur in physis, x 350. d. Three spores, x 500. our Islands. 278 LICHENACEL,. [PELTIDEA. 1. P. aphthosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 516.—Thallus broadly membranaceous, thin or moderate, smooth, somewhat shining, bearing cephalodia, bright grass-green when moist, glaucous-green or lurid- glaucous when dry; beneath either reticulately blackish-nervose or almost continuously brownish-black, with broad whitish margin ; the thizine long, blackish. Apothecia rotundate, moderate or large, ascending, reddish-brown, the margin inflexed and lacerate ; spores 8nex, fusiform, 3-7-septate, colourless or pale-brown, 0,060-92 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 428 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28.—Peltigera aphthosa Mudd, Man. p. 81; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107, ed. 3, p. 101. Lichen aphthosus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) p. 1098; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 847; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70; Eng. Bot. t. 1119. Lnchenordes digitatum lete-virens, verrucis nigris notatum Dill. Muse. 199, t. 27. f. 106.—Some of the above include no doubt also the following variety.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 8321; Cromb. n. 147. The epigenous cephalodia distinguish this from other species of the tribe. They are patelliform or verrucoso-unequal, pale, either superticial or slightly impressed, usually numerous and sprinkled over the whole ane surface of the thallus. The underside is sometimes continuously blackish, with confluent nerves (form verrucosa Web.) ; but this seems to be an accidental state resulting from the nature of the substratum. In a country it is rarely seen in fruit; the old apothecia become rather arge. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders, as also on turf walls in moist shady upland districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. and N. Eng- land and S. Scotland; more plentiful in the Grampians, Scotland, where it fruits more freely ; rare in N. Ireland.—B. M., Stouts’ Wood, Glou- cestershire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Craigforda, Herefordshire; Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Llanberris, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Walla Crag, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire; near Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Blair Athole, Den of Rechip, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Invercauld, and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Connemara, co. Galway. Var. /3. leucophlebia Not. Sillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. n.s. v. (1866) p. 117.—Thallus less dilated, paler, more opaque; beneath entirely whitish ; the nerves distinct, whitish or pale. Apothecia rare; spores 3-septate, 0,052-0,066 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick. —Peltigera aphthosa, var. leucophlebia Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 323. — Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, n. 58. Differs in the usually smaller thallus, the colour of its upper and under surfaces, and in the pauci-septate spores. Nylander (Syn. 4. ¢.) observes that it had somewhat the habit of Peltigera rufescens (this, however, is less marked in our British specimens), but with the peculiar cephalodia of this species. In this country it is always sterile. Hab. Among’ mosses on shady rocks in upland districts.—Distr. Local and. rare in S.W, and N, England, in §. Scotland, and the 8. and W. PELTIDEA, ] PELTIGEREI. 279 Highlands; not seen from Iveland—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire; White Force, Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh; near’ coe Argyleshire; the Ochills, Rannoch, and the Trossachs, Perth- shire. 2. P. venosa Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 282.—Thallus small, simple, ascending or suberect, ovate or nearly flabelliformi-lobate, somewhat shining, smooth, bright-green when moist, pale-greyish or greenish- brown when dry ; beneath bearing cephalodia, white, with prominent black or brownish-black nerves ramifying from the base. Apothecia suborbicular, plane, horizontal, somewhat large, brownish-black, the margin crenulate, evanescent ; spores 6—8nzx, fusiform, 3-septate, colourless or pale-brown, 0,080-0,045 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28.—Peltigera venosa Mudd, Man. p. 84, t. 1. f.23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 111, ed.3, p.101. Lichen venosus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) n. 1097; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 844; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 545; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69; Eng. Bot. t. 887. Lichenoides parvum virescens, peltis nigricantibus planis Dill. Muse. 208, t. 28. f. 109.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 42; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25. A small plant, easily recognized by the simple or slightly lobed flabelli- form thallus and the horizontal fructification. The hypogenous cepha- lodia, which from their position are very apt to be overlooked, are usually visible upon the brown tomentose nerves. They ‘are granular, carti- laginous, glaucous or glaucous-grey (at length becoming dark or blackish), small, superficial, subglobose or somewhat depressed, not unfrequently crowded, and contain gonimia of moderate size and moniliform, in the thin cellular texture ” (Nyl. Flora, ut supra). The apothecia, which are large in proportion to the size of the thallus, are horizontal, and more connected with the upper than the lower surface of the margin of the thallus. Hab. On turf walls and on the ground in fissures of rocks in upland and alpine situations.—Distr. Local and rare in W. England, N. Ireland, and the hilly tracts of 8. Scotland; more general in the Grampians, especially in Breadalbane.—B. M.: Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire, Kirkmichael and near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Habbie’s How, Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Menstrie Glen, near Stirling; Stronaclachan and Finlarig, Killin, Ben Lawers and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire ; Reeky Linn and Clova, Forfarshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim. 50. SOLORINA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 27; Nyl. Flora, 1884, p. 219.—Thallus fragile, the cortical layer not continuous on the under surface, which is sometimes obsoletely nervose and rhizinose. Apothecia innate, rotundate or oblong, scattered on the upper surface of the thallus; spores 6—-Snex, 4ne, or 2ne, fusiformi- oblong or ellipsoid, bilocular, brownish or reddish-brown ; hymenial gelatine (and the thece) bluish with iodine. Spermogones un- known. The rhizinose thallus and innate fructification separate this from the preceding genus. The apothecia are at first covered with a thalline veil, 230 LICHENACEL. [SOLORINA. which at length forms an evanescent margin, All the species are normally terricole, the thallus being closely adnate to the ground. With the excep- tion of S. octospora, all the European species have been found in Britain. 1. 8. crocea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 149.— Thallus orbicular, thickish, appressed, more or less smooth, laciniato - lobed, undulate at the margin, dark-greenish when moist, reddish- or cinnamon- greyish when dry; be- neath (as also the medulla) deep orange- or saffron- coloured, villoso - nervose, indistinctly subrhizinose. Apothecia moderate, plane, rotundate or oblong, tumid, dark brownish-red ; spores 6-8nie, oblong or fusi- formi - oblong, brownish, Ess 0,035-45 mm.long,0,010— ' ae ao ech hee © s Ne NOLOTiNAaA Saccala ch.—ad. Gonidimia, od, ae Bee ae Se b. Thea and parapbysis, X35. c. Three ey Oa Fl. spores, x 5U0. Scot. ii. p. 36: Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 214; Mudd, Man. p. 85; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 106.—Lichen croceus Linn. FI. Snec. (1755) p. 1101; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 856; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 548; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 68; Eng. Bot. t. 49. Lachenoicdes subtus croceum, peltis appressis Dill. Muse. 211, t. 30. f. 120,— Brit. Hxs.: Cromb. n. 46; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 50. W.G.5, 39 a A beautiful plant, readily distinguished by the saffron-colour of the underside of the thallus, which, even when erowing, is generally per- ceptible from the margins being more or less subtree and upturned, The apothecia are at first slightly immersed and rounded, then plane, oblong, and at length difform and somewhat large. On the thallus is occasionally seen the parasitic fungus, Spheria lichenicola DeNot. Hab. On the ground, and in fissures of rocks and boulders in alpine places.— Distr. Rather local and scarce towards the summits of some of the higher Scottish Grampians, abundant on the top of Ben Lawers; very yare on the mts. of 8.W. Ireland.—B, M.: Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire ; Ben More, Benteskerney and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., For- farshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, Ben-naboord, and Ben Macdhui, Aberdeen- shire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Brandon Mts., co. Kerry. 2. 8. saccata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 149.—Thallus orbi- cular, submembranaceous, smooth or subsmooth, lobato-divided, pale-greyish or pale-brownish, occasionally white-pruinose ; beneath SOLORINA. ] PELTIGEREI. 281 white, spongioso-tomentose, affixed by long scattered rhizine ; lobes rounded, incised, or slightly crenate at the margins. Apothecia urceolato-depressed, moderate, brown or blackish-brown, immar- ginate; spores 4ne, ellipsoid or oblong, reddish-brown, 0,032-50 mm. long, 0,018-27 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 429; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.36; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.214; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p- 153; Mudd, Man. p. 85, t. i. f. 24; Cromb. Enum, p. 29; Leight. Lich. FL. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 106.—Lichen saccatus Linn. F, Suec. (1755) p- 1102; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 855; Huds. Fl. Angl. ii. p. 548 ; Eng. Bot. t. 288; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 67. Lichenoides lichenis facie, peltis acetabulis immersis Dill. Muse. 221, t. 30. f. 121.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 63; Leight. n. 111; Cromb. n. 47; Bohl. n. 4. The thallus, which is bright green when moist, becoming in old herbaria specimens reddish-brown, varies somewhat in texture according to habitat, and is sometimes more or less white-pruinose (form pruinosa Fr. Lich. Ew. p. 49). The saccato-impressed apothecia, which in old plants are occasionally somewhat large, render this species easily recognized, though without examination of the spores it might be confounded with 8S. bispora. Hab. On the ground and decayed mosses, in crevices of rocks, rarely on the mortar of old walls, in moist shady places, in upland and subalpine districts—Distr. General, but not common, chiefly in W. and N. Eng- land, N. Wales, and on the Grampians, Scotland; scarce in S.W. and N. Treland.—B. M.: Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; near Buxton, Derby- shire; Apes Tor, Staffordshire; Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shrop- shire; Whernside and Bolton Woods, Yorkshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Garn, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Head of Loch Awe and Island of J.ismore, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Canlochan Glen, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Carr Rocks, and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Bandon Sill, co. Kerry ; Ben Bulben, co. Sligo; near Belfast, co. Antrim. 3. 8. spongiosa Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288.— Thallus suborbicular, squamulose, dark-green when moist, greyish- brown when dry; squamules small, suberect, minutely inciso-lobed aud crenate, at length becoming granulato-crustose. Apothecia deeply urceolate, becoming nearly plane, dark chestnut-coloured or almost blackish, bordered externally by a thinnish, granulate, thalloid margin; spores 4nz, ellipsoid, brownish, 0,030-0,050 mm. long, 0,018-0,028 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30.—Collema spongiosum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 214. Polychidium spongiosum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402. Lichen spongiosus Sm. Eng. Bot. 1805, t. 1374. Solorina linbata (Somm.), Mudd, Man. p. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 113, ed. 3, p. 107. A singular-looking plant, sometimes regarded as a variety of S. saccata, with which perhaps it is connected by intermediate states, traces of the normal thallus being uccasionally seen around the apothecia. It differs, however, from it in the squamulose thallus, and more slightly in the mar- gined apothecia and the thinner spores. The large and sometimes numerous apothecia become nearly plane when old. Hab. On the ground among rocks, and on turf walls, in upland districts: —Distr. Rather local and scarce, chiefly in N. England, among the: 282 LICHENACEI, [SOLORINA, 8. Grampians, Scotland (where it is plentiful); rare in N.E. Ireland.— B. M.: Buxton Dale, Derbyshire ; Whernside and Guisboro’ Moor, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Fin- larig, Killin, near Tummel Bridge and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Glen- ariff, co, Antrim. 4. S. bispora Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 331, t. 8. f. 42.—Thallus orbicular, somewhat small, subcoriaceous, subsmooth, lobato-divided, pale-greyish or brownish-green, white-pruinose ; beneath white, spongioso-tomentose, with long scattered rhizinw ; lobes rounded or incised and somewhat crenate at the margins. Apothecia urceolato- depressed, small or moderate, brown or dark-brown, immarginate ; spores 2ne, reddish brown, ellipsoid, 0,065-88 mm. long, 0,033- 42 mm. thick.—Stirt. Grevillea, ii. p. 60 ; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p- 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 107. This differs from S. saccata in the white-pruinose thallus, the two-spored thecz, and the much larger spores. The thallus is also rather smaller, often somewhat rugulose, and thicker; and the apothecia are usually smaller. A variety dimbata, described in Nyl. Syn. 2. ¢., which is analogous to S. spongiosa, has not been detected in Great Britain, Hab. On the ground in alpine districts.— Distr. Local and rare on the 8. Grampians, Scotland—B, M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Subtribe II. PELTIGERINET Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 457 ; 1884, p. 219. Thallus destitute of cephalodia; gonidial layer consisting of Apothecia and spores variable as in the tribe. gonimia. This also contains three 5 7, a ee, 4 genera— Nephromium, Pelti a ee gera, and Solorinina—parallel \ to those of the preceding subtribe, except that the thal- lus is gonimiose and without cephalodia. Solorinina is exotic. 51. NEPHROMIUM Ny]. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p- 101 (nota); Syn. i. (1860) p. 318.—Thallus fragile, naked or villose beneath, the cortical layer there continuous and nerveless; gonidial layer with the gonimia usually moniliform, Apothecia reniform, adnate Fig. 50. to the lower surface of the Nephromium levigatum Nyl.—a. Section of. margin of the thallus, with thallus, x 200. 6. ‘Iwo syngonimia, thalline margin ; thece cla- aes ¢. Theca and paraphysis, x350. ate; spores Sne, (1)-3- . Spores, X 500. e. Vertical section of vate; sp : 3 two spermogones, x 80. /f. Sterigmata septate, fusiformi-oblong, and spermatia, x 500. NEPHROMIUM. | PELTIGEREI. 283 usually brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Sper- mogones marginal, pale; spermatia somewhat incrassate at either apex, and obtuse. Distinguished from the allied genera by the position of the apothecia and the cortical layer being continuous on the nerveless under surface. When rhizine are present, they are composed of non-fasciculate filaments. Most of the European species and varieties occur in this country, though some of them only very sparingly. 1. N. tomentosum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 101, Syn. i. p. 319.—Thallus suborbicular, lobate or Jaciniato-lobate, glabrous or thinly tomentose, livid-glaucous or livid-chestnut or lurid-brown ; beneath pale, villose (medulla white, K—). Apothecia moderate, tes- taceo-red, or reddish-brown, the receptacle crenulato-unequal and villose at back ; spores colourless or brownish, 0,020—24 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 105, ed. 3, p. 99.—Peltigera tomentosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 108. Nephroma resu- pinata Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 426; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 61; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 216. Readily distinguished by the villosity of the under surface of the thallus. The upper surface also is not unfrequently thinly tomentose, and sometimes also more or less sorediate, though these characters do not appear in our few British specimens. The apothecia are somewhat nume- rous, and the spermogones, which are occasionally present, have the sper- matia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick. : Hab. On the trunks of old trees in rocky upland situations.— Distr. Very local and rare, on the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. N. rameum Ny]. ex Norrl. Medd. Sillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 18.—Thallus smaller, thinner, somewhat broadly lobed, glaucous, lobules appressed, expanded ; the under surface pale, vil- lose, with white papille (pseudocyphelle). Apothecia smaller— Nephromium tomentosum var, rameum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 106, ed. 3, p. 100. Mephroma ramewm Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 18, t. ii. fig. 3. The more or less pseudo-cyphellate under surface (the papille usually being numerous) gives this the rank of a subspecies. The apothecia are smaller, but internally similar to those of the type. There are no spermo- gones on the only British specimen I have seen. Hab. On the branches of old trees (birches) in wooded upland districts. —Distr. Extremely local and rare on the N. Grampians, Scotland, in Braemar and (fide Leight. J. c.) Forfarshire ; not observed in recent years. —B. M.: Near Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 2. N. levigatum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 101, £yn. i, p. 320.—Thallus suborbicular, rotundato-lobed, smooth, subopaque, sinuato-crenate at the margins, chestnut- or livid- brown; beneath glabrous and slightly rugulose, pale (medulla 284 LICHENACEI. [NEPHROMIUM. white, K—). Apothecia small or moderate, reddish-brown, the receptacle crenulato-unequal at the margin and depresso-granulate at the back ; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 104, ed. 3, p. 99.—Nephroma levigatum Ach. Syn. (1817) p. 242; Mudd, Man. p. 81. Mephroma resupinata Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154. Lichen resupinatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 843; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71. Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticts ferrugineis Dill. Muse. 206, t.28. f.1054. Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis in aversa foliorum superficie locatis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 91. —NMost of these synonyms refer no doubt to NV. lusitanicum. Lichen resupinatus of the older authors included other species, so that it cannot be retained. Distinguished from the preceding by the absence of tomentum on the upper and by the naked under surface of the thallus. The thallus is gene- rally of moderate size, and rarely expanded. The apothecia are usually numerous, though comparatively small, and the spermogones have the spermatia 0,0035-0,040 mm. long (fide Nyl.). Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy boulders in mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N, England and in the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Keswick, Cumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth- shire; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 3. N. parile Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 47.—Thallus orbicular, mem- branaceous, rotundato-lobed, smooth, subopaque, crisp and ceesio- sorediate at the margins; beneath naked, rugulose, brownish-black (medulia white, K—). Apothecia very rare, on short lobes; spores as in NV. levigatwm.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77.—Nephromium levigatum var. parile Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 105, ed. 3, p. 99. Nephroma levigatum 3. parile Mudd, Man. p- 81. Nephroma parile Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 427; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p- 220. JLachen parilis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 164, Eng. Bot. t. 2360. Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticis ferrugincis Dill. Muse. 206, t. 28. f. 1058, o.— Brit. Hxs.: Cromb. n. 41. Though regarded by more recent authors as a variety of the preceding, this differs in the sorediate margins, the colour of the under surface, and especially in the size of the spermatia. These, according to Nylander zn litt., are 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick; so that it must again be raised to its specific rank. The soredia, which are normally marginal, are occasionally also more or less scattered over the surface, becoming blackish in age. It rarely occurs fertile, and never so with us. Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders, and about the roots of old trees, in wooded upland districts—Distr. Local in 8. and W. England, in S, Scot- land and among the Grampians, in 8.W. and N. Ireland.—B. M.: Ivy Bridge, Hennock, near Bovey Tracey, Lustleigh Cleeve, and Totnes, S. Devon; Cound Moor and Craigforda, Shropshire; Dolgelly, Twll Du, and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Braith- waite, Cumberland, Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Caledonian Canal, Inverness-shire. Near Dunkerron, co. Kerry. NEPHROMIUM. | PELTIGERET. 225 4. N. subtomentellum Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.— Thallus subcoriaceous, somewhat expanded, rotundato-lobed, opaque, rugulose, sinuato-lobed at the margins, dark lurid-brown; beneath rugulose, obsoletely tomentellose, brown (medulla white, K—). Apothecia moderate, dark-red, the receptacle coriaceo-rugulose or thinly areolato-granulose ; spores 0,020—24 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Nephromium leevigatum var. subtomentellum Nyl. Not. Siillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn, Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p.116; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p- 99.— Brit. Hxs.: Cromb. n. 149. Distinguished by the rugulose thallus and receptacle, and by the obsolete tomentum of the under surface, which with the size of the spermatia show that it is a good species, The apothecia are numerous, occasionally rather large and crowded. The spermogones, which are more frequent than in any of the other British species, have the spermatia (ex Nyl. im itt.) 0,0025-0,0030 mm. long, 0,0010 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks of old ash trees in mountainous regions,— Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, and among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.— B.M.: Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. 5. N. lusitanicum Nyl. Flora, 1870, p.38.—Thallus suborbicular, rotundato-lobed, smooth and somewhat shining, crenate, crisp and undulate at the margins, livid-chestnut or chestnut-brown ; beneath glabrous, somewhat rugulose, pale (medulla yellow, K+ purplish). Apothecia small or moderate, reddish-brown, the receptacle crenato- laciniate, incurved, the back minutely depresso-areolate; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0.006-7 mm. thick.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, p.41; Lich. FL p. 106, ed. 3, p. 100.—Mephromium levigatum f. lusitanicum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28. Nephroma lusi- tanicum Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 823. Lichen resupinatus Eng. Bot. t. 805 ; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71.—Brit. Evs. : Mudd, n. 57; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23; Leight. n. 107; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 288. Similar to NW. levigatum, except in the colour of the medulla and the chemical reaction. These differences, however, are of sufficient importance to warrant our regarding it with Scherer as a distinct species. With us it is much more common than N, levigatum, and is generally fertile. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and on mossy rocks and boulders in maritime and upland wooded districts.—-Distr. General and common in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, in 8. and Central Scotland, and in N, aud S.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Brechou and Guernsey, Channel Islands. Lydd, Kent; Lustleigh Cleeve and near Totnes, 8. Devon; near Res- pring, Launceston, Liskeard, Penzance, and St. Austell, Cornwall; Mal- vern, Worcestershire; Pentregaer near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Mardale, West- moreland : Keswick and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Dumbarton Castle, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine, Inverary, and head of Loch Awe, Argyvleshire ; Glen Lochay and Pass of Leny, Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Cawdor ‘Woods, Nairn; Loch Linnhe, Fort George, and Falls of Foyers, Inverness-shire ; 286 LICHENACEL. [NEPHROMIUM. Applecross, Ross-shire. Fairhead, co. Antrim; Luggelaw, co. Wicklow ; Killarney, co. Kerry; Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway. Form panniforme Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 77.—Thallus lobulato-dissected, closely imbricate, the lobules small, crowded, beneath dark-brown. Apothecia small. Has the appearance of other panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens. The apothecia, which in the specimens seen are with one exception very sparingly present, are small nail confined to the larger lobules. Hab. On the mossy trunks of trees, and on boulders in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Lozal and scarce in S.W. England and the W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. GB. Hibernicum Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 100.— Thallus with the medulla white (K+ purplish), Apothecia with the back of the receptacle smoothisn. Otherwise as in the type. A very distinct variety, if not subspecies, characterized by the white or whitish medulla, in which respect it resembles NV. levigatum. The chemical reaction, however, shows it to belong to MW. lusitanicum. In the specimens seen the apothecia have the back of the receptacle smooth or subsmooth; though as this occurs also in younger and muscicole states of the type, it can scarcely be regarded as of diagnostic value. Hab, On the trunks of old trees among mosses on rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland—B. M.: Near Walkingham, Devonshire ; Launceston, Cornwall; near Douglas, Isle of Man. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Doughbruagh Mts., co. Galway. 52. PELTIGERA Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl, ii. (1795) p. 106 pro parte; Nyl. emend. Flora, 1866, p. 116.— Thallus fragile, opaque or somewhat shining, the cortical layer not conti- nuous on the under surface, which is generally nerved; gonidial layer composed of gonimia. Apothecia adnate on the front margin of the thalline lobules, ascending or hori- zontal; spores (6—)8nx, 3- or pluri- septate, fusiform, colourless; hyme- nial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones not known. w Was. 8¢ As previously observed, this is well tg, Bl. separated from Peltidea, by the goni- Peltigera canina, Hoffm.—a. A syn- miose and ecephalodiiferous thallus. gonimium, x350. 6. Free gori- From the preceding it is distinguished mia, x350. ¢. Spores, x500. by the cortical layer not being conti- nuous beneath, and by the position of the apothecia. The rhizine also, when present, are composed of fasciculate filaments. All the European apecies occur in our Islands, and for the most part in considerable quantity. PELTIGERA. | PELTIGEREI. 287 1. P. malacea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 44.—Thallus moderate, smooth, opaque, thickish, usually very minutely punctato-tomen- tellose, or obsoletely adsperso-pulverulent, livid-brown when moist, greyish-glaucous or glaucous-brown, or partly brownish when dry ; beneath densely tomentose, with confluent nerves and without veins, brownish-black, broadly whitish at the margin. Apothecia moderate, orbicular, ur nearly transverse, vertically adnate, brownish- red, the margin crenulate; spores elongato-tusiform, 3—5-septate, 0,058-74 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102 pro min. parte.—Peltidea malacea Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 240 pro parte. A very distinct species, thcugh having a superficial resemblance to some states of P.rufescens. The apothecia, which are not very numerous in our few British specimens, are adnate on short, somewhat broad thal- line lobules. Hab. Among mosses on rocks and about the roots of trees in moun- tainous regions.— Distr. Gathered only in the 8.W. Highlands and the N. Grampians, Scotland; may be found elsewhere.—B. M.: Inverary, Argyleshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 6. microloba Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot., xxv. (1878), p. 378. —tThallus smaller, more divided ; the lobes short, crisp, narrow. Apothecia smaller, at length incurved. Smaller in all its parts, and might be mistaken for P. polydactyla var. hymenina. In consequence of the thallus being more repeatedly lobed, the apothecia are more numerous than in the type. Hab. Among mosses on walls in upland tracts of mountainous dis- tricts—Distr. Found only in the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. 2. P. canina Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 106.—Thallus large, impresso-unequal, opaque, more or less adpresso-tomentellose, of moderate thickness, roundly lobed, brownish-green when moist, greyish when dry; beneath whitish, with prominent, concolorous or pale nerves, and long white rhizine. Apothecia moderate, sub- rotundate, at length revolute, brown or brownish-red, the margin nearly entire ; spores elongato-fusiform, 3—5-septate, 0,066-70 mm. long, about 0,004 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 52, t. 1. fig. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107, ed. 3, p. 101.~ Peltidea canina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153. Lichen caninus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) n. 1109; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454; Lightf. Fl, Scot. ii. p. 845; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69; Eng. Bot. t. 2299. Lichenoides digitatum cinereum, latuce foliis sinuosis Dill. Musc. 200, t. 27.f. 1025. Lichenoides peltatum terrestre cinereum majus, foliis divisis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 78.—Most of the above, however, include also the following variety.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 141; Mudd, n. 59. The most common and best-known species of the genus, easily dis- tinguished by the large thallus, with its tomentellose and (when dry) 288 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA. ash-coloured upper surface, and its whitish under surface with long white rhizingz. The lobes are of moderate size, though many usually compose an individual plant, which then spreads extensively. It is common in fruit, especially with younger apothecia, nor do these attain any great size in age. On the margins of the lobes pyenides are occasionally seen. These are tubercular, brownish-black, the conceptacle colourless beneath ; stylospores oblong, 0,009-0,012 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick (vide Nyl. Syn. i. t. 1. f, 27). : Hab. Among mosses on the ground, the tops of old walls, on boulders and about the roots of trees in lowland and upland situations.— Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain, and probably Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsev. Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; ee Cambridgeshire ; Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire ; Clee Hills, Shropshire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumber- land. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Forres, Elginshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. 8. membranacea Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 324.—Thallus thinner, more glabrous (subtomentellose), roundly lobed, the fertile lobes short. Apothesia small.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 108.—Peltidea canina y. membranacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 518.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 45. Distinguished by the thallus and apothecia, the characters of which, according to Nylander i /i#t., entitle it probably to rank as a subspecies (cfr. Zw. Lich. Heidel. p. 29). It is not frequent in fruit, and even when present the apothecia are but few. Hab. Among mosses on the ground in shady places in maritime, low- land, and upland districts.— Distr. Not very general, though common where it occurs in Great Britain, and perhaps also in Ireland.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall; Hyde Park, London (olim); Barmouth, Merionethshire; near Conway, Carnarvonsbire; Island of Anglesea; Patterdale, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Strathmartin, Forfarshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Rostellan, co. Cork; Kylemoré, Connemara, co. Galway. 3. P. rufescens Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 107.—Thallus moderate, somewhat thickish, subtomentellose, roundly lobed, crisp, greenish- or greyish-brown when moist, pale, pale-cervine or greyish-red when dry; beneath with thick coarse dark or brownish nerves and few rhizine. Apothecia moderate, rotundato-oblong, at length revolute, red or brownish-red, the margin denticulate ; spores elongato-fusiform, 3-d-septate, 0,042-72 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl: p. 108, ed. 3, p. 102.-—Peltigera canina B. rufescens Mudd, Man. p. 82. Peltidea rufescens Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 216. Lichen rufescens Eng. Bot. t. 2300; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405; Lichen rufus (errore) p. 70. Lichen caninus B. rufescens Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 846; Huds, Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547, Peltidea crispa PELTIGERA. ] PELTIGEREL. 289 (Ach.) Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428. Lechenoides digitatum rufescens, foltis latucce crispis Dill. Musc. 208, t. 27. f. 103. Lichenotdes pel- tatum terrestre rufescens Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 88.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 43; Bohl. n. 87, The smaller, smoother, more crisp thallus, and the difference of colour, as also the darker or brownish veins of the underside, distinguish this from P. canina, to which it is intimately allied. Whether it is to be regarded as specifically distinct is doubtful, since intermediate states oceur by which they may be connected. The apothecia when present are numerous, though it is often sterile. Hab, Among mosses on shady rocks and the stumps of felled trees in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Rather local and uncommon in the Channel Islands, W. and N. England, N. Wales, the 8.W. High- lands of Scotland, and S. Ireland.B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Near Totnes, 8. Devon; Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Windermere and near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Rosscarbery, co. Cork. Form pretextata Flérke in Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 123. —Thallus with the lobes isidiiferous or minutely squamulose at the margins ; otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvil. p. 574.—FPeltigera canina, var. y. limbata (non Del.) Mudd, Man. p. 83. P. canina var. crispa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102. P. canina form lepidophora (non Nyl.) Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77. — Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 60; Leight. n. 262; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 46; Bohl. n. 30. Well marked by the isidioso-subgranulose excrescences by which the margins of the lobes are bordered (often densely), and which may be also scattered here and there upon their surface. It is not uncommon in fructification, the apothecia sometimes becoming large. Pycnides similar to those of P. canina are frequent on the marginal squamules. Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks and walls, rarely on the ground, generally near water, in upland districts Distr. Somewhat local, but common in Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands; plentiful on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. Lustleigh and Widdecombe, 8. Devon ; Bocconoc, Cornwall; near Wor- cester; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Easby and Sowerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, and Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber- deenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Island of Skye. Kil- larney, co. Kerry ; Glendalough, Connemara, co. Galway. 4, P. spuria Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 108.—Thallus small, subsimple, digitately lobed, ascending or suberect, adpresso-tomen- tellose, smooth, greyish-green ; beneath whitish, with coarse con- colorous nerves and a few short rhizine. Apothecia small, sub- rotundate, at length oblongo-revolute, brown or reddish-brown, the margin crenulate or denticulate; spores aciculari-fusiform, 3-7, U 290 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA. septate, 0,056-75 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 103; Cromb, Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 574.— Peltigera rufescens subsp. spuria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p..29. Peltadea spuria Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215. Lichen spurius Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 159; Eng. Bot. t. 1542. Peltigera cunina e. pusil’a Koerb., Mudd, Man. p. 83. Lichenoides digitatum cinereum, Latuce foliis sinuosis Dill. Muse. 200, t. 27. f. 102 a—p. Differs from the preceding in the small digitately lobed thallus, the paler nerves, the smaller apothecia, and the longer spores. It so resembles P. polydactyla that it might readily be confounded with some of the states of that species. The thallus, which is sometimes pruinose, often grows in a scattered manner; the apothecia are numerous, nearly all the lobes being fertile. Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass, as also on the stumps of felled trees in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Some- what local in 8., W., and N. England, N. Wales, on the Grampians, Scotland; not yet observed in Ireland—B. M.: Sotterley, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; _Ightham, Kent; near Ryde and Shanklin, Isle of ight; the Sussex Downs and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Totnes, 8. Devon; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridge- shire; near Bicester, Oxfordshire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Oswestry and Church Stretton, Shropshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ynysfaig, N. Wales. Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs and Falls of Tummel, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 5. P. scabrosa Fr. fil. N. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal. ser. 3, t. iii. (1861) p. 145.—Thallus moderate, subcoriaceous, very finely and minutely scabrid, roundly lobed, dpaque, pale-lurid or greyish-pale, beneath whitish, subreticulate, with pale, nearly confluent nerves, blackish in the centre. Apothecia moderate, .subrotundate, at length revolute, brownish-red or dark-chestnut, the margin sub- crenulate; spores 0,068-80 mm. long (or even longer), 0,004— 0,005 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. A distinct species allied to P. rufescens, but differs in the minutely scabrous not tomentellose thallus, and in the more elongate spores. From P. scutata it is distinguished not only by the larger thallus and. apothecia and the form of the lobes, but also by the almost verrucose epithallus, and the more septately divided spores. It is a plant of a boreal type, and is fertile only in subarctic regions. Hab, On turf-covered walls ina mountainous region.— Distr. Extremely local and scarce on the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Between Cor- riemulzie and Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 6. P. polydactyla Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 106.— Thallus thinnish, digitato-lobed, ascending or suberect, glabrous and shining, smooth or obsoletely impresso-unequal, glaucous-green when moist, livid- or pale-glaucous or pale-brown when dry, beneath nearly glabrous, whitish or white, reticulate with coarse blackish- brown nerves, which are pale-reddish towards the circumference. Apothecia small, longitudinal, brown or reddish-brown, the margin PELTIGERA. | PELTIGEREI, 291 irregularly crenulate; spores attenuato-fusiform, thinly 3-7-septate, 0,060-81 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Mnudd, Man. p. 83; Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 109, ed. 3, p. 103.— Peltidea polydactyla Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220; Tayl. in Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154. Lichen polydactylon Neck. Meth. Muse. (1771) p. 85; With. Arr. ed. 3, lv. p. 69. Lichen caninus y. polydactylon Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 846; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Lichenoides cinereum polydactylon Dill. Muse. 207, t. 28. f£. 107.—To a state of this belongs also the following :—Peltidea pellucida Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 429. Lichen caninus §. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Lichenoides mem- branaceum pellucidum, peltis digitatis geminatis Dill. Muse. 208, t. 28. f. 108.— Brit. Hvs.: Cromb. n. 148; Bohl. nos. 56, 71. This approaches P. rufescens, but is distinguished by the numerously lobed thallus with its glabrous and shining upper surface, and by the form of the smaller apothecia. These are usually abundant, adnate or elongate and attenuate lobes, and at length become revolute. Sometimes they occur two together (geminate) on each fertile lobe, in which state it is represented in Dill. dc. (Peltidea pellucida Ach.), On the margins of the lobes pycnides occasionally occur, with stylospores oblong, oblongo- fusiform or almost ovoid, 0,007-0,012 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick. Hab. Among mosses and short grass in shady situations in maritime and upland districts —Distr. General and usually plentiful in most parts of Great Britain; rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Dartmoor and near Totnes, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Milton, Oxfordshire; Gogmagog Hills, Cam- bridgeshire ; near Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Eglestone, Durham; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New Gallo- way, Kirkcudbrightshire; Auchindenny Woods, near Edinburgh ; Bar- caldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Cor- riemulzie, Terenas, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire; near Forres, Elgin; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cromaglown, Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galway. Form 1. collina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.—Thallus smaller, the lobes narrower, crisp at the margins. Apothecia as in the type. —Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 860; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104. —Lichen collanus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 162. Easily recognized by the lobes. The thallus is rather fragile when dry, and the apothecia are not numerous. Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground and old walls in upland tracts. — Distr, Local and rare on the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland, and in W. Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.——-B. M.: Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 2. microcarpa Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 327.—Thallus small, the fertile lobules short, narrow, subbifid. Apothecia minute.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77.—Peltidea polydactyla y. microcarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 520. v2 292 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA. The shorter fertile lobules and the minute and often numerous apothecia are the distinguishing marks of this form, which is perhaps only a starved condition. Hab. On the ground among short mosses in upland districts. —Distr. Probably not rare in the mountainous regions of Great Britain, though as yet seen only in W. England and the Scottish Highlands—B. M.: Oswestry, Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Var. 8. lophyra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.—Thallus brownish ; lobes scarcely ascending, rounded, beneath subvenose, brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small, rotundato-oblong or sometimes transverse.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29.—Peltidea hori- zontalis y. lophyra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 516. ee by the roundly-lobed thallus, scarcely veined beneath, and the form of the apothecia. In the only British specimen seen these are transverse, whence it was considered by Acharius as a variety of P. horizontalis, from which, however, it otherwise entirely differs. Hab. On decayed mosses upon boulders in upland districts.—Distr. Very local and scarce on the 8. Grampians, Scotland (though recorded from England by Acharius).—B. M.: Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire. Var. y. hymenina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.—Thallus with paler subconfiuent veins on the under surface. Apothecia rotun- dato-oblong.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104.—Lichen polydactylos var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 8, iv. p. 69. Peltidea hymenina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 284. Differs in the character of the thallus beneath, and in the form of the fructification. The thallus when dry is cervine-coloured, and the apo- thecia are generally but sparingly present. Hab. Among mosses on the ground and about the roots of old trees in upland wooded districts.— Distr. Not general nor common in the hilly and mountainous tracts of W. and N. Ireland, N. Wales, and the W. Highlands of Scotland; rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Bocconoc, Corn- wall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Hope Bowdler and High Rock, Bridgenorth, and near Caer Caradoc, Shrop- shire ; near Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire; Kil- dale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Kenmure, near Glasgow; Inverary and Appin, Argyle- shire ; Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Dawros River, Con- nemara, co. Galway. 7. P. scutata Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 110.—Thallus small, thinnish, sinuato-lobed, more or less minutely depresso-granulate, undulato-crenate, crisp and cesio-sorediate at the margins, greyish- green when moist, pale-greyish or greyish-red when dry; beneath whitish, with pale-brown nerves and modcrate whitish rhizine. Apothecia small, suborbicular, ascending, brown or reddish-brown, the margin crenate and inflexed ; spores elongato-fusiform, usually 3-septate, 0,044-60 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fi. ed. 3, p. 104.—Peltigera polydactyla var. scutata Cromb. Lich. PELTIGERA. ] PELTIGEREI. 293 Brit. p. 29. Peltigera canina 3. scutata Mudd, Man. p.83. Peltidea scutata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215. Lichen scutatus Decks. Crypt. fase. iii. (1793) p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71; Eng. Bot. t. 1834. Lnchenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis Dill. Muse. 205, t. 27. f, 104 c.— Brit, Exs.: Leight. n. 262 pro parte; Cromb. n. 44. Well characterized by the sinuato-lobed thallus, minutely granulate above, and by the crisp and usually sorediate, though sometimes naked, margins; otherwise it is closely allied to P. polydactyla. The apothecia, which are rare, are adnate on very short lobes, and become dark-brown or blackish in dried plants. Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of trees, rarely on turf walls, in wooded upland districts.—Dvstr. Local and scarce in the mountainous tracts of W. and N. England, 8. and N. Wales, 8. and Central Scotland ; apparently rare in N.E. and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Elburton, Kingsbridge, South Brent, and near Harberton, Devon- shire; Tregawn and Withiel, Cornwall; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Edwinsford, Carmarthenshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Dolgelly and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire; Hoggart’s Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ambleside, Westmoreland. New Cinllaway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Col- linton Woods, near Edinburgh; Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs and Glen Lochay, Perthshire; 8. of Fort William, Inver- ness-shire ; Glenferness, Nairnshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Killarney, co. Kerry, 8. P. horizontalis Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 107.—Thallus expanded, rotundato-lobed, smooth or obsoletely impresso-unequal, somewhat shining, sinuato-crenate and slightly undulate at the margins, dull- or brownish-green when moist, pale-glaucous or pale- brown when dry; beneath white and reticulate with black or brownish-black subvillose nerves, which are pale at the circum- ference ; rhizine few, scattered, blackish-brown. Apothecia large, orbicular or ellipticai, transverse, plane, reddish- or blackish-brown, the margin subcrenulate; spores 6—-Snex, fusiform, 3-septate, 0,030-42 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 84; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 110, ed. 3, p. 104.— Peltidea horizontalis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153. Lichen horizontalis Linn. Mant. (1771) p. 182; Huds, Fl. Angl. p. 543; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 849; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 72; Eng. Bot.t.888. Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis Dill. Muse. 205, t. 28. f. 104 .4,3.—Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 108; Mudd, n. 62; Cromb. n. 45; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 249; Bohl. n. 37. The thallus sometimes spreads very extensively, and, except in its larger size, is similar to that of P. rufescens. From this as well as from the other species of the genus, the horizontal apothecia and the deter- minately 3-septate spores render it very distinct. The apothecia are usually very numerous, and occasionally become somewhat large. Hab. On shady rocks and the mossy stumps of felled trees in upland districts. —Distr. General though not very common in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, and probably of Ireland; most frequent on the 294 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Betchworth, Surrey; Eridge Rocks and near Henfield, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Isham Walk, Torquay, and near Totnes, S. Devon; Pentire, Cornwall; Leigh Woods, near Bristol, Gloucestershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Mal- vern, Worcestershire; Oswestry and Whitecliffe Rocks, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon- shire; Stogdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Swanston, near Edinburgh ; Bowl- ing Bay, Dunbartonshire; Dunoon and Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, near Caliander, Kenmore, Craighall, and Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; near Forres, Elgin. Killarney, co. Kerry. Form muscorum Schl. ev Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 21.-—Thallus thinner, less roundly lobed, the lobes smaller, narrower. Apothecia small.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 105. Differs in being considerably smaller in all its parts. The apothecia are also fewer, at least in our British specimens. Hab. Among mosses at the roots of old trees in upland districts — Distr, Local and scarce in §.W. and N. England, on the 8. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Paington, 8. Devon; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. MKylemore Lake, co. Galway. Tribe XVI. PH YSCIEI Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, vii. (1872) p. 322 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77). Thallus foliaceous or sometimes fruticulose, usually stellato- orbicular; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nx, subellipsoid or oblong, variously bilocular, or 1-septate, rarely quadrilocular, brown or colourless; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones innate; sterigmata usually pluri-articulate ; spermatia cylindrical or oblongo-cylindrical, occasionally obsoletcly incrassate at either apex, very rarely acicular. Consists of a single genus, formerly included under Parmelie?, but recently separated by Nylander as a distinct tribe, From the less deve- loped thallus and the type of the apothecia it occupies an inferior place in the Series, 53. PHYSCIA Schreb., Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, t. ii. (1791) p. 768 ; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 406.—Thallus horizontally expanded, or some- times ascending, variously lobed or laciniate; beneath discolorous, very rarely concolorous, more or less fibrilloso-rhizinose ; medullary layer woolly, composed of filaments loosely interwoven, cortical layer cellular, or with longitudinal cellular cavities. Apothecia sessile or pedicellate, rarely concolorous with the thallus; hypo- thecinm colourless, rarely brownish-black ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogoncs generally scattered, becoming at length PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIET, 295 somewhat prominent, yellowish or blackish; sterigmata very rarely subsimple. The species of this genus are diverse in habit, some being everniiform, a few subplacodioid ; but the larger number are parmelioid, They also vary somewhat in the structure of the cortical layer, the form of the spores, and the spermatia.” They agree, however, in what is more essential, the lecanorine apothecia. The colour of the thallus, here closely connected with differences in the fructification, enables us to arrange them under two sections, which are almost entitled to be regarded as subgenera. A, FLAVESCENTES.—Thallus yellowish. Apothecia concolorous ; spores polari-bilocular (the loculi usually connected by a thin tube), colour- less. Spermogones yellowish, with sper- matia oblongo-ellip- soid. — Xanthoria Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 243 pro parte. 1. P. flavicans DC. FI. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 189.— Thallus subfruticuloso-fila- mentose, czespitose, very much and intricately branched, yellow or orange- yellow; beneath concolorous or subconcolorous, subcana- liculate; branches somewhat rounded, slender, attenuate, furcellate at the apices (KtPePESH, CaCl). Apo- Fig, 52. thecia lateral, small or Physcia parietina, De Not.—a. Vertical section moderate, plane, orange- of thallus, x 200. b. Theca and paraphysis, coloured, the margin thin, x 350, ¢. Spores (mostly from the living plant), x 500. d. Section of spermogone, snbcrenulate ; spores some- yx 30. ¢. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, times simple, 0,012-18 yx 500. f. Spores of P. ciliaris DC. x 500. mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 112, t. ii. f. 33; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 87; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141, ed. 3, p. 180.—Parmelia flavicans Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera flavicans Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 224. Lichen flavicans Sw. FI. Ind. Occid. ili. (1788) p. 1908; Eng. Bot. t. 2113. Borrera leta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 485. Lichen vulpinus (non Linn.) Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462; Lightf. Fl. Scot. i, p. 896; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 49. Usnea capillacea citrina, fruticuli specie Dill, Muse. 73, t.13. f.16. Lichenoides quod Muscus aureus tenuissimus Dill. in Ray Syn. p. 65, n. 8.—Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 169; Mudd, n. 84 ; Larb. Caesar. n. 21; Cromb. n. 48. A beautiful plant, easily recognized by the somewhat elongate orange- 296 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. coloured thallus, which is generally more or less sprinkled with yellowish- white soredia. Sometimes it is paler towards the base and on the under surface ; when growing in moist shady places it is somewhat greenish. It varies considerably in size, occasionally spreading rather extensively, but frequently stunted in small densely cxspitose tufts. The apothecia are extremely rare in Great Britain, and when they occur are few and small. The spermogones, which are more frequent, are scattered, usually some- what prominent, with spermatia asin P. parietina, but rather thinner and pistillar. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes on rocks and walls, chiefly in maritime districts—Distr. Usually plentiful where it occurs, in 8. and W. England, N. Wales, in 8. Ireland, and formerly in S.W. Scotland (Ailsa Craig).—B.M.: Islands of Sark, Alder- ney, and Guernsey. Lydd, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Fairlight Glen near Hastings, and Lewes, Sussex ; Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants ; near Ventnor, Ryde, Appuldurcombe, and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Totnes, Lydford, Widdecombe, South Brent, and Torquay, Devonshire ; Bocconoc, Penzance (frt.), Withiel, and Bude, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea. Lambay Island, co. Dublin; Whiting Bay, co. pee ; near Cork, Castlebernard Park, Bandon, and Cape Clear, co. sork, 2. P. chrysophthalma DC. FI. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 401.—Thallus cespitoso-fruticulose, rigid, lacero-laciniate, yellow or yellowish- white; beneath whitish, lacinie narrow, ascending, divaricato- multifid, plane or concave, the apices fibrilloso-ramulose or spinose cts, Caci—). Apothecia subterminal, moderate or large, concave or somewhat plane, orange-coloured, the margin fibrilloso- ciliate ; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141, ed. 3, p. 181.—Borrera chrysophthalma Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 435; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 233; Mudd, Man. p. 112, t. ii, f. 84. Lichen chrysophthalmus Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. 311; Eng. Bot. t. 1088. Lichenoides pulmo- narius minimus subluteus, receptaculis florum coronatis, mali aurantit coloris (Mich.) Dill. Muse. 74, t. 13. f. 17.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 394; Larb. Cesar. n. 22; Bohl. n. 122. Much smaller than the preceding, from which itis readily distinguished by the thallus and fructification. With us it occurs only in small scat- tered tufts, and is but little variable. It is generally well fruited, the apothecia being sometimes numerous and crowded. ‘The spermogones are scattered towards the extremities of the laciniz, with the spermatia a little more slender than in the following species. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in orchards, rarely on old pales, in maritime districts—Distr. Rather local and scarce, in the Channel Islands, S. England, and 8. Ireland; very doubtful in 8.W. Scotland.—B. M.: Rozel and St. Brelade’s, Island of Jersey; Islands of Sark and Guernsey. Near Brighton and Lewes, Sussex; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Ilsham Walk, near Torquay, 8. Devon. Carrigalim and Kil- britain, co. Cork; Muckrone, co. Kerry. Form 1. Dickieana Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 410.—Thallus small, PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEI. 297 glaucous-white. Apothecia small or moderate, nearly plane, with entire thalline margin—Mudd, Man. p.112; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 87; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 142, ed. 3, p. 181.—Physcia villosa, var. Dickieana Linds. Trans, Roy. Soc. Edin. t. xxii. (1867) p. 254. Apparently but an accidental state of the type, depending upon the nature of the habitat. It is distinguished by the pale thallus and the entire margin of the apothecia, which latter character, however, some- times occurs in the type itself. Hab, On shady rocks in maritime districts —Distr. Very local and rare in the Channel Islands (?) and in N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Newcastle, co. Down. 3. P. parietina De Not. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Turin, ser. 2, x. (1849) p. 387.—Thallus suborbicular, appressed, imbricato-lobed, smooth, yellow ; beneath paler or pale-whitish, sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose ; lobes somewhat plane or concave, rounded and crenate at the mar- gins (Kf violet-purplish, CaCl~). Apothecia moderate, concave or plane, subconcolorous, the margin entire or nearly entire; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick—Mudd, Man. p. 118; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 142, ed. 3, p. 181.— Parmelia parietina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 488; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141. Lichen parietinus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1148; Huds. Fl. Angi. p. 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 822; Eng. Bot. t. 194; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34. Lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et scutellis luteis Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. £.'76. Lachenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, flavescens Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 59.— Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 10; Mudd, n. 85; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 9; Bohl. n. 12, ! A very common and well-known plant, easily recognized by its bright- yellow, smooth, appressed thallus. At first sight it looks as if it were a Parmelia,.but its essential characters are those of this genus. It varies considerably in colour and in the character of the laciniw, which give rise-‘to the forms and varieties described. With us, as elsewhere, it is commonly fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and crowded, with the margin somewhat thickish and inflexed or thin and entire. The spermogones are not very frequent in the type. They are usually more or less congregate, inclosed in thailine protuberances, with spermatia 0,0025 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, old pales, and walls, in mari- time, lowland, and upland districts.—Distr. Very general and plentiful throughout Great Britain and probably Ireland.—B. M.: Bury St. Ed- munds, Suffolk ; Edgeware, Middlesex; Lydd, Kent; Lewes, Sussex ; Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; Plymouth, Devonshire; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Windsor, Berkshire ; Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire ; near Worcester; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Grimsbury Green, Northamptonshire; Matlock and Buxton, Derbyshire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Levens, West- moreland; Hexham, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire; near Stirling; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Dundee, Forfarshire ; Drum and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Abernethy, Banffshire ; 298 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. Applecross, Ross-shire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork; Muckruss, Killarney, co. Kerry. Form 1. virescens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. 6. xiii. (1866) p. 366.— Thallus pale-greenish. Apothecia scattered, the margin thin, entire, greenish. Form viridescens Cromb. Journ, Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572. Lichen parietinus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34. Differs from the type in the colour of the thallus, which evidently results from the habitat, since in the herbarium it again partially reverts to the normal colour, The reaction with K is also less distinct or scarcely any. The apothecia are few, but it is rarely seen fertile. Hab. On the trunks of trees in moist shady places in upland districts. —Distr. Among the 8. and E. Grampians, Scotland; no doubt to be de- tected elsewhere,—B. M.: Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Drum, Aberdeen- shire. Form 2. cinerascens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 133.— Thallus greyish-white. Apothecia with the margin greyish, entire or somewhat inflexed.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. The colour of this form also depends upon the nature of the habitat. It may be considered as a dealbate condition, having the reaction with K fainter than in the type. It usually occurs fertile, with the apothecia fairly numerous. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly elms, in shady places of mari- time and lowland districts. Distr. Somewhat local and rare in 8, and Central England, in 8. Scotland, and in S. Ireland.—B. M.: St. Leonard’s Forest and near Brighton, Sussex; Lymington, Hants; Isham Valley, Torquay, Devonshire ; Windsor, Berkshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire. Cramond, near Edinburgh. Carrigaloe, near Cork. Var. 3. aureola Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 411.—Thallus orbicular, plicato-rugose, vitelline or golden-yellow ; lobes concrete, dilated, plicate and inciso-crenate at the apices. Apothecia with the margin at length crenulate——Mudd, Man. p. 113; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143, ed. 3, p. 132.—Paurmelia aureola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 487 ; Syn. p. 210.—Brit. Hxs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 212. Distinguished by the plicato-rugose and more closely lobed thallus, which is also occasionally somewhat granulate in the centre, and there also frequently more or less zonately centrifugal. When fertile the apo- thecia are numerous, the margin becoming crenate, in this respect also differing from the type. Hab. On trunks of trees and on walls in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. Only here and there throughout England, in 8. Wales, and in E. Scotland.—B. M.: near King’s Lynn, Norfolk; Withiel, Cornwall; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; ae Westmoreland. Near Edinburgh ; Cove, Kincardineshire; near erdeen, Form congranulata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p.'78.—Thallus PHYSCIA, ] PHYSCIET. 299 clothed with small, prominent, crowded granules. Apothecia con- cave, the margin thickish, inflexed and crenate. . A rather peculiar form referable to this variety, with which it agrees, except in the granulose thallus and the concave apothecia. It isallied to var. subyranulosa, Nyl. (Flora, 1876, p. 281), but is ‘larger and more pranulose. The granules are usually so numerous as almost to obliterate the lobes, unless at the circumference, and upon them are frequently seen the young apothecia and the ‘spermogones. It was apparently a spermogoniiferous state of this that Weddell (Bull. Soc. Bot. 1869, p. 193) describes as subvar. tumida (cfr. Leight. Lich. Fl. iii. p. 133). In the Reena seen the apothecia are constantly concave, and do not become plane. Hab. On trunks of trees and rocks.in maritime, lowland, and upland districts.—.Distr. Local and rare in 8., Central, and N. England.—bB. M. ; Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; St. Minver, Cornwall; Great Comberton, ‘Worcestershire ; Weardale, Durham. Var. y. ectanea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i, (1856) p- 306.—Thallus imbricato-laciniate, deep tawny-yellow or orange- red; lacinize narrow, multifid, plane or convex, impresso-unequal. Apothecia small or moderate, the margin entire or subentire.—Mudd, Man. p. 118; Leight. Lich, Fl. p. 1438, ed. 3, p. 182.—Parmelia parietina, B. ectanea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 464 pro parte. Physcia parietina var. aureola Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38.—Lichen fulvus Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 16, is perhaps referable to this variety.— Brit. Eas.: Larb. Cuesar. n. 1. Distinguished by the thallus being less determinate, intenser in colour, and by the narrow and more divided laciniw. States of it sometimes oceur which at first sight closely resemble Lecanora elegans. In speci- mens which are less closely appressed to the substratum, the under sur- face of the thallus, at least towards the circumference, is occasionally subconcolorous with the upper. The apothecia, which are usually nume- rous, have the margin generally entire, though sometimes slightly crenulate. Hab. On dry rocks in maritime, rarely in mountainous districts.— Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in the Channel Islands, 8 W. and N. England, S. and N. Wales, in FE. Scotland, and 8.W. Ive- Jand.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. Bolt Head, Devonshire; Penzance, Cornwall; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Isle of Man; Fern Islands, Northumberland ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Cramond, near Edinburgh; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Peterhead and on the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Near Black- water Bridge, co. Kerry. 4, P. polycarpa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx. (1883) p- 859—Thallus effuse, subpulvinate, greenish-yellow ; lobes short, granulato-conglomerate and granulato-crenate at the margins (K+purple). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, numerous, crowded, the margin turgid, entire; spores 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, XV. Dp. 78.—P. parretina E. polycarpa Mudd, Man. p. 118; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 88; Leight. 800 LICHENACEL, [PHYSCIA. Lich. FI. p. 144, ed. 3, p. 183. Squamaria candelaria B. polycarpa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.198. Psoroma poly- carpum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Lichen polycarpus EKhrh. Exs. (1785) n. 1387;.Eng. Bot. t. 1795.—Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 265; Mudd, n. 86; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 47. Characterized by the less developed granulato-conglomerate thallus, which occasionally spreads somewhat extensively, and by the crowded apothecia, which may be so numerousas almost to cover the lobes except at the immediate circumference. The spores are somewhat smaller than in P. parietina. In less favourable habitats it occurs in small, orbicular, isolated patches. ; Hab. On old pales and trees, chiefly larch, in maritime and upland districts. Distr. Found here and there throughout England, in N. Wales, and in the Central Highlands of Scotland; not yet seen in Iveland.— B. M.: Yarmouth, Suffolk; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Kemble, Gloucestershire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicester- shire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Island of Anglesea; Redcar, Cleve- land, Yorkshire; near Hexham, Northumberland. Finlarig and near Lawer’s Inn, Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire. Form lobulata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.—Thallus effuse, scattered, pulvinate, yellowish-orange; lobes very short, roundly crenate. Apothecia minute, numerous ; spores 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Physcia parietina e. lobulata Mudd, Man. p. 113; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. Lecanora lobulata Flirke, Deutsch. Fl. Exs. (1821) n. 14.—Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, n. 86. Probably a starved state of the type, with which it often grows associ- ated, and from which it differs in the smaller and usually more scattered thallus and in the minute apothecia. Occasionally the thallus is only sparingly visible around the apothecia. Hab. On old pales in upland districts —Distr, Only in N. England and among the §. and N.E. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cleveland, York- shire. Killin, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire. 5. P. lychnea Nyl. ew Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288.—Thallus effuse, microphylline, ascending or erect, lacero-laciniate, orange- coloured or tawny-yellow ; beneath paler; lacinie narrow, dissecto- multifid, crowded, entire and usually granuloso-pulverulent at the margins (Kt eet parties CaCl_). Apothecia subterminal, scat- tered, moderate, concolorous, the margin entire or crenate; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia parietina subsp. lychnea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. Physcia parietina wy. lychnea Mudd, Man. p. 114; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143, ed. 3, p. 1382. Parmelia candelaria var. lychnea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 187. Lichen candelarius Eng. Bot. t. 1794 pro parte. Lichen concolor Dicks. pro parte, and also probably Lichen candelarius pro parte of our older authors.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 11; -Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 162. The thallus occasionally spreads very extensively over the substratum. Though sometimes growing associated with P. parietina, yet it is entitled PHYSCTA. | PHYSCIET. 301 to be regarded as distinct, on account of its manner of growth, its being much smaller in all its parts, and the absence of transition forms. It is not very common in a fertile condition; but the apothecia when present are numerous. Hab. On rocks, walls, old pales, and the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Rather local and not common in Great Britain; apparently rare in N. Ireland—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance and St. Austell, Cornwall; Windsor Park, Berkshire; Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire; Colwall, Herefordshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire. Lawers, Killin, Perthshire; Findhaven Hill, Forfar- shire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim. Form perfusa Nyl. ew Lamy Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 382. —Thallus smaller, widely expanded, densely stipate. Apothecia moderate. As stated by M. Lamy, /.¢,, this has the appearance of a granular crust, though composed of minute, very crowded, thalline lacinie. Our British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On granitic walls of gardens and houses in maritime and upland situations Distr. Local, in N.E, Scotland and among the N. Grampians. —B. M.: Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeen- ~ shire. Var. B. pygmea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 108.—Thallus small, determinate ; lacinie erect, narrowly divided, often almost rounded, the margin usually granuloso-pulverulent. Apothecia moderate; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.—Bor- rera pygmeea Bory in Fr. Lich. Eur. (18381) p. 73. Well distinguished from the type, with which, however, it is confluent through intermediate stages, by the very much smaller (almost minute) thallus, and by the nearly rounded laciniz. The thallus in our specimens is in small, discrete nodules, and the apothecia, which are numerous, are somewhat large in proportion to the size of the plant. Hab. On exposed granitic walls in an upland district.—Distr, Extremely local and scarce, among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire. B. CINERASCENTES.—Thallus greyish or whitish, rarely brown. Apothecia brownish or blackish ; spores 1-septate, brown or dark-brown ; spermogones black, with spermatia cylindrical or slightly thickened at either apex, rarely acicular.—Huphyscia Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78. a. Spermogones with cylindrical or subcylindrical spermatia. 6. P. intricata Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 11.—Thallus expanded, cwspitose, suberect, roundly compressed, laciniate, densely puberulo- villose, greyish-glaucous or greyish-brown ; beneath greyish-white, subcanaliculate ; lacinie divaricately branched, very much en- tangled(K_,CaCl_). Apothecia lateral, sessile, moderate, plane or 302 LICHENACEL. [PHYSCIA. sometimes slightly convex, brownish-black, the margin black, entire ; spores dark-brown, 0,018-26 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 144, ed. 3, p. 138. —Borrera intricata Mudd, Man. p. 104. Lichen intricatus Desf. Fl. Atl. ii. (1800) p. 420, t. 258. f. 3. Borrera Atlantica Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p.485; Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p. 223. Lichen Atlanticus Sm. in Eng. Bot.t.1715. Lichenoides subhirsutum teres, scutellis parvis nigris Dill. Muse. 157, t. 21. f. 51.— Brit. Hws.: Mudd, n. 76; Cromb. n. 49. ~ A well-marked species, at first sight somewhat resembling narrower states of P. villosa, which does not occur so far north as the British Isles, but differing from it at once in the colour of the apothecia. The thallus sometimes spreads extensively, and the laciniz vary somewhat in length. As observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 409), the whitish villosity of the thallus, which occasionally becomes more or less evanescent, consists of hollow filaments scarcely articulate. The apothecia are extremely rare in this country, but the spermogones, which have the spermatia 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm, thick, are more frequent. Hab. On rocks and trunks of old trees in maritime districts.-—Distr. Only in 8. England, in one or two places on the coast of Sussex.—B. M.: Bracklesham in Selsey Island, near Chichester, and cliffs near Hastings (fruit), Sussex. 7. P. ciliaris DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 396.—Thallus diffuse, sub- ascending or decumbent, loosely adherent, lineari-laciniate, greenish- grey or greyish-brown ; beneath pale, canaliculate ; laciniee multifid, imbricato-intricate, the margins, especially towards the apices, ciliate, with long fibrils(K—, CaCl). Apothecia pedicellate, large, ceesio-pruinose or naked, brownish-black, the margin entire, crenate or ciliate; spores oblong, 0,030-50 mm. long, 0,018-24 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 145, ed. 3, p. 183.—Borrera ciliaris Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 226; Mudd, Man. p. 105. Lucehen cikarig Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1144; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 828; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 55; Eng. Bot. t. 1852. Lichenoides hispidum majus et rigidius, seutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 150, t. 20. f. 45. Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cine- reum, scutellis niyris, foliorum extremitatibus hispidis et pilosis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 67.—Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, n. 77; Leight. n. 364; Cromb. n. 50; Larb. Casar. n. 68; Lich. Hb. n. 125; Bobl. n. 38. A rather variable plant as to thallus and apothecia. The thallus may have the laciniee longer or shorter, broader or narrower, often more or less white-pulverulent, with pale or sordid flexuose cilia. In colour it varies from greyish to greyish-brown or cervine according to nature of habitat, but when moist it is constantly greenish. States occasionally occur in 8. England with the laciniz approaching to var. erinalis (Schl., Scheer.), but not sufficiently typical. The apothecia, when present, are plentiful, becoming at length naked and darker, with the receptacular margin very variable, being frequently with us in the same specimen PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIET. 303 entire, inflexed, denticulate, or proliferous. In this last condition it is digitately fimbriate with laciniole, whence var. actinota (Ach. Meth. p. 256). The spermogones, which are usually very numerous, are large, prominent, scattered or aggregate, from pale-brown becoming blackish, with spermatia cylindrical, 0,004-5 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. In other- wise sterile specimens they are sometimes much elevated, rendering the thallus verrucoso-papillate, whence var. verrucosa (Ach. Lich. Univ. p- 497). Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks and elms, in cultivated luwland, rarely upland districts.—Distr. General, and plentiful where it occurs, in England, much scarcer in the Channel Islands and E. Scot- land; apparently very local and rare in N. Wales and E. Ireland.— B. M.: Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. Norwich, Nortolk ; Bury, Suffolk; near Colchester and Walthamstow, Essex; Hythe, Kent; Dorking, Surrey; Glynde, Sussex; Winchester, Hants; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Elburton and Newton Bushell, 8. Devon; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Farringdon and Windsor, Berkshire ; near Swin- don, Wiltshire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Overthrope, Northamptonshire ; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Moor Park, Herefordshire ; Malvern and Broadwas, Worcestershire ; Clungun- ford, Shropshire ; Hopton, Cheshire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, and Dalby, Yorkshire; Middleton, Teesdale, Durham; Kendal, Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Rossyln Woods, Mid- lothian; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Foulis, Baldovan, Auldbar, and Melgund Castle, Forfarshire; Midmar Castle, Aberdeenshire. Oakpark, near Carlow, co. Carlow. Var, f. saxicola Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 106, Syn. i. p. 414._Thallus smaller, more appressed, greenish- or dark-cervine ; lacinie narrow, with sordid or brownish-black marginal cilia. Apothecia naked.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3. p. 184.—Borrera ciliaris var. 3. saxicola Mudd, Man. p. 105. The darker colour of the’ more appressed thallus and the narrower lacinie distinguish this variety, which sometimes occurs where the type is unknown. In this country it is only sterile, in which condition it is Parmelia ciliaris vay. y. melanosticta Ach. Meth. p. 255. Hab. On rocks and walls (rarely on bare sandy soil) in maritime and mountainous regions.—Distr. Local aud scarce in the Channel Islands, S., W., and N. England, the N. Grampians, Scotland, and in 8.W. Ire- land.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Withiel, Cornwall; Buxton, Derbyshire ; near Little Malvern, Worcestershire; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea; uear Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Sybil Head, co. Kerry. i 8. P. leucomela Mich. Fl. Bor.-Amer. (1803) p. 356.—Thallus diffuse, subcespitose, lineari-laciniate, whitish or glaucous-white ; beneath white, subgranulose, subcanaliculate or plane; lacinie narrow, lax, subascen ding, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins (KTyellow, CaCl] yellow). Apothecia lateral, pedicellate, moderate, plane, cxsio- pruinose, the margin radiating ; spores often subquadrilocular, 304 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. 0,035-63 mm. long, 0,018-25 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149, ed. 3, p. 188.—Borrera leucomela Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 223; Mudd, Man. p. 104. Lichen leucomelas Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 3 (1764) p. 1613; Eng. Bot. t. 2548. Lichenoides angustifolium planum, erinibus nigris Dill. Muse. 156, t. 2. f. 50.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 166; Larb. Cesar. n. 69; Cromb. n. 150. Closely allied to P. ciliaris, but well distinguished by the simpler whiter laciniz and by the constantly dentate-coronate margin of the apothecia. The marginal cilia, which are usually short in our specimens, are generally blackish or partly brownish, according to exposure. The apothecia do not occur in this country, and the spermogones, which are similar to those of the preceding, are but rarely present. Hab, On the ground among mosses and short grass, rarely on mossy trunks of trees, in maritime districts—Disty. Confined to the Channel Islands and 8. coasts of England and Ireland—B. M.: Quenvais and St. Owen’s Bay, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Sark and Alderney. St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Babbicombe and Bolt Head, 8. Devon; The Lizard and Kynance Cove, Cornwall; Bryer and Trescoe Islands, Scilly. Ballycotton and Cape Clear Island, co. Cork. 9. P. speciosa Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 307. —Thallus appressed, stellato-laciniate, ce#sio- or greyish-white, greenish-white when wet; beneath whitish, with whitish or sordid- whitish fibrillose rhizine ; lacinize narrow, multifid, plane subimbri- cate, with whitish or sordid marginal cilia, the apices dilated, obtuse, usually somewhat ascending and sorediiferous (K [yellow, CaCl_). Apothecia sessile, moderate, brown, the margin incurved, entire or at leugth crenulate; spores 8nz, oblong, 1-septate, colourless, 0,025- 36 mm. long, 0,012-19 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 188.—Borrera speciosa Mudd, Man. p- 107. Parmelia speciosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 55; Sm. Eng. FL. v. p. 201; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149 pro parte. Lichen speciosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iii. (1789) p. 119 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1979 (upper fig.). Muscicolous states, in which the thallus is more diffuse and the lacinise narrower and more discrete, have somewhat the appearance of P. leucu- mela, while corticolous and saxicolous states, in which they are closer and more imbricate, are somewhat similar to P. atpolia. With us it never occurs in a el condition, but only sorediiferous, as elsewhere in Europe. In the more imbricate states the marginal cilia are but very sparingly present or entirely absent ; and when growing in more exposed situations these, as well as the rhizine, become blackish. Specimens with the latter character are referred by Leighton (Lich. Fl. ii. p. 189) to var. hypoleuca (Ach.). The apothecia have not been detected in Great Britain; but the spermogones occasionally occur in 8. W. Iengland. Hab. On mosses, rocks, and trees, chiefly in maritime districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, in 8. and W. England, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and in S.W. and N.E. Iveland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of Alderney and Guernsey. St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Bolt Head, Devonshire; The Lizard, Kynance Cove PHYSCIA. ] PHYSCIEI. 305 and Roughton, Cornwall; Barmouth, Cwm Bychan, and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire. Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Argyleshire; Glen Fal- loch, Perthshire. Dunkerron and Killarney, co. Kerry. Var. 3. hypoleuca Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 417._Thallus usually firmer, with the lacinise more closely imbricate; beneath white, here and there hispid with black rhizine, the marginal cilia black. Apothecia with the margin of the receptacle crenate or radiato- fimbriate-—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Puarmelia speciosa var. hypoleuca Ach, Syn. (1814) p. 211. Parmelia speciosa Tayl. 1. c. pro parte. Lichen speciosus Eng. Bot. t. 1979 (lower figs.). An exotic variety which finds its way to S.W. Ireland. The thallus in our British ‘specimens is more sorediate than in the type; and the margin of the apothecia, which are somewhat large and crowded, is thickish, crenate, and densely pulverulent. : Hab. On rocks in shady upland situations—Disér. Extremely local and rare in 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 10. P. pulverulenta Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 8308.—Thallus suborbicular, somewhat firm, substellato-appressed, opaque, multifido-laciniate, pale-greyish or greyish-brown, more or less white-pruinose; beneath rough with dense blackish fibrillose rhizine ; lacinie plane, obtuse and crenato-incised at the apices (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia sessile, large, concave or plane, brownish- black, cesio-pruinose or naked, the margin thick, inflexed, entire, pruinose; spores oblong, 0,020-36 mm. long, 0,012-20 mm. thick. —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 88; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3, p. 185. —Borrera pulverulenta Mudd, Man. p. 110. Parmelia pulverulenta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 448; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.141. Lichen pulverulentus Schreb. Spic. (1771) p. 128. Lichen stellaris 6. Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.31. Lechenoides glaucum orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 714 pro parte. Lichenoides arboreum, crusta foliosa virescenti, tenuiter et eleganter dissecta, scutellis nigris Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74,n. 73 pro parte.-—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 49; Mudd, n. 82; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 10; Bobl. n. 69. This may generally be recognized by the pruina, with which, when growing and in a dry state, it is more or less covered. As noticed, how- ever, by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 474), when wetted the pruina disappears both in the thallus and apothecia, the former being then greenish and the latter black; but when again dried the pruina returns in both. The colour in a dry state varies in recent specimens from pale greyish to greyish brown, and, as observed by Lightfoot (7. e. p. 825), specimens after being kept for some years in paper (or in herbaria) turn to a russet- grey (or cervine). In other respects the thallus and apothecia vary con~ siderably in character, giving rise to the subspecies, forms, and varieties which follow. The apothecia are generally somewhat scattered, though x 306 LICHENACEL [PuYscrA. numerous, and the spermogones, which are not uncommon, have the spermatia equally cylindrical, 0,006 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, and on old pales, rarely erratic on stone walls, chiefly in cultivated lowland and upland districts. —Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain and probably Ireland, becoming rare in N. Scotland; rare in the Channel Islands.— B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Edgeware, Middlesex; Hurstpierpoint and Lewes, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Wembury, Devonshire ; near Withiel, Cornwall ; Bourn, Cambridgeshire; Milton, Oxfordshire; Bolton Abbey, Lincoln- shire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Moor Park, Herefordshire; Crowle, Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Anglesea, N. Wales; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Middleton, Teesdale, Durham; Kendal, Westmoreland. Largs, Ayrshire; near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Cults, near Aberdeen, and Abergeldie Castle, Aberdeenshire; Applecross House, Ross-shire ; Carrigaloe and Aghada, co. Cork; Ballynegarde, co. Limerick; Dun-. kerron, co. Kerry. Form 1. panniformis Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. (1880) p. 571; Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Thallus with the lacinie short, crowded, densely imbricate. Apothecia small.—Lichenoides glaueum orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 71>. One of those panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens which have recently been noted, forming as it were a thickish congested crust, the laciniz presenting their normal appearance ‘only at the extreme circum- ference of the thallus in entire specimens. In the fertile plants seen, the apothecia are few and small, with the receptacular margin thickish. Hab, On the trunks of old trees in upland districts.—Dést. Only in W. England and among the Central Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: He boro’ Magna, Warwickshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Form 2. deminuta Cromb. Journ. Bot, 1882, p. 273.—Thallus effuse, more or less diffract, the lacinize minute. Apothecia very small, pruinose. Probably only a starved condition of the preceding form, in which the lacini are either somewhat congested or scattered. In our few speci- mens the apothecia are, with one exception, very sparingly present. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in maritime and upland dis- tricts— Distr. Only sparingly in S. and W. England, 8. Wales, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Shanklin and Appuldur- combe, Isle of Wight; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Form 3. argyphea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 104.—Thallus entirely white-pruinose ; lacinie somewhat firm and slightly dilated at the circumference. Apothecia constantly pruinose, the receptacle often unequal or sometimes subcrenulate.—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Sce. Bot, xvii. p. 571.—Parmelia pulverulenta B. argyphea Ach. Lich. PHYSC1A, | PHYSCIEL. 307 Univ. (1810) p. 474. Lichenoides glaucwm orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 713. The milk-white pruina with which the thallus and apothecia are covered is often but little dense. It has somewhat the appearance of subsp. pityrea, from which it at once differs in the absence of soredia. The apothecia are rare in the British specimens, Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in S. England, the Central Grampians, Scotland, and §.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Isle of Wight. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Adare, co. Limerick. Var. 6. subvenusta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, t. vi. (1872) p. 285.—Thallus more or less pruinose. Apothecia mode- rate or somewhat large, pruinose, the receptacle crowned at the base.—Physcia pulverulenta f. laciniolata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p-. 358. P. pulverulenta var. venusta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 186 pro parte. Lichen pulverulentus Eng. Bot. t. 2063. Lichen stellaris 3. Lightf. Fl. Scot. li. p. 824; y. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 584; var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 81. Lichenoides scutellis limbo cinereo crispo cinctis Dill. in Ray Syn.-ed. 3, p. 75. Distinguished by the lacinioli or lobules which crown the base of the receptacle, in which respect it is subsimilar to subsp. venusta. Occa- sionally the thallus also is more or less covered with minute suberect lobules, The apothecia are generally numerous, and, in entire specimens, some have the receptacle nearly or quite naked. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Somewhat local and scarce‘in England; rare in 8. Scotland and among the S. Grampians—B. M.: Norwich, Norfolk; Henfield and Glynde, Sussex ; Respring and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Kemble, Wilt- shire; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire; near Cambridge; Oswestry, Shropshire; Levens, Westmoreland. Ravelrig, near Edinburgh; Fin- larig, Killin, Perthshire. Var. y. angustata Nyl. Act. Soc, Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 308.—Thallus somewhat small, pale greyish-red or subcervine, epruinose ; laciniz narrow, discrete, beneath densely blackish-hispid with rhizinie. Apothecia rather small, naked or pruinose, brown or brownish-black.—-Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147, ed. 3, p. 185.—Borrera pulverulenta 6. angustata Mudd, Man. p. 110. Lichen angustatus Hoffm. Enum, (1784) p. 77, t. 11. £.2; The narrow discrete laciniz and the numerous rhizine render this a well-marked variety. In its typical condition, as noticed by Acharius, Lich. Univ. p. 474, the lacinize are continuous from the centre to the cir- cumference; but intermediate states occur in which the laciniz are shorter and not so continuous, as is usually the case in Britain. The apothecia in our specimens are not very numerous. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in upland districts.—Distr. Local and. x2 308 LICHENACEI. [eHyscra rare in §. England and S.W. Scotland.—B, M.: a ee aaaee Isle of Wight; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Ilsham Valley, Torquay, and Wembury, 8. Devon. Near Creetown, Kirkcudbrightshire. Var. 5. subpapillosa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Thallus greyish-white, pruinose, almost entirely subgranulato-unequal or subpapillato-granulate. Apothecia nearly moderate, pruinose, with turgid margin. A very singular and, if constant, well-marked variety, which is so ab- normal that at first sight it would scarcely be referred to this species. In the single specimen seen the thallus has only one or two short lacinise here and there visible at the extreme circumference. There are but two apothecia present, in which the margin is also slightly subpapillate. Hab. On the trunk of an old tree in a lowland tract—Distr. Seen only from E. England.—B. M.: Bury St, Edmunds, Suffolk. Subsp. 1. P. venusta Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 883.—Thallus cervine or cervine-greyish, epruinose, somewhat narrowly incised. Apothecia moderate, the margin crowned with horizontal thalline lacinioli.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia pulverulenta var. venusta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 89; Leight. Lich. FL. p. 147 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 186 pro parte. Parmelia venusta Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 211, t. 8. f. 5. Differs in the colour of the naked thallus, the narrower laciniz, and the coronate margins of the apothecia, which entitle it to rank as a subspecies. It is to be noted, however, that states occasionally occur evidently belonging to this subspecies in which the receptacular margin is nearly or almost denudate (form ecoronata Cromb.). The apothecia in the British specimens are not numerous, though somewhat crowded. Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded upland situations.— Dist. Local and scarce in 8.W. io S.W. Scotland, the 8. and W. Highlands, and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ilsham, Torquay, 8. Devon. New Gallo- way, Kirkeudbrightshire ; by Loch Tay, Kenmore, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork; Ballynegarde, co. Limerick. * Subsp. 2. P. pityrea Nyl. e Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 383.—Thallus subeffuse, thinner, appressed and adnate, greyish- white or subcervine ; lacinise somewhat short, sorediate at the mar- gins (K~, CaCl_). Apothecia small, pruinose, the margin crenulate or sorediato-lacerate ; spores 0,024-28 mm. long, 0:015-18 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia pulverulenta var. pityrea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 388; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3, p. 135. Parmelia pityrea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201. Lichen pityreus Ach, Prodr. (1798) p. 124; Eng. Bot. t. 2064. Borrera pulveru- lenta y. grisea (Lam.} Mudd, Man. p. 111. Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 23. PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIET. 309 f. 71c.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 83; Leight. n. 370; Cromb. n. 51; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 48. Well characterized by the thinner, more adnate thallus, the shorter and marginally sorediate laciniz, and the smaller apothecia with their usually sorediate thalline margin. These characters, more especially the soredia, which are sometimes very abundant and obliterate the laciniw in the centre of the thallus, make it a distinct subspecies. In our specimens the apothecia, which are central, are not often present; and the spermo- gones, which are similar to those of the type, are also but rarely seen. Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on old walls, in maritime, lowland, and upland cultivated tracts.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Rngland ; apparently rare in Scotland and the Channel Islands; not yet with certainty gathered in Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Saham Wood, Norfolk; near Bury, Suffolk; High Beech, Epping Forest, Essex ; Basingstoke, Kent; Glynde, Sussex; Lymington, Hants ; Ryde and Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; near Cheltenham and Ciren- cester, Gloucestershire; Edgeware, Middlesex; near Elstree, Herts; Pampisford, Cambridgeshire; near Adderbury, Oxfordshire; Malvern and near Kempsey, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Ludlow Park, Shropshire; Aberdovey, N. Wales; Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire; Blair- drummond, near Stirling ; Glen Ample, Perthshire ; Drum, near Aberdeen. Subsp. 3. P. muscigena Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 418.—Thallus de- pressed at the circumference, more or less ascending in the centre, livid-chestnut or cervine-brown, usually czsio-pruinose ; lacinis somewhat short, dilated and discrete (K_,CaCl_). Apothecia with the thalline margin crenate ; spores 0,024-30 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p.’78.—Physcia pulverulenta var. muscigena Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 479, ed. 3, p. 1386. Parmelia muscigena Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 472. Distinguished by the lacinize, the crenate margin of the apothecia, the smaller spores, and the nature of the habitat. These differences, however, are scarcely sufficient to warrant our regarding it, with some older and more recent authors, as a distinct species, but only as a well-marked sub- species of this very variable plant. In the only British specimen gathered the apothecia, which are elsewhere very rare, are not present, nor are the spermogones visible. Hab, On decayed mosses on the ground in a subalpine region.— Distr, Found only on the summit of one of the Central Grampians, Scotland — B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 11. P. subdetersa Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 344.—Thallus orbicular, moderate, pale-cervine, subnaked or here and there yellowish-sore- diate ; lacinie somewhat short (K—); medulla yellow (K+ deeper yellow), Apothecia unknown. Well distinguished from P. pulverulenta var. detersa Nyl. (which has not occurred with us) by the colour of the medulla. It approaches P. enteroxantha Nyl., a Pyrenean plant, but differs in not being white- pruinose and in the medullary reaction. It is never seen fertile. 310 LICHENACEI. [PHYscrs Hab. Among mosses on rocks in subalpine regions.— Distr. Only very sparingly in W. England and the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: orth Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 12. P. aquila Ny]. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 309. —Thallus suborbicular, appressed, narrowly laciniate, chestnut- brown; beneath pale and sparingly blackish-fibrillose ; lacinice multi- partite, somewhat convex, explanate at the circumference, imbri- cato-congested (K—, CaCl_). Apothecia adnate, moderate, con- cave or somewhat plane, brownish-black, the margin tumid, sub- erenate; spores 0,030-44 mm. long, 0,018-25 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153, ed. 8, p. 142.—Borrera aquila, Mudd, Man. p.111. Parmelia aquila Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148. Lichen aquilus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 109; Eng. Bot. t.982. Lichen pullus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 825. Lichen fuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p.533. Lichen obscurus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28. Lichenoides angustifolium fuscum, scutellis pullis Dill. Muse. 175, t. 24. f. 69.—Brit. Has.: Leight. n. 144; Larb. Cesar. n. 28; Dicks. Hort. Sic. 25; Bohl. n. 111. Easily recognized by its chestnut-brown, narrowly laciniate thallus, and by its saxiculous habitat. The thallus, of which the cortical layer presents intricate tubulose cavities, is sometimes widely expanded, in which case in old plants it occasionally becomes zonately centrifugal. States occasionally occur with us passing into var. s¢tzppea (Ach.), but not sufficiently typical. The apothecia are common, sometimes very nume- rous and acceded, with the spores often thicker at one or the other apex. The spermogones also are not unfrequent. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts, rarely on hills at some distance from the sea in upland tracts.—Distr. General and not uncommon on most of the rocky coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands; very abundant on the coast of Kincardineshire in N.E. Scotland. —B. M.: Petit Port, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Near Chichester, Sussex ; Torquay, Bolt Head, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and near Okehampton, Devonshire; ‘l'emple Moor, Stoneyford, Penzance, The Lizard, Roche rocks, and Helminton, Cornwall; Mynydd-~y-Myfyr, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth and Harlech Castle, Merionethshire; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea; Douglas Head, Isle of Man; Holy Island, North- umberland ; Barrowmouth, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire; King’s Park and Turfin Hill, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Argyle- shire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Ballycotton and Mizen Head, co. Cork; Kenmare River, co? Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway; Ardglass, co. Down. 13. P. stellaris Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 38.—Thallus orbicular, stellari-appressed, multifido-laciniate, white, greyish or glancous- white; beneath whitish, with greyish fibrillose rhizine ; lacinixe sub- linear, convex, contiguous (K+ CaCl). Apothecia submode- PILYSCTA. | PHYSCTEI. 311 rate, sessile, brownish-black, cxsio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire or crenate; spores 0,016—24 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78..-Parmelia stellaris Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 pro parte; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201 pro parte. Lichen stellaris Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1144; Ach. Prodr. p.111. Borrera obscura (3. chloantha (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p.110. Physcia retro-- gressa Stirt. Trans. Glasg. Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85 vix differt.—As - observed by Acharius (Meth. p. 209) the synonymy was then (as it still is) for the most part doubtful. It is, however, the plant of Linneus according to specimens in his herbarium.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 81. Distinguished from P. pulverulenta and its varieties by the smaller, epruinose thallus, which does not become greenish when moist, and by the smaller spores. It has been almost always confounded with the fol- lowing species, and especially with its var. 8. The apothecia are nume- rous, chiefly central, with the margin often flexuose. The spermogones are not untrequent, with spermatia equally cylindrical, 0,0045 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. It is a variable plant, presenting the varieties and subspecies to be described. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees by roadsides, and in avenues of lowland and upland tracts.—Disér. Seen only froma very few localities in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt overlooked else- where.—B. M.: Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Monaltrie House, Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Var. 3. leptalea Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 425.—Thallus narrowly laciniate ; lacini discrete, appressed, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins, the cilia whitish or brownish ; otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 140.—Lichen leptaleus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 108. Borrera hispida Mudd, Man. p- 106. Lichenoides hispidum minus et tenerius, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. t. 20. f. 46, a, B, D. Differs in the narrower, more discrete, and marginally ciliate lacinia. It must not be confounded, as has sometimes been done, with less forni- cate states of the following subspecies. The apothecia, which are not unfrequent, vary similarly to those of the type. Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks, in lowland and upland districts.—Distr. Occurs only here and there throughout England, in N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland; rare in Ireland.—B. M.: St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lymington, Hants; Brading, Isle of Wight ; Bolt Head, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; near Gainsford, Dur- ham. Near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Blairdrummond, Perthshire ; Auchterhouse, Forfarshire; Cults, near Aberdeen. Carri- galoe, Cork Harbour. : Var. y. subobscura Nyl. Sillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn, Forh. iv. (1859) p. 239; Syn. i. p.426.—Thallus greyish or greyish-brown, beneath white with scarcely any rhizine; lacinie short, narrow, the marginal cilia blackish or dark ; otherwise as in the preceding 312 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA. variety.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 141; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78. Might be taken for a state of P. obscura or P. cesia esorediate, from both of which it is readily distinguished by the marginal cilia. It is closely allied to the preceding variety, from which it differs in the colour of the thallus and of the cilia, and in the almost entire absence of rhizinze on the under surface. In the few British specimens there are no apo- thecia. Hab, On rocks in maritime districts —Distr. Only in the Channel Islands, the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Barcal- dine, Argyleshire. Aes oo Fig. 57. Coccocarpia plumbea Nyl.—a. A theca and paraphysis, X350. 8. Three spores, x500. c¢. Vertical section of two spermogones, x30. d. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. 0,016-30 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 48.—Pannaria plumbea Mudd, Man. p. 121; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 170, ed. 8, p. 154. Placodium plumbeum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.197. Parmelia plumbea Hook. FI. Scot. li. p. 58; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p- 142. Lichen plumbeus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 826, t. 26 (lower fig.) ; With. Arr. iv. p. 60; Eng. Bot. t. 353. Lichen ceru- lescens Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 531. Lichenoides tenue et molle, Agarici facie Dill. Muse. 179, t. 24. f. 73.— Brit. Hxs,: Leight. n. 233 ; Cromb. n. 56; Larb. Cesar. n. 72 pro parte ; Lich. Hb. n. 253, A well-marked and easily recognized plant, varying in diameter from 3 to 6 inches, and occasionally still more expanded. The thallus is often COCcOCARPIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 347 concentrically rugulose towards the circumference, is very rarely partly panniform, and occasionally bears pale rhizine on the under surface. The apothecia are small in proportion to the size of the thallus, though some- times moderate, occasionally having the appearance of being compound, while rarely they are proliferous, with the margin crenate and inflexed. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, seldom on mossy boulders and walls, in maritime and upland wooded regions.—Distr. General and common, especially in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland ; scarce in the Channel Jslands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey ; Islands of Guernsey, Crevichou, and Alderney. Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight ; South Brent and Bolt Head, Devonshire ; near Penzance, Bodmin, Pentire, Bocconoe and Respring, Cornwall; Cader Idris, and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Aber, Carnarvonshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Eglestone, Durham; Keswick and Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Appin, and Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire; Glen Falloch, Glen Lochay, and Killin, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cromaglown and Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 3. myriocarpa Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 128.—Thallus microphylline or granulose in the centre. Apothecia rather small, numerous, often margined by the granulose thallus.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43.—Pannaria plumbea 3. myriocarpa Mudd, Man. p. 122; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 154. Parmelia plumbea var. myriocarpa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 606.— Brit. Eas.: Cromb. n. 57 ; Larb. Cesar. n. 72 pro parte. Differs in the smaller, less developed thallus, which is frequently gra- nulose almost throughout, and is thus analogous to var. 8 of Pannaria rubiginosa. The apothecia are usually crowded, and ina young state are often crowned by greyish thalline granules (form lecanoroidea Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44). Hab, On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland wooded re- ions.—Distr. Rather local in 8.W. and N. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands, and N.E. Scotland ; rare in the Channel Islands and S. Ireland. —B.M.: Island of Jersey. Throwleigh, Totnes, and near Hopton, Devon- shire; near Penzance, Cornwall; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Near Campsie, Dumbartonshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; The Trossachs, Aberfeldy, and Killin, Perthshire; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Deer Park, Castlebernard, co. Cork. Subtribe II. LECANORET Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 458. Thallus squamulose, granulose or pulverulent, internally contain- ing gonidia, Apothecia typically lecanorine; spores 8ne, rarely numerous, simple or variously divided; paraphyses discrete. Sper- mogones usually with jointed sterigmata, Well distinguished from the preceding subtribe by the gonidial layer consisting of eugonidia. It is very variable in the characters of the thallus and fructification, sometimes, in the latter respect, passing as it were into the subtribe of the Lecidcei. 348 LICHENACEI. [LEPROLOMA. 59. LEPROLOMA Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.—Thallus mono- phyllo-lobate, submembranaceous, soft, pulverulent on the surface, containing gonidia. Apothecia and spermogones unknown. A pseudo-genus separated by Nylander from Amphiloma (now restricted to exotic species) on account of the thallus being leprarioid and always sterile. Indeed in Lich. Scand. p. 129, he had aid. in regard to the single species of which it consists, “it is possible that our lichen may be a de- graded state of a type which we do not yet know.” In the absence of fructification, its systematic place is quite uncertain. 1. L. lanuginosam Nyl. 7. ¢—Thallus orbicular or subeffuse, grapuloso-pulverulent in the centre, white or yellowish-white, lobes subimbricate, adpresso-adnate (K —); hypothallus tomentose, bluish-black.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Amphiloma lanugi- nosum Mudd, Man. p. 126; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 170, ed. 3, p.156. Squamaria lanuginosa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 53. Parmelia lanuginosa Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 53; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 489; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ti. p. 148. Lichen lanugi- nosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p.120. Lichen membranaceus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 21,t. 6.f.1; With. Arr, iv. p. 61.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 55; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 332. The thallus, which is moderate, or at times somewhat expanded, is occasionally granuloso-pulverulent almost throughout, so that the lobes are nearly obliterated. It is never seen except sterile, though apothecia have been described both by Dickson and Acharius; by the former as being “ few, minute, pale-yellow,” and by the latter as ‘‘ minute, reddish, with pulverulent margin.” Apart from the discrepancy as to colour, these evidently were not the true fructification. Hab. On decayed mosses on shaded rocks, chiefly granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland situations— Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands—B.M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Lustleigh Cleeve, 5. Devon; Roche Rock, Cornwall ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Longmynd Hill and Stiperstones, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Falcon Clints, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Wastdale, Cumberland. Black Craig, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbarton- shire ; Achrosagan Hill, Appin ; The Trossachs and Craig Calliach, Perth- shire ; Canlochan, Fortfarshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Bonane, near Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 60. LECANORA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 77; Nyl. emend. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus radiato- laciniate, squamulose, granulose, rarely leprose or evanescent. Apo- thecia lecanorine, occasionally biatoroid; spores usually 8nzx, seldom numerous, ellipsoid or oblong, rarely fusiform, simple or sometimes locular or septate, usually colourless ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with jointed, rarely | simple sterigmata and various spermatia. LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 349 _A large genus comprising several subgenera, formerly ranking as distinct genera, but not sufficiently differing to warrant this arrangement. Indeed, so intimately are they related that Nylander seems at times in- clined to regard them as only leading sections. Some of these with bia- toroid apothecia have sometimes been arranged under the Lecidee?; but in most cases the apothecia are, at least in a young state, lecanorine, with the margin containing gonidia. In other instances the character of the spermogones indicates their true relation. Subgenus 1. PSOROMA Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. vy. (1886) p. 125.—Thallus squamulose or subgranulose, internally cellular. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8nve, ellipsoid, simple ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and short cylindrical spermatia slightly thickened at either apex.—Psoroma Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 91 pro minima parte ; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1885) p. 322. At once distinguished by the entirely cellular structure of the thallus. Most of the species are exotic, and of the few which are European, only one occurs in this couutry. Fig. 58. Lecanora (Psoroma) hypnorum Ach.—a. Vertical section of thallus, x 200. 5. Spores, x 500. vc. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. 1. L. hypnorum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 193; Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus indeterminate, squa- muloso-granulate, yellowish-brown or tawny-yellow; squamules minute, crenate or granulate (K—). Apothecia moderate or some- what large, at first urceolate, then plane, red or brownish, the thal- line margin granuloso-crenate; spores often somewhat acute at either apex, 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 189. 350 LICHENAOEI. [LECANORA. —Psoroma hypnorum Hoftm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 166 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 163, ed. 3, p. 149; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Pannaria hypnorum Mudd, Man. p. 124. Squa- maria hypnorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Lichen hypnorum Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 14; With. Arr. iv. p. 22; Eng. Bot. t. 740.— Brit. Eavs.: Larb. Cesar. n.'70; Cromb.n. 58 pro parte. Internally somewhat resembling more developed states of Pannaria brunnea, with which it is confounded in some of our older herbaria, but is definitely separated by the texture of the thallus. The plant is more or less effuse, with the squamules either somewhat discrete, or imbri- cately crowded, or sometimes little developed—according to the habitat. The hypothallus is very rarely visible, and only in corticolous speci- mens, where it is thin, greyish or greyish-brown (vide Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 125). The apothecia are generally numerous, becoming larger in old plants. Hab. Among mosses on the ground, rocks, and walls in maritime and upland districts —Distr. Rather local in England, N. Wales, and the Channel Islands, more frequent in Scotland ; not recorded from Ireland. —B.M.: Grosnez, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Yarmouth, Suffolk; Respring, Cornwall; Tresco, Scilly Islands; Hale’s End, near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Dur- ham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Hills above Greenock, Renfrewshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Killin, Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Clova and near Tuedes Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Form deaurata Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus bright-yellow or tawny-yellow. Apothecia rather large, with concolorous thalline margin.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.-Psoroma hypnorum form deaurata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 121 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44. Lecanora lepidora 3. deaurata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.418.— Brit. Hvs.: Cromb. n. 58 pro parte, Differs merely in the more yellowish thallus and the normally larger apothecia. When the thallus is less developed it is more luxuriant at the margins of the apothecia. Hab. Among mosses on boulders and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Seen only from N. Wales and the Highlands of Scot- land.—B. M.: Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subgenus 2. SQUAMARIA Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus radiately laciniate or cartila- gineo-squamose. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nw, ellipsoid, simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Sper- mogones with simple sterigmata and long, arcuate, spermatia,— Squamaria DC. FI, Fr. ii. (1805) p. 374; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. p. 177. LECANORA, | LECAN 0-LECIDEEI. 351 Characterized by the type of the thallus, which is comparable with that of Parmeliopsis, and by the structure of the spermogones, which are immersed, their ostioles being concolorous with the thallus. 7 Fig. 59. Lecanora (Squamaria) crassa Ach.—a. A theca and paraphysis, x 350. b. Two spores, X500. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. 2. L. crassa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 413.—Thallus indeter- minate or suborbicular, subcartilaginous, loosely adpressed, thick, squamoso-imbricate, pale-livid or pale-yellowish ; squamules some- what depressed, roundly lobato-crenate (K—). Apothecia mode- rate, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, reddish-brown, the thalline margin entire, at length excluded ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellip- soid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51.—Squamaria crassa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 193; Mudd, Man. p. 127; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p.171, ed. 3,p.157. Psoroma erassum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 444. Lichen crassus Huds. Fl. Ang]. ed. 2(1778), p. 580 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1893. Lichen cartilagineus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 815 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 29. Lichenoides cartilagineum, scutellis fulvis planis Dill. Muse. 179, t. 24. f.74.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n.5 ; Larb. Cesar. n. 73; Lich. Hb. n. 333; Cromb. n. 157; Bohl. n. 2; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24. The largest British species of the subgenus, with the thallus usually very much expanded, rarely smaller and somewhat orbicular, often here and there whitish. With us it is much less variable than it is in warmer regions, presenting only the following form. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia becoming rather large in age. Hab. On the ground and on rocks, chiefly caleareous, in maritime and upland districts. Distr. General and common in England and Wales; rarer in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B.M.: Quenvais, Tgland of Jersey; Islands of Herm and Guernsey. Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Berry Head, 8. Devon; St. Merryn, Cornwall; Cleeve Hull and Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol, Gloucester- shire; Pont Eynon, Glamorganshire ; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Aber- dovey, Merionethshire ; Snowdon and Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon- 352 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. shire; Rhyl, Flintshire ; Beaumaris and Puffin Island, Anglesea; Llan- pollen, Denbighshire; Dovedale, Derbyshire; Oswestry, Shropshire ; glestone, Durham ; Whitbarrow, Westmoreland. Arthur's Seat, Edin- burgh ; Black Isle and Island of Lismore, Appin, Argyleshire. Morning- ton, co. Meath; Killarney, co, Kerry. Form melaloma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 414.—Thallus with the squamules rounded and subentire, here and there blackish at the margins.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 91. Differs in the squamules being less crenate and more or less blackish at the margins. It is often, however, confluent with the type, from which it is scarcely to be distinguished unless as a state. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Apparently only in W. and Central England.—B. M.: Near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Durdham Downs, near Bristol, Gloucestershire. 3. L. lentigera Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 423.—Thallus orbi- cular, crustaceo-foliaceous, moderate, loosely appressed, areolato- squamose in the centre, radiato-lobed at the circumference, whitish or pale-whitish, subpruinose; lobes plane or somewhat concave, un- dulato-crenate(K —). Apothecia adnate, pale-testaceous, the thal- line margin thin, entire; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,045-0,005 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61.—Squa- maria lentigera Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195; Mudd, Man. p. 128, t. ii. f. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172, ed. 3, p- 159. Placodium lentigerumGray, Nat. Arr.i.p. 447, Lichen lenti- gerus Weber, Spicil. (1778) p.192; Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 11; Eng. Bot. t.871 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 27. Closely allied to Z. crassa, into which, as observed by Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 131), it seems to pass in the South of France. It is, however, distinguished by the thallus being smaller (at least twice as small), thin- ner, and differently coloured ; while it is also effigurato-radiating at the circumference. The apothecia are numerous, submoderate, at length sub- biatorine, with the thalline margin excluded. Hab. On cretaceous soil in maritime and upland tracts.—Dist». Found only sparingly in S. and E. Central England ; now almost extinct.—B.M.: Isle of Wight, Hampshire ; Newhaven, Sussex ; Gogmagog Hills and New- market Heath, Cambridgeshire. 4, L. chrysoleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 411.—Thallus lobato-squamose, peltato-affixed, ochroleucous or whitish-straw- coloured ; beneath sordid-pale, broadly blackish towards the circum- ference ; squamules firm, imbricate, lobed, plane, crenate or crenato- incised at the circumference (K —). Apothecia moderate, generally crowded, concave or plane, reddish-flesh-coloured, the thalline margin thin, flexuose ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44—Squamaria chrysoleuca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 158. Lichen chrysoleucus Sm. Trans. Linn. Soe. i. (1791) p. 82, t. 4. f. 5. ECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 353 A well-marked species which is rather variable in different regions. Though recorded by Leighton, /. c, fid2 Dr. Stirton, it is a very doubtful British plant, and is not at all likely to have occurred in the locality spe- cified, since it is certainly absent on the higher mts. of the vicinity. Hab, On granitic and schistose rocks in alpine places—Distr. Re- ported as gathered on Ben Brecht, Argyleshire. 5. L. cartilaginea, Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 415.—Thallus expanded, cartilaginous, imbricato-laciniate, somewhat shining, pale ochroleucous or greenish-straw-coloured; laciniw narrow, linear or sublinear, whitish beneath, slightly dilated, dichotomously divided or inciso-lobed or crenate at the apices (K —). Apothecia large, somewhat plane, fleshy- or tawny-testaceous, the thalline margin entire or crenulate; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.— Squamaria cartilaginea Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2802 ; Mudd, Man. p. 128; Cromb. Enum, p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172, ed. 3, p. 158. Lichen cartilagineus Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1795) p. 133, t. v. f. 4. Intermediate between the preceding and the following species, to the one or other of which it approaches in different regions, but diff-rs from both in the characters of the laciniz. In our British specimens the thallus is pulvinate, as it usually is elsewhere. The apothecia are numerous, be- coming at length irregularly lobed and angulose. Hab. On a single rock in a maritime locality. Distr. With certainty only in N. Wales, though reported also from Yorkshire (fide Leighton).— 7 M.: Near the outlet of Llyn Bodlyn, above Barmouth, Merioneth- shire, 6. L. saxicola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 431.—Thallus orbi- cular; moderate or somewhat large, appressed, areolato-crustaceous in the centre, radiate at the circumference, greenish- or pale-ochro- leucous ; radii contiguous, plane or subplicate, crenate at the apices. Apothecia small or moderate, plane or somewhat convex, pale- or brownish-testaceous, the thalline margin thin, entire or crenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,010--16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140.—Squa- maria saxicola Sm. Eng. Bot. v. p. 197 ; Mudd, Man. p. 129; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 173, ed. 3, p. 158. Placodium saxtcolum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447. Lichen saxicola Poll. Pl. Pal. (1777) p. 225; Eng. Bot. t. 1695. Lichen muralis Dicks. Crypt. fasc. i. p. 11; With. Arr. iv. p. 29.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 145; Mudd, n. 92; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 213; Bohl. n. 55. A rather variable plant which may be recognized from its British allies by the thallus being thinner, radiate, appressed, and areolate in the centre. Sometimes it is less appressed when it is rather thicker (approaching L. cartilaginea), and occasionally it is effuse and somewhat scattered. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming flexuose and difform from mutual pressure, with the margin at times flexuoso-crisp. Other and more marked differences in the thallus and apothecia give rise to the varieties and subspecies that follow. ‘ 2a 354 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls, sometimes on flints, tiled roofs, rarely on oak pales, in maritime and upland districts—Dzstr, General, though somewhat scarce where it occurs, in the Channel Islands and England ; rarer in Scotland and Ireland.—B.M.: Fliquet Bay, Island of Jersey; Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey; Island of Sark. Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Yarmouth, Suffolk; near London, Middlesex; Shiere, Surrey ; Penshurst, Kent; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Penzance, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Bed- fordshire; Ross, Herefordshire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Bridge of Ludlow, Haughmond Hill, Oswestry, and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Bar- mouth: and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near KMglestone, Durham; Kendal and Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Wark and Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright- shire; Arthur's Seat and Dalmahoy Hill, Edinburgh; Kyles of Bute, Arran; Burntisland, Fifeshire; near Connel Ferry, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Forfarshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kilcully, near Cork; near Belfast, co. Antrim. Var. G. diffracta Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 133.—Thallus almost entirely areolato-diffract ; areole angular, usually blackish at the margins. Apothecia dark-reddish.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44._Squamaria saxicola var. diffracta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 ; Leight. Lich. FL. p. 173, ed. 3, p.159. Lichen diffractus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 63. Squamaria saxicola var. areolata Leight. Mudd, Man. p. 129.—Brit. Hus.: Leight. n. 81; Mudd, n. 93. In this variety the radii, which are constantly plane, are visible only at the immediate circumference, the rest of the thallus being entirely areo- late. The apothecia in our specimens are but sparingly present, with the thalline margin subcrenate and at length nearly obliterated. Hab. On rocks in upland and subalpine situations Distr, Local and scarce in 8.W., W., and N. England, and among the 8, and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: St. Minver, Cornwall; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. y. versicolor Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 226.—Thallus whitish-yellow, more or less suffused with white. Apothecia with the thalline margin often white-pulverulent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvill. p. 44.—Squamaria saxievla var. versicolor Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 174, ed. 3, p. 159. Lichen versicolor Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 24. Differs in the colour of the usually smaller thallus, and in the character of the thalline margin of the somewhat crowded apothecia. Rarely it occurs with only the petipheral radii visible and scattered over the sub- stratum (form distans Cromb.), but this is quite accidental. Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in maritime and hilly tracts—- Distr. Rather sparingly in W. England, Wales, the S.W. Highlands and the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Chance’s Pitch, Malvern Worcestershire ; St. David’s, Pembrokeshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 855 Form dispersa Leight. Lich. Fi. ed. 3 (1879), p. 159.—Thallus pulvinate, the pulvinuli more or less distantly scattered, rounded, tunid, convex, white-suffused. Apothecia innate, minute, crowded. A peculiar form which at first sight seems very distinct, but is connected with the type by the state already noticed. The apothecia are numerous, becoming angulose from mutual pressure, #Zab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district.— Distr. Only in N, vas and apparently very rare.—B.M.: Great Orme’s Head, Carnar- vonshire. Subsp. L. albomarginata Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.—Thallus thicker, less appressed, with the radii broader, subimbricate, white at the margins. Apothecia somewhat large, the thalline margin thickish, inflexed or crenate, white.— Lecanora saxicola var. alhomaryinata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 8, p. 159. Squa- maria saxicola var. albomarginata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fi. F. Forh. xi. (1871). p. 181. Entitled to rank as a subspecies on account of the marked difference in the characters of the thallus. In the only entire British specimen seen the thallus is orbicular and moderate, the apothecia being somewhat crowded in the centre. Hab. Incrusting decayed mosses on rocks and walls in upland situa- tions. —Distr. Local and scarce in 8. and W. England.—B. M.: Near Lewes, Sussex; Cheshire. 7. L. pruinifera Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. 13 (1866) p. 368, not. 2.—Thallus orbicular, opaque, whitish, subfarinaceous on the surface, placodioid at the circumference (CaCl+red). Apothecia moderate, ceesio-pruinose, the thalline margin subcrenate or some- times entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly tawny-yellow with iodine-—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Lecanora pruinosa Chaub. in St. Amand. Fl. Agen. (1821) p. 495 has priority, bufi was previously applied to another species of the genus. Near var. 8 of the preceding species, but at once differing in the sub- farinaceous thallus, the pruinose apothecia, and the chemical reaction. In our only British specimen the thallus is small and the apothecia few. Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland tract.—Distr. Found only very sparingly in W. England.—B. M.: Cleve Hill, Somersetshire. Subgen. 3. PLACOPSIS Nyl. Ann. Se. Nat. Bot. t. xv. (1862) p. 376.—Thallus crustaceo-adnate, more or less effigurate at the circumference, cephalodiiferous, the cephalodia externally placo- dioid, internally containing gonimia. Apothecia lecanorine; theca cylindrical; spores 8nz, oblong or ellipsoid, simple; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate or substraight spenmalia: . ZAZ 356 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Allied to subgenus Sguamaria, under which the species have usually been included, but distinguished by the cephalodia, which are constant in all the species (most of which are exotic) under all conditions of growth. 8. L. gelida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 428.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, rimoso-areolate in the centre, laciniato-radiose at the circumference, sordid-white or pale- greyish (K-+yellow, CaCl + red); cephalodia scattered, greyish- or brownish-flesh-coloured. Apothe- cia moderate, adnate, concave or plane, pale-testaceous, the thalline margin thick, entire ; spores ellip- soid, 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xv. p. 2382; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140.—Squamaria gelida ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195; Mudd, Fig. 60. Man. p. 129; Cromb. Lich. Brit. ees eee p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 174, ed. 3, é eons p18. Fiacadlun gelitumn Gray, Sse se Seite ee Nat. Arr. i.p.448. Lichen gelidus matia, x 500. Linn. Mant. ii, (1771) p. 133; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 19; With. Arr. iv. p.26; Eng. Bot. t. 699.— Brit. Exs.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 50, Easily recognized amongst British Zecanoret by the cephalodiiferous thallus, which is usually of moderate size, greyish-flesh-coloured when moist, and occasionally sprinkled with greyish or greyish-olive, impressed soredia. The cephalodia, which are more or less numerous according to the development of the thallus, are depresso-verrucarioid, at length radi- ato-rimose, internally with the gonimia ier or often several moni- liform. The apothecia, when present (for the thallus is often sterile), are usually sparingly scattered. A young sterile state, with the thallus little develope and scattered and bearing a few young cephalodia, is form dis- persa (non Fr.), Cromb, Grevillea, i. p. 171; Leight. Lich. F1. iii. p, 160, Hab. On rocks, granitic, schistose, and old red sandstone, in upland and subalpine districts.—Distr. Rather local in England and Wales, more frequent in Scotland, and probably also in Ireland—B, M.: St. Austell, Cornwall; Cader Idris, Dolgelly, and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Knock Morton Screes, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Loch Awe, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Clova and Canlochan, Forfarshire; Glen Caudlic and Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Ben Nevis, and Fort Augustus, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron, and Connor Cliffs, Dingle, co, Kerry; Letterfrack and Recess, Conne- mara, co. Galway ; Carnlough, co. Antrim. LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEET. 357 Subgen. 4. PLACODIUM Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh, v. (1866) p. 126.—Thallus radiating, usually effigurate at the circumference. Apothecia often at length subbiatorine ; spores ne, ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, usually with longitudinal tube, very rarely simple or subsimple; hymenial gelatine (especially the thees) bluish with iodine. Spermogones with shortly jointed sterigmata, and straight, oblong or bacilliform spermatia.— Placo- ee Fi. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 377; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. p- : Odd. 4 sO ues, ©, il eog santiOO treet} re ee eee ne o? Tyce. og hy 0 gag, age 9g oO sFosph ogo Oghgas on? Ogi ey Cie Oo p00 Doagds So 00g ly 4 00p + 800050 59000000500, OF ode doadsdpdotgtgoa, 920 Fig. 61. Lecanora (Placodium) callopisma Ach.—a. Vertical section of thallus, x 200. 6, Three spores, x 500. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. Known by the more or less radiose thallus (which is variously yellow, very rarely whitish), by the usual mode of division of the spores, and by the short arthrosterigmata. The spermogones are externally somewhat prominent, with the ostioles in the yellow thalli orange-yellow. 9. L. fulgens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 437; Nyl. ew Hue, Revue Bot. 1886, p. 21.—Thallus orbicular, submonophyllous, adnate, opaque, laciniato-divided at the circumference, pale yellow or citrine ; laciniz crenate or crenato-lobulate (K+ reddish-purplish). Apothecia small, plane or convex, orange-coloured, K + purplish, the thalline margin concolorous, at length obliterated; spores simple, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Placodium fulgens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447; Mudd, Man. p. 131; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178, ed. 3, p.164. Squamaria fulgens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen fulgens Sw. N. Act. Upsal. iv. (1794) p. 246 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1667 ; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 24.—Brit. Ews.: Larb. Cesar. n. 27; Lich. Hb. n. 296; Cromb. n. 155. From the simple spores this might be referred, as has often been done, to subgenus Syuamaria. Its true place, however, is shown by the 358 LICHENACE. [LEcaNoRA. structure of the spermogones, The thallus, which is of moderate size, is often thinly white-pruinose, especially towards the centre, but becomes citrine when moistened. The apothecia, which are chiefly central, are in age subbiatorine. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous soil, shell-sand, and in the crevices of rocks in mavitime tracts.—Distr. Local, thongh not uncommon where it occurs in the Channel Islands, 8. England, and 8. Wales.—B. M.: Quenvvis, Island of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight ; Newhaven and Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex; Bray Hill, St. Minver, Cornwall; Stackpole Court and Lydstep, Pembrokeshire. 10. L. elegans‘ Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 485.—Thallus orbi- cular, appressed, stellato-radiate, thickish, orange- or tawny-red ; lacinie subdiscrete, multifid, convex, torulose (K+ purplish). Apo- thecia moderate, adnate, somewhat concave or nearly plane, conco- lorous (K+ purplish), the thalline margin entire ; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 50 pro parte —Placodium elegans Mudd, Man. p. 131, t. ii. f. 41; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178, ed. 3, p. 163. Squamaria elegans Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen elegans Link, Ann. Bot. i. (1794) p. 87.—This is the plant of most British authors only in so far as relates to the diagnosis (evidently borrowed from Acharius) given by them, the localities and habitats cited being chiefly erroneous. A beautiful lichen, somewhat resembling Physcia partetina vay. ectanea, but is of an Arctic or Alt-alpine type. From the other species of the subgenus it is easily recognized by the thallus being distinctly corticate on both sides. Elsewhere in Europe it is rather variable, presenting several well-marked varieties, of which only one has been met with in this country. The few British specimens seen are rarely fertile, the spermogones also being rare, with spermatia 0,003-4 mm, long, 0,101 mm. thick. Hab, On granitic rocks in alpine situations.— Distr. Only very spar- ingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Lochnagar and Cu.irngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. f Var. f. tenuis Ach. Syn. (1815) p. 183.— Thallus small, thin ; Jacinie narrow, discrete. Apothecia small_—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Lichen elegans B. tenuis Wablenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) p. 417. Lecanora elegans form minor Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 571. Placcdium elegans (3. discreta (Scher.), Mudd, Man. p. 181. Lichenoides tenuissimum, scutellis exiguis miniatis Dill. Muse. 175, t. 24. £. 68. Differs in the much smaller thallus, the nayrower subfiliform discrete yadii, and the smaller apothecia. In most British specimens the thallus is minute, with the 1adii somewhat scattered, and very sparingly fertile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in subalpine situations.— Distr. Very local and searce in 8, Wales, N. England, and among the N. Giampians, ScotJand.—B. M.: Whimbold Rocks, near New Radnor, Radnorshire ; East Allendale, Northumberland. Craig Guic, Braemar, Aberdcenshive. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 359 11. L. murorum Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 443; Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, usually whitish- suffused, subrimoso-areolate in the centre, plicato-radiose at the circumference, vitelline-yellow or citrine; radii somewhat turgid, crenate and often also inciso-plicate at the apices (K + purplish). Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, tawny-yellow, orange- coloured or concolorous with the thallus (K + purplish); the thalline margin entire, paler or concolorous; spores 0,009-15 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140 pro parte.—Plucodium murorum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 161 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 182 pro parte; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 pro parte. Squa- maria murorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194 pro parte. Lichen murorum Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 63; Eng. Bot. t. 2157 (lower fig.). Lichen Slavescens Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 445 pro parte. A species until recently little understood and very imperfectly limited, so that the trivial name of murorum, as applied to it by British and other authors, is, to a great extent, a nomen vagum. It appears under two con- ditions of growth—a larger, with the thallus more developed and extended (var. 8 major Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 416) ; and a smaller, with the thallus rosulate and stunted (var. pulvinata Mass. Symm. Lich. p. 18). Both states are usually well fertile, the apothecia being numerous and often crowded. The spermogones have the spermatia vblongo-bacilliform, 0,030-35 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick. , Hab. On caleareous rocks and mortar of walls in maritime and lowland districts.— Distr. No doubt general and common, though seen only from a few localities in Great Britain —B. M.: Glynde, Sussex ; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, S. Devon; St. Austell, Cornwall ; near Cirencester, Gloucester- shire; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham: Wark- worth Castle, Northumberland. Morningside, near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; near Aberdeen. Var. 6. corticicola Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 8366.— Thallus smaller, more contracted and less developed, vitelline-yellow or greyish-green. Apothecia numerous, congested ; spores (often subsimple) -0,011-15 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 52. From the structure of the spores probably referable rather to the next subspecies, as suggested by Dr. Arnold (Flora, 1875, p. 158), though also approaching subsp. L. tegudaris in external aspect. The plant, as descrihed by Nylander, differs from the British specimens in the thallus being greyish-green, when the reaction with K 1s less distinct. Hab. On the trunk of an elm and on old timber in lowland districts.— Distr. Apparently very rare in 8S. and E. England.—B.M.: Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Great Willbraham, Cambridgeshire. Subsp. 1. L. decipiens Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 81 (nota), 1883, p- 106.—Thallus moderate, crowdedly verrucose in the centre, the verruce often cfflorescent with conculorous sorcdia, peripheral radii 360 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. rather narrow, imbricate. Apothecia small, the thalline margin entire, or at length subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, often somewhat curved, 2-locular (with K polari-bilocular), 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick.—Martind. Naturalist, 1887, p. 359. —Physcia decipiens Arn. Flora, 1866, p. 529, 1875, p. 153, t. v. figs. 2, 3.—Placodium decipiens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 162, refers chiefly to the following subspecies. Characterized by the central thalline verruce, the narrower radii, and more especially by the spores, the true structure of which, however, as in many other instances, becomes apparent on the application of K. The typical condition here described, represented by Arnold’s Lich. Exs, n. 445, may, as suggested by Nylander (Flora, 1883, /. c.), be the original Lichen murorum of Hoffmann. In the very few British specimens seen, the apothecia are few and not well developed. The spermogones, how- ever, are more frequent with spermatia oblongo-bacilliform, 0,0380-85 mm. long, 0,0007-Y mm. thick. It is, as noted by Martindale, /.c., a somewhat variable plant, and the specimens (well fertile) issued by Larbalestier (s. n. var. camboricum Larb.) are referable to a state in which the thallus becomes effuse, or nearly so, the peripheral lobes being very irregularly produced. Hab. On walls in lowland districts.—Distr. Local in 8., W., and E. England.—B. M.: Shoreham, Kent; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Milton Church, Cambridgeshire. Subsp. 2. L. tegularis Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.—Thallus some- what small, short, plicato-radiate at the circumference, diffracto- areolate in the centre, naked or suffused, vitelline, pale-yellow, or miniate. Apothecia small, concave, then plane, concolorous or sub- concolorous with the thallus, the thalline margin entire ; spores as in the type, or occasionally somewhat smaller (0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick)—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Lichen teqularis Ehrh. Exs. n. 304 (1785). To miniate states are referable pro parte Squamaria miniata Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. p. 195. Placodium murorum y. miniatum Mudd, Man. p. 132; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175, ed. 3, p. 162 (ut sp. propr.). Lichen elegans Eng. Bot. t. 2181 (two left-hand figs.).—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 207; Mudd, n. 95; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 51. A smaller and rather variable plant, distinguished from the type and the preceding euberenes with both of which it is subconfluent, by the characters given. The thallus is at times somewhat scattered with the peri- pheral radii little distinct. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being numerous and varying in colour like the thallus. The spermogones have the spermatia either as in the type or a little smaller (0,002-3 mm. long, 0,0007-8 mm. thick). It is to vermilion-coloured states that the trivial name miniata (Hoffm.) has more especially been applied; but as other species growing in dry and exposed habitats, especially calcareous, have similarly coloured thalli, the name cannot with propriety be used either in a specific or varietal sense. Hab. On rocks and walls, very rarely on old timber, from maritime to upland situations.—Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain; rave in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 361 Island of Jersey. Near Glynde, Sussex; Kemble, Gloucestershire ; Weston, Oxfordshire ; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Broughton Castle, Westmoreland. The Trossachs, Perth- shire; Cove, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen. Form Arnoldi Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.—Thallus very small, epruinose, cinuabarine, shortly and narrowly radiose, diffracto- areolate in the centre. Apothecia minute, concolorous with the thallus.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Lccanora Arnoldi Wedd. Bull. Soc. Bot. xxiii. (1876) p. 96. ZL. miniata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140. Only a minute condition of the type with naked miniate thallus and apothecia. The three British specimens seen are well fertile. Hab, On dry calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. —Distr. Only in N.E. England, the N. Grampians, Scotland, and S.W. Treland.—B. M.: Hartlepool, Durham. Morrone, Aberdeenshire. Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. Var. 6. obliterascens Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 99.—Thallus small, slightly and narrowly radiate at the circumference, vitelline. Apo-- thecia small, plane or convex, the thalline margin at length often obliterated ; spores 0,008-0,011 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. According to Nylander J. c., apparently only a variety of this sub- species. In our British specimens, it occurs on the substratum in small scattered patches, which occasionally have a tendency to become con- fluent. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, almost. obliterating the thallus. Hab, On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Found only in N. England, the Central Grampians, and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Bassenthwaite, Cumberland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Cove, Kin- cardineshire. 12. L. dissidens Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 298.—Thallus orbicular, appressed, somewhat small, stellato-radiate, vitelline ;_ lacinice narrow, plane or somewhat convex, discrete, subfree at the circum- ference (K+ purplish), Apothecia small, plane, concolorous (K+ purplish), the thalline margin subentire or crenulate ; spores 0,009-0,016 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 180.—Placodium murorum form dissidens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 161. Lichen flavicens With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 25 pro parte.— Lichen elegans Eng. Bot. t. 2181 (right-hand fig.). Looks like a variety of ,D. elegans, but is distinguished by the colour (rarely subminiate) of the planer lacini. It approaches states of subsp. L. tegularis, but the lacinie are more discrete, and the thalline margin of the apothecia usually more or less crenate. The British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On slate roofs of outhouses and on brick walls in lowland and up- land tracts —Distr. Found only here and there in England, but probably 362 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA, uot uncommon.—B. M.: Near Groombridge, Sussex; near Stroud and King’s Stanley, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire ; Brigsteer, Westmoreland. 13. L. callopisma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 437.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, smooth, radiato-lobed, bright-yellow, often very thinly white-suffused; lobes rimoso-areolate in the centre, dilated and nearly plane at the circumference (K+ purplish). Apo- thecia subsessile, plane or slightly convex, orange-coloured (K+ purple}; the thalline margin thickish, flexuose or subcrenulate, paler; spores broadly citriformi-ellipsoid, 0,008-15 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Placodium callopismum Mudd, Man. p. 188, t.ii. f.42; Cromb, Enum. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 162. Lichen murorum Eng. Bot. t. 2157 (upper fig.). Lichen candelarius 3. Lightf. ? Fl. Scot. ii. p.811. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis et scutellis flavis Dill. Muse. 236, t. 18. f.18 A, C.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 118; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 164. Subsimilar to LZ. murorum, but well distinguished by the form of the peripheral radii, and more especially by the shape of the spores. The apothecia are generally numerous, becoming convex, with the thalline margin at length excluded. The spermogones, which are rarely present, have the spermatia bacilliform, 0,040-50 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and the mortar of walls, often on old ruins, in mari- time and upland districts.—Distv. Rather local in Great Britain; not seen from Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Framlingham, Suffolk; near Torquay and Plymouth, 8. Devon; Balleniptan owns, Somersetshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; Quy Churchyard, Cambridgeshire; near Bonsall, Tong Priory, and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire. Blair Athole, Perthshire. Subsp. L sympagea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197.—Thallus smaller, somewhat shining, smoothish, or ruguloso in the centre ; lacinie narrow, contiguous, convex, incurved and subcrenate at the apices (K + purplish). Apothecia somewhat small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lichen sympageus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 105. Pla- codium callopismum var. plicatum (Wedd.), Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 177, ed. 3, p. 163, In Herb. H. Davies there is a specimen with miniate thallus s. n. Lichen fulvus Dicks., but vide supra p. 299. According to Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 47) it is Lichen aurantius Pers. in Ust. Anu. Bot. ii. p. 14, which, being only another form of the prior trivial name Lichen aurantiacus Lightf., cannot be retained in Lecanora.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, nos. 94, 96; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 15. Externally often more resembling states of subsp. L. tegularis, but definitely separated by the form of the spores. From the type it differs so much in the lacinie, that it is well entitled to rank at least as a subspecies. The thallus, also, is usually smaller, often more or less shining and waxy-looking (miniate in maritime situations), with the apothecia fewer and smaller. Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, and on mortar of walls in mari- time (chiefly) and upland districts.—Diéstr, General and not uncommon LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET.. 363 in Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and probably also in Ireland.— B.M.: Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey; coast of Alderney. Reigate, Surrey; Glynde and Peasemarsh, Sussex; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Torquay and North Lynton, Devonshire; St. Maws, Cornwall; near Buxton and Cromford, Derbyshire; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; near Southerndown, Glamorganshire ; Manorbeer, near Tenby, Pem- brokeshire; Island of Anglesea; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; near Hartle- peal Durham; Arnbarrow, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland. sland of Lismore, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; West Water, Fifeshire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Cleghan, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 8. brevilobata Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 99.—Thallus moderate, unequally diffract, or verrucoso-areolate in the centre, shortly or obsoletely lobulate at the circumference. Apothecia and spores as in the type. Differs in the thalline characters given, the lacinie being also more dis- crete at the apices. The two Buitish specimens seen are but sparingly fertile. Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Very rare in N.W. England and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Foreshield, Alston, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 14. L. cirrochroa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 181; Ny]. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. p. 126.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, narrowly laciniate, bright orange-yellow, verruculose and citrino- sorediate towards the centre, radiate at the circumference, internally citrine; radii minute, somewhat convex, occasionally whitish- pruinose at the margins (K + purplish). Apothecia minute, scattered, plane, orange-coloured (K+ purple), the thalline margin subentire ; spores 0,013-18 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Placodium cirrochroum Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 161. Lecanora linearis Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260, according to a specimen from him- self in Hb. Brit. Mus., is only a very young state. Easily recognized by being internally citrine and superficially more or less citrino-sorediose. The thallus is small, rarely moderate (through the confluence of several thalli), with the radii slender. Specimens in which the radii become diffract and scattered (e. g. Taylor’s plant) closely approach LL, obliterans Nyl. (Flora, 1874, p. 7) and show that this, as suspected by Nylander, J. ¢.,is probably only a variety. With us it is always sterile. Hab. On caleareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.— Distr, Rather local and scarce in 8.W., Central, and N. England, in N. Wales; rare in the S.W. Hiehlands and the Central Grampians, Scotland, as also in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Sidmouth, Devonshire ; Yatton and Weston- super-Mare, Somersetshire; Dovedale, Derbyshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire ; Arnbarrow and near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 15. L. lobulata Somm. Suppl. Lapp. (1826) p. 104; Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 1Uu5.—Thallus subeffuse, arcolutu-verrucose, thin, scarcely 364 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. effigurate at the circumference, bright-yellow or orange-red (K+ purplish). Apothecia minute, numerous, plane or convex, con- colorous (K+ purple), thalline margin entire; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p.45.— Placodium murorum B. lobulatum Mudd, Man. p. 132; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45. —Var. obliteratwm (Pers.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 161.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 268; Cromb. n. 156; Larb. Cesar. n. 74; Lich. Hb. n. 295. Distinguished from all the preceding species by the less developed and almost non-radiate thallus. In a young state it is orbicular and slightly etfigurate, but becomes indeterminate (often spreading extensively), with the peripheral radii indistinct. When the colour is more miniate, it is Lichen obliteratus Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. ii. p. 15 (mintatus auctorum pro parte). The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, usually almost obliterating the thallus, becoming at length convex and immarginate. The spermogones have the spermatia oblong, 0,002-3 mm. long, 0,0005-7 mum. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts —Distr. Here and there through- out Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands; very abundant on the coast of Kincardineshire.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; West Coast of Guernsey; Island of Alderney. Ilsham, Torquay, Devonshire ; St. Maws, Cornwall; North Cliff, Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Southerndown, Glamorganshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anylesea; Douglas, Isle of Man; St. Bees, Cumberland ; Arnbarrow, Westmore- land. Pues Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Peterhead, Aberdeenshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Upper Lake, Killarney, co. Kerry ; Ardglass, co. Down. 16. L. scopularis Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 105.-Thallus orbicular, somewhat small, firm, naked, radiately divided at the circumference, verrucoso-arvolate in the centre, vitelline ; radii narrow, contiguous, convex (K + purplish). Apothecia small, numerous, plane, con- colorous (K + purple), the thalline margin entire ; spores 0,009-0,017 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. Approaches L, lobulata, but differs especially in the distinctly placodioid thallus. In the single fertile British specimen seen, the apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin persistent. The spermogones are rarely present, with spermatia oblong, about 0,0025 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district—Distr. Found only very sparingly in N.E, Scotland.—B. M.: Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 17. L. miniatula Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 98.—Thallus small, orbicular, plane, closely adnate, thinly rimoso-areolate, slightly subeffigurate at the circumference, deep tawny-vermilion-coloured (K + purplish), Apothecia minute, concolorous (K + purple), the thalline margin entire; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195. Subsimilar to LZ. lobulata (obliterata), but differs in the subeffigurate thallus, the smaller apothecia, and more especially in the smaller spores. It probably, however, descends from subsp. Z. tegularis, of which it LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEET. 365 would then be a variety. The thallus at length becomes indeterminate in consequence of the confluence of several thalli. The apothecia are numerous and crowded ; but the spermogones are not present. Hub. On quartzose rocks in a subalpine district.—Distr. Found only sparingly in a single locality among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 18. L. granulosa Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883) p. 873.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, minutely diffracto- granulose, shortly subradiate at the circumference, yellow-vitelline ; granules usually crenulate, scattered, or agglomerate, but not con- tinuous (K+ purplish). Apothecia small, concolorous (K+ purple), the thalline margin entire, at length subcrenulate; spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.— Amphiloma granulosum Mill. Arg. Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. nat. Genév. xvi. (1862) p. 380. Not unlike less developed states of Z. cirrochroa, as observed by Miiller Z. e., but differing entirely in the crenulato-granulose and non- efflorescent thallus. It is only sparingly effigurate at the extreme cir- cumference, with the radii rugose, plane or convex. In the two British specimens seen, the apothecia are but few, with the thalline margin at times evanescent. Hab. Qn calcareous rocks in a hilly district—Distr. Only very sparingly in W. England.—B. M.: Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire. 19. L. teicholyta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 425; Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197.—Thallus subdeterminate, thin, entirely pulverulento- granulose or occasionally radiato-lobed or crenate at the circum- ference, cesio-greyish or greyish-white (K—). Apothecia small or submoderate, plane, orange- or tawny-red (K+ deep purple), the thalline margin thickish, undulate, whitish; spores ellipsoid, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecanora arenaria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 212. Callopisma arenartum Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lichen arenarius Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 27.—Lecanora cestorufa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189. Lichen eesiorufus Eng. Bot. t. 1040. Rinodina rubricosa Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 452.—Brit, Eus.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 96. Easily recognized by the cesio-greyish, subpulverulent thallus and the saffron-red colour of the apothecia. The thallus is usually subeffuse, forming a loose crust, rarely determinate and slightly radiating at the circumference. It is at times almost entirely evanescent, when it is Lichen arenarius Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 27. The apothecia, which are innato-sessile, are scattered or occasionally a few congregated. Hab. On sandstone rocks and walls, rarely on bricks, in maritime and lowland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in S.E. and W. England, and in 8. Wales.—B. M.: Strumpshaw, Nortolk; Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Maidstone, Kent; Fairlight, Hastings, Sussex; Isle of Wight ; near Hereford; near Monmouth; Wisbech and Waterbeach, Cambridge; near Lydstep, Pembrokeshire. 366 LICMENACEL. [LECANORA. 20. L. Lallavei Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1880, p. 347. —thallus determinate, thickish, smooth, rimoso-areolate, subeffigu- rate at the circumference, chalky-white (K—). Apothecia small, subinnate, at first lecanorine with thin thalline margin, at length biatorine and immarginate, bright-rusty- or blood-red (K+dark crimson); spores ellipsoideo-oblong, polari-bilocular, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 212 (pro parte).—Callopisma Lallavet Muda, Man. p. 189, t. ii. f. 44. Lecidea Lallavei Clem. Tiss. (1807) p. 295. Allied to the preceding species, but differs in the more tartareous, milk- white thallus, and the at first lecanovine apothecia. The thallus is sometimes described as limited by a thin, dark hypothallus, but this apparently belongs to a plant with which, at times, it grows associated. The apothecia are numerous and often créwded. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime districts. Dist. Seen only very sparingly from 8. and 8.W. England and S8.E. Ireland — B. M.: Isle of Wight, Hampshire; St. Austell, Cornwall. Lower Glan- mire Road, co. Cork. Subgen. 5. LEPROPLACA Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.—Thallus leprose, soft, vitelline, sublobate. Apothecia and spermogones un- known. Entirely leprarioid, having much the same relation to Placodium as Leproloma to Amphiloma. 21. L. xantholyta Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.—Thallus subleprose, thin, crenulato-subeffigurate at the circumference, golden-citrine- coloured (K+ purplish), internally white.—Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 112, xviii. p. 45. While in some respects allied to L. cirrochroa, with which it occasionally grows associated (as alxo with L. callopisma), it at once differs in being internally white. The thallus spreads extensively over the substratum and is always sterile. Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in S.W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, and the Central Highlands of Seotland.—B. M.: Swanage, Dorsetshire ; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devonshire ; Bath- ampton Downs, Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; View Edge, near Stokesay, Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Scout Scar, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Subgen. 6. CANDELARIA (Mass.), Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 454 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45).—Thallus subeffigurate or en- tirely granulose, yellow or vitelline. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8ne or numerous (12-16-32ne), ellipsoid, simple or apically bilocular, rarely 1-septate; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the apices of the thece bluish with iodine. Spermogones with long simple sterigmata and straight spermatia. LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEELI. 307 Subsimilar in the colour of the thallus and apothecia to subgenus Placodium, but differs, among minor marks of distinction, in the absence of chrysophanic acid, and more essentially in the character of the sterig- mata, lo Fig. 62. (1) Lecanora (Candelaria) laciniosa Nyl.—a. A theca and paraphysis, x 350. bd. Three spores, X 500. ¢. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. (2) Lecanora medians Nyl.—d, A theca and paraphysis, x 350. e. Three spores, x 500. a. Thece polyspored. 22. L. crenata Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Foérh. v. (1886) p. 180.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, crenato-granulose, narrowly radiato-effigurate at the circumference, citrine-yellow, opaque; radii convex, crenato-incised (K—). Apothecia moderate, somewhat plane, pale-citrine or livid-yellow (K—), the thalline margin crenate; spores 20-40nz (or more), ellipsoid or oblong, simple or obsoletely l-septate, 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 180, ed. 3, p. 166. The specific name crenulata Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. p. 416, has priority, but cannot be retained, because of the previous homonym of Dickson. Looks like a Placodium, but the absence of any reaction, the number of the spores, and the nature of the sterizmata place it in this subgenus. In the two British specimens seen, the thallus is not very well developed, and only one is sparingly fertile. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts—Distr. Very local and rare in N. Wales and N.E. Scotland—B. M.: Aberdovey, Merionethshire. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 23. L. laciniosa Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 454.—Thallus suborbicular or effuse, minutely laciniatu-divided, greenish-yellow ; laciniee mul- tifid, subimbricate, crowded, the margins crisp, more or less granu- Joso-pulverulent (K—). Apothecia small, subsessile, tawny-yellow (K—), the thalline margin entire or granulate; spores (10-100nz) ellipsoid, simple, often subpolari-bilocular, variable in size, 0,006- 0,014 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. 368 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. —Physcia parietina 6. laciniosa et ¢. concolor Mudd. Man. pp. 113, 114. Parmelia parietina e. laciniosa Duf. in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 73. Physcia candelaria Mudd, Man. p.114. Lecanora candelaria Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 189; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3, p. 167. Squamaria candelaria Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Psoroma candelarium Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 445. Lichen candelarius Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811 pro parte; With. Arr. p. 27 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 1794. Lichen concolor Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 18, t. ix. f. 8 pro maxima parte.—Lichen cande- larius of Linneus and the older authors is a nomen vagum including species belonging to different genera and cannot be retained. Lichen concolor Dicks. pro parte must also be rejected in order to prevent confusion with Lecanora concolor Ram. In Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 65, Nylander proposes the name concolorans, but, as he states, Lich. Scand. p. 108, that Parmelia laciniosa Duf., according to original specimens, is entirely this species, Dufour’s name must be adopted.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 12; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 53. Closely resembles states of Physcia lychnea, with which it has often been confounded. It is, however, well distinguished by the absence of any reaction and by the number of the spores. The apothecia are not usually present in the British specimens. Var. granulosa Leight. JU. ce. Exs. n, 12, is only a stunted, more granulose state, of common occur- rence. Hab. On trunks of trees and on old pales, rarely on walls, in maritime, lowland, and upland districts— Distr. General and common in Great Britain; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: St. Lawrence, Island of Jersey; Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey. Wal- thamstow and Epping Forest, Essex; Penshurst Park, Kent; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall; Stowell Park, Glonces- tershire ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire; Cherry Hinton, near Cam- bridge ; Berwick, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; near Barmouth, Merio- nethshire; Stokesley, Yorkshire; near Keswick, Cumberland; Levens Park, Westmoreland. Doune Castle and Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Fort William and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Near Limerick; Blackrock, near Cork; Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 24, L. vitellina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 403.—Thallus effuse, subareolate, granulose, vitelline or yellow-vitelline; granules minute, crenate or sublobulate or verrucoso-glomerate, usually crowded (K—). Apothecia submoderate, sessile, plane or convex, tawny- or livid-yellow (K—), the thalline margin entire or granulato-crenu- late; spores (12-24-32nz) ellipsoid or oblong, simple or obsoletely l-septate (or apically 2-locular), 0,008-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 180, ed. 3, p. 186; Sm. Eng. FL v. p. 192; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 188.— Callopisma vitellinum Mudd, Man. p. 135. Lichen vitellinus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 155; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 23; Eng. Bot. t. 1792. To this is also referable var. corruscaus LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 369 Sromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167.— Parmelia vitellina 3. corruscans Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 177.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 214, 297, 298; Bohl. n. 78. The thallus forms a thinnish, continuous or subdiffract crust, and generally spreads somewhat extensively over the substratum. In its more typical state, with the thalline granules and those of the margin of the apothecia distinctly crenate, it is var. corruscans Ach. Lich. Univ. p- 149 (vide Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 141). When growing on maritime rocks, both the thallus and apothecia at times give an abnormally brownish-red reaction with K, the result probably of being suffused with salt water. The apothecia are numerous, generally crowded and then at times anguloso-diffurm, yellow suffused, and often yellow-olivaceous, Hab. On rocks, walls, and on the earth in their crevices, also on trees and old pales in maritime, lowland and upland situations.—Distr. Gene- ral and common in most parts of Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and no doubt also of Ireland —B.M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Near Cromer, Norfolk; Yarmouth, Suffolk; Wal- thamstow, Essex; Dartmoor, Devonshire; St. Minver, Cornwall; Ma- dingley, Cambridgeshire; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Longmynd, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumber- land; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Stockstield, Northumber- land. Craigleith, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Will’s Braes, Bostarshive:; Portlethen, Kin- cardineshire; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. G. aurella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 177.—Thallus with the granules scattered, often subevanescent. Apothecia minute, the thalline margin entire or at length excluded.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167.—Verrucaria aurella Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1791) p. 197. Differs from the type, with which it may be confluent, in the less contiguous, more or less obliterated thallus, and in the much smaller apothecia which frequently become biatoroid. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Apparently local in the Channel Islands, the 8.W. Highlands, and the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Achro- sagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire. Subsp. L. xanthostigma Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. (1866) p. 180.—Thallus effuse, thin, subleprose. Apothe- - cia small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecanora xanthostigma Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1832, p. 273. L. cttrina . wanthostigma Ach. Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 463. Lichen cttrinus Eng. Bot. t. 1793 upper fig. Characterized by the thinner, more leprose thallus, which at times is somewhat scattered. Nylander observes J. c. that it may be a distinct species. In the fertile British specimens the apothecia are numerous, at length convex, with the thalline margin obliterated. 2 B 370 LICHEN ACEL. [rEcaNorRa. Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded districts.—Dist, Only in 8. and W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Wal- thamstow, Essex; Glynde, Sussex; near Bradford, Wiltshire; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire. b. Thece 8-spored. 25. L. medians Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. (1866) p. 367.— Thallus orbicular, minutely granulose or leproso-granulose in the centre, plicato-radiose at the circumference, opaque, vitelline-yellow or citrine, greyish-white in the centre(K—). Apothecia moderate, plane, sordid-yellow or yellowish-brown (K—); the thalline margin entire or crenulate, citrine ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, simple, or oc- casionally 1-septate, 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick. —Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205, ed. 3, p- 189.—Placodium medians Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. ix. (1862) p. 262.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 59. Externally subsimilar to Z. murorum, to which at first sight it seems allied, but differs in the absence of any reactions and in the structure of the spores. The thallus is at length somewhat expanded, becoming almost leproso-dissolved in the centre, which is inspersed with citrine granules. It is seldom fertile, though when present the apothecia are numerous. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in lowland and upland districts.— Distr, Sparingly in Central and W. England.—B. M.: Pimbury Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire; Denny Abbey, Cambridgeshire. 26. L. epixantha Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. t. xxv. (1864) p. 8. —Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, yellow-vitelline or greenish-grey (K—), often subevanescent. Apothecia small, sessile, plane or slightly convex, yellowish-orange or greenish-yellow (K—); the thalline qargin thin, subcrenulate, pale-yellow; spores S8na, oblong or ellipsoid, simple, at length polari-locular, 0,012-21 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 213.—Lecanora vitellina vars. epixantha et octospora Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; var. epivantha Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167. Lecidea epiwantha Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 208. Externally scarcely distinguishable from Z. vitelina, but differs defi- nitely in the number of the spores. The thallus is entirely absent when the plant grows, as it often does, mixed up with other lichens. At times the thalline margin of the apothecia is at length excluded. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S. England, Wales, and S. Ireland; no doubt overlooked elsewhere, especially when athalline—B. M.: Hastings, Sussex; Cheddar, Somersetshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire. Giant’s Stairs. co. Cork. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 371 Subgen. 7. EULECANORA Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 127.—Thallus crustaceous, granulose or leprose, very rarely radiate. Apothecia lecanorine or lecideoid ; spores occasionally numerous, simple or variously septate, rarely brown; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermo- gones with jointed or simple sterigmata and various spermatia. The largest subgenus of Lecanora and in several respects confluent - with the preceding subgenera. According to the structure of the apo- thecia and spermogones it is divided into different sections, most of which have been viewed as distinct genera by sporologists. A. Spores 8nz (rarely 8-16ne), polari-bilocular, b rarely simple or 1-septate, colourless ; hymenial geiatine, especially the thece, 9 bluish with iodine. Spermogones with SUA jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia. (Eucaloplaca Fr. fil. Lich, Scand. p. 172.) a, Apothecia brightly coloured. (Callopis- @) mella Wedd. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. xix. p. 276.) 27. L. citrina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 402; Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xiii. p. 366. ‘Fig. 63. —tThallus effuse, granuloso-leprose, rimoso-sub- — Lecanoracerina Ach. areolate, citrine (K+ purplish). Apothecia —a, A spore, X _ 850. 0b, Jointed moderate, plane or somewhat convex, orange Mecuniia: and yellow (K + purple); the thalline margin thin, epermatia, x 500. entire, at length obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, colourless, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm: thick. —Sm. Eng. Bot. ii. p. 192; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 138; Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61.—Placodium citrinum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 177, ed. 8, p. 163. P. murorum subsp. citrinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; var. e. citrinum Mudd, Man. p. 1382. Lichen citrinus Eng. Bot. t. 1793 (three lower figs.). Verrucaria citrina Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 198 pro parte. Lichen candelarius Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 27 pro parte. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis et scutellis flavis Dill. Muse. 136, t. 18. f. 18 B—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 86; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 86. Differs at once from Z. (Placodium) murorum, of which it has fre- quently been regarded as a variety, in not being radiate at the circum- ference, while connecting states are never found. The thallus occasionally spreads extensively, varying somewhat in thickness, at times subevane- scent, and is often of a greenish-yellow colour when growing in shady places, and in old plants is partially more or less greyish-citrine. The apothecia when present (for the eo is often sterile) are generally numerous, at first somewhat innate, becoming at length convex, with the thalline margin excluded. Hab. On the mortar of walls, rarely on rocks, very rarely on old trunks of trees, chiefly about towns and villages, in sas lowland, B 372 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA. and upland tracts.—Dist7, General and common in the Channel Islands, and throughout Great Britain; apparently rare in W. Jreland—B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Sark. Norwich, Norfolk; Wimpole Park, Cam- bridgeshire ; Bonchurch and St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight; Torquay, Devonshire ; Withiel, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Windsor, Berkshire ; Oswestry, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Monmouth; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Hexham, Northumberland; Lam- plush, Cumberland. Near Edinburgh; Gourock, Renfrewshire; Cupar, ifeshire ; King’s Park, Stirling; near Doune, Perthshire; Wills Braes, Forfarshire ; Nigg, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. Form depauperata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 45.—Thal- lus effuse, little developed, the granules minute, very much scattered. Apothecia small; otherwise asin the type.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 128. The thallus is but sparingly visible, and at times inspersed here and there over what seems to be Pannularia nigra, upon which the fructifi- cation then looks as if parasitic. Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr. Seen only from the Channel Islands and N.W. Ireland.—B., M.: Island of Alderney, Kyle- more, Connemara, co. Galway. 28. L. flavocitrina Ny]. Flora, 1886, p. 461.—Thallus indeter- minate, thinnish, minutely squamulose, citrine-yellow ; squamules appressed, more or less citrino-pulverulent (K+purplish). Apo- thecia small, somewhat concave or plane, biatoroid, orange-yellow (K+purple), the margin entire, paler; spores ellipsoid, polari- bilocular, 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,006 mm. thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs in the character of the thallus and in the biatoroid apothecia. The squamules are either entirely citrino-pulverulent, or only so at the margins. The specimen seen is well fertile, with occasional traces of a thalline margin to the young apothecia. Hab. On schistose walls in an upland situation.— Distr. Only in N.W. England (Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland). 29, L. incrustans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 405; Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.—Thallus effuse, crustaceous, verrucose, more or less diffract, pale-yellow, subpulverulent (K + purplish). Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, deeper yellow, pruinose (K + purplish), the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilo- cular, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. A plant seldom rightly discriminated. It is allied to L. citrina, from which it may be recognized by the paler thallus and apothecia. In the only British specimen seen, the arsthacts are numerous with the thalline margin persistent. The spermogones have the spermatia oblong or subellipsoid, 0,020-25 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm, thick, LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 373 Hab. On schistose walls ii a maritime district—Distr, Only very sparingly in N.E. Scotland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 30. L. aurantiaca Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1858) p. 112; Lich. Scand. p. 142.—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thinnish, granulato-verrucose, unequal, yellowish or pale-lemon-coloured (K+ purplish) ; hypothallus dark-greyish, limiting the thallus, often obsolete. Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, orange-coloured (K+ deep violet), usually hiatorine with entire proper margin; the thalline margin thin, crenulate, speedily ex- cluded ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,007 -10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46.—-Lecanora aurantiaca var. salicina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 217, ed. 3, p. 206. Callopisma aurantiacum a. salicinum Mudd, Man. p. 186. Lecidea aurantiaca Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 186; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 129; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476. Lichen aurantiacus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p- 810 pro parte. Rinodina salicina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456, Lnchen salicinus Eng. Bot. t. 1305. Lichen flworubescens Huds. FI. Angl. p. 443 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15 pro parte.— I have retained Lightfoot’s specific name, instead of the more deter- minate one ZL. salicina Ach., owing to its being generally accepted, though it includes also the subspecies that follows.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 99; Leight. n. 212; Bohl. n. 118. A very distinct species which cannot be confounded with any of its allies. The thallus is somewhat variable in colour, being occasionally whitish or greyish (when the reaction is less distinct), and at times is almost evanescent. The apothecia are numerous, though chiefly central, and except in a very young state are biatoroid. In otherwise sterile plants the spermogones are especially frequent and papilleform, with spermatia 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. tlick. This state is described by Acharius (Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810, p. 148) as var. microthelia (cfr. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456). Hab. On the trunks of trees, chietly poplars, ash, and willows, also on old pales, in maritime, lowland, and upland situations.—Distr. General and common in England, probably also in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland ; yare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Hadiscne, Suffolk; Walthamstow, Essex; Halstead, Kent; Sussex; near St. Helen’s and Bembridge, Isle of Wight; Isham Valley, Torquay, and near Plymouth, 8. Devon; Cornwall; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Malvern and near Crowle, Worcestershire; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Black Mount, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire; Garn, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham; Hexham and Wansbeck, Northumberland; Levens, West- moreland, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Largs, Ayrshire; near Edinburgh; Connel Ferry, Argyleshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Clon- mel, co. Tipperary ; Ballynegard, co, Limerick. Subsp. 1. L. erythrella Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 549.—Thallus effuse, thin, or submoderate, areolato-diffract, or rugose and rimose, yellow or orange-yellow (K+ crimson). Apothecia biatorine (rarely 374 LICHENACEI. ([WecaNoRA, lecanorine), saffron-coloured or tawny-orange.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecanora aurantiaca var. erythrella Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 217, ed. 3, p. 207 Lecanora erythrella Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl.v.p. 186. Lecidea erythrella Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Bib. ii. p. 180. Rinodina erythrella Gray, Nat. Arr, i. p. 456. Lichen erythrellus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 43 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1993. Callopisma aurantiacum 8. flavovirescens Mudd, Man. p. 137. Lichen flavorubescens Huds. F). Angl. i. p. 448 pro parte ; With. Arr. iv. p. 15 pro parte. Lichen aurantiacus Lightt. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 810 pro parte.-—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 100; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 20. Distinguished by the areolate and more developed thallus, which is often widely expanded. The colour also is of a deeper yellow, though in shady places it is at times yellowish-green. The apothecia, which are numerous, are also smaller, more convex, with the thalline margin very seldom visible, even in young. plants. Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland localities.— Distr. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the more hilly tracts of Great Britain; apparently rare in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.; Hastings, Sussex; Saltash and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire; near Pen- zance, Cornwall; North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brigsteer, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Appin and Glen Orchy, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Kinnoul Hill, and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs, Forfarshire ; Castleton of Braemar and Morrone, Aberdeenshire. Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 3. inalpina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.—Thallus thin, paler or whitish ; otherwise asin the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p- 45; Lich. Brit. p. 46 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218 pro minima parte, ed. 3, p. 207 pro minima parte.—Callopisma auran- tiacum y. inalpinum Mudd, Man. p. 137 pro minima parte. Leca- nora inalpina Ach. Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 388, Differs in the colour of the thallus, which in our few specimens is rather scattered and pale-yellowish. By British authors it has not been rightly distinguished from Z. pyracea. ee Hab. On mica-schist rocks in upland situations.—Déstr, Local and scarce in N.W. England and the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Harris Moor, near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form rubescens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.—Thallus thinnish, pale-yellowish or whitish. Apothecia convex, reddish- saffron-coloured.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecidea auran- ‘tiaca (3. rubescens Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 69. Only a form of the above variety characterized by the convex, differently coloured apothecia. Hab. Qn schistose rocks in a subalpine region.—Distr. Very sparingly on one of the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers Perthshire. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 375 Subsp. 2. L. irrubescens Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 318.—Thallus effuse, thin, scattered, tawny-yellow, at times subevanescent. Apo- thecia subminute, biatorine, sessile, becoming convex and immargi- nate, orange-red.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. Differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. The only British specimen (fragmentary) is in Hb. Salwey s. n. Lecidea picta Tayl., which Scherer (Enum. p. 149) referred to his var. 5. rwbescens (non Ach.). It is, however, identical with that of Anzi, Lich. min. rar. n. 135, upon which Nylander founded this subspecies. Hab. On schistosée rocks in a mountainous district.—Distr. Seen only very sparingly from N. Wales.—B. M.: Near Barmouth, Merionethshire, 31. L. crenulatella Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 461.—Thallus subeffuse, thin, unequal, rimose, citrine-coloured (K+purple). Apothecia moderate, plane, zeorine, subconcolorous (K+ purple), the thalline margin when present finely crenulate; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilo- cular (the loculi moderate), 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick. —Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Well characterized by the double margin of the apothecia. It comes near subsp. L. erythrella, but, as Nylander J. c. observes, is scarcely to be subjoined under this. The thallus is little visible in the single speci- men seen, but the apothecia are numerous and occasionally crowded. Hab. On quartzose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very local and scarce in N.W. England (Arnside, Westmoreland). 32. L. ochracea Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 46.— Thallus determinate, thinnish, continuous or obsoletely rimoso- areolate, ochrey-yellow (K+crimson). Apothecia small, sessile, biatorine, at first concave, then plane, tawny-saffron or orange- coloured (K+purple), the margin thin, paler: spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, usually with longitudinal tube, 0,011—-12 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm, thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218, ed. 3, p. 208.— Callopisma ochraceum Mudd, Man. p. 188, t. 2. f. 43. Lecidea ochracea Scher. in Nat. Anz. 1819, p. 11. Lecidea icterica Tayl, Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 150 (fide Leight. 7. ¢.). Closely allied to LZ. aurantiaca, but distinguished among other cha- racters by the constantly biatorine apothecia and the smaller spores. The structure of the latter detinitely separates it from Z. tetrasticha Nyl., to which externally it is almost similar and for which it is often mistaken. It is usually limited by a more or less distinct whitish hypo- thallus, and is always well fertile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in waritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Very local and rare in S.W. England, 8. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scot- land, and ?S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Hope Cove, near Kingsbridge, 8. Devon; Giltar Point, Tenby, Pembrokeshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 33. L. ferruginea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856) p- 322,—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thinnish, areolato- or 376 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. verrucoso-unequal, or subsmooth, greyish or greyish-white (K+ purplish). Apothecia small or submoderate, biatorine, plane or at length convex, bright rusty-red (K+purple), the proper margin thin, undulate, subpersistent ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube or none, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick. —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. (forma corticola) p. 219, ed. 3, p. 208.—Callopisma ferruyineum Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lecidea ferruginea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 184 pro parte; Tayl.in Mack. FL. Hib. ii. p. 128 pro parte; Lichen ferrugineus Huds. El. Angl. (1762) p. 444; Eng. Bot. t. 1650. Lecidea ccesio-rufa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p.473 pro parte ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 39 pro parte. Lichen vernalis Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii. p. 805 pro parte. Lichenoides leprosum, tuberculis fuscis et ferrugineis Dill. Muse. 126, t. 18. f. 4 pro parte. —Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 95; Bohl. n. 108. Easily recognized by the colour of the apothecia. In its typical state it is corticolous, seldom, at least in this country, saxicolous. The thallus varies considerably in thickness; when it is little developed the greyish- black hypothallus is here and there visible. It is usually well fertile, with numerous apothecia, which are occasionally proliferous. They are rarely crowned by the thallus when thicker and verrucose, whence form sublecanorina Nyl]. Flora, 1873, p. 197, which occurs also in the variety. Hab. On trunks of trees, very rarely on schistose rocks, in maritime and upland situations—Distr. General in most parts of England; rarer in Scotland and Ireland; very rare in the Channel Islands— B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Epping Forest and Widdington, Essex ; Hurst, St. Leonard’s Forest, Lewes and Brighton, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Isle of Wight; near Plymouth, Devonshire; near Bocconoc, St. Minver, and Penzance, Cornwall; Oswestry, Shrop- shire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland, York- shire; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland. Largs, Ayrshire ; near Stirling; Finlarig and Kenmore, Perthshire. Kenmare and Glen- more Lake, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 8. festiva Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 143.—Thallus thin or thinnish, greyish or dark, rimuloso-areolate, often evanescent. Apothecia small, with the proper margin entire, flexuose or crenu- late, at length convex and immarginate.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47; Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—L. ferruginea forms sawicola, festiva Leight. Lich. Fl. pp. 219, 220, ed. 3, pp. 208, 209. Callopisma ferrugi- neum B. festiva Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lecidea cesio-rufa B. festiva Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 44. Lichen crenularius With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405 (errore crenulatus p. 22), Lecanora ferruginea var. crenu- laria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47.—Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 85; Mudd, n. 102; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 165, When best developed almost confluent with the type. The thallus is very rarely whitish (in the darker states K —), and is frequently entirel absent. The apothecia are small or minute, at times crowded, with the margin often inflexed and more or less crenulate, whence Lichen crenu- larius With. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts—Déstr. Not unfrequent and plentiful where it occurs in Gyeat Britain and LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET, 377 Ireland ;" not seen from the Channel Islands —B. M.: Hastings, Sussex ; Kingsbridge, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcester- shire ; Croesfaen, near Monmouth; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llan- dyssil, Cardiganshire; South Stacks, Holyhead Mt., Anglesea; near Rose- berry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone and ‘Teesdale, Durham; White- haven, Cumberland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Barcaldine and Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs, Forfarshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; The Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Near Inniscarra, co. Cork; Kilkee, co. Clare; near Kylemore, co, Galway. 34. L, ferruginascens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 427.—Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-diffract, whitish (K+purplish), often evanescent. Apothecia small, biatorine, plane and margined, or at length convex and immarginate, rusty-ochraceous or tawny-fcrrugineous (K+ purple); spores obloug, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube, 0,011-16 mm.-long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45, Allied to var. 8 of the preceding species, but differs in the colour of the apothecia and in the spores, which, as observed by Nylander J. c., often appear simple in the recent plant. In the British specimen seen the apothecia become at length rather dark. Hab, On schistose rocks in an upland situation.— Dist. As yet only very sparingly in N.W. England.—B. M.; Near Kendal, Westmoreland. 35. L. fuscoatra Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 427.—Thallus effuse, thin, minutely areolato-diffract, sordid-greyish (K + purplish-violet). Apothecia small, nearly plane, lecanorine, rusty-red (K + purplish), the thalline margin distinct, entire; spores polari-bilocular, 0,011- 15 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvili. p. 45. —Lecanora ferruginea var. fuscoatra Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209. Biatora ferruginea 6. fusco- atra Bayrh. Uebers. (1849) p. 82. Apparently specifically distinct from L. ferruginea, differing at once in the definitely,lecanorine apothecia. Our few British specimens are well fertile. Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime districts— Distr. Only very sparingly in N.W. England, the 8.W. Highlands, and N.E. coast of Scotland.—B. M.: North of Douglas, Isle of Man. Barcaldine, Argyle- shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 36. L. concilians Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388.—Thallus subdeter- minate, granuloso-areolate, dark-greyish (K—). Apothecia moderate or small, rusty-brown or brownish-black, at first lecanorine, plane, with thin thalline margin, at length convex, biatorine, immarginate (K+dark purplish) ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecanora ferruginea forma concilians Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 143; Cromb. Journ, Bot. 1870, p. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 4, p. 209 (obs.).—To this is referable the British specimens of L. diphyodes 378 LICHENACEL. [LECANoRA. (non Nyl.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 1383; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 218. A peculiar species known only from Scotland and Norway. It is now regarded by Nylander as distinct from L. ferruginea in its limited accep- tation on account of the typically lecanorine apothecia. Specimens in which these are darker-coloured, and with a few exceptions entirely biatorine in appearance, closely approach L. nigricans Tuck., which, however, has the thallus little developed. Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime tract.—Distr, Extremely local in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 37. L. cesiorufa Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388.—Thallus subdeter- minate, rimoso- or diffracto-areolate, rugose, thickish, caesio-greyish (Kf£+purplish), Apothecia moderate, biatorine, at first concave, then plane, rusty-orange-coloured (K+ purple), the margin pro- minent, entire or inflexed, paler; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube, 0,014-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; hypothecium lax; paraphyses slender, jointed towards the apices ; hymenial gelatine at length wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. It may be Lecidea cesio-rufa of British authors pro parte. Well separated from L. ferruginea, with which until recently it has usually been confounded, not merely by minor differences of the thallus and apothecia, but more especially by the hypothecium, the cells of which are much less compact (fide Nyl. in litt.). The numerous apothecia are at times undulate and subcrenulate at the margins. Hab. On rocks, chiefly sandstone and schist, in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Seen only from a few localities in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and W. England, 8. Scotland, the 8.W. Highlands, and 8.W. Treland.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. The Lizard, Cornwall; Hollybush Hill, Malvern; St. Bees, Cumberland. Rerwick, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Edinburgh ; Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Kilkee, co. Clare. 38. L. pheocarpella Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388 nota.—Thallus indeterminate, thin, macular, greyish-white, often nearly obsolete K—). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane, brown or dark-brown, often slightly sruginoso-suffused (K+ purple), colourless within, thinly margined; paraphyses moderate, brownish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube, 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,006-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.—Lecanora nigricans (non Tuck.), Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45. Near L. nigricans (Tuck.), with which it was at one time joined by Nylander as a state (Lapp. Or. p. 128), but is now regarded by him as distinct. Like others of the more immediately allied species it looks almost a variety of L. ferruginea. The biatorino-lecideine apothecia in the only British specimen gathered are frequent. * Hab. On the trunk of a fir-tree in a mountainous region.— Distr. Only among the N. Grampians, Scotland, where probably it is not rare— B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 379 39. L. atroflava Nyl. in Zwach Lich. Heidelb. (1813) p. 838.— Thallus subeffuse, smooth, thin, rimoso-diffract, continuous, um- brine-blackish (K—). Apothecia small, plane, biatorine, ochraceo- ferruginous (K+ purplish), the margin entire, paler; spores ellip- soid, polari-bilocular, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecidea atroflva Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 185; Turn. Linn. Trans. ix. (1808) p. 142, t. 11. f. 2. Lichen atroflavus Eng. Bot. t. 2009. Lecanora scotoplaca Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 232. Lecanora ferruginea var. scotoplaca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 209.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335. Near to L. cesiorufa, but apparently a distinct species. The thallus, usually more or less effuse, is at times when associated with other crus- taceous lichens (e. g. Lecanora campestris) well determinate. The apo- thecia are numerous and crowded, whence it has often been: confounded with var. holocarpa of L. pyracea. Hab. On siliceous rocks, usually exposed flints, in maritime, rarely upland tracts Distr. Local and scarce in S. and E. England, N. Wales, and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ryde, Isle of Wight; Beechy Head and the Downs, Sussex; Lyddbeach, Kent; Thetford Warren, Norfolk. Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea. Near Kylemore, Con- nemara, co. Galway. 40. L. Turneriana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.— Thallus thin, areolato-rimose or diffract, the areole verrucoso- unequal, dark-grey or brownish-black (K—). Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, biatorine, reddish-yellow, the margin thick, entire, persistent, paler yellow (epithecium K + purplish); spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 209.—Lecidea Turneriana Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206. Has the aspect of ZL. pyracea, but ditters in the colour of the thallus and apothecia, and especially in the thicker po The thallus varies from dark-grey to deep-brown, passing into black; but in our specimens it is ‘but sparingly visible. The apothecia are usually scattered, though here and there a few are crowded, the epithecium being at times of a darker colour. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts —Distr. Seen only s aringly from S. Wales, N.W. England, and N. W. Ireland.—B. M.: St. David’s, Pem- brokeshire ; Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, Cumberland. Kylemore and Killerey Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 41. L. albolutescens Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 177.—Thallus thin, subfarinaceous, continuous or somewhat scattered, whitish (K—). -Apothecia moderate, prominent, orange-coloured, subbiatorine, thickly margined, the margin externally thalline and whitish, but orange on the upper portion, epithecium unequal (K+ purplish); spores ‘ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick, the loculi large.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 22. Not to be confounded with L. pyracea, from which it at once differs in the larger, thickly margined apothecia and the larger spores. As observed 380 LICHENACEI. [LEcaNoRA. by Nylander /. c. it is more allied to Z. Turneriana, from which it probably descends. The thallus is effuse, with no distinct hypothallus, and at times becomes evanescent (form ecrustacea Johns.), The apothecia are numerous, at times somewhat crowded, and at length angulose. Hab. On granitic rocks in upland tracts.—Distr. Only very sparingly in N. England.—B. M.: Tyneside, Bywell, Northumberland ; Scalegill, Cumberland. 42. L. cerina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 390.—Thallus deter- minate, thin, smoothish or granulato-unequal, greyish-white (K+ crimson), limited by a thin bluish-black hypothallus. Apothecia lecanorine, moderate, somewhat plane, pale waxy-yellow (K+ crim- son), the thalline margin thin, entire, persistent; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; paraphyses tawny-yellow at the apices.—Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 186; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209.—Callopisma cerinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Rinodina cerina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Lichen cerinus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 216; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii, p. 14; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 24; Eng. Bot. t. 627.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 83; Mudd, n. 97; Cromb. n. 60; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 167. A very variable plant as to the thallus and fructification, but readily known from its allies by the colour of the hypothallus and the regularly lecanorine apothecia. The thallus is often almost or entirely evanescent, though even then it always margins the apothecia. These are usually fairly numerous, sessile, occasionally of a paler colour, with the spores at times more broadly ellipsoid. From it descend the forms and subspecies that follow. Hab, On the trunks of trees and on old pales in maritime, lowland,-and upland districts— Distr. General and common in the Channel Islands and England ; apparently rare in N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland, and §. Ireland.—B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Coltishall, Norfolk; near Colchester and Widdington, Essex ; Maidstone, Kent; Lewes, Sussex; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Plymouth, 8. Devon; Tregawn and Truro, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cherry ffintoa and near Quy, Cam- bridgeshire ; Oswestry and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Island of Anglesea; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Derwent River, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Wansbeck, Northumberland. Largs, Ayrshire; Blair Drummond and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire, Near Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry; Adare, co. Limerick. Form 1. cyanolepra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.—Thallus thin, evanescent; hypothallus chiefly present.—Leight. Lich, FI. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 210.—Patellaria cyanolepra DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 560. Well marked by the very distinct predominating hypothallus, upon which the proper thallus is only very sparingly here and there visible. The apothecia at times appear to arise from the hypothallus, but have a distinct greyish thalline margin. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 381 Hab. On the smooth bark of ash and poplars in maritime and upland districts. — Distr. Sparingly inS.and W. England, and among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Withiel, Cornwall. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Form 2. albiseda Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.—Thallus very thin, white. Apothecia bright-yellow, the thalline margin thin, white.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. A peculiar form, differing in the colours of the thallus, the apothecia, and their thalline margin. Hab. On old pales in upland districts.—Distr. Only very sparingly in §. England and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: near Lewes, Sussex. Dun- kerron, co. Kerry. Var. 6. stillicidiorum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 112; Lich. Scand. p. 144.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose or leprose, greyish-white; hypothallus obsolete. Apothecia small, yellowish- or olive-green, or dark olive, pruinose, the thalline margin undulate, pale-greyish.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221, ed. 3, p. 210.— Callopisma cerinum y. stillicidiorum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Rinodina stillicidiorwm Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Lichen stillictdiorum Hornem. Fl. Dan. (1792) t. 1063. f.2. Lecanora chloroleuca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190. Lichen chloroleucus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1873.— Brit. Evs. : Bohl. n. 94. Probably rather a subspecies (cf. Norrl. Medd. Sillsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn, i. p. 22), differing in the absence of a hypothallus, the colour of the fructification, and in the habitat. The thallus spreads rather exten- sively and the apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin rarely subpulverulent. Hab. Tncrusting masses, on calcareous rocks, in upland and subalpine situations.— Distr. Local, though not uncommon where it occurs in 8.W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, the 8.W. Highlands and among the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Ireland—B.M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Egle- stone, Durham; Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; near Skelton, Cumberland. Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. L. chlorina Nyl. ea Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 505.—Thallus effuse, thickish, granuloso-verruculose or areolato-rimulose, verdigris- or dark-green; hypothallus not dis- tinct. Apothecia darker cerine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.— Lecanora cerina var. chlorina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221, ed. 3, p. 210. Callopisma cerinum 3. chlorinum Mudd, Man. p. 1386. Zeora cerina var. chlorina Flot. Lich. Siles. (1849) p. 216.—Brit. Hxs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 22. Distinguished as a subspecies by the more developed thallus, its very different colour, and by the darker apothecia. The hypothallus is con- fused with the thallus. In the few British specimens the apothecia are 382 LICHENACEL, [LECANORA. numerous, though elsewhere it often occurs sterile (fide Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 174), m which condition it has probably been overlooked in our country. Hab. On shady rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens Park, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Northumberland. Near Lough Corrib and Great Killery, co. Galway. Form cyanopolia Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 128.—Thallus subleprose or depresso-granulate and rimoso-diffract, sordid greyish or sometimes ceesio-bluish. Apothecia lecanorine, somewhat concave, at length biatorine, pale-yellowish- orange.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Zecanora cerina f. cyano- polia Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 211.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 23. Apparently referable to this subspecies, with which it agrees in habitat, but differs in colour and in the thalline margin of the apothecia being at length excluded. Our only specimen seen is well fertile. Hab, On wet stones in upland districts.—Distr. Only sparingly in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Between Lough Feagh and Lough Muck, ens nemara, Galway. Subsp. 2. L. heamatites Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 112.— Thallus subeffuse or determinate, contiguous, verruculose, greyish ; hypothallus bluish. Apothecia submoderate, plane, rusty-red, the thalline margin thickish, persistent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. —Lecanora hematites Charb. in St. Am. Fl. Agen. (1821) p. 492; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 212.— Brit. Has.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 56, Often regarded as a distinct species, but scarcely with propriety, since it differs from the type chiefly in the colour of the apothecia. The thallus is somewhat small, often confused with and at times limited by the hypo- thallus. The apothecia, in the few specimens seen, are numerous and crowded. Hab. On the smooth bark of young trees and their branches, chiefly in orchards, in maritime and lowland districts—Distr. Found only sparingly in 8.W., E., and W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Isham, Torquay, S. Devon; Cherry Hinton, Cam- bridgeshire ; near Worcester. 43. L. cerinella Ny]. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 370; Flora, 1872, p. 427.—Thallus thin, sordid-greyish, little visible (K+ yellowish). Apothecia minute, subbiatorine, bright-yellow (K+: purplish); spores 8-12-16ne, ellipsoid, indistinctly bilocular, with thin septum, 0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273. Looks as if it were a small variety of L. cerina, but is distinct by the minute apothecia and the pluri-spored thecee, On the application of K, the spores at once assume a placodine form, and are seen to be polari- bilocular with longitudinal tube. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 383 Hab. On branches of trees in lowland districts,—Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in E. England (near Cambridge) ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. 44. L. biloculata Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 248.—Thallus effuse, very thin, unequal or rugulose, whitish or glaucous-white, somewhat shining (K—CaCl—). Apothecia minute, adnate, lecideoid, plane and thinly margined, at length convex and immarginate, black (K—); spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, brownish, 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,008 mm. thick; hypothecium brownish-black ; paraphyses thickish, dark-brown at the clavate apices, hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Lecidea polo- spora (nomen ineptum); Leight. Trans. Linn, Soc. n. 5. Bot. i. (1878) p. 241, t. xxxiii. figs. 4-6; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 318. A rather inconspicuous plant, with quite the aspect of a Lecidea allied to L. myriocarpa, as observed by Leighton d/. c. According to Nylander apud Hue Rev. Bot. 1886, p. 29, it is in reality a Lecanora of this section. It evidently, however, departs from it in the colour of the apothecia and the spores, as also in the absence of any epithecial reaction with K. In the small specimen seen, it is only sparingly present associated with Lecvanora rugosa and Lecidea parasema. Hab. On an old hawthorn tree in a maritime tract.—Distr. Extremely local and rare in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Ballinahinch, near Kylemore, co. Galway. 45. L. pyracea Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 129.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulato-leprose, greyish-white, often obsolete (Kf+ reddish in thin section); hypo- thallus thin, whitish. Apothecia smal) or minute, somewhat plane or convex, yellow-orange-coloured (K+ crimson), with the thalline margin speedily excluded; or biatorine with the proper margin thin, paler yellow; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte—Parmelia cerina & pyracea Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 176.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 118; Mudd, n. 101; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 132, In some respects allied to LZ. cerina, from which it differs chiefly in the less developed thallus and the biatoroid apothecia. The thallus is usually sparingly visible, and at times entirely wanting. The apothecia are numerous, at first with thin, evanescent or obsolete thalline margin, so that they are seldom seen lecanorine. It is a rather variable plant, and hence the British variety, forms, and subspecies that follow. Hab. On rocks and stones, rarely on trees and old pales from maritime to subalpine tracts.—Distr. Here and there in England and Wales, the Scottish Grampians and N.W, Ireland ; no doubt often overlooked.—B. M.: Hastings and the South Downs, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon; St. Merryn, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; near Cambridge; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ingle- borough, Lanbraugh, and near Hasby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Northumberland. Ballachulish, 384 LICHEN ACEI. [LRcaNoRA. Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Rothiemurchus and near Fort William, Inverness-shire. Ballynahinch, Connemara, co. Galway; Westport, co. Mayo. Form submersa Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 43.—Thallus thin, dark, at length rimuloso-diffract; otherwise as in the type.--Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. Differs merely in the character of the thallus, which is probably owing to the habitat. I have not seen a British specimen. Hab. On stones in streams in upland situations.—Distr. Very sparingly in N.W. Ireland (near Kylemore, Connerhara, co, Galway). Var. 6. pyrithroma Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 367.— Thallus paler, often scarcely visible. Apothecia somewhat convex, deep-yellow or reddish ; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,004—5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Lich. Brit. p. 47.—Lecidea rupestris (3. pyrithroma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335, Differs chiefly in the size of the spores. It usually occurs athalline and mixed up with other crustaceous lichens, so that it is apt to be over- looked. , Hab. On rocks, walls, and flints in lowland and upland tracts.—Distr, Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain and N.W. Ireland. —B. M.: Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Park, near Aberdeen; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. Form picta Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p: 47.—Thallus thin, greyish, evanescent. Apothecia concave, then plane, pale greenish- dun coloured, yellow-pruinose, the proper margin thickish, inflexed. —Lecidea picta Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 180.—Leca- nora pyracea var. pyrithroma Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222, ed. 3, p. 212.—Brit. Kws.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 55. Only a form of var. 8, distinguished chiefly by the bright-yellow pruina with which the fruit is covered. In specimens long preserved in Herbaria this disappears. The apothecia are minute or somewhat small, numerous and usually crowded. Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—Distr. Local and scarce on the S. Scottish Grampians and in W. Ireland.—B, M.: Ben Lawers and peg ee Perthshire. Carig Mt., co. Kerry; Lettermore, Connemara, co, Galway. Var. y. lactea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 852.—Thallus thinnish, amylaceous, chalky-white. Apothecia small, orange-red, at length convex and immarginate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.— Callopisma luteo-album var. lactewm Mass. Sched. Crit. (1855) p. 183. A good variety characterized by the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia. Massalongo, /. c., describes the latter as scattered; but, in the specimens seen, they are here and there congregate. It is a very doubtful LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEL, 385 British plant, though there are two specimens from Mr. Mudd in Herb. Brit. Mus. purporting to have been gathered in the locality cited. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district—Distr. Ouly in ? N.E. England. B. M.: Hartlepool, Durham. Subsp. holocarpa Ny]. Lich. Scand (1861) p. 145.—Thallus nearly obsolete. Apothecia contiguous, crowded, vitelline or yellow- orange; sporcs 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte; var. holocarpa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte.—Callo- pisma luteoalbum B. holocarpum Mudd, Man. p. 127 pro parte. Lichen holocarpus Khrh. Crypt. (1798) n. 284. Occasionally there are visible slight traces of a thin, dark-greyish, granulose or subfurfuraceous thallus, which, however, is probably not proper. The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, so that, from mutual pressure, they become angular. Hab. On old pales, very rarely on rocks, in lowland and upland situa- tions.— Distr. Seen only from a few localities in Great Britain.—B. M.: Near Ayton, Cleveland and Rowceliff, Loftus (saxicolous), Yorkshire ; Morpeth, Northumberland. Achmore, Killin, Perthshire. 46. L. vitellinula Ny1. Flora, 1863, p. 305.—Thallus subeffuse, very thin, yellowish or vitelline-yellow (K+purplish). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane, margined, at length convex, vitelline (K+ purplish); spores polari-bilocular with longitudinal tube, 0,009- 0,012 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. (1882) p. 273. Closely allied to ZL. pyracea, from which it differs chiefly in colour and in the size of the spores. The thallus is at times nearly evanescent, and the apothecia are usually numerous. Only saxicolous in Britain. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and hilly tracts.—Dzstr. Onl sparingly in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N. England, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey ; Sidmouth, Devonshire; Yatton and Weston-super-Mare, Somer- setshire ; Overend, Egremont, Cumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyle- shire. Carrigogumal, co. Limerick. 47. L. luteoalba Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) . 898.—Thallus effuse, thin, leprose, greyish-white (K—), often almost obsolete. Apothecia minute, biatorine, orange-yellow, at first innate, plane, with paler entire proper margin, at length convex and immarginate (K+ purplish) ; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses not very discrete.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46—Callopisma luteo-album Mudd, Man. p. 136 pro parte. Lecidea luteo-alba Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 475; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii, p. 40. Lochen luteo-albus Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. (1804) p. 92; Eng. Bot. t. 1426. Lecanora pyracea var. ulmicola (DC.) Leight. Lich. Fl, p. 222, ed. 3, p. 211. Lecidea ulmicola Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185.— Brit. Hus.: Leight. n. 84; Mudd, n.98; Cromb. n. 61; Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 168; Bohl. n. 76. 20 386 LICHENACEL. [LECANORA. Often confounded with or regarded only as a variety of LZ. pyracea, to which it is externally similar, though definitely separated by the dis- tinctly-septate spores. It spreads extensively over the substratum, the thallus being frequently evanescent. ‘I'he apothecia are very numerous, and at times much crowded with a thalline margin rarely visible in their earlier stage of growth. Though normally a corticolous plant, it at times occurs on chalk, mortar, and limestone (very rarely in Britain), when it is form rupestris (? Scop.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 145; Lecidea ulmicola Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 129. Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly elms, rarely on rocks, from mari- time to upland situations.—Diustr. General in most parts of England, apparently rare in N. Wales, Scotland, and S. Ireland.—B. M.: Great Glenham and near Sotterly, Suffolk; Hale End, Epping Forest, Essex ; Eynsford, Kent; Lewes and Glynde, Sussex; near Ventnor, Isle of Wight; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Mill Hill, Middlesex ; Elstree, Herts; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire; Stowe Park, Buckiny- ham; Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Worcester and at North Malvern, Worcestershire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Masham, Yorkshire ; Leven’s Bridge, Westmoreland ; Meldon Park, Wansbeck Valley, Northumberland. Doune Castle, near Stirling; Pitfour, Aberdeenshire. Castle Connell, co. Limerick; Rostellan, co. Cork; Inisfallen, Killarney,-co. Kerry. The saxicolous state has occurred only in the following localities in S. and N. England and 8.W. Ireland :— South Downs, Sussex; Newton Abbot, 8. Devon; Ingleborough, York- shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. 48. L. phlogina Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 112; Lich. Scand. p. 141.—Thallus effuse, very thin, minutely granuloso- leprose, citrine or yellowish-green ; granules globular, often some- what scattered (K+ purplish). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane or at length convex, yellowish-orange ; spores elliptico-oblong, polari- bilocular, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 213.—Par- melia citrina var. phlogina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 180.—Brit. Evs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 57. Sometimes viewed as merely a corticolous state of L. citrina, but allied rather to L. pyracea, from which it is at once distinguished by the very different thallus. The apothecia are generally rather scattered. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, ash and elm, rarely on old posts from maritime to upland districts—Distr. Found only in a few localities in the Channel Islands and England.—B. M.: St. Clement’s Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Hastings, Sussex; Penzance, Cornwall; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Pampisford, Cambridgeshire ; near Worcester; Alston, Cumberland. Var. 6. lutea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.—Thallus leproso- pulverulent, whitish-citrine or pale-luteous. Apothecia pale-orange : spores 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Lecidea epiwantha var. lutea Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 209. A peculiar variety, differing in the more pulverulent, paler thallus, the re apothecia, smaller spores, and the nature of the habitat. The few ritish specimens are well fertile. LECANORA, | LECANO-LECIDEET. 387 Hab. On vegetable detritus in maritime districts.—Distr. Only very sparingly in 8. England and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Luccombe Cove, Isle of Wight; Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire. 49. L. irrubata Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Sillsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 22.—Thallus determinate, thin, rimose or rimoso- areolate, sordid or greyish (K—). Apothecia adnate, small, biato- rine, somewhat plane or convex, immarginate, yellow-reddish (K + purplish); spores ellipsoid or ovoid, simple, 0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.; paraphyses scanty.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 58.—Lecanora calva var. irrubata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47. Lecidea irrubata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 183; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. li.p.128. Lecanora rupestris forma viridi-flavescens (Wulf.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 204. Lecideu rupestris y. viridiflavescens Mudd, Man. p.194. Lichen rupestris Eng. Bot. t. 2245.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 119; Mudd, n. 161; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 100. Usually arranged by authors among the Lecideet owing to its simple spores and biatorine apothecia. Its true place, however, is among other biatorine species of this section, as shown by the spermogones. From the more developed thallus, which is usually limited, it is to be regarded as the specific type rather than the subspecies that follows. The apo- thecia are numerous, usually small, rarely submoderate. The spermo- gones, which are externally black-punctate, have the spermatia cylindrical, about 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks, siliceous and cretaceous stones, and the mortar of walls in maritime and upland localities.—Distr. Not uncommon in England; not seen from Wales; apparently rare in Scotland and Ireland.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; Beachy Head, Sussex ; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, and Cornworthy, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Bath- ampton Downs, Somersetshire; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Norton, near Worcester; Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Bonsall, Derbyshire; Bilsdale and near Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Beamish, Durham; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Kirklund, Fifeshire. Killarney, co. Kerry; Ben Bulben, co. Sligo; near Kylemore, co. Galway. Subsp. L. calva Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx. (1883) p. 379.—Thallus effuse, very thin, whitish, or scarcely any. Apo- thecia small or moderate, convex, vitelline or tawny-yellow ; spores 0,009-0,014 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick; paraphyses thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—LZecanora calva Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47. Lecanora rupestris form catva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 203. Lichen calvus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. (1790) p. 18, t. 6.f. 4; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14; Eng. Bot. t. 948. Lecidea rupestris (? Scop.) Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 472; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 183; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 128; Mudd, Man. p. 193. Often spreads extensively with the thallus indistinct, being confused with the substratum. The apothecia are at times somewhat large, and then more convex, immarginate and scattered. : 2¢2 388 LICHENACEL. [LECANORA. Hab. On calcareous rocks, rarely on flints in maritime and mountainous districts. —Distr. Rather local, though common where it occurs in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Reigate, Surrey ; Lydd Beach, Kent; Peasemarsh and near Lewes, Sussex; Isle of Wight; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire; Island of Anglesea; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shropshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland ; Bywell, Northumberland. King’s Park, Edinburgh; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, and near Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth- shire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form incrustans Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.—Thallus very thin, white, usually evanescent. Apothecia minute, immersed, plane or slightly convex, thinly margined.—Lecanora rupestris forma incrustans Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 203. Lecidea yupestris 3. inerustans Mudd, Man. p. 194. Patellaria incrustans DC. Fi. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 361. Differs in the smaller, immersed, margined apothecia, which, if a con- stant character, would render it a distinct variety. At times, however, these in the same specimen become at length somewhat prominent and immarginate, so that it can rank only as a form. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Seen only from §.W. England, the 8.W. Highlands, and the N. Grampians, Scotland, though reported also by Leighton from W. England (Ludlow, Shropshire).—B. M : Anstey’s Cove, ‘Torquay, 8. Devon. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. L. Siebenhaariana Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1874, p. 215.—Thallus effuse, rimoso-areolate, unequal, whitish or greyish. Apothecia small, adnate, convex, at first orange-coloured, at length sordid-olive or brownish tawny-yellow, internally dark ; spores as in the type-—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Biatora Sieben- haariana Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 207. Characterized by the differently coloured apothecia and the dark hypo- thecium. This, as observed by Fries fil., Lich. Scand. p. 425, in the young apothecia is usually violet-rose-coloured, then becoming more and more brownish, though in these it at times presents the natural colour of the type. The thallus is at times almost evanescent and visible only around the apothecia, which are small and scattered, or minute and several congregate. Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Very sparingly on two of the S, Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 50. L. nivalis Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. & Fl. F. Forh, v. (1866) p. 129.—Thallus effuse, very thin or slightly granulate, whitish or greyish-white (K+ purplish), Apothecia small, adnate, ochraceous or orange-coloured, at first plane with an evanescent thalline mar- gin, at length somewhat convex, biatorine with thin, entire proper margin (K+ purplish) ; spores oblongo-cylindrical, simple or faintly i-septate, 0,024-38 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDERI. 389 moderate, often divided at the apices.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288; Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226, ed. 3, p. 217.—Zeora nivalis Koerb. Sert. Sudet. (1853) p. 1. Lecanora fuscoluteolina Mudd, Man. p. 153. Externally resembles Z. fulvolutea Nyl., a Scandinavian plant not yet detected in Great Britain, but differs at once in the spores, which with K are seen to be thinly l-septate. The apothecia are usually numerous, crowded, and for the most part biatoroid. Hab. On decayed mosses upon rocks and boulders in alpine places.— Distr. Very sparingly on one or two of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Ben Lawers and Ben Cruachan, Perthshire. 51. L. tetrasticha Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 307.—Thallus subdeter- minate, deplanate, thin, areolato-rimose, vitelline or yellowish- white (K+crimson). Apothecia small, biatorine, at first concave, then plane, thinly margined, or at length subimmarginate, orange- ochraceous (K+ purplish); spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 4-locular or 3-septate (the transverse loculi retracted), 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl, ed. 3, p, 224. Subsimilar, as noted by Nylander J.¢., to subsp. Z. erythrella, but differing in the paler thallus and the different spores. It still more closely _ resembles ZL. ochracea, with which it is often confounded, but is widely separated by the spores, which ally it to LZ: Brebissonii (Fée), a South- American plant. The British specimens are well fertile. ‘ Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Local in S.W., Central, and N. England, and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Ilsham, Torquay, and near Plymouth, 8. Devon; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire; near Bonsall, Derbyshire ; Malham Tarn, Yorkshire; Levens, Westmoreland, Island of Lismore, Argyle- shire. 52. L. refellens Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 458.—Thallus thin, con- tinuous, unequal, greyish, minutely greenish-sorediate (K—). Apothecia small, plane, pale-reddish ; the thalline margin thin, sub- pulverulent, at length excluded ; epithecium yellowish (K—) ; spores polari-bilocular, with a longitudinal tube, variable, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses thickish—Cromb. Grevillea, 1878, p. 111; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 213.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 24. A singular species of this section, externally not unlike Z. Sambuci, distinguished at once from its allies by the absence of any reaction of the epithecium. Jt is a rather inconspicuous plant, the thallus being but sparingly visible in the few specimens seen. The apothecia are numerous, becoming at length subbiatorine. Hab, On the trunks of poplars in a mountainous district.— Distr. Only very sparingly in N.W. Ireland—B, M.: Near Cleghan, Connemara, co. Galway. 390 LICHENACEI. [LEcaNoRA. 6. Apothecia blackish (Pyrenodesmia Mass. Mon. Blast. p. 119 pro parte). 53. L. candisans Scher. Spic. (1828) p. 119.—Thallus orbicular, adnate, squamoso-radiose, subareolate and plane in the centre, plicato-lobate at the circumference, glaucous- or greyish-white, naked or pulverulent (K—). Apothecia small, appressed, plane or slightly convex, brownish-black, more or less pruinose (K—); the thalline margin thickish, entire, persistent ; spores ellipsoid, 1-sep- tate, 0,007-14 mm. long, 0,004—7 mm. thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Placodium candicans Mudd, Man. p. 1383; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 164. Sgqua- maria candicans Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen candicans Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. (1793) p. 15, t. 9. f.5; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.17; Eng. Bot. t. 1778. Lecanora epiyea Ach., Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 50. Placodium epigewm Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 446.—Bret. Exs.: Leight. n. 218, A very distinct species, which can be confounded with no other British lichen, unless perhaps with Zecidea canescens (Dicks.), saxicolous, from which it is at once distinguished by the type of the apothecia and the absence of any thalline reaction. The thallus is small or submoderate, with the radii roundly dilated and crenate at the circumference, and without any visible hypothallus. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and somewhat scattered. Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Here and there throughout England; very rare in N. Wales and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland; not seen from Ireland.— B. M.: Near Beachy Head, Sussex ; Portland Island and Swanage, Dor- setshire ; Cleeve Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Buxton and near Cromford, Derbyshire. Near Oswestry and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale and Eglestone, Durham; Arnbarrow and Helsington, West- moreland. Near Shean Ferry, Argyleshire. Var. 6. Cesatii Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.— Thallus densely white-pruinose, the radii narrow, somewhat convex. Apothecia cesio-pruinose, the margin at length subobliterate.— Placodium Cesatii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 164. Ricasolia Cesatit (Garov.) Mass. Mem. Lich. (1853) p. 47, t. 8. f. 46. Distinguished by the more pruinose thallus and apothecia, the narrower, more convex circumferenfial radii, which are also somewhat incurved at the apices. The only British specimen seen is well fertile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland district—Distr. Only very sparingly in W. England.—B, M.: Sherborne, Gloucestershire, x y 54. L. chalybea Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 60.—Thallus orbicular, adnate, smooth, diffracto-areolate in the centre, radioso-diffract and subeffigurate at the circumference, whitish- or greyish lead-coloured (K-+pale violet), usually limited by a blackish hypothallus. Apo- thecia small, innate or immersed, plane, black, naked or pruinose (K—); the thalline margin thin, entire, depressed ; spores ellipsoid, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 391 polari-bilocular, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Placodium chalybewm Mudd, Man. p. 134; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179, ed. 3, p. 165. Purmelia chalybeea Duf. in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 125.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 59, Easily recognized by the colour of the thallus, which is somewhat thickish, small or considerably expanded, occasionally somewhat lobed or lobato-crenate at the circumference. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming, when moistened, turgid, somewhat prominent, and livid-brown, Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr, Local in S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, and the Central Gram- ans, Scotland.—B. M.: Babbicombe, Devonshire; Llanymynech Hill, hropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire ; Penhill, Yorkshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 55. L. variabilis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 369.—Thallus determinate, adnate, thinnish, diffracto-areolate, greyish-brown or lurid-grey (K+ violet), usually limited by a thin blackish hypo- thallus. Apothecia submoderate, slightly prominent, plane or con- - vex, black, subpruinose (K—); the thalline margin entire, usually white-suffused ; spores broadly ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,007—0,010 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. Placodium variabile Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179, ed. 3, p. 165. Lichen variabilis Pers. in Ust. Ann. (1794) p. 26. Similar to the preceding species, but distinguished by the thinner, darker non-effigurate thallus, the more prominent apothecia, and the rather larger spores. In the British specimens the hypothallus is only sparingly visible. The apothecia, which when moistened are livid-brown, are usually numerous, at times crowded and somewhat angulose. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland hilly situations.— Distr. Seen only from W. and Central England, and (fide Leight.) N.W. Ireland (Conne- mara, Galway).—B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; Grove Lane, Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire. Var. 3. ecrustacea Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46. —Thallus indistinct. Apothecia small, lecideoid, subinnate, at length immarginate ; otherwise as in the type.—Placodium variabile var. ecrustacea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 1389. P. Agardhianum Hepp (non Ach.), Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 165, Differs in the absence of a thallus and in the character of the apothecia. But for the form of the spores it might be taken for a Lecidea, Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. —Dvstr. In S.W., N.W. England, and S, Wales.—B. M.: Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, S. Devon; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. 392 : LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. B. Apothecia biatorino-lecanorine ; spores 8nx, 1-septate, colourless ; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with shortly jointed sterigmata and straight short spermatia. 56. L. holophea Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. viii. (1861) p. 755.— Thallus determinate, squamulose, lurid-brown or cervine-chestnut ; squamules firm, difform, subcontiguous or somewhat imbricate, repand or obtusely crenate at the margins (K—,CaCl—). Apo- thecia small, adnate, at first plane, with entire thalline margin, at length convex and biatoroid, dark-brown or concolorous with the thallus: spores sometimes 6ne, oblongo-fusiform, 0,014-18 mm, long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses moderate, slightly incrassate and infuscate at the apices, hypothecium colourless; hymenial gelatine and especially the apices of the thece bluish with iodine. —Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 217.—Psoroma holophcea Mont. in Hist. Nat.-Canar. (1840) p. 113. Thalloidima sublurida (Nyl.), Mudd, Man. p. 172.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 880. Might readily be taken for a Lecidea allied to L. lurida, were it not that the young apothecia, seldom present in our specimens, are distinctly lecanorine. Its true place is also well indicated by the character of the spermogones, which are not unfrequent. Our Herbaria specimens, owing to the fragile nature of the habitat, are chiefly fragmentary, but in the few which are perfect the thallus is small, orbicular, and well fertile. Hab, On the ground in crevices of rocks and walls in maritime, very rarely upland districts.— Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, 8. and W. England, 8S. and N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Moulin Huet Bay, Island ot Guernsey. Pulborough, Sussex ; Bradstone churchyard and near Prawle Point, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; near Bridgenorth, Shrop- shire. Ardglass, co. Down ; Sybil Head, co. Kerry; Coast of co. Clare. Var: 6. glaucopsora Ny]. Flora, 1868, p. 164; ofr. p. 473,— Thallus subeffuse, squamuloso-crenate, granuloso-squamulose or subleprose, glaucous- or greyish-white (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, livid-brown, the thalline margin subentire; spores fusi- form, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, clavate and brownish at the apices—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 218.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Ozsar, n, 79. Only a well-marked variety, though differing from the type in colour, the less developed thallus, and some other minor characters. It is rather variable in texture, becoming at length almost entirely leprose, the squa- mules being only here and there visible. The thalline margin of the rather scattered apothecia is persistent. The spermogones are not un- frequent with spermatia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts —Distr. Only sparingly in the Channel Islands and S.W. England.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey ; Saint’s Bay, Island of Guernsey ; Island of Alderney. Near Endellion and Penzance, Cornwall. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEFI. 393 57. L. leucospeirea Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 473.—Thallus thinly squamulose, white, opaque, the squamules subcrenate, adnate, scattered, often granuliform (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia plane, brown, subopaque, the thalline margin entire, white; spores oblong or ovoideo-oblong, 1-septate, 0,011-13 mm. long, about 0,0035 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, yellow-infuscate at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet-coloured, with iodine-——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 218. Allied to var. 6 of the preceding species, with which it agrees in the spermogones and other analytical characters, but differs in the white, scattered, little developed thallus and in the form of the smaller spores. Nylander says that it may be only a subspecies of L. holophea, which in some habitats may readily pass into dissimilar secondary types. The fragmentary specimen seen is but sparingly fertile. Hab, On gravelly soil in a maritime district.—Diéstr. Very rare in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. 58. L. Ralfsii Cromb. Grevillea, ii. (1873) p. 18.—Thallus sub- determinate, thin, continuous or slightly rimulose, frequently rimoso-subcolliculose, smooth, leaden-grey or dark olive-green (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus dark. Apothecia rather small or minute, biatoroid, sessile, somewhat prominent, plane, brownish or dark- reddish-brown, the margin thin, at length excluded ; spores oblongo- ellipsoid, often slightly constricted in the middle, 0,018-23 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; paraphyses discrete or subdiscrete, jointed, brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet- coloured, with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220 (excl. syn. L. acteea).— Lecidea Ralfsii Salw. Ann. Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. ii. (1853) p. 144. Biatorina Muddii (Salw.), Mudd, Man. p. 178. Lecidea Muddii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 87; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 315. Lecanora jejuna Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 442; Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 181. Lecidea subdiluta Leight. Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. i. p. 145, t. 22. figs. 13-16; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.340.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 184, 346. A species hitherto not well understood, ay may be inferred from the variety of synonyms, originating in slight differences of the thallus and apothecia which depend upon age or habitat. In general appearance of the thallus, as noticed by Nylander J. ¢., it approaches ZL. gibbosa, and in that of the apothecia it is subsimilar to Lecidea coarctata. From the presence of gonidia in the margin of the apothecia and from the structure of the spermogones, it is a true Lecanora of this section. It often grows associated with L. prosechoides and is usually well fertile. The spermo- gones are frequent, with spermatia ellipsoideo-oblong 0,002 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. thick. Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N.W. England, the 8.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland.—B.M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Scilly Islands, the Lizard and near Penzance, Cornwall; Barrow- mouth, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Bay of Nigg, Kincardine- shire. Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 394 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 59. L. spodomela Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 572, 1886, p. 101.— Thallus effuse, thin, opaque, subleprose, rimoso-diffract, greyish- brown (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, blackish, the thalline margin subentire; spores ellipsoid, usually 1-septate, 0,011—16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, brown at the clavate apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine.-—Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 221. A peculiar plant having the aspect of some ally of Z. sophodes. In the two specimens seen the thallus is rather scattered and little visible, being overrun by a foreign plant, but the apothecia are frequent. Hab. On sandstone rocks in maritime tracts,— Distr. Local and scarce in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Killery Bay and Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. C. Apothecia lecanorine or sublecideine; spores 8ne, very rarcly 16—24nwx, ellipsoid, 1- very rarely 3- a septate, brown or blackish, often 2- Fig. 64. nucleolate; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with jointed \ 2 sterigmata and moderate, straight sper- *{ — matia. (inodina Stiz. Beitr. Flecht. 4 (1862) p. 169.) : 60. L. sophodes Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p- 356.—Thallus determinate or subdeter- minate, granulate or granulato-areolate, moderate or thinnish, olive- or greyish- brown (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, Zecanora reboris Nyl.— blackish, limiting the thallus, Apothecia % A spore, 300. b : vinted sterigmats and small, plane, usually crowded, brownish- — syermatia, x500. black, the thalline margin entire; spores, 0,012-20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 pro parte; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 188 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 pro parte; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 224 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 314 pro parte.—Lichen sophodes Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 67. Rinodina exigua y. horiza Koerb. Mudd, Man. ‘p. 148.—Brit. Hvs. : Mudd, n. 109. Usually not rightly separated by authors from LZ. exigua and L. roboris. The thallus is generally small, macular, thin, distinctly limited by the hypothallus, rarely thickish and more expanded. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and becoming angulose from mutual pressure. Hab. On trunks of trees, especially ash, in wooded maritime and upland tracts.— Distr, Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, and in 8. Wales.—B. M.: New Forest, Hampshire ; near Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, S en Kemble, Wilts; Donat, Glamorganshire; Ayton, Cleveland, orkshire. Var. 8. malangica Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.— Thallus effuse, rimuloso-diffract, dark olive-green or blackish, fur- LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL, 395 furaceous on the surface. Apothecia minute, scattered; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Forma melangica Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 214. Rinodina leprosa * malangica Norm. Spec. loc. (1868) p. 103. A very distinct variety, or probably subspecies, differing in the cha- racters given of the thallus and apothecia. As observed by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p.201), it is very dissimilar in habit to the type, but transi- tion-states are not wanting. Hab. On trunks of old trees in an upland tract.—Distr, Only sparingly in W. England.—B, M.; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire. ; Subsp. L. lavigata Nyl. ev Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1882) p- 358.—Thallus effuse, thin, scattered, or scarcely any visible. Apothecia rather small, usually lecideoid; spores 0,014-20 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—L. sophodes (3. levigata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 857; Cromb. Lich. brit. p. 49; form devigata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 215. Characterized by the little developed thallus, the type of the smaller apothecia, and the thicker spores, The thallus is often evanescent when the apothecia at length appear as if sublecideine (var. decidetna Nyl. olim, in Herb. Mus. Fenn. p. 87). This is the ordinary condition of the plant in this country, where it does not, as elsewhere, occur corticolous. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations, —Distr. Only sparingly in a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork; Lettermore, Con- nemara, co. Galway. 61. L. exigua Nyl. Flora, 1873, p.197.—Thallus subeffuse, thin, unequal, subgranulate or scattered, whitish, pale-greyish or dark (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small, plane or convex, crowded, black or blackish ; the thalline margin thin, often somewhat crenulate, whitish; hypothecium colourless; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Sm. Eng Fl. v. p. 187.—Rinodina ewigua Gray, Nat, Arr. i. p. 450; Mudd, Man. p. 143 pro parte. Lecanora sophodes var. exigua Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; form ewigua Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 224, ed. 3, p. 214. Lichen ewiqguus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 69; Eng. Bot. t. 1849. Lichen pericleus (non Ach.) Eng. Bot. t. 1850. Lecanora periclea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 183. Rinodina periclea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 449 pro parte. R. exigua 6. periclea Mudd, Man. p. 143.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 107; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 169, 261. Probably descends from ZL. sophodes, with which at times it seems sub- confluent, but differs in the colour of the more effuse thallus, and especi- ally in the smaller spores. It usually spreads extensively, but at times when associated with other crustaceous lichens it is much smaller, though scarcely limited by a distinct hypothallus. It is always well fertile. 396 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA. Hab. On trees, old pales, rocks, walls, and tiled roofs in maritime, lowland and upland districts —Diéstr. Not uncommon in England and the Channel Islands; apparently rare in N.E. Scotland, E. and N.W. Treland, though probably often overlooked in both these eountries.—B. M. : Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark; The Vale, Guernsey. Yarmouth, and near Brandon, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Bristol, Somersetshire; Charfield, Gloucestershire; near Worcester ; Weston, Oxfordshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Aber-ty-Gyn, N. Wales; Port Soderick, Isle of Man; near Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. Portmaronock, near Dublin; Kylemore and Cleghan, Connemara, co. Galway. Form demissa Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1822, p. 359.—Thallus thin, leproso-granulose, greenish-brown or pale, often evanescent. Apothecia minute, somewhat prominent, the thalline margin at length obliterated.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.— Rinodina meta- bolica B. demissa Keerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1885) p. 124. Distinguished by the colour of the thallus, and more especially by the minute, emersed, at length immarginate apothecia. In the very few British specimens these are numerous and here and there crowded. Hab. On rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr, Only sparingly in 8. Eng- land.—B, M.: Shanklin and near Luccombe, Isle of Wight. Var. fi. lecideoides Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.— Thallus very thin, macular, greyish-white, usually evanescent. Apothecia small, lecideine, black or blackish, the margin dark- brown, at length obliterated ; spores 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,008~11 mm. thick.—Lecanora sophodes var. lecideoides Nyl. Lich. Scand, (1861) p. 149; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225, ed. 3, p. 215 pro minima parte. Might readily be taken on a cursory inspection for Lecidea myriocarpa, as observed by Nylander Z ¢., but differs at once in the colour of the margin of the apothecia and in the whitish hypothecium. He also sug- gests that it probably descends from Lecanora confragosa, with which it agrees rather than with L. exigua in the size of the spores. The absence, however, of any reaction with K connects it with the present species, The thallus is but little visible in the few British specimens. Hab. On old palings in an upland situation— Distr. Apparently only eat the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth- shire, 62. L. subexigua Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 308.—Thallus effuse, subsmooth, uncqual, rimose, pale-greyish or sordid-yellowish (K —, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, plane, black, the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.-— Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220. Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs in the characters of the LECANORA, ] LECANO-LECIDEEI, 397 thallus and apothecia, and more especially in the smaller spores. The two specimens seen are well fertile. Hab. On granitic rocks in a maritime district.— Distr. Only very sparingly in S.W. England.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall. 63. L. roboris Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 412.—Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thinnish, continuous, granuloso-unequal, whitish or greyish-white (K+yellow, CaCl—); hypothallus black, often indistinct. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, blackish, the thalline margin at length crenate; spores 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—-Duf. Hb. jide Nyl. Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. t. ii. (1854) p. 326; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—L. sophodes forma roboris Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225, ed. 3, p. 215.— Brit. Eas. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 260, Often confounded with L. sophodes, but distinct in the colour and more especially in the reaction of the thallus with K, as also in the larger apo- thecia and their crenulate margin. The thallus at times is somewhat effuse, with the hypothallus visible only here and there at the circum- ference. The apothecia are generally numerous, though not crowded. Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly oaks, very rarely on the stems of heather, in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Not unfrequent in England ; rare in N. Wales, 8. and N.W. Ireland ; not seen from Scotland. —B. M.: East coast of Jersey; D’Ixcart, Island of Sark. Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ; Danny, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Ilsham, Torquay, Devonshire ; Launceston and Penzance, Cornwall; Savernake Forest, Wilts; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; near Worcester ; near Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Tees- dale, Durham; Calder Abbey, Cumberland ; Felton Woods, Northum- berland; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland. Carrigaloe, near Cork ; Dough- ruagh mt., Connemara, co. Galway. 64. L. confragosa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 404.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulose or verrucoso-areo- late, greyish- or sordid-white, the granules scattered or subcon- tiguous (K +yellow, CaCl—); hypothallus usually obsolete. Apo- thecia sessile, submoderate, plane, brownish-black or nearly black, the thalline margin at length inflexed and crenulate; spores ellip- soid, obtuse at the apices, 0,018-23 mm. long, 0,009-13 mm. thick. —lTeight. Lich. Fl. ed. 8, p. 222.—L. sophodes var. confragosa Cromb. Lich. Brit.p.49 pro parte. Purmelia confragosa Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 88.—Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Caesar. n. 28; Lich. Hb. n. 301. Looks almost a saxicolous state of Z. roboris, but differs in the less continuous thallus and in the larger spores. In the British specimens the thallus, which rarely has a greyish-green tinge, is but seldom con- tinuous, and the hypothallus is scarcely visible. The apothecia are numerous, here and there crowded, and then almost obliterating the granules. Subsp. Z. crassescens Nyl. was erroneously recorded as British in Grevillea, xviii. p. 46. Hab. On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr, Sparingly in the Channel Islands, S. England, N.E. Scotland, S.E. 398 LICHENACEL. [LECANORA. and N. Ireland.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey. Near Hastings, Sussex. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Near Crookhaven, co. Cork; es mt. and Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway; Ardglass, co. Down. 65. L. milvina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 358.—Thallus effuse, moderate or thickish, granuloso-areolate or areolato-diffract, verru- culoso-unequal, brownish or brownish-black (K—, CaCl—); hypo- thallus thin, black. Apothecia minute, plane, crowded, brownish- black, the thalline margin depressed, entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,014-20 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.—Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 1; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.187; Mudd, Man. p. 144; Cromb. Journ, Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 216 pro parte, —Parmelia milvina Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1808) p. 34.— Brit. Exs.:; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 25. _As observed by Acharius (Meth. Z.c.), this is quite distinct from L. sophodes in the darker, effuse thallus, the place of growth, and its general aspect. It differs also in the rather larger spores, and, as it constantly reserves its own type, may with propriety be regarded as a good species. "he apothecia are for the most part crowded and angulose, Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, the S.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, as also in N.W. elena 6 M.: Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey. Near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; 8. of Bay of Nigg, Kin- cardineshire. Maam Turk mts., co. Galway. 66. L. atrocinerea Nyl. Lich. Par. (1854) n. 43; Flora, 1872, p- 247.—Thallus determinate, verrucoso- or granulato-areolate, smooth, greyish-white or dark-grey (K+ yellow, CaCl+ reddish) ; hypothallus black, persistent. Apothecia moderate, at first innate, then sessile, plane or at length convex, dark-brown or blackish, the thalline margin thin, subentire, at length obliterated; spores 0,020-80 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226, ed. 3, p. 216.—Rinodina atrocinerea Mudd, Man. p. 144, t. 2. tig. 49. Lecidea atrocinerea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 174. Lichen atrocinereus Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. (1793) p. 14, t. 9. fig. 2; With. Arr. iv. p. 19; Eng. Bot. t. 2096. Lecanora milvina Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. il. p.134 saltem pro maxima parte.—Brit. Has.: Leight. n. 146. Not unlike Z. confragosa, from which it has generally not been rightly discriminated. It differs, however, in the firmer, usually more continuous thallus, in the constantly entire thalline margin of the apothecia, in the larger spores, and more definitely in the thalline reaction with CaCl. In younger plants the thallus is distinctly limited by a subplumos6-radiating hypothallus, and is then only subcontinuous. It is always well fertile, the apothecia often becoming lecideoid. The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia 0,007-9 mm. long, scarcely 0,002 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Rather local. in the Channel Islands, 8. and W. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, and in S, Ireland.—B. M.: Island of \ LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 399 Guernsey. Crown Hill, near Plympton, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Corn- wall; Lyth Hill, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Holyhead, Island of Anglesea. ‘Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. Near Cork; Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare ; Dunkerron and Carig mt., co. Kerry. 67. L. teichophila Nyl. ea Lamy, Bull. Soc.-Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 405.—Thallus subdeterminate, moderate, verrucoso-areolate, dark- greyish (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, plane, ‘black, the thalline margin thick, entire or often subrugose ; spores ellipsoid, 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—L. sophodes var. tetchophila Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xiii. (1866) p. 8367. Rinodina exigua GB. metabolica (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 148. Lecanora sophodes form metabolica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225, ed. 3, p. 215.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 108. Also approaches LZ. confragosa in various respects, but differs in the darker thallus, and more especially in the larger, thicker spores. The apothecia are numerous and often crowded, with the thalline margin scarcely or but little prominent. Hab, On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. As yet seen only from a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland.— B.M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Holly Bush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, York- shire. The Trossachs, Perthshire. Connemara, co, Galway. 68. L. coniopta Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 19.—Thallus indeterminate, moderate or thickish, unequal, rimoso-diffract, brownish-grey or dark-brown (K —, K (CaCl)+reddish). Apothecia moderate, innate, black, at first plane, slightly margined, at length convex, immargi- nate, internally whitish; spores ellipsoid, slightly constricted, 1-septate, brownish-black, 0,015-20 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick ; epithecium brown, paraphyses moderate, subarticulate ; hypothecium colourless.—Cromb. Grevillea, i, p. 141; Leight. Lich. FL. ed. 3, p- 216.— Brit. Zvs.: Cromb. n. 158. Closely allied to L. sciudes Nyl., a plant of the FE. Pyrenees, though from the evanescent thalline margin of the apothecia, which is visible only in their earliest stage of development, it has the appearance of a Lecedea allied to L. coniops. The apothecia occur chiefly towards the centre of the thallus and are somewhat scattered. The spermogones are abundant, black, punctate, with spermatia thinly bacillar, 0,0045 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick. Hab, On gneissic and granitic rocks in maritime districts Distr. Local, though plentiful, in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N.E. Scot- land.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey, Near Penzance, Cornwall. Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 69. L. Bischoffii Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 217.— Thallus effuse, thin, leproso-farinose or rimuloso-granulose, greyish or brownish (K—, CaCl—), often indistmct. Apothecia minute, at first plane with entire thalline margin, at length convex and im- 400 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA. marginate, brownish-black ; spores broadly ellipsoid, very obtuse at the apices, with a broad transverse septum, 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick; paraphyses not very discrete, brownish at the clavate apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecee violet-coloured, with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 141; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 220.—Psora Bischoffii Hepp, Lich. Europ. (1853) n. 81. Well distinguished from the allied species by the broad septum of the spores. In our few British specimens the thallus is little visible, but the apothecia are numerous. When these are immarginate the plant has entirely a lecideine appearance. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.— Distr, As yet only in W. England and the Central Grampians, Scotland; no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—B. M.: Rodmarton and Stroud Read, Gloucestershire; En- nerdale, Cumberland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Var. @. immersa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—Thallus evanescent. Apothecia foveolato - immersed, somewhat plane, blackish, the margin brownish, involute.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 221.— Rinodina Bischoffii 8. immersa Koerb. Par. Lich, (1865) p. 75. A rather inconspicuous plant, differing from the type in the immersed apothecia, with their usually involute margin. The thallus is generally contused with the stone, but when visible it is whitish and macular, Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in hilly tracts—Dz¢str. Local and scarce in S.W. England.—B. M.; Yatton and Weston-super-Mare, Somersetshire. 70. L. colobina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 358.—Thallus sub- determinate, thinnish, granulato-pulverulent, casio- greyish or greyish-black (K+purplish). Apothecia minute, adnate, somewhat plane, blackish ; the thalline margin entire, thickish, caesio-greyish ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; epithecium K + purplish.— Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Brit. Hxs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 91. A good species, readily distinguished from its immediate allies by the different reactions. In the single British specimen seen the thallus is leprose, dark, and the apothecia only sparingly present. Hab. On the trunks of old elms in a lowland district.—Distr. As yet only very sparingly in E, England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. —B. M.: Near Cambridge. 71. L. Conradi Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xi, (1871) p. 182—Thallus subeffuse, verrucoso- or subleproso- granulate, thinnish, griseous or greyish-brown (K—, CaUl—). Apothecia moderate, plane, blackish-brown, opaque, with the thalline margin rugulose or obsoletely crenulate, at length convex and immarginate; spores 4-locular, the cells nucleolate, 0,026-32 LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 401 mm. long, 0,010-11 mm. thick; paraphyses not very discrete, brownish at the apices.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 47.—Rinodina Conradi Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 123. Lecanora pyre- niospora Nyl. Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 280, ed. 3, p. 222.— Brit. Hus.: Larb. Cesar. n. 78; Lich. Hb. n. 263. _ Closely resembles L. turfacea var. archea Ach., which does not occur in our Islands, but differs in the character of the spores. The thallus, which elsewhere varies in thickness, is in our specimens thin and at times almost obliterated The apothecia are either scattered or crowded, the young spores being 1-septate. Hab. On decayed turf and the ground, rarely on old excrements of sheep, in maritime and upland districts — Distr. Local and sparingly in the Channel Islands, E. England, and 8. Wales.—B. M.: La Moye, Jersey; Islands of Sark and Jethou. Thetford Warren, Norfolk. 72. L, diplinthia Ny]. Ann. Sc. Nat. t. xix. (1863) p. 316.— Thallus indeterminate, thin or thiunish, unequal or subgranulose, pale-greyish or pale-whitish (K —, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane, brown (internally pale), the thalline margin entire ; spores ellipsoid, 4-locular (the two apical loculi simple, the two central each with 2 or sometimes 3 transverse cells), 0,023-34 mm. long, 0,012-16 mm. thick ; paraphyses scarcely discrete.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 230, ed. 3, p. 222 An interesting plant, formerly known only corticolous from New Granada, 8. America. It is allied to the preceding species, but differs in the character of the thallus, and in the smaller apothecia with their entire thalline margin. The two British specimens seen are fragmentary, but with numerous, crowded apothecia. Hab. On the ground in fissures of rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: The Eperquerie and D’{xcart Bay, Island of Sark. 73. L. umbrinofusca Nyl. Flora, 1860, p. 8389.—Thallus deter- minate, thin, subcontinuous or obsoletely rimulose, umbrine-brown or umbrine-blackish (K—,CaC!—); hypothallus subplumoso-radi- ating, leaden-coloured, usually limiting the thallus. Apothecia lecideoid, minute, adnate, black, submarginate; spores brown, 0,010-11 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; epithecium brown ; hypo- thecium colourless.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 23. ‘Looks quite a Lecidea, though the young apothecia are sublecanorine. The spermogones have not been seen, but it evidently belongs to this section, near to L. griseqfusca Nyl., a Finland plant, to which it seems closely related. It forms small, dark macule upon the substratum, which here and there become subconfluent. The single specimen seen is well fertile. Hab. On siliceous stones in an upland tract.— Distr. Found only very sparingly in E. England.—B. M.; Thetford Warren, Norfolk. 74, L. mquata Nyl. Flora, 1884, p. 392.—Thallus effuse, thin, 2D 402 LICHENACET. [LECANORA. greyish-white, often scarcely visible or entirely obsolete (Kf+ yel- lowish, CaCl—) ; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small, lecideoid, thinly margined, at length convex, blackish or dark-brown, whitish within ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,010-11 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 47.—Lecidea wequata Nyl. olim, Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 149. Lecidea coniops var. 8. equata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 171. A rather inconspicuous plant, having, like others of this section, entirely the appearance of a Lecidea, but with gonidia intruded into the cee of the apothecia, The single small British specimen is quite typical and well fertile. Hab. On granitic rocks in a maritime locality.—Distr. Only very sparingly in 8.W. England.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall. 75. L. polyspora Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xi. (1871) p. 182.—Thallus determinate, very thin, granulato-verrucose or smoothish, whitish or greyish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia minute, adnate, brownish-black or blackish, at first plane with thin con- colorous or paler margin, then convex and immarginate ; spores 12-24ne, oblong or ellipsoideo-oblong, straight or slightly curved, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, yellowish-brown at the subclavate apices.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 47.—Rinodina polyspora Fr. fil. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal. ser. 3, vii. (1861) p. 226. Rinodina sophodes Koerb., Mudd, Man. p. 142. Looks like a small Lecidea, though, as the apothecia have gonidia in- truded into their margin, it is evidently a Lecanora, as is shown also by the structure of the spermogones. From all the allied species it is well distinguished by the polyspored thecee. Hab. On the smooth bark of an alder in a wooded mountainous district—Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the S. Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M.: Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 76. L. isidioides Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 115.— Thallus effuse, thin, subsquamuloso-stellate, whitish or greyish- white ; squamules minute, simple or divided, cylindrical or slightly compressed, isidioid, the divisions often slightly constricted (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small or moderate, plane, dull~ purplish or brownish-black, the thalline margin tumid, entire or somewhat crenulate; spores oblong or ellipsoideo-oblong, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted in the middle, brownish, 0,026-30 mm. long, 0,018-15 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 49 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 224, ed, 3, p. 214.—Borrera isidioides Mudd, Man. p. 106. Parmelia isidioides Borr. Eng. Bot., Suppl. t. 2808. A very maar endemic species, well characterized by the peculiar isidioid, stellate thallus. In its general aspect it looks almost a Physcia, and though placed here by Nylander probably constitutes a distinct LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDREI, 403 section of Lecanora, The thallus is rather scattered, greenish-grey when moistened, usually but sparingly fertile; though in one corticolous frag- ment the apothecia are somewhat numerous. Hab. On mossy and naked trunks of trees in upland situations.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. Wales, where it has not recently been met with.—B, M.: Cwm Bychan and Crafnant, Merionethshire. D. Thallus placodioid. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 82, ellipsoid, rarely subglobose, simple, colourless; paraphyses jointed. Spermogones with simple or shortly jointed sterigmata and cylindrical, moderate, straight spermatia. 77. UG. melanaspis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 427; Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 18, nota.—Thallus suborbicular, adnate, thinnish, areolate or verrucoso-rugose in the centre, radiato-laciniate at the circum- ference, greyish or leaden-greyish, the radii convex, multifid (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, appressed, plane, at length convex, the thalline margin entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 8, p. 201.—Lecanora alphoplaca var. melanaspis Stirt. Scottish Naturalist, iv. p. 28. Differs from L. alphoplaca (Wahl.), the typical species of this section, of which it has sometimes been made a variety, and which is not found in Britain, in the negative reaction with K, among other distinctive cha- racters of the thallus and apothecia. I have, however, seen no British specimen, and regard it as of doubtful occurrence in the locality re- corded. Hab. On rocks in a mountainous region.—Distr. Said to have been found in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland (Ben Brecht, Argyleshire). 78. L. cireinata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 425—Thallus orbi- cular, closely adnate, verrucoso-areolate in the centre, radiato-plicate at the circumference, greyish or greyish-white, the radii contiguous, narrow, somewhat plane or convex (K — or + yellowish). Apothecia small or submoderate, innate, at first suburceolate, then plane, brown or dark-brown, the thalline margin thin, entire; spores ellip- soid, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0065-85 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then reddish with iodine.—L. circinata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 195, ed. 8, p. 179; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50. Squamaria circinata Mudd, Man. p. 180; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 196. Placodium circinatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 448. Lichen circinatus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. (1794) p. 25, Eng. Bot. t. 1941.—A well-marked species, of which the type apparently does not occur in Britain, but only the peculiar form subcircinata Nyl. in litt., differing merely in the thalline reaction (K+yellow, then saffron-red); This being but a supplementary reaction, the plant is nob now regarded by Nylander as constituting a distinct species as in Flora, 1873, p. 18, subsp. Cromb. Grevillea, xvili. p.47.—Lichen 2n2 404 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA. subimbricatus Relh. Fl. Cantab. 1785, p. 427; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 18. The thallus is small or moderate (1-4 inches in diameter), often greyish-brown, rarely somewhat leaden-coloured, and at times in old plants becomes centrifugal. In some situations the thallus is reddish. grey with the apothecia brownish-red, when it seems tu be var. 8. myr= rhina Fr. (non Ach.) Lich. Eur. p. 124; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 47. This, however, evidently arises: from its being suffused either with pee of iron or with urine, so that it is only an accidental state. Our ritish specimens are well fertile, the apothecia, Huang central, being numerous, occasionally crowded and then subangulose. The spermogones are frequent, dark-brown, with simplish sterigmata and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and walls, usually on the coping of bridges, in lowland and upland districts—Distr. Here and there throughout England, in N, Wales, reported also from §.W. Scotland (Cathkin); very rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunda’s, Suffolk; Clare Hall Bridge, Cambridge ; near Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Hale’s End, Malvern and Pershore Bridge, Worcester- shire ; near Congerstone, Leicestershire ; Oversley Bridge, Warwickshire ; Garn Bridge, Conway Castle, Denbighshire; Barnard Castle and Nele- stone, Durham ; Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland. 79. L. circinatula Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 100.—Thallus small, ap- pressed, diffract, radiately divided at the circumference, the radii plane, dark-greyish or brownish-grey (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apo- thecia innate, submoderate, plane, dark-brown, the thalline margin thin, entire; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, about 0,007 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89. Closely allied to Z. circinata, from which it is distinguished by the different reaction and by the smaller thallus and spores. The apo- thecia are numerous and crowded except at the immediate circumference. The spermogones have the sterigmata slender, 2-3-jointed, with straight bacilliform spermatia, 0,0035-45 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hub. On siliceous stones in a maritime district.—Distr. Only very sparingly in S. England.—B, M.: Near Beachy Head, Sussex. E. Apothecia lecanorine or at times biatoroid; spores &ns, very rarely 8-16nz, simple, rarely 1-septate, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate, very rarely straight spermatia, f a. Thallus normally subeffigurate, K—. 80. L. galactina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 424.—Thallus snb- orbicular, appressed, yerrucoso-diffract, lobato-crenate at the circum- ference, opaque, subpulyerulent on the surface(K—). Apothecia moderate, or somewhat small, adnate, somewhat plane, pale- or brownish-testaceous, white-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin at length crenulate and often flexuose ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEE1. 405 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, dis- crete, not clavate at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine——Mudd, Man. p. 149; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p.206,ed. 3, p. 189.—Parmelia galactina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 190. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculare, incanum Dill. Muse. p. 135, t. 18. f. 17 3.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n.116; Leight. n. 400. A common plant overlooked by our older authors and rarely appearing in their herbaria s, u. Lichen muralis, along with L. saxicola, At first the thallus is orbicular, small, and squamarioid in appearance ; but it is often little developed, and frequently at length is indeterminate. The apothecia are numerous, crowded towards the centre, and thus often angulose. It is in other respects a rather variable plant, presenting the form and sub- species that follow. Hab. On walls and rocks, chiefly calcareous, from maritime to upland districts.— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Islands and in SE, and N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Island of Sark; Rozel, Jersey. Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Holloway, London; Stanmore, Middlesex ; Crystal Palace, Surrey; Peasemarsh and Hastings, Sussex ; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Cleve Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leices- tershire ; Great Malvern, Worcestershire; Shiffnal and Oswestry, Shrop- shire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. King’s Park, Stirling; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-shire. Near Cork; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway. Form verrucosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 190.—Thallus pulvinate, white, the pulvinuli thickish, convex, verrucose, scattered. Apothecia small, immersed, crowded.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 67. Differs in the form of the thicker, dispersed thallus, and in the innate apothecia, resulting probably from the nature of the habitat. It no doubt descends from var. deminuta (Stenh.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195, and is subconfluent with Hepp, Evs. n. 901 (left-hand specimen), Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Only a few localities in Wales, N.W. England, and the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Mumbles, near Swansea, Glamorgan ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Asby, Westmoreland. Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. L. dissipata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.— Thallus macular or indeterminate, very sparingly visible, consisting chiefly of a blackish, subleprose hypothallus. Apothecia small, pale-livid, slightly white-suffused ; the thalline margin white, opaque, subentire or obsoletely crenate; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses not well discrete.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 67. : A peculiar lichen, the only one which with a state of the type occurs in the immediate suburbs of London. In our British specimens, which 406 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. are evidently referable to Nylander’s plant, the thallus at first appears as small scattered ink-like stains upon the substratum, which at length be- come confluent, so that it spreads extensively without any distinct limits. For the greater part it is only hypothalline, but here and there a few thal- line verrucee are present, coloured blackish with smoke, as are also the gonidia (form fumigata Cromb.). The apothecia are numerous and crowded. : Hab. On composite walls and pillars of houses in lowland tracts. —Distr. Confined apparently to the more open suburban districts of London, where it is not uncommon.—B., M. : Camden Town and Notting Hill, London ; Crystal Palace, Surrey. Subsp. 2. L. dispersa Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 291.—Thallus obsolete or entirely wanting. Apothecia minute, more or less scattered, pale-livid, subcarneous or blackish, naked or pruinose, the thalline margin white, entire or subcrenulate; spores 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,0045-60 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, usually slightly incrassate at the apices.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora galactina form dispersa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 190. A good subspecies, characterized chiefly by the absence of a distinct thallus. It spreads extensively over the substratum, and as it occasion- ally grows associated with less developed states of the type, it probably descends from some of these. The apothecia are usually somewhat scat- tered, though at times rather Sraedee in the same specimen. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only here and there in Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Ryde beach, Isle of Wight; Cirencester, Gloucester- shire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Hartlepool, Durham ; Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare; Delphi, Connemara, co. Galway. 81. L, urbana Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Thallus subdeterminate, moderate, granulato-squamulose, white, opaque ; granules depressed, crenate or suberenate (K—). Apothecia mode- rate, crowded, pale, more or less white-suffused, the thalline margin subcrenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, not clavate at the apices; hy- menial gelatine bluish, the thece at length sordid-violet er bluish with iodine.— Lecanora galactina subsp. urbana Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368. Differs from Z. galactina in the thicker, whiter thallus, the longer spores, and more especially in the paraphyses being twice or thrice as thick and distinctly articulate. In the British specimens the apothecia are numerous, crowded, often subangulose, with thickiah, slightly crenate margin. Hab, On mortar of old walls near towns in lowland districts, — Distr; oer in S. England and 8. Ireland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere,— E i. Near Dorking, Surrey; Folkestone, Kent; Lewes, Sussex. ork. : LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDELI. 407 82. L. livida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 375.—Thallus indeter- minate, pale-whitish or livid, squamuloso- diffract ; squamules adnate, contiguous, moderate, usually crenulate at the margins(K—). Apo- thecia minute, more or less immersed, several in each squamule, plane or slightly convex, concolorous with the thallus or livid flesh- coloured, the thalline margin entire, scarcely prominent; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gela- tine faintly bluish, then tawny wine-red with iodine—Cromb. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora galactina var. livida Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 190. Now regarded by Nylander im ditt, as a distinct species allied to LZ. giélactina rather than to LZ. saaicola, under which he mentions it, Lich. Scand. p. 133, as belonging doubtfully to subgenus Sguamaria. From the other species of this subsection it is readily distinguished by the thallus and apothecia. Our few British specimens are well fertile. Hab, On calcareous walls in upland districts.—Distr. Seen only from N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Wansbeck- Valley, Northumberland. Appin, Argyleshire. 83. L. subluta Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 232.—Thallus indeterminate, continuous or dispersed, thin, minutely granulose, whitish (K—). Apothecia small, crowded, pale-yellow or yellow-sublivid, the thal- line margin suberenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses not very distinct ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight, Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190. Evidently belongs to this subsection, though the spermogones have not been detected. In the specimens seen the thallus is, with a single excep- tion, somewhat scattered and developed chiefly about the apothecia, These are numerous, and from mutual pressure often become difform. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.— Distr. Local in N.W, Ireland and the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Recess and Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form perspersa Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 233.—Thallus obsolete, Apothecia distantly scattered ; otherwise as in the type-——Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 190. Differs merely in the absence of a thallus (though traces of it are rarely seen) and in the scattered apothecia, which are somewhat smaller. Hab. On rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Only in N.W. Ireland.— B. M.: Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway. 84. L. aipospila Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 385.—Thallus sub- orbicular or expanded, tuberculose or papillate towards the centre, radiately sulcate or crenulate at the circumference, thinnish or mode- rate, brown or greyish-brown (K—) ; hypothallus dark, limiting-the thallus or obsolete. Apothecia small, innato-sessile on the papilla, brown or blackish, at first plane with entire thalline margin, at length 408 LICHENACE!. [LECANORA. somewhat convex and sublecideine; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 1- septate, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses sub- moderate, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine deep bluish, then dark violet with iodine-—Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 2; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 187; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 228, ed. 3, p. 219.—Lecania erysibe y. aipospila Mudd, Man. p.141. Parmelia atpospila Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 36.— Brit. Eas. : Cromb. n. 159. A well-marked species, easily recognized by the papillose thallus and the situation of the apothecia. In herbaria specimens the thallus is usually entirely verrucoso-unequal or papillate, but in nature it is some- what radiate at the circumference, oo. more or less limited by the hypo- thallus. When growing in drier situations, it becomes brownish-black or almost black. The apothecia are situated chiefly on the central papille, with the thalline margin eventually excluded. The spermogones are prominent and frequent towards the circumference of the thallus, with spermatia arcuate, 0,016-23 mm. long,-scareely 0,001 mm, thick. Hab. Ou granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Local though plentiful in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N.E. England, N.E. Scotland, and S.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Le Fret, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg, [sland of Guernsey. Tolpedn Penwith, rear Penzance, Land’s End, and the Lizard, Cornwall; Holy Island and Staples Island, North- umberland. Portlethen and Cove, Kincardineshire ; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Shirky Island, co. Kerry. Var. G. maritima Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 158.—Thallus thin, granulato-rugose, suberenate at the circumference, greyish, the hypo- thallus scarcely visible; otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229, ed. 3, p. 219. Characterized by the epapillate, thinner, more continuous thallus, and by the hypothallus being less distinct. Sommerfelt (Lapp. Suppl. p. 97) says that the thallus at length becomes griseo-blackish, but this does not occur in our few specimens. The apothecia, which are situated on the granules, are frequently sublecideine. Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in 8.W. and W. England, and in N.E. Seotland.—B. M. : Near Penzance, Cornwall; near Douglas, Isle of Man. Portlethen, Kin- cardineshire. 85. L. poliophea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 398; Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. 410, t. 27. f. 3—Thallus subdeterminate, granulato- papilloso-diffraet or papilloso-verrucose, greyish- or greenish-brown (K—); hypothallus fibrilloso-byssoid, whitish, often limiting the thallus. Apotheeia small, adnate, plane, dull-brown or brownish, the thalline margin thin, erenulate; spores ellipsoid,simple,0,007-13 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm, thick ; paraphyses slender, the apices incrassate ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 200.—Parmelia poliophea Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1808) p. 38. Lecanora spodephea (Wahl.) Borr, Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 3; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187.—Brit. Evs., Cromb. n. 62. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET, 409 Differs from the preceding species in the colour of the thallus and hypo- thallus, in the character of the thalline margin, and in the simple spores. The papilla of the thallus, which is either orbicular or somewhat ex- anded, are minute, very much crowded, rather fragile, and form a some- what thickish and superficially granulose crust. In moister situations it is more greenish, its usual condition with us; whence form spodophea Cromb. (Parmelia spodophea Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 37). The apothecia are numerous and crowded, with the thalline margin persistent and (except in very young apothecia) always crenulate. Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts — Distr. Local, though usually plentiful in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N.E. Scotland—B. M.: Le Fret, Island of Jersey. Tolpedn Pen- with, and near Penzance, Cornwall. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. &. Thallus uniform, K+. 86. L. subfusca Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.—Thallus deter- minate, thin, subsmooth, or slightly rugoso-uneyual, whitish (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane or somewhat convex, brown or reddish- brown, opaque or somewhat shining, the sy \ thalline margin entire ; paraphyses slender, } ( J discrete, brownish at the apices ; epithecium b X Zz non-granulose; spores 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine QO bluish, then dark-violet (the thece dark tawny-coloured) with iodine.—Cromb. Gre- * villea, xviii. p. 68.--L. subfusca form argen- tata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.51; Leight. Lich, Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186. LZ. subfusca y. Fig. 65. glabrata Mudd, Man. p. 146 pro parte. Lecanora suhfusea Nyl.— L. subfusca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47, Sm. — @_ A spore and para~ Eng. Fl. v. p. 189, is a nomen vagum pro Lace - oe bs ae maxima parte (ut videtur)— Brit. Exs.: ee BOO. ae eee Larb. Lich. Herb. n. 217. A species until recently ill-defined and not well limited, several of those which immediately fellow being either confounded with it or viewed simply as varieties. These are now separated chiefly by dif- ferences in the paraphyses and epithecium, and also, according to Nylander /. c., in the size of the spermatia, The typical state includes Lecanora subfusca a. argentata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 893, and y. glabrata Ach. J. ¢., which do not differ from each other. The apothecia are usually more or less crowded, rarely somewhat scattered. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,016-19 mm. long (fide Nyl. in litt.), and in this, as in the allied species, are black above. Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, in maritime and lowland. tracts.— Distr. Seen only from a very. few localities in E., S., and W. England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Isham, Torquay, 8. Devon; near Cambridge; Churchill, near Worcester. 410 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Var. (6. campestris Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 198.—Thallus granuloso- verrucose, greyish-white or grey. Apothecia small or submederate, the thalline margin entire or at times subcrenulate.-—Cromb. Gre- villea, xvili. p. 68.—L. subfusca {. campestris Mudd, Man. p. 147; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.51. L. subfusca forma argentata Leight. Lich. Fi. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186 pro parte. Lecanora subfusca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47 pro parte (¢. ¢. saxicola); Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189 pro parte (t.¢. saxicola). Lichen punctatus Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iii, p. 15, Eng. Bot. t. 450, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15, according to specimens in Hb. Sowerby, is a young state of this variety with darker apothecia.— Brit, Hvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 99. Differs from the type, of which probably it is only a saxicolous form, in the thallus being more unequal (though transition-states are not wanting) and in the thalline margin of the apothecia being occasionally slightly crenulate. The thallus is rarely somewhat expanded and is usually well fertile. It is at times the host of a parasitic Endococcus hereafter to be described. Hab. On rocks and walls, rarely on the ground, from maritime to upland districts—Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain and Ireland, as also in the Channel Islands—B. M.: St. Ouen’s Bay, Island of Jersey; The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Hastings, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, S. Devon; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Stormy Down, Glamorganshire ; Llandyssil; Cardiganshire; Barnsley Park, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Grecha Mt., Isle of Man; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Helsington, Cumberland ;) near Kendal, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Northumberland. ? West Water, Fifeshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lyon and Glen Fender, Perthshire; Cove, Rincardianthine: near Aberdeen. Cork Harbour and Kinsale, co. Cork; near Kilkee, co. Clare; Bally- nahinch, Dawros Bridge and Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway, . 87. L. spodophzoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2, nomen.— Thallus determinate, thinnish, rugulose, greyish (K + yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus whitish, byssino-radiating. Apothecia small, plane, black-sanguineous, often crowded and angulose, the thalline margin subentire or subcrenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick; paraphyses moderate, subarticulate, sub- clavate at the agglutinate apices; epithecium deep yellow-brown ; hymenial gelatine (especially the thece) bluish with iodine.—Z, sub- fusca var. spodopheoides, Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171; Leight. Lich. Fi. ed. 3, p. 188. Approaches var. 8 of the preceding species, but the characters of the hypothallus, apothecia, and paraphyses render it distinct. In the single entire specimen gathered the thallus-is but of moderate size, and is distinctly limited by the hypothallus, The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia 0,025 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. thick, ide Nyl., to whom I owe also the diagnosis of the plant. g Hab, On a mica-schist wall in an upland district.—Distr. Very local and rare in the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B.M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire, LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI, 41 88. L. allophana Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.-—Thallus determinate, unequal, rugose or granulato-corrugate, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane or slightly convex, brown or brownish-black ; the thalline margin entire, at length subcrenate and flexuose; paraphyses slender, not discrete at the apices ; epithecium continuous (not granulose) ; spores 0,013- 22 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecee violet-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Cirevillea, xviii. p. 68.— L. subfusca form allophana Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 200, ed. 3, p.185. ZL. subfusca n. allophana Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 895. Lichen subfuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 219. Lvehenoides crustaceum et leprosum scutellis sub- fuscis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 71 pro parte; Muse. 134, t. 18. fig. 16.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 116 pro parte ; Bohl. n. 35. At one time Nylander, like some other authors, regarded this as the type of Z. subfusca. This is so far warranted also by its being Lichen subfuscus Linn. (Fl. Suec. 1755, p. 409) pro maxima parte, according to specimens in his own herbarium; but it is better to adopt the nomen- -clature of Acharius as having a definite signification. It differs from L. subfusca chiefly in the more rugose thallus, the form of the thalline margin of the apothecia, the more conglutinate paraphyses, the smaller spores, and the size of the spermatia, which (fide Nyl. in ditt.) are 0,018- 24 mm. long. Hab. On trunks of trees from maritime to upland districts.— Distr. Not uncommon in England; apparently rare in N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland ; probably often overlooked.— B.M.: Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Lustleigh, 8. Devon; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Worcester; near Shrews- bury, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Ayton, Cleveland, York- shire. Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Inverary, Argyleshire. Castle- connell, co. Limerick. 89. L. epibryon Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 155; Nyl. Flora, 1872, . 250.—Thallus subdeterminate, verruculose or granuloso-con- crescent, white (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat large, plane, brown-or reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thin, entire, often flexuose; paraphyses slender; epithecium non-granulose; spores 0,014-23 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece at length dark-wine-red with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora subfusca var. epibryon pro parte Mudd, Man. p. 147; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203, ed. 3, p. 187. Lichen epibryon Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 79. Usually confounded by British authors with terricolous states of var. 8 of L. subfusca. It is, however, a plant of a more alpine type, and is well characterized by the much larger apothecia and spores. The only British specimen is well fertile; but the few spermogones visible have become partially abraded. These elsewhere (fide Nyl. in itt.) have the spermatia 0,015-18 mm. long. Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in mid-alpine situations.— 412 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Distr. Extremely rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland —B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 90. L. Parisiensis Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.— Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, rugose or rugoso-granulate or subverrucose, greyish (K+ yellowish, CaC1—). Apothecia mode- rate, plane, brownish-black or rarely brown, naked or occasionally cesio-pruinose; the thalline margin rugose or subcrenate; para- physes distinctly articulate, slightly thickened and brownish at the apices; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thece at length violet) with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178.—Lecanora subfusca forma Parisiensis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 185.—In Flora, 1883, p. 107, Nylander says that Lecanora subfusca 6. horiza Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 394, belongs pro parte (7. ¢. the French specimen) to this species, so that probably it ought to be called L. horiza (Ach.) Nyl.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 116 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 58, Distinguished from its more immediate British allies by the jointed paraphyses. At times the thallus is small and distinctly limited by a white hypothallus, and is then probably the var. horiza Ach. The apo- thecia occasionally are partly conglomerate, smaller, with the thalline margin subevanescent, a state which may be L. subfusca e. rufa Ach, Syn. p. 157. The spermogones (fide Nyl. in ltt.) have the spermatia 0,018- 28 mm. long. Hab. On trunks of trees, seldom on old pales, in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Not unfrequent in England ; rare in 8. Ireland; not seen from Scotland or the Channel Islands.—B.M.: Walthamstow, Essex ; Glynde, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Tisham, Torquay, and near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon; Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tullygreen, co. Cork. 91. L. rugosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.—Thallus deter- winate, thickish, granulato-rugose, whitish (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, at first concave, then plane, pale or brownish, sometimes slightly pruinose ; the thalline margin thick, elevated, rugose or rugoso-crenate and inflexed; paraphyses. crowded, colourless; epithecium granulose ; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—L. subfuscw form rugosa Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186. Lichen rugosus Pers. fide Ach, Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 894 (sub L. subfusca 6. horiza), L. subfusca e. atrynea Mudd, Man. p- 147 pro parte. May be recognized in its more ae state by the character of the thalline margin of the apothecia, which, with the granulose epithecium, readily distinguish it from the preceding corticolous species. The apo- thecia ure at times crowded and angulosc, and when also subpruinose LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 413 give it much the general aspect of states of L. angulosa. It is a rather variable plant, presenting the subspecies and varieties that follow. Hab. On the trunks of old trees, from maritime to upland tracts.— Distr. General but not common throughout Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Ulla- combe, near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Bakewell, Derbyshire; Hollybush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland; Calder Abbey and Alston, Cumber- land; Levens Park, Westmoreland. Near Glasgow, Lanarkshire ; Pennycuick Glen, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Blair- drummond, near Stirling; Killin, Perthshire; Cults, near Aberdeen. Rostellan, co. Cork; Old Dromore and Killarney, co. Kerry; Tervoe, near Limerick; Derryclare and Lough Inagh, co. Galway. Subsp. L. chlarona Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.—Thallus thin, smoothish or subrugulose, whitish or greyish-white. Apothecia small or submoderate, plane or slightly convex, pale or pale-brownish, the thalline margin subentire or finely crenulate; spores 0,009— 15 mm. long, 0,005-9 mm. thick.—Lecanora chlarona Cromb. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 68. ZL. subfusca forma chlarona Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203, ed. 3, p. 188. LZ. albella form chlarona Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51. L. subfusca y. glabrata (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 147.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 115; Mudd, nos. 112, 113 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 256, 257. Distinguished from the type by the thinner, smoother thallus, and the non-rugose thalline margin of theapothecia. It so closely touches it, how- ever, in other respects that Nylander /. c. does not regard it as specifically distinct. This view is further confirmed by the occurrence of intermediate states with difficulty referable to either. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being numerous, oiten crowded, and becoming darker in age. Hab. On the smooth bark of trees, occasionally on old pales, from maritime to upland situations. — Distr. General and abundant in England; apparently rarer in N. ‘Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.—B. M. : Epping Forest, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; Wrotham, Kent; Glynde, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Isham, Torquay, and near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Withiel, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Glou- cestershire ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire; Over and Babraham, Cambridge- shire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ;. Wastdale, Cumberland. Near Glasgow; Appin, Argyleshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Loch Linnhe, Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Near Cork; Upper Lake, Killarney, co. Kerry. : Form pinastri Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.—-Thallus subeffuse, thin, subleprose, greyish-white. Apothecia small, plane or convex, brown, the thalline margin entire.—Lecanora subfusca e. pinastri Scheer, Enum. (1850) p. 74; Mudd, Man. p. 146, Differs only in the less developed thallus and the entire thalline margin of the apothecia, At times, however, it is almost confluent with the type, so that-the differential characters given seem owing to the habitat. The apothecia are either scattered or somewhat crowded. 414 LICHENACKI. [LECANORA, Hab. On trunks and branches of firs and on fir pales in maritime and upland tracts Distr. Rather rare in England; not uncommon in Scotland; not seen from Wales or Ireland.—B.M.: Near Leith Hill, Surrey; near Penzance, Cornwall; Buxton, Derbyshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley, Westmoreland. West Lomond Hill, Fifeshire; Achmore, Killin, Ben Lawers, and Blaeberry Hill, Perth- shire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Var. G3. geographica Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p, 68.— Thallus finely decussate throughout, with black hypothalline lines. Apothecia subminute, plane or somewhat convex, brown.— L, sub- fusca e. geographica Mass. Ric, Lich. (1852) p. 6.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 113 pro parte. A well-marked and rather fine variety. The numerous black lines with which it is everywhere limited, so that the individual plants are of small size, seem to belong to Lecidea parasema, with which it is always asso- ciated in our specimens. Hab. On shrubs and the branches of trees, chiefly ash, in wooded maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Only here and there throughout England, 8.W. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, and the S. Grampians; no doubt to be detected elsewhere—B. M.: St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon ; Bathampton, Somerset; Desford, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcester- shire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire. 92. L. atrynea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.—Thallus deter- minate or indeterminate, granulate or verrucoso-areolate, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate or some- what large, plane or at length convex, brown or corneous-brown, tho thalline margin crenulate, rarely subentire ; paraphyses thickish ; epithecium brown, granuloso-inspersed ; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish (the thecee violet) with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.— DL. subfusca e. atrynea Mudd, Man. p. 147 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 187. Lecanora sub- fusca ¢. atrynea Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 395. In some conditions this also closely resembles L. rugosa, of which, as noted by Nylander (Flora, 1883, p. 107), it is almost a subspecies. The British specimens, with a single exception saxicolous, are for the most part not very typical. At times the apothecia are infested with Spheria epi- cymotia Wallr., giving them much the aspect of those of Z. coilocarpa. The spermogones have the spermatia (ide Nyl. im litt.) 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab, On rocks, very rarely on trunks of trees, in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. Found only in a few localities in Great Britain and Treland. B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Buxton, Derbyshire; Bur- mouth, Merionethshire; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Killin, Perth- shire; Hillof Ardo, near Aberdeen. Dinis Island, Killarney, co. Kerry. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 415 Var. B. cenisia Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p- 409.—Thallus more or less verrucose. Apothecia usually some- what large and more convex, livid or yellowish-brown, slightly greyish-pruinose,—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—LZecanora cenisia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 361. Regarded by some authors as. the type of the species, from which it differs, though probably only as a form, in the character of the apothecia. In the single British specimen, which is well fertile, these are but small, not large as they are described by Acharius. Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Only very sparingly in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Var. y. melacarpa Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, i. (1873) p. 171.— Apothecia somewhat small, black; epithecium more or less in- spersed ; spores 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.—Z. sub- fusca forma melacarpa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 187. A well-marked variety characterized by the colour of the apothecia, which gives it much the aspect of the following species. , Hab. On mica-schist stones of a wall in an upland situation.—Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 93. L. coilocarpa Nyl. ea Norrl. Medd. Sillsk. pro F, et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 23.—Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thin, un- equal or granulato-rugose, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small or submoderate, concave or at length somewhat plane, brownish-black or blackish, the thalline margin entire or subentire; paraphyses slendcr, discrete, dark-brown at the apices; spores 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.— L. subfusca form coilocarpa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 186 (excl. pinastri Scher.). L. subfusca 2. coilo- carpa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 393.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 52 ; Mudd, n. 111; Larb. Cesar. n. 77. Often confounded with Z. atra, but closely allied to subspecies L. chlarona, from which it differs in the colour of the apothecia and the characters of the thallusand paraphyses. In corticolous plants, of which I have seen no British specimens, though these no doubt occur in the Scottish Highlands, the thallus is thin, but in saxicolous ones much’ thicker and verrucoso-diffract. The apothecia in these are numerous and at times crowded. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Not uncommon in the Channel Islands and Great Britain; apparently rare in S. Ireland.—B.M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Chateau’ Point, Island of Sark. Rusthall Common, Kent; Helmenton, Corn- wall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Trellick, Monmouthshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Cwm Ffynnon Llugy and Nant Francon, Carnarvou- shire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; 416 LICHENACEI. [LRCANORA. Staveley, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs, Perthshire; Baldovan, Poianhi near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Lambay Island, co. ork, Form pulicaris Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.— Thallus very thin or obsolete, whitish. Apothecia small, plane, at length convex ; the thalline margin thin, entire, whitish.— Lecanora pulearis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 336. Patellaria pulicaris Pers. Act. Wetteraw. ii. (1810), fide Ach. lc. The few British specimens are entirely ecrustaceous, and are limited throughout by black hypothalline (?) lines. The apothecia are numerous, though not crowded. Hab. On old fir palings in upland mountainous districts —Distr. Very local among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Blair Athole, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 94. L. gangaleoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 354.—Thallus sub- determinate, verrucoso-areolate, greyish-white (K+ yellow, CaCl — ). Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane, crowded, black; the thalline margin thin, entire ; prraphyses moderate, epithecium not inspersed ; spores 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecee at length wine-coloured with iodine-—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 189.—Z. sub- fusca forma gangalea (non Ach.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 187, may be this pro parte.— Brit. Hvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 19, Like the preceding apt to be confounded with Z. atra, from which it is distinguished by the internal colour of the apothecia and by the arcuate spermatia. From ZL. coilocarpa, which it more closely approaches, it differs chietly in the darker apothecia and the thicker paraphyses. Its nearest ally is L. atrynea, of which Nylander /. c. says it may probably be a variety distinguished by the colour of the apothecia and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. The apothecia are often crowded, with the thalline margin occasionally slightly inflexed. The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks and wails in hilly and mountainous regions.— Distr. Seen only from a few localities in N. England, the Scottish Highlands, and N.W. Ireland—B. M.: N. Derbyshire ; Bearmoor, Northumberland ; Llanbedrog, Carnarvonshire ; Wastdale, Cumberland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Letter HD and Ballinakill, Connemara, co. Galway. Subsp. L. schistina Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 429.—Thallus deter- minate, continuous, smooth, rugulose, areolato-rimose, glaucous- white. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, black, opaque; the thalline margin at length flexuose, white; spores 0,011-l14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—-Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—JZ. schistina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1182, p. 274. Differs from the type more especially in the smoother deplanate thallus LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEL. 417 and the character of the thalline margin of the apothecia. These in the British specimens are somewhat large and at times scattered. Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts— Distr. Only sparingly in the S.W. Highlands and the Central Grampians, Eee M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, erthshire, 95. I. intumescens Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855), p. 143.— Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, at length rimoso-areolate, whitish (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat convex, moderate, brown or carneous, at times slightly livid-pruinose; the thalline margin thick, entire, inflexed or subcrenate, snow-white ; paraphyses crowded, thick, yellowish-brown towards the apices; epithecium granulose ; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,006—8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 601.—Z. subfusea forma intumescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 186. Parmelia intumescens Rebent. Prodr. Fl. neom. (1804) p. 301. Lichen pallidus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 12.—Brit. Exs.: Dicks. Hort, Sic. n. 23. Easily distinguished from the allied species by the colour of the thalline margin of the apothecia, though in this respect it is subconfluent with states of Z. rugosa. From this, however, it differs in the thinner, smoother thallus, the less crowded and more convex apothecia, the colour of the paraphyses, and the thinner spores. Thespermogones have the spermatia (as in L. atrynea) 0,020-30 mm. long. Hab. On smooth trunks and branches of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Local in Great Britain; very rare in S.W. Ire- land.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Rhiwgreidden, Merio- nethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyle- shire; Finlarig, Killin, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Tervoe, co. Limerick. 96. L. chlarotera Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 550, nota 1.—Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thickish, areolato-diffract, verru- culoso-granulate, white (K + yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia large, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, pale-testaceous, the thalline margin thick, crenulate; spores oblong or ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,009- 11 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses distinct, thick; epi- thecium not inspersed; hymenial gelatine persistently deep bluish with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 182. Distinguished from subspecies ZL. chlarona by the thicker thallus, the large, paler apothecia, the non-inspersed epithecium, and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. It has somewhat the aspect of states of Lecanora pallescens, with which, however, it can scarcely be confounded. The apothecia are either somewhat scattered or approximate and subconfluent, occasionally slightly pruinose, with the thalline margin at length flexuose. Jn the two British specimens seen the spermogones are only sparingly present, with the spermatia rather longer than in subsp. L. chlarona, Hab. On the trunks of trees in upland districts.—Distr. Only in the 25 418 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 8.W. Highlands of Scotland and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Glen Creran, Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Letterfrack, Connemara, co. Galway. 97. L. prepostera Ny]. Flora, 1873, p. 19.—Thallus deter- minate, thin, smoothish, areolato-rimose, whitish, darkly limited and subfimbriate at the circumference (K+yellow, then cinnabarine- reddish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, blackish, opaque, glaucous- suffused or subdenudate, the thalline margin rugulose or subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-14 mm. Jong, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ; epithecium yellow-inspersed ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, bluish with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, 1873, p. 141; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 173. Looks at first sight as if only a peculiar variety of Z. atrynea, but is well distinguished by the smaller spores, the reactions of the thallus and hymenial gelatine. The two specimens seen by me are evidently an old state of the plant, and though the apothecia are numerous the spores are seldom present. Hab. On basaltic rocks in a maritime district —Distr. Extremely local and rare in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. 98. L. albella Ach. Vet. Ak. Hand]. 1810, p. 137; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 365.—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, whitish (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane or slightly convex, pale- flesh-coloured, cesio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire ; paraphyses not very discrete; epithecium granulose (CaCl—) ; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then nearly colourless or somewhat yellowish, the thece tawny wine-red (their apices bluish) with iodine.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 453; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 191; Mudd, Man. p. 148; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 206.—L. subfusca forma albella Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. i. p. 204. Lichen albellus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. (1794) p. 18; Eng. Bot. t. 2154, In several respects allied to more than one of the preceding species, from which externally it may be discriminated by the pale buff-coloured apo- thecia, which are rather scattered or sometimes crowded. It is, however, more definitely separated by the spermogones, which, as stated by Nylander (Flora, 1872, p. 250, note 2), are pale above. The spermatia are 0,016-20 mm. long ( fide Nyl. in htt.). It is a somewhat variable plant, presenting the following forms. Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts. —Distr. As yet only here and there sparingly in Great Britain and Ire- land.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants; Falls of Becky, 8S. Devon; Savernake Forest, Wiltshire; Hay Park, Hereford- shire ; Island of Anglesea, Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killaloe, co. Clare. Form 1. peralbella Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 361.— Thallus as in the type. Apothecia small, pale-brownish, slightly pruinose; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.— LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET, 419 Lecanora peralbella Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 365; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed, 3, p. 206. Originally regarded by Nylander as specifically distinct, this is now viewed by him only as a form characterized by the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. Hab. On thorns and trunks of trees in a maritime district— Distr. Very rare in N.W. Iveland.—B. M. : Killery Bay and Ballynahinch, Con- nemara, co. Galway. 4 Form 2. subalbella Nyl. ev Hué, Rev. Bot. 1887, p. 161.— Spores 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine and the thece bluish, then darker with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, XVili. p. 68.—Lecanora subalbella Ny]. Flora, 1872, p. 365.—Lichen rosellus Eng. Bot. t. 1651 (apotheciis magis convexis). Only another form of LZ, albella, though more distinct than the pre- ceding, differing not merely in the reaction of the hymenial gelatine but also in the slightly smaller spores and the slightly longer spermatia, which fide Nylander are 0,016-22 mm. long. Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded maritime and upland tracts.—. Distr. Only sparingly in S. England.—B. M.: Netley Abbey, near Bartly Lodge, and Bramble Hill, New Forest, Hants. 99. L. angulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 364; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, at length unequal or rugoso-subrimose, greyish-white (K+yellow, CaCl—). Apo- thecia small or submoderate, plane or slightly convex, crowded and subangulose, pale-brown or sordid-pale, slightly ceesio-pruinose (epithecium CaCl+yellow); the thalline margin thin, subentire or somewhat crenulate, at length subevanescent ; paraphyses slender, sabdiscrete; epithecium granulose; spores 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 205.—L. albella subsp. angulosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; var. 3. angulosa Mudd, Man. p. 148. L. subfusca var. angulosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 204. Lichen angulosus Schreb. Spicil. (1771) p. 136.—Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, nos, 114, 115. Usually regarded as only a variety (or subspecies) of L. albella, this essentially differs in the positive reaction of the epithecium with CaCl, and in the black colour of the spermogones above. Among minor cha- racters it also differs in the crowded angulose apothecia, especially in the centre of the thallus, and in the rather larger spores. The spermatia are ‘shorter than in the preceding species, being (fide Nyl. zn itt.) 0,014-18 mu. long. Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Here and there in Great Britain and Ireland; not seen from the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; near Lewes and Hastings, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cliffrigg and near Easby, Cleve- land, Yorkshire; Catterleen, Cumberland, Appin, a ; Finlarig, E 420 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Killin, Perthshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Castleconnell, co. Limerick ; Killaloe, co. Clare. Var. 8. chondrotypa Stiz. Bot. Zeit. 1868, p. 899.—Thallus as in the type. Apothecia convex, often crowded, whitish or subcarneous, the thalline margin excluded.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p, 68.— Lecanora chondrotypa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 365. According to Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 162) this is present in Hb. Acharius s. n. Lichen glabratus Dicks., but as Dickson does not record it his specific name cannot be retained. Differs in the character of the- apothecia, which, however, in a very young state are plane with a distinct thalline margin. Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded upland tracts.—Distr. Local ‘and scarce in 8. England.—B. M.: Bembridge, Isle of Wight; St. Leo- nard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon. 100. L. glaucoma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 362.—Thallus sub- determinate, at first continuous, then rimoso-areolate, whitish or glaucous-white (K-+yellow, CaCl--); bypothallus thin, whitish. Apothecia moderate, innate or appressed, plane or convex, carneous- livid or livid-black, casio-pruinose (CaCl + yellow); the thalline margin thin or tumid, at length flexuose and obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; paraphyses somewhat slender, conglutinate ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, the thece violet with iodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48; Sm. Eng. FL. vy. p. 189; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.185; Mudd, Man. p. 153 ; Cromb. Lich, Brit. p.5U; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215, ed. 3, p. 204.— Rinodina glaucoma Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 453. Lichen glaucoma Eng. Bot. t. 2156. Verrucaria glaucoma Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p.172. Lichen rupicola (? Linn.) Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 806 ; Hods. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 13.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 53; Mudd, n. 122; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 259. A very variable plant as to the thallus and apothecia, whence the forms, varieties, and subspecies that foll»w. It may, however, always be easily recognized by the livid-pruinose apothecia. The thallus, which is rarely cesio-greyish, is thickish, more or less expanded, the hypothallus bein; visible only in shaded situations at the circumference. It is usually we fertile, the apothecia being numerous (at times aggregato-conglomerate), with the pruina persistent (forma cinereopruinosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216) unless when accidentally rubbed off. The spermogones are frequent, black-punctate, immersed, with spermatia arcuate, as in the allied species. Both the thallus and the apothecia are the hosts respectively of two dif- ferent parasites hereafter to be described. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls, granitic, schistose, and whinstone, in maritime and upland situations, chiefly in mountainous districts. Distr. General and common in Great Britain ; no doubt also in Ireland. —B.M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey; The Vale, Guernsey ; Island of Sark. Near Folkestone, Kent; Bolt Head, S. Devon; Valley of Rocks, Lynton, N. Devon; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon Hill, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 421 Leicestershire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Pwllheli, Carnarvon- shire; Island of Anglesea; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, and Ribbledale, Yorkshire ; near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ; Swinhope, Northumberland ; Catterleen, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Kyles of Bute; Barcaldine and Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire; near Dundee, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lambay Island and Kinsale, co. Cork. Form 1. decussata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.— Thallus white or greyish-white, finely marked throughout with black hypothalline (?) lines. Apothecia as in the type, with con- colorous thalline margin. Looks at first sight as if almost referable to L. calcarea, but has the reactions of this species. In our two British specimens the spermogones are very abundant, giving the thallus a black-punctate appearance. It seems to be the plant alluded to by M. Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 75. Hab, On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Déstr. Very spar- ingly in the Clannel Islands and N. England—B. M.. Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland. Form 2. complanata Leight. Lich. F). ed. 3 (1879) p. 205.— Thallus and apothecia in an uniform plane, the apothecia innate.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68. Differs merely in the thallus andapothecia being smoothed down to the same level, but is connected with the type by intermediate states, and no doubt depends upon the nature of the substratum. Leighton describes the apothecia as blackish; but this is accidental, and in other specimens referable to this form they are of the normal colour. Hab. On slate-rocks in maritime districts Distr. Only sparingly in S. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and 8.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Towyn, Pembrokeshire. Ballachulish, Argyleshire. Kinsale, co. Cork. Var. (3. inflexa Johns. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.— Thallus rimoso-areolate, greyish-white. Apothecia plane, crowded ; the thalline margin prominent, thickish, snow-white, crenate and flexuose. A distinct variety characterized by the thalline margin of the apothecia. These are for the most part aggregate and become angulose through mutual pressure. It is scarcely referable to var. rugosa (Ach.) Fy. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 271. Hab. On quartzose rocks in an upland district.—Distr. Very local in N.W. England.—B, M.: Alston, Cumberland. Var. y. Swartzii Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 159.—Thallus un- equal, rimose or verrucoso-granulate, subradiate or at times byssinu- radiate at the circumference. Apothecia subglobose, usually aggre- gato-conglomerate, the thalline margin at length evanescent.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216, ed. 3, p. 205.— 422, LICHENACEL, [LECANORA. Lichen Swartzii Ach. Prodr, (1798) p. 55, t. 1. fig. 2 (non bonum) ; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 23. The form of the thallus at the circumference and that of the apothecia are the distinguishing marks of this variety. In the former respect, how- ever, the radii are visible only in entire specimens and are sometimes absent even in the growing plant, The apothecia are occasionally much deformed. Hab. On rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Only very sparingly on the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Cruachan, Argyle- shire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. 1. L. subradiosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 549.—Thallus and apothecia as in the type, but the former with different reaction. _ Thallus CaCl+ orange passing into reddish. Apothecia (epithecium) CaCl+ yellow.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. Nylander /. c. says that this may be only a state of Z. glaucoma, mixed up with which it frequently occurs in the E. Pyrenees, though not in the very few British specimens as yet detected. These, apart from the reactions, from a diagnosis given me by Mr. Johnson present no special marks of distinction. Hab. On stones of a wall in an upland district.—Drstr. Very local and scarce in N.E. England (Sinderhope, East Allendale, Northumberland), Subsp. 2. L. bicincta Nyl. Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. vii. (1863) p. 398. —Thallus as in the type. Apothecia glauco-pruinose, with double margin, a thalline and within this a black proper margin; spores: 0,011-14 mm. long. 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Lecanora bicincta Ram. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mém. xiii. (1825) p. 248. At least a good subspecies well characterized by the zeorine apothecia, though in other respects agreeing with LZ. glaucoma. The type does not occur in Britain, but only the variety that follows. Var. 3. lecideina Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.—Apo- thecia small, lecideoid, black, more or less pruinose, the proper. margin slightly prominent and flexuose.—Lecanora rimosa b. lecidina Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 71. ZL. glaucoma var. cerulata (Flot.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215, ed. 3, p. 204. Probably only a form, as in the single British specimen seen a few young apothecia are zeorine. Otherwise they are lecideine, convex and ageregate, with the thalline margin obliterated. Hab. On a quartzose rock in a mountainous district.— Distr. Found only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 101. L. subcarnea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 365.—Thallus sub- determinate, yellowish. white, rimoso-areolato-granulate (K+ yellow, then deep orange-red). Apothecia moderate, plane or’ convex, some- times conglomerate and difform, flesh-coloured or livid-testaceous, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEE!, 423 thinly pruinose (epithecium CaCl—); the thalline margin undulate, at length nearly obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; epithecium granulose, brown; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece violet with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216, ed. 3, p. 205.—Lecanora glaucoma var. subcarnea Mudd, Man. p. 153; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50. Lecidea subcarnea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 184. Lichen subcarneus Sw. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1791, p. 126. Lichen pallescens With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 2, pro parte. Usually regarded as a variety of the preceding species, but, among other characters, at once differs in the reaction of the epithecium. The thallus in entire specimens is subradiate at the circumference, but is usually widely expanded. The apothecia are numerous, and occasionally become substipitate. Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland mountainous districts.—Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, N. Wales, N, England, on the Grampians, and in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Island of Alderney. Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Keighley and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; near Porlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 102. L. fuscescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 552, nota 1.—Thallus subdeterminate, thinly granulose, whitish or greyish (K+ yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, brownish-black. Apothecia small or submoderate, adnate or adnato-sessile, plane, thinly margined, pale- brown or blackish, internally whitish; paraphyses submoderate, blackish or brownish at the clavate apices; spores globular or sub- globose, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece at length wine-coloured or tawny-reddish with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.—Lecidea fuscescens Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 161. Formerly regarded by authors as a Lecidea ( Biatora), this, as pointed out by Nylander Z. ¢., is in reality a Lecanora with gonidia intruded in the margin of the apothecia. In a young state these are truly lecanorine, though afterwards they become convex and immarginate so as to appear biatoroid. In the British specimens, which are well fertile, the thallus is rather scattered, with the hypothallus predominant. According to Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p, 461) the spermatia are “long, acicular, curved.” Hab. On trunks of birch in a mountainous district—Distr. Only sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Morrone, Deans Aberdeenshire. c. Thallus uniform, K~—. 103. L. umbrina Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 369,— Thallus subeffuse, thinnish, granulato-unequal, sordid-greenish or greyish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat small, plane, umbrine- brown, at times slightly cesio-suffused; the thalline margin thin, whitish, subcrenulate ; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the clavate apices ; 424 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny-wine-coloured or violet with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 255; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68; Lich. Brit. p. 51, pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 191.—Lichen umbrinus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) n. 245. Easily recognized in this subsection by the colour of the apothecia. The thallus, which is usually indeterminate, varies somewhat in thickness according to the habitat. Rarely it is more or less scattered over the substratum and little developed (clive-brownish hypothalline), when it is forma subdistans Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. The apo- thecia are at times subbiatorine. The spermogones have the spermatia semicircular, 0,015-22 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks, occasionally on old pales, rarely on the ground in maritime and upland districts.—Dvstr. Only here and there in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Lamorna Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall; Lydd, Kent; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Blair Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen and Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire. Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare; Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. 104. L. crenulata Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl, Fenn. Forh. n.s. v. (1866) p. 181; Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus effuse, very thin, often scarcely visible, greyish-white (K—, CaQl—). Apothecia small, scattered, brownish-grey, at times caesio-suffused ; the thal- line margin whitish, deeply crenulate; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the apices; spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-coloured with iodine.— Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190 pro parte.—Z, umbrina subsp. crenulata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 59, form crenulata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 191. JZ. albella 6. erenulata Mudd, Man. p. 148. Lichen crenulatus Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. (1798) p. 14, t. 9. f. 1; Eng. Bot. t. 930; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17. According to a specimen from his own Herb. this is also L. galactina (3. disperso-areolata (non Schaer), Mudd, Man. p. 149, —Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 258. Frequently confounded with subsp. dispersa of L. galactina, but distinct in the character of the paraphyses and in the smaller spores, as pointed out by Nylander, who first definitely discriminated between them. From the preceding species it is distinguished by the tessellato-crenate margin of the apothecia,—the crenulations being deeply divided and separated by a furrow, though in abraded specimens this character is scarcely apparent. It differs also from it in the size of the spermatia, which (fide Nyl. in litt.) are 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm, thick. Hab, On calcareous, rarely sandstone, rocks in maritime and_ upland situations. —Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S,W. and N. England, the Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B, M.: Watcombe Bay, 8. Devon; Alfrick, Worcestershire; near Ayton and Carlton Ban Cleveland, Yorkshire; Fglestone, Durham; Lamplugh, Cumberland ; Teesdale, Durham. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Oughterarde, co. Galway. LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEL, 425 105. L. Zoster Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 577.—Thallus effuse, very thin, glaucous-grey, subevanescent (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, plane, scattered or aggregate, reddish-brown, naked or slightly pruinose ; the thalline margin thin, entire or subcrenate, white-pulverulent ; spores 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,006—7 mm. thick ; paraphyses very slender, discrete; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine.—Lecanora umbrina subsp. Zostera Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 148; forma Zostere Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 191.—Lecanora subfusca var. y. Zostere Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 158. Allied to Z. umbrina, but differs in the pulverulent thalline margin of the smaller apothecia, the size of the spores, the slender paraphyses, and the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. It may be recognized from its peculiar place of growth, though Nylander (Flora, 1 ¢.) says that LL. Hagen? also occurs zostericolous in Jersey. Hab. On old leaves of Zostera marina in maritime districts. Distr. Sparingly in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and S.W. Treland.— B.M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey; The Eperquerie, Island of Sark; Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey. Pentire and the Lizard, Cornwall. Kil- kee, co. Clare. ; 106. L. Hageni Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 367 (excl. vars.) ; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus effuse, very thin, leproso-verruculose, greyish-white, often nearly obsolete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane or at Jength convex, pale- or dark-brown, naked or caesio-suffused ; the thalline margin thin, subpersistent, crenulate or subentire, white; spores 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid wine-coloured with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 192.—Z. umbrina var. Hageni Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51. JZ. albella y. Hageni Mudd, Man. p. 148. Lichen Hagent, Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 57.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 131, 219. A plant not rightly discriminated by most authors from L. umbrina. Among other marks of distinction, however, as well as in general aspect, it at once differs from this in the shorter spermatia, as pointed out by Nylander, 7. c. These he gives in Witt. as being 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. The thallus frequently spreads extensively, and is occasionally scarcely visible from the numerous crowded apothecia. These at times become convex with the thalline margin excluded. Hab. On trunks (usually decorticated) of trees, old pales, very rarely on schistose rocks, from maritime to upland tracts.—Distr. Not uncommon in England, rare in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands; not seen from Wales.—B. M.: St. Aubin’s Bay, Island of Jersey. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Wellow, near Bath, Somerset ; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Brandon, Suffulk; Wimpole Park, Cam- bridgeshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Inverary, Argyleshire ; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kin- cardineshire (saxicolous). Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Ballynagarde, co. Limerick. 426 LICIENACEI, [LECANORA. Form calcigena Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 361 (nomen); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 8, p. 192.—Thallus determinate, thicker, areolato-diffract, greyish. Apothecia livid, subpruinose, the thalline margin entire. Differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. It is probably a good variety, but has been seen too sparingly to decide. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very local and scarce in N. W. Ireland. —B. M. : Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway. 107. L. Agardhiana Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 152; Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 1388. Thallus effuse, thin, contiguous, smooth, opaque, dark- greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, at first innate, concave, with whitish entire thalline margin, at length sessile, convex, im- warginate, brownish-black, slightly pruinose or naked (epithecium HNo, rosaceous) ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gela- tine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. A plant, according to Nylander in Ut., allied to ZL. Hageni, though the apothecia are at length lecideoid. In the few British specimens the thallus is indistinct, so that they may be referred to a form ecrustacea * Cromb. The apothecia are numerous, though not crowded, and for the most part epruinose. The spermogones are rarely present, with spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm, thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district. Distr. As yet only in N. Wales.—-B. M.: Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire. 108. L. prosechoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus deter- minate, thinnish, areolate-rimose, whitish or sordid-yellowish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small or moderate, plane, somewhat prominent, brownish or blackish, the thalline margin subentire; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, occasionally 1-septate, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick; paraphyses discrete, moderate or thickish, brownish or yellowish-brown at the clavate apices; hy- menial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii, p. 82.—Lecanora umbrina subsp. prosechoides Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870), p. 51; forma prosechoides Leight. Lich. FI. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 191. To this fide Nyl. in litt. is referable Lecanora helicopis f. dilutior Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 159, Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23, Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; also Parmelia subfusca var. lainea Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs. n. 371. Lecanora prosecha (non Ach.) Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 224.—Brit. Zvs.: Cromb. n. 67; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 94. At first regarded as a subspecies of L. umbrina by Nylander, this differs in the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia, in the form of the spores, and in the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. The thallus, though determinate, is at times somewhat expanded, and varies in colour, being paler in shady situations. The apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin occasionally at length obliterated. They are rarely the LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 427 host of Arthonia varians (Dav.). The spermogones have the spermatia arcuate, 0,022-23 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose, very rarely cretaceous, rocks in maritime districts. Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N.W. England, Wales, the 8.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, S. and N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Vale Bay, Island of Guernsey. Between Porlock and Lynton, Devonshire ; Penzance, Cornwall; Manorbeer, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Southerndown, Glamorganshire; The Mowd- doch and’ Barmouth, Merionethshire; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire, Port Soderick, Isle of Man. Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincar- dineshire. Kilkee, co. Clare; Ardglass, co. Down. Form sublutior Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 456.—Thallus as in the type. Apothecia pale-brownish.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60 (lapsu s. n. dilutior). Differs in the colour of the fruit, which probably arises from the habitat. Tn the single British specimen the thalline margin of the apothecia is here and there evanescent, so that they then appear biatoroid. Hab. On moist schistose rocks in a maritime district. Déstr. Ex- tremely rare in N.E. Scotland.—B, M.: near Cove, Kincardineshire. 109. L. prosechoidiza Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 3.—Thallus thin, areolato-diffract, greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, blackish or brownish-black, at first with entire whitish thalline margin, at length convex and immarginate; spores cllipsoid, 0,009- 12 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses rather coherent ; hymenial gelatine bluish and then (especially the theca) violet or subtawny with iodine——Cromb. Journ. Bot, 1885, p. 195. Approaches the preceding species, from which it differs more especially in the less discrete paraphyses. Nvlander, J.-¢., observes that it is probably to be regarded only as a subspecies of L. umbrina; but from this it at once differs in the colour of the apothecia. In the single British specimen the thallus is indeterminate and the apothecia are numerous. The spermogones are only here and there visible, with spermatia 0,016-22 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick, Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district—Dvstr. Extremely local and scarce in. N.E. Scotland.—B, M.: near Portlethen, Kincardine- shire. 3 110. L. conferta Nyl. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 1867, p. 314, nota 1. —Thallus effuse, thin, granulato-unequal, greyish-white or greenish-- grey, often obsolete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane, crowded, subangulose, testaceous or pale-testaceous, with thin crenulate thalline margin, or frequently subbiatorine ; spores 0,009 -15 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick; paraphyses submoderate, brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine deep-bluish (the thece dark-violet) with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvili. p. 69.—Lecanora umbrina var. conferta Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. L. Hageni var. conferta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 192. Patellaria conferta Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 654. 428 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Closely related, like all the other plants of this subsection, to Z. umbrina, from which it differs in the characters given. In the British specimen gathered the thallus is subgreenish and somewhat scattered, with numerous, mostly subbiatorine apothecia,in which the paraphyses are scarcely discrete. Hab. On granitic stones of a wall ina lowland district Distr. Only : sparingly in NE. Scotland; no doubt tu be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: ‘Woodside, near Aberdeen. 111. L. mammillifera Stirt. Trans. Glasgow Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85.—Thallus minutely areolato-diffract, dark- or brownish-grey, the areole plane (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, prominent, convex, black or brownish-black, internally pale-greyish, the margin (? thalline) obtuse, at length depressed ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-010 mm. long, 0,007-0,0085 mm. thick; paraphyses few, discrete, thickish, brownish at the clavate apices; hypothecium colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny (especially the thece) with iodine.—Leight. Lich. FI, ed. 3, p. 201. I have seen no specimen of the plant, and as the author says nothing as to its affinities or the character of the spermogones, it may not belong to this section. Hab. On rocks in a mountainous district —Distr. Very local on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland (Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire). d, Thallus usually more or less yellowish. 112. L. sulphurea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 399.—Thallus thickish, rimoso-areolate, greenish-sulphur-coloured, the areole tumid, smooth (K + yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia moderate, at first innate, then protruded, biatorine, plane or convex, difform, livid, olive- or livid-black, subpruinose, the thal- line margin speedily excluded ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete ; epithecium granulose, brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish and then sordid with iodine.— Mudd, Man. p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p- 198, ed. 3, p. 182.—Lecidea sulphurea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 470; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 38; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. p. 127. Lichen sulphureus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 82; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 12; Eng. Bot. t. 1186, upper fig—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 114; Mudd, n. 121; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 61, 92; Bohl. n. 117. Distinguished from the allied species chiefly by the colour of the thallus and by the biatorine, usually immarginate apothecia. It frequently spreads extensively over the substratum, the thallus varying somewhat in thickness. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming more or less confluent. The spermogones are punctiform, immersed, livid-black, and often crowded. -Hab. On_rocks and walls in maritime, upland, rarely mountainous districts.— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands —B.M.: Island of Sark. 4 LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 429 Walthamstow, Essex; Hastings, Sussex; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall; Cheveley Park, Cambridgeshire ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Barmouth and pagers Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Wansbeck, Northumberland. Rerrick, Kirkeudbrightshire ; ape, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lambay Island, co. Cork; Kil- larney, co. Kerry ; Letter Hill, Connemara, co. Galway. 7 118. L. orosthea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 400.—Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-rimulose or subpulverulent, yellowish-sulphur- coloured (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, biatoroid, convex or tuberculoso-difform, immarginate, subconcolorous with the thallus or yellowish-flesh-coloured, sometimes sordid or subpruinose; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 0,009-16 mm, long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; hyme- nial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199, ed. 3, p. 183 pro parte.—Lecanora varia subsp. orosthea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 52. Lecidea orosthea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 470. Lichen orostheus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 38. Approaches Z. sulphurea, but differs in the thinner, paler, more or less pulverulent thallus and the smaller apothecia. It grows chiefly on the smooth sides of perpendicular rocks, is very widely effuse, and is either entirely sterile or sparingly fertile. The apothecia are more or less scat- tered, varying in colour according to degree of exposure. Hab. On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. Been from only a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland, but is no doubt more widely distributed, though, from being so frequently sterile and the nature of the habitat, specimens are rare in herbaria.— B.M.: Land’s End, Cornwall; Ennerdale, Cumberland. West Water, Fifeshire; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Croghane, co. Kerry ; co, Wicklow ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. GB. sublivescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.—Thallus as in the type. Apothecia often livid or livid-black, epruinose.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora varia var. symmicta form livescens Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Differs in the apothecia being naked, frequently variously livid, and more especially in the habitat. In our specimens the thallus is usually less pulverulent and rather darker. The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, some at times appearing as if crowned by the thallus. Hab. On the trunks of aged beech-trees in wooded upland districts — Distr. Only a few localities in S. and E. England, where, however, it is lentiful—B. M.: Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Highbeech, pping Forest, Essex; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire. 114, L. epanora Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 377.—Thallus effuse, granulose, thinnish, greenish-yellow, citrino-sorediate, the granules globuloso-congested, contiguous or dispersed (K—, CaCl—); bypo- thallus blackish or obsolete. Apothecia submoderate, lecanorine, ‘430 LICHENACEI. [LECAN ORA. sessile, plane, brownish- or reddish-yellow ; the thalline margin tumid, flexuose or subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, tawny-yellow at the apices ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the thecz bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205, ed. 3, p. 189.—Lichen epanorus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 39. Lecanora albo- flavida Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260; Mudd, Man. p. 155.—Brit. Lxs.: Leight. n. 397. - Well characterized by the citrine soredia with which the thallus is sprinkled throughout, and which often at length obliterate the subsqua- mulose granules. In the British specimens the hypothallus is scarcely visible, and the granules are more or less scattered. The apothecia are present on a single specimen sparingly and not very well developed. Hab. On rocks and walls, chiefly schistose, in maritime and uplend districts — Distr. Local in N. Wales, the 8. W. and Central Highlands of Scotland, and in 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Dolgelly (fruit), and Barmouth, Merionethshire. Ballachulish, Argyleshire; Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co, Kerry. 115, L. varia Ach. Syn. (1814) p.161.—Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, thinnish, areolato-verrucose or granulato-unequal, yellow- ish-green or straw-coloured (K+yellow, CaCl—); hypothallus in- distinct. Apothecia numerous, moderate, sessile, plane or subplane, concolorous with the thallus or pale-yellow or sublivid, often prui- noso-suffused ; the thalline margin persistent, subentire, at length angulose; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete ; epithecium granulose ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then somewhat sordid with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p- 69; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 190 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. li. p. 137 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 149 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192 pro parte, ed. 3, p- 176 pro parte-—Rinodina varia Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p. 452. Lichen varius EKhrh, Crypt. (1785) n. 68; Eng. Bot. t. 1666-—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 51°; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 215; Bohl. n. 107. A much less variable plant than its trivial name imports and as was formerly supposed, in consequence of the separation by Nolawder on ana- tomical and other grounds of several species that follow. With us the thallus is generally widely effuse and at times is very scanty. The apo- thecia are often crowded, angulose, almost obliterating the thallus. The spetnag anes which are not unfrequent, are immersed, dark brown or ackish, Hab. On old pales and on the trunks of trees (chiefly pines) in mari- time and upland districts — Distr. General and common in Great Britain, rare in the Channel Islands and apparently in Iveland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Walthamstow, Essex; Finchley, Middlesex; Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon; Elstree, Hertford- shire; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Hay Park, Herefordshire; Battenhall, near Worcester; Harboro’ Magna, “Warwickshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; near Shrewsbury, Shrop- shire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Wark-on-Tyne and near Hexham, LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 413 Northumberland. Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Crathie and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Carrigaline, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry. Form pleorytis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 161 (excl. syn.).—Thallus determinate, thickish, granulate, yellow. Apothecia crowded, con- colorous, the thalline margin inflexed and crenulate.—Cromb. Gre- villea, xviii. p. 69.—Parmelia varia 8. pleorytis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 178. Differs chiefly in the character of the thalline margin, which is as if incised. This, however, is less visible in the young apothecia of the only British specimen (fragmentary). Hab. On old pales in an upland district.—Distr. Only very sparingly in the 8, Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Lawers, Killin, Perthshire. 116. L.-conizea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse, thickish, leproso-pulverulent, whitish-yellow (K + yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia lecanorine, small or moderate, plane or somewhat: convex, pale or pale flesh-coloured, at length brownish ; the thalline margin entire or flexuose, somewhat thickish, pulverulent ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny-yellow with iodine.—Cromb. Trans. Essex Field Club. iv. p. 64.—Lecanora varia var. conizeea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193. Lecanora eapallens var. B. conizea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 374. Lecanora lutescens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte. Lecanora sarcopis subsp. homopis (non Nyl.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133. Lecidea farinaria Borr. Eng, Bot. Suppl. t. 2727.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 163; Leight. n. 378. Well distinguished from Z. varia by the paler, leprose thallus and the pulverulent margin of the apothecia. In a young state the thallus is thinnish, but subsequently becomes rather thick and spreads extensively. The apothecia are numerous when present (for the plant is often sterile), and become dark-brown and flexuose in age. Hab. On old pales, chiefly oak, in lowland and upland districts.— Distr. Local in S., Central, W. and N. England, but abundant where it occurs. —B.M.: Albourne, Sussex; Finchley, Middlesex; Reigate, Surrey ; Epping Forest, Essex; Elstree, Herts; Penshurst, Kent; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Stableford, Shropshire ; Urpeth Valley, Durham; Asby, Cumberland. 117. L. conizeoides Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Thallus effuse, somewhat thickish, leprose or subleprose, pale- or whitish-yellow (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia lecanorine, submoderate, innato-sessile, pale-yellow or livid-brownish ; the thal- line margin persistent, crenulate and often inflexed ; spores oblong, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine. Intermediate between Z. varia and ZL. contzea, to which latter the thallus is almost similar, though the spores are more turgid. From Z, 432 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. varia it at once differs in the leprose thallus, though in all other respects it nearly agrees with that species (Nyl. iz Jitt.). The margin of the young apothecia is leproso-pulverulent. Hab. On old beeches (near the roots) and on aged pines in wooded upland tracts.—Distr. Only a few localities in E., S., Central, and N. England, but plentiful in these—B. M.: Near Highbeech, Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hampshire; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Overend, Egremont, Cumberland. 118. L. expallens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 374.—Thallus effuse, thin or thinnish, leproso-pulverulent, pale-sulphur-coloured’ (K +yellow, CaCl+ orange-red). Apothecia small, lecanorine, sub- innate, plane or slightly convex, pale-yellow or flesh-coloured, the thalline margin thin, pulverulent, at length obliterated; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte.—Lecidea expallens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181 (exel. ‘on rocks”); Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 127. Lepraria expallens Pers. fide Ach. l.c, Lecanora varia ¢. orosthea Mudd, Man, p. 150. Lichen vrostheus Eng. Bot. t. 1549.—Brit, Eas.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 216. Easily recognized by the colour of the leprose thallus, which spreads very extensively over the substratum. In more shaded habitats it is somewhat thicker, whitish-sulphureous, sterile, and might readily be taken for a “ Zepraria.” The apothecia, which are comparatively rare, are usually somewhat scattered, though at times several are subcon- fluent. The spermogones, which, however, are much more frequent in the following variety, have the spermatia 0,020-mm. long, 0,0009 mm. thick (fide Nyl. in litt.). Hab. On the trunks of trees, firs and oaks, and on old pales in lowland and upland districts—Distr. Here and there throughout England and in N. Wales; rare in S.W. and N.W. Ireland; not seen from Scotland, though no doubt it exists there in a leprarioid state—B, M.: Thetford, Norfolk; Ickworth, Suffolk; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire; New Forest, Hants; near Newton Abbot, Devonshire ; Coleshorne and Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Upton, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merio- nethshire ; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea; Airyholme Wood and Ripon, Yorkshire; St. Bees, Cumberland. Ballynahinch, Connemara, co, Galway. Var. B. lutescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.—Thallus minutely granulato-pulverulent. Apothecia numerous, crowded, at length convex, submoderate, sessile, with the thalline margin inflexed or excluded. — Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.— Lecanora lutescens Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1878, p. 133 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 164.— Patellaria lutescens DC, Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 364.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 65, Differs from the type, with which it has usually been confounded, in the more granulose thallus, and the larger, sessile apothecia with epulve- rulent thalline margin. These are often so numerous as almost to ob- literate the thallus. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEFI. 433 _ Hab. On the trunks of trees and on old pales, especially fir, in mari- time and upland districts,—Distr. Probably general in Great Britain, usually plentiful where it occurs; rare in the Channel Islands and S. Treland—B. M.: Beauport Bay, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent; New Forest, Hants; near Torquay and Totness, 8. Devon; Roche, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Ludlow, Herefordshire ; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire ; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcal- dine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and near Loch Tummel, Perthshire ; near Forfar; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Wood, near A ber- deen, and Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Glenbower Wood and Castlebernard Park, co. Cork. Var. y. smaragdocarpa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248, nota 1.— Thallus as in the type. Apothecia bright emerald-green.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. From the peculiar colour of the apothecia to be regarded as a distinct variety. In the only British specimen the thallus is scarcely visible, though the apothevia are sonic tat crowded, convex, with the margin at length excluded. Hab. On decorticated stumps of oak in an upland district.— Distr. Very rare in Central England.—B. M.: Summit of the Chiltern Hills, Oxford - shire. Subsp. L. inversa Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.—Thallus nearly as in the type. Apothecia small, the thalline margin distinct, per- sistent, subentire, epulverulent ; spores not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. As observed by Nylander J. c. the thallus (which is somewhat firmer) agrees in the reaction with L. expallens, while the thalline margin of the apothecia is subsimilar to that of Z. varia. Were the spores known, it might probably be a distinct species. Paes Hab. On the branches of furze in an upland district— Distr. Only a fragmentary specimen from 8.W. Ireland (s. n. Lecanora albo-flavida Tayl. nov. sp.) —B.M.: Finnechy River, co. Kerry, 119. L. symmicta Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 340; Nyl, Flora, 1872, p. 249.— Thallus subeffuse, thin or very thin, subleprose or minutely granulose, pale yellowish-green or whitish-straw-coloured (K+yellow, CaCl+orange). Apothecia small, biatorine, at first plane with thin, entire margin, speedily convex and immarginate, pale-yellow or pale-testaceous, partly olivaceous; spores oblong, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, not very well discrete; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-yellow ‘with iodine.—Cromb, Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora symmicta Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183 (excl. vars.). Lecanora varia £. symmicta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 379; Mudd, Man. p. 150 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 193 pro parte. May be recognized from its more immediate allies chiefly by the con- : 2F 434 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. stantly biatorine apothecia and by the thalline reaction with CaCl. In the few British specimens seen the thallus is comparatively small and determinate; but the apothecia are numerous and occasionally 2-3- agoregate. The spermogones are only very sparingly present, with sper- matia 0,018-20 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On trunks of firs and on old pales in maritime and upland tracts._—_Distr. Seen only from a few localities in 8. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and S.E. Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.-—B, M.: Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Island of Anglesea. Appin, Argyleshire. Great Island, co. Cork. Var, G3. sepincola Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse, granulose or granuloso-unequal, at times subevanescent. Apothecia biatorinc-lecideine, convex, sordid-reddish or blackish; spores occasionally thinly 1-septate, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora varia var. scepincola Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 193.—Lecidea sepincola Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 35. Evidently referable to this species, of which it is a good variety, dif- fering in the colour of the apothecia and the rather longer, less simple spores. The thalline reaction with CaCl at once keeps it distinct from var. 8 of the following species, with which it might be confounded. Hab. On old pales in upland situations.—-Distr. Local in N. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.—B.M.: Hart, Durham; Lam- plugh, Cumberland. Killin, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire. 120. L. symmictera Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse, subleprose or subgranulose, yellowish-straw-coloured (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, biatorine, convex, concolorous with the thallus, pale or dark-olivaceous, the margin excluded; spores oblong, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny with iodine-—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.—Brit. Eas,: Mudd, n.117; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 130. Subsimilar to the preceding species, with which till recently it has been confounded, but differs at once in the reaction with CaCl. In Britain it is a much more common plant, with the thallus spreading extensively and the apothecia numerous. The spermogones are fre- quent with spermatia as in‘. symmicta. Hab. On old pales and the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts. Distr. General in Great Britain; rare in the Channel Islands : not seen from Ireland.—B.M.: Beauport, Island of Jersey. Henfield, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Bove Tracey, 8. Devon ; near Penzance, Cornwall; near Minety, Wiltshire ; anna Middlesex ; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Angle- sea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Blairdrummond, near Stirling ; Finlarig, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. : f LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 435 Var. 6. aitema Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 229.—Thallus somewhat thickish, leprose, bright yellow. Apothecia small or submoderate, convex, lecideoid, black ; spores 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick.—Cromb, Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora varia var. aitema Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p.192. ZL. sym- micta var. aitema ed. 3, p. 183. Lecrdea aitema Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 178, Lecanora varia £. denigrata (non Fr.), Mudd, Man. p. 151.—Brit. Exs.; Cromb. n. 66; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 255; Mudd, n. 118. Looks entirely as if a Lecidea, near L. parasema. It is, however, only a variety of this species, with which it agrees in the reactions, but differs in the more leprose thallus and the colour of the apothecia. The thallus at times occurs in small determinate macula and is always well fertile, the apothecia being colourless within. A state in which there are few or no traces of a thallus, with the apothecia crowded and often less convex, is form depauperata Oromb. Grevillea J. c. Hab, On old palings in upland districts —— Distr. Not infrequent in Great Britain ; not seen from Ireland or the Channel Islands—B.M.: Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Dart- moor, 8. Devon; near Millhill, Middlesex; near Gamlingay, Cambridge- shire; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland. Finlarig, Kenmore, and Glen Lyon, Killin, Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perth- shire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire, 121. L. trabalis Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 458.—Thallus effuse, glebuloso-granulate, subverrucoso-diffract, thinnish or submoderate, greyish (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small, adnate, some- what convex, immarginate, pale-livid, sordidly pale-testaceous or livid-blackish ; spores rarely spuriously 1-septate, oblong, 0,009-- 0,014 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick; epithecium granulose, paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then subincolorous (the thecee subpersistently bluish) with iodine.—Lecidea sceepincola var. trabalis Ach, Syn. (1814) p. 35. Allied to Z. symmictera, of which Nylander J. c. says it may perhaps be a subspecies, In the British specimens, one of which was recently determined by him, the thallus is chiefly dark-grey from age. The apothecia are numerous and often difformi-connate. Hab. On a detorticated stump of hornbeam oak in a wooded upland tract.—Distr. As yet only sparingly in E. England.—B. M.: Highbeech, Epping Forest, Essex. 122. L. piniperda Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 81.—Thallus effuse, thin, verruculoso-leprose, whitish (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, plane or convex, subcarneous or brownish, pruinose, the thalline margin pale, thin, entire, or subcrenulate, at length excluded; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. -long, 0,004-5 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, then tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 183; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 174.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 176; Cromb. n. 160, 282 436 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. May readily be distinguished from the allied species by the colour of the thallus and of the minute apothecia. These are usually crowded, at first concave, becoming in age convex and immarginate. The spermogones, rarely visible in our specimens, have the spermatia 0,011 mm. long. ‘Hab. On old pales and the trunks of firs in lowland and upland situa- tions.—Distr. Only a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland; no doubt often overlooked.—B. M.: Near Millhill and Edgware, Middlesex ; near Worcester; Tugford Churchyard, Shropshire. Appin, Argyle- shire; near Loch Tummel, Perthshire. Maam, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. GB. ochrostoma Koerb. Par. Lich. 7. c—Apothecia sub- biatorine, convex, yellowish- or rusty-red, epruinose, immarginate. —Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 174 (excl. loc. cit.) ; Cromb. Grevillea, xvili. p. 69. Differs in the form and colour of the naked biatoroid apothecia. . In the few British specimens seen the thallus is almost obsolete. Hab. On old pales in wooded districts.—Distr. Only sparingly in S. and W. England.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Braydon Forest, Wilt- shire, Subsp. L. glaucella Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 60. —Thallus glaucescent, at times subevanescent. Apothecia sub- livid, glauco-pruinose, the thalline margin entire, subpersistent ; spores 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Lecanora albella var. glaucella Flot. Lich. Exs. u. 348 (1850). Characterized by the colour of the thallus and apothecia, which entitle it to rank as a subspecies according to Nyl. im tt. The few British specimens are well fertile. i Hab. On the bark of pine trees in an upland district.—Distr. As yet only very sparingly in N.W. England.—B. M.: Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland. , 123. L. fugiens Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 289.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulate, scattered, glaucous or pale-whitish-yellow (K + yel- low, CaCl+ orange). Apothecia minute, sessile, whitish-isabelline; the thalline margin entire or sometimes crenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-0,013 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then (especially the thece) tawny-wine- coloured with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 184. Near L. piniperda (ex Nyl. l.¢.), but is well distinguished by the characters given. In the two specimens seen the thallus is scattered with the granules scarcely, or rarely, concrescent. The minute apothecia are scattered, or here and there a few together. The spermogones have the spermatia arcuate, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce in the Channel Islands and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey, Near Salrock, Connemara, co. Galway. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 437 124. L. metaboloides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus effuse, subgranulose, thin, whitish, often evanescent (K-+yellow, CaCl—). - Apothecia small, biatoroid, at first plane and thinly margined, then convex, immarginate, pale, livid-brown or blackish, naked or slightly pruinose; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm, thick; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish - with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274. To this, fide Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 184, is referable Biatora sarcopisioides Mass. Rich. Lich. (1852) p. 128; Lecidea minuta var. sarcopisioides Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 266, ed. 3, p. 264. This, however, is a mere state of Nylander’s plant, whose name has a wider and more definite signification.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 162: pro parte. Looks quite a Biatora, but the spermogones show its true relation. It is a somewhat variable plant both as to thallus and apothecia, though the differences in these merely indicate states resulting from habitat. The thallus is seldom well developed, and usually is entirely obsolete. At times it is dark-greyish with blackish apothecia (form obscurtor Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69). It spreads very extensively over the substratum, and is always abundantly fertile. Hab. On old pales, decorticated stumps of trees, rarely on stems of gorse, in maritime and upland wooded tracts.—Distr. Sparingly in 8.W. and N. England; abundant among the 8. and Central Grampians, Scot- Jand.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hampshire; Stiperstones, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumber land. Achmore, Glen Lochay and Finlarig, Killin; Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 125. L. polytropa Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 81 pro parte; Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.—Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, granu- lato- or rimoso-areolate, or subsquamulose, pale suiphur-coloured or yellowish-green, often subevanescent (K+ yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus, when present, thin, black. Apothecia smal! or moderate, adnate, usually biatorine, at first plane with thin, entire, subflexuose margin, at length convex, with the margin excluded, yellowish-flesh-coloured or pale-testaceous ; spores ellip- soid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses slender or not well discrete; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid- violet with iodine-——Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 693 Mudd, Man. p- 151; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197, ed. 3, p. 180.—Lecanora varia var. polytropa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.52. Lecidea polytropa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 475; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185. Lecidea Ehrhartiana B. polytropa Hook. Fl, Scot. ii. p. 40. Lichen polytropus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) n. 294; Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 2%; Eng. Bot, t. 1264 (two lower figs.).— Brit. Has.: Leight. n. 179 (atypical). Often regarded as only a saxicolous variety of L. varia, this has now been definitely separated by Nylander on account of the different cha- tacters it presents. At the same time it is a very variable species both as to the thallus and apothecia. The thallus, which frequently spreads extensively, varies in thickness and at times is scarcely, if at all, visible, whence var. acrustacea Schaer, Mudd, Man, p. 151; Leight. Exe. ct. A 438 LICHENACEL, [LECANORA, condition of this with small apothecia is var. x. ilusoria Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 880, Cromb. Lich. Brit. Z. ¢. (non Leight. Lich. Fl. @2.¢.). The apothecia are variable in size, usually very numerous so as almost to obliterate the thallus, and at times in old plants several are conglomerate. The spermcgones, which are also frequent, are punctiform, immersed, dark-brown or blackish. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls in maritime and mountainous dis- tricts— Distr. General in Great Britain and Ireland, plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Bolt Head, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Nesscliffe Hill, Shropshire; Cliffrig, Cleve- land, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire, Ben Lawers and Oraig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Ben-naboord,. Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Kinsale, co. Cork; Derryquin, near Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Doughruagh mts. ; Connemara, co. Galway. ‘Form 1. efflorescens Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 69.— Thallus sprinkled here and there with pale-yellowish soredia. Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, usually immarginate. Apparently a rare condition not previously observed, but resulting no doubt from the habitat. The soredia are yellowish with K. It is very different from Z, epanora. Hab. On shaded stones of a schistose wall in an upland district.— Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Form 2. alpigena Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 81. Thallus rimoso- areolate, pale yellow. Apothecia large, appressed, plane or convex, concolorous, the thalline margin paler, flexuose.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197, ed. 3, p. 181.—Lecanora varia var. 1. alpigena, Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 381 (excl. vars.). Evidently confluent with the type, differing chiefly in the larger paler apothecia, These at length become convex, more or less aggregate, with the thalline margin excluded. Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Very rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Form 3. subglobosa Cromb.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulate, greenish-yellow, often nearly obsolete. Apothecia small, numerous, convex or subglobose, greenish-yellow or sub-brownish, immar- ginate.—Lecanora polyptropa var. 6. conglobata (non Flot.) Mudd, Man. p. 152, form conglobata (non Somm.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197, ed. 3, p. 180. Lecanora varia var. polytropa form conglobata (non Somm.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 152; Mudd, n. 120. In this form, as observed by Leighton J. ¢., the crowded apothecia are yet distinct, though at times scattered and confluent. The thallus is sometimes scarcely visible, when, except in the shape of the apothecia, it differs little from the so-called var. ilusoria Ach. As the young apothecia, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEUT. 439 however, are plane and margined, it is, like the preceding form, confluent with the type. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls in upland and subalpine districts. —Distr, Local in N. Wales, W. and N. England, and among the Gram- pe Scotland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Merionethshire; near Oswestry, shropshire; Guishoro’ and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben ees and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire, Subsp. L. intricata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.—Thallus deter- minate, thinnish or submoderate, areolato-diffract, subeffigurate at the circumference, yellowish-white or greyish-yellow (K +yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus black, often limiting the thallus. Apothecia small, adnate, plane or somewhat convex, lecanorine, or at length often sublecideine, variable in colour, sordid-pale-testaceous, brown- ish, olive or blackish ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010~— 12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.— Lecanora intricata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 187; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 198, ed. 3, p.181. L. polytropa e.intricata, Mudd, Man. p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Lecidea intricata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185. Lichen intricntus Schrad. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 72.—Lichen poly- tropus Eng. Bot. t. 1264, two upper figs. Lecanora polytropa y. alpigena Mudd, Man. p. 152, is merely a state of this.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 153; Mudd, n. 119. Well distinguished as a subspecies by the more distinct -hypothallus and the colour of the usually lecanorine apothecia, which, however, are at length often lecideino-biatorine and immarginate. A lignicolous con- dition, differing from the type merely in the thallus being more effuse and a aa less distinct, is rarely met with in the Highlands of cotland. Hab, On rocks, boulders and walls, rarely on old palings, in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Somewhat local and much less com- mon than the type, in N. Wales, N. England, among the Scottish Gram- pians, and in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire; Bodbury Ring, near Church Stretton, Shropshire; Ingleby and Kildale, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Staveley, Westmoreland ; Swinhope, Northumberland. Crian- larich, Killin, Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness- shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Var. 3. leptacina Nyl. ea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 351. —Thallus small, thin, granulato-squamulose, straw-coloured, the granules smooth, crenate (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane, olive or blackish, obsoletely yellowish-suffused, the thalline margin persistent, usually crenulate; spores 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora varia subsp. leptacina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 184; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 177. Lecanora leptacina Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 96. Lecanora varia form terrestris Cromb. Lich.. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193. 440 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA. Looks at first sight a distinct species, but is evidently referable to subsp. intricata. It is, however, a very well-marked variety characterized by the constantly lecanorine apothecia and the peculiar habitat. The hypothallus also is not distinctly visible. The apothecia are numerous and crowded. Hab. On tufts of mosses (Grimmias and Andreas) upon boulders in alpine places.—Distr. Only very sparingly on the summits of two of the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 126. L. stenotropa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.—Thallus subeffuse, thin, yellowish-green; otherwise as in the preceding species. Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, pale-yellowish ; paraphyses thickish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly wine-coloured with iodine. Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69. The thallus is little visible in the single authentic British specimen (determined by Nylander) which, however, is well fertile. It differs from L. poiytropa, of which it may be but a subspecies, only in the thicker paraphyses and thinner spores. Hab. On schistose stones of a wall in an upland district (associated with Lecidea leucophea Ficerke).— Dist. Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 127. L. subintricata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose, ochroleucous or sordid-greyish, often obsolete (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane or slightly con- vex, biatoroid, variable in colour, yellowish, brown, olive, livid- brown or blackish, the margin thin, entire or excluded; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; para- physes slender; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 183 (excl. form obscurtor); Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 177 pro parte.—-Lecanora varia var. subintricata Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 478.— Brit. Ews.: Cromb. n. 162 pro parte. As observed by Nylandey, this is intermediate in appearance between L. symmicta var. sepineola and L. polytrepa subsp. intricata. It is, however, well distinguished from both by the smaller spores and the character of the spermatia. The thallus, elsewhere somewhat variable, is almost evanescent in the British specimens. Both apothecia and spermogones are numerous, the latter with spermatia thinly acicular, obsoletely or very slightly areuate, 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On old pales in an upland district—Distr. As yet found only among the Central Grampians, Scotland. B.M.: Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 128. L. sarcopis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 176; Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 412..—Thallus subeffuse, thinnish or submoderate, granulose, yellowish-grey or sordid-yellow (K+yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia LECANORA. |. LECANO-LECIDEEI, 441 lecanorine, small, plane or slightly convex, reddish-flesh-coloured or reddish, the thalline margin persistent, crenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thee often persistently), then tawny-wine-red with iodine. —Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 174 pro parte.—Lecanora varia subsp. sarcopis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.52 pro parte. Parmelia sarcopis Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 40.. To this is also referable L. sar- copis subsp. homopis Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 184). A plant apparently constant to its type, and from the characters given sufficiently diverse from the others of this subsection. It is also, and more especially, distinguished by the form of the spermatia. The apo- thecia in our specimens are numerous, and the spermogones are not un- frequent. These have the spermatia crescent-shaped, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,0025 mm. thick (ea Nyl. in litt.). Hab. On old (indurated) pales in upland districts —Distr. Only sparingly in N. England and the Scottish Highlands—B. M.: Near arlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Glen Lyon, Perthshire; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire. 129. L. effusa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 386.—Thallus effuse, thin, subleprose, sordid-yellow (K+ yellowish, CaCl—), at times subevanescent. Apothecia lecanorine, plane, pale-reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thin, subpulverulent or subcrenulate, at length convex, biatorine, immarginate; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005— 7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, vi. p. 21.—Lichen effusus Pers. in Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii, (1795) p.174. Lecanora varia B. sarcopis Mudd, Man. p. 150 pro maxima parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro maxima parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187, et ed. 3, p. 174 pro maxima parte.— Brit. Hxs.; Cromb. n, 161. According to Nylander (Flora, 1872, p. 249) this may be only a variety of the preceding with less developed thallus. It differs also in the apothecia becoming biatoroid. The spermogones are as in L. sarcopis, but are less frequently seen, at least in our specimens. Hab. On old pales, rarely decorticated stumps of trees, in maritime, lowland, and upland tracts—Distr. Here and there throughout England ; rare in Scotland and the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.— B. M.: Beauport Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Lewes, Sussex ; Lynd- hurst, New Forest, Hants; Penzance, Cornwall; Gopsall Park, Leicester- shire; Norton, near Worcester; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland. Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 130. L, argopholis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 346; Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 166.—Thallus subdeterminate, verrucoso-(glebuloso-) granulate, firm, whitish-straw-coloured, whitish-yellow or whitish, the granules continguous, imbricate, subcrenate at the circumference (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or convex, brownish-black, the thalline margin entire or crenate, persistent ; 442 LICHEN ACEI, [LECANORA. spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007—9 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 196, ed. 3, p.180; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. —Parmelia argopholis Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 32. Varies considerably in the colour of the thallus, which in the British specimens is usually whitish, so that these might be taken for L. gangaleoides, but for the character of the thalline granules and the often crenate margin of the apothecia. These are numerous and crowded, becoming somewhat angulose. The spermogones are frequent with the usual arcuate spermatia of this subsection. Hab. On rocks in hilly and mountainous districts.—Distr. Apparently local in S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands and the S. Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cleve Hill, Somersetshire; Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Pugh Crag, Westmoreland ; Gunnerton Craggs, Northumberland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyle- shire; Craig Galliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Near Letter Hill, Connemara, co. Galway. 131. L. frustulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 405; Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 166.—Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, verrucoso-areolate or glebuloso-verrucose, whitish-yellow or white-sulphur-coloured, the glebules usually discrete, subradiately effigurate (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, brownish-black ; the thalline margin thickish, entire or subcrenulate, at length excluded; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses coherent, brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then. sordid with iodine-—Hook. Fl, Scot. ii. p. 48; Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p. 189; Mudd, Man. p. 145 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 196, ed. 3, p. 179.—Rinodina frustulosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p, 451. Lichen frustulosus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ili. (1793) p. 13, t. 8. f. 10; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19; Eng. Bot. t. 2273.—Brit. Hws.: Leight. n. 293; Cromb. n. 165, Sometimes regarded as a variety of the preceding, to which it is nearly related, but is sufficiently distinguished by the characters given of the thallus and apothecia, as also by the altitude at which it grows in this country. It is rather a fine plant, conspicuous by the colour of the thallus amongst the darker cryptogamic vegetation with which it is associated on the rocky ledges. At times it is well fertile, though the apothecia are more or less scattered. Hab. On mica-schist rocks in alpine situations—Distr. Only, with certainty, on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland; reported by Dickson from Yorkshire, but this is extremely doubtful, and by Leighton erro- neously from the Island of Anglesea.—B. M.: Summits of Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers and above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perth- shire, 132. L. chloropheodes Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 290.—Thallus effuse, verrucoso-granulate, moderate, yellowish-glaucous, the gran- ules subdispersed or conglomerate (K+ yellow, K (CaCl) + orange- red). Apothecia moderate, somewhat plane or convex, reddish-brown LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 443 or testaceo-reddish, the thalline margin thickish, crenate; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; paraphyses moderate, granulato-inspersed, not very discrete, epithecium brown- ish; hymenial gelatine bluish, then yellow (the thece tawny- yellow) with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 148; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184. More closely allied to LZ. subventusa Nyl., a North-American plant, than to any British species of this section. In the two specimens seen _the thallus is more or less scattered, with the hypothallus scarcely visible. The apothecia in these are either scattered or crowded; the spermogones are seldom present. Hab, On granitic rocks in a maritime district—Dvstr. Only sparingly in the Channel Islands; (erroneously recorded by Leighton from N.W. Ireland).—B. M.: Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey. e. Thecee polyspored. 133. L. Sambuci Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 168.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose or subleprose, whitish or greyish, often nearly evanescent (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, plane, brown or reddish-brown, the thalline margin persistent, more or less crenulate, white ; spores 12-16—3zne (rarely 8nz), ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then pale-violet with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23; - Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186, ed. 3, p. 171. A rather inconspicuous plant resembling LZ. Hageni, from which it is well distinguished by the numerous spores. ‘These in the single British specimen seen are usually 12n~, though they vary in plants from other countries from 8ne to 82ne in the same apothecium. The thallus, when whitish, gives a positive reaction with K, as stated by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 248), but this is scarcely visible in our specimen, in which the thallus is nearly evanescent. Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly poplars, in upland tracts.— Distr. Very sparingly among the 8. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.E, Ireland (co. Armagh.).—B, M.: Craig Calliach, Perthshire. F. Apothecia usually biatoroid; spores 8ne or 16nz, simple or 1-3- septate, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate spermatia. (Lecania Mass, Alcun. Gen. (1853) p. 12.) 134. L. erysibe Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 114, Lich. Scand. p. 167.—Thallus effuse, thin, diffract, leproso-granulose, greyish- or greenish-olive, or sordid-greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apo- thecia small, innato-sessile, plane or convex, brownish-red or livid- testaceous, the thalline margin little distinct or evanescent; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, simple or often thinly 1-septate, 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.— ‘4Lromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 228, ed. 3, p. 218.— 444 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Lecania erysibe Mudd, Man. p. 141 pro parte, t. ii. f. 47.—Lichen erysibe Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 50.—L. erysibe 3. Rabenhorsti: (Hepp), Mudd, Man. /. c. is entirely confluent with the type—Brit. Hus. : Mudd, nos. 104, 105. A very variable plant, the differences in the thallus and apothecia of which give rise to the forms, varieties, and subspecies that follow. With its usually biatoroid apothecia it is at times not unlike Lecidea rubella (Ehrh.), of which Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 196) makes it a variety. The apothecia are occasionally aggregate, and become darker in age. The spermogones, which are not very frequent in our specimens, have the spermatia 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks, very rarely on decorticated trunks of trees, in maritime and upland districts Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain ; apparently rarer in the Channel Islands and Ireland.—B. M.: St. Aubin’s Fort, St. John’s and St. Brelade’s (lignicolous), Island of Jersey. Rot- tingdean Cliffs, Sussex; near Torquay, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Corn- wall; Norton, Worcestershire; near Ayton and Coatham, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Island of Lismore and Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. Lower Glanmire Road, co. Cork; near Kilkee, co. Clare; co. Down. Form cinereofusca, Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 69.— Thallus very thin, greyish-brown. Apothecia minute, plane, at length convex, dark-brown, slightly pruinose ; spores indistinctly 1- septate, often 2-3-nucleolate.—Lecania erysibe var. 5. cinereofusca Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 141, t. 2. f. 48.— Brit. Has.: Mudd, n. 106. Only a form with thinner thallus and smaller subpruinose apothecia, the pruina disappearing in age. Apparently it is confluent with the type and results from the habitat. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only sparingly in S., W., and N. England.—B. M. : Hastings, Sussex; Crowle, near Worcester ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire, Var. 3. sincerior Nyl. Flora; 1876, p. 577.—Thallus subgranu- late, areolato-rimose, pale-greyish or subochraceo-whitish. Apo- thecia lecanorine, pale-brown, the thalline margin persistent.— Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 108; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 219. Differs in the colour of the more granulate thallus and in the per- sistently lecanorine apothecia. Nylander /. c. observes that it may rank as a subspecies. Hab. On schistose and arenaceous rocks and walls in maritime tracts,— Distr. Found sparingly in the Channel Islands, 8. and N. England, and N.W, Ireland.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey. Hastings, Sussex ; near Torpoint, 8. Devon; St. Bees, Cumberland; North Tyne, North- umberland. Lettermore, Connemara, co, Galway. Subsp. 1. L, albariella Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 45-4,—Thallus areo- lato-diffract, whitish-cream-coloured. A pothecia biatorine, small or submoderate, brown or brownish-black ; spores ovoid, 1-septate, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,005 -6 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine at length LECANORA,] LECANO-LECIDEET. 445 violet-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora albariella Nyl. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 338 (nota), cfr. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.t.xxv. (1864) p. 63; Jones, Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, 1864, p.119; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229, ed. 3, p. 219. Apparently a good subspecies, characterized by the differences given in the thallus and apothecia. According to Nylander in litt., L. (Aspicilia) lactea Mass, Symm. Lich. 1855, p. 26, is scarcely different. The two British specimens seen are fairly typical and well fertile. Hab. On calcareous (rarely arenaceous) rocks and mortar of walls in maritime districts.—Dzsty. Extremely local and scarce in 8. England and N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Isle of Wight, Hampshire ; near Eastbourne, Sussex. Glenarm, co. Antrim. Subsp. 2. proteiformis Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 538.—Thallus thickish or somewhat thin, granuloso-verrucose, areolato-diffract or subpul- verulent, glaucous-grey, greenish-brown or sordid-white. Apo- thecia biatorine, at first plane and thinly margined, then convex and immarginate, yellowish-brown, reddish-brown or blackish, naked or pruinose ; spores 1-septate, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Biatora protei- formis Mass. Sched. crit. (1855) p. 92. Very variable in external appearance, but distinguished by the smaller spores, which in our specimens are 0,010-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick. These were erroneously referred by mein Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 148, to L. lactea (Mass.), to which they are superficially subsimilar. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland tracts.—Distr. Only sparingly in W. England,—B, M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; near Painswick and Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 135. L. pheoleucodes Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 356.—Thallus effuse, deplanate, areolato-diffract, whitish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, convex, ‘brown, biatoroid, the thalline margin speedily ex- cluded ; spores 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p- 112. Probably distinct from Z. erysibe, to which in the apothecia it is sub- similar, though differing in the longer spores. The thalline margin of the apothecia, which are darker in age, is visible only in their young condition. The spermogones, which are common, have the spermatia arcuate, 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On a calcareous rock in a maritime district.— Distr. Local and scarce in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. 136. L. Hutchinsia Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 336.—Thallus effuse, thin, rimose or rimuloso-diffract, pale- or yellow-greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, convex, biatoroid, the thin thalline margin being speedily excluded, red-testaceous, whitish within ; spores fusiform, usually distinctly 1-septate, 0,010-12 mm. long, 446 LICHENACRI. [LECANORA, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, somewhat jointed, thick- ened and colourless at the apices; hypothecium colourless; hyme- nial gelatine bluish, then often wine-red with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 255; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226, ed. 3, p. 217.—Lecidea albocarnea Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 234 (cfr. Flora, 1879, p. 361); Cromb. Grevillea, 1876, p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 340.—Brit. Hxvs.: Cromb. n. 164; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 97, 133. Looks like a Lecidea near L. spheroides, but is a true Lecanora allied to the preceding species, as shown by the distinct thalline margin in very young apothecia (seldom present in herbaria specimens) and by the cha- racter of the spermogones. It is somewhat variable as to the thallus and apothecia, whence the form and variety that follow. The sporesare rarely simple, or in the same apothecium obsoletely 1-septate, so that Nylander ut supra named this state Leczdea albocarner. The spermogones have the spermatia arcuate, thin, 0,014-22 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts — Distr. Local, though at times plentiful in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, 8. Wales, 8. W. and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Rozel, Island of Jersey; Moulin Huet Bay, Island of Guernsey. St. John’s, Devon- port, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Goodwick Bay, Pembroke- shire. Derryquin, Killarney, co, Kerry; near Kylemore and Dough- ruagh mts., Connemara, co. Galway. ~ Form bellissima Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 217.—Thallus thinnish, subgranulate. Apothecia rather small, usually congregate, pale-rosaceous, slightly pruinose ; spores rarely simple.— Brit. Evs. : Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 97. Differs in the more granulose thallus and the colour of the apothecia, which occur for the most part in small, more or less scattered groups. It is apparently the same as form congregabilis Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361, Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 114, judging from the typical specimen seen of the latter. Hab. On shady walls in a maritime district—Distr, Very scarce in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cleghan, near Kylemore, co, Galway. Var, 6. accessitans Nyl. Flora, 1879, p.361.—Thallus very thin, leprose or subevanescent. Apothecia convex, immarginate; spores usually simple.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecidea accessitans Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 306 ; Cromb. Grevillea, 1876, p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 260.—Brit. Has.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 224, Characterized by the less developed thallus, which in the specimens seen is scarcely visible, and by the spores being most frequently simple (not definitely 1-septate). Hab. On shady rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Only sparingly in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Near Renvyle, Connemara, co. Galway. 137. L. umbraticula Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 205.--Thallus effuse, thin, subleprose, greenish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, some- LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 447 what plane, biatoroid, fleshy-yellow or subyellowish, colourless within; paraphyses submoderate; epithecium colourless; spores fusiform, simple, or at times thinly 1-septate, 0,008-16 mm. long, 0,002-3 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine wine-reddish with iodine.— Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 28. Allied to var. 8 of the preceding species, but differs in the thallus and the thinner spores, the form of which Nylander says are as in Lecidea globulosa. The single fragmentary specimen seen is well fertile. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,014-19 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick, Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce in N. W. Iveland.—B. M.: Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. 138. L. spodophxiza Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 290.—Thallus deter- minate, moderate, granuloso-verrucose, greyish, thinly white-fim- briate at the extreme circumference (K—, CaCl—) Apothecia small, somewhat plane, badio-reddish, the thalline margin subentire ; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, simple or often spuriously 1-septate, 0,009-18 mm. long, 0,004—6 mm. thick ; epithecium pale-brownish ; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, then wine-coloured with iodine.— Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220. _ Has much the appearance of a young state of LZ. poliophea. In the specimens seen the thallus occurs chiefly in small patches, which at times become more or less confluent. The apothecia are only sparingly present, with the thalline margin persistent and scarcely prominent except in a young condition. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,018-25 mm. long, scarcely 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On granite maritime rocks.—Distr. Confined to one of the Channel Islands, and there very sparingly —B. M.: Mont Orgueil, Island of Jersey. 139. L. act#a Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 290.—Thallus determinate, moderate or thinnish, unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish-leaden- coloured, bluish and thinly white-fimbriate at the circumference (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, somewhat prominent, at length convex, biatorine, blackish; spores ellipsoid or subfusiform, 1-sep- tate, 0,012-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick ; epithecium dark bluish ; paraphyses thickish, jointed; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thecz at length violet) with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89. A peculiar species, externally similar to Z. Ralfsii, but differing in the character of the thallus at the circumference, and in the colour of the epithecium. More important anatomical differences are the smaller spores and especially the character of the spermogones, which latter places it in this section. In the two fragmentary specimens seen the apothecia are very sparingly present. The spermogones also are rare, with the spermatia, 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick, Hab. On rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very rare in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. 448 LICHENACET. [LFCANORA. 140. L. syringea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810, p.75; Lich. Univ. p. 368.—Thallus effuse, very thin, or scarcely any visible, glaucous or greyish-white (K—, CaCi—). Apothecia small, sessile, at first plane with thin, entire thalline margin, then convex and immargi- nate, brownish or brownish-black, naked, or slightly casio-pruinose ; paraphyses not discrete, brownish at the apices; spores 8-l6nx, oblong, or elliptico-oblong, obtuse at the apices (1)-3-septate, usually somewhat curved, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; hyme- nial gelatine bluish, then wine-red or violet with iodine——Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 78.—Parmelia Hageni §. syringea Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 163. Lecanora athroocarpa Dub. Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231 pro parte, ed. 8, p. 223 pro parte. L. athroocarpa var. fuscella (Schaer), Cromb. Lich. Brit. l.¢.; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 232, ed. 3, Lc. Lecania fuscella Mudd, Man, p. 140 (corticola), t. ii. f. 45. — Though the specific name of Acharius is more circumscribed and refers rather to a form of L. athrovcarpa Dub. (Bot. Gall. ii. p. 669), it may on the ground of priority -be retained. The plant is somewhat variable, at times not unlike Z. Hagen’ and again resembling some Lecidea near L. vernalis, according to the character of the apotnecia. These are often crowded, and are then more or Jess biatoroid. Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, chiefly poplar and maple, in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only very sparingly in 8. and We England.—B. M.: Near Brading, Isle of Wight; Glynde, Sussex ; Brocken- hurst and near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; Isham, near Torquay,. S. Devon; near the Beck, Malvern, Worcestershire. Form metabolica Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 169 (sub L. athroo- carpa).—Thallus very thin, whitish or greyish-white. Apothecia minute, biatorine, dark-brown or nearly black.—JL. athroocarpa var. metabolica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 232, ed. 3, p. 224. Lecanora metabolica Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 351. Only a form with smaller, darker, more constantly biatorine apothecia. These in our specimens are also more scattered than in the type, with which probably it is confluent. Hab. On trunks and branches of maple in maritime districts.—Distr. Extremely local in the Channel Islands and 8. England—B. M.: Trinity, Island of Jersey. Brading, Isle of Wight. - 141. L. Nylanderiana Nyl. ex Norrl. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 24.—Thallus effuse, granulato-unequal, rimoso-areolate, sordid-greyish-white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, at first plane with thin thalline margin, at length convex and often immarginate, brown or brownish-black, glauco-pruinose or occa- sionally naked; spores 8nx, 3-septate, oblong or subfusiform,. straight (very rarely slightly curved), 0,014-20 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick; paraphyses jointed, brownish at the thickened apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Lecania Nylanderiana Mass. Sched. crit. (1855) p. 152. L. ceerudescens Mudd, Man. p. 140, t. 2. f. 46. Lecanora athroocarpa form ceru- LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 449 lescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231, ed. 3, p. 223.—Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 294; Mudd, n. 103. Closely allied to the preceding species, but among other characters, apart from habitat, separated by the thece being definitely 8-spored, the spores themselves being normally straight. Mudd describes the thallus of his plant, which is evidently only a state, as being leaden-greyish and eae both of which characters disappear in Herbaria specimens. The apothecia are numerous and aggregate, with the margin, when per- sistent, at length undulate and angulose from their confluence. Hab. On old walls in upland situations.—Distr. Very sparingly in W. and N. England.—B. M.: Preston, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Marske, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Var. 3. ceruleorubella Cromb.—Thallus thickish, granuloso- leprose, sordid-greyish or cesious. Apothecia innato-sessile, scat- tered, reddish or dark-red, the thalline margin whitish, persistent. —Lecania cerulescens, var. (3. eeruleorubella Mudd Man, (1861) p. 141. Probably a good variety, judging from the two specimens seen. It is characterized by the more pulverulent thallus, the less prominent, more scattered apothecia and their persistent thalline margin, otherwise it is similar to the type. Hab. On old walls (arenaceous) in an upland district—Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. England.—B. Ma Near Ayton, Cleve- land, Yorkshire. 142. L. dimera Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. xi. (1871) p. 184.—Thallus effuse, very thin, greyish-white, or scarcely any visible (Kf+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, biatorine, convex, pale- or dark-brownish, naked, the margin thin, evanes- cent; paraphyses not well discrete, brownish at the apices; epi- thecium K-+ pale rose-coloured ; spores 8nx, oblong or subellipsoid, 1-septate, usually somewhat curved, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,004-6 mum. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish or violet with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.—Lecanora athroocarpa subsp. dimera Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 169. Might readily be taken for Z. syringea but for the number of the less divided spores. In the single British specimen, which is well fertile, the thallus forms small, somewhat scattered maculew on the substratum. The young apothecia are distinctly lecanorine, but the thalline marvin speedily disappears. Hab. On the smooth bark of a ae in an upland district.— Dist. As yet only very sparingly in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 143, L. rhypariza Nyl. Ofvers. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1860, p. 296; Lich. Scand. p. 169.—Thallus effuse, granulose or granuloso- squamulose, pale, or pale-lurid-greyish, the granules (or squa- ‘ 2¢ 450 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. mules) sublobulato-concrescent or sub-dispersed (K+ yellowish, then blood-red, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane, occasionally slightly convex, brown or reddish-brown, the thalline margin entire, at length excluded; spores oblong or cylindrico-oblong, simple, 0,021-27 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gela- tine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. A very distinct species of which the type does not occur in this country, but only the following form, which seems to descend from var. castanea (Hepp), Nyl., also unknown in Britain. Form curvescens Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 185 (nota).—Thallus very thin, minutely gra- nuloso-squamulose, dark reddish-brown. Apothecia with the thalline margin often inflexed ; spores fusiform, at times spuriously 1-3-septate, occasionally somewhat curved, 0,030-34 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 8, p. 199.—Pannarta curvescens Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 125, t. 2. f. 38. The thallus is visible only here and there upon the substratum, from which, when less developed, it is scarcely distinguishable. The apothecia are but sparingly present, with the thalline margin at length obliterated. Hab. Encrusting mosses (Andreas and Grimmias) in an alpine situa- tion.— Distr, Extremely local and rare on one of the 8. Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. G. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8n2, simple, colourless. Spermo- gones with simple sterigmata and long straight spermatia. 144. L. atra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 334 (excl. vars. 6, y) ; Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t.i. p.336.—Thallus determinate, somewhat thick, granulate or verrucoso-unequal, whitish or greyish- white (K+ yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, blackish, limiting the thallus. Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or slightly convex, black, internally blackish ; the thalline margin entire or subcrenu- late, often flexuose; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; paraphyses robust, not discrete, violet-coloured, darker at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Hook. Fi. Scot. ii. p. 47; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 186; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 188; Mudd, Man. p. 145 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 194, ed. 3, p. 177.—Rinodina atra Gray, Nat. Arr, i. p. 449. Lnchen ater, Huds. Fl. Angl. i. (1762) p. 445; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 813; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 18; Eng. Bot. t. 949. Lnchenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus et minoribus, Dill. in Ray, Syn. 71, 43 pro parte, Muse. 133, t. 18. f. 15 a.— Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 16, 54. Much resembles L. subfusca var. cotlocarpa and L. gangaleoides, which are frequently mixed up with it in Herbaria. From both of these, how- LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 451 ever, it is at once distinguished by the colour internally of the apothecia and by that of the paraphyses. The thallus varies somewhat in thick- ness and is often winely expanded, The apothecia are generally nume- rous and somewhat crowded. The spermogones also are frequent, with spermatia long, slender, somewhat straight, 0,018-26 mm. long. Hab. On rocks, walls, and the trunks of trees from maritime to sub- alpine regions.—Distr. General and common in Great Britain, as no doubt also in Ireland. Apparently rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Sark. Near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Reigate Hill, Surrey; Lydd Beach, Kent; New Forest, Hants; Ilsham Walk, Torquay, Devonshire ; St. Minver, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cheveley Park and near Newmarket, Cambridgeshire; Worcester and Malvern Hills, Wor- cestershire ; Woodfield, Monmouthshire; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Island of Anglesea; Oswestry, Shropshire; Staveley Head, Westmoreland ; St. Bees and Alston, Cumberland. Near Glasgow; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; West Water, Fifeshire; Loch Tay, Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers, and Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen. Near Cork; Killaloe, co. Clare; Dawros, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 6. grumosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 344.—Thallus rimoso-granulate, cesio-greyish, leproso-fatiscent. Apothecia de- pressed, subrimate.—Lichen grumosus, Pers.in Ust. Ann. xi. (1794) p. 15. Differs in the characters given of the thallus (which is usually thickish) and of the apothecia. It is probably connected with the type by inter- mediate states. Hab. On rocks and walls in (?) maritime and upland districts —Distr. Only from two localities in 8. Wales and N.W. England, though I believe I have seen it also in N.E. Scotland (near Cove, Kincardineshire).—B. M. Woodfield, Monmouthshire; Brougham Castle, Westmoreland. ? Var. y. subbyssoidea Stirt. Trans. Glasg. Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85. —Thallus granulose, greyish-black or nearly black, effigurate at the circumference; hypothallus white, subbyssoid.—Leight. Lich. FI, ed. 3, p. 178. Doubtfully referable to this species, as I have indicated in Grevillea, xviii. p. 70. It is at once separated by the colour of the hypothallus, and is most probably referable to L. ganyaleoides.’ I have, however, seen no specimen. Hab. On rocks in an upland situation.—Dist. Only among the Central Grampians, Scotland (Blair Athole, Perthshire), H. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8nz, simple, colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterig- mata and bacillar spermatia. 145, L. badia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 407.—Thallus inde- terminate, granulato-areolate or subsquamulose, olive-brown or dark-greyish-brown, somewhat shining (K —, CaCl—) ; hypothallus 262 452 LICHENACEL, [LECANORA. thin, black. Apothecia small or moderate, appressed, plane or at length somewhat convex, brownish-black or badious-brown, the thalline margin entire or slightly crenulate; spores fusiformi- ellipsoid, 0,009-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses robust, brownish at the apices.—Mudd, Man. p. 144, t. 2. f. 50; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 212, ed. 3, p. 198.— Rinodina badia, Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450. Lichen badius, Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. (1794) p. 27.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 206 ; Mudd, n. 110; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 334. A well-marked species easily recognized by the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia. It spreads extensively over the substratum, and is always well fertile. In alpine situations the apothecia have the thalline margin more or less flexuose. The spermogones are frequent, with sper- matia 0,007-0,010 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Very singularly the plant was overlooked by our older authors, though in Sowerby’s herbarium it appears s. n. Lichen squamulosus from Teesdale (Lecanora squamulosa Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109). Hab. On rocks and boulders from maritime to alpine tracts, —Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Bolt Head, 8. Devon: near Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Long Mynd, Shropshiré ; Barmouth and Dolgellv, Merionethshire; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvon; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale and near Eglestone, Durham; Blacklot and Stavely Head, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Nigg and Portlethen, Kincar- dineshire ; Cairn Turc and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Mount Leinster, co. Carlow; Kylemore Castle, co. Galway; Lurgedon Mt. and near Carnlough, co. Antrim. Var. §. cinerascens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 170.—Thallus paler, greyish, with the thalline margin of the apothecia conco- lorous: otherwise as in the type—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 213, ed. 3, p. 198. Differs only in colour; but this is so marked as to entitle it, in the absence of intermediate states, to rank as a good variety. Hab. On shady schistose rocks and walls in maritime and moun- tainous districts.— Distr. Local in 8. Wales, the Central Grampians and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Subsp. L. picea Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 478.—Thallus and apothecia pitch-black, shining; spores oblong, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 108; Lich. Brit. p. 64.— L. badia form picea, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 199. Characterized by the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia, and more especially by the smaller spores. This latter character keeps it distinct from darker states of the type with which it might be con- LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEL. 453 founded. In age the apothecia become somewhat large and convex, with the thalline margin obliterated. Hab. On quartzose rocks in mountainous districts—Distr. Only sparingly among the Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 146. L. austera Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 309.—Thallus subdeter- minate, thin, unequal, rimose, cervine or cervine-badious (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, black, little visible. Apothecia mode- rate or somewhat large, plane, badio-brownish, often proliferous ; the thalline margin flexuose, often subcrenate, slightly shining ; spores ellipsoid, about 0,009 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick; para- physes moderate, jointed; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the thece bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 199. Closely allied to the preceding species, but differing especially in the less developed thallus and the much shorter spores. The only specimen gathered is well fertile, the apothecia varying as above. The spermo- gones also are frequent, with spermatia 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Hab, On weathered quartzose stones, in an alpine locality.—Distr. Very local and scarce on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland —B. M. : Summit of Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire. 147. L. atriseda Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856) p. 337 ; Lich. Scand. p. 170.—Thallus areolato-granulate, brown or dull-brown ; the granules contiguous or scattered, convex (K—, CaCl—); hypothallusthin, black, often obsolete. Apothecia moderate, at first immersed, then appressed, plane or somewhat convex, brown or dark-brown; the thalline margin thin, entire; spores ellipsoid, obtuse at the apices, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses rather stout, not very discrete, brownish at the apices.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178.—Lecanora badia var. atriseda Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 213, ed. 3, p.198. Parmelia badia y. atriseda Fr. N. Sched. crit. 1827, p. 6; Lich. Eur. p. 149,— Lecanora nephea Somm. Suppl. Lapp. Or. (1826) p. 103, is an abnormal state of this, fide Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 268, and is therefore scarcely to be adopted, though having priority. A good species, looking at first sight as if allied to L. squamulosa. In our few British specimens the thallus is determinate with the granules sufficiently contiguous. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, at times almost obliterating the verruce. The spermogones, which are sparingly present, are impressed, blackish at the apices, with spermatia 0,018-20 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Hab, On rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Rare in Wales, N. England, and the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Merioneth- shire; Fnnerdale, Cumberland ; Morrone, Aberdeenshire. 454 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 148. L. nitens Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 335; Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 298.—Thallus indeterminate, thickish, subsquamulose, badious- brown, shining (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus black, little visible. Apothecia moderate, appressed, plane, brownish-black, the thalline margin entire, paler ; spores oblong, 0,009-0,018 mm. long, 0,0035- 45 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Patellaria nitens Pers. Ann. Wetter. ges. Nat. xi. (1810) p. 12. Intimately related to L. badia, from which it differs chiefly in the form and size of the spores, whence Nylander J. c. is inclined to regard it as specifically distinct. The specimens gathered are well fertile, with the apothecia numerous, crowded, at times 2-3 confluent. As previously observed (p. 85), it is one of the hosts of Sphinctrina hylemoriensis. Hab. On schistose vocks in a maritime district—Distr. Very local, though plentiful where it occurred in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M. : Chateau Point, Island of Sark. 149. L. torquata Nyl. Act. Soe. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856) p- 338.—Thallus continuous, smooth, rimoso-diffract, pale-murine or fumose (K—); hypothallus black, limiting the thallus. Apothe- cia submoderate, sessile, brownish-black ; the thalline margin pale, persistent entire, or flexuose ; spores narrowly ellipsoid, 0,005—7 mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.—Parmelia torquata Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 284. In general appearance subsimilar to Lecidea hochiana, but separated by the lecanorine apothecia. ‘These, according to Fries (Lich. Europ. p. 147), are at times obsoletely pruinose, a character not apparent in the two British specimens seen. Hab. On moist rocks in a maritime district—Diéstr. Only very spar- ingly in the Channel Islands.—B. M..: Island of Alderney. I. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8nz, pluriseptate, colourless. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate spermatia. (Hematomma Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 32.) 1 150. L. coccinea Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 70.—Thallus effuse, thinnish or moderate, farinose or leprose, sulphur-coloured or white-yellowish (K-+yellow); hypothallus fibrillose, white. Apothecia innate or subsessile, moderate, plane or somewhat con- vex, crimson (K+-violet-purplish); the thalline margin whitish- pulverulent, often little conspicuous; spores elongato-fusiform, 3-7-septate, 0,030-60 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick, paraphyses not discrete; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Lichen coccineus Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1785) p. 8, t. 2. f. 1; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 16; Eng. Bot. t. 223. Haematomma coccineum Mudd, Man. p. 157. Lichen hamatomma KEhrh. Hanov. Mag. 1786, p. 285; Eng. Bot. t. 486. Lecanora hematomma Hook. Fl. Scot. LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEET. 455 ii, p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 186; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 232, ed. 3, p. 224. Rinodina hematomma et R. porphyria Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 457.—As the specimens published by Dickson are suffi- ciently typical, his specific name has priority.—Brit. Ews.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24; Leight. n. 214; Mudd, n. 180; Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 339; Bohl. n. 120. The thallus spreads very extensively and varies somewhat in thickness and.colour. In some other countries it occurs on the trunks of aged trees, but it has not with certainty been found upon such in Great Britain ; though what may be the sterile thallus has been noticed spar- ingly on oaks in the New Forest. The apothecia are numerous, though somewhat scattered, with the thalline margin often obliterated. The spermozones, which are very minute, scattered, and slightly prominent, might readily be mistaken for very young apothecia, with which they are concolorous, Hab. On shaded perpendicular rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts —Distr. Probably general and common in Britain and the Channel Islands, as also in Ireland; but from the nature of the habitat specimens are with difficulty obtained—B.M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of Guernsey, Brechou, and Alderney. Withyam and Ardingley, Sussex; near Penzance, Cornwall; Stonehenge, Wiltshire ; Acton Burnell and Nesscliff Hill, Shropshire; Moel-y-yolfa, Montgo- meryshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire ; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Eglestone, Durham; Harlaw Hill, Northumberland. Roslin, near Edinburgh ; Bowling Bay, Dumbar- tonshire; Airds, Appin, Argyleshire; West Water, Fife; The Trossachs and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Western Blasquet Island, co. Kerry. Var. 8. saxetana Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 70.—Thallus subcontinuous, thickish, white or whitish. Apothecia sessile, con- vex, dark sanguineous ; the thalline margin obliterated.—Lecanora hematomma torm saxetana Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58. Lecidea saxetana Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808, p. 269. Distinguished by the less pulverulent, constantly whitish thallus and by the darker biatoroid apothecia. It seems a distinct variety rather than a state of the so-called variety porphyria (Pers.), into which the type passes in certain situations. Hab. On the side of an exposed perpendicular rock in an upland dis- trict.—Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 151. L. elatina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 387.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulato-leprose, whitish or pale-yellowish (K-+yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, sessile, brownish-testaceous (K—), at first somewhat plane with thin entire thalline margin, then convex and biatorine ; spores fusiformi-acicular, 3-5-septate, usually 456 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. curved, 0,045-50 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses slen- der, not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thece deep-blue with iodine—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231, ed. 3, p. 228, Presenting much of the habit of the preceding species; this differs in the thinner, more leprose thallus, the colour of the apothecia, the re- actions of the epithecium and hymenial gelatine, as also in being constantly corticolous. The apothecia are scattered, with the thalline margin speedily excluded, and become dark-brown in age. In young apothecia the spores often appear to be simple, so that they have some- times been described as simple or septate. Hab. On the bark of old hollies in a wooded upland district.—Dostr. Only very sparingly in S.W. Iveland.—B, M.: near Derrycuintry, Killarney, co. Kerry. K. Apothecia at first lecanorine ; spores 8ne, pluriseptate, colourless. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight spermatia. (Hematomma Mass. emend. Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1885) p. 153.) 152. L. ventosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 399.—Thallus determinate, thick, firm,, verrucoso-rugose, subareolato-diffract, sul- \ o — “I < phur-coloured or greenish-yellow, rarely greyish-white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, appressed, plane or convex, é a often difform, dark crimson or blood-red (K+ violet-purplish); the thalline margin thin, usually speedily excluded ; spores elongato-fusiform, somewhat curved or con- torted, 3-7-septate; paraphyses not dis- Fig. 66. crete; hymenial gelatine deep blue with Lecanora ventosa Ach.— jodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48; Sm. f+ 770 spores, xB50. 7 , : . Jointed sterigmata Eng. Fl. v. p. 189; Tayl. in Mack. FI. and spermatia, x 500. Hib. ii. p. 186; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 233, ed. 3, p. 225.—Hematomma ventosum Mudd, Man. p. 157, t. ii. f. 52. Rinodina ventosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 451. Lichen ventosus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1141; Lightf. Fl. Scot. li. p. 806; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 527; Eng. Bot. t. 906; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 16. Lichen gelidus Huds. FI. Angl. ed. i. p. 528, Lichenoides tartareum lividum, scutellis rufis margine exilt Dill. Muse. 133, t. 18. f. 14.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n.9; Mudd, n. 129; Bohl. n. 36; Dicks, Hort. Sic. v. n. 23. A rather fine plant distinguished at once from its allies by the thicker verrucose thallus. This is often considerably expanded and varies in colour according to the nature of the habitat. The apothecia are numerous, often variously deformed, more or less convex, usually biato- rine in appearance, the thalline margin being chiefly visible only in their LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 457 very young state, though in alpine habitats it is more or less persistent. The spermogones are frequent, prominent, agglomerate, black, and look almost like foreign apothecia. On the thallus there is occasionally a parasitic Endococcus afterwards to be described. Hab. On exposed rocks and boulders, granitic and schistose, rarely red sandstone from upland to alpine situations—Distr, General in the more mountainous regions of Great Britain, abundant on the Grampians, Scotland; apparently very rare in Ireland; not seen in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Pew Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Clee Hills, Shrop- shire; Moel-y-Golfa, Montgomeryshire; Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Penmaenmawr, Trefriw and Moel Siabod, Carnarvonshire; Kildale Moor and Dent, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland. North Berwick Law, Berwickshire; Achosragan fill and Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Ben Vrackie, and Birnam Hill, Perthshire; Katelaw, Clova, Forfarshire; Hills at Nigg, Aber- deenshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, and Glen Callater, Braemar; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Co. Wicklow. Form levigata Johns. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 60.— Thallus areolato-diffract, substramineous; the areole smooth, equal. Apothecia small, depressed. Differs in the characters given, and may be a good variety. The specimen seen is too fragmentary, however, for deciding the point. Hab. On rocks in an en district— Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. England—B. M.: Bowness Knolt, Ennerdale Lake, Cum- berland. Var. 6. subfestiva Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 57.— Thallus thickish, verrucoso-granulate, yellow-greyish. Apothecia small, plane, usually more or less aggregate, rusty-red, biaturoid, the proper margin thin, often inflexed, paler red.—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xi. p. 490. Differs in the colour of the smaller apothecia which look almost like those of L. ferruginea var. festiva, for which, but for the different thallus, the plant might readily be mistaken. It is only sparingly fertile, the apothecia being scarcely prominent. Hab. On schistose boulders in a mountainous district.— Distr. Found only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. L, Apothecia urceolato-zeorine ; spores distinctly 3-septate ; hyme- nial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones unknown. 153. L. rubra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 389.—Thallus effuse, thin, granuloso-pulverulent, white or glaucous-white (K —,CaCl—); hypothallus whitish, little visible. Apothecia moderate, adnate, concave, rosy-red or reddish flesh-coloured, occasionally slightly pruinose, the thalline margin rugoso-crenulate ; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm, thick ; 458 LICHENACEI. [LECANORS, paraphyses scarcely discrete, the apices incrassate-—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. 190; Leight. Angi. Lich. p. 86, t. 14. f.1; Lich. Fl. p. 230, ed. 3, p. 222; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58.— Phialopsis rubra Mudd, Man. p. 166, t. 3. £. 58. Rinodina rubra Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 457. Verrucaria rubra Hoffm. Pl. Lich. i. (1793) p. 81. Lichen Ulmi Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2218.— Brit. Hus. : Leight. n. 236; Mudd, n. 138; Cromb. n. 168. Well characterized by the constantly 3-septate spores, which separate it from all the other species of the genus, so that it has been placed by sporologists in a distinct genus Phialopsis. From the form of the apo- thecia it might at first sight be taken for a Gyalecta approaching L. foveolaris ; but it isat once removed from this by their distinct thalline margin. The thallus spreads very extensively over the substratum. The apothecia are numerous, becoming at length dark-red. The spermo- gones have not yet been detected. Hab. On trunks of old elms, occasionally overspreading mosses on walls and rocks in upland districts — Distr. Local in W. and N. England, and on the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland; other localities from which it has been reported being very doubtful—B.M.: Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire; Craig-y-Rhiw, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near Rievaulx, Bilsdale, and Greta Bridge, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. M. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8ne or 4-6ne, very rarely 2ne, large, simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular ‘straight spermatia. (Ochrolechia Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 30.) 154. L. tartarea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 371, t. 7. £.3.— Thallus orbiculari-expanded, thick, tartareous, granuloso- or ver- rucoso-conglomerate, unequal, whitish or greyish-white (K-+yellowish, the apices of the verruce CaCl+red); hypothallus white, often indistinct. Apothecia large, concave, plane or tuberculato-convex, rugulose, pale-testaceous (CaCl+ reddish); the thalline margin thick, entire or in- flexed, at length undulate; spores 8ne, ellipsoideo-ublong, 0,040-72 mm. long, 0,027-40 mm. thick; paraphyses thin, not well discrete-—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. a b p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 191; Tayl. in Fig. 67. Muck. Hl, ib. i. n. 138% Modi, Man, ease Saracen — te A p. 156, # fi, £ SL; Cromb, Lich. Brit, thin” “Sea” spemmar, p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187, ed. 3, x 5uv, ; p- 175.—Rinodina tartarea Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 455. Lichen tartareus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1141; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811; With. Arr, ed, 3, iv. p. 23; Eng. Bot. t. 156. Lichenoides crustaceum et lepro- LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 459 sum, acetabulis majoribus luteis, limbis argenteis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3,71. 46; Muse. 182, t. 18. f. 18.— Brit. Has.: Leight. n. 82; Mudd, n. 128; Bohl. n. 10; Cromb. n. 69. ° This, the “Cudbear Lichen ” of Scotland, is a variable plant as to the thallus and apothecia, whence the varieties and subspecies that follow. The thallus, which often spreads extensively over the substratum, is thick, at times very thick, rarely thinnish when the hypothallus is more distinctly visible at the circumference. A state with the verruce sub- globose, growing on Genista in Teesdale, was termed by Acharius var. grandinosa, Lich. Univ. p. 872; Cromb. Enum. J. ¢.; Leight. Lich. Fl. 4.¢.; but this is a frequent character when corticolous, whence also var. arborea (DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 364), Schaer, Enum. p. 80; Mudd, Man. p. 156 pro parte——The apothecia, which are numerous, are generally large and occasionally become proliferous. The spermogones are abundant, ver- ruceform, often congregate, with spermatia 0,005-7 mm, long, 0,0005 mm. thick (fide Nyl.). Hab. On rocks and old trunks of trees, rarely on the ground, in mari- time but chiefly mountainous districts to high altitudes.—Distr. General and abundant in Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands. —B.M.: Island of Alderney. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Bolt Head and Dartmoor, Devonshire; Lamorna, near Penzance, Corn- wall; Cader Idris and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls, Den- bighshire ; Clee Hill, Shropshire; Higheliff, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ayrshire; Pentland Hills and Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ; Kilmun, Ben Cruachan, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Falloch, Finlarig, Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, Amulree, Craig Vinean, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Crate Koynoch, Morrone, Ben- naboord, and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus ‘Woods and Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Larig, Sutherlandshire; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Clonmel, co. Tipperary ; Doughruagh mts., Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 8. frigida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 372.—Thallus effuse, thin, papillate, subspinulose or granulate. Apothecia small or sub- moderate, the thalline margin occasionally subspinulose.—Mnudd, Man. p. 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188, ed. 3, p. 175: Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49 (ut var. y).—Rinodina fri- gida Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 454. Lichen frigidus Sw. Meth. Musc. (1781) p. 36, t. 2.f.4; Eng. Bot. t. 1879; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 22. Lichen Upsaliensis Eng. Bot, t. 1634, Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 12, t. ii. f. 7, and Lecanora tartarea 8. Upsaliensis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 191, denote only espinulose states of this variety.— Brit, Ews.: Cromb. n. 70. Well distinguished by the thinner, more or less spinulose thallus, which on peaty or detrital soil becomes somewhat granulose. It is usually well fruited, Hc nel at higher altitudes. A state with minute apothecia occasionally occurs, and is form mierocarpa Fr, fil. Lich. Scand. p. 234 ; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70. Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground upon moorlands and mountains 460 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA. from upland to alpine situations.—Distr. Local in E, and N. England, N. Wales, and 8. Scotland ; general and plentiful on the Grampians; not seen from Ireland—B. M.: Near Norwich, Norfolk ; near Bury St. Ed- mund’s, Suffolk; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Ayton Mvor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Ben Vrackie, Blair Athole, Perth- shire; Katelaw and Clova mts., Forfarshire; Morrone, Ben Macdhui, Glen Dee and mts. about Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. : Var. y. gonatodes Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 372.—Thallus subramulose, the branches divaricate, tortuous, gibbous, lobato- verrucose, difform. Apothecia very rare; spores 0,036-40 mm. long, 0,025-27 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 176 (excel. il, cit.); Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.—Lichen gonatodes Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 89. A peculiar and well-marked plant, though probably only a monstrosity, as observed by Acharius (Lich. Univ. J.c.). It is apparently extremely rare in fruit, the spores having only been recently described by Nylander (Lich. Nov. Zeland, p. 145) from specimens gathered in the Falkland Islands. Hab, On decayed mosses on the ground in alpine situations. —Distr. Only a single specimen found on the N, Grampians, Scotland (Leighton’s specimens from Wales belong to var. 8).—B. M.: Summit of Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Subsp. L. subtartarea Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 550.—Thallus more or less variolose or at length leprose (K+ yellow, the variole CaCl + reddish). Apothecia somewhat small or submoderate (CaCl+ reddish), the thallme margin inflexed.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Leranora tartarea subsp. pallescens f. leprosa Nyl, Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. (1886) p. 135. Lecanora tartarea forma leprosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.175. Var. 3. arborea Mudd, Man. p. 156 pro parte. Lichenoides tartareum farinaceum, scutellarum umbone fusco Dill. Muse. 132, t. 18. f. 12. The reactions of the thallus and apothecia show that this belongs to L. tartarea, of which it is a good subspecies, When sterile it is easily recognized by the variolarioid thallus, which at times becomes almost entirely leproso-dissolved (form leprosa Nyl. 2. ¢., Cromb. Journ. Bot. J. ¢.). The apothecia, seldom present, are few, usually small and difform, occa- sionally crowned with the leprose thallus. Hab, On the trunks of old trees and on rocks in upland and subalpine situations.— Distr. Probably common in Great Britain and Ireland, though seen only from comparatively few localities: —B. M.. Fridge Rocks, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Falls of Beckey, 8. Devon; Roughton, Cornwall; Lynn Gwernon, Merionethshire ; Rosedale, York- shire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Roslin, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Craig Tulloch, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Ronayne’s Island, Kil- larney, co. Kerry; Clonmel, co. Tipperary; Killerey Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 461 155. L. parella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 370 pro parte; Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 135.— Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, thickish, granulato-rugose, verru- coso-granulate or rimoso-diffract, whitish or greyish-white (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus white, usually little visible. Apothecia moderate, concave, then plane, at length more or less convex, rugose or verrucose, pale, naked or white-pruinose (epithecium K(CaCl) +reddish), the thalline margin thick, entire (K(CaCl)—); spores 6-8ne (rarely 2ne), ellipsoid or subglobulose, 0,048-88 mm. long, 0,025-46 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 191; Tayl. in Mack, Fl. Hib. ii. p. 1387; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 43; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 2U1 pro parte.—L. pallescens a. parella Mudd, Man. p. 155. Rinodina parella Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 453. Lichen parellus Linn, Mant. (1767) p. 182; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 530 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 814; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17; Eng. Bot. t. 727. Lnchenoides leprosum tinctorium, scutellis lapidum cancri Jigura Dill. Muse. 130, t. xviii.f. 10. Pertusaria incarnata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 235 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 534).— Brit. Eas. : Leight. 0.8; Mudd, n.125; Dicks. Hort. Sic.x.n. 28: Bohl.n. 54; Larb. Cesar. n. 75; Lich. Hb. n. 300; Cromb. n. 166. The Perelle d'Auvergne of 8. France, so that, as observed by Sir J. E. Smith, Linneus ought to have written the trivial name perellus as in Eng. Bot. &c. The thallus, usually very widely expanded, varies con- siderably in thickness according to habitat, and when lignicolous and corticolous is at times very scanty. The apothecia are numerous, often crowded and anguloso-difform, almost obliterating the thallus; they are at first depresso-globulose and poriform (the disc being scarcely visible) with very tumid thalline margin, a condition which in some situations seems to be permanent (form porinoides Cromb.). Lichen tumidulus Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. xi, (1794) p. 181, with shields crowded, tumid, the margin thickish (non Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 371), is only a corticolous (also saxicolous) condition (var. tumidula Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 189, ed. 3, p. 202), not to be distinguished even as a form. Hab. On rocks, walls, and trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, from maritime to subalpine tracts.—Distr. General and common in Great Britain and the Channel Islands; no doubt also in Ireland.—B.M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Greenwich Park and near Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Ardingly Rocks, Peasemarsh, and near Hastings, Sussex; Penzance, Duloc, and St. Issey, Cornwall; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire ; Bardon Hill, Leicester- shire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; St. Bees and Bassenthwaite, Cumberland ; Choller- ford, Northumberland. Arthur’s Seat and Meadowbank Woods, Edin- burgh ; West Water, Fifeshire; Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Areyle- shire ; Sidlaw Hills and Baldovan, Forfarshire; Ben Lawers, Aberfeldy, and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen and Cove, Kin- cardineshire ; Morrone, Glen Callater, and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen- shire; Glen Nevis, Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire, Annemount near Cork, and Kilbrittain near Bandon, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry. 462 LICHENACET. [Lecanora. Form 1. crenularia Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 70.— Thallus as in the type. Apothecia with the thalline margin rugoso- crenulate. Differs merely in the coarsely crenulate thalline margin of the apothecia, which, however, is occasionally less distinctly visible in their juvenile state, so that it is scarcely a variety. Hab. On rocks and trunks of old trees in maritime and upland situations—Distr, Only a very few localities in Great Britain and Treland.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Hale’s End, Malvern, Worcester- shire; Wanshbeck Valley, Northumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyle- shire. Brandon mt., co. Kerry. Form 2. nivea Cromb.—Thallus and the thalline margin of the apothecia soft, snowy-white; otherwise as in the type. Apparently a well-marked form, which, if the characters given are constant, would be a good variety. In the two small British specimens the thallus is verrucoso-rugose and the apothecia concave with thick thalline margin. Hab. On the trunk of an old tree in an upland situation. Distr. Seen only very sparingly from W. Ireland.—B. M.: Killaloe, co. Clare. Var. 3. Turneri Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 113.— Thallus more or less leproso-dissolved, whitish or greenish-white. Apothecia submoderate, white-pruinose ; the thalline margin thick, entire, white-pulverulent.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.54; forma Purneri Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 190, ed. 3, p. 2038.—L. pallescens y. Turneri Mudd, Man. p. 155. Rinodina Turnert Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 454. Lecanora Turnert Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p.191. Lichen Turnert Eng. Bot. t. 857.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 127; Leight. n. 237. A good variety characterized by the white-sorediate thallus and the pulverulent margin of the apothecia. These are usually rather scattered, with the thalline margin rarely subcrenulate (form suberenata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70). Hab. On trunks of old trees in maritime and upland wooded regions. —Distr. Here and there throughout England; rare in N. Wales, the 8.W. Highlands and N. Grampians, Scotland, as also in S. Ireland.— B.M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; The Holmwood, Surrey; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Carrisbrook and Bembridge, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hampshire; Gillingham, Dorsetshire; Ugbrook Park, Chudleigh, 8. Devon; Savernake Forest, Wiltshire; near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egleston, Durham. By Loch Creran, Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Old Deer Park, Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Muckruss, Killarney, co. Kerry. 156. L. pallescens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, t. ii, (1868) p. 68.—Thallus determinate, thinnish, granulato-unequal, whitish or greyish-white (K—,CaCl—); hypothallus white, limiting the thallus. Apothecia submoderate, concave or somewhat planc, LECANORA, | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 463 rugulose, often thinly white-pruinose (epithecium K (Ca(Cl)+red- dish), the thalline margin somewhat thin, entire (K (CaCl)+red- dish); spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,054-64 mm. long, 0,080-34 mm. thick.—Cromb, Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.--Lecanora parella forma pallescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 189 pro parte; ed. 3, p. 202 pro parte. L. tertarea subsp. pallescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 pro parte. Lichen patlescens Linn. F1. Suec. (1755) p. 499. Lecanora pallescens var. 2. tumidula Mudd, Man. p. 155.—Brit. Hxvs.: Mudd, n. 126; Larb. Cesar. n. 76. Similar to Z. parella, with which until recently it has been confounded, but differs, though probably only as a subspecies, in the reaction of the thalline margin of the apothecia, which also distinguishes it from all cor- ticolous states of L. tartarea. The thallus is usually somewhat zonate at the circumference. Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: St. Lawrence, Island of Jersey. Near Hastings, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; near Lustleigh, S. Devon; Launceston, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Trefriw, Carnarvon- shire; near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Macroom Demesne, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry. 157. L. Upsaliensis Nyl. ew Norrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Foérh. xiii. (1873) p. 332; Flora, 1881, p. 454.—Thallus effuse, thin, smooth or somewhat verruculose, glaucous- or greyish- white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small or submoderate, concave or at length plane, pale, more or less white-pruinose (K(CaCl)—) ; the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores 4—8ne, 0,055-58 mm. long, 0,026-38 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 176 pro parte.—Lecanora parella var. Upsaliensis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54. Lichen Upsaliensis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1758) p. 1142. Also closely allied to Z. parella, but differs in the nature of the habitat and especially in the chemical reaction of the apothecia. The thallus is at first very thin and smooth, but at length becomes thicker and granulate. The apothecia are usually numerous with the disc coarsely granulate. Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground in alpine situations.—Distr. Only very sparingly on a few of the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 158. L. geminipara Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 236.—Thallus subeffuse, verrucose or papillose, greyish-white (K + yellowish-red) ; the papille subglobose or somewhat angulose, at length sorediate at the apices (CaCl+ reddish). Apothecia on the apices of the papilla, concave, at length plane, purplish-black, naked ; the thalline margin thick, inflexed or crenate; spores 2ne, ellipsoid, 0,022-24 mm. long, 0,015--26 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine. —Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.—Lecanora leprothelia Nyl. Flora, 464 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 1874, p. 16; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274, is according to Wainio and Arnold a sterile and less developed state of this plant. A very distinct species which at first sight seems near L. oculata, but, as rightly conjectured by Nylander Z. c., from sterile specimens, belonging to this section, The papille are scattered or here and there crowded, becoming at times entirely leprose. In the very few British specimens neither apothecia nor spermogones, the latter as yet unknown, are present. Hab. Overspreading decayed mosses on the ground in alpine places. —Distr. Very local and rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire. N. ‘Apothecia innate, lecanorine or rarely lecideine ; hypothecium usually colourless; spores 8ne or 6ne (rarely 4nz or 2na), simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, straight or very rarely arcuate spermatia. (Aspicilia Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 36 pro parte.) . a. Gonidial system composed of ordinary eugonidia (Pachyospora Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 42 pro parte). 159. L. Bockii Fr. fil. Bot. Not. 1867, p. 105.—Thallus inde- terminate, either minutely granulose with the granules variously subglobose, or plane and areolato-diffract, olive-brown or brownish- grey (K(CaCl) + reddish); hypothallus thin, black. Apothecia sessile, small, at length angular or lineari-compressed, black, the thalline margin entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,017-25 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm, thick; paraphyses slender; epithecium and hypo- thecium brownish; hymenial gelatine tawny wine-red with iodine. —Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Parmelia Bockii Rodig. ew Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 285. A rather singular plant of this section both as to thallus and apothecia. The subglobose verrucee are usually discrete, and when rubbed are more or less yellow-greenish at the apices. The apothecia are at length as if gyroso-plicate, whence Fries (Lich. Eur. p. 151) observed that, if normal, the plant would belong to a distinct genus. Its true systematic place, however, is shown by Nylander, Flora, 1876, p. 233 (efr. Flora, 1879, p. 204), s. n. Lecanora sophodopsis, under which synonym the first com- plete diagnosis is given. The British specimens in which neither the thallus nor apothecia are well developed belong to a form pauperata Nyl. im litt. The spermogones are here and there visible, with spermatia straight, 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. : Hab. On schistose walls in an upland district.— Distr. Only sparingly in N.W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Near Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland. 160. L. superiuscula Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 355.—Thallus inde- terminate, thin, squamuloso-areolate, greyish-brown or dark- brown ; squamules minute, scattered, applanate or slightly convex, LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 465 crenulate (K—, CaCl—), Apothecia minute, innate or slightly emersed, plane or somewhat convex, blackish, the thalline margin thickish; spores 8ne, subellipsoid, simple, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick; paraphyses stout, discrete, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine——Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 112. Allied to Z. complanata Koerb., of which it may be a subspecies, but differs among other characters in the larger spores. The thallus spreads very extensively over the substratum in the Scottish habitat, but was only here and there well fertile. The spermogones, however, in the few specimens gathered are plentiful, with spermatia arcuate, 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. thick. Hab. On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation.—Distr. Only sparingly on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Above Loch- na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 161. L. leucophyma Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 204; ed. 3, p- 188.—Thallus subdispersed, thin, smooth, unequal, rimoso- diffract, pale or pale-greyish, internally yellowish, sprinkled with frequent mastoid papille (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, adnate, badio-reddish or brownish-black ; the thalline margin dis- tinct, entire, at length flexuose; spores ellipsoid, 0,023-27 mm. long, 0,011 mm. thick; paraphyses slender; hypothecium colour- less ; hymenial gelatine ‘bluish, the thece at length tawny-violet with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57. Easily recognized by the peculiar somewhat fragile papille with which the thallus is covered, and which are often of a pinkish colour. With us it is for the most part only sparingly fertile, the apothecia be- coming dark in age. The spermogones are more common, with spermatia minute, 0,0015 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. According to Nylander, who describes it, ‘Flora,’ 1879, p. 204, s. n. Lecanora acceptanda, its affinity is with L. complanata Koerb. Hab. On micaceous rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Local and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland. —B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. . 162. L. oculata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 148.—Thallus effuse, more or less dactylino-papillate, glabrous, white or greyish-white (K + yellowish, then rusty-red, CaCl—). Apothecia innate in the apices of the papille, moderate, somewhat concave or nearly plane, naked, black; the thalline margin tumid, entire; thece subcylin- drical; spores ellipsoid, 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,011-14 mm. thick ; paraphyses branched (epithecium K-+violet); hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thece bluish with iodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47; Mudd, Man. p. 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 200, ed. 3, p. 173.—Rinodina oculata Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 449. Jsidium oculatum Turn. and Borr. Lich. Br. p. 103 pro parte; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232 pro parte. Lichen oculatus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. (1790) p. 17, t. 6. fig. 3; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 7. 25 466 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA. A very distinct plant, which when less developed and sterile entirely resembles isidioid states of a Pertusaria, in which genus it has been placed by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 807) and to which probably it really belongs. The peculiar papilla are corallinoid, fragile, more or less branched, at first short, then somewhat elongate, often bearing at the apices dark brown verruce, which were mistaken for the fructification by some older authors. In our Islands it is rarely well fertile. The spermo- gones, however, are not unfrequent, with spermatia (fide Nyl.) 0,0035 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. Hab. On mosses upon the ground, rarely on schistose rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Local and scarce towards the summits of a few of the higher mts. of the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Cairngorm and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form depressa Cromb.—Thallus epapillate, greyish-white. Apothecia minute, adnate, numerous and crowded. Perhaps only a stunted condition depending on situation, as a few very short, simple papillee are here and there visible. Hab. On the bare ground in an alpine locality Distr. Very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Summit of Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 163. L. cinerea Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 99; Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh., n. ser. v. (1866) p, 136.—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, rimoso-areolate or diffracto-areolate, grey or greyish-white (K+yellow, then rusty-red, CaCl—, medulla I—); hypothallus black. Apothecia small or submoderate, im- mersed and concave, at length sessile and plane, black, naked; the thalline margin entire, subpersistent; spores Sn (rarely 6ne), subellipsoid, 0,015-23 mm. long, 0,008-14 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny or wine-red with iodine. —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fi. p. 195, ed. 3, p. 172.—Aspicilia cinerea Mudd, Man. p. 162 pro parte. Urceolaria cinerea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 182; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 458. Lichen cinereus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 32; Eng. Bot. t. 1751.—As observed by Acharius 7, ¢, this is scarcely Lichen cinereus Linn. Mant. i. (1767) p- 132, of which there is no specimen in his Herbarium ; nor is it Lichen cinereus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525. A good species, though often not well characterized nor rightly limited. In this latter respect various others have been subsumed under ‘it which are now readily separated, apart from the other distinctive characters, by their negative reactions with K. It is thus a much less variable plant than was supposed, and is not so apt to be confused with some of itsallies, The thallus,which is generally well fertile, occasionally spreads extensively, but is usually limited by the hypothallus. A state very rarely occurs in Britain on nehistons rocks (Tremadoc, N. Wales, fide Leighton) in which the thallus is greyish-ochreous, when it is form ochracea Leight. Lich. Fl.’ ed. 8, p. 193 (Urceolaria cinerea y. ochracea Schaer. Spicil. p. 72). The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia 0,016-21 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 467 Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous tracts.—Distr. Rather local, though plentiful where it occurs in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey ; Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey. Bray Hill, St. Minver, Cornwall; Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perth- 7 i Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Lambay Island, co. Cork; co. icklow. Form lepidota Leight. Grevillea, iii. (1875) p. 116; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 173.—Thallus greyish-brown, squamuloso-areolate, the squamules convex, often rugose. Apothecia innate, small; the thalline margin persistent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57. Differs in the more squamulose and darker thallus, which renders it a good form, if not a distinct variety. Both apothecia and. spermogones are frequent in the specimens seen. Hab. On maritime rocks and by lakes in mountainous districts.— Distr. As yet only in the Channel Islands and N. Wales.—B. M.: Benet Island of Jersey. Llyn Dinas, near Beddgelert, Carnarvon- shire. Subsp. L. epiglypta Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 4.—Thallus rimoso- areolate, dark-greyish, the areole plane. Apothecia at length promiuent, somewhat convex, the epithecium crowdedly corrugate or ruguloso-insculpt : otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Grevilica, xix. p. 57. Well distinguished by the peculiar character of the epithecium, which gives the fruit as it were a gyrose appearance. This, however, is not visible in the young urceolate apothecia. The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia straight, 0,015-23 mm. long, 0,0005-6 mm. thick. Hab, On schistose rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Only very pparioely in N. Wales and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland. —B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. 164. L. intermutans Nyl. Flora, 1872, pp. 354, 429.—Thallus determinate, diffracto-areolate, whitish or cesio-greyish (K + yellow, then rusty red, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, immersed, con- eave, blackish ; the thalline margin entire, at length inflexed ; spores usually 8nzx, 0,023-34 mm. long, 0,009-0,015 mm. thick; hy- menial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57. Closely allied to the preceding species, but differs in the larger spores and the much shorter spermatia, which are 0,007-9 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. Nylander says that the thallus in the E. Pyrenees is at times milky-white, and often occurs insvfated, from the intrusion of rudimentary thalli of other species. In the single British (fragmentary) specimen seen it is associated with Lecanora atra. Hab, On schistose rocks in a maritime district Distr. Extremely local and scarce in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway. 282 468° LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 165. L. alpina Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 94; Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 4138.—Thallus indeterminate, areolate or areolato-verru- cose, greyish or leaden-greyish ; areole: rounded or angulose (K + yellowish, then reddish, CaCl—, medulla I+bluish); hypothallus black. Apothecia immersed or at length superficial, plane, reddish or reddish-black; the thalline margin prominent, subpersistent ; spores 8ne, ellipsoid or ovoid, 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, brownish towards the apices; hy- menial gelatine deep blue, the thece at length violet or wine-reddish with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57, non Leight. Grevillea, i. p. 125.—Lecanora cinereo-rufescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211, ed. 3, p. 197, is entirely referable to this species. A well-marked plant differing at once from all states of L. cinerea, with which it is so far comparable, in the positive reaction of the medulla with iodine. In the single British specimen, which is well fertile, the areole are contiguous, though in more northern regions they are often discrete, when the hypothallus is more visible. The spermogones have the spermatia cylindrical, straight, 0,004~6 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick, A closely allied species or perhaps only a variety is L. Myrini Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 413 (Parmele By. Sum. Veg. Scand. (1845) p. 108), distinguished chiefly by the yellowish thallus, the black apothecia, and the rather shorter spermatia. This is said by Leighton (Lich. Fl. ed. 3, . 173) to have been gathered at Barmouth; but the specimen in Hb. Salwey referred to in Grevillea, i. p. 125, is from Norway. Hab. On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation.— Distr. Very local and scarce on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 166. L. cinereorufescens Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 137.—Thallus. subdeterminate, verrucose or rimoso-areolate, pale or dark greyish (K—, CaCl—, medulla 1+ bluish); hypothallus blackish. Apothecia small or submoderate, at first innate and concave, then somewhat prominent and plane, brownish- or dark-red; the thalline margin entire; spores 8nex, ellipsoid, 0,012-24 mm. long, 0,007-16 mm. thick ; paraphyses sub- moderate, brownish at the incrassate apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecee wine-red with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.— Urceolaria cinereorufescens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 677. In some respects related to the preceding, but differs, among other characters, in the negative reaction of the cortical layer with K. The type has not yet occurred with us, but only the following form, Form diamarta Nyl. 7. c—Thallus ochraceo-reddish. Apothecia with the thalline margin often flexuose.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211, ed. 3, p. 197.—Lichen diamartus Wahl. F]. Lapp. (1812) p. 414, Lichen sinopicus Eng. Bot. t. 1776 (lower magnified fig.). LECANORA, | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 469 The colour of the thallus, as in other similar instances, depends upon the presence of peroxide of iron in the substratum. In the British speci- mens the apothecia are numerous and at times angulose from mutual pressure. Only a few spermogones are visible, with spermatia 0,004-5 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks in an alpine situation.—Distr. Only on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 167. L. recedens Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361-—Thallus determinate, thick, subverrucoso-unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish (K—, CaCl—, medulla I—). Apothecia small, innate, brownish-black, colourless within; the thalline margin slightly prominent ; spores 8ne, sub- globose or ellipsoid, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick; para- physes thick, jointed; epithecium brownish; hymenial gelatine slightly bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.—Lecidea recedens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 117. Lecanora subcinerea Nyl. Flora 1869, p. 82; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 197.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 299 (macrior), Well distinguished from the allied species by the subglobose spores and the articulate paraphyses. It approaches L. cinereorufescens, but from this it differs also in the thicker thallus, the negative reaction of the medulla with iodine, and the shorter spores. Our British specimens are for the most part well fertile. Though describing it as a Lecidea, Taylor 1. c. says that it is allied to Urceolaria cinerea. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Only in N. Wales, N. England, and W. Ireland.—B. M.: Llyn Bodlyn, i mouth, Merioneth; Holwick Scar, Yorkshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway. 168. L. pelobotrya Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 99; Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 155.—Thallus determinate, tartareous, thickish, areolato- verrucose, the verruce gibbose or somewhat plane, smooth, crowded, whitish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane, slightly im- mersed in the areole, brownish-black; the thalline margin rather thick, inflexed; spores 4-8n, ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,023-35 mm. long, 0,012-16 mm. thick; hypothecium brownish- black or blackish ; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195.—Aspicilia pelobotrya Mudd, Man. p. 164. Lecedea pelobotrya Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 80 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 298. Urceolaria pelobotryon Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 31. A rather peculiar species of this section, which from the dark hypo- thecium might be taken for a Lecidea. The distinct thalline margin, how- ever, of the apothecia in well-developed specimens shows that it is a true Lecanora. e thallus, which has a whitish evanescent hypothallus, is at first plane and continuous, becoming at length thickish and verrucose, 470 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. and occasionally bears pale-reddish cephalodia similar to those of Lecidea paneola, When growing in wet places by streams it is more expanded, of a livid-grey colour, non-cephalodiiferous, with the thalline margin of the apothecia usually obliterated (form rivularis, Cromb.). The apothecia are somewhat scattered, innate or at length nearly superficial, with the disc free at the circumference. Hab. On micaceo-schistose rocks in alpine places—Distr. Only very sparingly near the summits of two of the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B.M.: Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 169. L. gibbosa Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 187.—Thallus determinate, thick, areolato-verrucose or gibbous, greyish, dark-grey or dark-greenish-brown (K—, CaCl—, medulla I—); hypothallus black, limiting the thallus. Apothecia at first immersed and concave, then emersed and plane, submoderate, black, naked; the thalline margin entire or slightly crenulate, persistent ; spores 6—Sne, rarely 4nx, ellipsoid or sub- globose, large, 0,021-88 mm. long, 0,012-24 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, then tawny or sordid- wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 193, ed. 1, p. 209 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55 pro parte.—Aspicilia gibbosa Mudd, Man. p. 162. Urceolaria gibbosa Sm. Eng, Fl. v. p. 172; Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p. 458. Lichen gibbosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 80.— Lichen gibbosus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. (1790) p. 20, t. vi. £5; With. Arr. ed. 3, p. 20, from the diagnosis and locality cited is evidently not this species.— Brit. Hvs.: Leight.n. 175; Cromb. n. 167; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 220. A very variable plant presenting the varieties and subspecies that follow: while several states of the type itself were by older authors regarded as distinct species. In a young condition, especially when silicicolous, the predominating hypothallus, black and radiately sub- plumose, is everywhere visible, the thalline verrucee being more or less scattered. It is then Lichen fibrosus Eng. Bot. t. 17389; Urceolaria gibbosa var. B. fimbriata Ach., Gray Nat, Arr. i. p. 458, The same with the verrucee here and there greenish-sorediiferous, owing no doubt to habitat (moist flints), is Lecanora aspersa Borr. Eug. Bot. Suppl. t. 2728 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 188. Another state, in which the thalline verruce are subglobular and often discrete, is Lichen tuberculosus Eng. Bot. t. 1738 ; Rinodina tuberculosu Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 452; Lecanora tuberculosa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 188. Occasionally the thalline margin of the young apothecia is coarctate or subcrenulate, whence forma porinoidea (Flot. Lich. Siles. i. p. 128) Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 194. All of these, how- ever, where the plant is very abundant (as in the Kentish locality), often pass into and are mixed up with each other in the same specimen. The spermogones, especially in younger states of the plant, are very frequent, with spermatia 0,009-0,012 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. (fide Nyl. Lich. Pyr. Or. Obs. nov. p. 59). Hab. On rocks and stones (chiefly flints) in maritime and hilly districts.—Distr. Local, though plentiful, in S., W,, and N. England; rare in Wales and in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland; not seen from Ireland nor the Channel Islands.—B.M..: Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lydd Beach, Kent; Lewes, 8. Downs, St. Leonard’s, and Beachy Head, Sussex ; LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 471 Chesil Beach, Portland Island, Dorsetshire; Lyndhurst Moor, Hants ; Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Hereford Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Crossfaen, Monmouthshire ; Caer Caradoc and Longmynd, Shropshire ; Eglestone, Durham. Appin, Argyleshire. Var. /3. zonata Wainio, Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. t. vi. (1881) p- 168.—Thallus determinate, thinly rimoso-areolate, greyish glaucous, effigurate at the circumference with concentric and parallel paler lines and limited by a very thin, black hypothallus. Apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.—Sagedia zonata Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1809) p. 165; Lich. Univ. p. 329. _ A distinct variety, usually overlooked by authors, but well charac- terized by the thallus being more or less broadly zonate at the circum- ference. The lines with which it is there marked are at times whitish, as stated by Acharius, but this apparently is the result of abrasion. A young and less developed condition may be var. squamata (Flot.) Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 276 (non Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 194, which is only the so-called form porinotdea hypothalline). Hab. On siliceous stones in maritime and upland situations. —Disér. Extremely local and scarce in 8.E. England.—B.M.: Lydd Beach, Kent ; South Downs, Sussex. Var. y. lusca Nyl. Pyr. Or. Obs. Nov. (1891) p. 59 (nota 1).— Thallus thinnish, rimoso-areolate, subrugulose, greyish or dark- grey ; hypothallus little visible. Apothecia somewhat small, often flexuose; spores 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm. thick.— Lecanora lusca Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 69 (nota 1); Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274; subsp. lusca Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57. Now viewed by Nylander as only a variety of Z. gibbosa, differing in the characters given and more especially in the rather longer spermatia, which are 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,010-14 mm. thick. In other respects it approaches subspecies LZ. subdepressa. The small apothecia are at times numerous, crowded, and difform. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts—Distr. Only a few localities in Great Britain and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Chateau Point, Isle of Surk. Breidden mt., Montgomery; Barmouth, Merioneth- shire; near Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Scale Hill, Lazonby, Cumberland. Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; 8. of Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire. Subsp. 1. L. depressa Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. n. s. v. (1866) p. 137.—Thallus effuse, areolato-rimulose, greyish or dark ; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia somewhat small, subleci- deine, at length plane; spores 0,018-24 mm. long, 0,003-0,014 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 210 pro parte, ed. 8, p. 194 pro parte.—According to Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 282) this is not Sagedia depressa Ach. (Lich. Univ. p. 327, t. 6. f. 8), which has thalline reaction K+ and is a form of L. cinerea. Well characterized as a subspecies by the type of the apothecia, which 472 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. only in a young state are more or less lecanorine. In the two British specimens, the thallus is subolivaceous with the areole somewhat gibbous at the circumference, They are well fertile, but the spermogones are very rarely present. Hab. On a mica-schist boulder in a mid-alpine situation. —Distr. Extremely local and rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Subsp. 2. L. subdepressa Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 69.—Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, rimoso-areolate, greyish or dark-grey ; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small or submoderate, concave or somewhat plane, black; the thalline margin depressed, at length excluded; spores variable in size, from 0,018-24 to 0,027-32 mm, long, 0,011-15 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57; Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195 (ut sp. propr.).—Urceolaria rufescens Tayl..in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132 pro parte. Subsimilar to the preceding subspecies, but differs at once in the longer spores and the more distinctly lecanorine apothecia. Nylander says (Lich. Fret. Behr. p. 30) that the thallus in specimens from Behring’s Straits is subradiate at the circumference, which is not the case in ours. The apothecia are either somewhat scattered or at times several and small in each areola. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,009-15 mm, long, scarcely 0,0001 mm. thick. Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—Distr. Local but pega where it occurs, in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Cader dris and Camlan Valley, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aber- deenshire. Cappamore, near Dunkerron, co, Kerry; Maam Turk mt., Connemara, co. Balway. 170. L. cesiocinerea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus deter- minate, thickish, areolato-verrucoso-diffract, csesio-greyish, greyish- white or sordid- greyish (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus black, usually limiting the thallus. Apothecia submoderate, at first immersed and concave, at length somewhat prominent and plane, black or dark-olive; the thalline margin thickish, entire, or sub- entire; spores 8na@, ellipsoid, 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,010-14 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine tawny wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Flora, ed. 3, p. 184; Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.—Brit. Eas.: Leight. n. 204; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 60. _ Usually confounded with L. gibbosa, but now definitely separated by differences in the thallus and fructification. At times it is widely expanded with the hypothallus little visible. In shady habitats the thallus is more ceesious and but sparingly fertile. The spermogones (fide Nyl.) have the spermatia 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,0005-7 mm. thick. Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts —Déstr. Only here and there throughout Great Britain and Ireland—B. M. : Roughton and near Penzance, Cornwall; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Longmynd, Shropshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; King’s Park, Stirling; Glen Lyon and Ben LECANORA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 473 Lawers, Perthshire ; near Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kileully, near Cork; Kilkee, co. Clare; Doughruagh and Maam mts., Connemara, co. Galway; Black mt., co. Antrim. Form obscurata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus dark- or olive-greyish. Apothecia and spermogones as in the type.—Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 3, p. 195.—Parmelia cinerea var. obscurata Fr, fil. Lich. Suec. n. 343.— Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 175; Mudd, n. 185. Variously placed by authors, but evidently referable to this species, with which, except in the darker thallus, it entirely agrees. In this respect, however, transition states at times occur. Hab, On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine tracts.—Distr. Found only in a few localities in Great Britain and S.W. Ireland.— B. M.: Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Cliff- rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Reston Scar, Staveley, Westmoreland. King’s Park, Stirling; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Mor- rone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry. 171. L. levata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364, 1881, p. 183.—Thallus determinate or effuse, very thin or thin, continuous or here and there rimulose, smooth, somewhat shining, sordid-lurid-glaucous (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus black, often indistinct. Apothecia minute, concave, black, the thalline margin somewhat tumid, prominent, entire or subcrenulate; spores 0,015-24 mm. long, 0,009-14 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, then tawny wine-coloured with iodine.—Sagedia levata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) t. 6.f. 5. Generally regarded as only a variety of ZL. gibbosa, but distinct in the much thinner, more continuous thallus and the minute apothecia. More definitely, however, it is separated from it, and from all the allied species, by the form of the spermatia. These are slightly arcuate, 0,020-32 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick ( fide Nyl. Lich. Fret. Behring, p. 31). In the single British specimen the thallus is indeterminate, but Acharius (Syn. p. 184) says it is now and then limited by a black serpentine (hypo- thalline) line. Both apothecia and spermogones are numerous, the former being here and there somewhat crowded. Hab, On a damp quartzose riparian rock in a subalpine district.— Distv. Extremely local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 172. L. calcarea Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 102; Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 409.—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, tartareo- farinose, continuous or rimoso-areolate, white-cretaceous or greyish- white (K—, CaCl—, medulla I—); hypothallus white. Apothecia immersed, at length somewhat plane, submoderate, cesio-pruinose ; the thalline margin entire or rugoso-plicate; spores 2—6ne, rarely 8nz, ellipsoid or often subglobose, 0,018-30 mm, long, 0,014— 27 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, dark at the apices; hyme- nial gelatine bluish, then sordid-yellow with iodine—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54; Leight, Lich. Fl. 209, ed. 3, p. 192.—Aspicilia cal- 474 LICHENACE1. [LECANORA. carea Mudd, Man. p. 161,t. 3. £.55. Urceolaria calearea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132; Gray, Nat. Arr. ip. 459. Lichen calcareus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1140; Huds, Fl. Angl. p. 442; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 6 pro minima parte. Lichen tessellatus Eng. Bot. t.553. Urceolaria tessellata Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 460.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 13; Mudd, n. 188; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 166. Easily recognized among British species by the whitish or chalky- white thallus, In its more typical condition it is a. concreta (Schaer. Spicil. p. 73) Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 192 (tessellata, Ach.), with the thallus determinate, often subetfigurate at the circumference, and the areole contiguous, angulose. The apothecia are numerous, often crowded, at times naked, with the proper margin at length discrete from the thalline margin. The spermogones are frequent, dark-brown or blackish, with spermatia aciculari-cylindrical, 0,007-9 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls, rarely granitic, in maritime and upland districts Distr. General and common in limestone tracts of Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Burgh Castle, Suffolk; Peasemarsh, Sussex; Plymouth, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Cunning Dale, near Buxton, Derbyshire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon; Island of Anglesea; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham; Levens, West- moreland. Appin and Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Maam, Connemara, co. Galway. Var. 3. contorta Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 554.—Thallus effuse, white or greyish-white, the areole more or less discrete, elevated in the centre, depressed and at times subeffigurate at the circum- ference. Apothecia immersed.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 193.— Aspicilia calearea B. contorta Mudd, Man. p. 162. Urceolaria contorta Tayl. in Mack. F). Hib. ii. p. 182. Lichen contortus Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 186.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 322. Distinguished by the form of the discrete or subdiscrete thalline areole. It usually spreads extensively over the substratum and is well fertile. Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime, but chiefly upland districts.— Distr. Somewhat local in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Near Kingskerswell, S. Devon ; Symmond’s Yat, Herefordshire ; Ashwood Dale, Derbyshire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon- shire; Teesdale, Durham. The Ochils, near Stirling; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. The O’Donoghue’s Prison, Killarney, co. Kerry. Form monstrosa Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 57.—Thallus effuse, snow-white ; areole discrete, scattered, rounded, convex, entire at the margins, Apothecia abortive, minute, deeply im- mersed.—ZL. calcarea var. monstrosa Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot, t. xxx. (1883) p. 392. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 475 Only a well-marked form of this variety, characterized by the isolated areole, in each of which there is a central umbilicus indicating the abortive apothecia. Probably it may be only a very young condition. Hab. On calcareous stones of a wall in an upland situation.—Distr. Only very sparingly among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Var. y. Hoffmanni Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 102.— Thallus thinnish or thick, contiguous or subcontiguous, glaucescent. Apothecia elevated, moderate or somewhat large, the margin often rugoso-crenate; spores 0,021-34 mm. long, 0,016-18 mm. thick.— Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57; Lich. Brit. p. 54 pro parte; forma Hoffmanni Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 209 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 193. Urceolaria Hoffmanni Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 459 pro parte. Lichen Hoffmann Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 31; Engl. Bot. t. 1940.—Brit. Exus.: Mudd, n. 134. A very distinct variety, if not a subspecies, having much the general aspect of L. gibbosa, but belonging to L. calcarea, as sbown by the spermatia, which in form and size are identical. From var. 8, with which it has often been confused, it differs in the more contiguous and differently coloured (at times subplumbeous) thallus and the less immersed apothecia. Hab. On rocks and walls (not exclusively calcareous) in maritime, but chiefly in hilly districts—Dzstr. Only here and there in Great Britain ; apparently rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Beachy Head, Sussex; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire; Chance’s Pitch, Mal- vern, Worcestershire ; near Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Levens, Westmoreland. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Doughruagh mts., Connemara, co. Galway. 173. L. verrucosa Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 113; Lich. Scand. p. 156.—Thallus effuse,’ verrucoso-unequal, naked or slightly pulverulent, white or glaucous-white(K—,CaCl—). Apo- thecia immersed in the verruce, moderate, concave, at length somewhat plane, blackish, naked or pruinose, the thalline margin thick, entire, inflexed; spores subellipsoid, large, 0,030-62 mm. long, 0,016-52 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, then sordid-yellow or wine-red with iodine.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 200.— Aspicilia verrucosa Mudd, Man. p. 164. Urceolaria verrucosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 8339—Brit. Hxs.: Cromb. n. 73. Characterized by the white, usually more or less farinose thallus, by its place of growth, and by the large spores. The thallus varies somewhat in thickness and colour according to the habitat, while on more sterile soil it is smaller and determinate. The apothecia are numerous, at first ureeolate, then plane, the thalline margin rarely obsolete, when the proper margin, which is thin and blackish, becomes conspicuous. Hab. Incrusting mosses on rocks, rarely on the ground (chiefly cal- careous), in upland and subalpine situations.—Distr. Local in N. England 476 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. and on the 8. and Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland. Craig Calliach, above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 174. L. poriniformis Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353—Thallus effuse, thinnish, firm, rimoso-diffract, greyish or pale-grey (K+yellow). Apothecia small, innate in convex, somewhat prominent verruce, pertusarioid, pale or brownish; the epithecium pale, punctiformi- contracted ; spores 6—8nz, ellipsoid, 0,070-80 mm. long, 0,034-50 mm. thick; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny-yellow with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 190, ed. 3, p. 203.— Brit, Exs.; Cromb. n. 74. Looks exactly like a Pertusaria, allied to P. xanthostoma Somm. The characters, however, of the hymenium, of the thece (which are fugacious), and of the spores show that it is a Lecanora distantly related to the preceding species. The thallus spreads somewhat extensively with the fertile verruce scattered or approximate. Usually there is but a single apothecium in each verruca, though not unfrequently there are 3 or 4, when the verruce are rather larger. Hab. On schistose rocks and walls, rarely incrusting mosses, or on trunks of old firs, in maritime and subalpine districts.— Distr. Local and scarce among the 8. and Central Grampians and on the N.E. coast of Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 175. L. Dicksonii Nyl. ea Carroll, Journ. Bot. (1867) p. 255.— Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, rimose or areolato-rimose, ochraceo-ferruginous, opaque (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, black, limiting the thallus. Apothecia lecideine, small, innate, concave, black, internally blackish (greyish in the centre), the proper margin thick, black; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick ; hypothecium brownish-black ; paraphyses not discrete, fuliginous towards the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine-——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211, ed. 3, p. 196.—Lichen Dicksoniz Ach. Prodr. (1798) p.76. Lecidea melanophewa Fr., Mudd, Man. p. 206. Lecidea Gederi (non Web.) Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 122; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 178; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 38; Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 466. Lichen Gdert Eng. Bot. t. 1117; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 11 pro parte.— Brit, Ews.: Leight. n. 127; Cromb. n. 72. By many authors regarded as a Lectdea, with much the aspect of L. Gderi, with which it has been confounded ; but its most appropriate place is in this section. The peculiar colour of the thallus, as in various other instances, is owing to suffusion with peroxide of iron. Typically, according to specimens from Kerguelen Land, it is greyish (vide Linn. Soe. Journ. Bot. xv. p. 190 s.n. Lecidea sincerula Nyl.). The apothecia are numerous and at times somewhat crowded. Hab. On rocks and walls, chiefly schistose, in mountainous regions,— Distr, Somewhat local, though usually plentiful in Great Britain and in LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 477 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Fingle Bridge, near Chagford, 8. Devon; Dol- gelly and Rhiwgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettwys-y-coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; LEglestone, Durham; Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. King’s Park, Edinburgh; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Glen Callater oud Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Crogham and Mangerton, co. Kerry. Form atrata Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.—Thallus only here and there sparingly visible upon the predominating hypothallus. Apothecia scattered, minute.—Gyalecta atrata Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808, p. 229. A rudimentary, though apparently permanent condition in which scanty traces of a ferruginous thallus are seen only around the apothecia, which in the British specimens are numerous, Hab. On quartzose rocks in an alpine locality—Distr. Only very sparingly. on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 176. L. lacustris Fr. fil. Vet. Akad. Handl. vii. (1867) p. 24.— Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thin, smooth, rimuloso-diffract, pale testaceous or ochraceous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, urceolato-innate, reddish testaceous or brownish; the thalline margin tumid or usually little distinct; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,013- 18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete, slightly brownish or yellowish at the apices; hypothecium colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-wine-red or tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 172; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.195 (excl. forma punctata).—Lecanora gibbosa forma lacustris Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. i. p. 210; subsp. lacustris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55. Lichen lacustris With. Arr. ed. 3 (1796) iv. p. 21, t. 31. fig. 4. Urceolaria Acharit Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 457; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p- 47; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p, 132 (incl. var. 6). Lichen Acharwi Westr. Eng. Bot. t. 1087. Aspicilia epulotica Mudd, Man. p. 161 pro maxima parte.—Brit. Zws.: Cromb., n. 71. The thallus is normally pale, almost white, but is usually more or less ochraceous from being tinged with peroxide of iron. It often spreads extensively over the substratum and is at times semi-aquatic. The apothecia, which are numerous and often crowded, are at first minute, immersed, rarely at length prominent, occasionally in age becoming sub- moderate, plane, and distinctly margined by the thallus. Occasionally the spores are rather thicker, 0,012 mm., when it is Lecidea subepulotica Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. p. 337, a state which occurs also in Great Britain and Ireland.—Var. 8. cyrtaspis (Ach.) Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58, does not belong to this species (¢/r. Fr. fil. Lich, Scand, p. 288). Hub. On rocks (often inundated) in streams in upland and subaipine districts.—Distr. Only here and there, though plentiful where it occurs, in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Lyndhurst Moor, New Forest, Hants ; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Withiel, Cornwall; Nannau, Dolgelly, and near 478 LICHENACEI, [ZBCANORA. Barmouth, Merionethshire; Trefriw Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Appin and Glencoe, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch and Ben Lawers,. Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Ballaghbeama Gap and Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Connor Cliffs, Dingle, co. Kerry; Ballynakill and Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. 177. L. flavida Hepp, Exs. (1860) n. 630; Fr. fil. Vet. Ak. Handl. vii. (1867) p. 24.—Thallus effuse, very thin, rimoso-areolate, subleprose, pale ochraceous or glaucous-grey (K—, CaCl—). Apo- thecia very minute, innate, at first concave, then plane, black; the thalline margin thin, entire; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete, bluish towards the apices; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Leight. Lich. FL. ed. 3, p. 195.—Aspicilia ochracea (non Schaer.) Mudd, Man. p. 163. Lecanora gibbosa forma lacustris Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 210 pro parte.—Brit. Hxs.; Leight. n. 292; Mudd, n. 136. A rather inconspicuous plant which, in dry weather, might readily be overlooked, but is well characterized by the characters given. When sub- ochraceous, the black apothecia and the more leprose thallus at once distinguish it from the preceding species; while the minute fruit, apart from anatomical differences, definitely separates it from the ochraceous state of ZL. calearea, The apothecia are usually very numerous. Hab, On moist rocks and stones in hilly districts——Distr. Found only in N. England.—-B. M.: Cockshaw Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire, 178. L. Prevostii Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 288.—Thallus effuse, very thin, continuous, whitish, greyish- or fleshy-white, often obsolete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, deeply immersed, sub- rotundate or variously difform, concave, carneous or pale-carneous, the proper margin connivent, discrete from the thalline margin ; spores ellipsoid, 0,014-22 mm. long, 0,009-11 mm. thick; para- physes not discrete; epithecium colourless; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly wine-coloured with iodine.—Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 198; Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p.58.—Lecanora epulotica var. Prevostit Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl, ed. 1, p. 212. Gyalecta geoica Ach.? Leight. Angio. Lich. t. 15. fig. 1. Gyalecta Prevostit Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 197. At one time regarded by Nylander as a variety of the following species, differing chiefly in the irregular foveolate apothecia. It belongs, how- ever, to this subsection, from the character of the gonidia, which fide Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 289) are 0,009-16 mm. in diameter. In the British specimens the thallus is usually confused with the substratum, whence forma proletaria Fr. fil. 1. c. It is then, from the colour of the very small, though numerous, apothecia, a rather inconspicuous plant. Hab, On calcareous rocks in upland tracts of hilly and mountainous districts.— Distr, Seen from only a few localities in W. and N. England, as also from the Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somerset ; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 479 Form melanocarpa Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 383.—- Thallus as in the type. Apothecia at length emersed, prominent, black, the thalline margin obliterated—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 58.—Hymenelia Prevostit var. 3. melanocarpa Krempelh. Lich. Fl. Bayer. (1861) p. 167. Lichen punctatus Eng. Bot. t. 450 (accord- ing to the specimen figured in Hb. Sowerby and the diagnosis given). Aspicilia epulotica var. §. punctata Mudd, Man. p. 161. Urceolaria cyrtaspis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 458? U. Acharit var. p. cyrtaspis Ach., Sm. Eng. FL. v. p. 172. Though not described by Krempelhuber J. ¢., the British specimens quite correspond with one from his own herbarium. Were it not that the young apothecia are as in the type, it would form a good variety. When the fruit is immersed it looks much like young states of Lecidea caleivora. Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in 8.W. and N. England, as also on the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Tees- dale, Durham. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Var. /3. affinis Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 188], p. 385.— Thallus thin, pale-flesh-coloured or subochraceous. Apothecia very minute, at length slightly emersed, pale-testaceous, the thalline margin persistent; spores 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,009-13 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58 (lapsu sub L. epulotica).—Hyme- nelia affinis Mass. Geneac. Lich. (1854) p. 13; Symm. Lich. p. 23. Regarded as a distinct species by Massalongo and others, this is only a variety of L. Prevostii, with which it is subconfluent, differing only in the more emergent apothecia and the size of the spores. In the British specimens the thallus is at times slightly ochraceous. Hab. On calcareous and serpentine rocks in subalpine tracts.— Distr. Extremely rare in N. England and on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Teesdale, Durham. Craiz Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. b. Gonidial system composed of chrysogonidia, large and concatenate, with thickish, firm membrane or perigonidium. (Jonaspis Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1881) p. 273.) : 179. L. epulotica Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 55 (excl. var.).—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thin or very thin, con- tinuous or rimulose, pale or pale-whitish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia innate, somewhat concave, submoderate, pale or pale-rose-coloured ; the thalline margin thickish, often circumcised from the thallus ; spores ellipsoid or subgloboso-ellipsoid, 0,018-20 mm. long, 0,010- 11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 212 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 197 pro parte.—Aspicilia epulotica Mudd, Man. p. 161 pro parte, t. 3. f.54. Gyalecta epulotica Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 151, t. i. f. 7 (secundum specimen primarium ex Anglia). Externally not unlike states of L. lacustris, with which it is apt to be 480 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA. confounded, but, among other distinctive characters, differs essentially in the type of the gonidia, which fide Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 289) are 0,020-82 mm. in diameter. The British specimens are well fertile, with the apothecia either scattered or several crowded (as in the figure of Acharius) and then somewhat flexuose at the margin. Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in upland and subalpine districts—Distr. Very sparingly in N. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale, Westmore- land. Craig Calliach and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 180. L. chrysophana Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 885,—Thallus effuse, thin, rimuloso-areolate, sordid- or chesnut- reddish, when dry at length dark green (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia minute, concave, blackish-green ; the thalline margin thin, at length excluded; epithecium greenish; spores 8na, ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, ¥,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Aspicilia chrysophana Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 159. Distinguished at once by the colour of the thallus and fruit from the other British species of this subsection, The chrysogonidia (fide Arnold) are 0,036-45 mm. long, 0,025-380 mm. thick. In our few specimens the apothecia are rather scattered, though here and there a few are con- gregate. Hab. On quartzose rocks and stones in alpine situations.— Distr, Extremely local and rare on two of the higher Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.:; Above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben-nabvord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, O. Apothecia lecanorine, not immersed; spores 8nex, simple, colourless. Spermogones with subarticulate sterigmata and ellipsoid spermatia. 181. L. decincta Ny]. Flora, 1882, p. 452.—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, rimulose, umbrine, greyish at the circumference (K —, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, plane, black, opaque, internally subincolorous or brownish, the thalline margin not prominent; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm, thick; paraphyses discrete, submoderate, thicker and brown towards the apices ; hymenial gelatine pale-blue and then (especially the thece) tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 89. Allied to Z. intercincta Nyl., with which it constitutes a distinct section (wde Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 531) characterized by the form of the sterigmata and spermatia. From ZL. intercincta, which does not occur in Britain, it differs chiefly in the colour of the thalline margin of the apothecia and in the larger spores. In the single specimen seen the apothecia are numerous, somewhat small, and the spermogones frequent, with spermatia 0,0025-35 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick, Hab. On schistose rocks in a hilly locality Distr. Very local and scarce in N.W. England.—B. M.: Red Screes, Westmoreland. LECANORA. | LEGANO-LECIDEEI. 481 P. Apothecia lecanorine, more or less immersed; thece myrio- spored; spores (very rarely 8-32ne) simple, usually small, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and minute oblongo- ellipsoid spermatia. (Acarospora Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 27 pro maxima parte.) my 182. L. glaucocarpa Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1810) p. 151.— Thallus squamulose, opaque, pale-livid or lurid-brown, white beneath ; squamules somewhat erect or depressed, thickish, scattered or rarely subimbricate, free and crenate at the margins (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia somewhat large, nearly plane, cesio-pruinose or naked, thick, reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thick, entire ; spores oblongo-bacillar, 0,003-6 mm. long, 0,0015-25 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine intensely and persistently bluish with iodine.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3, p. 168.— Lichen glaucocarpus Wahl. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1806, p. 143, t. iv. f. 4. A well-marked plant easily recognized by the characters of the thalline squamules and of the apothecia. In the British specimens the thallus is somewhat scattered, at times little developed and visible chiefly around the apothecia (form discreta, Krempelh. Lich. Fl. Bayer. p. 17). These are occasionally somewhat aggregate with the margin flexuose. Itisa somewhat variable plant, of which the British forms may be included under the variety that follows. Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous regions.— Distr. Local in N. England and on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shrophire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Var. 6. depauperata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134; Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Thallus obsolete. Apothecia sublecideine, variable in size, naked or pruinose, scattered or crowded, the margin more or less thickish.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 169.— Acarospora cervina y. glaucocarpa *depauperata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 155, Confluent with less developed states of the type, but differs in being ecrustaceous and in the variable apothecia. According to the differences in these it presents two well-marked forms. Form 1. pruinifera Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.— Apothecia moderate, scattered or crowded, casio-pruinose, the margin entire or undulate.—The trivial name prutnosa given to this by Krempelhuber (Lich. Fl. Bayer. (1861) p. 172) is not to be retained, having been previously applied to an allied species. Characterized by the pruinose apothecia, which give it much the appearance of L. pruinosa (Sm.) Nyl. When more crowded they often become angulose. Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts—Distr. Only sparingly on the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 5 : I 482 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. Form 2. denudata Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.— Apothecia moderate or small, naked, brownish-red or chestnut- brown, the margin entire. The epruinose apothecia chiefly distinguish this form. Otherwise they are in some specimens moderate and crowded (form conferta Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 1384) ; while in others they are small and somewhat eat (form conspersa Fr., “ apotheciis minoribus,” Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171). Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous districts. —Distr. Found only in N. England and the Central and N. Grampians, Scot- land.—B. M.: Near Dent, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 183. L. squamulosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 554.—Thallus areolato- squamulose, opaque, cervine, pale badious or badious-brown ; squamules adnate, rounded at the margins, white beneath (K (CaCl)—). Apothecia somewhat large, plane, reddish- or dark- brown, the thalline margin usually depressed; spores oblongo- ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, occasionally jointed, brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine——Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 169 pro parte.— Lichen squamulosus Schrad. Crypt. Exs. (1797) n. 153. Lecanora cervina (Pers.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro minima parte. Acarospora cervina a. sqyuamulosa, Mudd, Man. p. 158 pro parte. Readily distinguished from the preceding species by the closely appressed thallus, the contiguous differently coloured squamules, as also by the thinner spores. It is not very variable, presenting only the form that follows. The apothecia are at first immersed and then become superficial. Hab, On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts.— Distr. Apparently very local and scarce in N. Wales, N.W. England, and on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Merionethshire; near Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Form albomarginata Cromb.—Thalline squamules densely white- pulverulent at the margins; otherwise as in the type. Analogous to form mosaica, Duf., Nyl., of L. castanea (Ram.), a plant which does not occur in this country. Hab. On calcareous rocks in a subalpine district.— Distr. Extremely rare on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 184, L. percznoides, Nyl. ea Wedd. Bull. Soc. Bot. xvi. (1869) p. 202.—Thallus verrucoso-squamulose, thickish, chestnut-coloured, white- or cesio-pruinose, the squamules convex, scattered or imbri- cate (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia innate, concave, irregular, rounded or difform, often crowded, reddish- or dark-brown, naked, the thalline margin prominent, whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,004-6 mm. LECANORA. | ‘ LECANO-LECIDEEI. 483 long, 0,002 mm. thick; paraphyses usually jointed; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.— Lecanora castanea (Ram.) form percenoides Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. x. (1863) p. 268. Looks in some respects as if intermediate between ZL. glaucocarpa and L. squamulosa, but is very different in the characters of the thallus and the apothecia. The single British specimen is scarcely typical. Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland situation Distr. Found only in S.W. England.—B. M.: Near Yatton, Somersetshire. 185. L. peliocypha Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn, Foérh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 182.—Thallus areolato-diffract. or verrucoso- squamulose, thickish, somewhat shining, the squamules often crenate, slightly convex, cervine-brown, blackish beneath (K(CaCl) — ). Apothecia at first immersed, then plane or slightly convex, papillose in the centre, reddish-brown, naked, the thalline margin persistent, crenulate and flexuose; spores oblongo-cylindrical, 0,003-5 mm. long, 0,0010-15 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Parmelia peliocypha Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 41. A plant of an alpine type which might readily be confounded with the following, especially with its variety, from which the negative reactions of the tha)lus and the papillate apothecia keep it distinct. The single fragmentary British specimen gathered is well fertile. Hab. On an exposed granitoid boulder in an alpine situation. —Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: The Braeriach, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 186. L. fuscata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus appressed, areolato-squamulose, pale-chestnut or cervine-brown, opaque, the squamules angular and sublobate, blackish beneath (K(CaCl)+ reddish). Apothecia at first punctiformi-impressed, minute, then concave, small, difformi-angulose and rimose, reddish- or dark-brown, the thalline margin thin, flexuose ; paraphyses not discrete ; spores oblongo-cylindrical, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001-0,0015 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine (especially the thece) tawny wine-red with jodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58; Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro minima parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 17 pro parte.— Lichen fuscatus Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ. (1794) p. 83. Acarospora cervina (Pers.) Mudd, Man. p. 158 pro maxima parte. Lecanora cervina Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.56 pro parte. Psoroma cervinum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 444. Lechen squamulosus Eng. Bot. t. 2011 (male). Lecanora squamulosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 350; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187 pro parte.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 24; Mudd, n. 131. Differs from LZ. squamulosa, from which it has frequently not been rightly discriminated, in the form of the thalline squamules, their chemical reaction, and the colour of their under surface, as also in the character of the apothecia. As in all the allied plants the hypothallus is 212 484 LICHENACET. [LECANORA. absent, so that the thallus is indeterminate and developed directly from the prothallus (cfr. Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 84). The apothecia when present, for the plant is often sterile, at times remain persistently punctiform. Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls from maritime to upland districts. —Distr. General and common in England; rarer in Scotland and the Channel Islands; apparently very rare in §.W. Ireland—B. M.: La Moye and L’Etacq, Island of Jersey; Island of Alderney. Gorleston, Suffolk; near Hastings, Sussex; Morwell Rocks, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Ankerdine Hill, Worcestershire; Buckstone, near Monmouth, and Croesfaen, Monmouth- shire; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire ; Oswestry and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Ayton and Guisboro’ Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham ; near Hexham, Northumberland; Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland. King’s Park, Stirling ; Ballachulish, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Perth- shire ; Portlethen, Iheardineahine ; The Stocket, near Aberdeen ; Apple- cross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry. Var. 3. peliscyphoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus and apothecia as in L. peliocypha, but the thalline reaction K (CaCl) + reddish. —Lecanora’ peliscypha Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 172 (quoad loc. cit.). A good variety entirely referable to this species, though externally similar to the preceding, for which the British specimens were originally taken. It is one of those lichens in which the Nylanderian reactions are most useful for the discrimination of plants which otherwise might readily be confounded. Hab. On walls in a maritime distinct.-_Distr. Only in N.E. Scotland, where in the locality given I believe it is plentiful—B. M.: About Portlethen, Kincardineshire. 187. L. rufescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364, 1879, p. 356.— Thallus squamulose, rimoso-areolate or areolato-glebulose, reddish or reddish-brown (K(CaCl)—), dark beneath. Apothecia immersed, small, one or several immersed in each areola, at first concave then somewhat plane, the thalline margin irregular ; spores 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Urceolaria rufescens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 173. Lecidea rufescens Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2657. Acarospora cervina y. rufescens Mudd, Man. p. 159. Endocarpon smaragdalum 6. rufescens Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16, t. . £4, Sagedia rufescens Turn. in Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 329. Often confounded with L. fuscata, but at once distinguished by the negative thalline reaction. It is more nearly related to L. smaragdula, of which it may probably be the more developed and typical condition, The apothecia are at times numerous and crowded. Hab. On rocks and walls, chiefly arenaceous, rarely schistose, in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Only a very few localities in E. and N. England, Wales, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. : Gorleston, Suffolk; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, York- shire. Appin, Argyleshire. LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 485 188. L. rhagadiza Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 178.—Thallus conti- nuous, unequal, variously rhagadiosely fissured, dark-olive-greyish (K(CaCl)—). Apothecia small, innate, concave or plane, reddish- flesh-coloured ; paraphyses slender; spores oblongo-bacillar, about 0,0035 mm. long, about 0,0010 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 23. _A peculiar plant, as observed by Nylander J. c., near L. rufescens, but differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. In the single specimen gathered the thallus is well fertile. Hab. On moist sandstone rocks in a maritime locality.—Distr. Ex- tremely local and scarce in N.W. England (Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, Cumberland), 189. L. admissa Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 370, et 1872, p. 364.— Thallus indeterminate, adnate, anguloso-areolate, brownish- or dark- red, the areole plane, contiguous, opaque, blackish beneath (K(CaCl)—). Apothecia minute, impressed, somewhat angular, subconcolorous, the thalline margin obtuse or little distinct ; para- physes moderate, jointed ; spores oblong, 0,004-5 mm. long, 0,0010- 15 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny wine-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—L, discreta Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 pro parte. A good species well separated from L. rufescens, to which it is allied, by the characters of the thallus and the fructification. The apothecia are rarely solitary, but usually several slightly impressed in each areola. In the Scottish locality the thallus was widely expanded, and, along with the normal apothecia, bearing in the centre a few others, large, superficial and deeply fissured at the margins, Hab. On exposed schistose rocks in subalpine and alpine situations.— Distr, Extremely local and rare in N. Wales and on one of the S. Gram- ians, Scotland.—B. M.: Y Fegle fawr, near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Simin of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 190. L. discreta Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 864.—Thallus verrucoso- areolate, dark- or badious-brown, the areole turgid, discrete, subru- gulose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, impressed in the areole, at times slightly convex in the centre, concolorous, the thalline margin obtuse; spores oblong, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 pro parte.— Parmelia squamulosa y. disereta Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 41. Lecanora admissa (non Nyl.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185. Characterized by the normally turgid and discrete thalline areola ; though occasionally in the British specimens they are here and there more depressed and subcontiguous, rarely several confluent. The apo- thecia are usually solitary, but sometimes several in each areola, Hab. On rocks in subalpine tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in N. England and on the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.. Teesdale, Durham, Summit of the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire, 486 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA. 191. L. smaragdula Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 429.—Thallus squa- mulose, greenish or greenish-brown, the squamules plane or slightly convex, rounded, more or less discrete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, punctiform, immersed, solitary or several in each squamule, dark-brown ; spores about 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine pale blue, then tawny with iodine.— Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora fuscata var. smaragdula Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. LZ. syuamulosa forma smaragdula Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed.3,p.169. Acarospora cervina 6. smaragdula et n. privigna Mudd, Man. p. 159. Endocarpon smaragdulum Wahl. in Ach, Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 29; Hook. Fl. Scot.ii. p. 44; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 158 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 499; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16, t.4.f.3. Lichen smaragdulus Eng. Bot. t. 1512. Endocarpon rufo- virescens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.100.— Brit, Evs.: Leight. un. 271; Mudd, n. 132. Looks distinct but, as already intimated, probably descends from LZ. ru- Sescens, of which it would then be a subspecies characterized by the small, scattered squamules and the minute apothecia. The former, however, are at times more approximate and when much scattered are only sparingly fertile. Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts — Distr. Rather local in Great Britain, rare in 8.W. Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B.:M.: Island of Guernsey, Redruth, Cornwall; Wickwar, Gloucestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth ; Howden Gill and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumber- land; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; King’s Park, Stirling, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; S. of Bay of Nigg, Kincar- dineshire. Derriquin and Sybil Head, co. Kerry; near Kylemore, co. Galway. Form sinopica Nyl. ea Norrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh, t. xiii. (1873) p. 332.—Thallus areolato-squamulose, rusty- red. Apothecia black.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora fuscata var. sinopica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. ZL. squamulosa forma sinopica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina Z. sinopica Mudd, Man. p. 160. Endocarpon sinopicum Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 30; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 159; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 499. H. smaragdulum . sinopicum Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16, t.5. £1. Lichen sinopicus Eng. Bot. t. 1776 (upper fig.). Differs merely in the colour of the more contiguous thallus and in the darker apothecia, which are more frequently solitary in the squamules. The ferruginous colour, as in other instances, is owing to suffusion from peroxide of iron. : Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly schistose, in mountainous regions, —Distr. Only in N. Wales and on the Scottish Grampians.— B. M. : Dol- gelly, Merionethshire; Aber and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea, Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. LECANORA., ] LECANO-LECIDEEI, 487 192. L. Heppii Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n.s. v. (1866) p. 182.—Thallus effuse, very thin, continuous, greyish-white or sordid-ochraceous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, concave, brown, the margin entire, at length inflexed ; epithecium gyalectoid- impressed ; paraphyses slender, not discrete; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,0040-45 mm. long, 0,0015-20 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine- or sordid-wine-red with iodine—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57.—Lecanora squamulosa forma Heppii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 8, p. 170. Acarospora cervina ¢. Heppii Mudd, Man. p. 160. Myriospora Heppii Naeg. in Hepp, Exs. (1853) n. 37. Lecanora squamulosa forma privigna Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 185 pro parte. —Brit. Hxs.: Leight. n. 196. A rather inconspicuous plant very apt to be overlooked. Itis apparently a distinct species, though its claims to be so have at times been questioned. The thallus is often scarcely visible and, as observed by Th. M. Fries’ (Lich. Scand. p. 218), is rarely minutely verruculose. The form of the minute, usually numerous apothecia give it much the aspect of some young G'yalecta. Hab. On arenaceous and calcareous rocks and flints in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. Only a few localities in England and 8. Wales. —B. M.: South Downs, Hastings, and Bexley Hill, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Llandrindod, Radnorshire, Q. Apothecia normally lecideine ; thecss myriospored ; spores simple, minute, colourless. Spermogones with simple sterigmata, at- tenuate at the apices, and ellipsoid, very minute spermatia. (Sarcogyne Mass. Geneac. (1854) p. 10.) 193. L. pruinosa Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 57. -? —Thallus very thin, leprose, aio greyish-white (K—, CaCl—), B bet usually obsolete. Apothecia i 0 ona moderate, appressed, plane, 0 as reddish-black when moist, biack X350 c and more or less cesio-pruinose is, when dry, whitish within, the (Ne margin thin, entire, sometimes tp iat undulate; hypothecium thin, Ay: subincolorous; paraphyses slen- Sea der, not discrete, brown at the : apices; spores oblongo-cylin- Fig. 68. drical, 0,005-6 mm. long, Lecanora pruinosa Nyl—A. A theca scarcely 0,0003 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora with paraphysis (separated by K), CaCl t red, I 4 ue Apothecia moderate, black or blackish, usually cxsio- pruinose, the proper margin connivent, greyish-black, the thalline margin thick, rugose or slightly crenulate on the inner side; spores 5-septate, muriform, ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,026--38 mm. long, 0,012-15 mm. thick; paraphyses brown at the apices.—Mudd, Man. p. 165; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234, ed. 3, p. 239; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 182; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 459.—Lecanora scruposa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58. Lichen scruposus Linn, Mant. ii. (1771) p. 181; Eng. Bot. t. 266; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19; Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 11. Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus et minoribus Dill. Muse. 133, t. 18. f. 15 B.—Brit. Hus.: Leight. nos. 54, 379; Mudd, n. 137; Cromb. n. 75; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 186, An easily recognized species which can scarcely be confounded with any other lichen. In some habitats it spreads rather extensively, while it varies in the thickness of the thallus. The apothecia are also variable in size, from punctiform becoming moderate or somewhat large, and are either somewhat scattered or at times crowded. The spermo- pass are not uncommon, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. URCEOLARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 517 Hab. On vocks and walls, very rarely on old wood, from maritime to subalpine districts.—Distr. General and common in Great Britain; ap- parently rare in the Channel Islands and in Ireland, though plentiful where it occurs—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Livermere, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex; Kew Gardens, Surrey; Barton Mills, Sussex ; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Lustleigh,»S. Devon; near Padstow, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Gogmagoy Hill and Chevely Park, Cambridgeshire; near Buxton, Derby- shire; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merio- nethshire; Island of Anglesea; Oswestry, Gruishill, near Shrewsbury, and High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shropshire; Lounsdale, Cleveland, York- shire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley, Westmoreland; Chesters, North- umberland ; Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; King’s Park and Craig Lockhart, Edinburgh; West Water, Fifeshive ; Appin, Argyleshire; Den of Mains, Forfarshire; Ben Vrackie and near Dunkeld, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-shire. Kilcully, co. Cork; Loughcooter, co. Galway. Form plumbea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147.—Thallus greyish- leaden-coloured. Apothecia usually small and naked ; otherwise as in the type. Characterized chiefly by the darker thallus, which is probably owing to the nature of the substratum. Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous svil in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S. and Central Eng- land and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Near Hoathly, Sussex ; Buxton, Derbyshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Subsp. U. bryophila Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Sallsk. pro F. et FI. Fenn. i. (1876) p. 27.—Thallus thinner, smoother, or less rugose, greyish-white or whitish, often obsolete or scarcely visible. Apo- thecia smaller, the thalline margin subevanescent; otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.—U. scruposa var. bryo- phila Mudd, Man. p. 165; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.50 ; forma, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 235, ed. 3, p. 240. Lichen bryophilus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 236.— Brit. Hws.: Leight. nos. 359, 360; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 63, 221. A good subspecies distinguished by the characters given. The thallus, which is usually somewhat effuse, is at times somewhat dealbate and subpulverulent, when it is var. 8. dealbata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 341. It often grows upon the folioles and the podetia of forms of Cladonia pyxvidata either as a parasite or with scanty traces of a proper thallus, and it is then Lecanora scruposa 8. parasitica Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lap. p. 100 pro parte, form ecrustacea Nyl. Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p.60. This condition, however, is scarcely entitled to rank even as a form. Hab. Overspreading mosses ‘and on Cladonia pyridata in maritime and upland tracts.—Dvstr. Not uncommon in Great Britain and Ireland ; yare in the Channel Islands.—--B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Essex; near Torquay and on Lustleigh Cleeve, 8S. Devon; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall; Pembury Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Matlock, Derbyshire ; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merioneth; High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shrop- shire; Lanbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham. Island of Lismore and Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, Ben Lawers, 518 LICHENACEI, (URCEOLARIA, Blaeberry Hill, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Morrone and Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Deer Park, Belfast, co. Antrim; near Kilcully, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Glen Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway. 2. U. gypsacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 338.—Thallus thick, soft, continuous, rugoso-unequal, pulverulent, white (K—, CaCl 7 red, I_). Apothecia moderate, black, caesio-pruinose ; the thalline margin tumid, inflexed, the proper margin subrugose; spores (rarely 2ne) 5-septate, muriform, ellipsoid, 0,033-57 mm. long, 0,016-24 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.—JU. scruposa forma gypsacea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 284, ed. 3, p. 239. Urceolaria scruposa (3. albissima Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147 (nomen informe). Usually considered as only a variety of LZ. urceolata differing in the softer, white, pulverulent thallus, this has now been rightly ila by Nylander on account of the negative reaction on the medulla with iodine (vide Nérrl. Fl. Karel. Oneg. p. 27). We have thus another instance of the judgment of older authors being confirmed by modern ae tests. In the British specimens the apothecia are more or less scattered. Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and_ upland tracts.—Distr. Only a very few localities in S. and Central England, S. Wales, and W. Treland; probably often overlooked.—B.M.: The Downs, Lewes, Sussex; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; N. Derby- shire. Aberdw Rocks, Brecknockshire. Glencorbot, co. Galway. 3. U. actinostoma Pers. ca Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 288.— Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, smooth, rimoso-areolate, the areola more or less convex, greyish white (K—, CaCl+red, Tht oo Apothecia minute, immersed, one or several in each areola, sub- globose, at length explanate, blackish, cesio-pruinose, the proper margin finely plicato-striate; the thalline margin thick, entire or slightly crenulate; paraphyses very slender, intricate; spores Sne, ovoid or ellipsoid, 5—6-septate, muriform, 0,030-34 mm. long, 0,016-20 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 196. : A singular species with much the aspect of a Verrucaria, in which genus it was placed by Acharius (/.c.). In the essential characters, however, of the fructification it is clearly an Urceolaria, the apothecia, though long remaining as if verrucarioid, having the disk ultimately open, plane and margined as in the other species of the genus, The British specimens are scarcely typical, but belong rather to the following variety. Var. 3. cxsioplumbea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p.'70.—Thallus some- what shining, greyish leaden-coloured; otherwise as in the type.— Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60. Differs in the characters given, though perhaps only as a well-marked form depending on the habitat. Hab. On rocks in maritime districts—Distr. Only very sparingly in the Channel Islands and N.W. England.-B.M.: Chateau Point, Island of Sark. St. Bees, Cumberland. 519 INDEX TO THE GENERA IN THIS VOLUME. Page Alectoria .............. 208 | Parmelia .............. Beomyces.............- 108 | Parmeliopsis............ Calictum .............. 85 | Peltidea .............- Cetraria ...........40. 215 | Peltigera .............. Cladina................ 173 | Pertusaria ............ Cladonia ............4. 126 | Phlyctis .............. Coccocarpia ............ 345 | Physcia................ Golloma:. 6 occa. ae eee 39 | Pilophorus ............ Collemodium .......... 57 | Platysma .............. Collemopsis ............ 77 | Pterygium ............ Coniocybe ,............. 98 | Pycnothelia ............ Dendriscocaulon ........ 77 | Pyrenidium ............ Diino ois Genes wae oe 490 | Pyrenopsis ............ Ephebe................ 27 | Ramalina.............. Ephebeia .............. 28 | Ricasolia .............. Euopsis. . 0.60 coe ee we an 22 | Roceella .............. Evernia ..........6-5- 228 | Schizoma .............. Gomphillus ............ 107 | Solorina .............. Gonionema ............ 18 | Spherophorus .......... Gyrophora ..........-. 324 | Sphinctrina ............ Lecanora: 3.6 660s 3% sae 348 | Spilonema.............. Leprocaulon ..........-. 123 | Stenocybe.............. Leproloma ......-..00- 348 | Stereocaulon............ Leptogidium............ 35 | Sticta ................ Leptogium ............ 62 | Stictina................ WaAChing 5.3. cs gee wee SS 31 | Synalissa .............. Lichiniza .........6.20. 383 | Thamnolia ............ Lobaria..c sire csinaeansietics 271 | Thelotrema ............ Lobarina ..........+--- 270 | Trachylia .............. Magmopsis ..........+. 29 | Umbilicaria ............ Nephromium .......... 282 | Urceolaria ............ Papnaria: ico sce iia 335 | Usnea ...... cece cena ee Pannularia ............ 340 | Varicellaria ............ PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,” RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST OF THE CURRENT NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. The following publications can be purchased through the Agency of Messrs. Lonamans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row; Mr. QuaRitcu, 15, Piccadilly ; Messrs. Kegan Pavt, Trencu, Trisner & Co., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road; and Messrs. Dutavu & Co., 37, Soho Square ; or at the Naturat History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. 2nd. edition. By John Edward Gray. Pp. xii, 90. 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