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Librarp
A
MANUAL

OF THE

MOSSES

OF

WESTERN
PENNSYLVANIA

BY
OTTO E. JENNINGS, PH. D.

WITH FIFTY-FOUR FULL-PAGE PLATES FROM
DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR.

 

PIFTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA,

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, £913.

PRESS OF
‘THE CIsy MISSION PUBLISUING COMPANY
i128 COLLINS AVENUE, EAST END,

PIrTSBURGH, PA.
ml
COPYRIGHT 1913,

BY

OTTO E. JENNINGS.

Published June 15th, 1913.
Til

PREFACE*

The aim in the preparation of this Manual has been to
make it a practical handbook applying particularly to the
region of Western Pennsylvania and embodying all that is at
present known regarding the occurrence and distribution of
mosses within that area. Asa matter of fact, the Manual will
be found to apply also to the adjacent regions of central Penn-
sylvania, extreme southwestern New York, eastern Ohio, and
northern West Virginia.

When the present writer took charge of the botanical col-
lections in the Carnegie Museum in 1904 he found that the
Herbarium, aside from certain specimens collected by Mr. D.
A. Burnett in McKean County, a few years previously, con-
tained but little to represent the rich flora of mosses and liver-
worts to be expected in the western end of Pennsylvania. One
of the aims at the Herbarium of the Carnegie Museum has
been to assemble a very complete and comprehensive collec-
tion of all the plants to be found in the general region in which
Pittsburgh is situated, and, in the prosecution of this work,
the writer has been enabled to visit all of the counties in the
western half of Pennsylvania and also adjacent portions of
Ohio and West Virginia. Certain localities in this general re-
gion have been made the subject of detailed ecologic and sys-
tematic study and collection—particularly the peninsula of
Presque Isle, near Erie, Pennsylvania ; the extensive Pymatun-
ing Swamp in Crawford County, Pennsylvania; the mountain-
ous region in the vicinity of Ohio Pyle, Fayette County; and
the larger portion of Allegheny County, especially in the
vicinity of Pittsburgh. From these and other localities visited
extensive collections of mosses have been made and the amount
and representative nature of the herbarium material thus avail-
able for study have become such that it has been deemed ad-
visable to prepare a treatise embodying the results of the work
accomplished, thus placing within the reach of other students
of the mosses within the region a convenient means of identify-
ing and checking up their own collections. It is hoped that
with all its faults this Manual may be to some extent the
means of stimulating bryological study in a region of whose
mosses there is yet much to be learned.

In the preparation of this Manual the author has taken
as the taxonomic standard the monumental work of Warn-
storf, Ruhland, and Brotherus, brought to completion in 1909,
in Engler & Prantl’s “Die Natuerliche Pflanzenfamilien,” Teil
I, Abteilung III. In the characterization of the various orders,

* This work in a more condensed form was submitted as a major thesis in
candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Pittsburgh,
June, 1911
IV

families, and genera, these authors have been followed closely,
and, while there is much to be said against their arrangement
of families in certain cases, it is nevertheless very probable that
their work will remain for a long time the standard and that,
from the standpoint of convenience at least, a similar sequence
of families in this Manual is justified. In the determination of
the various species the author has, naturally, had recourse to
the various works of Sullivant, Lesquereux & James, Barnes
& Heald, Grout, and others among the American bryologists,
and, among the European bryologists, particularly Dixon and
Jameson. In the determination of the Sphagnums the works
of Warnstorf, Roth, and Braithwaite were found particularly
useful, while in the treatment of synonymy the main reliance
has been placed on the Index Bryologicus of E. G. Paris.

In nomenclature the rulings of the International Botanical
Congress, held in Brussels in 1910, have been followed, taking
as the starting point the Species Muscorum of Hedwig (1801)
and the three subsequent “Supplements” by Schwaegrichen,
Hedwig’s having been the first comprehensive work to deal
with the mosses in a modern way. In the present Manual the
_ principle of priority has been followed without exception, dat-

ing from Hedwig, and a few new combinations have been
found necessary. Plant names which have been adopted from
pre-Hedwigian sources without important changes in nature or
in status are indicated by a double citation of authors, the
pre-Hedwigian author being cited first, followed by a comma,
and then the name of Hedwig or Schwaegrichen or of the
post-Hedwigian author, as the case may be. In case the name
of the plant has been derived from pre-Hedwigian sources, but
has been used in a different rank or, in the case of species, has
been transferred from one genus to another, the name of the
pre-Hedwigian author has been enclosed in square brackets.

So far as it has been possible to do so the descriptions of
the various species have been drawn up from specimens col-
lected in the region covered by the Manual. Where speci-
mens of species reported as occurring in the region or thought
likely to be eventually discovered in the region have not been
available for description, the description has been in part com-
piled and in part drawn up from specimens from other regions.
It has been the aim to represent by original drawings, com-
pletely and in considerable detail every species of which speci-
mens collected in the region of the Manual have been available.
In the list of specimens, which, in the Manual, follows the
description of each species, the particular specimen figured has
been so indicated and the fact that the specimen has been thus
figured has been recorded on the pocket containing the speci-
men in the Herbarium of the Carnegie Museum. All drawings
Vv

are the work of the author alone, and, with the exception of a
few of the larger habit sketches, all drawings have been first
traced by means of the camera lucida, thus insuring a reason-
able degree of accuracy in the relative position, shape, and
size of the various structures figured. The drawings of most
of the dissections have been made from permanent glycerine-
jelly mica-covered slides which are to be found in the Her-
barium in the proper pocket with the specimen.

Special acknowledgement should be here made to Dr. W.
J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, without whose
generous and kindly support the collections could not have
been made and properly studied nor the Manual prepared. To
Professor J. C. Fettermann, of the University of Pittsburgh,
is due many thanks for suggestions and criticism, and to Mrs.
O. E. Jennings is due much credit for assistance in the collec-
tion of specimens, in the preparation of the manuscript, and
in the arrangement of the figures on the plates.

Otto E. Jennings,
Carnegie Museum, September, 1912.
INTRODUCTION

In a work containing keys and descriptions, so arranged
as to make easier the identification of the mosses of any region,
it is desirable that a brief sketch of the general life history of
the mosses be included. In such a sketch it is not necessary
to enter upon a discussion of the many details of minute struc-
ture and behavior which, although interesting and important
in themselves and also for the light thus thrown upon genetic
relationships, are yet of but little practical value in a systematic
manual where an easy and quick determination of the identity
of the plant is the primary aim.

Speaking broadly, the life history of a moss may be said
to begin with a minute single-celled spore, usually spherical
in shape, which, under suitable conditions, germinates and
grows out as a slender thread or filament, which upon further
growth may form a matted felt-like layer, or may flatten out
into a more or less lobed body spoken of as a thallus, or may
simply form a solid cell mass, sometimes consisting of but a
few cells. In either case the structure resulting from the
growth of the germinated spore is termed the protonema. The
protonema usually® gives rise to buds, which in most mosses
grow to be the green leafy shoots which are ordinarily known
as moss plants, after which the protonema usually disappears.
In a few of the mosses the protonema persists indefinitely as
a green felt-like layer on the soil or other substratum. The
stems of the green shoots resulting from the growth of proto-
nemal buds usually send out hair-like rhizoids which function
as roots in holding the plants in place and sometimes act as
absorbing organs. The leaves on these green shoots are sessile
and with the exception of the midribs (costae) are almost uni-
formly of but one cell in thickness.

This whole phase in the life-history of a moss, beginning
with the spore and including the protonema and the leafy
shoot, is spoken of as the gametophyte or sexual generation.
The gametophyte is a sexual plant in that it bears, in definite
clusters surrounded by modified leaves called perichaetial leaves,
the reproductive male and female organs which give rise re-
spectively to the sperm and egg. These clusters of reproduc-
tive organs surroundd by more or less modified perichetial
leaves are known as perichaetia. | When the sperms and eggs
are borne either in the same perichetium or in different peri-
chetia on the same plant the plant is spoken of as monoicous,
but when they are produced upon different plants, dioicous.

The sperms are borne in a globose or more or less club-
shaped sac, usually mounted upon a stalk, and this sac is termed
the antheridium. When ripe the antheridia absorb water and
2 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

the thin wall, consisting of but a single layer of sterile cells, is
ruptured, thus liberating the mass of fertile cells, each of which
immediately develops into a sperm. Each sperm consists of a
more or less oval or club-shaped and curved body, always free-
swimming by means of two long slender cilia attached at one
end of the body.

The egg is borne in a special organ termed the archego-
nium. The archegonium is usually more or less stalked and is
differentiated into a swollen basal portion termed the wenter,
which contains the one fertile egg cell, and the more slender
tapering neck terminating the archegonium above and contain-
ing an axial row of sterile cells termed the canal cells, the basal
one of which rests directly upon the egg cell. When the
archegonium becomes ripe the canal cells break down into a
slimy mass of protoplasm, some of which may escape at the
tip of the neck. Sperms are attracted in some manner by the
slimy protoplasm thus escaping if there is a sufficient film of
moisture present so that they may swim about in the peri-
chetium or on the surface of the plant. Having reached the
apex of the archegonium the sperms may enter the canal left
open by the disintegration of the canal cells and eventually one
of the sperms will reach the egg and, uniting with it, bring
about fertilization.

After fertilization the egg immediately begins development
as the sporophyte but remains enclosed in the venter of the
archegonium, which to a considerable extent expands with the
development of the young sporophyte but is finally ruptured
and usually carried upward on the tip of the sporophyte, where
it is then known as the calyptra or hood. The ultimate end of
the sporophyte is the production of spores which arise entirely
by division of cells and are thus known as asexual cells. The
sporophyte is usually almost devoid of chlorophyll and it de-
velops at its base an absorbing organ termed the foot through
which its food is obtained from the gametophyte. The sporo-
phyte usually develops more or less of a stalk which is termed
the seta and which bears at the apex a globose to more or less
elongated capsule in which the asexual spores form. The
method of opening (dehiscence) of the capsule and the struc-
tures often associated with the dispersal of the spores are
varied and are so characteristic for the various systematic
groups and species that the capsule becomes highly important
for the correct systematic placing of the plants.

Of the mosses there are to be distinguished three well-
marked Orders known as the Sphaguales, the Andreaeales, and
the Bryales. The order Sphagnales comprises the one genus
Sphagnum. These mosses are known as Peat Mosses or Bog
Mosses, their characteristic habitat being bogs and the mar-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 3

gins of ponds and small lakes. The general color is grayish
green, the stems are usually erect in dense tufts or mats and
bear at intervals fascicles of short and slender branchlets. The
capsules are usually more or less chestnut colored and globose,
while the leaves possess a peculiar and characteristic structure
consisting of a meshwork of slender green cells enclosing in-
flated hyaline cells whose walls are more or less porose.

The Andreaeales contain the one genus Andreaea, all be-
ing small tufted mosses growing on siliceous rocks in moun-
tainous regions. The capsule splits open by four vertical slits
which, however, do not reach the apex.

The Bryales comprise by far the greatest number of the
mosses. The capsule in the Bryales varies from globose to
ovate or pyriform or elongated cylindric. The cells which give
rise to the spores are known collectively as sporogenous tissue
and this tissue occupies but a small portion of the volume of
the capsule, being arranged in the form of a hollow tube or
cylinder vertically placed and open at both ends. The sterile
tissues occupying the hollow part of this tube constitute the
columella. The outer wall of the capsule usually contains
more or less green chlorophyll and the middle portion of this
wall is more or less loosely arranged and contains hollow
spaces. The capsule is covered by an epiderntis, perforated by
stomata in most mosses. ‘The stomata are usually most highly
developed on the rounded or tapering base of the capsule
which is often more or less distinct and is known as the colluim
or neck. In the ripening of the capsule the sterile tissues of
the wall and of the columella largely disappear, leaving the
capsule filled with a mass of spores. In some species the thin
wall of the capsule bursts irregularly, this type of dehiscence
being known as cleistocarpous. In other species the top of the
capsule separates as a lid or operculum. The separation of the
lid is often facilitated by the modification of a series of epi-
dermal calls termed the annulus, which usually becomes highly
hygroscopic and is often deciduous. The sterile tissues imme-
diately beneath the lid are usually more or less highly modified
to form a single or double series of pointed structures known
collectively as the peristome. The pointed structures con-
stituting the outer series in the double peristome or the single
series in a simple peristome are known as feeth, while the inner
and more delicate series of the double peristome are known as
segments. Between the individual segments are in many
species of mosses very delicate hair-like structures known as
cilia. Somtimes the cilia are in groups of two or more alternat-
ing with the segments. The peristome is usually very hygro-
scopic, curling inward and closing the mouth of the capsule in
damp air and opening outward and allowing the free dispersal
4 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

of the spores in dry air. Species whose capsules stand vertical-
iy are not so likely to have well-developed peristomes as are
species whose capsules are inclined or vertical, this variation
corresponding to the need for the regulation of spore dispersal.
The Sphagnales are most abundant in the ‘cooler parts of
the North Temperate zone, often constituting there large
tracts of vegetation. By their aquatic or semi-aquatic manner
of life and their apical method of growth, dying away below as
they grow upward, they tend’to form great tufts or mats, often
completely filling depressions and bogs and by the accumula-
tion of the encircling mats around ponds and small lakes tend-
ing to fill them also. The mats hold water like a sponge and,
being somewhat intiseptic, the dead portions below the mat
do not decay but become converted into peat, which, especial-
ly in certain parts of Europe, has served a very important pur-
pose as fuel. Although a few Sphagnum bogs of limited area
occur in the mountains of central Pennsylvania the only bogs
of any considerable extent in our region are those in the north-
western part of Pennsylvania, particularly in the Pymatuning
Swamp, between Linesville and Hartstown, in Crawford
County. Here, in places, the Sphagnunt and Tamarack prac-
tically reign supreme for acres in extent and the peat deposits
are apparently quite deep. As may be seen in the treatment
of Sphagnum in this Manual, the Pymatuning Swamp has
yielded a goodly share of the species reported for our region.

No Andreacales have as yet been reported in our region,
although they occur in the mountains both to the south and
to the northeast. It is not unlikely that Andreaeca will yet be
found to occur in the mountains of central Pennsylvania upon
some of the sandstone ridges.

The Bryales constitute by far the greater number of moss
species found in Pennsylvania. \Western Pennsylvania as a
whole offers quite a variety of habitats and its moss flora is
fairly large, although, considering the area covered, there is a
noticeable lack of certain species more or less peculiar to high
elevations, to outcrops of limestone, and to low-lying marshes
and river swamps.

The northwestern part of Pennsylvania, in a triangular
area extending as far south as Beaver County and as far east
as Warren County, was worked over by the ice in the Glacial
Period and is still in a rather youthful stage of erosion, with
a number of small Jakes and ponds and considerable areas of
poorly drained lands. Occasional Sphagnum bogs occur here
as well as swamps along the flood-plains of some of the
streams. Such conditions offer suitable habitats for a number
of aquatic and swamp-inhabiting species of the Bryales which
are not to be found at all or are quite rare in the rest of
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 5

Western Pennsylvania. Presque Isle, near Erie, is a sandspit
of about six miles in length and over a mile in width at its
outer extremity and, containing as it does a variety of ponds,
lagoons, woodland swamps, marshes, and dry woods, it affords
certain habitats which are not duplicated anywhere else in our
region.

The remainder of the region covered by this Manual is
the rather «characteristic hilly country of the Allegheny
Plateau, ranging in altitude from about 700 feet above the sea,
along the flood-plain of the Ohio River, to about 2,800 feet
above the sea in the mountains of central Pennsylvania. In
the western, southwestern and northeastern parts of our region
the general topography is that of an elevated tableland in an
active state of erosion, the rocks being largely sandstones and
shales, and mainly non-calcareous. There are many steep
valleys and precipitous rock exposures with a minimum of
swainpy areas or ponds. The flood-plains which have de-
veloped along the Ohio River, the Monongahela River, the
lower Allegheny River, and the larger tributaries of these
streams have been so largely disturbed by the activities of man
that they now offer but few opportunities for collection in
what must have once been habitats rich in Bryalcs.

As the smaller streams in Western Pennsylvania are
ascended, however, the valleys often rapidly narrow to a more
or less steep rock-walled canon where erosion is highly active.
In the narrow valleys the forest covering has not been very
largely disturbed by man and the damp, cool, shaded habitat
with varying substrata of decaying wood, rich loam, shaly soil,
bare rock, or living bark, conduces to a rich and varied flora
of the Bryales. Above this area of active erosion there will
usually be found, in the headwaters of the streams, a region
which has remained largely unaltered from a former advanced
stage of physiographic development and which is characterized
by wide valleys with gently sloping soil-covered sides rising
to broadly rounded and soil-covered hills. These rounded
hills, whose height above the bottoms of the adjacent rounded
valleys is rarely more than 300 to 350 feet, are in many places
still covered with the native forest consisting mostly of the
\Vhite Oak, but the moss flora of these forests is poor.

Good collecting ground for the Bryales is also to be
found in the mountains of the eastern and southeastern parts
of the region covered by this Manual, particularly in the steep
and rocky gorges which have been cut through the sandstone
ridges by the larger streams. Perhaps the best collecting
ground for the Bryales in our whole region is to be found in
the vicinity of Ohio Pyle, in Fayette County, where the
Youghiogheny River and its larger tributaries have cut out
6 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

wild and rocky gorges sometimes a thousand feet or more in
depth. Somewhat similar and perhaps but little inferior to the
Ohio Pyle region are localities along the gaps cut through the
ridges by the Conemaugh and Loyalhanna Rivers and the
eastward-flowing Juniata and West Branch of the Susque-
hanna River.

The northeastern part of our region is an’ elevated table-
land which is so dissected as to be rather hilly in some dis-
tricts but the flora is quite northern in its character. The
forests were largely composed of Hemlocks, White Pines,
Birches, Beeches, and Maples and the moss flora is found to
contain a rich development of Bryales, of which not a few are
absent or rare in the Oak and Chestnut forests to the south
and southwest.

The total number of genera, species, and varieties
recognized in this Manual as having been collected or authori-
tatively reported in the confines of western Pennsylvania are
as follows, twenty-nine families being represented:

Genera Species Varieties

Sphagnales ........0045 1 14 10
BENGES bo scx sniee sah 102 234 20

Total ciwiws sears 103 248 30
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 7

Directions for Collecting, Preparing, and Preserving Speci-

mens of Mosses

For the benefit of those who may not be familiar with the
usual methods of collection and preservation of bryological
specimens the following notes may be of use:

Specimens of Bryales should be collected in fruit (ripe
sporophytes) as far as possible. Specimens of Sphagnum are
desirable in fruit, but determination is best made in this group
from the vegetative characters. Specimens of mosses when
collected should be placed at once in envelopes or other suit-
able paper pockets and the data of collection, especially
habitat, should be written upon the envelope. Many collec-
tors would prefer to number the envelope and under the cor-
responding number make note of the data in a note-book. Col-
lections may be carried home in a basket or regular tin collect-
ing case and, if carefully placed in the envelopes in the first
place, the specimens need not be taken out of the envelopes
but the envelopes should be placed between blotting papers
or newspapers and subjected to a slight weight and so placed
that they will soon dry. A few books or two or three bricks
are usually sufficient weight for drying a package of mosses.
Too much weight should be guarded against, as the habit of
the plant, i. e., the position assumed by leaves, branches, etc.,
is often a great help in determining the species, and, if too
much weight is used in drying, the specimens will be so flat-
tened as to destroy these characters.

When dry the specimens may be placed in paper pockets
made from a rectangular piece of paper by folding up the
lower part of the rectangle to within about one half-inch of
the upper edge and then folding down this half-inch flap over
the first flap. The two ends should now be folded backward
for about one half-inch each and the pocket is then com-
plete and ready for the reception of the moss. The regula-
tion method in most larger herbaria is to glue this pocket in
the middle of the back, midway between the two folded ends,
to a so-called “herbarium sheet” which is uniformly of white
stiff paper measuring 11144 by 16% inches. For small private
collections smaller sizes are sometimes used. On the lower
right-hand corner of this sheet is written the name of the
species, and the number of specimens which such a sheet will
accommodate is, of course, restricted only by the space occupied
by the pockets. The label for each specimen should be fast-
ened to the narrow (half-inch) flap at the upper edge of the
pocket and should always contain the name of the species, the
exact locality and habitat of the specimen, the name of the
8 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

collector, and the date of the collection. If material has been
collected in sets for distribution the label should so state and
a number should be assigned to the various species so that
duplicate specimens reaching different botanists may be
definitely correlated. It is often advisable to add to the label
also the name of the botanist who identified the specimen,
especially if he be a specialist.

For any extended study of the mosses, either Sphagnales
or Bryales, it is practically necessary to have at hand besides
a pocket lens of some sort, a dissecting lens and a compound
microscope. ‘A dissecting lens may be rigged up by providing
some sort of a frame for holding the ordinary pocket lens at
the right distance above the table. This can be done by some
such simple contrivance as knitting needles and corks, in the
absence of anything better. The writer has found very satis-
factory the ordinary dissecting stand, which may be obtained
from any dealer in scientific apparatus, the stand preferably
fitted with a rack-and-pinion adjustment for focussing the
lens. The writer has used with good results a doublet
lens (three-quarter inch) magnifying about four diameters
and a one-fourth inch aplanat lens magnifying about seven
diameters. The compound microscope should be fitted with a
one-inch and also preferably a two-inch eye-piece and the cus-
tomary two-thirds and one-sixth objectives. A sub-stage
condenser is a great convenience and should be provided with
diaphragms both above and below.

In preparing a moss for microscopic study the writer pro-
ceeds as follows: A portion of the specimen, usually consisting
of a whole plant, is selected and is soaked in water until it is
soft and relaxed. <A thin square of mica an inch or more in
width is prepared and placed on an ordinary glass microscope
slide, and upon it is placed a drop of a ten per cent. solution
of glycerine in water which is kept already prepared in a
small bottle with a medicine dropper fastened into the stopper.
The glass slide with the mica square and solution in position
are placed on the stand of the dissecting microscope. With
small forceps and with the aid of needles mounted in wooden
handles the moss is now carefully dissected and the parts suit-
ably disposed on the mica square in the film of ten per cent.
glycerine. It is usually best to place on the mica square some
thin cross-sections of the stem of the moss, cut with a
scalpel or knife or fine scissors, some stem-leaves, some
branch-leaves, some perichetial leaves or, better, the whole
perichaetium dissected apart but not widely scattered, and then
the capsule so dissected as to show a patch of the epidermis
from the base of the capsule, the annulus, the peristome, both
outer and inner if they are present, and the spores.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 9

Another thin mica square is now selected a little smaller
than the first one used and upon it is placed a small chunk of
glycerine-jelly, which is melted by holding the square in
the forceps over a suitable source of heat—the writer holds
the square over the electric bulb of his desk light. The
glycerine when melted is smeared over the surface of the mica,
which is then inverted and quickly but carefully placed on
the square on which the dissections are disposed. To prevent
the dissected objects from changing their position too much,
and to obviate the inclusion of air-bubbles, it is best to lay the
square which is to serve as cover so that one edge only comes
into contact with the other square and then let the cover
settle down gradually, thus driving the air out in front of the
gradually advancing line of contact of the mica and mount-
ing medium. The slide is now ‘ready for study under the
compound microscope and after this it may be placed in the
paper pocket along with the specimens from one of which the
dissections were made. In order to insure greater perma-
nency of the slide, as thus made, some workers advocate seal-
ing the slide by running a little ring of Canada balsam around
the edge of the smaller mica square, thus keeping the air away
from the glycerine jelly and preventing any further drying
out. The object of placing the dissections in the ten per cent.
solution of glycerine is to gradually allow the dissections to
accommodate themselves to increasing density of solutions; if
the dissections were transferred immediately from pure water
‘to the melted glycerine jelly there would in most cases be
much shrinkage and curling, thus spoiling the slide for pur-
poses of study. In a few cases even the transferrance from
water to ten per cent. solution and thence to the jelly is too
great a change and in such cases it is necessary to pass the
dissections through a series of solutions of increasing glycerine
per cent., up to a strong solution, before using the glycerine-
jelly. Another way is to place the dissections in weak
glycerine solution and keep adding more solution as the water
evaporates from the first, thus gradaully increasing the
density.
10 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

ABBREVIATIONSAND SIGNS USED IN THE MANUAL

cm., Centimeter, equals the one-hundredth part of a meter, or
about two-fifths of an inch.

mt., Millimeter, equals one-tenth of a centimeter.

D.A.B., D. A. Burnett.

G.K.J., Grace K. Jennings (Mrs. O. E. Jennings).

J.A.S., Dr. John A. Shafer.

mm., Millimeter, equals about one twenty-fifth of an inch.

O.E.J., O. E. Jennings.

- The short dash used between figures or between words denotes
either an intermediate state or a variation from one to
the other extreme.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 11

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE
GENERA OF MOSSES OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

Order I—SPHAGNALES

Whitish mosses with fasciculate branches,
mostly bog plants; leaf-cells of two kinds,—
large hyaline ones separated by narrow chloro-
phyllose ones; ecostate; operculate but with
no peristome. Sphagnum, p. 23

Order I]—ANDREAEALES

Dark colored or blackish alpine or subalpine
plants growing in cushions on granitic or slaty
rocks; either costate or ecostate; leaf-cells
small and quite opaque; capsule dehiscing by
four longitudinal slits, the valves remaining
united at the apex. Andreaea, p. 46

Order II]—BRYALES

Leaves various but not sphagnoid, costate or
ecostate; capsule dehiscing irregularly or, more
often, by a deciduous operculum, often fur-
nished with a peristome, never four-valved as
in Andreaea, plants largely green............... I.
I. Sporophyte borne at the apex of the main
stem, sometimes appearing lateral by the

growth of a branch................--5. A. Acrocarpi, p. 48
I. Sporophyte borne at the apex of a short
lateral branch..........-0-.20 eee eee eens B. Pleurocarpi, see p. 16
A, ACROCARPI
1. Capsule non-operculate............-.5 2.
1. Capsule operculate................... 10.
2. Green protonema persistent; plants
fruiting in autumn................. Ephemerum, p. 127

2. Green protonema not persistent,

plants fruiting mainly in spring. 3.

3. Spores few, about 16 to 20, smooth, about
0.2 mm. in diameter.............00.0000- Archidium, p. 48

3. Spores numerous, rarely exceeding 0.05

mm, in diameter.............e.eeeeee 4.

4, Leaf-margins plane or involute. 5.

4. Leaf-margins more or less revo-

WCE. engi babes eee Caw wees « 9,

5. Capsules pyriform, with a distinct neck 6.

5. Capsules globose to ovoid........... 7.

6. Green protonema occasionally abun-
dant; neck none; capsule acute.... Sporledera, p. 49

6. Green protonema sparse; usually
none; neck more or less well de-
veloped; capsule rostrate.......... Bruchia, p. 50-
7. Leaves crisped when dry, strongly pa-
pillose on both sides; operculum rudi-
mentary but persistent..........--...-05 Astomum, p. 89
Leaves not crisped when dry, smooth. 8.
8. Calyptra cucullate; leaves linear-
lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate... Pleuridium, p. 52
8. Calyptra campanulate; leaves lan-
ceolate-ovate to lanceolate-obovate,
dentate or serrate........seeee eee Physcomitrella, p. 130
12

11.
11.

13.

13.

15.

15.

17.
17.

19.
19.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

pean apiculate; leaves entire, papil-
OSS esa Seisin te a 9 Sreyaimae et wuss iG a ekay Soya ey Sues lens
Capsule not at all or very slightly apicu-
late; leaves erose-denticulate at the apex,
SINOOUH ii aie womadins ndaaing wyak oe aie y den
10. Protonema persistent; plants prac-
tically stemless; leaves ecostate;
calyptra splitting down one side and
usually remaining attached to the

SE tac cacelah cere agencten wie: enmmeusiana ans ao eGend

10. Protonema not persistent; calyptra
not as above. (With a large inflated
hypophysis. Splachnum, p. 125).... 11
Peristome teeth none, or if present ar-
tictlates «vox sams semduadann Mas cane nee 12
Peristome teeth not distinctly articu-

late: eusdyaiescaked cca aeeenen ame bc oss 60
12, Peristome present, sometimes im-

PELLECE cee dalek ae enue cteten § 13
12. Peristome none................ 52
Leaves distichous, dorsally winged and
clasping at the base...............-...- 127
Leaves not distichously clasping and
dorsally winged...............-- 000 14
14. Leaves consisting of costa only,

outer cells large and empty, inner
small and chlorophyllose..........
14. Leaves with a lamina consisting
mainly of one layer of more or less
uniform cells ...............04. 1
Peristome single, 16 or 32 toothed; teeth
without a median longitudinal line on the
exterior faCe aice6i sad cde can heek wees 16
Peristome double, with 16 outer teeth and
an inner variously segmented or almost
lacking membrane; teeth with a median
longitudinal line on the exterior face. 37
16. Capsule more or less octagonal, the
angles with differentiated cells,
when dry 8-striate and furrowed...
16. Capsule not octagonal, or, if plicate,
the cells uniform...............
Exterior face of teeth longitudinally
Stilate: <a Gisus wetee en see anne Wiee oe 18
Exterior face of teeth smooth or papil-
lose, not longitudinally striate....... 24
18. Leaves with large hyaline or
brownish alar cells............. 22
18. Leaves without differentiated alar
COS sox ts ediouln eaaadaiins panne 19
eee strongly and coarsely papil-
OSOl niin cna e ao ens Meant edi Ra eeNe eae
Leaf-cells smooth.................00. 20
20. Peristome of 16 broad solid teeth,
sometimes somewhat bifid at the
apex, smooth and strongly hygro-
SCOPIC: inaisiseuttesis nade eiedina ateeiune 2Oe
20. Peristome of 16 narrow, prolonged,
more or less two-parted, minutely
striate or papillose teeth....... 21

Phascum, p. 100

clcaulon, p.129

Discelium, p. 126

Leucobryum, p. 75

Rhabdoweisia, p. 64

Orcoweisia, p. 50

Seligeria, p. 58
al.
all

23.

23.

25.
25.

27,

27.

29.
29.

31.
31.

33.
33.

OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 13

Capsule cernuus, with a long and inflated
neck; teeth cleft or perforate...........
Capsule erect or inclined; neck short or
none; teeth cleft to the middle into two
filiform divisions ...........00ceeeeeeee

22. Monoicous; leaves tufted; capsules
strumose, costa with distinctly
heterogeneous tissues ...........65

22. Dioicous; leaves flexuose-spread-
ing or sectind; capsule more or less

distinctly strumose ............. 23
Basal auricles of leaves large and in-
flated; seta cygneous...................

Basal auricles of leaves small or none;
seta not cygneous............. 0c. eee eee
24. Peristome distinctly twisted;
teeth: 322. cavvac uct saey eens 25

24. Peristome not distinctly twisted;
teeth 16 but often deeply cleft.. 27
Leaves large, oblong to sub-spatulate;
costa with two median guides...........
Leaves small and narrow, linear-lanceo-
late; costa with from 48 median
BULCES. a earths dw aa cid de enuren ones Pandas 26
26. Leaf-margins plane, not revolute;
cells papillose ................05-

26. Leaf-margins revolute, at least be-
low; cells smooth or papillose.....
Dark green or blackish mosses on rocks
or sometimes trees; peristome single or
MOWGE cas cc Seas AEE ES AY OR ee Mele eee 28
Green plants, not blackish nor very
GATE: io icisge eaters. sats ene acetic ROR 30
28. Calyptra descending much below
the base of the capsule, split and
plicate; annulus none; spores large.

28. Calyptra shorter, not plicate;
annulus present; spores medium

SIZE. 5445 MANS ewe Guewar aes Hone 29
Teeth sub-entire, cribrose or irregularly
Cleft. stened axh ees ea tsk mes seo Ole
Teeth cleft to near the base into fili-
form SéeMMEtS: od. cca debe ss eneee ga es
30. Calyptra mitrate, not folded nor
torn, completely covering the cap-

sule; capsule erect...........-....

30. Calyptra cucullate.............. 31
Teeth merging below into a more or less
continuous basal wall or membrane.. 32
Teeth not merging below into a continu-
ous membrane.............. eee eee eee 35
32. Leaves papillose on the upper sur-
face; peristome teeth short........

32. Leaves mostly smooth; peristome-
teeth long, secs is sees ab nniw ee 33
Capsule inclined, distinctly plicate when
dry; leaf-cells roundish-quadrate above..
Capsule erect, nearly or entirely smooth
when dry; leaf-cells elongated above. 34

Trematodon, p. 41

Dicranella, p. 60

Oncophorus, p. 65

Dicranodontium, p. 72

Dicranum, p. 66

Tortula, p. 103

Tortella, p. 95

Barbula, p. 97

Glyphomitrium, p. 107

Grimmia, p. 108

Rhacomitrium, p. T1T

Encalypta, p. 105

Didymodon, p. 96

Ceratodon, p. 57
14

35.

37.
37.

39.
39.

41.
41,

43.
43.

45.
45.

47.
47.

49.
49.

51.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

34. Leaves glaucous ............0e eee
34. Leaves glossy-green ............65
Plants living on trees...............0008
Plants living on earth or rocks...... 36
36. Leaf-margins entire, distinctly in-

volute above .......... 0. ccc ee ee
36. Leaf-margins minutely crenulate,

Plane: 225s wax genes sew aves:
Inner peristome usually distinct, lacking
a basal membrane .................. 38
Inner peristome furnished with a distinct
carinate basal membrane............ 41
38. Calyptra cucullate ................
38. Calyptra mitrate............... 39

Calyptra smooth, not plicate, extending
below the capsule ......... 0.0.0.0 cee eee
Calyptra only partially enclosing the
capsule, plicate and usually pubescent. 40
40. Leaves crisped when dry, base
oval; neck of capsule with stomata
superficial dpe a apap id ON Le ati elena dnd
40. Leaves not with an oval base and
not crisped when dry; neck of cap-
sule with mostly immersed stomata
Capsule ribbed when dry............ 42
Capsule smooth, not ribbed when dry. 45
42. Capsule ‘ovoid- cylindrical; inner
and outer peristomes of equal
VON BEN iiss a aise 2 ac susan. gan seiesal dod eaves
42. Capsule  sub- globose; inner per-
istome shorter than the outer... 43
Cilia well developed..................4.
Cilia rudimentary or absent.......... 44
44. Leaf-cells papillose ..............
44. Leaf-cells smooth ................
Upper leaf surface papillose............
Upper leaf surface not papillose..... 46
46. Segments 2 to 3 times as long as
the teeth; cilia rudimentary.......
46. Segments and teeth of about equal
length; cilia well developed.... 47

Cilia appendiculate...................
Cilia not distinctly appendiculate.... 49

48. Large stoloniferous, Mntum-like
plants with clustered capsules.....
48. Smaller, non-stoloniferous mosses
with the capsules borne singly....
Leaf-cells narrow, linear-rhomboidal
AD ONE: er yekaie tid epepane A Ciaaesteaehcad Sooner
Leaf-cells rhomboid-hexagonal, never
LINC AT Ge swauteo igh naeteuueei a Sacer ene 50
50. Large plants with the upper leaves
ovate; leaf-cells not more than
twice as long as broad............
50. Smaller plants with linear-lanceo-
late upper leaves; leaf-cells more
than twice as long as broad.... 51
Annulus none; leaf cells more or less
rhombic-hexagonal, never linear, except
at margins; leaves glaucous green.......

(Saelania)
Ditrichum, p. 53
Drummondia, p. 116

Weisia, p. 9

Trichostomum, p. 94

Funaria, p. 134

Encalypta, p. 105

Ulota, p. 12I

Orthotrichum, p. 117

Aulacomnium, p. 169:
Philonotis, p. 176
Bartramia, p. 173

Plagiopus, p. 173
Timmia, p. 180

Meesea, p. 171

Rhodobryum, p. 156
Bryuim, p. 147
Leptobryum, p. 138

Mnium, p. 158

Mniobryum, p. 145:
51.

53.
53.

55.
55.

57.

57.

59.

59.

61.
61.

63.
63.

OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 15

Annulus present; leaf-cells narrowly
rhombic to linear; leaves green to yel-

low-green, often glossy...............5.
52. Rock- or crevice-inhabiting

WMLOSS ES? gcse oe - cctv aereloallelgans fates 53
52. Earth-inhabiting plants ......... 58

Leaves on the sterile stems in two rows,
forming a continuous marginal wing...
Leaves on the sterile stem not thus ar-
MANGE | or cswlee essa Bees eas eed Raw ee 54
54. Leaves distichous, closely imbri-

cate, carinate-plicate; stems radicu-

lose and bulbiform at base........
54. Leaves not as above; stem not

bulbiferous at base............. 55
Leaves ecostate; stalk less than 1 mm.
long; operculum apiculate...............
Leaves costate; stalk 2 to 12 mm. long;
operculum rostrate................4. 56
56. Capsule smooth, terminating the

main axis; plants often on calcare-

OUS LOCKS isis. p Ae aera Resend aU 57
56. Capsule ribbed, borne on a short

lateral branch; plants not often on

calcareous rocks ..............005
Leaf-margins revolute on one or both
sides; upper leaf-cells clear and pellucid;
columella remaining attached to the
operculum and falling away with it.....
Leaf-margins always plane; upper leaf-
cells densely papillose and obscure;
columella remaining in the capsule after
the operculum falls away...............
58. Calyptra cucullate; cells iso-dia-

metric above the middle of the leaf
58. Calyptra mitrate; cells elongated
above the middle of the leaf......... 59
Capsule immersed and sessile, splitting
equatorially and without specially modi-
fied cells at the line of dehiscence......
Capsule exserted on a long seta, or, if
immersed, operculate with 1—3 rows of
denser cells below the line of dehiscence.
60. Capsule symmetric; peristome

SINGLE ek baturrernraatence eat s+. 61
60. Capsule unsymmetric; peristome

double, the inner in the form of a

short conical tube.............. 64
Peristome teeth 4.............. ee his gakise
Peristome teeth 32 or 64..........-- 62

62. Capsule usually square or hexa-
gonal; calyptra densely hairy; teeth
generally 64..........00.ee eee eee

62. Capsule cylindrical; teeth 32... 63

Calyptra densely hairy; leaves not

crisped when dry.........-----.eseeeet

Calyptra cucullate, almost smooth; leaves

crisped when dry........-.e eee eee eee

64. Leaves green, costate, conspicuous:
capsule sessile and immersed......

Webera, p. 140

Schistostega, p. 137

Bryoxiphium, p. 78

Hedwigia, p. 201

Amphidium, p. 114

AHymenostylium, p. 92

Gymnostomum, p. 92

Pottia, p. 101

Aphanorhegma, p. 131

Physcomitrium, p. 132

Tetraphis, p. 184

Polytrichum, p. 194

Pogonatum, p. 192
Catharinaea, p. 186

Diphyscium, p. 181
16

65.
65.

67.

67.

69.
69.

71.
71.

73.

73.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

64. Leaves almost microscopic, color-
less; capsule exserted on a thick,

red. stale: othe sou waiegaeiw he cawae
B. PLEUROCARPI

Leaves distichous, dorsally winged and
clasping at the base.............-..006.
Leaves pluri-seriate.................. 66
66. Cilia none; segments none or rudi-

mentary, or filiform and not aa

66. Cilia often present; segments cari-
nate and often ‘split along the me-
dian’ line: scag22. eek bee aee as eae 76
Segments quite rudimentary, sometimes
with a distinct carinate basal membrane;
leaves more or less papillose......... 68
Leaves smooth .......... 0.0.00 .00 ee 69
. Leaves deltoid to round-ovate,
spinulose-dentate to fimbriate;
paraphyllia none; costa single and
usually half the length of the leaf.
68. Leaves spatulate to obovate, entire
or cristate-serrate; costa double or
short or almost lacking...........
Inner peristome lattice-like; leaf-cells
narrow and prosenchymatous........ 7
Inner peristome not lattice-like, some-
times none; segments when present free,
sometimes rudimentary ............. 7
70. Ecostate; capsule immersed; plants
ACUALIC cigar z tats Ceakwcaten acean acdsee oie
70. Costate; capsule more or less ex-
serted; plants growing on the base
of bushes and shrubs.............
ae complanate, transversely undu-
BiG vhs ge nan neey via eae wee eee eae be ae
Leaves more or less spreading, not trans-
versely undulate .................05. 72
72. Inner peristome none, or, if pres-
ent, the linear segments without a
basal membrane; teeth flat, thin,
distantly articulated, approximate
in pairs; costa simple, often delicate
and short, or none............. 73
72. Inner peristome lacking or the
peristome double; basal membrane

OW" sich sulcstneeis ye niadse Reed
Costa mostly delicate and short; teeth
broad and obtuse; leaves serrate to cili-
ate-dentate .......... cc cece ee eee eee eee
Costa strong, ending above the middle
of the leaf; peristome deeply inserted;
teeth broadly lanceolate; segments
shorter than the teeth, linear, ‘almost
STO OU: \.Mivi vccasa a heap Wass Sea ee ee aS
74. Calyptra  cucullate; capsule ex-
serted; inner peristome without

SCEIMENCS: see el Garland a awe

Buxbaumia, p. 182

Fissidens, p. 79

Thelia, p. 238

Pterygynandruim, p. 232

Fontinalis, p. 203

Dichelyma, p. 208
Neckera, p. 218

Fabronia, p. 234

Anacamptodon, p. 235
75.
75.

77.
7.

79.
79,

81.

81.

83.

83.

85.
85.

87.

OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 17

74. Calyptra conical-campanulate; cap-
sule immersed; segments linear or
very narrow-carinate .............

ECOS tate signee ico hace Sed Hulk ed haa Roe

COStALE 24 cianchs scnivaingd a Semee dawg ee

76. Leaves mostly rough-papillose. 77
76. Leaves smooth, or sometimes
slightly papillose at the  cell-
ANGIES: asaue sa sy sees ao see ata de 89

Capsule erect and symmetric......... 78
Capsule usually arcuate, unsymmetric. 84
78. Leaves costate, margin usually en-
ELE 5c: seacssauseans aaw-twalich ace siielaieeals ater 79

78. Leaves ecostate ............ aes. 83
Costa not more than half the length of
thé: leah: oo cccuks 3 ae eawiena ciliate sca ous ase
Costa strong, nearly reaching the apex
OF the: leahicn cians chaee ea deney ve se 80
80. Primary stems stoloniform, sec-
ondary stems bearing the sporo-
phytes; stem-leaves minute; para-
phyllia none ............... 0000 ee

80. Primary stems bearing the sporo-
phytes and not stoloniform; branch

and stem leaves not markedly dis-
similar; paraphyllia often present 81
Paraphyllia none; leaf-cells compact,
round-hexagonal, nearly smooth; cilia
none; teéth without lamellae, not hygro-
SCOPIC? diGiCOUS 2:cs nee ses vices sas geedes
Paraphyllia present; leaf-cells hexagonal
to parenchymatous, mostly unipapillate;
AUTOICOUS. oie dsien eidaean cha baea deni 82
82. Teeth with well developed lamellae;
segments narrow-linear ...........

82. Teeth with low lamellae; segments
HONE 2s 4G-yueeeearee nent <4 wees
Cilia two; plants glaucous-green with
closely imbricated leaves and julaceous
branches ........ ee ee oe
Cilia none; plants light green with loose-
ly appressed leaves and more or less
flattened branches ............... 000000
84. Plants creeping, one-to three-
PUN ACS? a sia ose ee hares tow aya 85

84. Plants erect to ascending, simply
pinnate, in large tufts........... 88
Plants small, to 20 cm., delicate, one-to
tWO-PINNate ssssaereeixewivcseueececy 86
Plants larger, to 10 cm., one-to three-
pinnate; in large flat mats..............
86. Costa of stem-leaves one-fifth to
one-sixth of the width of the leaf

ase! Gadovcssomd ee awe oaeean tea

86. Costa of stem-leaves one-tenth to
one-twelfth of the width of the leaf

base .sccchved csauders ri maee rane 87
Stem and branch leaves dissimilar; leaf-
cells each with several minute papillae..

(Cryphaea)

Leucodon, p. 214
Forsstroemia, p. 216

Haplohymenium, p. 241

Anomodon, p. 242

Leskeella, p. 251

Leskea, p. 248
Lindbergia, p. 247

Myurella, p. 240

Schwetschkeopsis, p. 223

Thuidium, p. 256

Thuidium, p. 256

Rauia, p. 252
18

87.

89.
89.

91.
91.

93.
93.

95.
95.

97.

97.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Stem and branch leaves similar; leaf-cells
each with but one or rarely two papillae.
88. Stem and branch leaves similar in

size and shape..................05
88. Stem and branch leaves dissimilar.
Stems dendroid, upright from a creeping
base; capsules clustered ............ 90
Stems prostrate or ascending with the
capsules borne singly................ 91

90. Cilia none; capsules erect and sym-

MethiC: - ssc dew scram ts ae eee ede st
90. Cilia well developed, appendiculate;

capsules inclined, unsymmetric....
Cilia none; capsule symmetric and erect,
OF Nearly SO) vise ces ccc veas we 92
Cilia generally present and well de-
veloped; capsule unsymmetric, generally
more or less arcuate and recurved, some-

times almost erect ...............-2. 97
92. Branches’ strongly complanate;

leaves cultriform ...............-.
92. Branches not strongly complanate;

leaves ovate to lanceolate...... 93
Segments adhering to the teeth; basal
membrane none or obscure.......... 94
Segments free from the teeth......... 95

94. Leaves costate; seta rough........
94. Leaves ecostate; seta smooth......
Basal membrane broad and distinct.....
Basal membrane none or narrow..... 96
96. Stem oval in cross-section; capsule
mm. or more long; teeth of
peristome not hyaline-margined. ...

96. Stem round; capsule not ‘over 2.5
mm. long; teeth of peristome hya-
line-margined ..............--.0088
Stem mostly woody, often stoloniferous,
irregularly divided, the leafy branches
often more or less regularly pinnate;
leaves erect-spreading to squarrose, rare-
ly imbricated; cells narrowly prosenchy-
matous rarely parenchymatous, towards
the base more lax and often punctate;
costa various, but rarely almost percur-
rent; alar cells rounded or oval-—4-to 6-
sided, forming a well defined group; teeth
and segments same length; basal mem-
brane wide; cilia usually well developed;
operculum rounded, conical-obtuse to
SHOFE POStHATE: 4.0 jcecetiew ge cewawe bees 99
Characters not combined as above....98
98. Slender plants with creeping stems:
leaves often secund or somewhat
complanate; costa none or double

and short; cells narrow, prosenchy-
matous; alar cells 3 to 8, large, in-
flated and pellucid; capsule small.

oval to oblong; operculum long and
slenderly rostrate ..............04.

Haplocladium, p. 253
Elodium, p. 260

Chimacium, p. 210

Thamnium, p. 221

Homalia, p. 220

Homalotheciella, p. 330
Pylaisia, p. 229
Pylaisia, p. 229

Entodon, p. 224

Platygyrium, p. 227

[Hypnaceae]

Rhaphidostegium, p. 326
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 19

98. Stems round, creeping, procumbent
or more or less erect, often irregu-
larly stoloniferous; leaves ascend-
ing to appressed, often complanate,
rarely secund; stem and branch
leaves dissimilar in the stolonifer-
ous species only, ovate to lanceo-
late, mostly slenderly acuminate;
costa not often reaching the apex
but usually reaching to the middle
at least; cells prosenchymatous,
long rhomboidal to linear-vermicu-
lar; operculum conical, blunt to
long rostrate .........--e2. ee eee 120 [Brachytheciaceae]

HYPNACEAE (99-119)

99. Costa in our species single, extending to
the middle of the leaf or beyond; opercu-

lum never rostrate ..............0405 102 [Amblystegieae]
99. Costa double and short or none; opercu-
_ lum sometimes rostrate ............. 100

100. Stem and branch leaves usually dis-
tinctly dissimilar; leaves symmetric,
inserted at right angles to the axis ;

of the stem ...........-. seca ee 114 [Hylocomieae]
100. Stem and branch leaves quite
similar; leaves often inserted
obliquely and unsymmetrically..101
101. Leaves either symmetric and normally in-
serted or unsymmetric and obliquely in-

serted; operctilum sometimes rostrate.118 [Stfereodonteae]
101. Leaves obliquely inserted, apparently
two-ranked, mostly unsymmetric;
branches mostly complanate; operculum
conic to short rostrate, rarely long-

rostrate .......... elena daa dias ue mine's 119 [Plagiothecieae]
102. Leaves margined ..... Ne aaah ie as Sciaromium, p. 279
102. Leaves not margined.......... 103

103. Costa strong, ending almost in the apex
or sometimes excurrent ...........45 104
103. Costa not extending to the apex of the
leafs sacs sans Mos sas di suinewanabiounss ee 109
104. Paraphyllia numerous and _ poly-
Morphic cig ei sonew sea eae y ve she 105
104. Paraphyllia none or very few.. “106
105. Leaves deeply longitudinally folded,
falcate-secund 1.0... 2... cee cece nee tees (Cratoneuron)
105. Leaves not deeply longitudinally folded..Hygroamblystegium,p.275
106. Leaf-cells linear-vermicular to the
leaf-base, mostly with blunt ends,
the alar cells forming a small but
well defined group of quadrate or
rectangular cells ...........0.eeeee Aygrohypnum, p. 287
106. Leaf-cells hexagonal and 2 to 4
times as long as wide, or prolonged-
linear and becoming wider and
shorter towards the leaf-base, alar
cells forming a larger group often
reaching to the costa.,......... 107
20 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

107. Alar cells parenchymatous.............. Drepanocladus, p. 280
107. Alar cells prosenchymatous ..--........ 108
108. Leaf-cells prolonged-linear ....... Calhergon, p. 284

108. Leaf-cells prosenchymatous-hexa-
gonal, 2 to 6 times as long as wide. Hygroamblystegiunt,p.275

109. Leaves cordate-to ovate-lanceolate,

more or less acuminate: costa weak, end-

ing at or beyond the middle of the leaf;

cells rarely linear, mostly quadrate and

parenchymatous, or hexagonal and pros-

enchy.matous i. 644s seca chan. 9 ies 2s eas -imblystegium, p. 264
109. Not with the above combination of char-
ACtETS: 224 wears s Bad on Sete ee aS 110

110. Leaf-cells narrowly linear; leaves
broadly ovate or cordate, prolonged
into awl-shaped reflexed squarrose

IDSs, ways aiden Aestrce-sncard abou Seok eta Campyliuin, p. 290
110. Not with above combination of
Charactens. gcad ocean sega eons 111

111. Leaves oval- to oblong-lanceolate, more
or less long acuminate; Jeaf-cells narrow,

prosenchymatous; plants shining........ Homomallium, p. 274
111. Not with characters combined as
AD OV 2 ars a seceneuis fe Spiga ec Saheaneniayca capephealira ase 112

112. Plants very slender, not shining;
leaves usually spreading in all di-
rections, lanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late; cells rhomboidal to long hexa-
gonal, 2 to 4, or rarely 6-8, times

as long as broad...............-.. Amblystegiella, p. 272
112. Leaf-cells prolonged-linear, most-
ly very narrow..........0-.000. 113

113. Leaves erect-spreading or imbricated,
oblong-ovate to nearly circular, obtuse
or apiculate, often very concave; costa
short and double, or none............... -lcrocladium, p, 286
113. Leaves more or less falcate-secund to
circinate, from a mostly narrowed and
somewhat decurrent base, becoming
ovate- to triangular-or cordate-lanceo-
late, more or less slenderly acuminate;
costa weak and reaching above the
middle, or rarely even excurrent......... Drepanocladus, p. 280
114. Paraphyllia numerous; leaves more
or less erect, from abruptly to ;
gradually acuminate, mostly plicate. Hylocomiuin, p. 298
114. Paraphyllia none or very few...115
115. Stem-leaves more or less squarrose-
spreading to secund, acuminate....... 117
115. Stem-leaves more or less crowded, im-
bricate, but with more or less spreading
Of S€CUTd TIPS nici secrecy eyene cies we 116
116. Stem-leaves turgidly imbricate and
secund, rugose, narrowly lanceolate-
acuminate from a broadly oblong
base, glossy; apex distinctly serrate;
cilia two; annulus present......... Rhytidium, p. 297
116. Stem-leaves close or loosely im-
bricate, not secund, broadly ovate
117.

117.

119.

119.

121.
121.

123.

123.

OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 21

or rounded with an obtuse apex,
olive or grayish-green, apex faintly
crenulate; cilia three; annulus none.
Alar cells not at all or but very little
differentiated; plants distantly and _ ir-
regularly pinnate; leaves squarrose or
spreading-secund ....... ccc cece e cence aes
Alar cells distinctly differentiated; plants
closely pinnate; leaves circinate-secund..
118. Plants large, to 15 cm., closely and
regularly pinnate; leaves linear-
acuminate from a broadly ovate
base, stem-leaves plicate, falcate-
secund; cilia 3 or 4.............4.
118. Plants large to quite slender, simple
or pinnate, mostly irregularly
pinnate; leaves ovate-to cordate-
lanceolate, shortly to slenderly acu-
minate, generally circinate-secund
IT, TWO SETIOS. cn. cee cere deranged nes
Leaf-cells very narrowly prosenchyma-
tous, alar cells mostly not differentiated;
leaves oblong to linear, short pointed, or
ovate- to linear-lanceolate, acute to
long acuminate or piliferous.............
Leaf-cells not so narrow, alar cells
broader, hyaline and thin-walled; leaves
broadly lanceolate to oval, more or less
lone AcHIMINALE. access sacesea Ramee Hees

Hypnum, p. 302

Rhytidiadelphus, p. 295
Ctenidium, p. 294

Prilium, p. 303

Stereodon, p. 304

Isopterygium, p. 316

Plagiothecium, p. 321

BRACHYTHECIACEAE (120-126)

120. Capsule practically erect and sym-
metric; seta papillose; inner peris-
tome much shorter than the outer..

120. Capsule generally inclined or hori-
zontal, unsymmetric; peristomes of
equal length oissicscraceenesy es 121

Leaves with several deep sulcations......

Leaves smooth or but shallowly sul-

CACY vecciessconiahnrdsa scelevayisnes® a Segacusnas a Saaaasayis Voereesis 122

122. Operculum conic, sometimes rost-
rate; alar cells differentiated......

122. Operculum long rostrate; alar cells
few or not differentiated........123

Autoicous; branches and leaves often

complanate, leaves mostly only slightly

concave, never sulcate, ovate to ovate—
lanceolate, more or less long acuminate:
costa rarely ending in a spine on the back
of the leaf; cells narrow, smooth; seta

STOO tN carck eos tes ot oe ewissepeust andes

Dioicous; seta generally papillose; costa

sometimes ending in a spine on the back

Gf the leat oceans an dataued saundne ie ease 124

124. Leaves very concave, not at all or
but weakly plicate, ovate to oblong,
more or less abruptly acuminate or
piliferous; costa not ending in a
spine; cells narrow and smooth...

Homalotheciella, p. 330

Camptotheciuin, p. 331

Brachytheciuit, p. 332

Rhynchostegium, p. 354

Cirriphylluin, p. 345
22

125.

125.

127.
127.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

124. Not with the characters combined

BS! AD OVE! Kaine sea GM eles eremee RO sacs 125
Stem and branch-leaves plea dissimilar,
stem-leaves ovate-to triangular-cordate
or rounded triangular-oval, obtuse to
somewhat acuminate; costa often ending
in a spine; leaf-cells very narrow and
SMOOEN. x seer isie dard ¢ pe mageareceaquies gek oc 126
Stem-leaves more or less concave, ir-
regularly plicate; cells elongated-rhom-
boid to elongated-hexagonal; branch-
leaves rough on the back by papillae or
tooth-like projecting cell-angles; seta
VELy TOUBL: 2 mane bnaen vie eeedinten eye
126. Leaves not or very little concave,

never plicate; seta mostly rough...
126. Leaves more or less concave, most-

ly distinctly plicate; seta mostly

SMmO0th .sstececseadess see es cue es
Mostly not aquatic, sometimes submerged but
Vet; MOAN, acc c ase gaa savas oinateieunise eae ecws
Aquatic, flitorm, and floating.-...........

Bryhnia, p. 352

Oxyrhynchium, p. 347

Eurhynchium, p. 350

Fissidens, p. 79
Octodiceras, p. 86
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 23.

Order I. SPHAGNALES. Peat Mosses.

Characteristic peat mosses, in bogs, usually either in water
or water-soaked, monoicous or dioicous, deeply cespitose, the
tufts constantly growing upwards at the same time that the
plants are dying from below and often thus giving rise to deep
beds of peat, the tufts light grayish-green or sometimes yel-
lowish, often more or less tinted with red above: stems with-
out rhizoids, usually composed of an outer cuticular sheath
consisting of one to three or four layers of large lax cells, an
intermediate wood cylinder composed of prosenchymatous
cells with usually thickened walls, and a central pith of lax
parenchymatous cells; branches symmetrically fascicled,
usually partly divergently spreading and partly slender and
appressed-pendent; leaves ecostate, unistratose, composed of
large, hyaline, more or less elliptic cells with usually per-
forated and spirally thickened (fibrillose) walls and separated
by narrow chlorophyllose cells which meet at their ends to
form a continuous network throughout the leaf; stem-leaves
usually different in form from the branch-leaves, remote, often
lacking entirely the pores and spiral fibrils, while the branch-
leaves are usually porose, fibrillose, and more or less densely
imbricated ; seta none but the capsule is borne upon an out-
growth from the gametophyte termed a pseudopodium; an-
theridial flowers usually at the apex of specialized branches
of the capitulum, the antheridia being pedicillate, globose, and
solitary at the base of the bracts; the archegonial flowers
gemmiform, axillary in one of the upper fascicles, only one
of the three or four archegonia developing, as a rule: capsule
globose, castaneous, with a convex operculum, without annulus
or peristome; calyptra irregularly lacerate; spores developed
from the amphithecium, the columella from the endothecium.

This order is a peculiar one comprising but one family
(Sphagnaceae) which contains but the one genus (Sphagnum)
with about 250 known species. The Sphagnums are cos-
mopolitan in suitable habitats but are most abundant in the
cooler temperate regions of Europe and North America, in
both of these countries often forming bogs of large areas. In
North America there are known about 75 species, at least 20
of these occurring in our range.

I. SPHAGNUM [Dillenius] Hedwig.
Analytical Key to the Species.

a. Cuticular cells of the stem and usually also of the divergent
branches porose and spirally fibrose; branch-leaves with a hyaline
entire border, concave, cucullate, obtuse but hardly truncate.

b (Cymbifolia).
a. Cuticular cells of the stem and divergent branches not porose nor
24

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

fibrillose; branch-leaves usually truncate and toothed or fringed,

rarely acute. e.

b. Chlorophyllose cells of leaves exposed either dorsally or ven-
trally, or both. c.

b. Chlorophyllose cells, as seen in cross-section, centrally placed
and enclosed by the hyaline cells both dorsally and ven-
trally. 4. S. medium.

Lateral walls of the chlorophyllose cells with fibrillose thicken-

ings on the surfaces facing into the hyaline cells.

1. S. imbricatum.

Lateral walls of the chlorophyllose cells smooth.

d. Chlorophyllose cells very broadly triangular or triangularly
trapezoidal with the broader face ventral.
2. S. affine.
d. Chlorophyllose cells narrowly triangular or trapezoidal, not
over one-half as wide as long, usually less.
3. S. latifolium.
Chlorophyllose cells triangular or trapezoidal in cross-section with
one or both faces free. f.

Chlorophyllose cells elliptical, or more or less barrel-shaped or
rectangular, but not triangular nor trapezoidal.

m.

f. Face of chlorophyltose cells free on the ventral surface; hya-
line cells dorsally strongly convex, the interior cell-walls ad-
joining the chlorophyllose cells smooth,

g. (Acutifolia).

f. Face of chlorophyllose cells dorsally free; hyaline cells ven-

trally strongly convex, the interior walls smooth or papillose.

Stem-leaves erose- or lacerate-fimbriate at the broadly rounded
apex, non-fibrillose. 10. S. fimbriatum.
Stem-leaves not fimbriate but truncate or toothed at the apex,
non-fibrillose. h.
h. Stem-leaves lingulate; plants usually reddish.

11. S. warnstorfi,
h. Stem-leaves more or less equilaterally triangular or triangu-

lar-lingulate. i. ;

Branch-leaves 5-seriate, when dry not lustrous.

12. S. quinquefarium.
Branch-leaves not 5-seriate, when dry sometimes lustrous.

j.
j. Stem-leaves usually non-fibrillose and non-porose; branch-

leaves usually lustrous when dry. 13. S. subnitens.
j. Stem-leaves usually fibrillose and porose; branch-leaves not
glossy when dry. 14. S. capillifolium.

Hyaline cells of median dorsal leaf-surface of branch-leaves with
about 5 very large pores, pores smaller towards the leaf-apex;
chlorophyllose cells with the exterior walls strongly thickened.

. (Squarrosa).
Hyaline cells with pores on median dorsal leaf-surface none or
very few; chlorophyllose cells with exterior walls not strongly
thickened. s. (Cuspidata).
l. Branch-leaves mostly squarrose in apical half of leaf.

6. S. squarrosum.
1. Branch-leaves slightly or not at all squarrose.

7. S. teres.
Hyaline cells of stem-leaves non-fibrillose; chlorophyllose cells
of branch-leaves enclosed on both surfaces, the lumen sub-central,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 25

elliptic; branch-leaves squarrose in their apical half.
. . S. compactum.

m. Hyaline cells of stem-leaves fibrillose; chlorophyllose cells of
branch-leaves free on both surfaces; branch-leaves usually sub-
secund. n. (Subsecunda).

n. Cuticular sheath of stem 2-3-stratose.
oO.
n, Cuticular sheath of stem l-stratose.  p.
o. Stem-leaves small, not over 1 mm. long, fibrillose only towards
apex; branch-leaves secund. 15. S. laricinum.
o. Stem-leaves large, 1.5-2.0 mm. long, fibrillose to base or nearly
so; branch-leaves not secund. 16. S. platyphyllum.
p. Stem-leaves with hyaline border strongly widened below,
fibrils none or only in upper cells. 18. S. subsecundum.
p. Stem-leaves with uniformly hyaline border, fibrils more
numerous. q.
q. Stem-leaves strongly auriculate, large, 1.5-2.0 mm. long, fibrillose
in upper two-thirds, at least, and at the base.
17. S. gravetit.
q. Stem-leaves non-auriculate or but slightly auriculate, usually of
medium size, fibrillose in about upper two-thirds.

ti
r. Stem-leaves about 1-1.5 mm. long, with septate hyaline cells
and fibrillose in upper half. 19, S. inundatum.
r. Stem-leaves about 1.3-1.5 (-2) mm. long, very little septate,
fibrillose in upper two-thirds or to middle.
: 20. S. pungens.

s. Branch-leaves about 1-2 mm. long, strongly undulate and with
recurved tips when dry; dorsal pores of upper hyaline cells re-
stricted to cell-angles. 8 S. recurvum.

s. Branch-leaves when dry weakly undulate, scarcely recurved, about
1 mm. long, the upper hyaline cells with pores both in the cell-
angles and along the sides. 9. S. parvifolium.

1. Sphagnum imbricatum (Hornschuch) Russow.
(S. austini Sullivant).
(Plate I)

This species occurs in bogs and wet moors in Europe and
Asia and in North America from Labrador to Alaska and south
to Louisiana. In our region it is represented by the following
variety. The typical form, as compared with the following
variety, has usually more yellowish or brownish denser tufts
with the shorter comal branches more erect and the divergent
branches more densely-leaved and more ascending; while the
hyaline cells of the stem-leaves are only sparsely comb-fibril--
lose on the inside face of the lateral walls; otherwise the char-
acters of variety and species are identical:

a, Sphagnum imbricatum variety sublaeve Warnstorf.

(S. austint var. glaucuim f. squarrosuliim Roell).
Rather densely cespitose, large, usually more or less
glaucous-green, grayish or yellowish below; stems rather
stout, with us about 4-8 cm. long, the wood-cylinder greenish
or yellowish and surrounded by:a cuticular sheath of usually
26 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

four layers of thin-walled, large, fibrillose, and porose cells,
the innermost largest; stem-leaves about 1-1.8 mm. long,
widely and bluntly lingulate, somewhat concave, the upper
half rounded and with an erose-fimbriate margin, the base
more or less auriculate; hyaline cells of stem-leaves usually
non-fibrillose and non-porose, a few often septate, the upper
median more or less rounded-hexagonal, the basal elongate,
the insertion-cells small and brownish-incrassate; branches
usually four, two or three spreading, tumid, about 1.5 cm.
long, the rather shortly tapering apex pendent, the comal
branches short and more or less erect-spreading, often obtuse,
the pendent branches closely applied to the stem, very slender ;
bianch-leaves 2-3 mm. long, broadly ovate, very concave, the
margins involute, the apex abruptly and bluntly tapering,
cucullate and more or less widely squarrose-spreading; the
hyaline cells of the branch-leaves broad, fibrillose, ventrally
with a few large round median pores, with small pores in the
angles, dorsally with large round or elliptic pores at the cell-
angles, the large pores usually equalling about one-third the
width of the hyaline cell; the basal hyaline cells of the branch-
leaves are distinctly comb-fibrillose on the inner lateral side of
the wall adjoining the chlorophyllose cells; in cross-section
the chlorophyllose cells are widely trapezoidal, the ventral wall
widest and almost or quite as wide as the lateral walls, the
dorsal wall exposed between the highly convex dorsal walls
of the hyaline cells and usually one-third to one-half the width
of the lateral wall; the cuticular sheath of the branches con-
sisting of one layer of rectangular, fibrillose, porose cells: fruit
not seen, but spores of S. imbricatum are stated to be yellowish,
smooth, and about .025 mm. in diameter.

This variety is probably well distributed in regions where
the typical form occurs.

Crawford: Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, May 12,

1908. O. E. J. (Figured.)
Mercer : Near Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. A. S.

2. Sphagnum affine Renauld and Cardot.
(S. imbricatum var. affine Warnstorf.)

(Plate I)

Densely cespitose, usually bluish or glaucous-green above
and more or less yellowish below: stems robust, sometimes as
much as a decimeter in length, usually much less, densely
branched; cuticular sheath distinct, three-layered, the inner
layer with the largest cells, the outer cells usually densely
spirally fibrillose and 2-6-pored; stem-leaves large, 1.6-2.2
mm. long, about two-thirds as wide, widely spatulate, the
rounded upper half somewhat concave, erose-fimbriate ; hyaline
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 27

cells of stem-leaves usually weakly fibrillose in their upper
half, porose dorsally, the hyaline cells below non-fibrillose,
the pores large and few; branches usually 4, one or two of
these very slender, pendent and rather closely appressed to the
stem, the divergent ones horizontally spreading, with drooping
tips, rather swollen below, tapering towards the apex, the
branches often 2 cm. long; branch-leaves 2-3 mm. long,
broadly ovate, bluntly and cucullately short-pointed, the whole
leaf very concave and with more or less involute margins,
the apex dorsally scabrous by the erosion of the outer cell-
walls; hyaline cells of the branch-leaves rather wide, spirally
fibrillose on both sides, with large well-defined pores of one-
third to one-half the cell-width and confined mainly to the
cell-angles; chlorophyllose cells in cross-section widely trape-
zoidal, the wider face being ventrally exposed and more than
or at least half of the width (dorsal-ventral) of the smooth
lateral walls, the dorsal face exposed and rather wide; the
cuticular cells of the branches porose and densely fibrillose:
fruit not seen.

In bogs and swampy borders of ponds and streams.
Europe and in North America from Canada to Florida. Quite
common in our region but mostly referred in the past to
S. cymbifoliunne.

Beaver : Bog 1 mile north of New Galilee, Sep-
tember 10, 1906. O. E. J.
Center : In Rhododendron thicket along headwa-

ters of Laurel Run, Tusseys Mt., July 15,
1909, and in open bog, Bear Meadows,
September 21, 1909. (Figured.) O. E. J.

Clearfield : Boggy woods, a few miles north of
Cherry Tree, July 12, 1908. O. E. J.
Crawford : In Tamarack bog near Linesville, May 12,

1908. O. E. J.; Bog near Mud Lake,
Hartstown, May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J.

and G. K. J.

Jefferson : Miss Kate Stoy.

Lycoming : Bog near Williamsport, July 16, 1908.
O. E. J.

Mercer : Near Houston Junction, July 12, 1902.
jJ. A. S.

Westmoreland: Along small shaded stream, on Laurel
Hill Mts., Mellon’s estate, New Florence,

September 8-11, 1907. O. E. J.
2a. Sphagnum affine forma squarrosula Warnstorf is a
strong growing form with the upper half of the leaves of the
branches when dry strongly squarrose. All gradations be-
tween the typical form and the squarrose form are to be found
28 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

in our region. A packet of specimens quite characteristically
ef the squarrose form is as follows:
Cambria: On boggy plateau near St. Lawrence, July 24,
1908. O. E. J.

(Mixed with S. recurcviim Schwaegrichen).

3. Sphagnum latifolium Hedwig.
(S. palustre Linneus; S. cymbifoliuim Ehrhart).
(Plate I)

Densely cespitose, usually robust, bluish or glaucous-
green to yellowish: stems rather stout, usually 8-10 cm. long,
sometimes 2-3 dm. long, the cuticular sheath composed of
34 layers of inflated cells, the innermost of which are the
largest, the outer layer being rectangular, fibrillose and porose,
the wood-cylinder being usually yellowish or brownish; stem-
leaves large, about 2 mm. long and 1.25 mm. broad, sometimes
3 mm. long, spatulate-lingulate, the broadly rounded apex
somewhat erose-fimbriate, below narrowly hyaline-bordered,
the insertion composed of brownish and incrassate cells; lower
hyaline cells of stem-leaves sometimes septate, non-porose,
non-fibrillose, those of the upper one-half or two-thirds of the
leaf fibrillose and porose as are the branch-leaves also, towards
the apex the hyaline cells much broader relatively, often as
broad as long; branches in different plants variable, 1-2.5
cm. long, more or less turgid below, acutely tapering at the
apex, usually two spreading with drooping tips and two
pendent and closely appressed to the stem, the comal short,
ascending, more or less blunt; the branches in cross-section
showing a layer of inflated cuticular cells which are rectangu-
lar, porose, and fibrillose; branch-leaves usually about 2 mm.
long, sometimes 3 mm., widely ovate, very concave, the mar-
gins involute, the apex abruptly and bluntly tapering, cucul-
late, at back somewhat scabrous with the erosion of the outer
cell-walls, when dry the leaves being more or less closely
imbricate; hyaline cells of branch-leaves broad, fibrillose,
ventrally porose with large lateral pores mainly confined to
the cell-angles, the pores often equalling one-third the width
of the cell, dorsally the pores somewhat smaller and more
elliptic and lateral, mostly in the cell-angles; in cross-section
the chlorophyllose cells are narrowly barrel-shaped or some-
what trapezoidal, exposed on both faces, being ventrally nearly
flush with the ventral surface of the hyaline cells but the latter
dorsally very convex and projecting much beyond the chloro-
phyllose cells, the lateral walls of the chlorophyllose cells
smooth; pericheetial leaves very large, broadly oval, cucullate,
lryaline-bordered, rounded obtuse at apex: capsule at maturity
considerably exserted above the comal tuft; spores yellow,
.028-.033 mm., mature in mid-summer.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 29

In bogs, margins of quiet rivers and lakes, wet places in
woods, etc.; a cosmopolitan, occurring in North America from
Labrador and Alaska south to British Columbia and Florida.
In our region not uncommon.

Allegheny : Vicinity of Pittsburgh, 1902. Otto Hatry.

Crawford : Bog near Mud Lake, Hartstown, May 29-31,

1909, O. E. J. and G. K. J.
Erie : Eastern end of Cranberry Pond, Presque Isle,
May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.

3a. Sphagnum latifolium variety squarrosulum (Nees and

Hornschuch) New Combination.
(S. cymbifoliuin var. squarrosulum Nees and Hornschuch).

As compared with the typical species this variety has
usually a darker or more bluish-green color; the leaves have a
more abruptly narrowed apex, the apical third of the leaf es-
pecially in the comal branches being rather abruptly squar-
rulose.

Probably with a world-wide distribution with the typical
form but in our region more common and apparently more
partial to less decidedly boggy situations.

Beaver : Bog one mile north of New Galilee, June 22,
1908. O. E. J.

Blair : Rhododendron Park, Lloydsville, October 19,
1901. J. ALS.

Center : Headwaters of Laurel Run, Tussey’s Mt.,

near Shingletown, July 15, 1909. O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, August
19, 1904. O. E. J. (Fruiting specimens).

Fayette : Near Falls in crevices of rock-bed of river,
Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and
G. K. J. (Figured).
Indiana : Boggy banks of Cush Cushing Creek, near
, Cherry Tree, July 12, 1908. O. E. J.
Snyder : Bog near Richfield, July 17, 1908. O. E. J.
3b. Sphagnum latifolium variety brachycladum (Schliephacke)
New Combination.

(S. cymbifolium var. virescens forma brachyclada Schlph.).

Bluish-green or glaucous, yellowish below ; branches short
and closely placed along a short stem, giving the plant a con-
gested appearance; leaves rather loosely imbricated and at
their tips slightly squarrulose.

Center : In bog at Scotia, in the Barrens,” September 22,
1909. O.E.J.
30 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

4, Sphagnum medium Limpricht.

(S. cymbifoliwm var. compactunt Russow; S. compactum Bridel).
(Plate IT)

Deeply cespitose up to 8-10 cm., gray-green to bluish-
green, rose-red to purple-red above, brownish or somewhat
bleached below; stems rather densely branched, the cuticular
sheath consisting of 3-5 layers, distinct, the outer cells small-
est, porose and weakly fibrillose, the wood-cylinder castaneous
to rose-red, thick-walled; stem-leaves about 1.5 mm. long,
(1-2. mm.), broadly  lingulate-spatulate, the upper
margins and the broadly rounded apex _ fimbri-
ate; the upper hyaline cells of the  stem-leaves
usually  fibrillose and dorsally porose; branches usual-
ly short, two slender and appressed to the stem, pendent,
and two horizontally spreading or somewhat up-curved, thick-
fusiform, the comal and upper more or less obtuse, the lower
short-pointed; cuticular cells of branches densely fibrillose,
porose; branch-leaves usually densely but sometimes loosely
imbricated, 1.5-2.0 mm. long, broadly ovate, very concave,
cucullate, the apex dorsally rough by erosion of the cell-.valls,
the margin consisting of one or two very narrow cells which
are often eroded away and the edge left more or less dentate;
hyaline cells of the branch-leaves rather densely fibrillose,
dorsally with a few rather large pores tisually confined to the
cell-angles ; chlorophyllose cells in cross-section small, elliptic,
central, enclosed deeply on both sides by the hyaline cells, the
lateral walls smooth: capsule considerably exserted; spores
stated to be .024-.028 mm., somewhat rust-colored, finely
punctulate.

In bogs, etc. Almost cosmopolitan; in North America oc-
curring from Newfoundland to Alaska south to British Co-
lumbia and Florida.

Center : In a sink-hole pond in the Barrens, near Scotia,

July 17 and September 22, 1909. O: E. J.
(Figured).

5. Sphagnum compactum [Roth] Schwaegrichen.
(Plate IT)

Densely cespitose, gray-green or glaucous-green, some-
times brownish above, below whitish or grayish-brown, com-
pactly and closely short-branched: stems stout, low, in ours
4-8 cm. high, with a cuticular sheath of usually 3 layers of
cells, the outermost cells largest, non-fibrillose, the wood-
cylinder decidedly castaneous or sometimes yellowish; stem-
leaves very small, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, broadly to equilaterally
triangular-lingulate, the apex concave and broadly rounded or
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 31

truncate, erose-dentate, the margins rather widely hyaline-
bordered; hyaline cells of stem-leaves broadly rhomboidal,
non-porose, non-fibrillose; branches short, usually not over 1
cm. long, 3 or 4 to a fascicle, one or two thick, horizontally
spreading or somewhat upcurved, the others slender and ap-
pressed-pendent; branch-leaves when dry with the upper half
of the leaf more or less squarrose-spreading, large, 2-3 mm.
long, ovate, concave, the margins narrowly bordered, the upper
margins involute and often slightly erose-ciliate or erose-den-
tate, the apex erose-dentate and cucullate; hyaline cells of
branch-leaves rather broadly rhomboidal, fibrillose, dorsally
with several large, round pores irregularly scattered and also
in the cell-angles, the pores about two-fifths as wide as the
cell, sometimes a few oval and lateral, ventrally the pores
small, oval, and located in the cell-angles ; in cross-section the
chlorophyllose cells are elliptic, enclosed both dorsally and ven-
trally by the moderately convex hyaline cells; cuticular cells
of the branches large, short-rectangular, with one large apical
pore: fruit not seen.

In bogs and wet woods, widely distributed in the North-
ern Hemisphere, in North America occurring from the Arctic
regions south to the northern part of the United States. Rare
it our region.

Center: Margin of bog under Pinus rigida, “Barrens,” near

Scotia, September 22, 1909. O. E. J. (Figured).

6. Sphagnum squarrosum [Persoon] Schwaegrichen.

GS. teres var. squarrosum Warnstorf; S. crassisetwm Bridel).

Loosely cespitose, bluish- to yellow-green: stems long,
loosely branched, with wood-cylinder hyaline to greenish or
yellowish, cuticular sheath distinctly 2-3-layered ; stem-leaves
broadly oblong-lingulate, the apex broadly rounded and erose-
fimbriate, the leaves very narrowly bordered, slightly auricu-
late, non-fibrillose, the hyaline cells above short and broad;
branches 4 or 5, two or three tumid, horizontal, the leaves on
the lower two-thirds of the divergent branches with squarrose
tips; branch-leaves ovate-lanceolate, very concave, the apex
acuminate with involute margins, margins narrowly hyaline-
bordered; hyaline cells of branch-leaves richly fibrillose, on
both sides with numerous large round pores of about one-half
the width of the cell; in cross-section the chlorophyllose cells
free on both surfaces, narrowly rectangular to trapezoidal,
when trapezoidal with the wider face dorsal, the faces thick-
walled, the lumen more or less elliptic, the hyaline cells strong-
ly dorsally convex: spores yellowish and finely roughened,
about .022—.025 mm. in diameter.

In usually shaded locations in swamps, boggy springs,
along woodland streams, etc., in Europe, and, in North
32 A MANUAL OF . MOSSES

America, from the Arctic regions to the northern part of the
United States. In our region reported in Porter’s Catalogue
as follows:
Cambria : T.C. Porter, (Porter’s Catalogue).
Huntingdon: T.C. Porter, (Porter’s Catalogue).

7. Sphagnum teres (Schimper) Aongstroem.

(S. squarrosuim var. teres Schimper; S. porosum Lindberg).
This species is represented in our region by a plant per-
haps best regarded as the following variety, which differs from
the typical form of the species mainly in having the divergent
branches more or less squarrose rather than distinctly terete:

7a. Sphagnum teres variety subteres Lindberg.

(S. teres var. subsquarrosum Warnstorf).
(Plate IT)

Weakly and loosely but quite deeply cespitose, yellowish-
green to distinctly yellowish: stems up to 15 or even 20 cm.
long, slender, the cuticular sheath usually three-layered, the
outer cells perhaps a little the largest, non-fibrillose, usually
not distinctly porose, the wood-cylinder strong, yellowish or
rarely castaneous; stem-leaves large, about 1.5 mm. long,
broadly lingulate, the margin narrowly hyaline-bordered, the
broadly rounded to somewhat truncate apex erose-dentate, the
base often slightly auriculate; hyaline cells of stem-leaves non-
fibrillose, non-porose, in the lateral portions of the basal half
of the leaf often septate, the upper hyaline cells about as broad
as long; branches 3 to 5 to a fascicle, usually two appressed-
pendent and very slender, the others widely divergent but
somewhat recurved, rather slender, about 1-1.5 cm. long;
branch-leaves when dry imbricate but with the apical half of
some of them squarrose, the leaves usually 1.5 mm. long, ovate,
concave, the narrowly hyaline-bordered margin involute to-
wards the apex; hyaline cells of branch-leaves short, wide,
both ventrally and dorsally fibrillose, and with a few large
round pores about half as wide as the cell and usually located
in the cell-angles; in cross-section the chlorophyllose cells in
the apical third of the leaf trapezoidal to barrel-shaped and ex-
posed both dorsally and ventrally, wider on the dorsal face, to-
wards the base of the leaf sometimes triangular and exposed
enly dorsally; cuticular cells of branches rectangular and
apically porose: spores not seen but said to be brownish, papil-
lose, and about .025 mm. in diameter.

In bogs, wooded swamps, etc., in Europe and, in North
America, in Canada and the northern United States, probably
distributed widely with the type form. In our region known
only as follows:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 33

Crawford: In tamarack bog one and one-half miles south-
east of Linesville, June 7, 1904, (Figured) and
June 12, 1905. O. E. J.

8. Sphagnum recurvum Beauvois.
(S. intermediun Hoffman; S. apiculatiin Lindberg).
(Plate IT)

Loosely but deeply tufted, pale green to greenish- or
whitish-yellow: stem light green, slender, long, in our region
often up to 3 dm. long, the cuticular sheath rather indistinct
and consisting of 3 or 4 layers of small or medium-sized rather
thick-walled cells; stem-leaves small, about 0.5—0.8(-1.0)
mm. long, equilaterally triangular to ovate-triangular, obtuse
and slightly erose-denticulate; hyaline cells of stem-leaves
rather small, mostly non-fibrillose and non-porose, towards the
base on each side of the leaf more or less septate and narrowing
to form a very wide border, which abruptly narrows above but
reaches almost to the apex; branches usually 4, two very
slender and appressed-pendent, two somewhat larger and ir-
regularly spreading; cuticular cells of the branches elongate-
rectangular, perforate and somewhat recurved at the apex, like
those of the stem non-fibrillose; branch-leaves lance-ovate,
imbricate, in our region ranging from 1-2 mm. long, when
dry, with undulate margins, flexuose and with a recurved apex,
when moist straight and erect-appressed, tapering to a rather
narrowly obtuse apex with two or three teeth, the margin in-
volute above; hyaline cells of branch-leaves fibrillose and
porose, above the middle rather narrow, ventrally usually with
large pores in the cell-angles of about one-third the width of
the cell, dorsally with small end-pores or sometimes a very
few rather distinctly ringed lateral ones; in cross-section the
hyaline cells are ventrally quite convex, the chlorophyllose
cells triangular or rarely trapezoidal, usually exposed only on
the dorsal face; perichetial leaves large, broadly oval, con-
cave, pointed: spores smoothish, yellow, about .025 mm. in
diameter.

A cosmopolitan species occurring in North America from
Newfoundland to Labrador and south to the Gulf States. In
our region quite common but perhaps mainly to be regarded
2s belonging to the following variety:

8a. Sphagnum recurvum variety amblyphyllum (Russow)
Warnstorf.
(S. amblyphylluin Russow).
The variety has the stem-leaves more distinctly spatulate-

triangular, with a more rounded and somewhat erose-denticu-
late apex; the cuticular sheath is less plainly differentiated
34 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

and the cells are more incrassate than in the typical form of
the species. All possible intergradations are represented by
the specimens examined:
Cambria : Boggy plateau near St. Lawrence, July 24.
1908. O. E. J.
Center : In Rhododendron thicket, Bear Meadows, Sep-
tember 21, 1909, and bogs in “Barrens” near
Scotia, July 17, and September 22, 1909. O.
E

Crawford: Around Mud Lake, Hartstown, May 29-31,
1910. O. E. J.and G. K.J. (Figured).

Indiana : Along margin of stream near Cherry Tree,
July 11, 1908. O. E. J.

Jefferson : Kate Stoy.

Mercer : Bog, Half-moon Swamp, June 12, 1906. O. E. J.

9. Sphagnum parvifolium (Sendtner) Warnstorf.

(S. angustifolium Jensen; S. brevifolium Roell; S. recurvum var.
parvifolium Warnstorf£; S. amblyphyllum var. parvifolinm
Warnstorf).

(Plate ITT)

Softly and loosely cespitose, yellowish- to grayish-green,
or brownish above: stems slender, usually at least 10-12 cm.
high, the wood-cylinder yellowish and without any distinctly
differentiated cuticular sheath: stem-leaves small, usually
0.5-0.7 mm. long, equilaterally triangular to somewhat tri-
angular-lingulate, the apex rounded or somewhat truncate,
erose-dentate, the hyaline border narrow above and very wide
below; hyaline cells of stem-leaves non-fibrillose, non-porose,
a few septate towards the base on each side of the median
region; branches 3-5, two being slender and appressed-pen-
dent, two or three short, 5-9 mm. long, divergent, recurved
at the tips; branch-leaves lance-ovate, about 1 mm. long, con-
cave, the uniformly narrowly hyaline-bordered margin involute
towards the narrowed, slightly truncate-erose apex, leaves
when dry more or less undulate, loosely imbricate, with widely
spreading or recurved tips; hyaline cells of branch-leaves
narrow, fibrillose, ventrally with rounded medium-sized pores
in the cell-angles, dorsally with rather smaller round pores in
the cell-angles or sometimes also in rows laterally; in cross-
section the chlorophyllose cells triangular and only dorsally
exposed, or more usually trapezoidal and free on both faces,
the dorsal face wider, the hyaline cells more convex ventrally:
fruit not seen.

In bogs, swamps, etc., probably widely distributed. In
North America known from Connecticut and New Jersey to

Washington State. In our region known from one locality
only:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 35

Blair : Springy mountain slope, Rhododendron Park,
Lloydsville, October 18,1901. J. A.S. (Figured).

10. Sphagnum fimbriatum Wilson.
(Sphagnum subulatuim Bruch).

(Plate III)

Loosely cespitose, grayish-green to yellowish-brown:
stems rather slender, usually 4-5 cm. high, sometimes much
longer, in cross-section showing a cuticular sheath of 2-3
layers of cells, the cells of the outer layer largest and porose;
stem-leaves very widely obovate-spatulate, about 0.7-1.0 mm.
long, wider above up to 0.6-0.8 mm., the upper half broadly
rounded and erose-fimbriate ; hyaline cells of stem-leaves non-
fibrose, non-porose, very wide above the middle of the leaf,
towards the base often one- to several-septate, the hyaline
border towards the base widening to about one-third the width
of the leaf on each side; fasciculate branches 3 or 4, usually
two slender, arcuate, and decurved, and up to 2.5 cm. long, the
other one or two pendent, rather closely appressed to the stem,
filiform; branch-leaves closely imbricated, shortly ovate-
lanceolate below to slenderly lanceolate above, concave, the
upper margin incurved, the apex narrowly truncate and
dentate; hyaline cells rather small with four to six fibrils,
ventrally with a few round pores which are often almost as
wide as the cell, dorsally with more numerous lateral pores
above one-third as wide as the cell; in cross-section the
chlorophyllose cells trapezoidal, free on both surfaces, the inner
surface widest, the hyaline cells extending convexly consider-
ably beyond them on the dorsal face; cuticular cells of branches
without distinct necks; perichztial leaves large, obtusely
ovate: spores stated to be smooth, yellowish-brown, about
.025-.030 mm. in diameter.

Usually in low-lying bogs and marshes, or along the bor-
ders of streams, Europe, Asia, South America, and, in North
America, from the Arctic regions through Canada to the north-
ern part of the United States. Apparently rare in our region.

Crawford: Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, June 7,

1904. O. E. J. (Figured).
11. Sphagnum warnstorfii Russow.
(S. acutifolium var. gracile Russow).

In swampy meadows, margins of bogs, etc., in Europe
and, in North America, from Newfoundland to Pennsylvania
and westward to the Pacific States. The species varies from
bright green to yellowish or from red to purplish. Only the
green variety has thus far been found in our region, its char-
acters being as follows:
36 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

ila. Sphagnum warnstorfii variety virescens Russow.
(Plate IIT)

Rather densely cespitose, bright green above, bleached or
yellowish below: stems in our specimens from about 3-12
cm. high, the wood-cylinder green to red and surrounded by
a cuticular sheath of three layers of inflated cells, the middle
cells usually being the largest; stem-leaves about 1 mm. long,
broadly lingulate, not auriculate, rather abruptly rounded to
a narrowly erose-dentate somewhat concave apex, the margin
very broadly hyaline-bordered below but abruptly narrowing
above and continuing rather narrow to the apex; hyaline cells
in upper half of stem-leaf broad, many of them once (or twice)
septate, in the lower half of leaf the hyaline cells broad only
in a narrow median strip flanked on both sides by narrow
elongate cells, usually all hyaline cells of stem-leaf non-
fibrillose and non-porose; fasciculate branches usually +, two
very slender and closely appressed-pendent, and two hori-
zontally divergent, rather slender, somewhat recurved, about
1-1.5 cm. long, the comal branches short, obtuse, ascending
to erect; branch-leaves rather indistinctly five-ranked, when
dry with more or less spreading tips, ovate-lanceolate, con-
cave, 1.5-2.0 mm, long, the margins uniformly narrowly hya-
line-bordered and involute to the quite narrowly acuminate
and truncate-erose apex; hyaline cells of branch-leaves richly
fibrillose, ventrally with one or two large round median pores
of one-half to two-thirds the width of the cell, these pores
usually more numerous towards the margin of the leaf,
dorsally with quite numerous, small, elliptic, ringed pores in
the angles and along the sides of the cell; in cross-section the
chlorophyllose cells narrowly trapezoidal with the ventral face
wider, both faces usually free, sometimes enclosed dorsally,
the hyaline cells being dorsally quite convex; the cuticular
sheath of branches with long rectangular cells with indistinct
necks and apical pores: spores for the species stated to be dark
yellow, minutely roughened, and about .025-030 mm. in
diameter.

In our region known only from one locality. as follows:

Mercer : Near Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. ALS.

(Figured).
12. Sphagnum quinquefarium (Lindberg) \Warnstorf.

(Sphagnum acutifoliin var. quinguefariuin Lindberg).

( Plate III)

Pale green or yellowish-green, mostly more or less rose-
tinted above, but in our region not rose-tinted so far as yet
known, deeply and densely cespitose: stems up to 10 cm.,,
often forking, densely fasciculately branched, in cross-section
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 37

showing a yellowish or pale wood-cylinder, the cuticular sheath
composed of 3 or 4 layers of large cells; stem-leaves lingulate-
triangular from a wide slightly auriculate base, rather large,
about 1.2-1.8 mm. long by about three-fifths as wide, rounded
above to a narrowly erose-truncate apex, the margins narrowly
hyaline-bordered and somewhat involute towards the apex,
towards the base widely bordered; hyaline cells of stem-leaves
in median basal portion and towards the apex widely rhom-
boid, in the upper half of the leaf septate, usually faintly fibril-
lose and occasionally porose, in the lateral basal portion
septate, rapidly becoming very narrow outwards and merging
there into the broad hyaline border; branches usually 4 or 5
in a fascicle, usually 2 or 3 widely divergent, the comal short,
dense, and widely ascending to erect; branch-leaves oval to
ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, concave, with involute narrowly
hyaline-bordered margins, above quickly narrowed to a rather
broad dentate-truncate apex; hyaline cells of branch-leaves
large, fibrillose, below ventrally with a few small rounded pores
in the cell-angles, the median lateral cells with a few larger in-
distinct pores, dorsally above with characteristic more or less
elliptic pores of about one-third the width of the cell and
situated in the cell-angles or along the sides; in cross-section
the chlorophyllose cells rather broadly triangular, ventrally
free but dorsally enclosed between the highly convex hyaline
cells; cuticular cells of branches large, inflated, with a distinct
neck and apical pore: spores stated to be smooth, yellowish,
and about .021-.025 mm. in diameter.

In bogs, etc., in Europe and, in North America, from New-
foundland to New England and south along the mountains to
the Carolinas. Rare in our region.

Clinton: Along Hyner’s Run above Hyner, July 14, 1908.

O. E. J. (Figured).

13. Sphagnum plumulosum Roell, \Warnstorf.

(S. subnitens Russow and Warnstorf; S. aeutifolium var. sub-
uitens Dixon).

(Plate IV)

Densely cespitose, pale to grass-green, usually reddish to
violet above: stem in typical specimens 10-15 em. high, but
in our region usually about 6-8 cm. high, the wood-cylinder
green to red, the cuticular sheath distinct, 2-4-layered, with
the outer cells largest: stem-leaves large, 1-1.5 mm. long,
broadly triangular lingulate, the apex erose-truncate and
toothed, the hyaline border of margin narrow above, very wide
helow; hyaline-cells of stem-leaves broadly rhomboidal to-
wards the apex and in median basal portion of leaf, towards
lateral basal portions rapidly much narrower and septate, all
non-fibrillose and non-porose; branches 3-5 in a fascicle,
38 A MANUAL OF “iOSSES

usually two of these variously divergent, rather slender, terete,
about 1-1.5 cm. long, the others very slender and appressed-
pendent: branch-leaves ovate, concave, about 1.5 mm. long, the
narrowly hyaline-bordered margin towards the apex involute,
the blade towards the apex gradually narrowed towards an
erose-dentate point, the leaves when dry imbricate with more
or less of a metallic lustre, not distinctly 5-seriate; hyaline
cells of branch-leaves fibrillose, rather broad, ventrally with
usually two or three median, large, round, ringed pores about
one-third to one-half as wide as the cell, occasionally a few
pores also in the cell-angles, dorsally with about 6-10 ellip-
tic pores about one-third as wide as the cell and situated along
the sides and angles of the cell; in cross-section the chlorg-
phyllose cells small and shortly sub-rectangular to triangularly
trapezoidal, situated much nearer the ventral leaf-surface with
the wider ventral face free, the narrower dorsal face free or
enclosed between the dorsally highly convex hyaline cells;
cuticular cells of branches inflated, short, with a distinct neck
and terminal pore: spores stated to be yellow, papillose, about
.025~.030 mm. in diameter.

In bogs, swamps, etc., widely distributed in the cooler
parts of the Northern Hemisphere, in North America occurring
from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. In our region apparently represented only by
the following variety, more properly a form, as follows:

13a. Sphagnum plumulosum variety viride \Warnstorf.
(S. subnitens var. viride Warnstorf).

This form differs from the typical species in that the tufts
are low and entirely green or often bleached out below.

In deep, shaded swamps and bogs within the range of the
type.

Crawford: Shaded boggy margin of Mud Lake, Harts-

town, May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J. and G. K.
J. (Figured).

14. Sphagnum capillifolium | Ehrhart] Hedwig.
(S. acutifolinm [Ehrhart] Russow and Warnstorf).

The typical form of this species has green to pale or vari-
ously reddish to purplish tufts with often short stout stems
and a hyaline to yellowish or reddish wood-cylinder; the other
characters are as described below for the variety wiride, to
which variety our single collection belongs, although in Por-
ter’s Catalogue the species is reported, as follows; under the
name S. acutifolium Ehrhart :

Cambria : Cresson, James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Huntingdon: \Warrior’s Ridge, Porter. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 39

l4a. Sphagnum capillifolium variety viride (\Warnstorf) New
Combination.
(S. acutifoiium var. viride Warnstorf).
(Plate IV)

Rather densely cespitose, low, yellowish above, greenish
te yellowish-green below, lacking the reddish tinges so often
characteristic of the species: stems slender, in our region
usually 5-8 cm. long, in cross-section showing a yellowish
wood-cylinder and a distinct cuticular sheath of 2-4 layers
of large but non-porose cells; stem-leaves oval-triangular to
lingulate-triangular, 1-2 mm. long, always widest at the base,
towards the apex abruptly narrowed to a truncate apex with
a few teeth, the upper margin usually somewhat involute, the
margin narrowly hyaline-bordered, the border sometimes wider
at the base; hyaline cells of stem-leaves largely once-septate,
especially below the middle, those of the upper half of the
leaf usually more or less completely fibrillose and sometimes
distinctly laterally porose; branches fairly numerous, usually
in fascicles of four, two spreading-recurved and two appressed-
pendent and very slender; the cuticular sheath of branches
composed of cells with a distinct neck and terminal pore;
branch-leaves 1-2 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, when dry hard-
ly secund but with slightly spreading tips, concave. with in-
volute margins above, uniformly narrowly hyaline-bordered,
the narrow apex somewhat erose-dentate; hyaline cells of
branch-leaves rather slender, abruptly fibrillose, with small
somewhat elliptic pores at the cell-angles, sometimes also
lateral pores of a similar character between the angle-pores on
both sides of the leaf, while towards the margin of the leaf
the pores are often larger and more numerous; in cross-sec-
tion the chlorophyllose cells are more or less trapezoidal,
unusually short, free on both surfaces but the hyaline cells
projecting far beyond them both ventrally and dorsally, es-
pecially dorsally ; perichetial leaves said to be very large and
broadly ovate: spores yellow, smoothish.

In boggy situations throughout Europe and North
America, occurring also in Asia, South America, and in the
regions of the South Pacific. In our region not common.

Fayette : In hollows along rocky river-bed above the

falls, Ohio Pyle, July 4, 1908. O. E. J.
(Figured).
15. Sphagnum contortum Schultz.
(S. subsecundum var. contortuin Huebener ; S. laricinwim Spruce).

Loosely cespitose, green to brownish or yellowish, some-
times more or less purplish above: stem about 6-12 cm. high,
the wood-cylinder reddish to brownish, surrounded by a dis-
40 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

tinct two-layered sheath of inflated cells; stem-leaves small,
about 1 mm. long, broadly lingulate or triangular-lingulate,
the hyaline border much broader towards the base, the apex
broadly rounded and more or less concave, cucullate, and
erose-fmbriate; hyaline cells of stem-leaves in upper third
fibrillose, short and broad, ventrally with a few cells in the
angles, dorsally with more numerous small ringed pores along
the sides of the cell, very few of the hyaline cells septate, the
lower ones long and narrow; fasciculate branches 3-5 to a
fascicle, usually two slender and closely appressed pendent,
two divergent and recurved; branch-leaves about 1.5-2 mm.
long, broadly ovate to lanceolate, more or less sharply acumi-
nate, the upper margin involute and narrowly hyaline-bord-
ered, leaves when dry more or less subsecund and sublustrous;
hyaline cells richly fibrillose, slender, ventrally almost pore-
less, dorsally with small ringed pores more or less completely
arranged in bead-like rows, the pores most numerous towards
upper margins of leaf; in cross-section the chlorophyllose cells
narrowly barrel-shaped, with both faces free and their walls
there somewhat thickened; cuticular cells of branches apically
porose: spores not seen but reported as .020-.030 mm. in
diameter, yellowish-brown, finely roughened.

In swampy meadows, along ditches, margins of bogs, etc.,
in Europe and, in North America (from New England to
Eastern Pennsylvania and Ohio. Not heretofore reported from
our region but a specimen collected by J. A. Shafer, October
20, 1901, at Ohio Pyle, Fayette County, is evidently very close-
ly related to this species, differing, however, in having the
stem-leaves about .7-.8 mm. long, with the margin uniformly
narrowly hyaline-bordered and the hyaline cells fibrillose to
below the middle of the leaf.

16. Sphagnum platyphyllum (Sullivant) Warnstorf.
(S. auriculatum Aongstroem; S. isophyllum Russow ).
(Plate IV)

Loosely cespitose, brownish- to grayish-green: stems in
our region up to 10 cm. high, slender, rather weak and sparse-
ly branched; stem in cross-section showing a usually brown-
ish wood-cylinder, with a distinct cuticular sheath of rather
small, thin-walled, and usually uni-porose cells; stem-leaves
large, usually 1.3-2.0 mm. long, oval to oblong from an
auriculate base, very concave, the apex blunt and a little
toothed or erose, the margin narrowly and uniformly bordered ;
hyaline cells of the stem-leaves in lower half to two-thirds of
the leaf non-fibrillose and non-porose but some of them sep-
tate, in the upper half or one-third of the leaf the hyaline cells
fibrillose and on both sides with lateral rows of small pores;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 41

branches usually 3, sometimes 4, usually 2 spreading with
recurved tips, one or two being pendent and very slender;
branch-leaves broadly ovate, very concave, usually 2-3 mm.
long, the apex toothed, the margin more or less incurved and
with a narrow and uniform border; in cross-section the chloro-
phyllose cells barrel-shaped, free on both surfaces, the hyaline
cells about equally convex on both sides; hyaline cells fibril-
lose, with numerous small lateral pores on both sides; when
dry the leaves towards the base of the spreading branches
more or less sub-secund; spores stated by Warnstorf to be
.023-.028 mm. in diameter, yellowish and finely papillose.

In turfy swamps and bogs in Europe and North America,
extending in the latter country from Massachusetts to Louis-
iana, also to Ohio. In our region apparently rare.

Butler : Open swampy pasture along Brush Creek, near
Crider’s Corners, April 26, 1908. O. E. J.
(Figured).

17. Sphagnum auriculatum Schimper.

CS. gravetii Russow, p. p—Warnstorf; S. subsccundum var.
mtermedium Warnstorf).

(Plate I\’)

Densely cespitose, grayish or glaucous green, light yellow
below: stems rather short (In our specimens about 5 cm.),
densely branched: branches in fascicles 3-5, two or three of
these drooping from a horizontally spreading base, terete and
rather thick, up to 1 cm. long, the other one or two slender,
and rather closely appressed to the stem; in cross-section the
cortical cells distinct, in one layer, the outer cells of the central
axis much thickened and small; stem-leaves large, 1.5-2.0
mm, long, about half as wide, concave, from the distinctly
auriculate base oval-lingulate, the rounded apex narrowly
toothed, somewhat cucullate, the margin narrow and of equal
width from base to apex; cells of the stem-leaves fibrillose
to the base or nearly so, only rarely septate, ventrally with
rather large poorly defined pores in the cell-angles, rarely
none, dorsally with numerous distinct pores along each side
of the cell, the pores circular to elliptic and about one-fourth
the width of the cell; retort cells of the branches with a dis-
tinct neck and terminal pore; lower branch-leaves large, about
2 mm. long, widely ovate, about 1.5 mm. wide, very concave,
the margins more or less involute, the apex somewhat spread-
ing, narrowly toothed, the upper leaves more closely imbri-
cated and lanceolate; cells of branch-leaves ventrally with
rather few large indistinct angle-pores, dorsally with numer-
ous distinct pores in a row along each side, as in the stem-
leaves, the hyaline cells usually with 8-10 spiral fibrils, the
42 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

border of 2-4 thick-walled, linear-prosenchymatous cells;
chlorophyllose cells in cross-section barrel-shaped with both
ends exposed: fruit unknown.
In wooded swamps and wet shaded places, Europe and
North America. Not yet widely collected.
Fayette : In pools and wet cavities in shaded rocky
bed of river near falls, Ohio Pyle, June
14, 1908. O. E. J. (Figured).
Westmoreland : On springy shaded hillside, Laurel Hill
Mts., Mellon’s estate, New Florence, Sep-
tember 9-11, 1907. O. E. J.

18. Sphagnum subsecundum Nees.
(Plate V)

Moderately densely cespitose, green to yellowish or
brownish: stems 5-20 cm. long, with a dark or purplish-brown
wood-cylinder, with a cuticular sheath of one layer of moder-
ately inflated cells; stem-leaves small, about 0.6-0.8 mm. long,
broadly short-lingulate, somewhat auriculate, the margin
broadly hyaline-bordered below, the border narrowing and be-
coming fimbriate towards the broadly erose-fimbriate apex,
the upper half of the stem-leaves often distinctly concave and
more or less cucullate; hyaline cells of the stem-leaves broad
above, usually all non-fibrillose, rarely a few septate, some-
times porose; of the 3-5 fasciculate branches two or three
are variously divergent, short, usually 6-8 mm. long, slender
and sometimes flagelliform; branch-leaves small, 1-1.5 mm.
long, very concave, broadly ovate to lanceolate, acuminate to
a narrowly truncate and 3-5-toothed apex, the margins uni-
formly narrowly hyaline-bordered, involute, when dry closely
imbricate to more or less sub-secund; hyaline cells of branch-
leaves narrow, richly fibrillose, ventrally non-porose, or with
a few small non-ringed pores in the cell-angles, dorsally with
numerous small ringed pores along the sides of the cells; in
cross-section the chlorophyllose cells narrowly barrel-shaped,
relatively rather large as compared with the hyaline cells, free
on both faces, the hyaline cells but slightly convex on either
side: spores not seen from our region, finely papillose, yellow-
ish, and .025-.028 mm. in diameter.

In wet meadows, swamps, ditches, bogs, etc., in Europe
and in Asia and, in North America, from Newfoundland to
Alabama. In our region rare and approaching the variety
brachycladum Warnstorf{ in having stem-leaves more or less
cucullate and the divergent branches often only about 5 mm.
long.

Erie : In bog at south end of Cranberry Pond,

Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
(Figured).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 43

Westmoreland: In springy places along old road, Mellon’s
estate, near New Florence, September 8-
11, 1907. O. E. J.

19. Sphagnum inundatum Russow, Warnstorf.

Densely and deeply cespitose, gray or yellowish-green:
stems usually 15-30 cm. long, more or less completely sub-
merged; branches with moderately densely imbricate leaves;
stem-leaves usually somewhat fimbriate at the narrow apex,
little or not at all auriculate, fibrillose only above the middle;
‘branch-leaves dorsally richly porose in lateral bead-like rows,
ventrally with only a few pores located in the cell-angles. Other
characters are as described for the variety auriculatuin.

In wet meadows, wooded swamps, bogs, etc. In cooler
Europe, Asia, and North America. In our region, so far as
now known, represented only by the following variety:
19a. Sphagnum inundatum variety auriculatum (Warnstorf)

Roth.
(S. contortum var. laxum Roell).
(Plate V)

Only moderately cespitose, green: stems in our specimens
only about 6-8 cm. high, only occasionally completely sub-
merged; wood-cylinder greenish, surrounded by a cuticular
sheath of one (occasionally unsymmetrically two) layer of in-
flated more or less distinctly porose cells; stem-leaves 1.2-1.5
mm. long, about three-fifths as wide, distinctly auriculate, to-
wards the apex somewhat concave, the margins narrowly uni-
formly hyaline-bordered and toward the apex involute, the
narrow apex somewhat dentate but not fimbriate; the hyaline
cells of stem-leaves broad, towards the lateral portions of the
base becoming narrower, usually septate, fibrillose at least as
far down as the middle of the leaf, or farther, and usually also
fibrillose at the base of the leaf, above ventrally with rather
small distinct pores in the cell-angles and usually other less
distinct lateral pores, above dorsally with small pores in cell-
angles and numerously along the sides of the cells; of the
usually 5 fasciculate branches two are pendent and the others
short, usually 6-9 mm. long, variously widely divergent;
branch-leaves when dry very lax and widely divergent, 1.5-2
mm. long, ovate, very concave, with involute, narrowly and
uniformly hyaline-bordered margins, the apex narrow and
dentate-truncate; hyaline cells of branch-leaves rather long
and slender, richly fibrillose, dorsally with laterally-placed
bead-like rows of small pores about one-fifth as wide as the
cell, ventrally with small ringed pores in the cell-angles, oc-
casionally also a few laterally arranged indistinct pores; cuti-
cular cells of branches large with a short neck and terminal
pore ; in cross-section the chlorophyllose cells narrowly elliptic
44 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

with about equally free and thickened faces: for the type of
the species the spores are stated to be yellow and about .030-
.035 mm. in diameter; of the variety the spores have not been

seen.

Center : Headwaters of Laural Run, Tussey Mt., above
Shingletown, July 15, 1909. O. E. J.
Fayette : In pools and wet crevices in rocky bed of river

above falls, Ohio Pyle, September 1-4, 1906.
O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured),

20. Sphagnum pungens Roth.
(S. contortwm var. gracile Roell).
(Plate V)

Rather loosely cespitose, bluish-green, when dry sub-lus-
trous above, yellowish or brownish below: stems rather stout,
often forking, in our specimens up to 6 or 7 cm. high; wood-
cylinder greenish or pale, enclosed in a one-layered cuticular
sheath which in places is unsymmetrically often two-layered;
stem-leaves broadly lingulate, about 1-1.5 mm. long, at base
about three-fifths as wide, somewhat  auriculate,
the uniformly narrowly hyaline-bordered margin some-
what  erose-fimbriate towards the broadly rounded
erose-dentate apex; the hyaline cells of stem-
leaves broad, rarely septate, distinctly fibrillose in upper
two-thirds of leaf, ventrally with a few indistinct pores in the
angles and along the sides of the cell, dorsally with numerous
small pores arranged in lateral bead-like rows; of the usually
4 fasciculate branches, two are slender and appressed-pendent
while the other two are horizontally divergent and recurved,
about 1-1.5 cm. long, the lower and median leaves of the
divergent branches more or less widely squarrose, the upper
ones imbricate so that the branch ends in a sharply acuminate
point; branch-leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, large, 1.8-
2.6 mm. long, concave, the uniformly narrowly hyaline-bord-
ered margins involute towards the acuminate few-toothed
apex; hyaline cells of branch-leaves narrow, long, richly
fibrillose, ventrally with a few indistinct pores in the cell-
angles, dorsally with numerous small ringed pores about one-
fourth to one-fifth as wide as the cell and arranged in bead-
like rows along the sides of the cell; in cross-section the
chlorophyllose cells relatively large, narrowly barrel-shaped,
free on both faces, the hyaline cells not being markedly con-
vex on either face; cuticular cells of branches long-rectangular
with a short neck and a large apical pore: spores not known
from our region.

A more or less intermediate species between S. inundatum
and S. auriculatum. Heretofore reported, so far as known to the
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 45

present writer, only from Europe, where it occurs in swampy
meadows.

Center : Bog in sink-nole, in pine-barrens near Scotia,
July 17, 1909. O. E. J. (Figured).
46 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Order Il. ANDREAEALES.

Small, monoicous (or dioicous), dark brown to almost
black, when dry very brittle, mostly cespitose on granite or
slate rocks: stems slender, radiculose below, dichotomous, with

-fascicled branchlets, no central strand; leaves small, crowded,
erect-spreading to often falcate-secund, uni-stratose to partly
bi-stratose, thickish, often more or less papillose, costate to
ecostate, very opaque; cells small, incrassate: seta none, but
represented by a pseudopodium from the gametophore; capsule
oval, opening by 4 (-8) vertical slits, the valves remaining
united both above and below; spores and columella derived
from the endothecium ; no air-cavity between the spore-sac and
the capsule-wall; calyptra torn at the base, delicate; spores
large, about .034 mm. in diameter, chlorophyllose.

This peculiar order is represented by but one family, the
Andreaeaceae, which consists of only one genus, Andreae [Ehr-
hart] Hedwig. There are about 90 species, alpine or sub-alpine
and widely distributed ; 13 species occur in North America, only
3 of which, however, are to be expected in our range.

1. ANDREAEA [Ehrhart] Hedwig.

a. Leaves ecostate. 1. A. rupestris.
a. Leaves costate. b.
b. Leaf elongate-lanceolate; costa filling only about the middle one-
third of the leaf-apex. 2. A, bid Weber and
ohr.

(4. rupestris Roth).
b. Leaf lanceolate-subulate; costa practically filling the whole apex
of the leaf. 3. A. crassinervia Bruch.

1. Andreaea rupestris Hedwig.
(A. petrophila Ehrhart).

Densely cespitose, dark brown to blackish: stems slender,
about 1.5-2.5 cm. high, usually branching, more or less erect;
leaves when dry very brittle, crowded, small, ovate to lance-
ovate, imbricated, often falcate-secund from an erect base,
usually obtuse, entire, margin incurved; no costa; (the leaves
are so dense that they usually require bleaching in a solution of
caustic potash before the leaf-cells can be made out under the
microscope) ; basal leaf-cells narrow-rectangular, very incras-
sate, sinuose, above becoming shorter, the median and upper
cells rounded and angular-oblong, longitudinally  seriate,
dorsally strongly papillose: fruit similar to that of Sphagnum
in being enclosed in the perichaetium until mature, when it is
quickly exserted on an outgrowth from the tip of the leafy
shoot similar in appearance to a short seta and termed the
pseudopodium ; calyptra very thin and irregularly torn at base;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 47

capsule oval, opening usually by four perpendicular slits along
the sides but remaining united at apex and base; columella
persistent ; spores smoothish, mature in late spring.
Cosmopolitan in mountainous or hilly regions on non-
calcareous exposed or dry rocks. In North America from the
Arctic regions south to northern United States. Occurs in
northeastern Pennsylvania and in northern West Virginia.
48 A MANUAL OF’ MOSSES

Order III. BRYALES. True Mosses.

This order comprises numerous mosses of various habit:
the endothecium gives rise to the sporogenous tissue, which
surrounds an inner sterile tissue, loose in Archidiuswn, but form-
ing the columella in the rest of the Bryales; the spore-sac is
separated from the wall of the capsule by a more or less high-
ly developed air-cavity ; there is no pseudopodium but there is
a more or less elongated true seta; the outer wall of the
archegonium after some growth is ruptured, thus forming a
basal vaginule and an apical calyptra; capsule cleistocarpous
or, more usually, with a definite operculum and then often with
a single or double peristome: the order is conveniently divided,
according to the position of the sporogonium upon the leafy
shoot of the gametophyte, into the acrocarpous mosses (sporo-
gonium at the apex of the leafy shoot) and pleurocarpous
mosses (sporogonium lateral upon the leafy shoot).

Acrocar pi.

The acrocarpous mosses comprise about thirty families of
the Bryales widely distributed and numerous in number of
species. For the analytical key to the acrocarpous mosses
see the general key to the genera of mosses at the beginning
of the book, p.

Family I. ARCHIDIACEAE.

Autoicous, sometimes paroicous or synoicous, rarely
dioicous: small terrestrial plants, closely gregarious and form-
ing broad mats; stems erect, with central strand, below bear-
ing rhizoids; leaves of the shoots and also the basal leaves
minute, spreading, distant, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat,
entire, the costa ending in the point; perichetial leaves much
larger, imbricated, more or less linear-acuminate from a
lanceloate base; leaf-cells smooth, prosenchymatous or some-
times sub-vermicular to parenchymatous: capsule sessile,
spherical, terminal, non-operculate; columella none; spores
commonly 16—20, about .200 mm. in diameter.

One genus only, the characters being as given for the
family, comprising about 26 species, distributed widely in the
temperate zones. Six species are native in North America,
but only one is likely to be collected in our region.

1. ARCHIDIUM Bridel.

1. Archidium ohioense Schimper.

Occurs on the ground in meadows and fields throughout
eastern United States from New Jersey to Kansas and from
Minnesota to Louisiana. Not yet reported in our region, but
ee expected, as it occurs in eastern Pennsylvania and in

10.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 49

Family II. DICRANACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous; large to minute, mostly cespitose:
stem with a central strand, often thickly covered with rhizoids,
mostly densely leafy, branched; leaves often falcate-secund,
mostly acuminate to narrowly linear from a broader base,
usually more or less smooth and shining, usually costate ; costa
sometimes dorsally serrate, heterogenous ; leai-cells sometimes
mammillate, the basal ones enlarged and mostly transparent,
alar cells often much larger and either hyaline or brownish,
the central leaf-cells short to rounded, mostly smooth;
perichetial leaves often sheathing: seta usually erect and long;
capsule mostly unsymmetric, usually cernuous, when dry often
curved and sulcate; annulus present or absent; peristome
simple or rarely none; when present the peristome teeth are
16 in number, approximate, united below into a basal mem-
brane, usually two-parted to the middle, or beyond, into linear
or awlLlike divisions, no longitudinal lines, but the teeth
minutely striate or papillose on the dorsal face, rarely smooth,
inner face yellow with one or two longitudinal lines and with.
more or less projecting trabecule; operculum more or less
long-rostrate; calyptra usually cucullate.

Key to the Genera.

a. Cells of costa in cross-section homogeneous; peristome-teeth
broad, flat. undivided, mostly smooth, rarely none.
6. Seligeria.
a. Cells of costa as seen in cross-section heterogeneous; teeth nar-
row, prolonged, mostly two-parted, striate or papillose.
b

b. Alar cells not differentiated. 1. Bruchia.
b. Alar cells differentiated. ¢.

Cells of the lamina smooth. :

c. Cells of the lamina mamillate on the free surfaces.

e

J. 7
d. Capsule mostly long-necked; stomata numerous in the neck
or in middle of capsule-wall. e.
d. Capsule with a short neck or none; stomata few or none.

g.
e. Calyptra mitrate; operculum either not deciduous or else not dif-
ferentiated. f.
e. Calyptra cucullate; operculum deciduous. 2. Trematodon,
f. Capsule immersed, erect, without a neck, apiculate.

(Sporledera)
f, Capsule immersed or slightly exserted, with a distinct neck,
more or less cernuous, rostrate. 1. Bruchia.
g. Capsule mostly unsymmetric, not erect. 7. Dicranella.
g. Capsule symmetric and erect. h. ;
h. Operculum not differentiated. 3. Pleuridium.
h. Operculum differentiated. 1

i. Upper areolation rounded-quadrate: capsule plicate or furrowed.
nor plicate. 4. Ditrichum.

i. Upper areolation more or less elongate: capsule neither furrowed
nor plicate. 5. Ceratodon.
50 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

j. Capsule with 8 furrows and 8 ridges; bal not mamunillate.

Rhabdoweisia.
j. Capsule not furrowed nor ridged; leaf-cells strongly mam-
millate. 10. Oreoweisia

k. The 16 peristome-teeth cleft only to about A middle.

k. The 16 peristome-teeth cleft to the base; alar cells reaching to the

costa. 13. Dicranodontium.
Peristome-teeth united at base to form a tube, deeply in-
serted; capsule strumose. 9g. Oncophorus.

1. Peristome-teeth not forming a tube, only slightly inserted;
capsule rarely strumose. 10. Dicranum.

1. BRUCHIA Schwaegrichen.

Autoicous or paroicous ; gregarious: green protonema per-
sistent but sparse; stem short with a central strand; leaves
long-canaliculate-subulate, from an oval to lanceolate base,
erect to secund; costa broad and flat, filling the subulate
acumen; laminal cells rectangular; seta short; capsule pyri-
form, immersed or slightly exserted, with a more or less long
neck, more or less cernuous, rostrate; operculum none;
calyptra covering one-third or more of the capsule, mitrate,
unsymmetrically cleft.

A widely distributed genus of about 25 species, 14 of
these being found in North America, two of the latter prob-
ably occurring in our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Capsule ovoid-pyriform, collum very short.

1. B. flexuosa.
a. Capsule ovoid-oblong, collum a little longer.

2. B. sullivantii.
1. Bruchia flexuosa (Schwaegrichen) Mueller.

Gregarious, the green protenema persistent but not very
conspicuous: stems about 2-4 mm. long, curved to erect;
leaves remote, small, lance-subulate, erect-spreading from a
concave base, somewhat serrulate at the apex; leaf-cells long-
rectangular, sub-papillose, alar not much different; antheridia
in axils of comal leaves or in separate buds; seta short, stout,
usually shorter than the erect, ovoid-pyriform, partially ex-
serted, apiculate capsule; calyptra narrowly conic, mitrate;
spores decidedly papillose, mature in May or June.

On clay soil in fields from Minnesota to New England and
south to the Gulf States. Occurs in eastern Pennsylvania and
in Ohio and is to be expected in our range.

2. Bruchia sullivantii Austin.

Very close to B. flexuosa, from which it differs mainly in
having shorter stems; the leaves narrowly lance-ovate, smooth
or nearly so; the leai-cells shorter rectangular; the capsules
with a short and rather inconspicuous collum and altogether
more nearly ovoid-oblong than pyriform.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 51

On clay soil in fields from New England to Missouri, south
to the Gulf States. Occurs in eastern Pennsylvania and in
Chio and so is to be looked for in our range.

i 2. TREMATODON Richard.

Autoicous, rarely dioicous ; low, singly disposed: stem with
a large central strand and loose ground-tissue; leaves yellow-
ish-green, narrow, abruptly to gradually lance-subulate, more
or less crisped when dry; costa ending below the apex or
percurrent; cells thin-walled, loosely elongate-hexagonal to
rectangular or, above, rhombic-pentagonal or -hexagonal: seta
yellow, erect, rarely tortuous to cygneous; capsule with a more
or less long tapering neck, moderately arcuate, the urn smooth;
annulus differentiated ; peristome-teeth united below into a low
basal tube, undivided and cribrose or two-parted to the base
into filiform divisions, peristome rarely lacking; operculum as
long as the urn, obliquely rostrate; calyptra inflated, cucullate,
not ciliate.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 70 species, of which about
20 occur in North America, 2 of these in our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Collum as long as urn of capsule. 1. T. ambiguus,
a. Collum twice as long as urn. 2. T. longicollis.
1. Trematodon ambiguus | Hedwig] Hornschuch.

Densely cespitose, light green to brownish-green: stems
short, up to 1-2 cm. high, sparsely branched, erect to ascend-
ing; leaves abruptly linear-subulate from a concave ovate base,
flexuous, erect-spreading, the acumination canaliculate, serru-
late at extreme apex; costa narrow, percurrent; basal leaf-
cells laxly long-hexagonal-rectangular, hyaline, quickly nar-
rowed above, in the subulation becoming small, irregularly
quadrate, chlorophyllose and, especially towards the apex,
quite obscure, in the apex the lamina forming a very narrow
and obscure margin along the costa; perichetial bracts larger
and somewhat gradually acuminate: seta bright yellow, lus-
trous, 1-3 cm. long, flexuous; including the neck the capsule
is clavate, arcuate-cernuous, bright orange-red; the neck and
urn are each about 2 mm. long, the neck linear-cylindric,
somewhat strumose at base on inner side, the urn narrowly
oblong- to pyriform-cylindric; peristome-teeth 16, cleft or ir-
regularly perforate, confluent at base; operculum about 1.5
mm. long, obliquely subulate-rostrate; annulus large, re-
voluble ; autoicous, the antheridial cluster terminal on a basal
branch: spores large, minutely roughened, mature in summer.

In old fields and meadows, often in wet sandy places, in
Europe and, in North America, from Canada to the northern
United States.
§2 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Cambria: Cresson. James and Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).
2. Trematodon longicollis Richard.

Cespitose, light green to brownish-green: stems erect,
usually about 5 mm. high; leaves abruptly linear-subulate from
a concave ovate base, the subulation canaliculate, minutely ser-
rulate at apex; costa percurrent; leaf-cells as in T. ambiguus;
perichetial leaves quite gradually long-acuminate: seta
similar to T. ambiguus; collum twice as long as the urn; urn
more strictly oblong-cylindric; peristome-teeth 16, narrow-
subulate, nodosely articulate, usually perforate rather than
cleft. Otherwise very similar to T. ambiguus.

In old fields, etc., on sandy or clayey soil, in Europe, Asia,
and, in North America, from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Ohio southwards. Not yet reported in our region, but to be
expected.

3. PLEURIDIUA Bridel.

Autoicous or paroicous, rarely synoicous: weak, green or
yellowish-green, cespitose or gregarious: stem with a central
strand, radiculose at base, perennial by means of fertile shoots
below the apex and by means of sterile flagella; leaves mostly
terminal, erect-spreading, sometimes secund, linear-subulate
from a broader base, upwards weakly denticulate, sometimes
thickly imbricated; costa varying from weak and ending be-
low the apex to very broad and filling the whole acumen, often
rough-serrate dorsally ; seta mostly very short and erect, rarely
curved; capsule mostly immersed and oval to ovate-globose,
short pointed, sometimes obliquely so, cleistocarpous, without
a collum; calyptra cucullate, cleft almost to the apex on one
side, covering scarcely half the capsule.

About 30 species widely distributed, mainly in temperate
regions, on soil. Seven species occur in North America, at
least two in our region.

Key to Our Species

a. Perichetial leaves long and gradually subulate from a small oval
base; antheridia naked in the axils of the perichetial leaves.
1, P. subulatum.,
a. Perichetial leaves abruptly long linear-subulate from an oval base:
antheridia gemmiform in the axils of the upper leaves.
2. P. alternifolinm.

1. Pleuridium subulatum [Hudson] Rabenhorst
(Phascuin subulatuin Hudson).

Densely gregarious to cespitose, yellowish-green: stems
usuaily simple, about 2-5 mm. high; stem-leaves lance-ovate,
the lower shorter and more nearly ovate; comal and perichetial
leaves much longer, more or less erect or subsecund, from a
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 53

small oval base gradually subulate-setaceous, nearly entire to
minutely denticulate; costa wide, not well defined, practically
filling the apex; basal leaf-cells rectangular to more or less
oblong-hexagonal, the upper cells often becoming linear and
forming a more or less distinct margin to the costa: seta short,
erect ; capsule oval or roundish, small but longer than the seta,
minutely obtusely apiculate, more or less castaneous or yel-
lowish when mature; calyptra cucullate, reaching about half-
way down the capsule, short rostrate, split almost to apex;
spores large, mature from April to June: antheridia naked in
axils of the perichetial leaves.

On moist clayey or sandy soil in old fields, along banks of
ditches, etc., in Europe, Asia and in North America, from New
England to Wisconsin and south to Alabama.

Washington: Linn & Simonton. (Porter's Catalogue).

2. Pleuridium alternifonum [| Dickson; Kaulfuss] Rabenhorst.

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stems about 5 mm.
high, simple, or longer with flagelliform innovations up to 2
cm. or more long; stem-leaves lance-ovate to lanceolate, about
1 mm. long, the comal and perichetial abruptly much longer;
costa ending in the apex; basal leaf-cells rhomboidal or rec-
tangular, above rectangular, small, moderately incrassate;
perichetial leaves up to 3 or 4 mm. long, abruptly narrowed
from an oval base to a long linear-subulate acumen which con-
sists largely of the excurrent costa and is finely and closely
denticulate-muricate, the costa at base is broad and indistinct:
seta very short, erect; capsule oval, at apex obliquely conic-
apiculate, immersed, yellowish to brownish, cleistocarpous ;
calyptra small, cucullate, split almost to apex; spores large,
minutely roughened, mature in spring or early summer: auto-
icous, antheridial clusters gemmiform in axils of upper leaves.
Sandy fields, roadsides, banks of ditches, etc., in Europe,
southwestern Asia, and in central and eastern United States.
Since this Manual went to press the species has been unexpect-
ly found as follows:
Butler : In sandy meadow on south slope of hill
two miles southwest of Glade Mills, April
20, 1913. O. E. J. and A. R. Hillard.

Westmoreland: In sandy-clay meadow on gently sloping
hillside east of Blackburn, April 24, 1913.
O. E. J., G. K. J., and R. J. Sim.

4. DITRICHUM |{Timm] Hampe.

Dioicous or autoicous; mostly low, cespitose, not radicu-
lyse, green to yellow-green, more or less shining: stem with a
central strand, densely foliate, simple or little branched; leaves
with a broad hase, not sheathing, mostly long-canaliculate-
54 A MANUAL OF JIOSSES

subulate, imbricated to erect-spreading or secund, when dry
mostly a little curved or straight; costa broad and flat, per-
current or excurrent, usually filling the upper part of the
acumen; leaf-cells rectangular, more or less prolonged: seta
elongate, erect ; capsule erect or a little cernuous, symmetric or
unsymmetric, sometimes weakly arcuate, mostly ovate to
oblong-cylindric, sometimes sulcate; peristome with a basal
membrane, teeth mostly cleft to the base or nearly so into two
linear-filiform portions, papillose, rarely weakly twisted to the
left; articulations not projecting dorsally, sometimes coupled
at the base of the teeth; annulus mostly serrate, revoluble:
cperculum mostly obliquely conic; calyptra reaching to below
the middle of the capsule.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 72 species, mostly growing
on soil, about 20 species in North America, 3 of these occurring
in our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Dioicous: perichetial leaves more or less sheathing.

b.

a. Autoicous. 3. D. pallidum.
Capsule somewhat unsymmetric, subsulcate. somewhat cer-
nuous. 1. D. vaginans.

b. Capsule symmetric, smooth, erect. 2. D. tortile.

1. Ditrichum vaginans (Sullivant) Hampe.

(D. tortile var. vaginans Grout; Trichostomuim vaginans Sulli-
vant: Leptotrichum vaginans Schimper.)

(Plate V)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green, lustrous: stems erect,
ascending, about 5 mm. high, usually with erect terete sterile
branches, sometimes up to 1.5 cm. high; leaves 1-1.5 mm. long,
close, erect-appressed when dry, not much spreading when
moist, from an ovate concave base narrowed to a linear deeply
canaliculate acumination, margins narrowly recurved, usually
entire: costa strong, percurrent or rarely excurrent, compris-
ing from one-third to one-half of the width of the acumina-
tion; upper leaf-cells rectangular, mostly about 2:1, rather
dense and incrassate, smooth, the basal larger, elongate-rectan-
gular up to 6-8:1, moderately thin-walled, sub-hyaline or yel-
lowish ; perichetial leaves larger, convolutely sheathing, above
narrowing abruptly into a linear-subulate, canaliculate, entire
acumination, the basal cells larger and laxer than in the stem-
leaves: seta erect, flexuous, lustrous, yellowish to brownish,
sinistrorse, about 1-2 cm. long; capsule brownish, about 1.5
mm. long, narrowly to oblong-cylindric, rounded at base, little
changed when old; lid about one-fourth the length of the urn,
conic-rostellate obliquely, castaneous; annulus 2-3-seriate,
wide: peristome-teeth linear subulate, imperfect, forked to the
OV WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 55

base or often united above, or irregularly cleft, deep castane-
ous, articulate; exothecial cells yellowish-incrassate, irregular-
ly oblong to rectangular, the 4 or 5 uppermost rows much
smaller, rounded and obscure; calyptra cucullate, covering
about one-half of the capsule; spores yellowish, smooth, about
.015-.018 mm., maturing in late fall or winter.

Usually on sandy soil in hilly or mountainous districts. In
Europe, and in North America, from Maine to Missouri and
North Carolina. Not common in our region.

Allegheny: Powers Run, September 14, 1905. (Figured).

O. E. J. and G. E. K.; Wildwood Road, March
29, 1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.; Thornhill, De-
cember 29, 1908. O. E. J.
McKean : West Branch, September 6, 1896. D. A. B.

2. Ditrichum tortile [Schrader] Brockmueller.
(Plate VI)

Cespitose, yellowish-green, rather dull: stems short, about
5-10 mm. high, erect or erect-ascending from a radiculose
base, mostly simple, reddish; leaves about 2.5-3.5 mm. long,
closely appressed-erect to somewhat spreading, usually some-
what secund or twisted, gradually lance-subulate and canalicu-
late from an ovate-lanceolate concave base, margins more or
less narrowly revolute, apex usually denticulate; costa strong,
less distinct at: base, in the upper portion constituting about
one-third to one-half of the leaf-width, percurrent to slightly
excurrent; basal cells rectangular to linear-rectangular, alar
not different, rather thin-walled and hyaline, smooth, median
smaller, mostly about 2:1, rectangular to quadrate, smooth, the
apical sometimes bi-stratose; perichxtial leaves more or less
sheathing, otherwise similar to the stem-leaves: seta reddish-
brown, shining, somewhat sinistrorse, erect, about 1 cm. long;
capsule oblong to oblong-cylindric, reddish to pale brown,
smooth, non-sulcate, not constricted below the mouth, abrupt-
iy narrowed to the seta at base, the urn about 1 mm. long;
annulus uni-seriate ; peristome single, rather low, reddish, the
16 teeth cleft into linear-subulate, distinctly trabeculate, some-
what spirally twisted divisions, at base united into a very low
membrane; operculum conic-rostellate, usually more or less
oblique; calyptra cucullate, pale; spores rather thin-walled,
smooth, yellowish-pellucid, about .015-018 mm., mature in
late fall or in winter: dioicous.

Not uncommon on clayey soil in fields, along roadsides,
etc., in Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and in the eastern half
of North America from Labrador to the Gulf States. Not very
common in our region.

Allegheny: On wet clay in old quarry, Library P. O., April

8, 1906, on dry rocky hillside, Powers Run,
56 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

April 18, 1906; Keown, November 14, 1909,
(Figured). O. E. J.; on clay bank, Wildwood
Road, November 19, 1908. O. E. J. and G.
K. J. ,

3. Ditrichum pallidum [Schreber] Hampe.
(Plate VI)

Loosely cespitose, bright green; stems about 5 mm. high,
more or less erect, or with a creeping base; leaves erect-spread-
ing, sometimes somewhat secund, from a lance-ovate base, pro-
longed linear-subulate, concave, channeled towards the apex;
costa strong, long-excurrent, denticulate towards the apex;
basal leaf-cells laxly oblong-hexagonal, thin-walled, hyaline, up
to about .015-017 mm., the median cells gradually much
smaller, rectangular, forming but a narrow margin to the costa;
seta erect, yellow, slender, dextrorse and flexuous when dry,
about 1-2 cm. long; capsule ovate-oblong, yellowish-red,
ascending to horizontal, somewhat unsymmetric, usually some-
what strumose at base, about 2 mm. long, when dry and empty
sub-arcuate and irregularly sulcate; peristome single, the 16
teeth bifid deeply, united at base into a very low basal mem-
brane, the prongs cylindric, nodose-articulate, finely papillose,
reddish, about 0.5 mm. long; annulus compound, deciduous,
bordered by two or three rows of small, rounded, reddish-
pellucid cells; spores globose, papillose, about .017 mm., red-
dish-pellucid, mature in early summer; operculum  conic-ob-
tuse, about 0.6 mm. long; calyptra smooth, cucullate, slenderly
straight-rostrate, about 2.5 mm. long, the beak reaching about
1.5 mm. beyond the tip of the operculum; antheridial clusters
gemmiform in axils of the perichetial leaves.

On bare soil, usually in woods. Europe, Asia, northern
Africa, and, in North America, from Ontario to the Gulf of
Mexico and westward to Kansas. Very common in our region.

Allegheny : Sandy Creek, May 8, 1904, Powers Run.

May 10, 1905, Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh,
June 18, 1907, and Douthett, December
29, 1908. O. E. J.; Moon Township,
April, 1902. J. A. S.

Armstrong : Whiskey Hollow, West Kittanning, Au-
gust 26, 1903. J. A. S.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907. O. E. J.

Center : Barrens, near Scotia, July 14, 1909,

Tussey’s Mountain, near Shingletown,
July 15, 1909, and Matternville, Septem-
ber 20, 1909. O. E. J.
Crawford : Linesville, June 11, 1908. O. E. J.
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30-31, 1909. O. E. J.;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 57

Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O. E.

J. and G. K. J.
Lawrence : New Castle, 1906. Miss Susan Gageby.
McKean : Toad Hollow, Bradford, June 17, 1896, and

Bennett, May 30, 1897, D. A. B.
Washington : Spier Station, May 20, 1907. O. E. J.
Westmoreland: Laurelville, May 30-31, 1903. J. A. S.;

Blackburn, June 13, 1908. (Figured).

5. CERATODON Bridel.

Dioicous, rarely autoicous; cespitose, green to brown or
reddish-brown, somewhat radiculose; stem 3-5-angled, with
a central strand, thickly foliate, often bushy-branched; leaves
erect-spreading, appressed and more or less twisted when dry,
ovate to lance-linear, neither sheathing nor subulate-pointed,
margin revolute; costa strong, percurrent or long-excurrent,
with median guides; leaf-cells thick-walled, short-rectangular
below, the upper quadrate to rounded, smooth; perichetial
leaves distinctly sheathing; seta long and erect; capsule in-
clined to horizontal, elliptic-ovate to oblong, purplish to red-
dish-brown, shining, when dry sulcate; annulus spirally decidu-
ous, 2—4-seriate; peristome-teeth 16, cleft nearly to the base
into filiform divisions, united at the base into a tube, the
teeth closely articulated below, less closely above, papillose;
operculum conic, much shorter than the capsule; calyptra
cucullate.

A cosmopolitan genus consisting of 27 species; 7 species
in North America, only one occurring in our region.

1. Ceratodon purpurascens (Hedwig) New Combination.
(Mnium purpureum Linneus; Dicranum purpurascens Hedwig ;
Ceratodon purpureus Bridel).

(Plate V1)

Densely and often rather deeply brownish- or reddish-
cespitose, mostly green above and dark brown below: stems
mostly branched, erect, about 1 cm. high, dying away below;
leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, carinate, the margins
revolute to near apex; costa strong, percurrent, at base about
one-sixth to one-fourth the width of the leaf; seta about 1.5
cm. long, erect, dark-castaneous, lustrous, twisted when dry;
capsule oblong-linear, at first erect, later inclined to horizontal
and more or less curved, irregularly sulcate, strumose, about
2.5 mm. long, dark red-brown, lustrous, annulus distinct, re-
voluble; peristome-teeth dark red below, basally confluent,
papillose, weakly trabeculate to a little above the middle, bor-
dered, hyaline above; operculum conic-elongate, about one-
fourth the length of the urn, often somewhat curved, usually
darker brown than the urn; calyptra cucullate; exothecial cells
58 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

rather incrassate, irregularly elongate-hexagonal or rectangu-
lar-oblony, two or three rows at the rim much smaller and
darker; spores smooth, rather thin-walled, yellowish-pellucid,
mature in May or June. :
Cosmopolitan on burnt-over ground, roadsides, vacant lots,
roofs, bare clay soil, etc. Very common in our region.

Allegheny : About 20 different collections examined
from various localities.

Beaver : Beaver, April, 1902. Miss Anna M. Deens.
Butler : Buffalo Creek, near Winfield Junction,
May 26, 1906. O. E. J.

Cambria : Cresson, May 18, 1904. O. E. J.
Center : Barrens, near Scotia, July 16, 1909, and

on Bald Eagle Ridge, near Matternville,
September 20, 1909. O. E. J.

Clinton : Lock Haven, July 15, 1908. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, June 6, 1904, May 10-11, 1906,
June 11-12, 1907, and May 12, 1908. O.
E. J.; Hartstown, May 29-31, 1909. O. E.
J. and G. K. J.

Erie : On sand-plain, Presque Isle, May 15 and
June 10-11, 1905, and May 8-9. (Figured)
and September 20-22, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, June 14, 1908. O. E. J.

Lawrence : Graceland Cemetery, New Castle, Miss
Susan Gageby; in gorge below Ellwood
City, June 26, 1909. O. E. J.

McKean : Langmade, April 26, 1896. D. A. B.

Somerset : Ursina, May 12, 1905. O.E. J.

Washington : Hanlin, May 21, 1907, and Charleroi,
April 24, 1908. O. E. J.

Westmoreland : Hillside, May 19, 1906, and May 22, 1909,
“Shades,” near Blackburn, June 13, 1908.
O. E. J.

6. SELIGERIA Bryologia Europea.

Autoicous: minute, gregarious, or cespitose, rupestral:
stem simple or branched at base, rarely with long sterile
shoots; leaves in 3 to 5 series, the lower minute and distant,
the upper abruptly larger and canaliculate-subulate from a con-
cave lanceolate base; costa often stronger above the base; alar
cells not differentiated : seta mostly erect, but little longer than
involucral leaves; capsule globose-pyriform, smooth; collum
distinct; annulus none; peristome deeply inserted, or rarely
none; when present, teeth broadly lanceolate, usually entire,
A or acute; operculum obliquely rostrate; calyptra cucul-
ate.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 59
A widely distributed genus of about 15 species; 4 occur-
ring in North America; 2 in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Seta arcuate when moist; leaves with a long, acute, subulate

acumination. 3 . 1. S. recurvata.
a. Seta erect when moist; leaves with a rather short, linear, sub-
obtuse subulation. 2. S. calcarea.,

1. Seligeria recurvata (Hedwig) Bryologia Europea.
(S. setacea [Wulfen] Lindberg).

Densely gregarious, dark green, very small: stems short,
about 1 mm. or less, simple or forking; leaves up to 1.5 mm.
iong, erect-spreading, flexuous, with a long, canaliculate, acute
subulation from a lance-ovate base, the margins entire; costa
long-excurrent, forming much of the subulation; basal leai-
cells thin-walled, pellucid, irregular or rectangular, above be-
coming quadrate and incrassate ; perichetial tubulose-sheathing
at base, towards apex lance-subulate; seta long, yellowish,
arcuate when moist, but when old and dry often erect, more
or less flexuous; capsule oval to subglobose, erect, thin-walled,
short-necked, red-mouthed, turbinate when empty; exothecial
cells lax; no annulus; operculum about as long as urn (each
about 0.4 mm.), straight, subulate-rostrate; peristome-teeth 16,
lanceolate to linear, obtuse to acute, sometimes irregularly
bifid at apex, free, smooth, orange-pellucid, reflexed when dry.

On rocks in shade. Europe, Asia and, in North America,
in Ontario, Pennsylvania, and in the Rocky Mountains. Oc-
curs on limestone rocks in eastern Pennsylvania and may
occur in similar habitats in central Pennsylvania.

2. Seligeria calcarea [Dickson] Bryologia Europza.

Densely gregarious, dull, dark green: stems short, less
than 1 mm., simple; leaves short, less than 1 mm., the lower
lanceolate, the upper from an oblong concave base abruptly
narrowed to a shorter, linear, obtuse or sub-obtuse, entire
subulation; costa rather flat, indistinct below, above obscure
and filling the whole apex; basal leaf-cells shortly rectangular,
pellucid, thin-walled, above becoming irregularly quadrate to
rounded or hexagonal, obscure, chlorophyllose, incrassate: seta
straight, erect ; capsule erect, oval-pyriform, turbinate when dry
and empty, brownish; peristome-teeth 16, broadly lanceolate,
rather densely articulate, flat, entire, smooth, orange-pellucid,
reflexed when dry; lid subulate-rostrate but considerably
shorter than the urn; spores mature in spring or early summer.

On calcareous or chalky rocks. Europe and, in North
America, in Vermont, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Lake Winni-
peg. Rare. In our region reported but once.

Huntingdon: Warrior’s Ridge. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).
60 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

7. DICRANELLA Schimper.

Dioicous, rarely pseudautoicous: mainly small, gregarious,
or cespitose, terrestrial: stem erect, thickly foliate, sparsely
radiculose; leaves somewhat lustrous, from a sheathing base
abruptly subulate and squarrose-spreading, or from a non-
sheathing base gradually linear to subulate and stiffly erect to
falcate-secund, mostly with plane edges; costa strong, mostly
percurrent, often filling the acumen; leaf-cells elongate-rectan-
gular to linear: seta erect; capsule cernuous, unsymmetric,
short, short-necked, often strumate, or erect and symmetric;
peristome-teeth usually present, mostly unequally subulately
2-3-cleft, papillose above, at the extreme base united to form
more or less of a basal membrane, exteriorly finely vertically
striate; operculum conic-rostrate or obliquely long-rostrate,
sometimes as long or even longer than the urn.

A large and cosmopolitan genus of about 130 species ; about
32 species in North America; at least 4 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Costa wide and flat and not well-defined at base; peristome weak-
ly papillose; annulus often differentiated.

a. Costa narrow and sharply defined at base: peristome densely
papillose; annulus not differentiated. e.
b. Seta red. c.
b. Seta yellowish. d.

c. Leaves squarrose from a sheathing base. (D. crispa [Ehrhart]
; Schimper).

c. Leaves not squarrose nor from a sheathing base. ;

(D. curvata [Hedwig]

Schimper).
d. Capsules erect and symmetric. 1. D. fitegeraldi.
d. Capsules more or less cernuous. a. D. heteromalla.
e Leaves entire. 4. D. varia.
e. Leaves serrulate or denticulate. 3. D. rufescens.

1. Dicranella fitzgeraldi Renauld and Cardot.
(D. heteromalla var. fitzgeraldi Grout).

(Plate VI)

Rather densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stem 5-10 mm.
long, mostly simple, erect, leaves crowded, erect-spreading,
sometimes subsecund, about 3-3.5 mm. long, up to 0.5 mm.
broad at base, from the lance-ovate base narrowing above
into a long, canaliculate-subulate, denticulate apex; costa at
base rather indistinct, about one-fourth to one-third the width
of the leaf, strong above and constituting most of the acumina-
tion; basal leaf-cells elongate-rectangular or sub-rectangular,
reaching 8X55 microns, hyaline, a few in the extreme alar por-
tion often quadrate, median cells quadrate: seta erect, yellowish-
red, becoming quite dark brownish-red when old, about 7-8
mm. long, when dry sinistrorse in the lower half and dextrorse
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 61

above; capsule erect, symmetric, about .6-.9.25—.3 mm., ob-
long, not constricted below mouth, smooth or nearly so even
when dry and empty, when ripe brown; peristome single, the
teeth very slightly united below, cleft about half-way into
linear-subulate prongs, sometimes sub-cribrose along the di-
visural, articulate, longitudinally striolate-granulose, towards
apex hyaline; spores.minutely papillose, about .014-.017 mm.,
mature in late fall or winter; operculum low-conic with an
oblique rostrum.
On soil, soil-covered rocks, etc., in the eastern and south-
eastern parts of the United States. Not rare in our region.
Allegheny: Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, August 16, 1905,
McKees Rocks, August 27, 1905, and Fern
Hollow, Pittsburgh, March 8, 1908. (Figured).
O. E. J.; Wildwood Road, March 29, 1908. O.
E. J. and G. K. J.

2. Dicranella heteromalla [Dillenius] Schimper.
(Dicranum heteromallum Hedwig).
(Plate VII)

Cespitose, bright yellowish to dark green; stem erect or
ascending, 0.5-3.0 cm. tall: leaves numerous, lance-subulate,
concave, 2-3 mm. long, denticulate towards the apex, usually
also denticulate dorsally towards the apex; costa strong, one- |
fifth to one-third the width of the leaf at base, percurrent,
bordered towards the apex by a narrow margin of lamina; leaf-
cells parenchymatous, at leaf-base 2-5 times as long as wide,
rectangular, brownish, narrower towards the margin, the upper
cells shorter and often obliquely quadrilateral; seta 1.5-2.5
cm. long, greenish-yellow, dextrorse ; capsule smooth, about 1.5
mm. long, oblong, castaneous to dark brown, more or less
erect, usually slightly curved, when dry bent and curved in
at the upper part just below the rim on one side in a very
characteristic manner, furrowed ; operculum hemispheric, with
a linear obliquely inclined beak about 1 mm. long; peristome-
teeth red, bifid to below the middle or about to the middle,
sometimes trifid, with somewhat projecting trabeculz, articu-
late, minutely papillose-striate, hyaline and papillose at apex;
exothecial cells incrassate, irregularly elongate-rectangular to
oblong-hexagonal, the end-walls thinner than the lateral walls,
two to four rows of cells at the rim much smaller and
rounded; spores .010-.014 mm., yellowish-incrassate, mature
in autumn,

Common, especially in hilly or mountainous districts, on
rocks, clay banks, soil-covered logs, etc. Europe, Asia, and, in
North America, from lower Canada to the Gulf States. One of
the most common mosses in our region.
62 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Allegheny : More than fifty collections from various
localities in the County have been ex-
amined.

Armstrong : Kittanning, August 16, 1906. O. E. J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.

Center : Bald Eagle Ridge near Matternville, Sep-

tember 20, 1909, and mountain slope near
Bear Meadows, September 21, 1909. O.

E, J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O.E. J.; Harts-
town, May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J. and G.
K. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, Septem-

ber 1-3, 1907, and Cheat Haven, Septem-
ber 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.; Ohio
Pyle, September 10, 1905. O. E. J. and
G. E. K.; and May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.

Lawrence : In gorge below Ellwood City, June 26,
1909. O.E. J.

Westmoreland : New Florence, Mellon’s estate on Laurel
Hill Mts., September 8-11, 1907. (Fig-
ured), Hillside, May 23, 1908, and May
22, 1909, “Shades” near Blackburn, March
25, 1910. O. E. J.; Laurelville, May 30-
31, 1903. J. A. S.; Hillside, at top of
Chestnut Ridge, September 16-17, 1909.
O. E. J. and G. K. J.

3. Dicranella rufescens [Dickson] Schimper.

(Plate VII)

Rather loosely cespitose, reddish- to yellowish-green:
stems erect, in our region generally very short, about 3 mm.
high, mostly simple; leaves few, linear-lanceolate, reaching 1.5
mm. long, gradually narrowed, minutely denticulate towards
apex, plane, erect-spreading or sometimes sub-secund; costa
narrow, about one-seventh to one-sixth the width of the leaf-
base, percurrent; basal leaf-cells large, hyaline, smooth, thin-
walled, quadrate-rectangular to linear-rectangular, reaching 8
-10 times as long as wide, median cells shorter and smaller
but similar, the percurrent costa margined by cells similar to
the median: seta erect, red, about 3-5 mm. long, dextrorse
when dry; capsule globose-ovoid, erect, red, symmetrical,
smooth to slightly wrinkled when dry, the urn wide-mouthed
and more or less turbinate ; operculum obliquely conic-rostrate,
about as long as urn (0.5 mm.); calyptra cucullate, smooth,
yellowish-red, narrowly conic, about 0.8 mm. long; spores
globose, smooth, orange-pellucid, about .012-.015 mm., ma-
ture in late summer or fall.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 63

Usually on damp, bare soil, in Europe, Asia, and, in North
America, from Alaska to Nova Scotia and southwards to West
Virginia. Rather common in our region.

Beaver : Clay bank of creek, New Galilee, Sep-
tember 10, 1906. O. E. J.

Cambria : Gallitzin. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Fayette : Clay roadside, Ohio Pyle, September 1-3,

1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Huntingdon : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Tuna Creek, Bradford, October 18, 1894,
and March 31, 1895, and Niles Hollow,
October 21, 1894. D. A. B.

Westmoreland : On elevated clay soil, Laurel Hill Mts.,
above New Florence, September 8-11,
1907. (Figured). O. E. J.; “Shades,”
near Blackburn, June 13, 1908. O. E. J.

4. Dicranella varia [Hedwig] Schimper.

(Plate VII)

Densely gregarious to cespitose, bright to yellowish-
green; stems short, usually about 5-7 mm. high, ascending to
erect, branching at base; leaves up to 2.5 mm. long, linear-
lanceolate, gradually narrowed to a long-linear acumination,
spreading to recurved, not very secund, when dry somewhat
flexuous, margin narrowly revolute, entire, excepting some-
times at the very apex somewhat denticulate; costa wide and
not well-defined, percurrent and comprising a large portion of
the acumen; basal leaf-cells rather thin-walled, rectangular or
with oblique end-walls, 2-6:1, gradually becoming smaller
and narrower above, the upper being about 24:1 and some-
what incrassate, all smooth and more or less yellowish-
pellucid: seta yellowish-brown to castaneous, ascending to
erect, about 5-8 mm. long, sinistrorse; capsule ovate to ob-
long, more or less cernuous, reddish to pale castaneous, curved,
smooth, together with lid about 1-1.25 mm. long; lid about
as long as urn, rostellate ; peristome-teeth large, lance-subulate,
cleft to middle, strongly articulate, finely striate-papillose, rich
castaneous below, sub-hyaline above; spores yellowish, rather
thick-walled, minutely roughened, .020-.024 mm., mature in
late autumn or in winter.

On bare clay soil in fields, on ledges, etc. Widely dis-
tributed in the Northern Hemisphere; in North America from
Nova Scotia to Alaska and south to Georgia.

Allegheny : In niches on cliff, Powers Run, November

30, 1909. (Figured). O. E. J.
McKean  : Bennett Brook, October 23, 1897. D. A. B.
64 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

8. RHABDOWEISIA Bryologia Europa.

Autoicous: low, densely cespitose: stem without central
strand, in cross-section obtusely pentagonal, densely foliate,
radiculose, branched; leaves when dry crisped, decurrent,
linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, plane-margined ; costa strong,
disappearing below the apex; upper leaf-cells chlorophyllose,
quadrate to rounded, smooth; basal cells rectangular and hya-
line: seta straw-yellow, erect; capsule erect, minute, sym-
metric, ovate to oblong, obtusely octagonal with darker striz,
8-costate when dry; annulus none; peristome rarely absent,
inserted on the rim; teeth arising from low, broad, more or
less united bases, abruptly filiform or subulate, reddish-yellow,
trabecule prominent ventrally but articulations scarcely pro-
jecting dorsally, surface of teeth non-papillose but often ob-
liquely minutely striate; operculum long-subulate, obliquely
rostrate, as long or longer than the urn; calyptra cucullate,
rostrate, reaching to the middle of the capsule.

About 8 species of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting
crevices of silicious rocks; 5 species in North America; 2
species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves entire or nearly so. — 1. R. fugox.
a. Leaves rather coarsely denticulate towards the apex.
2. R. denticulata.

1. Rhabdoweisia fugax (Hedwig) Bryologia Europza.
(Weisia fugax Hedwig).
(Plate VII)

Densely cespitose, usually dark green: stems short, in
ours about 5 mm. high, radiculose at base; leaves Iance-linear,;
recurved-spreading, numerous, about 2-2.5 mm. long, usually
somewhat concave, acute to shortly acuminate, margins plane,
faintly denticulate towards apex, leaves crisped when dry;
costa strong but not quite reaching apex; upper leaf-cells
rounded-hexagonal, about .010-.014 mm., incrassate, chloro-
phyllose, papillose, rather yellow, arranged in rows, in the
upper part of the leaf about 6 or 8 rows on either side of the
costa, the apical cells larger and more hyaline, the basal cells
pellucid and elongate-rectangular, about 2-8:1: seta erect, 2-
3 mm. high, yellowish; capsule erect, symmetric, oval; the
urn wide-mouthed, about 0.5-0.7 mm. high, brownish, when
dry and empty 16-striate; operculum about as long as urn,
obliquely rostrate from a broad base; peristome-teeth abrupt-
lv subulate from a broad base, small, not very persistent,
articulate, papillose; spores about .018-.020 mm., minutely
roughened, yellowish-pellucid, maturing in mid-summer;
calyptra cucullate, covering about two-thirds of the urn; exo-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 65

thecial cells yellowish, incrassate, irregularly oblong to rec-
tangular, the upper 2 to 4 rows much smaller and rounded.

In crevices of various kinds of rocks, in moist, shady cliffs,
etc., rarely in limestone. Mainly in the mountainous dis-
tricts of Europe, Asia and America. In North America this
species occurs in southern Canada and in northern United
States, south to Missouri. Rare in our region.

McKean : Sandstone rocks between Hawkins and

Rutherford Hollows, March 12, 1894, and
Toad Hollow, July 19, 1896, and August 1,
1897. D. A. B.

In West Virginia this species occurs on the sandstone
cliffs of Chestnut Ridge, 6 miles south of the West Virginia-
Pennsylvania State boundary line. July 4, 1909. O. E. J. and
G. K. J. (Figured).

2. Rhabdoweisia denticulata [Bridel] Bryologia Europza.

Closely similar to R. fugar but leaves wider and more dis-
tinctly obtuse, more strongly denticulate; leaf-cells in 7 to
10 rows on each side of the costa in the upper part of the
leaf: peristome-teeth more persistent.

We have seen no specimens of this species from our
region, although it has been reported as follows:

Lawrence: Slippery Rock Creek. James. (Porter's Cata-

logue).

g. ONCOPHORUS Bridel.

Autoicous: rather large, cespitose in broad, soft, bright
green or yellowish-green tufts, usually radiculose below:
stems thickly foliate; leaves when dfy crisped, when moist
ascending to squarrose, from a sheathing base more or less
abruptly long-acuminate or subulate, concave, carinate; costa
strong, percurrent or excurrent; cells in the sheathing base
of the leaf long-rectangular, translucent to hyaline, the alar
differentiated, the laminal cells small, mostly rounded-
quadrate, at the margin bi-stratose; perichztial leaves sheath-
ing to above the middle, abruptly subulate: seta long, erect;
capsule unsymmetric, strumose with a short collum, when
empty more or less weakly sulcate; annulus indistinct; peris-
tome-teeth 16, deeply inserted, approximate, united below into
a tube which is adherent to the wall of the capsule, the teeth
2-(3)-divided to the middle, outwardly minutely papillose
in longitudinal lines, the inner surface with 1 (or 2) delicate
longitudinal lines and strongly projecting transverse plates;
operculum at least half as long as the capsule, obliquely
rostrate; calyptra cucullate.

A genus of 9 species widely distributed on damp gravelly
soil, on moist non-calcareous rocks, or on decaying logs.. Only
one species in our range.
66 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

1. Oncophorus wahlenbergii Bridel.
(Plate VIIT)

Densely cespitose, light or yellowish-green above, darker
below: stem ascending or erect, forking, up to 3 cm. high,
sparsely radiculose below; leaves numerous, dense, much
ctisped when dry, abruptly flexuous-spreading when moist,
from a concave, widely obovate base abruptly contracting into
a long, carinate, linear-subulate, flexuous, rather acute portion
which is low-serrate at the apex both marginally and dorsally ;
costa strong, ending in the apex; leaf-cells at base mostly
pellucid and obliquely elongate-rectangular, about 3-10:1,
above at the shoulder and along the subulation quickly be-
coming much smaller, incrassate, about .005-.007 mm. in
diameter, smooth, sometimes faintly rounded papillose: seta
single, erect, flexuous, yellowish to brownish, when dry
strongly dextrorse, 1-1.5 cm. long; capsule about 1.2 mm.
long, arcuate-cernuous, oblong-cylindric, gibbous, distinctly
sharply strumose, when old irregularly wrinkled; peristome-
teeth united at base into a rather deeply inserted tube, the
teeth divided to the middle, lance-linear, castaneous-pellucid,
very faintly dorsally articulate below, strongly ventrally
trabeculate in a double series separated by a more or less zig-
zag divisural line, at the base smooth, towards the middle
minutely vertically striate-papillose, at the apex sub-hyaline;
annulus narrow with crenulate margin; operculum obliquely
rostrate; exothecial cells irregular, rather lax, with medium
walls, not much different towards the mouth; spores papil-
lose, castaneous-pellucid, about .028-.030 mm., mature in
spring.

On rocks, soil, old logs, etc., in cool and moist situations,
usually in the mountains in non-calcareous districts. Europe,
Asia, and, in North America, from Greenland to Alaska and
south to the northern United States. Rare in our region.

McKean _ : Broadbow, D. A. B.

10. DICRANUM Hedwig.

Autoicous or dioicous; mostly large and thickly tufted,
often cushion-like: stems mostly erect; leaves mainly falcate-
secund, more or less subulate-acuminate from a concave,
lanceolate base, and usually canaliculate to tubulose; costa
largely excurrent; alar leaf-cells mostly brownish and dif-
ferentiated ; inner perichetial leaves elongate, involute-sheath-
ing, the acumen often short or lacking: seta erect, mostly
twisted, sometimes 2 to 5 together in a perichetium; capsule
various from cylindric and erect to cernuous and arcuate or
even rarely strumose; operculum long-rostrate and by a dif-
ferentiated annulus always with a notched edge; peristome not
OY WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 67

inserted below the edge of the capsule; teeth mostly 2-3-
parted to the middle, vertically striate below, ventrally
trabeculate; calyptra not ciliate at base.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 150 species, mostly on non-
calcareous sub-strata, in the tropics confined to the mountains
and rather rare in the Southern Hemisphere. In North
America about 65 species are known and at least 7 species
occur in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Capsule cernuous, unsymmetric. b.
a. Capsule erect, symmetric. g.
b. Leaf-cells porose. c.

b. Leaf-cells very slightly or not at all porose.
(D. SRE nln R. and
)

c. Leaves transversely undulate; costa not reaching apex.
d.
c. Leaves not transversely undulate; costa percurrent to excurrent.

d. Upper leaf-cells elongated. 1. D. polysetiunn.
d. Upper leaf-cells iso-diametric. e.
e. Capsule solitary; costa and lamina dorsally smooth.
(D. bergeri Bland.)
e. Capsules clustered: costa and lamina dorsally rough.
(D. drummondti C. M.)
{. Capsules clustered: guides of costa in two rows.
; (D. majus Smith.)
f. Capsules solitary: guides of costa in one row.
2. D. scoparinin.
Costa with median guides. h.
Costa without median guides, 2-4-stratose. 7. D. longifolium.
h. Entire lamina uni-stratose; costa percurrent.

ge 02

i.
h. Upper lamina more or less bi-stratose; costa excurrent.

ie
i. Upper leaf-cells rectangular and mamillate dorsally.
3. D. montanum.

i. Upper leaf-cells less regular, not mamillate.
D. flagellare.

4.
j. Costa and margin entire, apex usually broken off.
D. viride.

j. Costa and margin serrulate. 5. D. fulvun.
1. Dicranum polysetum Swartz, Schwaegrichen.
(D. rugosum Bridel; D. wndulatuin Ehrhart).

Tall, up to 20 cm. or more, loosely cespitose: stems erect
or decumbent, densely radiculose below; leaves undulate,
lustrous yellowish-green ; 6-9 mm. long, lanceolate, the upper
half spinosely serrate, the lower half with recurved margin;
costa strong, rather narrow, vanishing in the apex, with two
serrate dorsal lamellz above; alar cells distinct, brownish, not
reaching costa, median and upper leaf-cells elongate-elliptic to
linear-fusiform, incrassate and porose: seta long, reddish,
68 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

usually 2-5 in a cluster; capsule arcuate-cernuous, rather
small, when dry and empty striate and brown; spores mature
in late summer or early fall.

On moist soil and on humus-covered rocks in moist and
shady woods, usually in hilly or mountainous regions. Eu-
rope, Asia, and, in North America, in the northern United
States and in Canada. Rare in our region.

Huntingdon: Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Dicranum scoparium [Linneus] Hedwig.
(Bryum scopariuin Linneus).
(Plate VIII)

Large, rather loosely tufted, glossy, yellowish-green, often
brownish below: stems growing upwards and dying away
below, often 7 or 8 cm. long, densely felted-radiculose; leaves
falcate-secund, often more or less tufted at the upper end of
the innovations, about 8-12 mm. long, linear-subulate, not
undulate, concave, serrate towards apex, little changed when
dry; costa strong, flat, one-fourth to one-third the width of
the leaf at base, above bearing four serrate dorsal lamelle;
leaf-cells at base enlarged, quadrate to rectangular, rather
thin-walled; orange-colored, the median elongate rectangular to
somewhat linear, incrassate, porose, the apical irregularly
oblong, not porose: seta about 3 cm. long, erect-sinuose, yel-
lowish to chestnut-brown, lighter below, usually sinistrorse,
sometimes dextrorse above; capsule 3.5-4 mm. long, about
0.8 mm. thick, chestnut-brown, cylindric, arcuate, when dry
furrowed and slightly constricted below the mouth, tapering
below into a short neck, exannulate; operculum low-conic,
subulate rostrate, the beak about 2.5 mm. long; calyptra about
6-7 mm. long, cucullate, conic-rostrate, peristome
single; teeth pellucid, reddish-brown, papillose above,
below strongly articulate and vertically striate, divided about
one-half into 2 or 3 lance-subulate prongs, sometimes more or
less cribrose; spores globose, slightly roughened, about .020-
.024 mm., mature in late summer or nearly fall.

On soil, logs, rocks, etc., in woods. Europe, Asia, and,-.
in North America, throughout the cooler and temperate re-
gions. Quite common in our region.

Allegheny : Near Sharon, on dry soil, February 10,
1887. J. AS.

Cambria : James. (Porter's Catalogue).

Center : Stormestown, April 2, 1902. Miss H. E.

Wilson; Tussey’s Mt., near Shingletown,

July 15 and September 15,1909 O. E. J.
Clinton : Near Lock Haven, July 15, 1908. O. E. J.
Erie : Presque Isle, August 26, 1905. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 69

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, and Sep-
tember 1-3, 1907. (Figured). O. E. J. and
G. K. J-

Huntingdon : Tussey’s Mt., near Baileyville, July 13,
1909. O. E. J.

McKean : Toad Hollow, Bradford, October 18, 1894,

Rutherford Rocks, Bradford, June 19,
1896, and Langmade, November 3, 1895.
Dz. A. B.

3. Dicranum montanum Hedwig.
(Plate VIII)

Densely cespitose, light yellowish-green, lustrous: stems
erect, short, up to 1 cm. in our region, sparsely branching ;
leaves much crisped when dry, in the same cushion some of
the plants with equally-spreading leaves, others with all secund
leaves, from a wider base gradually narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, up to 5 mm. long, concave below and canaliculate above
to near the apex, on margin and back of costa strongly ser-
rulate above; costa rather strong, percurrent or almost excur-
rent, forming about one-fifth of the width of the leaf at base;
median leaf-cells shortly rectangular-quadrate to laterally ob-
long, incrassate, yellowish, the upper somewhat smaller and
rounded-quadrate, more or less distinctly papillose, the basal
rectangular, thinner-walled, up to 6:1, the alar not much
larger but quadrate-inflated, all the basal cells more or less
castaneous in color; perichztial leaves similar to stem leaves;
seta single, erect, yellowish to brownish, about 1.5 cm. high;
capsule oblong-cylindric, slightly curved, yellowish to finally
brownish, plicate when dry and empty, the urn about 2.5 mm.
long; the lid conic, more or less obliquely rostrate, about 1.5
mm. long, castaneous ; annulus narrow; peristome-teeth cleft to
below the middle or nearly to the base into linear-subulate,
deeply castaneous, articulate, faintly trabeculate, striate-
papillose divisions; exothecial cells yellowish-incrassate, ir-
regularly oblong to rectangular, the upper 3-6 rows much
smaller, more deeply colored and incrassate, rounded-quadrate
or hexagonal; spores smoothish, yellowish, about .022-.025
mm., not very thick-walled, maturing in early fall.

On rotten wood and on roots and trunks of trees. Europe,
Asia, and, in North America, from Newfoundland to the north-
ern United States and westward to the Rocky Mountains.
Rather rare in our region.

Elk : dfcMinn. (Porter's Catalogue).
Huntingdon: Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, on rotten log, September 1-3, 1906.

O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).
70 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

4. Dicranum flagellare Hedwivy.

(Plate VIII)

Rather densely cespitose, bright green above, brownish
below, tufts about 1 cm. high: stems radiculose, often with
flagellz in the axils of the upper leaves, erect; leaves crisped
and sub-secund when dry, falcate-secund when moist, from an
oblong base narrowed gradually into a subulate acumen,
strongly involute to near the apex, apex serrate; costa strong,
about one-fourth to one-third the width of the leaf-base, per-
current, serrate dorsally at the apex; alar leaf-cells large, dis-
tinct, inflated-quadrate, rather thin-walled, colored, reaching
nearly to the costa, the leaf-cells above loosely elongate-
rectangular, farther above becoming shorter, above the middle
rounded-quadrate, incrassate; perichetial leaves shorter,
abruptly subulate-acuminate from a sheathing base: seta erect,
sinistrorse when dry; reddish to yellow-brown, about 2 cm.
long ; capsule erect, cylindric, symmetric, reddish-brown, about
2.5 mm. long, when dry striate and often slightly curved; lid
obliquely long-rostrate, lustrous, brown; peristome-teeth
trabeculate, articulate, confluent at base, cleft to two-thirds to
three-fourths, the lower two-thirds reddish and more or less
vertically striate-papillose, hyaline above; annulus delicate;
exothecial cells elongate, strongly laterally incrassate with
thinner end-walls, several series at the rim much smaller and
rounded-quadrate; calyptra. reaching to the middle of the
capsule, fugacious; spores globose, slightly roughened, yellow-
incrassate, .018—-.022 mm. in diameter, mature in summer.

On decayed logs and stumps and on bases of trees in
moist woods. In Europe, Asia, and, in North America, from
Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to Mexico. Rather
common in our region.

Blair : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Cambria : Flinton, July 23, 1908. O. E. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, August 26, 1905. O. E, J.
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.

and G. K. J.; also September 10, 1905. O.
E. J. and G. E. K.

Huntingdon : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : West Branch, February 27, 1896, D. A. B.
Somerset : Allegheny Mts,, August 17, 1875. John
D. Shafer.

Westmoreland : Mellon’s estate, New Florence, Septem-
ber 8-10, 1907. O. E. J. (Figured).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 71

5. Dicranum fulvum Hooker.
(D. interruptum Bryologia Europea.
(Plate IX)

Deeply but rather loosely cespitose, fulvous to browhish-
green: stem ascending to erect, sparsely branching, radiculose
at base; leaves numerous, secund, somewhat crisped when dry,
about 5-6 mm. long, gradually narrowed, from a concave
lanceolate base to a linear-acuminate more or less concave to
canaliculate apex, the upper margin serrulate; costa strong,
about one-third of leaf-width at base, usually somewhat ex-
current, dorsally serrulate above, in the long acumination oc-
cupying most of the leaf; median and upper leaf-cells quadrate
to shortly rectangular, strongly yellowish-incrassate, the lower
rectangular, not porose at base, becoming in the alar portion
enlarged, inflated, rectangular to quadrate, thin-walled, brown-
ish, this alar area reaching usually to the costa; perichetial
leaves linear-subulate from a broadly sheathing base: seta
single, rather stout, erect, flexuous, yellowish to dark with age,
about 1-1.5 cm. long; capsule erect, symmetric to slightly
curved, the urn about 4 mm. long, cylindric, castaneous, sulcate
when dry and empty; lid stoutly and more or less obliquely
rostrate and about 1.5 mm. long; annulus rather narrow;
exothecial cells yellowish-incrassate, quadrate to rectangular
or oblong-hexagonal, several rows below the mouth much
smaller and rounded-quadrate-hexagonal; spores large, .024—
.030 mm., smoothish, rather thin-walled, mature in autumn.

Generally on non-calcareous rocks in moist woods among
the hills or mountains. Europe and North America from Nova
Scotia and North Carolina west to the Mississippi River.
Rather uncommon in our region.

Fayette: On rocks in woods, Ohio Pyle, September 1-3,

1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).

McKean: Toad Hollow, June 9, 1896, Bolivar, August 6,

1897, Quintuple, April 11, 1898, and Rutherford,
September 16, 1898, all near Bradford. D. A. B.

6. Dicranum viride (Sullivant) Lindberg.
(Plate IX)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green to dark green or some-
times almost blackish: stems ascending, up to 2 cm. high,
simple or sparsely branching, radiculose below; leaves 34
mm. long, spreading or recurved, when dry crisped, the apices
usually found broken off, the leaves close, gradually linear-
acuminate from a lanceolate base, concave below, the acumi-
nation often concave or canaliculate, the margin entire or
slightly denticulate at apex; costa strong, percurrent or ex-
current, at base comprising from one-fourth to one-third the
72 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

width of the leaf; median and upper leaf-cells more or less
regularly quadrate, small, incrassate, towards base slightly
larger, but not much longer than broad, non-porose, suddenly
becoming enlarged, thin-walled, brownish, and rectangular up
to 3:1, the alar inflated and sometimes extending to the costa:
capsule oblong, erect or slightly curved. Not seen in fruit in
our region.

On decayed logs and on bases of trees in woods, rarely on
rocks, in Europe, Asia, and, in North America, from New-
foundland to the Rocky Mountains, south to Pennsylvania and
Ohio.

Butler : On base of Tilia, Brush Creek swamp,
Crider’s Corners, April 26, 1908. O. E. J.
(Figured).

Cambria : Wiltmore. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Rutherford, October 17, 1895. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: On sandstone boulder at edge of stream,
“Shades,” near Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O. E. J.

7. Dicranum longifolium [Ehrhart] Hedwig.

(Plate IX)

Densely cespitose, pale green, glossy: stems more or less
deeply castaneous, ascending, geniculate at intervals, at least
3-5 cm. long, sparingly brownish-tomentose below; leaves
lustrous, pale green, yellowish-green and hardly altered when
dry, falcate-secund, about 5-8 mm. long, linear-subulate, from
a short lanceolate base about one-fourth the length of the leaf,
at the base reddish or brownish, non-decurrent; costa wide,
comprising about one-third the width of the leaf-base, some-
what narrowed at insertion, the upper three-fourths of the leaf
consisting entirely of the linear-subulate, canaliculate, more
cr less spinose-denticulate, excurrent costa; alar leaf-cells lax,
rather thin-walled and hyaline, sometimes brownish, rounded
and extending to the costa, the laminal cells immediately above
with medium walls, obliquely oblong-angular, narrower to-
wards the margin and further above becoming smaller and
rhomboid-quadrate along the margin to elongate-rectangular
near the costa: capsule cylindric, erect, nearly straight, smooth,
produced but rarely.

On tree-trunks and on non-calcareous rocks in hilly or
mountainous regions, in Europe, Asia, and, in North America,
from Greenland and British Columbia south to Colorado and
North Carolina. Rare in our region.

McKean : Bradford, 1896. Sterile. D. A.B. (Figured).

11. DICRANODONTIUM Bryologia Europea.
Dioicous: tall mosses mostly in dense tufts, the stems and
often the basal portion of the costa on the under side felted-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 73

radiculose: leaves weakly or not at all auriculate, from the
lanceolate base long-subulate, canaliculate-tubulose, the
acumen often plainly toothed on the margin and dorsal sur-
face of the costa by reason of the mammillate cells ; costa broad
and flat, long, excurrent, and almost filling the acumen; alar
cells reaching the costa, inflated, hyaline, sometimes reddish,
delicate, areolation above the alar cells widened to-
wards the costa and rectangular to long-hexagonal, at the
margin usually united into a more or less broad border;
perichetial leaves sheathing, abruptly long-subulate: seta
arcuate, finally erect-flexuous; capsule symmetric, oblong-
cylindric, smooth; annulus not differentiated; peristome in-
serted below the edge of the capsule-mouth; teeth separate,
two-parted deeply, or to the base, the divisions filiform-subu-
late, below vertically and above obliquely striate-papillose ;
calyptra cucullate.

A cosmopolitan genus cf 21 species; 4 species in North
America; 3 species occurring in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Peristome-teeth cleft to base: leaves with somewhat widened
auricles. 1. D. longirostre.
a. Peristome-teeth not cleft to base: leaves non-auriculate.
b

b. Leaves easily caducous: seta 1.5-2 cm., urn 1.5-2 mm. long.
2. D. virginicum.

b. Leaves rather peristent: seta 5-8 mm., urn 1 mm. long.
3. D. millspaughii.

1. Dicranodontium longirostre [Starke] Bryologia Europea.
(Didymodon longirostris Starke).
(Plate IX.)

Densely and softly cespitose, lustrous, pale green, when
dried as in herbarium-specimens often a lustrous yellowish-
brown: stems erect or ascending, up to 3 or 4 cm. high, fork-
ing frequently, flexuous, radiculose below; leaves rather
numerous, often quickly deciduous, from a more or less sheath-
ing oblong concave base with more or less widened auricles
gradually narrowed to a long, flexuous-spreading or falcate-
secund, linear-subulate or setaceous, tubulose point, the margin
entire to faintly denticulate towards the apex; costa strong,
one-fifth to one-third the width of the leaf at base, excurrent
in the rough subulation, in cross-section showing a median
row of large hyaline cells bordered on either side by minute
incrassate cells ; alar leaf-cells large, inflated, hyaline to brown-
ish, rectangular, above becoming incrassate and narrower, in
the oblong base the upper marginal cells elongate-linear and
more or less prosenchymatous, the median and upper rounded-
quadrate, varying to short-rectangular or oblong: seta cygne-
ous, dextrorse; capsule oblong-cylindric, small; peristome-
74 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

teeth cleft to the base or nearly so into two filiform divisions,
inserted below the mouth of the urn, reddish; lid as long as
the urn, subulate-rostrate, straight; spores mature in late fall
or in winter: dioicous.

On sandstone rocks, walls, turfy places, etc., usually in
hilly or mountainous regions. Europe, Asia, and, in North
America, from New Brunswick and Alaska south to Ohio and
Pennsylvania. Rare and usually sterile in our region.

McKean : Rutherford Rocks, July 7, 1894, Hawkins,

October 18, 1895, Langmade Rocks, April 16,
1896, all in the vicinity of Bradford. D. A.
B. (Figured).

2. Dicranodontium virginicum E. G. Britton.

Lustrous, bright green: stems ascending to erect, below
red-tomentose; leaves erect-spreading to secund, variously
straight to curled or twisted, often 5 mm. long, narrowly con-
cave-subulate from a short, thick, non-auriculate base, often
caducous, the caducous leaves usually with smooth points, the
persistent ones with serrulate points; alar cells more or less
hyaline, the median and upper rectangular to quadrate, in-
crassate; seta appearing lateral by growth of innovations,
flexuous, up to 2 cm. long, lustrous, yellow, arcuate to erect;
capsule cylindric, 1.5 to 2 mm. long; peristome-teeth deep red,
not deeply inserted, split about to the middle, papillose-striate
at base, sub-hyaline above; no annulus; lid subulate-rostrate,
shorter than the urn, straight or curved; calyptra cucullate,
rostrate, covering only the upper third of urn; spores small,
mature in summer: dioicous, antheridia terminal.

At the southern border of our region, on sandstone
boulder along wooded path, Tibbs Run, Monongalia County,
West Virginia. C. F. Millspaugh.

3. Dicranodontium millspaughii E. G. Britton.

(Campylopus flexuosus Sullivant)

Silky, cespitose, yellowish-green; stems rufous-tomentose
at base, up to 3 cm. long; leaves erect-spreading to secund,
up to 5 mm. long, from a broad, concave, non-auriculate base
narrowly tubulose-subulate; costa strong, excurrent into a
linear tip, dentate marginally and dorsally ; alar leaf-cells large,
hyaline, mainly quadrate to shortly rectangular, extending to
the costa, above quickly smaller, incrassate, tending to fusi-
form-prosenchymatous towards the margin, shorter to quadrate
in the upper part of the lamina: seta cygneous, erect when old,
5-8 mm. long, stout; capsule pyriform-cylindric, smooth, the
urn about 1 mm. long; peristome-teeth deeply inserted, red,
confluent at base, split to the middle or perforate to the base,
papillose-striolate below, paler above; no annulus but the rim
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 75

of the urn dark colored; lid about as long as the urn (1 mm.),
straight, subulate-rostrate; spores maturing in summer:
dioicous.

At the southern border of our region on sandstone rock in
deep woods along Tibbs Run, Monongalia County, West Vir-
ginia. C. F. Millspaugh.

Family III. LEUCOBRYACEAE.

Dioicous, rarely autoicous; densely cespitose and more or
less spongy like Sphagnum, whitish to glaucous-green: stem with-
out central strand, scarcely radiculose; leaves pluriseriate,
close, quite uniform in size; costa very broad, constituting
most of the leaf, sometimes narrow with a_ stereid-bundle,
composed of two kinds of cells, the outer large and parenchym-
atous with perforated inner walls, the inner smaller and
chlorophyllose, the lamina hyaline, usually very narrow and
mainly basal: seta single, erect; capsule erect and symmetric
or inclined, unsymmetric and strumose; annulus none; peri-
stome usually inserted below the edge of the urn, the teeth
mostly 16, sometimes only 8, lanceolate, articulate, entire or
cleft to the middle; operculum conic, rostrate; calyptra
cucullate or sometimes mitrate.

With the exception of thé genus Leucobryui the species of
this family are mostly tropical or sub-tropical in their distribu-
tion and occur mainly on trees. In our region there occurs
only the following genus:

1. LEUCOBRYUM Hampe.

Dioicous: thickly to loosely cespitose ; whitish or glaucous
green, mostly lustrous: leaves erect, when dry appressed and
brittle, sometimes spiral, or falcate, or squarrose-spreading,
from an ovate base lanceolate- to subulate-acuminate, canalicu-
late or sometimes almost tubulose above; costa flat, the large
parenchymatous outer cells 2-6-layered; lamina mostly nar-
row, often vanishing below the apex, without a border;
perichetial leaves half-sheathing and long-acuminate: seta
terminal, or lateral by the growth of innovations, long; capsule
more or less arcuate, unsymmetric, often strumose, with 8 rib-
like projecting ridges; peristome on the edge of the urn, the
teeth united at base into a tube, cleft to the middle into two
lance-subulate prongs, thickly trabeculate, vertically striate
and papillose; operculum subulate from a conical base;
calyptra inflated, cucullate, covering the urn.

About 106 species, mostly in the tropics, on trees, rocks,
or on shaded earth; 16 occurring in North America; 2 species
in our range.
76 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to the Species.

a. Leucocysts on the median line in 3 to 4 layers; leaves 3 to 9 mm,
long: capsules arcuate, strumose. 1. L. glaucui.
a. Leucocysts on the median line in 2 layers in 4 to 14 series; leaves
1 to 4 mm. long: capsule almost erect, not strumose.
2. L. albidum.

1. Leucobryum glaucum [Linnzus] W. P. Schimper.
(Dicranum glaucum Hedwig).
(Plate X)

In dense, rounded, spongy, whitish or glaucous tufts, often
6 or 7 cm. deep, only the upper 5 mm. or thereabouts alive, the
dead inner portion grayish-brown and peaty: leaves crowded,
in our region about 3-6 mm. long, more or ‘ess tubular, acute,
entire, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at base, erect-appressed, con-
sisting almost wholly of the broad, thick costa, the lamina ex-
tending about half-way up the leaf as a narrow margin of
2-5 rows of hyaline, thin-walled, long-rectangular to linear
cells: seta about 10 mm. long, sinistrorse, castaneous, erect;
capsule 1.5 to 2 mm. long, castaneous, when dry arcuate, ob-
long-cylindric, distinctly strumose, furrowed; lid long-rostrate,
nearly as long as the urn; calyptra longer than the capsule;
peristome slightly inserted, deep reddish-brown, dicranoid;
spores rather thin-walled, slightly roughened, .015-.020 mm.
in diameter, slightly roughened, mature in autumn. Capsules
are produced infrequently.

Almost cosmopolitan on soil or on rocks in woods. In
North America it occurs from Newfoundland to Florida and
westward to the Rocky Mountains. Common in our region,
especially preferring the somewhat acid soil of exposed white
oak-woods, often thus associated with Kalmia and some of
the wild huckleberries.

Allegheny : Darlington Hollow, June 26, 1885. J. A.
S.; Coraopolis, September 4, 1905, O. E.
J. and G. E. K.; Doutnett, December 29,
1908, and under hemlocks, Darlington
Hollow, October 25, 1908. O. E. J.;
Stewart’s Stop, Charleroi Electric R. R.,
August 19, 1907. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
Armstrong : Kittanning, August 16, 1906. O. E. J.

Center : Scotia, in Barrens, July 14 and Septem-
ber 23 (Figured), and Tussey’s Mt., near
Shingletown, July 15, 1909. O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, on elevated hum-
mock, Linesville, June 12, 1905, and May
12,1908. O.E. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, June 9-11, 1905. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 77

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.

Greene : Deer Lick, September 22, 1904. O. E. J.

McKean : Marilla Brook, Bradford, April 1, and

September 26, 1896. D. A. B.
Washington : Valley of Maple Creek, Charleroi, April
24, 1908, and Hanlin, May 21, 1908. O.
E, J.
Westmoreland: “Shades,” near Blackburn, March 23,
1910, O. E. J. and G. K. J.

2. Leucobryum albidum [Bridel] Lindberg.
(L. minus Hampe; Dicranum albidum Bridel).

Much smaller than L. glaucum; tufts very dense, about
1-2 cm. deep; leaves acute, narrower, shorter (about 1-
4 mm. long), closely imbricated and but little spreading at the
tip: capsule almost symmetric, little or not at all inclined,
slightly or not at all strumose.

On stumps, logs, or on the ground, Europe and in the
eastern part of the United States. Rare in our region.

Huntingdon : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Westmoreland: A sterile specimen from near Bear Cave,

Chestnut Ridge, Hillside. September 17,
1g0o9. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Family IV. FISSIDENTACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous: minute to large, gregarious to
cespitose, mostly green: stem oval, mostly with central strand,
basally radiculose, or with reddish rhizoids from the leaf-axils ;
leaves distichous, mostly vertically placed, so that they stand
edgewise to the stem with a clasping sheath at the base, or ex-
tending well up the leaf, and a dorsal lamina which is often
somewhat decurrent, the apical lamina being lacking in the
perichetial and lowest stem leaves and little developed in
Bryoxiphinum,; costa usually present; leaf-cells small, uniform,
rounded-hexagonal, chlorophyllose: seta erect or cygneous,
usually elongated; capsule erect and symmetric, or cernuous
and unsymmetric or curved, smooth, collum present; annulus
present or none; peristome present, except in Bryoxiphium,
usually inserted, simple, red; teeth articulate, united at base,
cleft to the middle or below into two or three filiform divisions,
trabeculate with two series of projecting transverse plates,
yellowish; spores mostly small; operculum more or less rost-
rate; calyptra small, narrowly conical, entire or cleft on one
side, rarely several times cleft, mostly smooth.

A family of over 600 species, largely tropical, with wide-
ly varied habitats, representated in our range by three genera.
78 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to Genera.

a. Dorsal lamina very narrow: peristome none: stem radiculose-
bulbiform at base. 1. Bryoxiphiun.
a. Dorsal lamina usually broad: peristome present: stem not radi-
culose-bulbiform at base. 7
b. Mostly not aquatic, sometimes submerged but floating.
2. Fissidens.
b. Aquatic, filiform, floating mosses. 3. Octodiceras.

1. BRYOXIPHIUM. Mitten.
(Eustichia Bridel).

Slender, dioicous, more or less densely silky-cespitose,
bright green or yellowish: stem stiff, oval in cross-section,
with central strand, radiculose at the extreme base, uowardly
flattened, with distichous, closely imbricated leaves, simple or
irregularly branched; leaves from a linear-lanceolate base.
either linear, with a small acumen, or rounded and abruptly
more or less long-subulate, denticulate above; costa percurrent,
with a very narrow dorsal wing which does not extend to the
base of the leaf; basal leaf-cells hyaline, rectangular, upper
cells chlorophyllose, triangular to irregularly trapezoidal,
smooth, towards the margin linear and forming a distinct
border; perichetium terminal, with two concave, ovate, pro-
longed-acuminate, serrulate leaves with a complete dorsal
wing: seta shorter than the perichetial leaves, flexuous or
cygneous; capsule spherical, oval or obovate, smooth; no
peristome or annulus; spores .015-020 mm. operculum
abruptly and irregularly rostrate; calyptra smooth, covering
about one-third of the urn; antheridial plants similar in appear-
ance to the archegonial.

Three species; one in Mexico, one in Asia, and one in
Europe and the United States, rare.

1. Bryoxiphium norvegicum |[Bridel] Mitten.

(Eustichia norvegica Mueller).

Plants 1-2.5 cm. long, somewhat flexuous, flat, lustrous,
yellow, fastened to vertical sandstone cliffs by a radiculose
bulbiform base; stems mostly simple; leaves short-acuminate
and as described for the genus; costa vanishing at or near the
apex: seta rather thick, about 2 mm. long; capsule obovate,
pale yellow, mouth reddish, peristome none; operculum
reddish at base, attached to columella and long-persistent ;
calyptra cucullate, large, tipped with a slender beak.

On shaded vertical exposures of sandstone in Wisconsin,
Kentucky and Central Ohio, also in Iceland, and once in Penn-
sylvania.

Lawrence : ‘Slippery Rock Creek, Lesquereux.” (Por-

ter’s Catalogue). The writer has not been
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 79

able to find this species along Slippery Rock
Creek, where Lesquereux found it.

2. FISSIDENS Hedwig.

Autoicous or dioicous: stem short to long, erect to pro-
cumbent, more or less branched or simple; leaves prominent-
ly winged, linear-obovate to lanceolate-obovate; costa usually
present; cells rounded-hexagonal, sometimes loosely rhom-
boidal, rarely prosenchymatous, smooth or papillose: seta
erect or ascending, long to short, mostly terminal, sometimes
lateral; capsule mostly exserted, erect or inclined, symmetric
o1 unsymmetric; peristome mostly inserted below the mouth
of the urn, teeth cleft, exteriorly articulate, often striate-
papillose; spores mostly small; operculum conic to rostrate;
calyptra entire to once or rarely several times cleft, mostly
smooth.

A widely distributed genus of about 550 species, mainly
tropical, on soil, rocks, trees, humus, or in water. In our
region at least 8 species.

Key to the Species.

Costa none: minute plants 2-4 mm. high, 1. F. hyalinas.
a. Costa well developed.
b. Leaves bordered, at least on the vaginant lamina, by a band
of linear cells.
b. Leaves not bordered, or at least the poiae not composed of
linear cells. g.
c. Costa percurrent, confluent with border at apex and forming a
mucro: capsule erect. 2. F. bryoides.
c. Costa not usually percurrent; border not usually reaching apex:
capsule curved or erect. d.
d. Leaves non-bordered, entire. obtuse. 3. F. obtusifolius.
d. Leaves bordered, at least on sheath, acute or apiculate.
e.

a

e. Leaves bordered to near the apex.
e. Leaves usually bordered only on the sheath.
5. F. exiguus.
f. Leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate: capsules usually more or
less curved: plants usually more than 2 mm.
4. F. incurvus.
f. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate: capsules usually erect:
plants often less than 2 mm. high. ga. Fine, minutilis.
g. Leaves without a marginal band of several rows of somewhat
paler cells, the outer row sometimes paler. “
i,
g. Leaves with a marginal band of several sins of paler incrassate
cells.
h. Leaf-cells rather obscure, about .006-.010X.006-.014 mm.
6. F. cristatus.
h. Leaf-cells distinct, about .012-.016.015-.025 mm.
7. F. adiantoides.
i. Costa excurrent into the apiculus. 8, B, taxifolius.
i. Costa not.quite reaching apex. j.
j. Leaves apiculate: seta terminal: leaf-cells .010-.016.014—020
mm. : 9, F. osmundioides.
80 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

j. Leaves more or less rounded at apex: seta lateral in basal
half of stem: leaf-cells about .008—.011 mm. ‘
10. F. subbasilaris.

1. Fissidens hyalinus Hooker and Wilson.

Gregarious, pale green, minute, 2-4 mm. high: stem
usually simple, erect; leaves in 3-5 pairs, soft, the upper much
larger, lance-oblong, acute, non-costate, margined by a single
row of narrow elongate cells, the sheath hardly reaching the
middle of the leaf, margin entire; cells large, about .030-.045x
.060-.100 mm., thin-walled, elongate-hexagonal, hyaline: seta
terminal, 1-2 mm. long, erect smooth; capsule oblong, erect,
thin-walled; teeth closely articulate, red, cleft to the middle;
operculum rostrate; calyptra cylindric-conic and covering the
rostrum only of the operculum; spores .014—.020 mm.

The original station of this rare moss was “Moist, rocky
ledges, Bank Lick, on Cassidy’s farm, near Cincinnati, Ohio,”
where it was first collected by T. G. Lea, in 1839. This sta-
tion has since been lost, but the moss has been found elsewhere
in Ohio: on ground in deep ravines near Painesville,—-H. C.
Beardslee, and later in Pennsylvania, as follows:

Washington: On clay banks with Fissidens tavifolius in

ravines near Washington, September and Oc-
tober, 1892, 1894, and 1898. Linn and Simon-
ton.

2. Fissidens bryoides [Linnzus] Hedwig.
(Hypnwmn bryoides Linneus).
(Plate X)

In loose tufts or densely gregarious, rather dark green:
stems ascending or erect, 5-15 mm. high; leaves numerous,
ascending, or the apical erect, oblong-lingulate, usually abrupt-
ly and somewhat obliquely acuminate, the sheath reaching
about -half way to the apex, the dorsal lamina gradually be-
coming very narrow at base, the border strong and reaching
the apex, where it becomes confluent with the costa, margin
entire or sometimes faintly denticulate at apex; costa strong;
leaf-cells rounded-hexagonal, somewhat incrassate, somewhat
smaller at the apex of the sheath, becoming rectangular at the
base, the border consisting of two or three rows of linear-
prosenchymatous incrassate cells: seta erect, flexuous, about
4-9 mm. long, yellowish to reddish, smooth, slender, terminal:
capsule erect or arcuate, usually reddish-yellow, smooth,
oblong-oval, about 7-8 mm. long; peristome-teeth red, the
upper two-thirds split into two awl-like prongs with spiral
thickenings, pellucid, papillose, the teeth inserted below the
mouth; spores smooth, small, about .010-.012 mm. in di-
ameter; operculum conic-rostrate. Mature in late fall.
Antheridial flowers gemmiform, axillary.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 81

Widely distributed in temperate regions on shaded soil,
in our region especially in and about greenhouses. Our speci-
mens show considerable variation in the arrangement of the
leaf-cells, either in rows or not so, and in the capsule, the
latter varying from erect and symmetric to arcuate. The
spores in our specimens are much smaller than is indicated in
some descriptions.

Allegheny : In flower-pots, Phipps Conservatory, Schenley

Park, Pittsburgh, March 20, 1910. O. E. J.
( Figured).

Elk : James. (Porter's Catalogue).

3. Fissidens obtusifolius Wilson.
(Plate X)

Small, densely gregarious, sometimes forming cushions,
usually growing at right angles to the substratum, pale green:
stems comparatively stout, in our specimens about 3-6 mm.
long, mostly simple; leaves of fertile plants about 48 pairs,
of sterile shoots about 6-12 pairs, distichous, vertical, in
fertile shoots closely placed, the lower small, obovate to ob-
long, the upper much larger, oblong, ascending to erect, obtuse,
the clasping portion extending above the middle, non-margined
except for a few elongate cells at the end of the sheathing
portion, entire, the apical leaves reaching to 1.5 mm. long by
0.3 mm. wide; cells rounded to quadrate-hexagonal above, a
few at the margin of the base rectangular (up to 4:1), at the
apex of the sheath a few marginal cells elongate to linear, all
incrassate; costa strong, disappearing shortly below the apex,
the dorsal lamina becoming narrow or disappearing at the
base: seta comparatively stout, erect, or upcurving, in ours
about 1.5-2.0 mm. long, brownish, smooth; the capsule erect,
oblong-oval to oblong-obovate, somewhat narrowed below the
mouth, smooth, brownish; operculum hemispheric-apiculate to
very shortly rostrate; peristome yellowish-pellucid, trabecu-
late, the teeth lanceolate, acuminate; capsule walls with cells
incrassate, quadrate to hexagonal; spores smooth, .018-.023
mm. Mature in autumn.

On wet rocks from New England to Minnesota, Colorado,
Texas, and Alabama. Rare in our region.

Beaver : Gorge of Little Beaver Creek, on sides of large

sandstone rocks in dashing current and often
inundated, Smith’s Ferry, October 1, 1910. O.
E. J. (On the Ohio-Pennsylvania State Line.)

In West Virginia on walls of Lock No. 9, Monongahela
River, a short distance south of the West Virginia~-Pennsyl-
vania State Line, July 3,1909. O.E. J.
82 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

4, Fissidens incurvus Starke, Schwaegrichen.

Typically this species is about 2-6 mm. high, with rather
broadly oblong-lanceolate leaves, which are obtuse-apiculate
and narrowly bordered up to near the apex: seta reddish, long,
flexuous; capsule oval-cylindric, curved and usually more or
less inclined or cernuous; antheridial buds basal.

On rocks, or more rarely clay, usually in shaded brooks
and ravines, America from Greenland to Vancouver Island to
Texas. Europe, Asia, Africa, New Zealand.

Fayette : On muddy rock in bed of mountain rivulet,
Ohio Pyle, June 14, 1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
McKean : Hunt’s Run, April 28, 1893. D. A. B.

In our region this species is rare in its typical form but is
represented by a form closely approaching, but perhaps not quite
typical,—variety minutulus (Sullivant) Austin, as follows:

4a. Fissidens incurvus variety minutulus (Sullivant) Austin.

(F. minutulus Sullivant).
(Plate X)

Plants minute, 0.8-5.0 mm. high, gregarious, green, erect:
stem simple, reddish; leaves 3-7 pairs, hardly imbricate, the
uppermost much larger and incurved-erect and up to 2.5 mm.
long, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute, the
border narrow, ceasing below apex, widest at upper part of
sheath, margin entire or somewhat undulate, the sheath about
one-half the length of the leaf, the inferior lamina narrowing
at base but hardly decurrent; costa strong, ending usually a
little below apex; leaf-cells incrassate, more or less rounded to
hexagonal, rather irregular, the basal becoming rectangular,
the border consisting of 1-3 rows of elongate-linear or ascend-
ing prosenchymatous cells: seta reddish, smooth, erect, sub-
flexuous, about 3-6 mm. long; capsule usually erect, sym-
metric, 0.7-0.9 mm. long, yellowish to dark chestnut color,
oval-oblong, tapering abruptly at base: peristome rich red-
chestnut, the teeth deeply forked into two awl-like prongs
with prominent spiral thickenings, teeth slightly inserted;
spores round to oblong, pellucid, pale yellow-red, smoothish,
.014-.017 mm. in diameter; operculum conic-rostrate. Mature
in early autumn.

On damp stones and rocks, in shady woods or in stream
beds, Nova Scotia to Vancouver Island and south to Texas;
Europe.

Allegheny : Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, August 20,

1905, Darlington Hollow, November 9,
1908, Keown, November 14, 1909, and
Powers Run, November 30, 1909, O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 83

Lawrence : Gorge below Ellwood City, June 26,
1909. O. E. J.; October 15, 1910. O. E.
J. and G. K. J.

McKean : Hawkins Hollow, Bradford, August 2,
1895. D. A. B.

Westmoreland : Rachelwood, New Florence, September
8-11, 1907. O. E. J. (Figured.)

5. Fissidens exiguus Sullivant.
(Plate XI)

Plants very small, gregarious, light green: stems, in our
specimens, 1-2.5 mm. high, erect, or ascending; leaves usual-
ly 3-5 pairs, the lower minute, the upper reaching 1.5 mm.
long, ascending to erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, only the
sheath margined, entire, the dorsal lamina narrowing to none
at the base, the sheath about one-half the length of the leaf;
costa stout, vanishing a little below apex; cells in apical lamina
quadrate to hexagonal, at base of leaf becoming rectangular,
the sheath being bordered, especially in its upper part, by a
border one to four cells wide, of elongate and more or less
prosenchymatous cells, all cells moderately incrassate or more
so in border of sheath: capsule on an erect, somewhat flexu-
ous, stout, reddish pedicel 2-5 mm. long; capsule oblong-oval,
narrowed to pedicel at base, somewhat constricted below
mouth, smooth, reddish-yellow, about 0.5-0.7 mm. long;
operculum conic-rostrate, about two-thirds the length of the
capsule; calyptra narrow, dimidiate; teeth red, split to the
middle into two awl-like prongs which have spiral thicken-
ings, closely infolded in wet specimens, inserted a little below
edge of mouth; spores smooth, about .020 mm. in .diameter.
Mature in September.

Rather common on stones and rocks in stream beds, es-
pecially in ravines. Southern Canada, United States east of
the Rockies, England.

Allegheny : On sandstone rocks, ravine of Powers Run,
November 30, 1909. O. E. J.
Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O. E.

J. and G. K. J. (Figured.)

6. Fissidens cristatus \Vilson.
(F. decipicns De Notaris).
(Plate XI)

Usually tufted, branching from the base, green to dark
green; stem erect, 1-2 cm. high; leaves numerous, ascending,
imbricate, the upper reaching 2.5 mm. long, oblong-lingulate.
acute, crenulate below, irregularly serrate above, inferior
lamina narrowed and somewhat decurrent at base, sheath ex-
84 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

tending half-way to apex or a little above; costa strong, ending
just below or in the apex; leaf-cells irregularly angular to
rounded-hexagonal, about .008-.012 mm. in diameter, some
of these next to the costa larger, the marginal 3 or 4 rows
paler and forming a rather obscure belt around the leaf, all
cells incrassate: seta ascending, usually about 1 cm. high,
smooth, light chestnut color, arising from the lower half of the
stem; capsule oblong, smooth, about 2 mm. long, tapering to
the seta, ascending to nearly erect, chestnut-brown, con-
stricted below the mouth at least when old; peristome bright
red-chestnut, the teeth split at one-third above the base into
two very slender, trabeculate, somewhat spirally papillose
prongs; operculum conic, rostrate; spores about .020 mm. in
diameter, smooth, pale yellowish, globose. Mature in winter
er early spring.

On moist soil and stones or occasionally at base of trees,
Nova Scotia to the Gulf States and the Rocky Mountains,
Europe, Asia.

Allegheny : Montrose, September 1, 1905, and Wild-

wood Road, November 19, 1908. O. E. J.

Crawford : On bark at base of black ash, Linesville,

June 11-12, 1907. O. E. J. (Figured.)

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.; Ohio Pyle, July 4, 1908. O.
E. J.

McKean : Bennett Brook, Bradford, May 3, 1893. D.
aA. B.

7. Fissidens adiantoides [Linnzus] Hedwig.

This species differs chiefly from F. cristatus in that the cells
are larger, .012-.016.015—025 mm., distinct: seta usually
longer than in F. cristatus, about 1-2.5 cm. long. The plants
are often much larger, 2-15 cm. high, and are monoicous instead
of dioicous, as in F. cristatus.

This species is reported as common in the eastern United
States but all the specimens we have seen from our region labeled
as F adiantoides we have referred to F. cristatus.

8. Fissidens taxifolius [Linnzus] Hedwig.
(Aypnum tarvifolium Linnzus)
(Plate XI)

Plants gregarious, light green, branching at base, usually
5-10 mm. high, erect to ascending: stem rather stout and
rigid; leaves close, imbricate, oblong-ovate, apiculate, uniform-
ly crenulate, non-bordered, ascending, the middle leaves usual-
ly longest and up to 2 mm. long, the inferior lamina ending
abruptly at the base, sheath extending to the middle or beyond;
costa strong and excurrent in the apiculus; leaf-cells rounded-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 85

hexagonal, about .010 mm. in diameter, incrassate, one or two
rows next the costa larger, the marginal row usually a little
paler, the costa at the apex widening and consisting of elong-
ate parenchymatous cells: seta about 8-14 mm. long, flexu-
ous-ascending, smooth, yellowish-castaneous, arising near the
base of the plant; capsule varying from sub-pendulous to erect,
oblong, slightly inflated on the back, smooth, about 1.5 mm.
long, tapering abruptly to the seta, castaneous to dark brown;
peristome bright red-chestnut, the teeth inserted a little be-
low the mouth of the capsule, forked to below the middle,
the prongs very slender, trabeculate, somewhat spirally
papillose; spores smooth, about .016-.017 mm. in diameter,
pale yellowish-pellucid; operculum conic, obliquely rostrate to
about half the length of the capsule. Mature in late fall or
winter.
On damp clayey soil, eastern United States, Europe, Asia,
Africa.
Allegheny : Powers Run, April 17, 1908. O. E. J.
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, and Cheat
Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.; Ohio Pyle, June 14, 1908. O. E. J.

McKean : Bennett, October 26, 1898, (Figured.) and
Quintuple, March 30, 1898. D. A. B.

Lawrence : Gorge of Conoquenessing above Rock
Point, October 15, 1910. O. E. J. and G.
K. J.

9. Fissidens osmundioides [Swartz] Hedwig.
(Dicranum osmundioides Swartz).

Densely tufted, 1-5(-10) cm. high, dark green, tomen-
tose below with brown rhizoids: stems simple or sometimes
branched basally, erect; leaves numerous, close but hardly im-
bricated, the apical ones the largest, oblong-lanceolate, serru-
late towards the apex, non- -bordered, usually rounded and
apiculate at apex, the sheath reaching from one-half to two-
thirds the leaf-length, inferior lamina often ceasing abruptly at
base and not decurrent ; costa ending just below the apex; leaf-
cells oval- or rounded-hexagonal, large, about .010-.018 012
-.025 mm., incrassate, a single row at margin often paler,
pellucid, and a little smaller: seta terminal, yellowish to chest-
nut-red, about 5-10 mm. long; capsule narrow-oblong, sub-
erect to inclined, thick-walled, chestnut-brown or darker;
operculum conic with a needle-like usually straight beak nearly
as long as the urn; calyptra cucullate or several-lobed at base;
spores smooth, about .018-.025 mm. Mature in midsummer.

In swampy woods and along streams, quite widely dis-
tributed in the cooler portions ot the Northern Hemisphere,
reaching the northern United States. It occurs in Eastern
86 A MANUAL OF AIOSSES

Pennsylvania and in Ohio but has not yet been found in
Western Pennsylvania.

10. Fissidens subbasilaris Hedwig.
(Plate XIT)

Cespitose in wide mats, 5-10 mm. high, erect or ascend-
ing, green, brownish tomentulose at base: stems branching at
base; leaves usually in 10-18 pairs, crisped when dry, widely
spreading to ascending, close, imbricate, those in middle of
stem often largest, the largest reaching about 1.5 mm., the
sheath reaching about three-fifths the length of the leaf, leaf
oblong, rather obtuse, but apiculate with a pointed cell, non-
bordered, minutely crenulate below, irregularly serrate above,
the inferior lamina ceasing abruptly at the base; leaf-cells
incrassate, and rather obscure, small, about .007-.012 mm.,
roundish-hexagonal; the costa ending considerably below the
apex: seta smooth, arising from basal part of stem, ascending,
usually about 3-5 mm. long and reaching about to the top of
stem, light chestnut-color; capsule cylindric-oval, about 1.5
mm. long, smooth, chestnut-color to dark brown, tapering at
base, erect or very nearly so; calyptra narrowly cucullate;
operculum conic, obliquely rostrate to about one-half the length
of capsule; peristome rich chestnut-color, strongly trabeculate,
not papillose, the teeth slightly inserted, bifid to about the
middle into two slender prongs; spores smooth, pale yellowish
pellucid, round, about .016-.018 mm. in diameter. Mature in
late autumn.

On earth and on rocks and bases of trees, Ontario and
southwards through our Eastern States.

Allegheny : On base of white oak, Douthett, December

29, 1908 (Figured), and Keown, November
14, 1909. O. E. J.

Fayette : Base of rotten stump, Ohio Pyle, Septem-
ber 1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : Quintuple, at base of old tree, April 18,
1900. D. A. B. :

Indiana and Westmoreland: James. (Porter’s Catalogue.)
3. OCTODICERAS Bridel.

(Conomitrium Montagne).

Plants slender, fasciculately branching, floating, filiform:
leaves remote, lance-linear, short-auriculate: flowers monoi-
cous, the male axillary, the female on elongated branchlets;
seta short; capsule thin-walled, erect, very small, without
stomata; calyptra minute, conic, undivided, covering only the
rostrum of the operculum; operculum conic-rostrate; peris-
tome-teeth variously laciniate or entire and evidently de-
generate; annulus none; spores about .018—.025 mm.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 87

This genus includes about 25 species of aquatic mosses
more or less resembling Fontinalis in general appearance,
widely distributed over the earth—2 species occurring in
eastern United States, and likely to be found in our region.

, Key to the Species.
a. Large much-branched plants, up to 15 cm, long: seta shorter than

the capsule. 1. O. debilis,
a. Small little-branched plants, up to 4 cm. long: seta longer than
the capsule. 2. O. hallianas.

1. Octodiceras debilis (Schwaegrichen) New Combination.
(Octodiceras julianus Bridel; Conomitrium julianium Montagne ;

Fontinalis juliana Savi).

Plants up to 15 cm. long, flaccid, floating, blackish-green
below, much branched: leaves distant, spreading, numerous,
linear-lanceolate, entire, non-bordered, vaginant lamina one-
fourth the length of the leaf, inferior lamina not reaching base,
costa ending considerably below the apex; leaf-cells irregular
hexagonal or more quadrate below, about .015-.020x*.020-
.030 mm., thin-walled: seta shorter than capsule, pale, fragile
at base, elliptic, erect, scarcely raised above perichetial bracts,
symmetric ; operculum conic-rostrate and about as long as urn;
peristome-teeth short, imperfect, 16, yellowish-pellucid, ir-
regularly cleft and perforate in upper part; calyptra conic,
dark, erose at base; spores about .020-.022 mm., mature in
summer.

Almost cosmopolitan, but rather local, on stones and on
wood in creeks and springy swamps. It has not been collected
in Western Pennsylvania other than as follows:

Huntingdon : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue.)

?

2. Octodiceras hallianus (Sullivant and Lesquereux) Jaeger
and Sauerbeck.

(Conomitrium hallianum Sullivant and Lesquereux; Fissidens
hallianus Mitten).

Plants smaller, up to 3-4 cm. long, laxly tufted, dirty-
green: stems sparsely fasciculate-branching at base; leaves re-
mote, narrowly linear-lanceolate, usually in 5-10 pairs, entire,
the sheath not reaching over one-fourth or one-third the length
of the upper pair of leaves, inferior lamina narrowing and
reaching almost to the base; cells irregularly hexagonal, tend-
ing to quadrate below, about .015-.022 mm.: seta longer than
capsule, pale; capsule pale, elliptic-oblong ; peristome-teeth un-
divided, reddish, subulate-lanceolate, articulate, inserted below
the mouth of urn, papillose; operculum acutely conic-rostrate
and about as long as urn; calyptra cucullate, covering the en-
tire operculum; spores smooth, about .018-.024 mm.

On wood and stones, in streams, swamps, etc., New Jersey,
New York, Illinois, Florida, Idaho, etc. Not reported for our
8&8 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

immediate region, but likely overlooked on account of small
size.
Family V. TORTULACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely par-, syn-, or polyoicous:
mostly small or medium-sized, more or less densely cespitose,
rarely gregarious: stems mostly with central strand, radiculose
below, “thickly foliate, simple or more or less branched ; leaves
pluri-seriate, rarely 3-seriate, lanceolate to broadly ovate or
obovate; costa heterogeneous, mostly percurrent, or excurrent,
sometimes with longitudinal lamelle or with green branched
filaments on the ventral surface above the middle; leaf-cells
parenchymatous, the basal rectangular to elongate, mostly
pellucid, or hyaline, upper cells always chlorophyllose, on both
sides mostly warty papillose, loose, sometimes towards the
apex 4-6-angled, or small and rounded-quadrate; seta more
or less elongate, mostly straight, rarely almost lacking ; capsule
erect, symmetric, rarely slightly inclined, straight to slightly
arcuate, mostly oblong to cylindric, rarely oval to spherical;
collum short, rarely none; peristome various to none, mostly
inserted on the mouth of the urn, usually without projecting
trabecule; teeth 16, straight or spirally twisted, often united
at base into a tube, entire or 2-3-cleft into filiform-subulate
divisions, papillose; operculum mostly conic, rostrate; calyptra
mostly cucullate, smooth, rarely papillose or minutely bristly
or short-hirsute.

A very large family, mainly confined to the temperate
zones, occurring almost entirely on soil or on rocks. The
systematic relationships and the scope of the family are vari-
ously treated by different bryologists who have taken dif-
ferent characters as the basis for the various classifications.

Key to Genera.

a. Leaves mostly narrow, often linear-lanceolate, never broadest
above the middle; costa with several guides, no accompanying
cells, but 2 stereid bands, rarely long-excurrent.

a. Leaves mostly broad, ovate-oblong to spatulate or lingulate; costa
with 2 median guides, with accompanying cells, and 1 stereid band,
mostly more or less long-excurrent. 1.

b. Plants minute; areolation dense, strongly papillose above:
capsules cleistocarpous. 1. Astomum.
b. With deciduous operculum. c.
c. Peristome none. d.
c. Peristome present, rudimentary or well- pave enen

d. Operculum deciduous with the epee detached.

po . Hymenostylium.
d. Columella remaining in the urn after a ae away of the
operculum. Gymnostomum.

e. The exterior surface of the teeth more strongly developed and
with projecting plates. 2. Weisia,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 89

c. Both surfaces of the teeth equally well-developed and no pro-
jecting plates.
f. Perichxtial leaves long-convolute- sheathing.
. Barbula.
f, Perichztial leaves not or but little convolute-sheathing.

é és g.
g. Leaves more or less lingulate, margins plane; cells smooth.
z- Didymodon.
g. Leaves more or less lanceolate.
i. Leaf-margins plane or involute; cells papillose.

dT:
i. Leaf-margins more or less revolute: leai-cells nearly smooth
or papillose. k.
j, Divisions of peristome erect or slightly dextrorsely twisted.

: 5. Trichostomui.
j. Divisions of peristome distinctly sinistrorsely twisted.

6. Tortella.
k. Peristome-teeth 16, more or less 2-cleft or perforate, erect or
dextrorsely ascending. 7. Didymodon.
k. Peristome-teeth 32, filiform, strongly twisted sinistrorsely.
8. Barbula.

I. Cleistocarpous; capsule spherical to oval, apiculate.
9. Phascum.
1. Operculate. tm
m. Peristome-tecth 16.
m. Peristome-teeth 32, filiform, aie. twisted, with a high

basal membrnae. 12. Tortula,
n. Peristome-teeth none, or rudimentary from a low basal membrane.
10. Pottia.
n. Peristome-teeth small, separate to the base, more or less divided
into two slender prongs. 11. Desmatodon

1. 4STOAMUAT Hampe.

Autoicous, rarely polyoicous: small, gregarious to cespi-
tose, dull green: stem with a few-celled central strand, radicu-
lose, thickly foliate; upper leaves tufted, when dry mostly
crisped, keeled, from a broad base lanceolate to subulate-
lanceolate, margin plane to involute, entire; costa strong, per-
current or excurrent; leaf-cells in upper part of leaf small,
rounded-quadrate, papillose both sides, the lower cells
elongate-quadrangular, thin-walled and hyaline: capsule most-
ly immersed, almost spherical to oblong-elliptic, mostly with a
small, elongate-conic operculum, which, however, is rarely
deciduous; calyptra cucullate, rarely mitrate, smooth.

A widely distributed genus of 21 terrestrial species; 5
species occurring in North America; 3 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves crisped when dry. b.
a. Leaves not crisped when dry; capsule castaneous, ovoid.
3. A, nitidulum.
b. Capsule brown, globose; spores usually .014-.017 (rarely
.020) mm. in diameter, mature in spring.
1. A. crispum.
b. Capsule brownish to orange, sub- globose; spores usually .021-
.027 mm., ripe from late autumn to early ee
2. A. sullivantii.
90 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

1, Astomum crispum [Hedwig] Hampe.
(Sysiegiuin crispuim Schimper; Weisia crispa Mitten).
Densely gregarious to sub-cespitose, pale to dark green:

stem 5-12 mm. high, usually branched above, erect; leaves
numerous, close, when dry crispate, the stem-leaves small,
lance-linear, the comal and perichztial much larger, elongate-
linear from a narrowly oblong, concave, whitish base, usually
narrowly involute above, the apex acute; costa strong, acutely
and shortly excurrent-mucronate, sometimes upturned so as
to make the leaf somewhat cucullate; basal leaf-cells laxly
long-rectangular, hyaline, upper leaf-cells sub-quadrate, dense-
ly chlorophyllose, papillose: seta erect, shorter than the
capsule; capsule immersed, globose, small, brown-
ish; lid distinct but mot separating from the
urn of its own accord, minute, conic-apiculate ;
exothecial cells laxly hexagonal to oblong-hexagonal, one to
three rows of cells being somewhat smaller at the junction of
the lid; calyptra cucullate; spores papillose, .014-.018 mm.,
mature in spring: autoicous.

In old sandy or clayey fields, principally in non-calcareous
districts, temperate Europe, Japan, Algeria, and, in North
America, from Saskatchewan to Pennsylvania, Kansas, and
Texas. Not yet reported from our region but to be expected.

2. Astomum sullivantii Bryologia Europea.
(Systegiuim sullivantii Jaeger).

Densely cespitose, green: stems simple or sparsely
branched above, erect; leaves close, when dry spirally twisted
and crispate; capsule brownish to bright orange-colored, sub-
globose, immersed; spores .021-.027 mm., mature from
autumn to early spring.

On the ground in old fields and in moist grassy spots,
“especially in new clover fields,” in temperate North America.

Beaver : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Indiana : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Astomum nitidulum Bryologia Europea.
(Systegium nitidulum Jaeger).

Smaller than A. sullivantii, the stem-leaves narrowly linear-
lanceolate ; the perichetial leaves broadly lance-ovate, long-acumi-
nate, over twice the length of the stem-leaves: seta longer, about
two-thirds as long as the capsule; capsule ovoid, castaneous, lus-
trous; lid obliquely rostellate; calyptra smaller than in A. sulli-
vantii. (As has been suggested by Grout, this appears to be
merely a variety of A. adheoaa

On the ground in old fields and grassy places, in Pennsyl-
vania and Ohio. Rare.

Indiana : Derry, James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 91

2. WEISIA Hedwig.

Autoicous, rarely paroicous, polyoicous, or dioicous: low,
cespitose, freely branching: upper leaves much larger, relative-
ly to the lower, erect-spreading, crisped when dry, carinate,
elongate-lanceolate; costa strong, cuspidate-excurrent; basal
leaf-cells rectangular, hyaline, the upper small, rounded, low-
papillose on both surfaces: seta erect or sometimes curved,
mostly longer than the perichztial leaves; capsule erect and
symmetric or a little inclined and swollen dorsally, round-ovate
to cylindrical, narrow-mouthed, finally usually somewhat
plicate, the urn at the rim being several cells thick and the
insertion of the peristome thus considerably removed from the
exterior border of the rim; peristome-teeth short, often rudi-
mentary, undivided, papillose, the exterior layer more strongly
developed and with projecting bars ; lid obliquely long-rostrate ;
calyptra cucullate.

A widely distributed genus of 27 terrestrial species; 6
species occurring in North America; only. one in our range.

1. Weisia viridula | Linneus] Hedwig.
(Bryum viridulum Linneus).
(Plate XIT)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stem erect, often
branching, up to 5 mm. tall; leaves erect-spreading, the upper
much larger and up to 3 mm. long and 0.5 mm. wide, lance-
linear, tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, the margin
strongly involute, entire, leaves crispate when dry; costa
strong, about .030-.040 mm. wide at base, excurrent into a
short and more or less hyaline point; upper leaf-cells roundish-
hexagonal, strongly papillose, obscure, the basal more or less
elongate-rectangular and hyaline: seta slender, up to 1 cm.
long, lustrous, yellowish, faintly sinistrorse; capsule erect,
ovoid, symmetric, slightly narrowed at mouth, reddish-brown,
about 0.9 mm. long, somewhat plicate when dry and empty;
exothecial cells rather thin-walled, irregularly oblong to hexa-
gonal or rounded, those at the mouth in 3-5 rows, much
smaller, quadrate and darker in color ; peristome-teeth more or
less rudimentar y, short, irregularly linear, divided, or truncate,
papillose; lid conic, obliquely long-rostrate, altogether nearly
as long as the urn; calyptra cucullate, covering about two-
thirds of the capsule ; spores orange-pellucid, papillose, about
.016-.019 mm. in diameter, mature in spring.

Almost cosmopolitan on bare earth in fields, excavations,
along roadsides, etc. Rather uncommon in our region.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, on clay bank, September 1—3, 1906.

O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured.)
92 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

McKean : Bradford, November 21,1896, Divide, Bolivar
and Bennett, December 15, 1896, and Quin-
tuple, March 20, 1898. D. A. B.

Washington: Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. GYMNOSTOMUM Hedwig.

Dioicous: densely cespitose, rusty in color below: stem
thickly foliate, sparsely radiculose, in cross-section circular,
the central strand few-celled, the branching dichotomous;
leaves erect-spreading, more or less carinate, not crisped when
dry, rarely appressed of curved; elongate-lanceolate or subu-
late, margin plane; costa strong, vanishing below the apex;
upper leaf-cells rounded-quadrate, small, thickly papillose on
both sides, as is also the costa, lower cells rectangular, the
walls yellow; perichztial leaves somewhat sheathing at the base;
seta long, erect ; capsule erect, symmetric, oval or oblong, when
tipe smooth and shining, the wall of the capsule not distinctly
thickened at the mouth; peristome none; operculum conic,
rostrate, easily deciduous; calyptra narrowly cucullate, cover-
ing about half of the urn.

A widely distributed genus of 11 species, mainly occurring
on calcareous rocks; 3 species occurring in North America;
only one in our region.

1. Gymnostomum calcareum Nees and Hornschuch.
(Plate XII)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stems erect,
branched, up to 10 mm. high or more; leaves about I mm.
long, spreading, somewhat fécurved, elongate-oblong-lanceo-
late, somewhat concave, usually larger and tufted at the apex
of the stem, obtuse, plane-margined ; upper ledf-cells densely
papillose, small, incrassate, obscure, the interior basal cells
hyaline, rectangtilar or up to 2-3:1; costa strong, ending be-
low the apex: seta erect; capsule oblong, often somewhat con-
stricted below the mouth when dry and empty, erect, sym-
metric, tapering below; lid conic, obliquely rostrate, the beak
one-half to two-thirds as long as the urn; calyptra cucullate;
peristome none; exothecial cells rectangular to quadrate, at
the mouth becoming smaller, darker and quadrate in 3 to 5
rows; spores smooth, .008-.011 mm. in diameter, mature in
summer.

Cosmopolitan on damp limestone rocks and boulders,
but rare in our region.

Lawrence : Gorge near Rock Point, June 26, 1909. (Fig-

ured.) Sterile. O. E. J.

4. HYMENOSTYLIUM Bridel.

Dioicous: densely and deeply cespitose, green to rusty or
yellowish-green: stem densely foliate, sparsely radiculose,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 93

without a central strand, triangular in cross-section; leaves
erect-spreading, rarely squarrose-recurved, when dry involute,
sometimes somewhat twisted when dry, not crisped, more or
less carinate, elongate-lanceolate, acuminate; costa mostly
ending below the apex; laminal leaf-cells thick-walled, smooth
or papillose: seta long, erect ; capsule erect, symmetric, obovate,
firm, when empty smooth and pyriform; peristome none; lid
obliquely long-rostrate from a broad base, remaining attached
to the columella and deciduous thus attached; calyptra cucul-
late, covering about half of the urn.

A widely distributed genus of about 21 species, occurring
mainly on calcareous rocks; 8 species in North America; only
one occurring in our region.

1. Hymenostylium curvirostre [Ehrhart] Lindberg.

(Gymnostomum curvirostre Hedwig; Weisia curvirostris Muel-
ler).

(Plate XII)

Closely cespitose, 2-4 cm. high, bright green above,
darker and more or less ferruginous below: leaves little or not
at all twisted when dry, erect to recurved-spreading when
moist, narrowly lanceolate-acuminate, 1-1.5 mm. long, apex
acute, base sub-clasping, margin entire but papillose, as are
also the entire upper and lower surfaces of the lamina and costa ;
costa strong, vanishing just below the apex, at base occupying
about one-eighth the entire width of the leaf; upper leaf-cells
rounded to sub-quadrangular, the lower towards the costa be-
coming elongate-rectangular: seta 8-10 mm. long, lustrous,
castaneous ; capsule about 1 mm. long, rounded ovate, lustrous,
castaneous, widest towards the mouth, when dry and empty
decidedly urceolate; peristome none; operculum with a long
and oblique rostrum at least two-thirds the length of the urn,
the operculum often remaining attached to the columella for
some time after the spores have been shed; spores yellowish,
moderately incrassate, smooth, about .014-017 mm. in diame-
ter, mature in September or October.

Not uncommon on wet cliffs, principally calcareous, in
Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and, in North America, from
Alaska to Labrador south to California and the Carolinas.

Allegheny : Guyasuta Hollow, Aspinwall, on wet cliff
near waterfalls, October 12 and 25, (Fig-
ured) 1908, and September 8, 1909. O. E. J.

Lawrence : On wet face of exposure of the Homewood
Sandstone, neat Rock Point, October 15,
1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
94 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

s. TRICHOSTOMUM Hedwig.

Dioicous, rarely autoicous: densely cespitose, medium size,
green to yellowish-green: stem with central strand, erect,
radiculose, rarely felted, densely leaved, mostly dichotomously
branching; leaves spreading, mostly crisped when dry, upper
leaves much the larger, long and narrow, more or less concave
to canaliculate, margins mostly erect to involute, often undu-
late, mostly entire; costa well-developed, sometimes ending be-
low the apex or excurrent; upper leaf-cells small, rounded,
chlorophyllose, papillose on both faces, towards the base
clongated-rectangular, mostly hyaline: seta long, erect ; capsule
erect, rarely inclined, mostly symmetric, oblong-cylindric to
cylindric, short-necked, rarely strumose; basal membrane of
peristome low or none, the teeth erect, smooth or papillose, red
or yellow, undivided or cleft into two filiform non-articulated
divisions which are sometimes approximate in pairs; spore
small; lid conic, rostrate, the exothecial cells of the base in
vertical series or rarely dextrorsely ascending; calyptra cucul-
late, smooth.

A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed on earth
and rocks. About 20 species in North America; only one in
our region.

1. Trichostomum cylindricum (Bruch) C. Mueller.
(Didymodon cylindricus Bryologia Europea; T. tenuirostre
Lindberg).
(Plate XII)

Rather loosely and softly cespitose, yellowish, dark be-
low: stems erect branching, rather flexuous, reaching to 1.5-2
cm. in height; leaves about 2-3 mm. long, narrowly linear-
lanceolate, when dry crisped and contorted, when moist
spreading or flexuous, gradually acuminate or sometimes rather
abruptly narrowed to an acute apex, the margin papillose-
sinuate, plane or involute; basal leaf-cells elongate-rectangular
or more or less angular-oblong, somewhat inflated, hyaline in
a broad band that does not extend up the margin, above rather
abruptly becoming much smaller, incrassate, quadrate to
rounded-hexagonal, the median and upper rounded-quadrate
to rounded-hexagonal or transversely oblong, densely papil-
lose, much incrassate; costa strong, usually forming the apex
of larger pellucid cells: seta single or sometimes in pairs,
slender, erect, about 1.5 mm. long, yellow; capsule linear-
cylindric, brownish; lid conic and obliquely rostrate; peris-
tome-teeth short, untwisted, linear-subulate, fragile, usually
-more or less irregularly cleft or perforate; spores mature in
autumn: dioicous: fruit produced but rarely.

On wet non-calcareous stones in brooks or at the base
of cliffs in hilly or mountainous districts, in Europe, Asia,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 95

South America, and. in North America, from Greenland to
Manitoba and southward in the mountains to North Carolina.
Rare in our region.
Huntingdon: Alexandria. Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).
McKean — : Toad Hollow, Bradford, July 19, 1896. Sterile.
D. A. B. (Figured).

6. TORTELLA (C. Mueller) Limpricht.

Dioicous; rarely autoicous: widely and deeply cespitose,
the cushions often yellowish-green outside, brownish inside:
stem erect, mostly without a central strand, felted-radiculose:
leaves tufted at the apex of the stem, widely spreading to re-
curved-squarrose from a whitish and shining base, cirrhate-
crispate when dry, elongate-lanceolate to subulate, margin un-
dulate, entire, usually involute above; costa strong, ending
in the apex or excurrent ; basal leaf-cells differentiated, hyaline,
elongate-rectangular, extending up the margins, smooth ; upper
cells green, small, rounded-quadrangular, thickly papillose on
both sides: seta red, long, erect; capsule erect to inclined,
oblong to cylindric; annulus rarely differentiated; peristome
attached below the rim of the urn, the basal membrane low,
teeth 32, filiform, sinistrorsely wound, papillose; spores small;
lid small and elongate-conic; calyptra cucullate, smooth, long-
rostrate.

A cosmopolitan genus, the 33 species mainly occurring on
soil or on rocks; 5 species in North America; 2 in our region.

Key to the Specics.

a. Dioicous: leaves long-acuminate. 1. T. tortuosa.
a. Autoicous: leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, costa
shortly excurrent as an abrupt mucro. 2. T. humilis.

1. Tortella tortuosa [| Linneus] Limpricht.

(Barbula tortuosa Weber and Mohr; Tortula tortwosa Ehrhart).

Densely cespitose in rounded tufts, yellowish or pale green
above, brownish below: stems stout, branching, up to 6 cm.
high, red-brown-radiculose; leaves crowded, usually 4-6 mm.
long, lance-linear, tapering to a gradually acuminate apex,
flexuous-spreading, margin crenulate-papillose, more or less
undulate, plane at the apex; leaves when dry strongly crispate-
contorted ; costa strong, pale, excurrent into the fine and some-
times denticulate acumen; basal leaf-cells thin-walled, hyaline,
extending obliquely up the margin, above becoming abruptly
smaller, chlorophyllose, rounded, incrassate, papillose: seta
1-3 cm. long, reddish below, paler above; capsule cylindric,
2.5-3.5 mm. long, usually somewhat curved, almost erect; lid
obliquely and slenderly conic-rostrate, at least one-half as
iong as urn; peristome-teeth long and from a low basal mem-
96 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

brane, two or three times dextrorsely twisted; spores mature
in late spring or early summer.

On rocks, usually calcareous, in hilly or mountainous dis-
tricts, Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and, in North America,
fiom Greenland to West Virginia and from Idaho to Van-
couver Island. Rare in our region.

Cambria: Cresson. Jamies. (Porter's Catalogue).

2. Tortella humilis (Hedwig) New Combination.

(Tortula caespitosa Hooker and Greville; Barbula caespitosa
Schwaegrichen).

(Plate XIII)

Loosely cespitose, green to yellowish-green, about 5 mm.
high; leaves crispate when dry, erect-spreading when moist,
oblong-lanceolate and about 2 mm. long below, the upper
linear-lanceolate and up to 3.5 mm. long, somewhat concave,
the margin plane or sometimes involute, the perichztial leaves
similar and sheathing; costa strong, excurrent-cuspidate; the
lower one-fourth of the leaf has a large V-shaped patch of hya-
line rectangular cells reaching about .018%.085 mm., the
median cells rounded-hexagonal, papillose, rather opaque, much
smaller, about .007—.008 mm. in diameter, the upper similar:
seta yellowish-brown, 15-20 mm. long, erect, dextrorse;
capsule yellowish-brown, ovoid-cylindric, about 2-2.5 mm.
long, 0.5 mm. thick, erect, symmetric, sometimes arcuate,
tapering at the base; peristome single, of 32 filiform, papillose,
articulate teeth about 0.6-0.8 mm. long, two or three times
dextrorse, arising from a low membrane scarcely exserted
above the mouth of the capsule; spores globose, somewhat
papillose, about .008-.011 mm., mature in early summer;
operculum narrowly conic-rostrate ; calyptra smooth, cucullate,
rostrate, covering about one-half of the capsule.

Almost cosmopolitan in temperate or sub-tropical regions
on earth and on the roots of trees in the woods. Rather
common in our region.

Allegheny : Coraopolis, September 11, 1905, and near

Carnot, October 11, 1908. O. E. J. (Figured).

Cambria =: James. (Porter's Catalogue).
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September I—3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.

Huntingdon: On limestone rocks, Pennsylvania Furnace,

July 13, 1909. O. E. J.
McKean =: Bolivar Run, September 6, 1897. D. A. B.

7. DIDYMODON Hedwig.

Dioicous, rarely synoicous: paraphyses filiform: mostly
slender plants, red or brown, cespitose: stem with central]
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 97

strand, thickly foliate, radiculose, the branches reaching to
about the same height; leaves more or less keeled, erect-
spreading, mostly lanceolate from a broad base, the margin
revolute; costa well developed, upwards cylindrical, rarely ex-
current ; leaf-cells small, rounded-quadrangular, often smooth,
sometimes the basal elongate and pellucid: seta long, erect;
capsule erect, oblong to cylindric, sometimes slightly arcuate,
short-necked, smooth; no annulus; peristome inserted on the
edge of the urn, papillose, the trabecule projecting; teeth 16,
plane, narrow, undivided, or perforate, or cleft to the base into
filiform parts approximate in pairs; spores small; operculum
conic-rostrate; calyptra cucullate, smooth.

A widely distributed genus of 80 species, on soil or rock,
mainly in temperate regions; 17 species in North America;
only one in our region,

1. Didymodon recurvirostre [Dickson] New Combination.
(D. rubellus Bryologia Europea; Barbula rubella Mitten;

Weisia recurvirostra Hedwig).

Cespitose in large, soft patches, bright green above, rusty-
red below ; stems erect, branched, usually 2-5 cm. high, radicu-
lose below; leaves when dry flexuous and somewhat curled.
when moist somewhat recurved-spreading from the ap-
pressed and whitish base, narrowly lance-linear, the comal
longer, abruptly acute, margin narrowly revolute to near apex,
apex obscurely denticulate; costa either ending in the apex
or minutely apiculate-excurrent ; basal leaf-cells elongate, rec-
tangular, pellucid, medium-walled, the median and upper
much smaller, papillose, rather obscure, quadrate; pericheetial
bracts long-sheathing: seta long, red, slender, sinistrorse;
capsule erect, oblong-cylindric, becoming reddish-brown,
smooth ; annulus fragile, revoluble; peristome-teeth 16, united
at base into a very low membrance, linear from a wider base,
nodose-articulate, reddish, minutely roughened, with the
median line but rarely divided; lid short, obliquely conic-
rostrate; spores mature in summer or in early autumn: paroi-
cous or synoicous.

On wet, usually calcareous rocks, stones, walls, etc.,
widely distributed in the Old World and, in North America, oc-
curring from Greenland to Alaska and south to the northern

Mnited States. Although not yet recorded from our region
this species is to be expected here.

8. BARBULA Hedwig.

Dioicous; paraphyses filiform: more or less slender and
densely and deeply cespitose, the tufts green to brownish:
stems with central strand, thickly-leaved, forked; leaves erect-
spreading, rarely recurved-squarrose, keeled, oblong to pro-
98 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

longed linear-lanceolate; with mostly revolute margins; costa
‘strong, ending in the point, or excurrent ; leaf-cells very small,
thickened and opaque, papillose both sides; basal leaf-cells en-
larged, quadrate to rectangular, colored: seta long, erect;
capsule erect, rarely a little inclined, oblong to cylindric,
straight or rarely a little arcuate; annulus distinct or none;
peristome rarely rudimentary, or none; the teeth united below
into a rather low basal membrane which is rather deeply in-
serted, the 32 teeth spirally one to several times dextrorsely
wound, filiform; operculum conic-rostrate; calyptra cucullate,
eee reaching to about the middle of the urn; spores
small.

A genus of 240 species distributed over the whole earth,
on soil and rocks; about 70 species in North America; only
two species definitely known from our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Perichetial leaves high-convolute-sheathing: seta yellowish or

later reddish. 3. B. convoluta.
a. Perichetial leaves not as above: seta red or brown.

b. Stem-leaves obtuse, costa shortly mucronate-excurrent.
2. B. unguiculata.
b. Stem-leaves acute, costa not mucronate-excurrent.

c.
c. Costa .070 mm. wide at base and tapering gradually.
1. B. acuminata,
c. Costa .050 mm. wide at base and of equal breadth to the middle.
(B. reflexa Bride).

1. Barbula acuminata Hedwig.

(B. fallax Hedwig).

Loosely and widely cespitose, brownish dull green: stems
fastigiately branched, slender, 1-5 cm. high; leaves some-
what distant, recurved-spreading or arcuate, appressed and
slightly twisted when dry, lanceolate-acuminate from the base,
the base ovate, the leaves carinate and often faintly plicate
below, the margin revolute in the lower half at least, entire;
costa strong, ending in the apex; upper leaf-cells small,
rounded to hexagonal, incrassate, strongly papillose, gradually
larger below, and at the lowest part of the base a few elongate-
rectangular and pellucid: seta reddish, capsule brownish, long-
ovoid to sub-cylindric, mostly symmetric and erect; lid long,
often as long as the urn, acutely rostrate-subulate ; peristome-
teeth reddish, long, filiform, dextrorsely much twisted, united
at base into a low membrane; annulus none; spores mature
from late fall to spring: dioicous.

On moist earth, rocks, walls, etc., usually on calcareous
substrata, in Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and, in North
America from the Arctic region south to the northern United
States. To be expected in northern Pennsylvania.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 99

2. Barbula unguiculata [Hudson] Hedwig.

(Plate XIII)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stems erect, somewhat
branching, usually about 1 cm. high; leaves about 2 mm. long,
erect-spreading, somewhat recurved, when dry spirally im-
bricate and twisted, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes lingulate,
obtuse, mucronate, entire, the margin recurved below, plane
above; costa strong, excurrent and thus forming the rounded
mucro; upper leaf-cells small, about .008-.010 mm., rounded-
quadrate, incrassate, strongly papillose, obscure, the basal
elongate-rectangular, yellowish-pellucid to more or less hya-
line, the marginal not different; perichztial leaves longer and
more erect: seta erect, castaneous, lustrous, about 1 cm. high,
when dry sinistrorse; capsule oblong-cylindric, deep-castane-
ous, the urn about 1.8 mm. long, erect, exannulate, rather
smooth when dry and empty; lid about one-third as long as
urn, conic-rostrate, slightly curved or straight; the 16 peris-
tome-teeth castaneous, pellucid, papillose, cleft to the base into
32 filiform divisions, from a narrow membrane at the base
twisted into about two turns dextrorsely; spores smoothish,
yellowish, about .009-.012 mm., mature from November to
spring: dioicous.

A quite variable species occurring on moist earth, banks,
stones, walls, etc., in Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and
throughout southern Canada and northern United States.
Common in our region. :

Allegheny : Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, August, 1905.

(Figured) ; Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh, Jan-
uary 21, 1906, and Powers Run, Novem-
ber 30, 1909. O. E. J.

Butler : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Center : T.C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Huntingdon : T.C. Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).

McKean : West Branch Swamp, Bradford, April 10,
1894. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Barbula convoluta Hedwig.
(Plate XIII)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stems 1-3 cm. high,
usually about 1-1.5 cm., erect, branching; leaves about 1-1.5
mm. long, when dry crisped, when moist erect-spreading, often
somewhat recurved, lance-oblong to lance-linear or lingulate,
rounded to obtuse, sometimes sub-acute, concave, the margins
mostly plane or slightly recurved on one side at base, mostly
minutely crenulate with bifid papillae; basal leaf-cells elongate-
rectangular, pellucid to hyaline, rather incrassate, smooth,
100 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

median and upper leaf-cells small, sub-quadrate, densely papil-
lose, strongly incrassate, often rather obscure; costa strong,
yellowish-pellucid, ending below apex or rarely shortly apicu-
late-excurrent ; perichetial leaves high-convolute-sheathing, the
inner ecostate: seta erect, about 1.5 mm. long, yellow, or red-
dish when old, sinistrorse below, dextrorse above; capsule
small, symmetric, erect, reddish-brown, narrowly oblong, the
urn about 1.5 mm. long; lid conic-rostrate, oblique, about 1
mim. long, the cells spirally arranged ; exothecial cells narrow,
elongate-rectangular, brownish or yellowish pellucid, two or
three series at the rim much smaller, sub-quadrate and dark-
ly obscure; annulus distinct and narrow; peristome-teeth con-
sisting of 32 filiform articulate divisions several times dex-
trorsely twisted from a low basal membrane; spores brownish-
pellucid, medium-walled, smoothish, about .016-.018 mm.,
mature in spring: dioicous.

On soil, especially in calcareous districts, Europe, Asia,
northern Africa, and from southern Canada to Alabama, Kan-
sas, and California, In our region occurring at Latshaw, New
York, (Figured) and as follows,—not common:

Lawrence : Enon Valley. T. P. James. (Porter’s
Catalogue).
Lycoming : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

9. PHASCUM [Linneus] Hedwig.

Autoicous or synoicous: very small, closely gregarious:
stem short, without central strand, erect, simple or bushy-
branched; leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate to elongate-lanceo-
late, mostly with entire and revolute margins, the upper most-
ly with a strong excurrent costa; upper leaf-cells quadrate to
hexagonal, warty-papillose on both sides, rarely smooth; basal
leaf-cells rectangular and hyaline: seta very short, sometimes
curved; capsule immersed or slightly emergent, sometimes two
in a perichetium, mostly globose and obtusely apiculate, with
no indication of an operculum; calyptra cucullate or rarely mi-
trate, small, conic.

A widely distributed genus of 22 species, on soil; 3 occur-
ring in North America, one in our range.

1. Phascum cuspidatsm [Schreber] Hedwig.

(P. acaulon Linneus).

Cespitose, deep green: stems short, 1-2 mm. high, simple
or forked; leaves crowded, erect, the comal largest, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, more or less carinate, entire, revolute
towards middle; costa excurrent; basal leaves lax, hyaline, the
upper rectangular to hexagonal, .015-.030 mm., finely dorsally
papillose: seta short, straight or curved; capsule globose,
sometimes two or three on the same plant, immersed or rarely
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 101

emergent, obtusely apiculate, cleistocarpous; calyptra cucul-
late, conic, covering only the upper portion of the capsule;
spores large, .028-.035 mm., yellowish-pellucid, finely rough-
ened, mature in spring: autoicous or paroicous, antheridia clus-
tered in the axils of the upper leaves.

On soil in old fields, pastures, etc., usually preferring a
sandy soil, in Europe, Asia, Algeria, South America, and from
Ontario to the Carolinas and west to the Pacific States. Rarely
found in our region.

Beaver : T. P. James. (Porter's Catalogue).

10. POTTI.4 Ehrhart, Fuernrohr.

Autoicous or paroicous, rarely synoicous or dioicous:
small, gregarious to cespitose, green to brownish or whitish:
stem with central strand above, often simple, radiculose at
base, leafy; leaves tufted above, spreading to imbricate, cari-
nate to deeply concave, oblong to elongate-lanceolate, or spatu-
late, acuminate to piliferous, rarely obtuse, margin revolute or
plane; costa without lamellz, complete to excurrent, rarely in-
complete ; lower leaf-cells elongate, pellucid, smooth, the upper
rounded-quadrate or rounded-hexagonal, mostly papillose on
both sides: seta mostly long and straight; capsule exserted
or rarely immersed, erect, symmetric, short-necked; annulus
none or deciduous or remaining attached ; peristome often none
or rudimentary, when present of 16 perforate or upwards 2-3-
cleft teeth upon a basal membrane, articulate; operculum
mainly obliquely rostrate, rarely conic-obtuse, sometimes not
deciduous ; calyptra cucullate, papillose or smooth, usually fall-
ing away with the operculum; spores large, variously papillose
or pitted.

A genus of about 62 species widely distributed, on soil or
soil-covered rocks, mainly in the temperate zones; 12 species
in North America, 1 species in our region.

1. Pottia truncata | Hedwig] Fuernrohr.
(P. truncatula Lindberg; Gymnostomuimn truncatum Hedwig).

(Plate XIII)

Densely cespitose, dull green: stems simple or sparingly
branched, erect, about 2.5 mm. high, radiculose at base; leaves
numerous, the upper much larger than the lower, obovate to
oblong-spatulate, about 1.5-2.5 mm. long, soft, spreading, the
margins plane, minutely crenulate with the projecting trans-
verse cell-walls, the leaves when dry become twisted, apex
abruptly acute, costa strong and excurrent into a short point;
basal leaf-cells quadrate to rectangular, large, lax, hyaline,
more or less inflated, above becoming gradually smaller, the
median and upper medium- to thin-walled, smooth, hexagonal:
seta erect, about 3-4 mm. high, mostly yellowish; capsule
102 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

broadly oval or turbinate, erect, symmetric, about 0.6-0.8 mm.
high, exannulate, more or less castaneous, when dry and
empty smooth and turbinate-hemispheric; lid broadly convex
to flattish with a beak about one-half as long as the urn;
exothecial cells medium-walled, castaneous, pellucid, irregular-
ly quadrate to rectangular, the upper two or three rows at the
tim much smaller, rounded-quadrate, obscure; spores orange-
pellucid or brownish-pellucid, minutely punctulate, large, .026
~.030 mm., mature from autumn to spring.

On moist soil in grasslands, along streams, etc., Europe,
Asia, northern Africa, and from Ontario to New England and
Pennsylvania, and in Nevada. Rare in our region.

McKean : Corydon Street, Bradford. D. A. B,

(Figured).

11. DESMATODON Bridel.

Autoicous: slender plants in mostly low, soft, green to
yellow-green tufts, dense to loose: stem mostly with central
strand, thickly foliate, forking; leaves when dry appressed and
more or less plicate, when moist erect-spreading, carinate to
concave, obovate to ovate or lance-linear, mostly with recurved
margins below, plane above, above often serrate, sometimes
margined; costa mucronately or aristately excurrent, both
costa and lamina papillose; leaf-cells loose, thin-walled, above
rounded-quadrate or more or less hexagonal or rhomboidal,
below rectangular and long-hexagonal, hyaline, smooth: seta
elongate, mostly straight; capsule erect, inclined, or even
pendent, mostly symmetric, ovate to cylindric; annulus persis-
tent or falling away in pieces; peristome inserted below the
rim of urn, the basal membrane forming a tube which is slight-
ly exserted from the urn, thickly articulate, teeth rather broad,
divided to the base into two or three flat, filiform, papillose,
divisions, united here and there, usually twisted; lid stoutly
and obliquely rostrate, with the cells more or less spirally ar-
ranged; calyptra cucullate, smooth, long-rostrate; spores large.

A small genus of 7 species, mainly on rich humus-soil in
the mountains; one species in our region.

1, Desmatodon arenaceus Sullivant.
(D. ohtoensis Schimper; Didyinodon arenaccus Windberg).

(Plate XIII)

Gregarious to loosely cespitose, bright yellowish-green:
stems short, in our specimens about 3 mm. long, radiculose at
base; leaves erect-spreading when moist, crisped when dry,
very small below but increasing to form a comal tuft above,
from ovate to lance-ovate, the comal 2-3 mm. long, bluntly
acute, short-apiculate, the margin minutely crenulate and more
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 103.

or less revolute; costa strong, reaching the apex or extending
into the apiculation; upper leaf-cells opaque, incrassate,
papillose, from rounded to hexagonal or quadrate, towards the
base of the leaf becoming elongate, thin-walled and hyaline:
seta erect, 6-8 mm. high, sub-lustrous, sinistrorse, castaneous ;
capsule dark-castaneous, oblong, 12-15 mm. long; peristome-
teeth yellow, slender, divided almost to the base into two.
slender, minutely-papillose prongs; annulus distinct, revolu-
ble; operculum bluntly and obliquely conic-rostrate ; exothecial
cells brownish-incrassate, rectangular or oblong-hexagonal, im-
mediately below the annulus being smaller and incrassate;
spores smoothish, yellowish, .012-.015 mm., mature in spring.

On sandy soil, rocks, etc., mainly confined to the drainage-
system of the Ohio River. Not rare in our region.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

Fayette : Along river-bank at Ohio Pyle, Septem-
ber 1-3, 1907. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : Near Bradford, December 15, 1894. D.
A.B, 3

12. TORTULA Hedwig.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely synoicous or polyoicous:
small to robust, in green to brown tufts or cushions: stems
mostly with a central strand, below brownish- or red-radicu-
lose, simple or branched; leaves mostly larger at the ends of
the shoots, often appearing rosette-like, when dry not crispate
but somewhat twisted and contorted, when moist erect-spread-
ing, mostly keeled, obovate or spatulate, rounded at the apex
or rarely short-acute, commonly bordered, usually entire; costa
strong, often cylindric, often mucronate-excurrent or, more
commonly, excurrent into a hyaline hair-like awn; upper leaf-
cells rounded-hexagonal, loose, chlorophyllose, papillose, grad-
ing below into the rectangular to elongate hyaline basal cells:
seta long, erect; capsule erect, cylindric, symmetric, short-
necked, straight or sometimes slightly arcuate; annulus pres-
ent ; peristome single, rarely none, basal membrane low to high,
teeth 32, filiform, equally spaced, mostly once to twice dex-
trorsely wound, papillose and transversely striate, articulate ;
operculum conic, obliquely rostrate; calyptra cucullate, reach-
ing to the middle of the urn; spores small.

A large genus of 202 species, widely distributed in the
temperate regions; 40 species occurring in North America;
only 1 species thus far reported in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Small; leaves when dry contorted and twisted: basal membrane
low. db.
104 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

a. Medium to robust; basal membrane high and tessellated.
d.
b. Teeth rather short, erect or slightly wound.

c.
b. Teeth long. once to several times wound.
(T. muralis [Linneus]
Hedwig.)
ec. Cells of leaf-margin not distinctly differentiated into a border.
(T. plinthobia [Sull.]
Broth.)
c. Cells distinctly differentiated at margin into a border.
(T. porteri [James and
Aust.] Broth.)
d. On trees; leaves deeply concave. margins involute: costa

spinulose-aristate. 1. Tortula papillosa.
d. On soil or stones; leaves not deeply concave; margins not
revolute; costa smooth-cuspidate. (T. _ruralis — [Linn.]

Bryol. Europ.)
1. Tortula papillosa \Vilson, mss., Spring.

(Barbula papillosa C. Mueller).

Loosely cespitose, green, brownish in drying: stem short,
up to 1 cm.; leaves erect-spreading, when dry appressed but
scarcely twisted, broadly obovate-spatulate, fiddle-shaped
(panduriform), with margins involute, the apex rounded to
short-acute; costa thick and spongy, dorsally papillose, above
ventrally often bearing numerous shortly pedicellate multi-
cellular gemme, excurrent-mucronate or cuspidate; basal leaf-
cells rectangular, a few hyaline, upper leaf-cells pellucid, in-
crassate, more or less collenchymatous, large, ventrally smooth,
dorsally simply papillose: capsule, known thus far only from
Australia and New Zealand, reddish-brown, short, with a
short seta.

On tree-trunks (In America often on elms), rarely on
rocks in open places, South America, New Zealand, Australia,
Europe, and, in North America, in the Atlantic States from
Delaware to Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Rare and al-
ways sterile in our region.

Blair : Tyrone, T. P. James. (Porter's Cata-

logue).
Family VI. ENCALYPTACEAE.

Autoicous, rarely dioicous: robust, usually densely cespi-
tose, bright green, the inside of the cushions rust-colored: stem
3-5-angled with little or no central strand, erect, brown-
radiculose, thickly-leaved, branched dichotomously; leaves
erect-spreading, when dry folded and twisted, more or less
lingulate, acute to obtuse, margins plane ta undulate; costa
highly developed, usually percurrent to very shortly excurrent,
prominent dorsally and dorsally papillose or toothed; cells in
upper two-thirds of leaf rather symmetrically hexagonal,
-chlorophyllose, opaque, thickly papillose on both sides, in the
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 105

lower third the cells much larger, without chlorophyll, rec-
tangular to rhombic, hyaline or slightly colored, smooth,
bordered by a few rows of narrow, elongate, and yellowish
cells: seta long, erect; capsule erect, symmetric, cylindric,
smooth or plicate, mostly with a short neck; annulus present;
peristome varying from none to well-developed, usually of 16
teeth; operculum from a conic base very long and slenderly
erect-rostrate; calyptra cylindric-campanulate (“extinguisher-
like”), long-rostrate, straight, completely enclosing the capsule,
the border fringed; spores large and papillose.

A world-wide family mostly on soil and rocks, occurring
in the tropics, however, only on the higher mountains. At
least 40 species: about 20 species occurring in North America;
2 in our region. The family embraces but one genus, with
characters as given for the family:

1. ENCALYPT.A Schreber, Hedwig.

Key to the Species.
a. Monoicous: no gemme: peristome single; capsule smooth.
ay 1. &. ciliata.
a. Dioicous: clusters of slender brown gemme in axils of leaves:
peristome double; capsule spirally striate. 2. E. streptocarpa.

1. Encalypta ciliata Hedwig.
(Leersia laciniata Hedwig; Leersia ciliata’ Hedwig).

Loosely cespitose, bright green: stems branched, 1-2.5
cm. high, densely radiculose below; leaves large, broadly
obovate-oblong to lingulate, rounded at apex, apiculate, plane-
margined and narrowly recurved below, spreading when moist,
crisped and incurved when dry; costa yellewish, ending just
below apex or percurrent; basal cells lax, hyaline, rectangular,
walls red, the marginal paler and narrower in several rows, the
upper leaf-cells opaque, densely papillose, hexagonal-quadrate,
the walls pellucid, cells about .015 mm. across: seta long,
erect, yellowish to reddish, dextrorse; capsule cylindric, red-
dish-brown, smooth, constricted below mouth and smooth
when dry, at base abruptly tapering into the seta; peristome
single, the teeth 16, lanceolate, reddish, inserted below the rim,
irtegulary divided in some specimens, papillose, articulate,
strongly incurved when moist; annulus none; exothecial cells
smaller in several rows at the rim; lid erect, nearly as long
as urn, narrow, slenderly rostrate-clavate; calyptra straw-
colored, mitrate, cylindric, slenderly rostrate, extending below
the base of capsule, the lower margin fringed with a row of nar-
rowly lanceolate teeth; spores roughened, mature in late
summer or early fall: autoicous.

In crevices or shaded places on rocks and walls, almost
costhopolitan in mountainous or hilly regions; in North
106 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

America from the Arctic region south to the northern United
States. Reported from the adjacent states of New York and
hio and to be expected from the northern part of our range.

2. Encalypta streptocarpa Hedwig.

(E. contorta Lindberg).

Densely cespitose, dull or yellowish-green; stems large, 3
to 6 or 7 cm. high, branched, densely radiculose at base; leaves
rather crowded, spreading, when dry more or less twisted and
crisped, large, 5-6 mm. long, oblong-lingulate, sometimes nar-
rowed in the middle, undulate, plane-margined, often incurved and
sub-cucullate at apex; costa strong, reddish, ending below
apex, dorsally scabrous; basal leaf-cells hyaline, rectangular,
the marginal narrower, often forming a distinct yellowish
border of a few rows of cells, upper leaf-cells hexagonal-
quadrate, about .015 mm., papillose, incrassate-pellucid, usual-
ly regularly seriate; perichetial leaves oblong, abruptly long
lanceolate-acuminate: seta long, red; capsule long, cylindric,
dextrorsely orange-striate, furrowed when dry; peristome
double, the teeth filiform, papillose, articulate, red, the inner
peristome of 16 or 32 filiform pale segments half as long as the
teeth and adherent to the latter by the broad punctulate basal
membrane; lid narrow, long, rostrate, erect; calyptra very
long, cylindric, -scabrous at the tip of the long and slender
beak, extending considerably below the capsule and laciniate
at the border; spores mature in late summer; dioicous.

On rocks, walls, earth, etc., usually on calcareous sub-
strata, mainly confined to rough country. Europe, Asia, and
from Ontario and Virginia to California. Not yet found fruit-
ing in North America. Rare in our region.

Cambria : Cresson. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

Famiy VII. GRIMMIACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous: cespitose, dark green to blackish:
stem mostly without central strand, radiculose only at the
base, branches mostly of equal height, leaves often hyaline-
pointed, often piliferous, but rarely crispate, when damp more
or less spreading, rarely secund, mostly lanceolate, rarely and
then only upwards denticulate, towards the apex and at the
margin two to several cells thick, sometimes papillose; costa
complete or nearly so, cells small, often sinuate-walled, above
mostly rounded-quadrate, towards the base inflated and mostly
pellucid, rectangular to elongate, rarely linear throughout the
whole leaf: seta rarely shorter than the capsule; capsule most-
ly symmetric, globose to cylindric, mostly smooth, often im-
mersed or emergent; annulus present, or none at all; teeth 16,
mostly separate to the insertion, red to orange, papillose, plane,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 107

undivided or cleft or cribrose, rarely divided to the base into
filiform parts, trabecule mostly projecting only outwards;
operculum mostly rostrate, sometimes deciduous with the at-
tached columella; calyptra mostly small, mitrate or cucullate,
glabrous, sometimes campanulate and plicate.

A large family, world-wide in distribution, but most abun-
dant in sub-arctic and temperate regions, mostly on stones or
rocks, rarely on soil or trees.

Key to the Genera.

a. Costa with basal guides, or homogeneous; calyptra rarely cam-
panulate; spores small to medium-sized. b.
a. Costa with several median guides; spores small; calyptra campanu-

late. 1. Glyphomitrium.

b. Teeth undivided, cribrose, cleft in upper half, or none; branches
as high as the stem. 2. Grimmia.

b. Teeth divided almost to the base into two filiform divisions;
branches irregular and short. 3. Rhacomitrium.

1. Glyphomitrium Bridel.
(Ptychoimitrium Fuernrohr).

Autoicous: cespitose in loose yellowish-green to brownish
or blackish cushions ; stem with central strand, erect or ascend-
ing, radiculose at the base, thickly-leaved ; leaves long, narrow,
the points not hyaline, crispate when dry, spreading when
moist ; costa strong, percurrent or ending below the apex; cells
not with sinuose walls, smooth, upwards small and reunded-
quadrate, below linear to more or less loosely rectangular ;
perichetial leaves not sheathing: seta straight, more or less
elongate, mostly two or more to a perichetium; capsule
smooth, erect, symmetric, mostly oval to oblong-elliptic;
annulus wide, deciduous, rarely none; peristome inserted be-
low the mouth ; teeth papillose, usually deeply divided into two
subulate prongs, trabeculz more or less distinct; spores small ;
operculum conic with a long, fine, straight beak; calyptra
campanulate, plicate and lobed.

A widely distributed genus of 66 species, of which at least
9 occur in North America and one in our region. Occurring
on rocks and stones,—rarely on trees.

1. Glyphomitrium incurvum (Schwaegrichen) Brotherus.
(Ptychomitrium incurvum Sullivant).

Densely cespitose, dark green to brownish: stems about 5
mm. high, erect; leaves erect-spreading when moist, sometimes
incurved, twisted-crispate when dry, the lower small, increas-
ing in size upwards, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, thick, opaque,
the margin plane; costa broad, ending in apex; basal leaf-
cells rectangular, pellucid, the upper much smaller, rounded to
quadrate, incrassate, dense; seta about 3-4 mm. high, erect;
108 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

capsule erect, oval; peristome-teeth 16, long-subulate, articu-
late, papillose; lid erect, conic-subulate, about as long as urn;
calyptra long-rostrate, mitrate, plicate-lobed to base of beak,
covering a little more than half of the urn; spores mature in
spring. :

On more or less exposed calcareous rocks from Con-
necticut to Georgia and Texas. Not uncommon in Eastern
Pennsylvania, Northern Ohio, and Western New York, and
probably will be found eventually in our region.

2. GRIMMIA Ehrhart, Hedwig.

Autoicous or dioicous: forming cushions and mats, slender,
often hoary by reason of the hyaline leaf-apices: stem erect or
ascending, mostly with a central strand, radiculose mainly at
the base, thickly-leaved; leaves imbricate when dry, rarely
crispate or spirally appressed, spreading to recurved-squarrose
when moist, lower often small and bract-like, the upper often
suddenly larger, often hyaline-piliferous, carinate, concave,
sometimes canaliculate, mostly lanceolate from an oblong or
ovate base, acuminate, entire, margins plane or revolute; costa
complete or extending to the base of the piliferous apex ; upper
cells small, rarely papillose, rounded-quadrate, often opaque,
looser towards the middle, the basal linear to rectangular and
sometimes forming a colored border; perichztial leaves most-
ly larger, more or less sheathing, areolation looser: seta some-
times shorter than the capsule, rarely much longer than the
perichetial leaves, arcuate or straight, mostly yellow, twisted
when dry, capsule mostly symmetric, smooth to‘ribbed, globose
to cylindric ; annulus persistent or curling off, sometimes none;
peristome rarely absent, when present inserted below the
mouth; teeth reddish-brown, broad to subulate, entire to crib-
rose, sometimes cleft to the middle, the trabecule projecting
outwards; operculum often rostrate, never longer than the
urn; calyptra lobed-mitrate to cucullate, long-rostrate, smooth ;
spores small.

A large genus of world-wide distribution, but mainly
confined to the mountains of the tropics, occurring on rocks
and stones. About 240 species, of which some 70 occur in
North America and at least 4 in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Seta not longer than the capsule; operculum mostly falling with
the columella still attached. b.
a. Seta longer than the capsule. :
b. Apices of upper leaves with short hair-points.
c.
b. Apices of upper leaves long-piliferous. e.
c. Lower leaf-cells with sinuouse walls. 4. G. pennsylvanica.
c. Lower leaf-cells not with conspicuously supose walls.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 109

d. Slender small plants in dense cushions; central strand in

stem; teeth decidedly cribrose. 2. G. conferta.
d. More robust, loosely cespitose; no central strand; teeth slight-
ly cribrose. 1. G. apocarpa.

e. Leaf-cells without sinuose walls; capsule oblong.
(G. ambigua [Sullivant]
ullivant. )
e. Leaf-cells with somewhat sinuose walls; capsule oblong-ovate.
G. pennsylvanica.
f. Capsule distinctly ribbed; seta curved; leaf- -margins of a single
layer of cells. (G. olneyi Sullivant.)
f. Capsule smooth, seta straight; upper leaf- margins of more than
one layer of cells,
g. Leaves lanceolate, tapering; basal leaf- cells” Pia. walled and elon-
gate-rectangular, about 1:4 to 1:8, alpine. (G. obtusa Schwaeg-
richen; G. doniana

Smith.)
g. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the long apex rough, piliferous; basal
leaf-cells more or less quadrate. 4. G. laevigata,

1. Grimmia apocarpa [Linneus] Hedwig.

(Plate XIV)

Loosely cespitose, more or less erect, branching rather
freely, about 2 cm. high, dull olive-green, drying stiff and non-
crisped: leaves ovate-lanceolate, erecting-spreading, strongly
costate and usually more or less carinate, margin narrowly re-
curved, apex narrowly obtuse, leaves about 2 mm. long;
perichetial leaves similar but somewhat longer and thinner;
costa ending in or just below the apex, terete dorsally; basal
cells rectangular, about .008-.010.015-.030 mm., upper
basal cells quadrate, and in our specimens usually sinuose-
walled, the median and upper cells rounded and .005-.009 mm.
in diameter, all cells incrassate and more or less opaque: seta
erect, stout, about 0.5 mm. long; capsule immersed, oval-
oblong, about 1 mm. long, reddish-brown, rather thick-walled,
smooth; calyptra short, lobed; operculum low-conic, rostrate ;
peristome single, teeth 16, lance-linear, trabeculate, somewhat
cribrose, reddish-brown, faintly papillose, when dry reflexed-
revolute; spores reddish-brown, in our specimens about .012-
618 mm. in diameter; columella falling away with the opercu-
lum and remaining attached to it; spores mature in late spring.

On stones, hard earth, etc., with a wide distribution over
the colder regions of the earth. In America occurring from
Alaska and Newfoundland to the Northern States and south
jn the mountains to Georgia.

Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O.
E. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).
110 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Westmoreland : Shaly bank of stream, in Shades, Trafford
City, March 25, 1910. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

2. Grimmia conferta Funck.

Densely cespitose, in gray-green rounded cushions: stems
slender ; leaves lance-ovate to oblong, acuminate, opaque, apex
hyaline, denticulate; costa strong, dorsally prominent, ending
at apex; basal leaf-cells rectangular to quadrate, the upper
smaller and rounded, all incrassate and dense: seta short;
capsule immersed, ovate-globose, wide-mouthed, hemispheric
and somewhat wrinkled when dry; peristome-teeth light red-
dish-brown to orange, fragile, markedly cribrose; annulus said
to be none; lid wide, low-convex, apiculate; spores mature in
spring.

On rugged exposed rocks, Europe, Asia, and Africa, and,
in North America, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia
south to Idaho and Pennsylvania.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter's Cata-

logue).

3. Grimmia pennsylvanica Schwaegrichen.
(Griumia pilifera Beauvois).

Densely cespitose, dark green: stems 1 to 3 cm. high,
robust, rigid, branching; leaves close, narrowly ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, concave, the apex rough, acute to short pilifer-
ous; margins strongly recurved below and thickened above;
basal leaf-cells linear-rectangular 3-6:1, thin-walled, hyaline
to yellow-pellucid, shortly above base the cells incrassate-
sinuous, short-rectangular, the upper rounded-quadrate to
hexagonal, small, incrassate, very dark; costa strong ending
in apex; perichetial leaves piliferous: seta about hali as long
as urn, capsule more or less completely immersed, oblong-
ovate, smooth, even when dry, lid conic-rostrate, about three-
fifths as long as urn, erect; annulus large; peristome-teeth
large, broadly lanceolate, irregularly split and cribrose to
about the middle, castaneous pellucid; calyptra lobed, mitrate;
spores mature in the autumn but often not shed till spring:
dioicous.

On moist rocks in woods, Japan and, in North America,
from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Minnesota, and in Mexico.
Reported in our region only from Painesville, Ohio. (W. C.
Werner.)

4. Grimmia laevigata (Bridel) Bridel.

(G. campestris Burch.; G. leucophaea Greville).

Cespitose loosely in wide, dull green tufts; hoary above:
stems stout, branched; leaves close, larger towards top of stem,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA iil

when dry imbricate-appressed, very concave, oblong-oval to
rather widely ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, plane-margined, at the
apex abruptly terminating in a long, flattened, finely denticu-
lated hair, which is decurrent along the upper margin of the
lamina, and is often longer than the lamina; the smaller lower
leaves acuminate but without the hair-point; costa narrow,
ending in the apex; basal leaf-cells quadrate, except a few rec-
tangular ones near the costa, the upper smaller and rounded,
all incrassate, non-sinuose, the upper quite chlorophyllose:
seta erect; capsule included, elliptic, broadly oblong, brown-
ish smooth when dry; annulus large; lid conic-rostellate,
short, peristome-teeth cleft to about the middle, cribrose be-
low, castaneous-pellucid; calyptra mitrate, lobed; spores ma-
ture in spring.

On rocks, mainly non-calcareous, often granite or sand-
stone, almost cosmopolitan. In North America from Penn-
sylvania to Minnesota, Kansas and the Pacific States. Rare in
our region.

Blair : Tyrone, T. P. James. (Porter's Cata-

logue).

3. RHACOMITRIUM Bridel.

Dioicous: robust plants, loosely and widely cespitose, the
mats green to yellowish or blackish-green: stem without cen-
tral strand, procumbent to erect, radiculose at the base only,
uniformly foliate, often with numerous short branches giving
the shoot a nodose appearance; leaves spreading to recurved-
spreading or sometimes secund, when dry appressed, from an
ovate to oblong base mostly lanceolate to lance-linear, more
or less long-acuminate, often piliferous, sometimes lingulate
and obtuse, margins sometimes 2-layered and sometimes re-
curved; costa mostly broad, flat, and complete; cells nearly all
with sinuose walls, often papillose, towards the base or some-
times all over linear: seta long, straight, rarely curved, twisted ;
capsule erect, oblong to cylindric, narrow-mouthed, smooth;
annulus broad, curling off; teeth united at the base but most-
ly cleft deeply into 2 (-3-4) filiform divisions, often very
long, trabeculate; spores small; operculum conic with a long
subulate apex from one-third to more than the length of the
urn; calyptra mitrate, lobed, not folded, subulate-rostrate,
glabrous or rough.

A world-wide genus of 88 species, mostly on_ siliceous
rocks ; 23 species in North America, probably 3 species in our
region.

Key to the Species.
a. Upper leaf-cells quadrate, lower ones linear; shoots not appearing
nodose by arrangement of short lateral nancies
112 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

a. Upper leaf-cells elongate; shoots appedrmg nodose with short
lateral branches.
b. Leaves lingulate, leaf-apex broad, Housed:
1. R. aciculare
b. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, at apex hyaline-acuminate.
R. inicrocarpum,
c. Leaf-apex obtuse, non-hyaline. CR. fasciculare [Schra-

: : : der] Bridel.)
c. Leaf-apex hyaline, acuminate to piliferous.

3. FR. ericoides.
1. Rhacomitrium aciculare [Linnzus] Bridel.
(Dicranum aciculare Hedwig).
(Plate XIV)

Cespitose in coarse tufts, dark dull green to blackish:
stems long, up to 6 or 8 cm. long, stout, branching by short
innovations, radiculose below; leaves erect- -spreading, stiffly
imbricate when dry, large, up to 1 mm. wide by 2.5 mm. long,
broadly ovate-oblong, usually somewhat plicate at the base,
the margin usually revolute, the apex broadly obtuse, denticu-
late to entire, non-hyaline, the upper margin usually thick-
ened; costa strong, ending below apex; leaf-cells densely yel-
lowish- pellucid, incr assate, sub-papillose, the upper sub-
quadrate to rounded-hexagonal and in two layers at the mar-
gin, the basal elongate-rectangular to linear, markedly sinuose-
incrassate, at the margin sub-quadrate, the alar a little larger,
quadrate: seta erect, straiglt, about 10-12 mm. long; capsule
dark brown, erect, oblong-cylindric to elliptic, smooth, with
narrow mouth; peristome-teeth cleft to below the middle into
2 or 3 unequal divisions; lid aciculate-rostrate or subulate, al-
most as long as urn; calyptra smooth, long-rostrate, mitrate,
lobed, covering only the top of capsule; annulus rather large,
revoluble; spores mature in spring; fruit rarely found.

On wet, shaded, non-calcareous rocks in hilly or moun-
tainous country, in Europe, Africa, and, in North America,
from Alaska to Labrador south to California and Alabama.
Occurs in northern West Virginia and as follows:

_ Cambria: : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, in crevices of rock along the
Youghiogheny river near the Falls, Sep-
tember 1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
(Figured).
2. Rhacomitrium microcarpum (Hedwig) Bridel, not Schrader.
(Rhacomitrium sudeticum Bryologia Europea; Trichostoimum
microcarpuin Hedwig).
Loosely cespitose, dull or yellowish-green above: stem

slender with ascending branches, 2-5 cm. high; leaves divari-
cately spreading, erect when dry, narrowly lanceolate, linear-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 113

acuminate, apex hyaline, denticulate, margin more or less bi-
stratose above, usually revolute below; costa strong, ending
in apex; basal leaf-cells linear, sinuose, incrassate, upper leaf-
cells rounded-quadrate: seta short, light-colored, often curved
or flexuose; capsule relatively very small, elliptic, pale brown,
thin-walled; annulus large, revoluble; peristome-teeth brown-
ish, irregularly divided; lid conic-rostrate, shorter than the
utn; spores mature in spring.

On wet rocks or cliffs, principally granite or gneiss, Eu-
rope, Asia, and, in North America, from Greenland to British
Columbia, south to Oregon and northeastern United States.
Perhaps to be expected in the eastern or northeastern part of
our region.

3. Rhacomitrium ericoides (Schwaegrichen) New Com-
bination.

(Trichostomum ericoides Schwaegrichen ; Dicranui microcarpuim

Schrader).

Cespitose in low, green to yellow-green tufts: stems
siender, markedly nodose with obtuse lateral innovations;
leaves crowded, spreading to falcate-secund, lanceolate from an
ovate base, acuminate, the apex hyaline, flat, denticulate, not
very narrow, margin revolute, not thickened; costa strong,
ending in the apex; leaf-cells all linear. the upper 3-6:1, in-
crassate, sinuose, the marginal shorter and in the alar portion
often a few larger, rectangular, pellucid, and not sinuose-
walled: seta yellowish, short; capsule small, elliptic-cylindric
to oblong, pale yellow-brown, thin-walled; annulus large,
revoluble; peristome-teeth short, divided almost to the base;
calyptra somewhat papillose at the apex; lid short-rostrate;
spores mature in spring.

On exposed rocks and stones in hilly or mountainous re-
gions, Europe, and, in North America, from Greenland to Brit-
ish Columbia south to Oregon and eastern Pennsylvania. Per-
haps will be found in the eastern part of our region.

Family VIII. ORTHOTRICHACEAE.

Dioicous or autoicous, rarely heteroicous or polyoicous:
cespitose, light green to yellowish- or blackish-green outside
the tufts, inside brown to black: stem mostly with no central
strand, erect to ascending, or creeping with erect or ascending
branches, radiculose below, or along the creeping stem, with
reddish or brownish filaments; leaves spreading. to squarrose,
carinate, mostly from a decurrent base more or less lanceo-
late, sometimes oblong-lingulate to linear, mostly entire,
usually papillose both sides; costa strong, sometimes excur-
rent-aristate or piliferous; upper cells generally rich in chloro-
phyll, round-quadrate to round-hexagonal, basal mostly elon-
114 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

gate-rectangular to linear, pellucid; perichetial usually more or
less sheathing: seta erect; capsule erect, symmetric, collum
distinct, oval to pyriform or cylindric, smooth or striate, deep-
ly plicate when dry and empty; annulus persistent ; peristome
mostly double, rarely none; teeth 16 united or approximate in
8 pairs, lanceolate, flat, whitish to yellowish or reddish, re-
flexed when dry, exteriorly papillose or transversely, oblique-
ly, or longitudinally striate, rarely smooth, rather delicately
trabeculate; inner peristome of 8 or 16, filiform, or lanceolate.
glabrous or papillose segments alternating with the teeth;
spores small to very large; operculum long-rostrate; calyptra
cucullate and usually smooth to campanulate, often plicate
and hairy.

A rather large family of mostly tree-inhabiting species,
mostly of temperate regions.

Key to the Genera,
a. Calyptra cucullate, not plicate; stems erect or creeping.

a. Calyptra mostly campanulate, plicate; stems mostly erect.

c.

b. Stem erect: peristome none. 1. Amphidinim.

b. Stem creeping with erect or ascending branches: peristome
single. 2. Drummondia,

c. Leaves when dry crispate, at the base ovate and mostly with a
hyaline border: capsule exserted in our species.
4. Ulota.
c. Leaves not crisped when dry, not ovate at the base nor with
hyaline border: capsule immersed or emergent in our species.
3. Orthotrichum,

I. AMPHIDIUM (Nees) Schimper.

(Amphoridium Schimper; Zygodon Authors).

Autoicous or dioicous: tufts cushion-like, soft, often ex-
tensive, yellowish olive-green to blackish, inside rusty brown:
stem farcately branching, uniformly foliate, radiculose to the
apex with smooth filaments; leaves linear-lanceolate, papillose
both sides, when dry contorted or crispate; costa practically
complete, with median guides; leaf-cells thick-walled, angular
to roundish, green, towards the base generally elongate, rec-
tangular, thin-walled to hyaline; perichetial leaves erect,
longer, sheathing or half-sheathing: seta short, generally erect,
thickening above and grading into the long collum; capsule
emergent to exserted, mostly erect, pyriform, with 8 project-
ing, reddish-brown ribs, when empty much widened at the
mouth and urceolate; annulus none; peristome none; opercu-
lum obliquely rostrate from a low-conic base; calyptra cucul-
late, glabrous, not plicate.

A world-wide genus of 16 species, on mainly non-calcare-
ous rocks; 7 species in North America; 2 in our range.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 115

Key to the Species.

a. Autoicous: leaf-margins plane: seta 1.5 mm. long or less; beak of
operculum shorter than radius of capsule. 1. A. lapponicum.
a. Dioicous: leaf-margins recurved below: seta about 3 mm. long;
beak of operculum longer than radius of capsule.
2. A. mougeotii.

1, Amphidium lapponicum (Hedwig) Schimper.
(Anictangium lapponicum Hedwig; Zygodon lapponicus Bryolo-
gia Europzea).

Densely cespitose, dark olive-green above, blackish below:
stems dichotomously branching, usually 1-3 cm. high; leaves
flexuous-spreading, lance-oblong to lance-linear, 1.5-2.0 mm.
long, margins plane, acute, crisped when dry; costa strong,
ending below apex; basal cells large, thin-walled, pellucid to
hyaline, the upper small, quadrate-hexagonal, rather obscure,
incrassate, papillose; perichetial leaves sheathing: seta very
short, usually not over 1.5 mm.; capsule oval with distinct
collum about as long as sporangium, partially immersed,
brownish, when dry constricted below mouth, urceolate, with
8 reddish striz, the mouth forming a deep red, thickened rim;
no peristome; lid red, lustrous, small, low-conic, obliquely
rostellate, the length of the beak not more than one-half the
diameter of the capsule; calyptra cucullate, small, reaching
about half-way down the urn, brownish; spores mature in
early summer: autoicous, the antheridial flowers axillary.
along the stem.

In crevices of shaded rocks, rarely in calcareous habitats;
Europe, Asia, and, in North America, from Greenland to Brit-
ish Columbia south to northern United States and to Cali-
fornia. Rare in our region.

Huntingdon : Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).

2. Amphidium mougeotii (Bryologia Europea) Schimper.

(Zygodon mougeotii Bryologia Europea; dnoectangium mot-
geotli Lindberg).

Densely cespitose, in large tufts, yellowish-green above,
rusty to blackish below: stems usually 2-6 cm. high, dichoto-
mously branching ; leaves spreading or erect-spreading, crisped
when dry, elongate lance-linear, acuminate, carinate, margin
narrowly revolute below, slightly irregular above; costa strong,
vanishing at apex; basal leaf-cells narrowly rectangular, rather
thick-walled, above shorter, sub-quadrate to rounded, incras-
sate, hardly papillose, pellucid; perichetial leaves sheathing
only the base of seta: seta about 2-3 mm. long; capsule short-
ly exserted, narrowly oval with a distinct neck, when dry
urceolate, contracted below mouth, 8-striate: peristome none;
lid low, obliquely rostrate, the length of the beak more than
116 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

one-half the radius of the capsule: calyptra cucullate; spores
mature in summer or early autumn: dioicous: fruit rare.

On damp, shaded, usually non-calcareous rocks, in moun-
tains or hilly regions; in Europe, Asia, and in North America,
from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Alabama and Oregon.
To be looked for in the eastern part of our range.

2. DRUMMONDIA Hooker.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender, in low, dense, green,
scarcely shining, often extensive mats: stem long, creeping,
brown-radiculose, thickly covered with short, erect, simple or
furcate branches; leaves when dry stiffly appressed, when
moist erect-spreading to spreading, ovate-lanceolate to linear-
oblong, acute or obtuse, entire; costa strong, almost per-
current; cells uniformly rounded, smooth, chlorophyllose:
seta erect, long; capsule erect, symmetric, oval, smooth, when
dry shriveled; annulus none; peristome simple, inserted be-
low urn-mouth; teeth 16, very short, truncate, entire, smooth,
densely trabeculate; spores very large (.08-.10 mm.); round
or oval, several-celled, green, smoothish ; operculum obliquely
rostrate; calyptra cucullate, large.

A small genus of 6 species, on trees, rarely on rocks;
mostly Asiatic, one in our region.

1. Drummondia prorepens [Bridel] New Combination,
(Anodontium prorepens Bridel; Gymnostomum prorepens Hed-
wig; Hypnum clavellatuin Dillenius; Orthotrichum clavel-
latunt Hooker).
(Plate XIV)

Stems creeping, radiculose on the under side, with numer-
ous short, erect branches, 6-10 mm., forming dark green or
lackish tufts: leaves erect to spreading, oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, obtuse to acute, concave, cari-
nate, firm; costa strong, almost percurrent; cells small, thick-
walled, rounded; the alar often quadrate-inflated and hyaline
in the stem-leaves, the whole lower fourth of the perichetial
leaves elongate-rectangular and hyaline: seta erect, about 2.5
mm. long, sinistrorse; capsule ovate-globose, smooth, about 1
mm. high; operculum low-conic, obliquely long-rostrate ;
peristome of 16 very short, wide, truncate, smooth, trabeculate
teeth, often more or less confluent; annulus none; calyptra,
at first conic, large, cucullate; spores minutely roughened,
chlorophyllose, about .080-.095 mm., moderately incrassate,
mature in summer.
On tree-trunks in woods, Japan, and in North America
from New England to Alabama, Missouri, and Ontario.
Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
(Figured).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 117

McKean : Quintuple, Bradford, November 10, 1893.
D. A. B.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

3. ORTHOTRICHUAL Hedwig.

Autoicous, rarely dioicous: cespitose in cushions some-
times on rocks, mostly on trees: stems erect and ascending,
radiculose at the base, thickly leaved, branched; leaves when
dry never crispate but straight and appressed, ovate-or linear-
lanceolate, mostly acute, margins usually revolute; costa quite
strong, mostly not quite percurrent; basal leaf-cells rectangular
to elongate, pellucid to hyaline, the marginal often shorter
and green: seta generally shorter than the scarcely or non-
sheathing perichetial leaves; capsule oval to cylindric, usually
with 8 or 16 colored striz, when dry usually 8 (-16)-furrowed ;
annulus persistent ; peristome mostly double, sometimes single,
rarely none, usually with 16 broadly lanceolate teeth in pairs,
and 8 to 16 filiform segments; operculum conic to convex,
rostrate; calyptra campanulate, plicate, covering most of the
urn, glabrous, hirsute or papillose.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 206 species, on trees or
rocks, rare, however, in the Tropics; about 70 species occur
in North America; at least 5 in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Peristome simple, teeth 16, erect or erect-spreading when dry.
b.

a. Peristome double, teeth more or less reflexed when dry.

d.

b. Capsule half-emergent, 16-striate. (O. cupulatum [Hoff-
mann] Schwaeg-
richen. )

b. Capsule immersed to half-emergent, 8-striate.

c

ec. Capsule ovate-cylindric, half-emergent when leaves are dry.
1. O. strangulatunt.
ec. Capsule much shorter, ovate-globose, practically immersed in the
dry leaves. 2. O. lescurii.
d. Capsule smooth when dry, immersed. e.
d. Capsule plicate when dry. :
e. Teeth 16, in pairs; segments 8, short, filiform.
(O. pusilla Mitten.)
c. Teeth 16, not in pairs; segments 16, comparatively broad.
(O. leiocarpum Bryolo-
gia Europea.)
f. Leaves more or less obtuse at the extreme apex.

g.
f, Leaves usually distinctly acute at the extreme apex.
i.
g. Capsule strongly contracted below the mouth when dry and very

decidedly plicate with reddish-brown folds.
3. O. braunii.
118 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

g. Not very strongly contracted nor very decidedly plicate.
; h.
h. Stomata immersed; leaf-margins revolute.
4. O. ohioense.
h. Stomata not immersed; leaf-margins erect; leaves short and
broad, oblong-ovate. (Orthotrichum obtusi-
folium Schrader,
: Schwaegrichen. )
i. Capsule but little contracted below mouth when dry, ribs orange,
segments 8; leaves oblong-lanceolate. 5. O. schimperi.
i. Capsule strongly contracted under the mouth when dry.

¥ : : ‘ J- :
j. Capsule with very prominent reddish-brown ribs when dry,

_ half-emergent. 3. O. braunii.
j. Capsule with less prominent light colored ribs, usually im-
mersed. (O, sordidum Sullivant.)

1. Orthotrichum strangulatum Schwaegrichen.
(O. porteri Austin; O. cupulatuim var. porteri Venturi).
(Plate XIV)

Densely cespitose, about 1 cm. high: stems densely leaved,
branched ; upper leaves lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, the lower
ovate, shorter, acute, margins entire or papillose, more or less
revolute, lamina often somewhat bi-stratose at margins and
apex; costa strong, almost percurrent ; basal leaf-cells quadrate
at margin to rectangular (2:1) towards costa, smooth, hyaline,
the median rounded-hexagonal, dense, papillose, becoming to-
wards apex densely incrassate-rounded, arranged in quite regu-
lar rows: seta short, about 0.5 mm., capsule about 1.5 mm.
long, oblong-cylindric, tapering rather gradually to the seta.
when dry often only partly immersed, when wet always im-
mersed, dark reddish-brown, deeply 8-costate and 8-furrowed,
the coste with about 3 rows of rectangular cells with thicker
longitudinal walls, stomata few, immersed, calyptra mitrate,
quite densely erect-hirsute; operculum low with a rounded
apiculation; peristome single, teeth paired, erect-spreading
when dry, irregularly triangular-lanceolate, about 8-articulate,
the divisural distinct and the teeth often split; the three or
four upper rows of cells of the capsule densely incrassate,
brown. pellucid like the costal and laterally oblong; spores
globose, papillose, .017-.020 mm., mature in summer.

>
On rocks, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Minnesota.

Cambria: : Cresson. James (Porter’s Catalogue).

Center : On limestone rocks, two miles west of
Scotia, September 2?, 1909. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

Westmoreland : Chestnut Ridge, above Hillside, on sand-
stone rocks, September 23, 1910. O. E.
J. and G. K. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 119

2. Orthotrichum lescurii Austin.
(O. cupulatuim variety minus Sullivant).
(Plate XV)

Rather densely cespitose, about 5 mm. high: stems thickly-
foliate, branched; leaves lanceolate or some of the lower ovate,
the upper about 3 mm. long, the lower shorter, acute, the mar-
gins entire, revolute, strongly costate nearly to the apex; basal
leaf-cells quadrate to elongate-rectangular, smooth, hyaline,
above becoming rounded-hexagonal, sub-opaque, densely
papillose, smaller and quite regularly hexagonal at the apex;
seta very short, 0.5 mm., about one-half enclosed in the in-
volucre; calyptra narrowly campanulate, plicate, hirsute with
erect hairs; lid mamillate, rounded but flattened; capsule ob-
long-cylindric and rather suddenly tapering to the seta, about
1.3 mm. high and 0.5 mm. in thickness, when moist globose-
oblong and 8-striate, when dry deeply 8-furrowed and some-
times contracted below the mouth; capsule always about the
same length as the upper leaves, or sometimes slightly exserted
when dry; peristome single, the teeth 8, short, equidistant but
leaning towards each other in pairs, triangular-lanceolate,
papillose, articulate, the divisural usually complete and not
split, teeth when dry erect or incurved; spores mature in
spring, .014-.017 mm.

On rocks, usually granite or trap; from New England to
Ontario south to Missouri and Pennsylvania, and in the Rocky
Mountains to British Columbia. Rare in our region.

Westmoreland : On sandstone rocks at mouth of Bear’s

Cave, on slope of Chestnut Ridge above
Hillside, September 16, 1910. O. E. J.
and G. K. J. (Figured).

3. Orthotrichum braunii Bryologize Europe.
(O. strangulatian Sullivant).

(Plate XV)

Sparsely cespitose to scattered, less than 5 mm. high, dark
green: stems sometimes creeping at base, erect-spreading,
simple or branched; leaves spreading when moist, the upper
somewhat clasping, when dry appressed, not crisped, concave,
ovate to lance-ovate, the margins more or less revolute, apex
acute, sometimes erose-denticulate and apiculate and some-
times hyaline ; costa strong, sub-percurrent basal leaf-cells hya-
line, smooth, at margin quadrate, about .016 mm. in diameter,
toward the costa rectangular and reaching about .090.016
mm., median cells papillose, opaque, rounded, about .020 mm.
in diameter, the apical smaller, rounded and less papillose ;
capsule oblong-oval, about 1.2 mm. long tapering abruptly into
a seta about one-third as long, 8-costate, when dry much con-
120 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

stricted below the mouth and very deeply 8-plicate, some-
what sinistrorse, reddish-brown; peristome-teeth lighter in
color, granulose, with distinct divisurals, when dry closely re-
flexed, when moist erect; calyptra narrowly conic-mitrate,
non-hirsute and plicate; spores globose, somewhat papillose,
incrassate, about .017 mm. in diameter.

On bark of living trees, often apple-trees; Europe, Asia,
northern Africa, and from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Iowa.
Scarce in our region.

Allegheny : On base of Quercus imbricaria in mixed

pine and oak woods at Dutil Church, near
Douthett, December 29, 1908. O. E. J.
(Figured).

McKean : Bradford. D. A. Burnett. (Porter's Cata-
logue).

4. Orthotrichum ohioense Sullivant.
(O. canadense Sullivant, not Bryologia Europea).
(Plate XV)

Densely cespitose, yellowish green above, dark or brown-
ish below: stems freely branching, about 6-10 mm. high;
leaves lanceolate from an oblong base, about 1.5-3 mm, long,
spreading to ascending, bluntly acute to rounded-obtuse, papil-
lose with entire and revolute margins; costa strong, ending
at a little below the apex; median leaf-cells quadrate to rec-
tangular, moderately incrassate, towards the margins and up-
wards becoming smaller, more incrassate, quadrate, sub-papil-
lose, the upper small, rounded, densely papillose, incrassate:
seta shorter than the urn; capsule more or less completely im-
mersed, ovate-oblong when moist to somewhat narrower and
pyriform-campanulate when dry, symmetric, when dry 8&-
striate, pale yellow, tapering at base, slightly constricted be-
low the mouth; exothecial cells at mouth in one to three rows,
small, quadrate, below abruptly rounded and strongly incras-
sate, on the main body of the urn rectangular. and much
smaller; stomata immersed, the outer peristome of 8 double
teeth, yellowish-pellucid, densely punctulate, triangular-lanceo-
late, 5-7-articulate; segments of inner peristome of 8 short,
linear-subulate segments of two rows of cells; calyptra conic-
campanulate, yellowish, plicate, densely erect-hairy ; operculum
low-convex, apiculate-rostrate; spores yellowish-brown, pel-
lucid, densely papillose, 018-.020 mm., mature in spring,—
about April: autoicous, antheridial clusters axillary.

On bark of trees, New Brunswick to Ontario and south
to Georgia, also in Montana. Probably rather common in our
region. Ashtabula, Ohio, and as follows:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 121

Erie : On bark of Populus deltoides, Presque Isle,
September 20-22, 1906. O. E. J.
McKean : Langmade, Bradford, May 8, 1898. D. A.

BR. (Figured).

4a. Orthotrichum ohioense variety citrinum (Austin) Les-
quereux and James.

(O. citrinum Austin).

Leaves dark green, narrowly lanceolate; capsule thin,
yellow.

On bark of trees and with about the same range as the
species. Occurs in our region at Painesville, Ohio, and as
follows:

Westmoreland: T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

5. Orthotrichum schimperi Hammar.

Densely cespitose, dark green; stems only a few mm.
high: leaves erect-spreading, lance-oblong, when dry im-
bricated and straight, obtuse to short-acuminate, margin re-
curved; upper leaf-cells rounded-hexagonal, rather thin-walled
for the genus, relatively rather large, minutely papillose, the
basal cells larger, rectangular and smooth; costa strong, end-
ing a little below the apex: seta very short, capsule immersed,
small, when moist oval-oblong with a distinct neck, when dry
narrower, constricted below the mouth, 8-plicate, yellowish to
orange; stomata immersed; exothecial cells quadrate to rec-
tangular-hexagonal, becoming at the mouth much smaller,
rounded, and rather obscure; peristome-teeth 8, bigeminate,
yellowish-pellucid, triangular-lanceolate, papillose, when dry
teflexed, the segments almost as long, lance-subulate, 8 in
number; calyptra smooth, short, inflated, lustrous, with few
or no hairs, light yellow: spores .012-.015 mm., mature in
spring: autoicous.

On trunks of trees; Europe, Asia, Algeria, and, in North
America, in Vermont, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia,
Idaho, etc. Rare in our region.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

4. ULOTA Mobhr.

Autoicous, rarely diocious: mostly forming cushions on
living trees: stems often creeping with erect or ascending
branches, radiculose; leaves crisped or contorted when dry,
mostly spreading to squarrose, from a broadly concave base
lance-linear, carinate, with margins mostly revolute below;
costa percurrent or nearly so; basal cells narrowly linear,
yellowish but with a margin of one to several rows of hyaline,
p22 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

thin-walled, rectangular to quadrate cells: capsule erect, ex-
serted, symmetric, 8-plicate when dry, stomata superficial;
annulus persisting ; peristome mostly double, segments usually
&, rarely 16 or none; lid convex or conic, rostrate; calyptra
mitrate, with 10-16 obtuse folds, incised-lobed at base, hirsute
with shining golden-yellow hairs or rarely almost glabrous.

A world-wide genus of about 50 species, most numerous
in America; in North America 16 species; in our region three
species.

Key to the Species.

a. Rupestral; leaves not crispate when dry, 1. U. americana.
a. Arboreal: leaves more or less crispate when dry.

b. Capsule smooth, slightly plicate below the distinctly narrowed
mouth. ; oh, 2. U. ludwigii.
b. Capsule wide-mouthed, distinctly plicate.

c.
c. Capsule constricted below the mouth, gradually narrowed at base
to the long neck: teeth confluent. 3. U. crispa,
c. Capsule not distinctly constricted below the mouth, abruptly nar-
rowed to the shorter neck; teeth separated at apex.
3a. U. crispa var. minus.

1. Ulota americana [Beauvois] Limpricht, not Mitten.
(U. hutchinsiae Hammar).
(Plate XV)

Rather loosely cespitose, blackish with greenish tips, about
1 cm. high, or less: stems creeping, sparingly branched with
erect branches, when dry the leaves appressed and straight;
leaves often with hair-like paraphyllia at base, lance-ovate or
linear-lanceolate from an ovate base, carinate, concave at
least below, margins usually revolute in lower half, costa and
base of lamina pellucid-castaneous, apex sub-acute; costa
strong, sometimes percurrent; apical and median leaf-cells
incrassate, papillose, rounded-quadrate, rather opaque, the
basal marginal rounded-quadrate to rounded-rectangular, hya-
line, towards the costa becoming linear, more or less vermicu-
lar and occasionally anastomosing, much incrassate and
markedly pellucid-castaneous: seta about 2 mm. long, smooth,
with a distinct smooth volva at base; capsule yellowish, cylin-
dric-oblong, basally tapering, when dry 8-costate and with
more or less distinct intermediate costa at mouth, the neck
and seta decidedly dextrorse; stomata immersed; peristome-
teeth 16, more or less paired, articulate, granular, when dry
strongly reflexed, segments 8, about one-half as high, bi-
seriate below; calyptra yellowish, mitrate, plicate, incised-
lobate at base, densely clothed with erect to spreading slender
hairs; lid conic-rostrate; spores globose, papillose, incrassate,
about .016-.018 mm., mature in spring.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 123

On non-calcareous rocks, mainly in hilly or mountainous
regions; Europe, Asia, and from New Brunswick to Georgia
and west to the Rocky Mountains. Common in our region.

Cambria: : Cresson. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue). ;

Center : Dry rocks at top of Bald Eagle Mt., near
Matternville, July 14, 1909. O. E. J.

Fayette : On rocks in bed of Youghiogheny River
at Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E.
J. and G. K. J.

Huntingdon : T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : On rocks, Rutherford, May 13, 1898. D.
A. B,

Somerset : On dry, crumbling shale, Ursina, May

12,1905. O. E. J. (Figured).
2. Ulota ludwigii (Bridel) Bridel.
(Weissia coarctata Lindberg)
(Plate XV)

Loosely cespitose, yellowish green: stems more or less
creeping with erect shoots often 1 cm. high, usually shorter,
somewhat branched below; leaves erect-spreading but slightly
twisted when dry, lance-ovate to lanceolate, concave at base,
often carinate-concave in upper third, acuminate above but
the extreme apex rather obtuse, the margin entire and often
recurved ; costa strong, reddish, sub-percurrent; basal leaf-cells
at margin quadrate, hyaline, towards the costa rectangular to
linear-vermicular, reddish-pellucid, the median cells rounded-
quadrate, incrassate, slightly papillose, the apical cells similar ;
capsule pyriform, tapering into a slender dextrorse seta, seta
and capsule together about 3.5 mm. long, capsule strongly
costate but with a very small mouth and, even when dry,
smooth and plicate only immediately below the mouth, pale
yellowish-brown, stomata superficial at the base of the urn;
calyptra narrowly conic-mitrate, hairy; lid rostellate; peri-
stome single, or rarely with rudimentary segments, teeth some-
what paired but split apart above, when dry erect, narrowly
triangular, granulose, distinctly articulate, with a distinct
divisural; spores papillose, globose, about .020-.022 mm. in
diameter, mature in summer.

On tree-trunks in woods, usually in mountainous or hilly
country ; Europe, and in North America from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence to Ontario and south to North Carolina. Rather
uncommon in our region.

Center : Bear Meadows. T.C. Porter. (Porter’s

Catalogue).
124 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

McKean : Rutherford, March 6, 1893. D. A. B.
(Figured).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter's Cata-

: logue).

3. Ulota crispa [Linnzus] Bridel.
(Ulota ulophylia Brotherus; Orthotrichum crispum Hedwig).

(Plate XVI)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green above, darker below,
the tufts about 8 mm. high: stems sparingly branched, growing
perpendicular to the bark on which it is found, sometimes
decumbent at base; leaves straight and erect-spreading when
moist, when dry much crisped, narrowly lance-ovate to sharply
acute to acuminate at the apex, concave and mote or less
carinate, often marginally revolute; marginal basal leaf-cells
hyaline, the inner basal pellucid, linear, often somewhat
vermicular, the median cells incrassate, rounded, bluntly
papillose, the apical cells smaller and less papillose; costa
strong, sub-percurrent; seta and capsule together about 4 mm.
long, capsule ovate-globose when wet, about 1 mm. long,
tapering rather gradually into the neck and seta, when dry
somewhat constricted below the mouth, with the neck and seta
dextrorse, the costa brownish-pellucid; annulus brown,
pellucid, of about 3 series of small, close-set, rounded, cells;
teeth triangular-lanceolate, united into 8 pairs, when dry re-
flexed, each pair confluent and cribrose at apex, often split
along the divisural below; segments 8, consisting of two rows
of cells nearly up to the apex, a little shorter than the teeth;
spores globose, about .023-.026 mm., mature in summer.

On trees in woods; Europe, Asia, Tasmania, Alaska, and
trom Newfoundland to Georgia. Fairly common in our region.

Allegheny : On trunk of Black Oak, Keown, Novem-
ber 14, 1909. O. E. J.
Center : On black oaks, Bald Eagle Ridge, near

Matternville, September 21, 1909. O. E.
J. (Figured).

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, June 12,
1906. O. E. J.
McKean : Langmade, Bradford, May 29, 1898. D.
A. B.
3a. Ulota crispa variety minus (Schwaegrichen) New Com-
bination.

(U. crispula Bruch).

With shorter stems and leaves than in the species and a
capsule which rather abruptly narrows into a long neck, and
with a sub-globose to oval urn, which, when dry and empty,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 125

is more or less open-mouthed and turbinate, with little or no
constriction below the mouth.

This variety is reported with a general range similar to that
of the species but we have as yet seen no typical specimens of it
from our region. Porter’s Catalogue lists it from several coun-
ties in Eastern Pennsylvania and from McKean County, D. A.
Burnett; but a specimen in the Herbarium of the Carnegie
Museum collected by Burnett, at Langmade, May 29, 1898, Mc-
Kean County, is evidently purely U. wlophylla.

Famiy IX. SPLACHNACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely pseudautoicous: annual or
perennial cespitose bog or alpine mosses, usually living on de-
caying animal or vegetable matter, the tufts green to yellow-
green, inside more or less red-radiculose, sometimes blackish:
stem delicate with a large central strand; leaves mostly distant,
flaccid, more or less broad; costa mostly not quite percurrent,
usually with two basal guides; leaf-cells loose, parenchyma-
tous, 4-6-sided, elongate towards the base, sparingly chloro-
phyllose, often inflated at the margin of the leaf: seta erect,
sometimes very long; capsule erect, symmetric, with a long
collum or with a large colored hypophysis: usually annulus
none; peristome simple, teeth sixteen, flat, aggregated in pairs
or in fours, more or less hygroscopic, vertically striate, trabecu-
late, punctate, mostly golden-brown; spore-sack surrounded
hy a cavity; columella strong; spores small to large; opercu-
lum convex to umbonate or long-conic, rarely none; calyptra
small, either cucullate and united into a tube below or conic
and almost entire to lobed.

A small family of 5 genera and about 60 species; in our
range but one genus.

1. SPLACHNUM Linneus, Hedwig.

Autoicous, or, when old, dioicous: weak, distantly leaved;
male flowers terminal, bracts stellate-squarrose; bog-mosses
growing mainly upon the excrement of cattle or, as in Canada
and northern United States, often upon that of the moose: tufts
loose, soft, shining, light to yellowish-green; leaves flaccid,
spreading, when old wine-red at the base, broadly obovate,
‘plane, acute, entire except sometimes at the very apex; costa
weak, ending below the apex; areolation very lax: seta long,
slender, dextrorse; capsule erect, small, oval to cylindric, sur-
mounting a much wider inflated hypophysis which may be
obovate, globose, or parasol-like, mostly dark violet-purple,
when dry much wrinkled; annulus none; teeth confluent at
base, paired, very hygroscopic; spores small; operculum
swollen or umbonate, fugacious; columella capped, generally
126 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

exserted after the operculum has fallen; calyptra small, conic,
cfiten split down one side.

A genus of 9 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere;
7 in North America; one species in our range.

1. Splachnum ampullaceum Linneus, Hedwig.

Loosely cespitose: stems 1-2 cm. high; leaves distant, the
lower lanceolate, the upper long obovate-lanceolate with a
long tapering acumen, coarsely serrate above, soft, light green;
costa ending in or just below the apex; leaf-cells large, more
or less regularly hexagonal: seta 2-5 cm. long, reddish-brown,
erect ; capsule oblong-cylindric, yellowish, surmounting a much
larger, broadly pyriform, soft and fleshy hypohysis, usually
reddish-brown above and “pale lilac below,” rugose when dry;
lid convex, obtusely mamillate; peristome-teeth 16, in pairs,
yellowish, strongly reflexed when dry; spores mature in
summer: usually autoicous; antheridial flowers terminal,
discoid.

On organic matter in swampy places, usually on excre-
ment of larger herbivorous animals. Europe, Asia, and, in
North America, from Newfoundland to Ontario south to New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. To be looked for in the
northern and northwestern part of our region,

Family X. DISCELIACEAE.

Dioicous; gregarious, annual, with persistent protonema:
stem very short with gemmiform foliation; inner leaves larg-
est, ovate to lance-oblong, acute, with plane margins, entire;
costa none; cells loosely rhomboid-hexagonal, thin-walled, pel-
lucid, elongated below, smooth, very sparsely chlorophyllose:
seta elongate, 2-3 cm., stiff, slender, pellucid, red or castane-
ous, decidedly sinistrorsely twisted; capsule minute, cernuous
or horizontal, globose-ovate, smooth, with a short collum;
annulus of one (or two) series of cells, falling away in pieces;
peristome inserted below the mouth, simple; teeth lanceolate,
acute, red, the lower half usually perforate or split, the exterior
usually vertically striate but with no median line, not papil-
lose, the interior with papille and projecting trabecule; spores
medium size; operculum large, convex, unbonate; calyptra
split down on one side and usually remaining attached to the
seta by the constricted base.

A peculiar family consisting of but one genus with only
the following species. Occurring in sandy soil in northern
Europe, Asia, and, in North America, in Illinois, Ohio, and
Eastern Pennsylvania.

1. DISCELIUM Bridel.
1. Discelium incarnata (Schwaegrichen) New Combination.
(D. nudum Bridel; Weisia incarnata Schwaegrichen).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 127

Characters as for the family.

The Ohio station for this species is only a few miles from
the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the species may
eventually be discovered in our region.

Family XI. EPHEMERACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely polyoicous or synoicous:
minute, about 1-2 mm. high, singly disposed or gregarious,
mostly stemless ; protonema sometimes persistent ; leaves min-
ute, linear to lanceolate or ovate to obovate, often tufted,
rosette-like, spreading or erect-spreading ; leaf-cells mostly lax,
more or less elongate below, rectangular to rhomboid-hexa-
gonal, above shorter, usually smooth; costa none to excurrent,
usually present: seta none or short; capsule immersed, sub-
globose, cleistocarpous; operculum sometimes differentiated
but rarely deciduous of itself; spores mostly large and papil-
lose; calyptra mostly small, delicate, mitrate-campanulate.

Minute plants growing on soil.

Key to the Genera.

a. Leaves lanceolate: green protonema persistent.
_ 1. Ephemerum*
a. Leaves ovate; green protonema not persistent.

b. Stem none. 2. Acaulon. -
b. Stem evident. 3. Physcomitrella.

1. EPHEMERUM Hampe.

Dioicous, rarely polyoicous: minute plants with abundant
and persistent green protonema: upper leaves elongate-lanceo-
late to linear; costa none or variously developed; leaf-cells
lax, mostly thin-walled, rhomboidal: seta rudimentary or none;
capsule mostly globose and apiculate, cleistocarpous, walls of
one layer of cells with stomata; spores large, up to .08 mm. in
diameter, warty; calyptra campanulate, delicate, torn at the
base or sometimes only on one side.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 25 species; 8 or 9 species
occurring in North America, perhaps most of these occurring
in our region, but on account of their minute size not yet col-
lected.

Key to the Species.

a. Costa none. oe iy
a. Costa more or less complete, or vanishing towards the base.

¢.
b. Leaves lanceolate, erect-patent, spores .060—.080 mm.
(E. serratum [Schreber ]
ampe.)
*Nanomitrium Lindberg (Micromitrium Austin) differs from Ephem-
erum in having a rudimentary but not deciduous operculum and the
capsule without stomata and with a wall but one cell thick.
128 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, often secund: spores smaller.
(E, serratum angustatum
ryologia Europea.)
c. Costa percurrent or vanishing near the apex.

c. Costa excurrent and quite strong.
d. Upper leaves broadly lanceolate to Siac tes lanceolate.

e.
d. Upper leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate.

e. Capsule short, obtuse; costa effaced at base, upwards towards
the apex continuous. 1. E. cohaerans.
e. Capsule acutely beaked: costa loosely areolate, scarcely distinct
except towards the short, entire, pointed apex.
(E. pallidum Schimper.)
f. Calyptra smooth: leaves gradually long-acuminate, Slightly and
irregularly serrate at apex. 2. E. crassiner’ vit.
f. Calyptra papillose: leaves papillose on both sides.
(E. papillosum Austin.)
Leaves with almost entire margin or shortly serrate above.
(E. stenophyllum [Bridel]
Schimper.)

32

g. Leaves with a long, hyaline, spinulose arista.
(E. spinulosum Schim-
per.)

1, Ephemerum cohaerans (Hedwig) Hampe.
(Phascum cohaerans Hedwig).

Plants minute, 1-1.5 mm. high, densely gregarious or
somewhat cespitose: protonema persistent, green or yellow-
ish with age; leaves lance-ovate to lance-oblong, erect-spread-
ing, acute, serrate above; costa thin, stronger above, ending
in the apex or just below ; leaf-cells lax, ‘oblong-hexagonal,
rather thin-walled: capsule sub-sessile, castaneous, sub-
globose, obtusely apiculate, bearing stomata all over; calyptra
more or less lobed or torn at base; spores large, .060-.080
mm., coarsely tuberculate, mature in late autumn: dioicous.

On moist sandy or clayey soil, Europe and, in eastern
North America, south to Louisiana. Not yet collected in our
region but occurring in Eastern Pennsylvania and in Ohio.

2, Ephemerum crassinervium (Schwaegrichen) C. Mueller,
not Hampe.

(Phascuim crassinercium Schwaegrichen).

Plants minute, not over 1 mm. high, gregarious: green
protonema persistent; leaves erect-spreading, flexuous, linear-
lanceolate, slenderly long-acuminate, rather coarsely serrate
above, marginally plane; costa flat, faint below, stronger above,
percurrent, denticulate dorsally above; leaf-cells more or less
rectangular to oblong-hexagonal, thin-walled: capsule with a
very short seta, immersed, globose, apiculate; the capsule
about half-covered by the cleft-lobate, mitrate-conic calyptra ;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 129

spores large, papillose, mature in late autumn to early spring.

On moist earth, often in swamps, eastern North America.
Qccurs in Central Ohio and Eastern Pennsylvania and is, prob-
ably, the plant referred to as follows:

Indiana : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. ACAULON C. Mueller.
(Sphaerangiuim Schimper).

Dioicous: minute, bud-like, brown, gregarious: stem very
short and few-leaved, without central strand, unbranched,
green protonema persistent; leaves erect-spreading, broadly
ovate, keeled or concave, above with revolute and sinuate-
denticulate margin, or plane and entire; costa more or less ex-
current-cuspidate; upper cells short-rhombic, below rhom-
boidal, dorsally strong thickened, smooth, rarely with a few
high papilla, the lowest thin-walled, hyaline and rectangular:
seta very short; capsule sub-globose, cleistocarpous, immersed ;
calyptra very small and delicate, conic-mitriform 3-5-cleft ;
spores small, brown, subglobose, minutely granulose.

A widely distributed genus, on soil, mostly in the temper-
ate zone. Fifteen species in all, 4 in North America, 2 in our
region.

Key to the Species.
a. Uppermost and perichetial leaves sharply carinate and with re-
flexed margins. 1. A. triquetrum,

a. Uppermost and perichetial leaves concave; and with margins plane.
2. .d. rufescens,

1. Acaulon triquetrum (Spruce) C. Mueller.
(Sphaeranginin triquetrum Schimper).

Plants minute, about 1 mm. high, bulbiform, pale green
or yellowish, distinctly triquetrous; protonema green, persist-
ent; lower leaves small, rounded, the middle leaves larger,
broadly ovate, deeply concave, convolute, the upper largest
(perichetial) broadly ovate, deeply carinate, triquetrous, all
upper leaves with reflexed margins, erose-denticulate above;
costa strong, in upper leaves excurrent in a recurved apiculus ;
basal leaf-cells elongate-hexagonal, lax, thin-walled, hexagonal
to oblong-hexagonal: seta about as long as capsule, arcuate;
capsule globose, smooth; calyptra minute, mitrate, cleft-lobed,
covering only very apex of capsule; spores papillose, about
.025-.030 mm., mature in early spring.

On clayey or sandy soil in fields or on banks, Europe,
Algeria, and, in North America, from western Canada to
New England south to the Carolinas; occurs in Ohio and in
Pennsylvania but not yet reported from our range.
130 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

2. Acaulon rufescens Jaeger.
(Phascum rufescens Windb.)

Plants minute, bulbiform, about 1 mm. high, yellowish-
green, not markedly triquetrous: protonema persistent; lower
leaves very small, ecostate, the upper much larger, broadly
ovate, deeply concave, convolute, plane-margined, erose-denticu-
late at apex; in larger leaves the costa thick, excurrent into a
squarrose-recurved apiculus ; leaf-cells about as in 4. triquetrum:
seta flexuose or arcuate; capsule globose, smooth; calyptra and
spores similar to those of A. triquetruin.

On bare clayey or sandy soil in moist fields, Eastern and
Central North America.

Indiana : Derry. James. (Porter’s Catalogue, as
Sphaerangiuim muticum [Schreber] Schim-
per).

3. PHYSCOMITRELLA Bryologia Europea.

Paroicous, rarely synoiccus: protonema sparse and disap-
pearing early: minute, gregarious, somewhat succulent: stem
mostly low, simple, without central strand; upper leaves
rosette-like, spreading, obovate, acute to acuminate, plane-
inargined, bluntly serrate; costa ending below the apex; leaf-
cells very lax, rhomboid above, the lower rectangular and
sparsely chlorophyllose: seta rudimentary; capsule sub-
globose, without collum, apiculate; operculum hardly distinct
but capsule usually splitting equatorially; cells of capsule-
wall large, hexagonal, thin-walled; the large columella even-
tually completely absorbed; spores large, papillose; calyptra
narrowly campanulate.

A genus of but 2 species: P. hampei Limpricht, in Europe,
and the following:

1. Physcomitrella patens [Hedwig] Bryologea Europza.
(Phascum patens Hedwig).

Gregarious, pale green: stem distinct but very short, about
2 mm.; leaves lance-ovate to oblong or oval, usually shortly
and bluntly acuminate, the upper often obovate-acuminate
and larger, forming a rosette, all serrate above; costa narrow,
ending below the apex; leaf-cells lax, widely rectangular to
hexagonal: seta short, capsule globose, thin-walled, usually
splitting equatorially, brownish, immersed to slightly emer-
gent, obtusely apiculate: spores papillose, .025-.030 mm., ma-
ture in autumn: paroicous; antheridia sessile in upper leaf-
axils.

On wet clayey or sandy soil in fields, along sides of pools,
river banks, etc. Europe, Asia, and, in North America, not
uncommon in Ohio and also reported from Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania. Not yet reported from our region.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 131

Family X11. FUNARIACEAE.

Autoicous or paroicous, rarely dioicous or synoicous:
annual or rarely biennial, low, mostly light green, gr egarious
or loosely cespitose: stem mostly with a central strand, radicu-
lose only at the base; leaves soft, wide, the upper larger and
forming a rosette, concave, margin plane to involute, entire or
denticulate upwards, sometimes bordered ; costa delicate, rarely
excurrent, with two large basal guides, rarely lacking ; leaf-
cells large, parenchymatous, thin-walled, never papillose, but
slightly chlorophyllose, oblong-rectangular below, rhombic-
hexagonal above: seta mostly erect and red, twisted; capsule
either erect ,symmetric and globose to pyriform, or cernuous
and arcuate-pyriform; collum mostly distinct; annulus rarely
present; peristome inserted back of the periphery to the dis-
tance of the thickness of several cells, simple or double, rudi-
mentary or none; teeth 16, obliquely dextrorse, strongly
trabeculate; segments 16, opposite the teeth, with no basal
membrane; columella mostly thick; spores mostly medium-
sized; operculum mostly weakly convex, sometimes umbonate
or none; calyptra various, often inflated, usually rostrate and
cucullate.

Key to the Genera.

Capsule immersed. Y
a. Capsule exserted.

b. Cells of capsule-wall with thickened miples (collenchymatous)
capsule dehiscing equatorially, with no modified cells at the
line of splitting. 1. Aphanorhegma.

b. Cells of capsule-wall not collenchymatous; capsule operculate
and with one to three rows of thickened cells around the
mouth. 2. Physcomitrium.

c. Capsules symmetric, erect, gymnostomous. 2. Physcomitrium.
c. Capsules unsymmetric, peristomate, usually with a double peri-
stome. 3. Funaria.

1. APHANORHEGMA_ Sullivant.

Paroicous, rarely synoicous: low, gregarious to almost
cespitose, pale green; stem radiculose at base, loosely foliate
below, densely foliate above; leaves spreading or the upper
almost erect, obovate to oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, acute,
Serrate in the upper half; costa ending below the apex; leaf-
cells lax, the basal rectangular, the upper oblong-hexagonal,
the marginal forming a narrow uniseriate border: seta rudi-
mentary; capsule spherical, without a collum, laxly areolate,
the cells at the mouth collenchymatous; annulus none; peri-
stome none; spores large, densely spinulose; operculum half-
spherical, of same size as urn, obtusely apiculate; calyptra
conic-mitrate, lobed, glabrous.

A genus of two species, on damp soil. One in Cuba and
the following one in temperate North America:

2
132 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

1. Aphanorhegma serratum (Hooker, f. and Wilson) Sulli-
vant.

(Plate XVI)

Gregarious, light green: stems erect, simple or forking, 1-
3 mm. high, radiculose at base; leaves small and lance-oblong
below, rapidly becoming larger up to 3-5 mm. long, narrowly
lance-obovate above, the lower widely spreading and flexuous,
the inner erect-spreading, thin, slightly serrate above the
middle, apex acute to acuminate: costa medium, ending in or
just below the apex; the median basal cells thin-walled and
more or less inflated, rectangular, the marginal narrower, a
few quadrate at the base, becoming linear-rectangular above
the base, in the upper part of the leaf their tips extending as
low serrations, the median rhomboid to short rectangular
with walls medium, the apical longer and narrower: seta very
short and stout; capsule brown when ripe, globose to de-
pressed-globose, about 0.75 mm.. in diameter, smooth to
apically papillose, splitting in the middle along a line of one
or two rows of small more or less orange-pellucid cells, the
upper half of the capsule (operculum) apiculate-rostrate;
exothecial cells of capsule quadrate, conspicuously collenchy-
matous; calyptra hyaline, conic-mitriform, 4-6-lobed, covering
the upper half of the operculum; spores globose, about .030
mm. in diameter, orange-pellucid or even darker, mature in
autumn.

On damp clayey soil in the northern and middle United
States, in our region usually along streams where submerged
during periods of high water.

Allegheny : Stream banks, Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh,
August 20, 1906; Guyasuta Hollow, No-
vember 9, 1908, and Thornhill, December
29,1908. O. E. J.

Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 6, 1910. O. E.
j. and G. K. J. (Figured).

2. PHYSCOMITRIUM (Bridel) Fuernrohr.

Autoicous: mostly minute, densely gregarious to cespl-
tose, green, mud-inhabiting mosses: stem erect, simple, radicu-
lose below, loosely foliate; leaves flaccid, mostly appressed
when dry, spreading when moist, concave, obovate to oblanceo-
late or spatulate, mostly not margined, more or less serrate,
obtuse to acuminate; costa mostly strong, incomplete to ex-
current; areolation lax: seta mostly long; capsule erect, sym-
metric, globose to short-pyriform, with lax areolation; collum
short and thick; annulus small-celled and persistent or large-
celled and disappearing in pieces; gymnostomous; spores
large, papillose; operculum broad, conic-convex, umbonate or
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 133

apiculate; calyptra long and erect-rostrate, mitrate, lobed to
the base of the beak, covering one-half or less of the capsule.
A cosmopolitan genus of about 75 species; 17 species in
North America, at least 2 species in our range.
Key to the Species.
a. Seta very short; capsule immersed, wide-mouthed; calyptra small.
1. P. tmmersum.

a. Seta longer; capsule exserted, not wide-mouthed; calyptra larger.
2. P- turbinatum.

1. Physcomitrium immersum Sullivant.

(Gymnostomum intmersum Sullivant).
(Plate XVI)

Plants small, erect, gregarious, light green, simple or
branching, 3-8 mm. high; leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. long, obovate
to oblanceolate, serrate above the middle, spreading to ascend-
ing; costa strong, ending a little below the apex; leaf-cells
parenchymatous, rather large and thin-walled, the basal rec-
tangular, about 2-5:1, the upper irregularly oblong, the
marginal narrower and in the alar region a few much shorter:
capsule immersed, globose to pyriform-globose, 0.6-0.9 mm.
in diameter, apiculate-rostrate, about the upper two-fifths con-
stituting the operculum, yellow-brown when ripe; seta con-
siderably shorter than capsule and stout; exothecial cells ir-
regularly quadrate to hexagonal, somewhat incrassate, the
annulus consisting of one to three rows of much smaller,
orange-pellucid, to brown-pellucid cells, the cells of the wall
usually laterally elongated for one or two rows above and be-
low the annulus; calyptra mitrate, the basal margin 4—5-
lobed, covering about one-half of the operculum; spores dense-
ly papillose, orange to brownish-pellucid, globose, in our speci-
mens about .035 mm. in diameter, mature in autumn.

Usually on clayey or sandy flood-plains where submerged
in time of freshets. Quebec to Colorado and Delaware but
not commonly collected, probably on account of its small size
and special habitat.

Beaver : Clay bank of Little Beaver Creek, New
Galilee, September 10, 1906. O. E. J.;
hank of Ohio River, Smith’s Ferry, Oc-
tober 1,1910. O. E. J. (Figured).

MeKean : East Branch, Bradford, June 15, 1895. D.
AL By

2. Physcomitrium turbinatum (Richardson) C. Mueller.
(Phascum strangulatum Kindberg ; Phascum hookcri \facoun).
(Plate XVI)

Gregarious, often densely so, light green: stems 3-3 mm.
high, erect, usually simple; leaves 3-5 mm. long, lance-ob-
134 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

long to obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrulate above the middle,
flat and spreading when moist, somewhat crisped and incurved
when dry; capsule erect, 1.5-2 mm. high, globose to pyriform,
when dry becoming turbinate and constricted below the mouth
and at the base, finally becoming brown and urn-shaped ;
exothecial cells slightly incrassate, rhomboid to hexagonal, the
mouth bordered by about 9-12 rows of laterally somewhat
elongated cells and a narrow fringe of orange-pellucid and
much smaller cells in 1-3 rows; operculum convex, bluntly
mamillate to sub-rostrate ; calyptra somewhat oblique, rostrate,
unequally split at base into 3-5 lobes; spores decidedly papil-
lose, orange-pellucid, in our specimens measuring about .026-
.040 mm., mature in May and June, occasionally later: autoic-
ous.

Common on bare earth in fields, along roadsides, etc., from
Quebec to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains, and also
in California.

Allegheny : Power's Run, April 28, 1907, and Thorn-

hill, May 17, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.:
Pittsburgh, April 28, 1907. G. K. J.;
Kennywood, May 3, and Carnot, May 18,
1902. J. A. S.; Aspinwall, April 9, 1905,
Schenley Park, May 16, 1907, Power’s
Run, May 21, 1905, and Douthett. June
5, 1909. O. E. J. (Figured).

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 10-11, 1906. O. E. J.

Lawrence : New Castle, 1906. Miss Susan Gageby.

McKean : Gates Hollow, April 29, and Quintuple,
June 13, 1898. D. A. B,

Somerset : Ursina, May 12,1905. O. E. J.

3. FUNARIA Schreber, Hedwig.

Autoicous: the antheridial inflorescences discoid, terminal,
the archegonial on innovations: gregarious to cespitose: stem
usually simple, radiculose at base; lower leaves distant, small,
the upper becoming much larger, those at the apex more or
less upright and tufted or gemmiform, entire or serrate, more
or less acute; costa incomplete to excurrent ; areolation lax,
clongate-rectangular to rhombic, at the margin sometimes
longer and narrower. forming a border: seta elongated, erect
or cygneous at fruiting time, later erect and twisted; capsule
with a thick collum or elongate-pyriform, symmetric to oblique,
arcuate, with a narrow mouth, smooth to plicate, erect to
cernuous; annulus large-celled, revoluble or none; peristome
deeply inserted, double or simple, sometimes none; teeth lance-
subulate, reddish to brownish-red, obliquely ascending to the
right: segments as long or shorter, yellow, with basal mem-
OP WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 135

brane, papillose, opposite the teeth; spores medium; opercu-
Ium flat or convex; calyptra long-persistent, inflated-cucul-
late, long-rostrate, smooth, entire.

A cosmopolitan genus of about 190 species (including
Entosthodon), on soil; 21 species in North America, 3 in our
range.

Key to the Species.

a. Capsule neither striate nor plicate; no annulus.
i. F. americana.
a Capsule striate and more or less plicate; annulus curling off.

b. Leaves long acuminate; costa very often excurrent.
2. F. flavicaus.
b. Leaves short acuminate; costa mostly percurrent.
3. F. hygrowetrica,

1. Funaria americana Lindberg.

(F. muhlenbergiu Hedwig,—mainly plate, not description—

Lindberg.)

Small, gregarious to loosely cespitose: stems very short;
leaves erect-spreading, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, some-
what concave, plane-margined, entire; costa strong, excurrent,
leaf-cells lax, moderately thin-walled, the basal quadrate-
hexagonal to rectangular, the upper elongate rectangular:
seta slender, rather short, up to 1.5 cm. long, when dry dex-
trorse below, sinistrorse above; capsule erect, subcernuous,
pyriform-oblong, the mouth tilted to one side, when dry the
long tapering neck rugulose, the urn smoothish and constricted
below mouth; no annulus; peristome-teeth lance-linear, dex-
trorsely tilted, castaneous-pellucid, papillose, articulate, with
divisural, strongly trabeculate; segments about as long and
opposite teeth, pale pellucid; lid conic, obtuse, calyptra in-
flated, long-rostrate, cucullate; spores papillose, mature in
May: autoicous.

On bare ground, Eastern Pennsylvania to Ohio and Min-
nesota, south to Georgia, and in the Rocky Mountains and
California, but not often collected,—perhaps to be expected
in our region.

2. Funaria flavicans Richardson, Michaux.

Loosely cespitose: stems erect, smaller than F. hygrometrica;
lower leaves small, the upper leaves larger and tufted, oblong-
spatulate to obovate, concave, plane-margined, entire, at apex
long-acuminate; costa percurrent or excurrent; leaf-cells large,
lax; seta long, erect, capsule oval-pyriform to globose-pyriform,
more or less horizontal or downward curved, dark reddish when
mature, with mouth less oblique and smaller than in F. hygromet-
rica, gradually attenuate below into the seta, not much furrowed
136 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

when old; lid low-convex, not apiculate; spores about .025 mm.
in diameter, mature in May or June: autoicous.

On bare moist earth, usually clay, Abyssinia and, in North
America, from New York south and west.

Lawrence : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Funaria hygrometrica [L.—Sibthorp] Hedwig.
(Plate XVII)

Loosely cespitose, rather light green: stems about 3-10
nm, high, erect, radiculose at base, simple or basally divided;
leaves erect to appressed, concave, forming a bulbiform tuft,
oblong-ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, entire or slightly
crenate, larger leaves. 2+ mm. long by three-fifths as wide,
strongly costate to the apex or percurrently costate; cells rec-
tangular to hexagonal, narrower towards margin, above more
or less quadrate-hexagonal, the lower more or less inflated,
above becoming more or less incrassate: seta about 2-5 cm.
high, erect, sinistrorse, flexuous, lustrous, chestnut-brown,
paler above; capsule unsymmetric, arched and turgid on upper
side, 2-3 mm. long, strongly incurved at mouth, deeply sulcate
when dry, pyriform, yellowish to brown when old, usually
more or less horizontal but the upper part of seta often vari-
ously bent and curved and strongly hygroscopic; mouth about
0.6-0.8 mm. wide, annulus revoluble, deep castaneous; opercu-
lum low-convex; peristome-teeth castaneous-pellucid, papil-
lose, strongly trabeculate, spirally twisted, united at apex;
segments about three-fourths as long, papillose ; spores smooth,
round, about .014-.017 mm.; mature in May or June; calyptra
cucullate, long-rostrate, early deciduous: autoicous.

Widely distributed over the earth; throughout North
America. Common in our region on earth, burnt-over spots,
etc. (Quite variable in size and leaf-characters but we have
not been able to recognize any of the several described varie-
ties in our region.)

Allegheny : Power’s Run, April 22, and May 23, 1903,
April 18, 1906. Schenley Park, Pitts-
burgh, August 16, 1905; Sandy Creek,
May 8, 1904; Carnot, May 20, 1907, and
October 11, 1908; Fern Hollow, August
20, 1906; Allegheny, May 26, 1909; Li-
bare PF. Oh, april 29, 1906, all O. 2, J;
Bakerstown Station, August 22, 1907. O.
E. J. and G. K. J

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.
Cambria: : St. Lawrence, July 24, 1908. O. E. J.
Crawford : Linesville, May 10, 1906, and May 12 and

May 28, 1908. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 137

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, June 14, 1908. O. E. J. and
September 1-3, 1906, and Cheat Haven,
September 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and

G.K. J.
Greene : Waynesburg, May 30, 1904. O. E. J.
Huntingdon =: l'irmingham, May 17, 1904. O. E. J.
Lawrence : New Castle, April 28, 1907. Miss Susan
Gageby.
Mercer : Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. A. S.
Somerset : Ursina, May 12, 1905. O. E. J.

Washington : Finleyville, July 2, 1904. G. E. K.; Char-
leroi, April 24, 1908. O. E. J.

Westmoreland : Ligonier to Donegal, June 23, 1904. O. E.
J. (Figured); New Florence, September
8-11, 1907. O. E. J.; Saunders Station,
June 21, 1907. O. E. J. and G. Xx. J.

Family XIII. SCHISTOSTEGACEAE.

This family consists of one genus only, the characters be-
ing as follows:

1, SCHISTOSTEGA. Mohr.

Dioicous: inflorescences gemmiform, terminal, paraphyses
none: minute and slender mosses in holes in earth, in caves,
etc.: annual, gregarious on an abundant persistent protonema,
which is more or less luminous by reflected light; sterile stems
fiom the middle upwards with distichous, basally confluent
leaves; fertile stems with a terminal 5-seriate tuft of leaves;
leaves tnistratose, ecostate; cells prosenchymatous, lax-rhom-
bic, sparsely chlorophyllose: seta thin, erect, almost hyaline;
capsule minute, erect, symmetric, globose, without stomata,
annulus, or peristome; operculum small, convex; calyptra very
small and fugacious, mitrate, covering only the operculum,
smooth and naked; propagation often by brood-bodies on the
protonema.

One species only, in crevices and caves in non-calcareous
districts, in Europe, and, in North America, in New York and
Ontario, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, Thompson’s
Ledges, Ohio, and White Mountains.

1. Schistostega pennata [Hedwig] Hooker and Taylor.

(Gymnostomunm pennatun Hedwig, Schistostega osmundacca
Mohr.)

With characters as given for the genus.

Family XIV. BRYACIAE.

Dioicous, autoicous, paroicous, or synoicous, sometimes
heteroicous: antheridial inflorescences with paraphyses;
138 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

cespitose, persistent, mostly on soil or rocks, sometimes on
trees or rotting wood; stem usually rounded-pentagonal, with
central strand, radiculose at least at base; leaves in several
series, below mostly small and remote, above larger and often
tufted, often bordered: costa mostly with 2-5 median guides,
often excurrent ; cells never papillose, upper prosenchymatous,
mostly rhomboidal or rhombic-hexagonal, rarely linear or
vermicular, basal rectangular to quadrate: seta elongate, erect,
smooth, more or less curved; capsule cernuous to pendulous,
sometimes erect, mostly symmetric, rarely arcuate, neither
striate nor plicate, ovate or pyriform, rarely almost globose;
collum evident, usually wrinkling when dry; annulus usually
present, large-celled, spirally deciduous; peristome rarely none,
or simple, mostly double, the 16 teeth often bordered, hygro-
scopic, papillose on the exterior, especially towards the apex,
divisural line evident, trabecule prominent ; segments alternat-
ing with teeth, delicate, yellowish or hyaline, often with cilia,
often united below into a basal membrane; spores small to
medium ; operculum conic to convex, umbonate to apiculate or
rarely short-rostrate; calyptra cucullate, small, fugacious.

A large and cosmopolitan family of about 15 genera and
1,000 species.

Key to the Genera.
a. Leaf-cells narrow, upwards narrowly rhombic to linear.

a. Leaf-cells lax, upwards rhombic to hexagonal, never linear.

c
b. Leaves long-subulate; cilia prominently appendiculate.
1. Leptobryum.
b. Leaves linear-lanceolate; cilia non-appendiculate, often rudi-
mentary or none. 2. Webera.
ec. Annulus mostly none; leaves non-bordered.
3. Mniobryum.
c. Annulus present; leaves often bordered. d.
d. Sporogonia single; stem without rhizome-like stolons.

4. Bryum. :
d. Sporogonia often several together; stems erect from rhizome-
like stolons. 5. Rhodobryum.

1. LEPTOBRYUM (Schimper) Wilson.

Synoicous or dioicous; paraphyses of the antheridial in-
florescence with an acuminate end-cell; no paraphyses in the
archegonial inflorescence: weak, cespitose in low, soft, lax,
yellowish-green tufts; stem erect, thin, brown-radiculose at
base; lower leaves remote, small, lanceolate, uppermost leaves
much larger, tufted, erect to spreading, elongate-subulate from
a lanceolate base, canaliculate and often distinctly toothed to-
wards the apex; costa broad, flat, incomplete or percurrently
filling the apex; cells very narrow and long, in the subulation
linear, the basal rectangular-elongate: seta short to long, very
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 139

thin, tortuous, twisted when dry; capsule cernuous to almost
pendent, with a thin, long, somewhat arcuate, pyriform collum,
lustrous, narrow-mouthed; annulus narrow, deciduous; peri-
stome-teeth pale yellow, the upper part subulate and bordered ;
segments about as long, fenestrate, the lower third forming a
basal membrane, the cilia mostly long-appendiculate ; spores of
medium size; operculum small, convex, and mostly umbonate.

A genus of three species ; one in Tasmania, one in Ecuador,
and the following, almost a cosmopolitan :

1. Leptebryum pyriforme [Linnzus] Wilson.
(Webera piriformis Hedwig).
(Plate XVII)

Densely cespitose in light yellowish-green, soft, lustrous
tufts: stems .5-1.5 cm. high, slender, erect, reddish, brown-
radiculose at base; leaves mostly erect-spreading, flexuous, the
upper forming a comal tuft, linear-setaceous, up to 4-5 mm.,
long, the basal portion lanceolate, the upper portion flexuous,
with plane margin, denticulate above; costa strong but rather
wide and indistinct, occupying most of the upper portion of
the leaf and somewhat excurrent; leaf-cells narrow and linear-
prosenchymatous, or below elongate and parenchymatous, at
base rectangular and larger, all thin-walled; perichetial bracts
linear from a wider base: seta slender, flexuous, orange to
brown, about 1-1.5 cm. long; capsule inclined to pendulous,
pyriform with a long narrow neck, altogether about 2.5 mm.
long, the neck much wrinkled when old, and at least as long
as the globose-oval part of the capsule, which is a lustrous
orange- to dark chestnut-brown, the mouth rather wide;
annulus wide; peristome-teeth yellowish, linear-lanceolate,
the upper third suddenly narrower and sub-hyaline and papil-
lose, trabeculate, lamella and divisural evident; segments
about as long, carinately split and sometimes gaping; cilia 3,
strongly appendiculate, about as long as segments, basal mem-
brane one-third to almost one-half the height of the teeth;
operculum convex-apiculate: spores smoothish, about .012-
015 mm.: usually synoicous: mature in June or July.

On moist shaded soil, old walls, shaded cliffs and rocks
rear trickling water, etc. Cosmopolitan. Rather common in
our region.

Allegheny : On stone wall, Perrysville Avenue, Alle-
gheny, May 26, 1909 (Figured); on
cliffs along roadside, Stoop’s Ferry, May
17, 1907; on decayed logs, Schenley
Park, Pittsburgh, August 26, 1906. O. E.
J.; in Ferguson’s greenhouse, Allegheny,
April 30, 1889. J. A. S.
140 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

McKean : Bennett Brook, on decaying log, Decem-
ber 2, 1894, and at Ouintuple, June 15,
1896. D. A. B.

2. WEBERA Hedwig.

(Pohlia Hedwig).

Mostly paroicous or dioicous: paraphyses mostly present
and filiform! robust to weak, gregarious or cespitose: stem
mostly red; leaves more or less tufted on the fertile shoots,
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, non-bordered, towards apex
more or less toothed; costa mostly incomplete ; cells narrowly
rhomboid-hexagonal to linear, the basal’ slightly more lax:
seta long, slender, tortuous and twisted, at apex hooked or
curved ; capsule cernuous or pendulous, rarely erect, with short
collum, obovate to oblanceolate or long-clavate; annulus
mostly biseriate ; peristome ‘inserted near the mouth; teeth
yellowish, papillose, with border narrow or none; ‘segments
mostly about as long, rarely rudimentary, often with a ‘low
basal’ membrane, often narrow, usually split but not fenestrate,
cilia non- -appendiculate, often rudimentary or lacking; spores
mostly small; operculum convex-conic, umbonate or apiculate.

A world-wide genus of about 140 species, inhabiting soil,
rocks, and decaying wood, Forty-six species in North
America ; at least 5 species in our range.

Key to the Species.

a. peat -cells very narrow: inner peristome w ith a low basal mem-
rane, complete narrow segments, and cilia often rudimentary or
none.

a. Leaf-cells narrow: basal membrane comprising one-third to one-
half the height of the inner peristome; ee split, cilia well
developed.

b. Partoicous; capsule long and slender with | a long slender collum.
1. W. elongata, —
b. Polyoicous; capsule oblong to pyriform with a rather short

collum. 2. W. cruda.
c. Paroicous; not bearing gemme: costa hardly reaching the serrate
apex. d.
c. Dioicous; often bearing gemmez: costa incomplete or percurrent
ie:

d. Cilia two, not sub-appendiculate, articulate.
3. W. nutans.

d. Cilia three, distinctly SRT RSnON Eg
. W. nutans var. tri-

ciliata.
e. Costa not reaching apex: capsule small and very short; stem nct
reddish, 4. W. lescuriana.

*

Costa percur rent: capsule larger and not so relatively short; s-cm

reddish. f.

f. Gemme ovoid, obtuse or with short and not twisted points.
W. annotina.

f. Gemme long, narrow, with acuminate and often twisted points.
W. proligera.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 141

1. Webera elongata [Hedwig] Schwaegrichen.
(Pohlia elongata Hedwig).

Gregarious to cespitose, bright pale green: stems erect,
up to 2 cm. high, branching towards base; leaves crowded and
larger in the comal tufts, lanceolate, erect-spreading, thin, the
margin recurved below, the apex gradually narrowed, serrate;
costa brownish, vanishing below or at the apex; leaf-cells
narrow, linear-rhomboidal and vermicular above, hexagonal-
rectangular below: seta long, slender, 2-4.5 cm. high; capsule
sub-erect to horizontal, narrowly elliptic, pale, 2-5.5 mm.
long, the neck slender and longer than the rest of the capsule,
‘when dry and empty the capsule constricted below the mouth ;
operculum conic-acuminate or acutely rostellate; outer peri-
stome yellowish, the inner with a basal membrane about one-
third as high as the teeth; cilia two, more or less well-de-
veloped but always short and never appendiculate: paroicous ;
antheridia in pairs in axils of upper leaves: mature in August.

On earth and among rocks, in crevices, etc., where moist,
usually in the mountains. Europe, northern Africa, Asia,
North America from Greenland to the northern United States
and Colorado. Rare in our range. We have seen no speci-
mens from Pennsylvania, but it is reported as follows:

McKean : Bradford. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Webera cruda [Linnzus] Schwaegrichen.

(Pohlia cruda Lindberg).

Robust, up to 6 or 7 cm. high, glaucous green and shining
above, brownish below: stems red, simple, cespitose ; the leaves
kelow ovate, becoming linear-lanceolate in the comal tuft,
evect-spreading, serrate towards the moderately acute apex,
margin plane, rather rigid; costa reddish at base, not reaching
apex; leaf-cells linear-prosenchymatous above, larger and rec-
tangular at base, where often reddish: seta long; capsule ob-
long, with inconspicuous neck, often unsymmetric, mostly
horizontal, castaneous or red-brown, when dry and empty
ventricose at base and constricted at the mouth; operculum
conic-apiculate; peristome yellowish, basal membrane one-
third as high as teeth, cilia two or three, well-developed ; usual-
ly autoicous, sometimes synoicous or dioicous: spores mature
in summer.

On shaded earth, clefts in rocks, etc., usually in, mountain-
ous regions. Cosmopolitan but local in its distribution. In
our region rare, being unknown from Western Pennsylvania,
but reported from the eastern part of Pennsylvania and from
Painesville, Ohio.
142 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

3. Webera nutans [Schreber] Hedwig.
(Plate XVIT)
(Pohlia nutans Lindberg).

More or less densely cespitose, usually dark green: stems
about 1-2 cm. high, branching by lateral innovations, or from
the base, erect, matted with a castaneous tomentum below,
reddish ; leaves ovate below to much longer and linear-lanceo-
late in the comal tuft, hardly decurrent, the comal long-
acuminate, the margin often somewhat recurved below, denti-
culate towards apex, leaves somewhat shrunken, twisted and
lustrous when dry; costa strong, reddish, ending in or a little
below apex; leaf-cells long-rhomboid and more or less pointed
and prosenchymatous above, rectangular below, slightly nar-
rower towards the margin: seta slender, flexuous, usually 2-3
cm. long, lustrous, castaneous below, often yellowish above;
capsule horizontal to sub-pendulous, oblong to obovate, usual-
ly about 3-4 mm. in length, with a distinct but short neck,
often gibbous when dry and then contracted below the wide
mouth, yellowish to brown in age; opercultm convex-mamil-
late; peristome-teeth orange-yellow below, paler and papillose
in the rather abruptly narrowed upper half, strongly trabecu-
late, lamellate, divisural zigzag and distinct; segments about
as long, carinately split and gaping below but remaining un-
split at apex; cilia nearly as long, two in number, filiform,
articulate, basal membrane half as high as teeth; annulus wide,
revoluble; spores smoothish, yellowish-pellucid, about .014-
.016 mm., mature in early summer: autoicous; antheridia in
axils of upper leaves.

On soil and decaying wodd in moist places or swampy fie! 's
or woods. Cosmopolitan and common.
Allegheny : Power's Run, May 11, 1904, May 28, 1905,
June 17, 1908, May 12 and 22, and June
17, 1909. O. E. J.

Armstrong : Kittanning, August 16, 1906. O. E. J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.

Cambria: : Cresson, May 18, 1904, St. Lawrence, July
24, 1908. O. E. J.

Center : Barrens near Scotia, July 14, and Tussey’s
Mt., near Shingletown, July 15, 1909. O.
E, J.

Crawford : Linesville, June 6, 1904, May 12 and June

12, 1908. O. E. J. Hartstown, May 29-
30, 1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906 (Figured),
and June 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 143

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30, 1902. J. A. S.; Ohio
Pyle, May 13, 1905, and June 14, 1908.
O. E, J.

Indiana : Cush Cushing Creek, Cherry Tree, July
11, 1908. O. E. J.

Lawrence : Graceland Cemetery, New Castle, 1906.
Miss Susan Gageby.

Montour : Top of Montour Mt., July 17, 1908. O.
E. J.

McKean : Bradford, June 7, 1896, and Rutherford,

June 19, 1896. D. A. B.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Westmoreland : Chestnut Ridge, Hillside, May 23, 1908,
and May 22, 1909. O. E. J.

3u, Webera nutans var. triciliata New Variety.
(Plate XVIII)

Plants laxly to densely cespitose, shining, dark green to
yellowish: stem simple or sparsely branched, erect, castaneous,
at the base reddish-radiculose, about 6-15 mm. high; lower
leaves short, about 0.5-1.0 mm. long, costate almost to the
apex, ovate, above the leaves becoming relatively longer and
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate towards the apex; upper leaves
clustered, erect-spreading, 2.5-4.0 mm. long, lanceolate, sub-
decurrent, denticulate at apex, acuminate, non-margined,
strongly percurrently to excurrently costate ; perichztial leaves
elongate-lanceolate to linear, long-acuminate, denticulate at
apex, excurrently costate; cells of the lower and median leaves
incrassate, above the middle oblong-hexagonal to rhomboidal,
about .010-.015.035-.065 mm. elongate-rectangular at base
where about .008-.020.040-.100 mm.; cells of the comal and
perichetial leaves incrassate, elongate to linear-prosenchyma-
tous, about .008-.011.040-.065 mm., towards the margin,
gradually narrower and there reaching .003-.006>.080-.100
mm., at the base elongate-rectangular: inflorescence paroicous,
terminal; antheridia in the axils of the comal leaves: pedicel
solitary, slender, lustrous, castaneous, erect (flexuous, about
46 cm. high; capsule horizontal to sub-pendulous, smooth,
castaneous to yellowish-brown, ovate-oblong, often very slight-
ly curved, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, when dry and empty contracted
under the mouth, the basal third narrowed into a collum;
exothecial cells incrassate, yellowish-pellucid, irregularly sub-
quadrate to oblong-hexagonal or elongate-rectangular, about
.025-.035  .035-.050 mm., in three to five rows under the mouth
abruptly smaller, sub-quadrate, somewhat opaque, and about
.006~.010 .012-.018 mm. ; annulus broad, revoluble ; operculum
144 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

rather wide, conic-mamillate ; teeth of peristome linear-lanceo-
late, yellowish, articulate, strongly trabeculate, narrowly mar-
gined above, sub-hyaline and papillose at apex; segments of
inner peristome nearly as long as teeth, hyaline, granular,
carinately split and gaping, cilia three, as long as segments, fili-
form, strongly articulate and often sub-appendiculate, hyaline,
granular; basal membrane reaching to middle of teeth; spores
minutely roughened, yellowish-pellucid, ..012-015 mm. in
diameter, mature in June.

On earth with more or less humus. Thus far known only
as follows:

Butler : On earth under pines on rocky hillside,
West Winfield, May 26, 1906. O. E. J.
Crawford : On hummocks of earth with Polytrichum,

near Hartstown, July 26, 1908. O. E. J.
Type Specimen (Figured).

4. Webera lescuriana (Sullivant) Jaeger.
(Bryum pulchellum Sullivant, not Hedwig.)

(Plate XVIII)

Gregarious to loosely cespitose, pale green: stems not red,
ascending, usually simple, usually 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves small
and remote below, gradually increasing in size and number
above, the upper lanceolate, the comal linear-lanceolate, up to
2.5 mm. long, long-acuminate at the serrulate apex, the margins
more or less recurved, the base non-decurrent; costa strong,
reddish, ending below apex; leaf-cells elongate-rhomboid-hexa-
gonal, prosenchymatous, rather thick-walled, the basal often
reddish and tending to rectangular, the marginal slightly nar-
rower: seta erect, 1-1.5 cm. long, yellowish-brown, lustrous,
siender flexuous; capsule horizontal to abruptly pendent, short,
1.5-2 cm. long, yellowish-brown, the short tapering neck darker
brown, capsule pyriform in general shape, when dry and empty
widely flaring at the mouth; operculum conic-apiculate to
mamillate; annulus revoluble; peristome rather short, teeth
linear-lanceolate, yellowish-pellucid, abruptly narrowed above
the middle to a sub-hyaline papillose apex, divisural and
lamellz present, trabecule strong, often a few connected by
oblique or vertical bars; segments of inner peristome a little
shorter than teeth. carinately split and gaping, cilia usually two,
sometimes one, articulate, shorter than segments; basal mem-
brane one-third the height of teeth; spores minutely roughened,
about .015-.018 mm., mature in May: dioicous.

On wet clay or sandy soil, New Brunswick to Alabama
and Arkansas. Probably not rare in our region. ;

Allegheny : Power’s Run, May 7, 1905. O. E. J.

McKean : Quintuple, May 7, 1896. D. A. B.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 145

Westmoreland: On damp clay with Pogonatwm, slope of
Chestnut Ridge, Hillside, May 22, 1909. O.
E. J. (Figured).
5. Webera annotina [Linneus] Schwaegrichen.
(Pohlia annotina Lindberg).

Loosely cespitose, light green: stems short, 1-2 cm.,
branching with slender stiff innovations from the base; leaves
below small, lanceolate, non-decurrent, the upper longer, nar-
row-lanceolate, acuminate, margins somewhat recurved, ser-
rulate at apex; costa nearly or quite percurrent, often reddish
at base; leaf-cells rather thick-walled, narrowly rhomboid,
small: seta red, flexuous; capsule small, about 2 mm. long,
castaneous, the neck about as long as the rest of capsule, taper-
ing, the whole capsule oval-pyriform, inclined to, horizontal ;
annulus broad, revoluble: operculum conic-apiculate; mouth
wide; peristome-teeth yellowish, segments widely carinately
gaping, cilia in pairs, articulate; exothecial cells more or less
collenchymatous: the sterile stems bearing in the axils of most
of the leaves greenish, sub-sessile, clustered, ovate to ovoid
gemme with short non-twisted points: dioicous.

Moist, sandy soil, especially among rocks in mountains.
Europe, Algeria, Asia, and, in North America, from Greenland
to British Columbia and south to New England, Pennsylvania,
and Kansas. Rare in our region.

Beaver - Lesquereux. (Porter's Catalogue).

6. Webera proligera (Lindberg) Kindberg.
(Pohlia proligera Lindberg).

Gregarious to loosely cespitose, pale green: stems rather
slender; leaves similar to those of IV”. annotina but somewhat
longer and larger; gemmeze numerous in the axils of the upper
leaves and differing from those in W. aunotina in being longer and
narrower and more or less fusiform with acuminate and often
twisted points: the capsule has a shorter neck (Dixon and Jame-
son’s Handbook) and the exothecial cells are not collenchymatous :
dioicous : fruit rare.

This species inhabits sandy soil in moist situations, especially
among rocks in mountains, as does also I’. annotina, with which
it has. been considerably confused. It occurs in Europe, and, in
North America, from northern Canada and Alaska to South
Carolina and Minnesota. It is not yet reported in Western
Pennsylvania but has been found along Lick Run in West Vir-
ginia, at the southern edge of our region.

3. ANIOBRYUA (Schimper, ex parte). Limpricht.
Dioicous, rarely polyoicous: weak to robust, loosely cespi-
tose in brownish to whitish-green tufts, or gregarious: stems
146 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

erect, red, radiculose at base; leaves erect to erect-spreading,
the upper lanceolate to lance-linear, the apex acute and dis-
tantly serrulate; costa mostly incomplete; cells lax and thin-
walled; seta elongate, when dry sinistrorse, more or less hooked
or curved at the top; capsule more or less pendent, usually
short-pyriform, wide-mouthed, almost turbinate, exothecial
cells mostly hexagonal and often broader than high; annulus
none in our species; peristomes equal in length; teeth lanceo-
late, finely papillose, not prominently bordered ; inner peristome
yellowish, the basal membrane constituting one-half or more
of its height ; segments split, cilia 2-3, well developed, weakly
articulate ; spores medium size; operculum medium size, quite
convex, often apiculate.

A genus of about 15 species, distributed over the whole
earth, five of these being in North America, one in our range,

1. Mniobryum wahlenbergii [Weber and Mohr] New
Combination.

(M. albicans Limpricht; Webera albicans Schimper: Hypnuin
wahlenbergii Weber and Mohr).

(Plate XVIIT)

Cespitose in soft, large, glaucous or whitish-green tufts:
stems usually 2-6 cm. long, more or less chestnut-red, especial-
ly in the older portion, slender, flexuous, branched and matted
together with a brownish tomentum at base; leaves remote be-
low, in the upper portion rather remote, about 2.5 mm. long,
when dry somewhat shrunken but hardly twisted, spreading,
widely ovate-lanceolate, at the base narrowed and somewhat
decurrent, the margin plane and serrulate towards the obtusely
acute apex; costa strong, reddish, ending a little below apex;
leaf-cells rhombic-hexagonal, pellucid, about .015-.025 mm.
wide, slightly narrower towards margin, tending to become
inflated and rectangular at base but hardly distinctly so, the
lowermost often reddish: seta erect-flexuous, 2-4 cm. high,
slender, yellowish to reddish-brown, abruptly hooked at the
summit; capsule pendent, shortly wide-pyriform, about 2.5
mm. long, reddish-brown when ripe, the neck short and wide,
when dry and empty the capsule wide-mouthed ; annulus none;
peristome-teeth brownish-yellow, pellucid, strongly trabecu-
late, the trabecule often with oblique connections, the lamelle
and divisural indistinct, teeth lance-linear, papillose and sub-
hyaline at apex; segments equal in length to teeth, narrow,
carinately split, the cilia 2-4, sometimes more or less connected
al apex, nearly as long as segments, papillose ; basal membrane
nearly reaching middle of teeth ; spores smoothish, rather thin-
walled, about .018-.024 mm.; operculum convex-apiculate;
exothecial cells irregularly quadrate-hexagonal, yellowish-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 147

pellucid, rather thin-walled, 2-3 rows at mouth much smaller
and darker: dioicous; antheridial flower terminal, discoid, the
perigonial bracts wide-spreading: mature in our region in May.

Almost a cosmopolitan in ditches, springs, or wet clay
banks, etc. Rarely fruiting but rather common sterile.

Allegheny : Fern Hollow and Schenley Park, August,
1905. O. E. J.

Beaver : Near Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.

McKean : Springy places, Quintuple, May 17, 1895.

D. A. B. (Figured).

Westmoreland: \Vet soil in niches of cliff, Saunders Sta-
tion, June 21, 1907. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

4. BRYUM [Dillenius] Schimper.

Mostly synoicous: paraphyses present, filiform: perennial,
small, robust, rarely gregarious, usually more or less densely
cespitose: stem upright to ascending, often red, branching be-
low the inflorescence, radiculose; lower leaves remote, upper
leaves tufted, mostly erect-spreading, concave, oval or ovate
to lanceolate, or elliptic to spatulate, mostly acute, often nar-
rowed and decurrent at base, mostly bordered, entire or
toothed towards the apex; costa mostly strong, often excur-
rent, projecting dorsally, provided with median guides; leaf-
cells mostly rhombic- to rhomboid-hexagonal, the basal
parenchymatous, quadrate to elongate-rectangular ; perichetial
leaves narrower and smaller inside: seta long, reddish to
brown, hooked or arcuate at apex, capsule cernuous to pendent,
rarely horizontal, the collum distinct, pyriform to cylindric,
rarely ovoid to globose, symmetric to slightly curved, the
curve sometimes being entirely in the collum, phaneropore,
annulus present, large-celled, pluriseriate, revoluble; the two
peristomes of nearly equal length, teeth confluent at their in-
sertion, lanceolate to linear-subulate, often abruptly narrowed
above the middle, yellowish to orange, often hyaline at apex
and sometimes with a hyaline border, dorsally minutely papil-
lose, trabeculae sometimes united by cross-partitions; seg-
ments mostly free, basal membrane usually high, outwardly
carinate, segments narrowly linear to lanceolate-subulate, split
along the keel and more or less fenestrate or gaping, rarely
entire; cilia filiform, rarely short or lacking, often appendicu-
late; spores .010-050 mm.; operculum conic to convex-um-
bonate or rarely quite apiculate.

_ A large and difficult genus of about 850 species, of wide
distribution; about 170 species in North America, of which
there are 8 or 9 species in our range.
148 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves distinctly bordered. ;
a. Leaves not distinctly bordered, at least not above.

i,
b. Costa vanishing below the apex. 9. B. capillare.
b. Costa percurrent to long-excurrent. c.
c. Leaves long-decurrent; costa short-excurrent.
d

c. Leaves short- or non-decurrent; costa long-excurrent.

e.
d. Synoicous. 3. B. bimuns.
d. Dioicous. 2. B. pseudotriquetrum.
e. Peristome-teeth with the trabecule connected by various cross-
partitions. 1. By. cernuum.

e Peristome-teeth with trabecule unconnected.

f. Autoicous; antheridia at apex of lateral innovations.
B. pallescens.
f. Dioicous. g.
f. Synoicous. :
g. Leaves ovate-lanceolate with rhomboidal cells.
7. B. caespiticium.
g. Leaves rounded to wide-obovate; cells short-hexagonal.
9. B. capillare.
h. Leaves non-decurrent; spores about .025 mm.
; 5. B. intermedium.,
h. Leaves shortly decurrent; spores about .010—.014 mm.
4. B. affine.
i. Costa long-excurrent. 5. B. intermedium.
i. Costa vanishing a little above middle of leaf.
B. argenteum.

1. Bryum cernuum [Hornschuch] Bryologia Europea.
(B. pendulum Schimper; Cynontodiuin ccernuuin Hedwig).

(Plate XVIII)

Densely cespitose, usually darkish-green: stems in our
region short, about 6-9 mm., erect, sparsely branched, matted
below with a castaneous tomentum, stem reddish; leaves rather
lax, somewhat tufted, close, erect-spreading, ovate-lanceolate,
long-cuspidate-acuminate, more or less recurved on the bor-
ders, reddish at base, usually obscurely denticulate at apex,
when dry rigid, shrunken and somewhat twisted; costa stout,
reddish, long-excurrent ; leaf-cells rather small, rhomboidal to
somewhat elongate above, at base thin-walled, rather in-
flated, rectangular, at margin linear-prosenchymatous .in 24
rows, forming a strong border: seta usually 3-4 cm. long, slen-
der, flexuous, lustrous, castaneous; capsule pendulous, elongate
oval-pyriform, usually 4-5 mm. long, tapering below into a neck
about 1.5 mm. long, brownish, hardly contracted below the
mouth except when dried prematurely; annulus 2-3-seriate,
revoluble ; operculum rather small, conic-apiculate ; peristome-
teeth linear-triangular, yellowish-pellucid below, sub-hyaline
and papillose above, strongly trabeculate and with prominent
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 149

oblique or vertical connections between the plates, the lamelle
and divisural indistinct, the inner peristome more or less close-
ly adherent to the teeth, the segments narrow, the cilia 2-3
and rudimentary, the basal membrane about two-fifths the
height of the teeth; spores large, .024-.030 mm., yellowish-
pellucid, minutely roughened; exothecial cells incrassate, yel-
lowish-pellucid, irregularly rounded-quadrate to hexagonal, the
upper four or five rows much smaller, rounded to transversely
elongate, reddish-pellucid: synoicous: mature in June.

On earth, rocks, walls, and decaying logs. Temperate
regions and mountains of Europe, Algeria, Asia, and North
America from Greenland to Alaska and south to the northern
United States. Rare in our region.

Allegheny : Sloping shaly hillside, Fern Hollow, Pitts-

burgh, June 8, 1909. G.K. J. (Figured).

2. Bryum pseudotriquetrum | Hedwig, p. p.] Schwaegrichen.
(B. ventricosuim Dickson).

_ This species is practically similar to Brywi bin in every-
thing except that it is dioicous. According to Dixon and Jame-
son’s Handbook the paler, more lax-leaved, and more flaccid
plants usually belong to B. bimum while the more rigid and com-
pact specimens are B. pseudotriquctruim —but this is not always
the case.

This species has much the same habitat and the same range
as does B. bimauim, but in our region seems to be rare. In Porter's
Catalogue it is reported from Cresson, Cambria County, by
James, and in the Carnegie Museum are specimens from two lo-
calities in McKean County which were distributed as this species,
but which prove to be synoicous and typically B. bina.

3. Bryum bimum [Schreber] Bridel.
(Mniuin bimeunt Bridel).

(Plate XIX)

__ Rather loosely but deeply cespitose and matted together
with a chestnut-colored tomentum: stems usually 3-6 cm. high.
tather sparsely branching; leaves long-decurrent, 2-3. min
long, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the mar-
gins revolute almost to apex, serrulate above; costa reddish,
strong, percurrent to excurrent ; leaf-cells rhomboid-hexagonal,
the basal inflated-rectangular, the marginal in three or four
rows linear-prosenchymatous and more or less yellowish-
pellucid, forming a distinct border; leaves when dry more or
less shrunken, twisted, and appressed: seta 2.5-5.5 cm. long,
slender, flexuous, lustrous, castaneous; capsule 3-5 mm. long;
pendulous, brown, sub-cylindric, tapering to a neck which is
but slightly shorter than the rest of capsule, slightly con-
150 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

stricted below the mouth when dry and empty, sometimes un-
symmetrically up-curved ; operculum broad, convex-mamillate:
annulus large, revoluble; mouth deep chestnut, pellucid ; peri-
stome teeth linear-triangular, yellowish-pellucid below, sub-
hyaline and papillose above, strongly trabeculate, lamellate,
divisural zig-zag ; basal membrane of inner peristome half the
height of teeth, the segments a little shorter, hyaline, carinate-
ly split, cilia 3, strongly appendiculate; spores yellowish, .014-
.016 mm., minutely “punctulate” or granular: synoicous: ma-
ture in July.

On wet soil, rocks, or decaying wood, in swamps or other
wet places. Cosmopolitan; in our region more common in the
mountains and in the swampy glaciated region towards the
northwestern corner of Pennsylvania.

Allegheny : Wildwood, June 11, 1908. O. E. J.

Cambria : Flinton, July 23, 1908, and St. Lawrence,
July 24, 1908. O. E. J. (Figured).

Center : Scotia, Barrens near town, September 22,
1909. O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, June 12,
1908, and Hartstown, May 29-31, 1909,
O. E, J.

Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9 and September 20-
22, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, O. E. J.
and G. K. J.. and June 14, 1908. O. E. J.

Indiana : James (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Quintuple, June 13, 1897. D. A. B.

4. Bryum affine (Bridel) Lindberg.
(B. cuspidatum Schimper).

(Plate XIX)

Rather densely cespitose, becoming dark green: stem
short, in ours usually 1-2 cm., occasionally longer, with slender
innovations, somewhat matted with a brownish tomentum,
dark brown; leaves rather numerous, somewhat clasping and
shortly decurrent, the margins revolute to near the apex where
the leaves are slenderly acuminate and more or less serrulate,
the leaves ranging from oblong-lanceolate below to elongate
ovate-lanceolate above and on the branches; when dry the
leaves are moderately shrunken and twisted; costa strong,
reddish, long excurrent; leaf-cells rhomboid-hexagonal above,
to thin-walled, reddish, and more or less inflated-rectangular at
the base, the marginal in two to five rows of linear-prosenchy-
matous more or less yellowish-pellucid cells forming a strongly
marked border: seta slender, flexuous, Iustrous-castaneous,
about 24.5 cm. in height; capsule 3-4 mm. long, elongate
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 151

oblong-pyriform, with a tapering neck a little shorter than the
rest of the capsule, yellowish-brown, finally deep brown, when
dry and empty constricted below the deeper-colored mouth,
more or less pendulous; operculum wide, convex-mamillate ;
annulus wide, revoluble; peristome-teeth linear-triangular,
yellowish-pellucid below, sub-hyaline and papillose above,
strongly trabeculate, lamellate, the zig-zag divisural usually
faint ; basal membrane of inner peristome about half the length
of the teeth, the segments carinately split, hyaline and papil-
lose, a little shorter than the teeth, the three filiform ap-
pendiculate cilia somewhat shorter than the segments; spores
yellowish- -pellucid, minutely roughened, usually about .010-
.014 mm.; exothecial cells irregular ly quadrate to rectangular-
hexagonal, incrassate, three or four rows below the mouth be-
ing much smaller, rounded-quadrate and reddish-pellucid ;
synoicous: spores mature in summer.
Allegherty : Sewickley, May 21, 1889, J. A. S.; Power’s
Run, May 4, 1905. O. E. J. and G. E. K.;
Stoop’s Ferry, May 20, 1907. O. E. J.

and G. K. J
Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
(Figured).
Fayette : Laurelville, June 24, 1904. O. E. J.
Lawrence : Stop 78, S. and N.C. W. R. R., 1906, Miss

Susan Gageby; Gorge below Ellwood
City, June 26, 1909. 0. E. J.
Somerset : Ursina, May 12. 1905. O.E. J.
Westmoreland: Derry, August 10, 1904. Aliss Katherine
R. Holmes; Hillside, May 19, 1906. O.
E. J.
5. Bryum intermedium [Ludwig] Bridel.
(Minium intermedium Ludwig; Webera intermedia Schwaeg-
richen).

(Plate XIX)

Densely cespitose, green, matted with dark-colored
radicles: stems short, laterally branching by innovations, erect
and with us uspally about 3-5 mm. high; leaves tufted at apex
of stem, erect-spreading, concave, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate,
the margins recurved, almost entire, base sometimes reddish,
only slightly decurrent, in our specimens about 1.5-2 mm.
long, the costa excurrent into a long entire or denticulate
acumen: leaf-cells rhomboidal above, thin-walled and rectangu-
lar at base, the marginal in one to three series of linear-
prosenchymatous cells forming a somewhat indistinct border,
sometimes the middle cells merely narrow gradually towards
the margin: seta in our specimens 1.5-3.0 cm. long, flexuous,
slender, lustrous, castaneous; capsule about 3 mm. long, ellip-
152 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

tic-pyriform, tapering below into a neck almost as long as the
rest of the capsule, brown, often somewhat unsymmetric and
incurved, scarcely constricted below mouth when dry and
empty; mouth darker red or brown; annulus rather narrow,
revoluble; peristome-teeth linear-lanceolate, yellowish-pellucid
below, sub-hyaline and papillose above, strongly trabeculate,
lamellate and with faintly distinct divisural, inserted below the
mouth; inner peristome with carinately gaping segments al-
most as long as the teeth, cilia three, strongly appendiculate,
considerably shorter than segments; spores smoothish, yellow-
ish-pellucid, about .024—.027 mm.; exothecial cells rectangular
below, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal above, the three to
five upper rows much smaller, rounded-quadrate, brownish-
pellucid, all incrassate; operculum conic, obtuse to apiculate:
synoicous: mature in June and July.

Crevices of walls and cliffs and on wet, sandy earth:
Europe, Asia, North America through Canada and to the
northern United States. Not very common.

Allegheny : Wet soil in crevices of cliff, Power's Run,
April 18, 1906. O. E. J. (Figured).

Beaver : On rotten log, Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907.
O. E. J.

Cambria : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : On stump in swamp, Clarkdale Park,

Bradford, June 20, 1897. D. A. B.

6. Bryum pallescens [Schleicher] Schwaegrichen.
(B. turbinatum Drummond).

(Plate XIX)

Sub-cespitose, yellowish-green: stems short, 49 mm.,
sparsely branching, reddish, somewhat reddish-tomentose be-
low, erect; leaves small and remote below, tufted above, ovate
below to ovate- or linear-lanceolate above, non-decurrent to
sub-decurrent, erect-spreading, when dry more or less shrunk-
en, twisted, and appressed, reddish at base, margins recurved,
apex obscurely denticulate, cuspidate-acuminate; costa strong.
reddish, long-excurrent ; leaf-cells rhomboid to elongate, thin-
walled and rectangular at base, the margin wide and formed
of several rows of linear-prosenchymatous incrassate cells:
seta erect, slender, flexuous, lustrous-castaneous, in our speci-
mens about 2 mm. long: capsule oblong-pyriform, about two-
fifths neck, horizontal to sub-pendulous, contracted below the
mouth when dry, brown; annulus wide, revoluble; lid conic-
apiculate; teeth of the peristome yellowish-pellucid, towards
apex sub-hyaline and papillose, linear-triangular, strongly
trabeculate, lamelle and. divisural rather indistinct; segments
of inner peristome slightly shorter, carinately split, cilia 3,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 153

strongly appendiculate, slightly shorter than segments, basal
membrane one-half height of teeth; spores yellowish-pellucid,
smoothish or minutely roughened, about .014-.016 mm.;
exothecial cells incrassate, rectangularly quadrate or hexa-
gonal, the upper three or four rows much smaller and rounded
to transversely elongate and darkly reddish-pellucid: gonio-
autoicous,—antheridia in apex of the lateral innovations: ma-
ture in May or June.

In crevices of walls and sandstone rocks. Europe, Asia,
northern Africa, North America from Greenland to British Co-
lumbia and south to the northern United States. Rare in our
region.

Allegheny : On debris in rock-crevices along sand-

stone cliff facing the Allegheny River at
Power’s Run, April 28, 1907. O. E. J.
(Figured).

7. Bryum caespiticium [Linneus] Hedwig.
(Plate XX)

Densely cespitose, yellowish-green: stems erect, rarely
more than 1 cm. high with us, branching by lateral innovations,
brownish-tomentose below, reddish above; leaves remote and
small below, the upper densely tufted, ovate to lanceolate or
narrower within, concave, narrowly acuminate, borders re-
curved, the apex slightly denticulate or sometimes entire, the
base often reddish, the comal reaching 3-3.51 mm., when dry
but little shrunken or twisted: costa strong, reddish, long-ex-
current; leaf-cells narrow-rhomboid, becoming larger and
rectangular at base, the marginal in one to three rows of linear-
prosenchymatous incrassate cells but not forming a very pro-
nounced border: set erect, slender, flexuous, lustrous-castane-
ous, about 2-4 cm. long, rarely more; capsule oblong-pyriform,
3-3.5 mm. long, yellowish-brown to darker with age, the neck
comprising almost one-half the capsule, horizontal to pendu-
lous, sometimes unsymmetrically up-curved, constricted below
the mouth when dry and empty; the mouth darker colored;
peristome-teeth yellowish-pellucid below, paler and minutely
papillose above, linear-lanceolate; segments of inner peristome
almost as long, somewhat yellowish, carinately split and gap-
ing, cilia as long as segments or almost so, strongly appendicu-
late, basal membrane about two-fifths the height of teeth;
spores about .012-017 mm., smoothish, yellowish-pellucid;
exothecial cells incrassate, rectangular below to irregularly
uvadrate-hexagonal. above, the upper three or four rows much
smaller and rounded-quadrate to laterally elongate and
colored; operculum, usually orange-brownish, mamillate to
conic-apiculate: dioicous: mature in May to June or July.
154 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

A cosmopolitan commion on earth in pastures, etc., also on
dry banks, stones, walls, etc.

Allegheny : Vacant lot, Pittsburgh, May 31, 1905, 0.
E, J.

Butler : Bank of Buffalo Creek, West Winfield,
May 26, 1906. O. E. J.

Center : Sandy Barrens near Scotia, July 16, 1909.
O. E. J.

Clinton : Roadside, Lock Haven to Vilas, July 15,
1908. O. E. J.

Huntingdon: Hillside near Birmingham, May 17, 1904.
O. E. J.

Mercer : West Branch, April 14, 1894, and along

retaining wall, foot of Cliff Street, Brad-
ford, May 26, 1897. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: Chestnut Ridge, above Hillside, May 23,
1909. O. E. J. (Figured).

8. Bryum argenteum [Linneus] Hedwig.
(Plate XX)

More or less densely cespitose, more or less whitish and
silvery green: stems short, radiculose, with numerous lateral
innovations; leaves closely imbricated, deeply concave and so
numerous that the branches are terete and julaceous, leaves
small, about 1 mm. long, widely ovate or obovate, slightly or
not at all decurrent, margins plane, entire, acute to long-acumi-
nate, when dry silvery shining and hardly altered in shape;
costa thin, wide, disappearing in upper third of leaf; leaf-cells
rhomboid-hexagonal above, below rectangular, all somewhat
pellucid and incrassate, the lower half of the leaf more or
less chlorophyllose, the upper half colo.less: seta slender, lus-
trous, usually chestnut-colored below, pale above, often dark
when old, flexuous, 1-1.5 cm. long; capsule about 2 mm. long,
oblong, the neck short and hardly tapering, by a quick turn at
the apex of the seta pendent and often touching the seta at
its wider part, somewhat constricted below the mouth when
dry and empty, dark brown when old ; annulus wide, revoluble;
peristome-teeth linear lanceolate, yellowish-pellucid, hyaline at
apex, trabeculate, lamellate, divisural zigzag; segments nearly
as long, carinately split and gaping, faintly yellowish-pellucid,
cilia as long as segments, three in number, appendiculate, basal
membrane half as high as teeth; exothecial cells quadrate to
hexagonal, densely incrassate and orange-pellucid, the upper
eight to ten rows smaller, less densely incrassate, rounded-
quadrate to laterally elongate; operculum convex, apiculate,
orange; spores .010-.014 mm., smoothish, yellowish-pellucid:
dioicous: mature in October to November.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 155

Cosmopolitan, common on dry earth, crevices of brick

pavements and walls, soil-covered rocks, etc.

Allegheny : Brick pavement, Pittsburgh, October 12,
1907, Carnot, October 11, 1908, and on old
camp-site, Wildwood Hollow, November
19, 1908. O. E. J.

Beaver : Roadside, near Smith’s Ferry, October 1,
1910. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.

Erie : On sand-plain, Presque Isle, September
20, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O.
E. J.

Huntingdon : Near Union Furnace, July 21, 1908. O.
E, J.

McKean : Bennett Brook, March 4, 1894. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: Saunders, June 21, 1907. O. E. J. and G.
K. J.; Mellon’s summer home, Laurel Hill
<ts., New Florence, September 8-11, 1907.
O. E. J. (Figured).

9. Bryum capillare [Linneus] Hedwig.
(Minium capillare Linneus).
(Plate XX)

Rather densely cespitose, soft, light green: stems low, in
our specimen about 5 mm. high, reddish below, radiculose at
base, erect, rather stout, sometimes branching at base: leaves
rather dense, spreading, not forming a very distinct comal
tuft, soft, widely obovate-spatulate or rounded with a narrow-
ly oblong base, the apex abruptly acuminate, margins plane;
costa rather wide, reddish at base, in the lower leaves and
younger plants ending below the apex but in upper leaves of
oider plants excurrent-acuminate to piliferous ; leaf-cells rhom-
boid-hexagonal, thin-walled, the marginal in one to several
rows elongated and narrow, forming a rather indistinct border,
the upper marginal projecting to form low denticulations, the
basal parenchymatous, rectangular, those near the costa in
the middle of the leaf more or less inflated: seta rather long;
capsule rather large (about 5 mm.) with a distinct neck com-
prising about one-third the length of the capsule, which is sub-
cylindric, usually symmetric, horizontal to sub-pendulous, red-
dish to chestnut-color; operculum conic-apiculate, reddish-
orange; peristome large, reddish: typically dioicous: mature in
July or August.

On leaf-mould and loamy soil in woods, often on bases
of trees and on ledges,—almost cosmopolitan.
156 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

McKean : Quintuple, July 15, 1896. D. A.B. (Fig-
ured).
Washington : Linn and Simonton, (Porter's Catalogue).

59 RHODOBRYUAl (Schimper) Hampe.

Dioicous or rarely polyoicous: very robust plants of
Mnitum-like aspect, gregarious to loosely cespitose: stem
ascending from subterranean rhizome-like stolons; lower
leaves remote, mostly scale-like and imbricated, comal leaves
large, spatulate, bordered, sharply doubly serrate above, form-
ing terminal rosettes; costa broad, narrowing above and dis-
appearing just below apex in most species; leaf-cells rhombic-
to elongate-hexagonal, at the base elongate-rectangular;
perichetial leaves smaller, lanceolate, long-acuminate: seta
single or in twos or threes, elongate, brownish, more or less
hooked at apex; capsule horizontal to pendent, oblong-cylin-
dric, slightly arcuate, collum short; annulus broad and revolu-
ble or narrow and deciducus in pieces; peristome-teeth con-
fluent at their insertion, lanceolate to linear-subulate, yellow-
ish- to reddish-brown, hyaline above, somewhat bordered, and
finely papillose ; segments free, yellowish, broadly lance-subu-
late, fenestrate to gaping along the keel; basal membrane
high and carinate outwards; cilia filiform, long-appendiculate;
spores .014-.024 mm.; operculum convex-apiculate.

A widely distributed genus of over 50 species; 7 species
occur in North America, one being in our range.*

1. Rhodobryum ontariense (Kindberg) Paris.
(R. roseum Lesquereux and James, Manual, pp., not R. roseum
[Weis] Schimper*; Bryuim ontariense Kindberg).

(Plate XX)

Gregarious to loosely cespitose, deep green: stems erect
from long creeping rhizome-like stolons, 2-5 cm. high, stout,
with minute appressed bract-like leaves up to the summit.
where the leaves suddenly enlarge to form a conspicuous
rosette about 1 cm. across; comal léaves numérous, obovate-
spatulate from a narrow base, the apex suddenly narrowed
and acuminate and more or less twisted, the margin revolute
for about three-fourths the length of the leaf and in the upper
part prominently sharply spittulose-dentate; costa strong,
mostly plainly excurrent; leaf-cells rather large, elongate-
hexagonal, the walls medium, towards the base larger, thinner-
walled, more or less hyaline, rectangular: sete 1-3 to a
perichetium, erect, lustrous, castaneous, 2-4 cm. long; capsule
pale brownish, oblong-cylindrical, about 4-5 mm. long, in-

*R. roseum [Weis] Schimper differs in having the costa ceasing below

the apex; evidently does not occur in our region, perhaps not at all in
northeastern United States.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 157

curved, somewhat constricted below the mouth when empty,
at the base having a narrow incurved collum about one-third
the length of the rest of the capsule, the capsule horizontal to
sub-pendulous; peristome-teeth large, linear-lanceolate, nar-
rowly bordered, yellowish, hyaline and papillose above,
strongly trabeculate, lamellate with distinct divisural; seg-
ments about four-fifths as long, carinately split and gaping;
cilia 3, about as long as segments, strongly appendiculate;
basal membrane about two-fifths the height of teeth; spores
yellowish, minutely roughened, about .014-.018 mm.; opercu-
lum convex-apiculate; exothecial cells incrassate, rectangular
to irregularly rounded, towards the mouth in several rows very
much smaller, very strongly incrassate and darker; dioicous:
mature in September and October.

On rotten logs and rich humus in woods, sometimes on
stones. Southeastern Canada and northeastern United States.
Not uncommon in our region, but rarely found in fruit.

Allegheny : Moon Township, 1889. J. A.S. (Figured).

Cambria : Flinton, July 24, 1908. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, Pymatuning Swamp, June 11-
12, 1907. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1907, O. E. J.
and G. K. J.; May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.

McKean : Toad Hollow, Bradford, November 26,
1896. D. A. B.

Somerset : Allegheny Mountain, August 11, 1876.

B. H. Patterson.
Washington : Hanlin, May 21, 1908. O. E. J.

Family XV. ATNIACEAE

Synoicous or dioicous, rarely autoicous ; male flowers disk-
I:ke with club-shaped paraphyses: female flowers bud-like with
fliform paraphyses: mostly robust, cespitose: stem with a
central strand, radiculose below, mostly erect, frequently
stoloniferous; comal leaves large and mostly spreading in a
terminal rosette, lower and stoloniferous leaves smaller and
somewhat dissimilar : costa strong. broad at base, tapering
upwards and ending below or in the apex, rarely toothed
dorsally ; cells parenchymatous, mostly hexagonal or rounded,
smooth, uniform in size or gradually smaller towards the mar-
gin; perichetial leaves erect. much smaller in size, non-mar-
gined, costate: seta long, stiff, smooth, mostly shortly hooked
above; capsule mostly cernuous or pendent, rarely erect,
symmetric, oblong-ovoid to cylindric, rarely globose, some-
times arcuate, collum short; annulus mostly biseriate and
revoluble; peristome double and mostly complete as in Bryum;
spores mostly large; operculum convex to obliquely rostrate;
calyptra cucullate, narrow, mostly fugacious, smooth.
158 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Distributed over the whole earth, most abundant in damp
woods and swamps, on earth, bark of trees, or rocks, in the
temperate zones. Five genera, of which but one occurs in our
region.

I. MNIUM Linnezus, Hedwig.

Synoicous or dioicous, rarely autoicous: mostly robust,
cespitose in bright green to dark green or later brownish tufts;
stem erect, often stoloniferous, often bearing creeping flagelli-
form branches ; leaves bract-like and remote below, increasing
upwards to the terminal rosette, broadly ovate, obovate, or
oblong, to spatulate from a narrow decurrent base, when dry
contorted to crispate, when wet erect-spreading to recurved,
mostly with a border of 1-3 layers of elongate prosenchy-
matous colored cells, each layer of the border. usually sharply
serrate; costa stout; cells rounded to hexagonal, often col-
lenchymatous and punctate, uniform or smaller towards the
margin: seta single or clustered, long; capsule cernuous to
pendent, rarely erect, mostly oblong-ovoid, rarely arcuate;
exothecial cells rounded, annulus revoluble; teeth strong, sepa-
rate at base, greenish-yellow to reddish-brown, more or less
papillose, the zigzag divisural line distinct, the dorsal plates
low, the trabecule numerous, often united by sporadic cross-
walls; inner peristome mostly yellowish-red, the basal mem-
brane half-way to the apex and sometimes perforate; seg-
ments usually as long as the teeth, lanceolate, mostly abrupt-
ly subulate, usually fenestrate and finally gaping; cilia com-
plete, mostly articulate ; spores .016-.048 mm.; operculum con-
vex to conic and rostrate; calyptra narrowly cucullate.

About 90 species, cosmopolitan, on various sub-strata,
usually in moist or shaded situations; 32 species occurring in
North America, about 11 species in our range.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves not distinctly bordered. .
a. Leaves distinctly bordered.
b. Margin with a single series of low erasulan teeth in the upper
half; cells incrassate. 9. M. stellare.
b. Margin not distinctly toothed; cells thin-walled.
ll. M. cinclidioides.
c. Leaves with entire or almost entire margin.

c. Leaves with serrate margin. g.
d. Border indistinct and of one series of cells only.
M. cinclidioides.
d. Border of 2-4 series of cells in several layers.
e.
e. Lid acutely rostrate; leaves obovate. £
e. Lid conic-apiculate; oblong to oval or sub-orbicular.
8. M. affine var. rug-
icumt,
f. On stones; leaves usually minutely apiculate and percurrently
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 159

costate. 10. M. punctatum.
f. In swamps; leaves not usually apiculate and costa not usually
reaching apex; often very large. 10. M. punct. var. elatum.

g. Leaves serrate with a single row of teeth. h.
g. Leaves serrate with a double row of teeth.

h. Leaves serrate only in upper two-thirds. :
6. M. cuspidatuin.
h. Leaves serrate to the base or very nearly so.

i.
Teeth slender and usually of 24 cells. 8. M. affine var. ciltare.
i. Teeth usually of but one cell and not so slender.

sees

j.
j. Leaf apex bluntly rounded, abruptly apiculate.
5. M. rostratum. .
j. Leaf apex more or less acute and cuspidate.
. M. medium.
k. Leaves lanceolate; costa incomplete, dorsally toothed.
M. hornum.
Leaves wider than lanceolate; costa usually complete in upper
leaves at least. 1}
1. Costa toothed dorsally. m.
l. Costa not toothed dorsally. n.
m. Cells not collenchymatous, about .014—018 mm.
2. M. orthorrhynchum.
m. Cells collenchymatous, about .020-.030 mm. in diameter.
: M. lycopodiotdes.*
n. Cells rounded and strongly collenchymatous.
M. serratum.
n. Cells angled and not collenchymatous. 4. M. spinulosuim.

1. Mnium hornum Linneus, Hedwig.

(Astrophyllum hornuim Lindberg).

A robust species in dense tufts, with erect unbranched
stems and terminal rosettes of leaves which reach a length of
3-5 mm. but are oblong- to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute,
sharply apiculate, all leaves with a reddish, thickened border,
sharply doubly spinosely serrate in the upper half; the costa
ending below the apex and spinose dorsally above; leaf-cells
incrassate, angular, not very regularly seriate, rather small:
seta solitary, long; capsule subpendulous, finally horizontal,
ovate-elliptic and tapering to a distinct neck, when old pale
yellowish with a red mouth; operculum conic-apiculate:
dioicous, the antheridial flowers being disc-like. The leaves
are proportionally narrower than the other species of the
genus and the calyptra often remains for a time clasping the
seta just below the capsule, mature in April to May.

In shaded, swampy or springy places and banks of streams:
Europe, Algeria, Japan, North America from Newfoundland

*Mninin lycopodioides (Hooker) Schwaegrichen, as reported from
Blair and Elk Counties in our region (Porter's Catalogue), is probably .
synonymous with Muiium pseudo-lycopodioides C. Mueller and Kindberg,

which appears to be hardy separable from Mniuim orthorrhynchum (Bridel)
Bryologia Europea.
160 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

to Georgia and west to Wyoming. (Lesquereux and James in
their manual say: “More generally on quartz or schistose
rocks.”) Although frequently reported from the eastern part
of Pennsylvania, the only report of this species in our region
is:

Cambria : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Mnium orthorrhynchum (Bridel) Bryologia Europea.
(Astrophyllum orthorrhynchum Lindberg).

Quite similar to M. serratum but the leaf-cells only about
.015-.018 mm.; densely tufted ; leaves close, oblong-lanceolate,
doubly spinose-serrate from below the middle; costa usually
ending in the apiculation, toothed dorsally above; leaf-cells
angular, hexagonal to quadrate, incrassate, non-collenchyma-
tous: seta solitary, red; capsule elliptic-oblong, tapering into
the neck, straight and more or less horizontal, brownish;
operculum shortly rostrate: dioicous, antheridial flower dis-
coid. Mature in late summer.

On moist rocks, usually calcareous, along cool shaded
ravines and streams: Europe, Asia, North America from
Greenland to British Columbia south to Colorado, Montana,
New York, and Pennsylvania. In our region one report:

Blair : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Mnium serratum Schrader, Schwaegrichen.
(M. marginatum Beauvois; Astrophyllum marginatum Lindberg}.
(Plate XXI)

Loosely cespitose in soft tufts, rather dark green: stems
and lower leaves often deep reddish tinged, stems slender,
rather short, usually 1.5-3 cm. in our specimens, simple or
branched below with erect branches; leaves rather remote,
strongly decurrent, the lower ovate-lanceolate, the upper ob-
long spatulate-lanceolate, all acute and apiculate, the strong
red border sharply doubly serrate, the leaves when dry more
or less twisted but hardly crispate; costa in upper leaves con-
fluent with the border in the apiculus but in the middle and
lower leaves and often even the upper leaves of sterile shoots
the costa ends below the apex, not spinose; leaf-cells from
.020-.030 mm. in diameter, irregularly rounded, somewhat
incrassate, strongly collenchymatous, the basal elongate: seta
mostly single; capsule horizontal, yellowish to brown, oval-
oblong, tapering at neck; peristome yellow or sometimes
brown, inserted, the teeth lance-linear, pellucid yellowish-
brown, papillose above, strongly trabeculate, divisural faint;
segments a little shorter than teeth, papillose above, slender,
cilia 3 (2), the basal membrane reaching somewhat above the
middle; spores, smooth, rounded, about .025-.030 mm.; oper-
culum stoutly short-rostrate: synoicous: mature in spring.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 161

Usually near streams on shaded banks or in crevices of
rocks where moist, in Europe, northern Asia, and, in North
America, from Anticosti to Alaska and south to northern
United States.

Allegheny : ae Park, Pittsburgh, September 15,
1905, E. J.
McKean : ees and Quintuple, August 2, 1895.

D. A. B. (Figured).
Washington : On shale cliff in narrow ravine, Hanlin,
May 21, 1908, and N. Branch Maple
Creek, Charleroi, April 24, 1908. O. E. J.
4, Mnium spinulosum Bryologia Europea.

Similar in many respects to Minium serratuin, the leaves
obovate to spatulate at the apex of the stem, clustered above,
decurrent, acute, sharply doubly serrate on the thickened red-
dish border in the upper two-thirds; costa percurrent, not
dorsally toothed, often ending below the apex in the lower
and middle leaves ; leaf-cells about .020-.030 mm., angled hexa-
gonal, or below rectangular, incrassate, non-collenchymatous:
synoicous: sporophytes either single or clustered; seta erect;
capsule horizontal or inclined, ovate-oblong, light yellowish,
the peristome forming a prominent red border at the eas :
operculum rostrate.

On the ground in evergreen woods, usually in faoianitatine
ous or hilly. regions. Europe and northern North America,
from Nova Scotia to Alaska and south to the northermost
United States. It is reported from eastern Pennsylvania and
from Ohio but not yet from our region.

5. Mnium rostratum Schrader, Schwaegrichen.

(Astrophyllum rostratuim Lindberg).

Large, loosely cespitose, stoloniferous: stems erect, short,
the sterile shoots creeping or arched; leaves broadly oblong
or slightly obovate, rounded at both ends, tapering but little
at base, at the apex very broadly rounded or almost truncate,
short apiculate, the border strong, brownish, serrate in the
upper half with a single row of short obtuse or almost obsolete
teeth; the comal leaves large, up to 5 mm. long, those of the
sterile shoots complanate-two-ranked ; costa excurrent in the
short apiculus; leaf-cells incrassate, collenchymatous, about
.025-.030 mm., rounded-hexagonal, not radiating in rows from
the costa as in affine var. rugicum, which in the sterile condi-
tion it closely resembles: capsules usually 1-3, clustered, sub-
pendulous to horizontal, yellowish, operculum long rostrate;
peristome-teeth yellowish, the inner peristome orange: synoi-
cous: mature in spring.

On wet rocks and earth in woods: almost cosmopolitan
in the temperate zones, in North America from central and
162 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

southern Canada south to Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Mon-
tana and Oregon.

All Pennsylvania specimens in the Carnegie Museum Her-
barium which were labeled M. rostratuin are non-collenchymatous
and the leaf-cells are definitely arranged in series radiating
from the costa. The species is reported from our region as
follows:

Cambria : James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Lycoming : McKimm. (Porter’s Catalogue).

6. Mnium cuspidatum Linnzus, Hedwig.
(Mnium sylvaticum Lindberg).

(Plate XXI)

Loosely cespitose in large light to dark patches: stems
branching with sterile shoots prostrate or sub-erect, in our
specimens usually about 1.5-3 cm. high, reddish, radiculose be-
low ; leaves decurrent, oblong-oval, acute, the upper tending to
obovate, those on the branches more rounded or oval, all
shortly cuspidate and serrate in the upper half or two-thirds
with a single row of short one-celled teeth, occasionally some
teeth two-celled, the border of 3-5 rows of incrassate, linear,
yellowish-pellucid cells; costa confluent with the border in the
apiculate apex or ending a little below the apex; leaf-cells
about .020-.025 mm., incrassate, somewhat collenchymatous,
hexagonal to somewhat rounded, the basal tending to rec-
tangular: seta solitary, pale yellowish or brownish, erect;
capsule pale yellowish or brownish, sub-pendulous, oblong-
oval, rather abruptly narrowing to the seta, the base and
mouth brown; operculum conic-obtuse; teeth yellow, lance-
linear, papillose above, divisural indistinct; inner peristome a
little shorter, the basal membrane extending to the middle
or a little above, the basal part of the segments more or less
irregularly fenestrate with rounded holes, the upper part of
the segments finally gaping or breaking apart; cilia three,
linear, somewhat appendiculate, the inner peristome brownish-
pellucid, the tips of the segments and the cilia being paler and
papillose; spores rounded, faintly papillose, yellowish, about
.030 mm. in diameter: synoicous, mature in May.

In moist woods on earth, stones, rotten logs, etc. Common
and widely distributed over the temperate parts of Europe,
Asia, and of North America.

Allegheny : Moon Township, April, and May 18,

1902. J. A. S.; Power’s Run, April 28,
1907, and Schenley Park, Pittsburgh,
May 29, 1907. O. E. J. and G. K. J.;
Aspinwall, April 9, 1905, October 25,
1908, Fern Hollow, January 21, 1906,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 163

Library, April 29, 1906, Power’s Run,
May 18, 1907, and April 16, 1910, Brush
Creek, April 26, 1908, Montrose, Sep-
tember 21, 1905. O. E. J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 1i, 1907. O. E. J.

Butler ; Ww infield Junction, June 7, 1902. J. A.
=.; Crider’s Corners, April 26, 1908. O.
Ef,

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, May 18,
1905, June 12, 1905, and May 12, 1908.
O. E. Near Mud Lake, Hartstown,
May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Erie > Presque Isle, on leaf mould in oak woods,
May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 12, 1905, May 30, 1908,
(Figured), and June 13, 1908. O. E.
J.; Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O.
E. J. and G. K. J.

Huntingdon : Birmingham, May 17, 1904. O. E. J.

Lawrence : Slippery Rock Creek, above Wurtemberg,
October 16, 1910. O. E. J. and G. K.
J.; Slippery Rock, 1906. Miss Susan
Gageby.

Mercer : Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. A.S.

McKean : Bennett Brook, April 7, 1893, and May 8,
1897, West Branch, April 7, 1893, Quin-
tuple, June 15, 1896. D. A. B.

Somerset : Ursina, May 12, 1895. O. E. J.

Washington : Three miles south of Library, April 22,

1906, North Branch Maple Creek, Char-
leroi, April 24, 1908, Hanlin, May 21,
1908. O. E. J.

7. Mnium medium Bryologia Europea.
(Astrophyllum medium Lindberg).
(Plate XXT)

Widely and rather loosely cespitose, large, light to dark
green: stems erect, up to 5 cm. in our specimens, branching
at the base, densely covered with a brown felted tomentum,
sterile shoots long and prostrate or ascending; leaves distant,
little shriveled when dry, ovate to oblong, somewhat narrowed
and slightly decurrent at base, rather obtuse at apex, cuspi-
date, narrowly margined all around, sharply serrate from near
the base with mainly one-celled teeth, the comal leaves rosu-
late, and up to 515 mim.; costa reddish, strong, excurrent
cuspidate ; leaf-cells large, rounded above to elliptic- hexagonal
towards base, the margin consisting of about two rows of
164 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

linear, much incrassate, more or less colored cells, the laminal
cells all incrassate and collenchymatous: synoicous: capsules
clustered, occasionally single, on erect stout setz, pendent,
oblong ; operculum convex, rostrate-apiculate: mature in May.

Mostly on wet rocks and shaded damp earth and logs;
cooler Europe and Asia, and, in North America, from Green-
land to Alaska and south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Min-
nesota, Idaho to California.

In Pennsylvania found only in Monroe County and:

McKean : Qn leaf-mold, etc., at headwaters ot
Marilla Brook in wet, springy places, Sep-
tember 24, 1894 (Figured), West Branch
Swamp, May 26, 1895, Bradford, Novem-
ber 2, 1898. All D. A. B.

8. Mnium affine Blandow, Schwaegrichen.
(Astrophyllum cuspidatum Lindberg).

As Grout points out in his “Mosses with Hand-lens and
Microscope,” the true Mniuim affine Blandow is rare in eastern
Wnited States, and it apparently has not yet been found in Penn-
sylvania. It has the capsules usually clustered, 2-4 together,
and the teeth of the leaves shorter than in the variety ciliare. Its
general range is Europe, Asia, and North America south to New
Jersey, West Virginia, and Washington.

8a. Mnium affine var. ciliare (Greville) C. Mueller.
(Astrophyllum ciliare Lindberg; Bryum ciliare Greville).
(Plate XXII)

Moderately large, loosely cespitose, pale to dark green
with age: stems erect, usually about 3 cm. high, reddish-
brown, rather stout, radiculose below, with long, slender sterile
shoots which are prostrate or arched; stem-leaves ovate, vary-
ig to oblong-elliptic or at the apex rosulate and obovate to
narrow spatulate, somewhat acute, apiculate, up 6-10 mm.
long, decurrent, margined, serrate down to the narrowed base
with long slender teeth of 24 cells; costa excurrent-apiculate,
strong; leaf-cells large, .020-.040(-.070) mm. in diameter,
angled, somewhat incrassate, hexagonal to irregularly some-
what elongate rectangular, especially towards the base, hardly
collenchymatous, marginal cells prosenchymatous-linear and
cartilaginous pellucid, often yellowish to reddish: seta single,
erect flexuous, strong, reddish, about 2.5 cm. long; capsule
pendent, elliptic-oblong, about + mm. long, narrowed to a
short darker colored neck, yellowish-brown; lid conic-apicu-
late; peristome-teeth pale pellucid, strongly trabeculate, the
divisural rather faint, finely papillose above; inner peristome
brownish pellucid, the basal membrane reaching about half-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 165

way, non-fenestrate, the segments and usually three cilia finely
papillose above and often exceeding the teeth; spores round,
yellowish-pellucid, finely papillose, about .028-.030 mm.; dioi-
cous; antheridial flower terminal-discoid; mature in May.

On rocks and soil in swamps and moist woods, Asia, Eu-
rope, and in North America through southern Canada south
to Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, and California.

Crawford : On rotten stump in swampy woods,
Linesville, June 12, 1907. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E.
J. and G. K. J. (Figured).

McKean : Langmade, May 29, 1898, and Bolivar

Run, September 11, 1898. D. A. B. (Fig-
ured, as to fruit).

Washington +: Washington, Linn and Simonton. (Por-
ter's Catalogue).

Westmoreland: ‘‘Rachelwood,”’ New Florence, September
8-11, 1907. O. E. J.

8b. Mnium affine var. rugicum (Laurar) Bryologia Europea.
(Astrophyllum rugicum Lindberg).
(Plate XXII)

Darker green than true affine, almost blackish: stems short,
usually simple; leaves oblong to broadly oval or sub-orbicular, the
apex blunt and rounded with an apiculation or almost entire, the
margin little or not at all serrate: capsule much as in affine var.
ciliare but usually smaller. The leaves often very closely resemble
those of M. rostratum but Grout says the leaf-cells have thinner
walls in rugicum and also radiate in more or less definite series
from the costa, while in rostratum the thick-walled cells are ir-
regularly arranged, or at least not in radiating series.

In cool, shaded ravines and swamps; Europe, and, in North
America, from Greenland to Alaska and locally south to
Louisiana and Colorado.

Allegheny : Power's Run, April 18, 1906, and June

17, 1909, O. E. J.; Wildwood Hollow,
March 29, 1908, and Coraopolis, Septem-
ber 14, 1905. O. E. J. and G. E. K. All

sterile.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907. O. E. J.
Sterile.

Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O.

_E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured). Ohio Pyle,
September 1-3, 1907. O. E. J. and G. Kk.
J. (Both sterile.)
166 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

9. Mnium stellare [Reichenbach] Hedwig.
(Plate XXII)

Densely cespitose, soft, deep or bluish-green: stems erect,
usually 1-3 cm. high, branching at base; leaves gradually larg-
er above, elliptic-oblong, to suborbicular below, slightly de-
current, rounded and acute at apex to obtuse-apiculate, non-
bordered, the upper part of the leaf obtusely irregularly short
serrate; costa thin, ending considerably below the apex,
smooth on back; leaf-cells incrassate, angular, irregular to
hexagonal or subquadrate, fairly uniform in size, about .020-
.030 mm.; seta solitary; capsule horizontal to inclined, ob-
long; lid conic-convex ; peristome yellowish: dioicous ; anther-
idial flower discoid: mature in summer.

At the base of trees or on rocks in swampy woods in tem-
perate Europe, Asia, and North America, through lower
Canada and northern United States. This species rarely fruits
and all specimens from Pennsylvania thus far have been sterile.

Allegheny : Under side of rocks in crevices, Fern Hol-
low, Pittsburgh, March 9, 1908. O. E. ).
McKean : Rutherford Run, March 12, 1894, and

Quintuple, September 9, 1894, and No-
yember 13, 1896. D. A. B.

Washington : North Branch of Maple Creek, above
Charleroi, April 24, 1908. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

10. Mnium punctatum [linneus] Hedwig.

(Plate XXIII)

Rather large, dark green, erect, loosely tufted, 1-3 inches
high: stems rigid, dark, densely tomentose nearly to the apex;
dioicous; leaves remote, forming at the apex a rosette and
largest there, spreading, the lower smaller, rounded-ovate, the
terminal about 456-9 mm., broadly obovate, all narrowed
to a few cells at the base, entire, apex usually apiculate, often
somewhat emarginate-apiculate, bordered by a cartilaginous-
thickened purplish-brown-pellucid rim of about 2-5 rows of
elongate incrassate cells; costa strong, usually terminating or
percurrent in the apiculus, or sometimes ceasing just below
the apex; median cells rounded- to elongate-hexagonal, about
.030-.040 .050—.085 mm., incrassate, the basal rather larger,
rectangular, slightly inflated, the apical smaller, irregularly
angular: seta 2-3 cm. long, erect, flexuous, purplish-brown,
rather lustrous; capsule sub-pendulous, oval-oblong, yellowish
to brown when old, finally when dry somewhat sulcate ; oper-
culum conic, acutely rostrate; peristome-teeth yellowish-
brown, pellucid, papillose, trabeculate; segments nearly as
high, brownish-pellucid, finely papillose, the basal membrane
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 167

reaching to one-third the height, cilia usually three, slightly
shorter than segments; spores smoothish, round, about .028-
.033 mm.; fruiting in spring rather early (April), and some-
times with two or three capsules to a plant.

On soil in damp woods, ravines, swamps, etc. Rather
common. Europe, Asia, all North America down to middle
United States.

Allegheny : Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, June 7, 1904.

O. E. J.; Wildwood Hollow, March 29,
1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Elk : McMinn, (Porter’s Catalogue).

Huntingdon : Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Lawrence : Rock Point, October 15, 1910. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.

McKean : Gates Hollow, May 3, 1896. D. A. B.

Mercer : Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. A.S.

Westmoreland : Shades, above Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O. E. J. (Figured).

10a. Mnium punctatum var. elatum Schimper.

(Plate XXII1T)

This variety differs typically from true pusctatui in that it
grows in muddy shaded places and swamps, is much larger,—
in our specimens reaching a height of 7 or 8 cm. and with
leaves up to 10 or 11 mm. long, the leaves are rounded and
usually non-apiculate at apex, the border consisting of usually
but one layer of cells, and the costa ending below the apex.

In swamps and muddy shaded places: Europe, Asia, and, in
North America, from the Arctic regions south to Virginia, Michi-
gan, and Idaho. In Pennsylvania most of the specimens of putncta-
tuit show some of the characters of the variety but we have found
no specimen which clearly possesses all the characters attributed
to the variety. The following specimens more or less closely ap-
proach the variety:

Allegheny : Wildwood Hollow, November 19, 1908.
O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, June 11-
12, 1997, O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, July 4, 1908. O. E. J.

Lawrence : Slippery Rock Creek, above Wurtemberg,
October 16, 1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : In overflow of cold spring, Railroad Run,

May 21, 1899, in swamp along Foster
Brook, May 22,1894. D. A. B.

Mercer : Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. A. S.
(Figured).

Westmoreland: Shades, above Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O. E. J.
168 A MANUAL Ol MOSSES

11. Mnium cinclidioides (Blytt) Huebener.
(Plate XXIII)

Large, loosely cespitose, bright green, becoming dark
when old: stems rigid, under exceptional conditions reaching
15 or 20 cm. or more, our specimens sterile and about 48 cm.
high, stems dark brownish; leaves remote, thin, large, the
lower ones ovate to oblong and not at all decurrent, the upper
rosulate, widely oblong-lingulate, rounded and obtuse with a
minute apiculus, more or less undulate, up to 7 or 8 mm. long
and 4+ mm. wide in our specimens, margin non-bordered, entire
with the exception of occasionally projecting marginal cells;
costa ending considerably below the apex; leaf-cells rhomboid-
hexagonal, arranged in series radiating from the costa, the
marginal gradually becoming linear and parallel to the margin,
all rather thin-walled, chlorophyllose, the largest up to about
030.100 or .110 mm.: seta long, rather slender; capsule
abruptly pendent, shortly oval; lid conic-apiculate; peristome
brownish: dioicous: mature in summer.

In bogs, pools, and swamps in the cooler parts of Europe,
Asia, and North America down to New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania; generally sterile.

Crawford : In Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, June
12,1905. O. E. J. (Figured). Sterile.

McKean : Sphagnum Swamp, West Branch, July
5, 1896, and July 22, 1894. D. A. B.
Sterile.

Family XVI. AULACOMNIACEAE.,

Dioicous, rarely autoicous: robust to slender, more or less
high-cespitose: stein mostly with a central strand, with one to
three innovations below the apex, also with slender sterile
shoots from the older portions; leaves 8-seriate, gradually
larger above, carinate or concave, ovate or oblong to lanceo-
late or lance-linear, acttte to obtuse, non-bordered, mostly
toothed above; costa mostly incomplete, with median guides;
areolation small, rounded, incrassate, mostly papillose: sporo-
gonia solitary ; seta usually long, erect ; capsule cernuous, rare-
ly erect, oblong to cylindric, with a short collum, more or less
&-striate, plicate when dry; annulus present; exothecial cells
elongate to rectangular, the longitudinal walls thickened;
phanerophore, stomata in the collum only; peristomes free and
essentially as in Brywin, spores .008-.014 mm.; operculum conic to
rostrate; calyptra narrowly cucullate, long-rostrate, split on
one side, fugacious.

Inhabiting the colder and temperate parts of the world, in
moist habitats on soil, rocks, trees, etc. The genus Leptotheca
with two species in the south temperate zone and the following:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 169

1. AULACOMNIUM Schwaegrichen.

With characters as for the family, the stem sometimes
bearing flagelliform pseudopodia, which are leafless or nearly
sc and bear a cluster of gemme at the tips; leaves crowded,
erect-ascending, the margins more or less revolute; costa
ending below apex; cells each with a central papilla; capsule
somewhat arcuate; annulus 2—4-seriate, revoluble; teeth lance-
linear and subulate-acuminate, yellow to rusty, the divisural zig-
zag, finely papillose. with numerous articulations; inner peris-
tome delicate, hyaline; segments lance-subulate, gaping; cilia
well developed, delicate, mostly only weakly articulate; nine
species widely distributed; five in North America, two in our
range.

Key to the Species.
a. Autoicous; leaves strongly serrate from the middle upwards.

1. A. heterostichum.

a. Diotcous; leaves merely serrulate near the apex.
aA. palustre,

1. Aulacomnium heterostichum (Hedwig) Bryologia Europea.
(Arrhenopterum heterostichuin Hedwig).
(Plate XXIV)

Rather loosely cespitose, pale to yellowish-green: stems
branching by terminal, annual innovations, the annual growth
in our specimens being usually about 8-10 mm., stems brown-
radiculose below; leaves obovate below to oblong or oval
above, often somewhat unsymmetrically inclined, the leaf
plane above, repand denticulate in the upper half, mostly apicu-
late; costa strong, yellowish-brown, ending just below apex;
leaf-cells incrassate, median and apical rounded-quadrate,
about .008-.015 mm. in diameter, basal similar, quadrate to
rectangular and 3:1: seta about 6-9 mm. long, erect, flexuous,
reddish-brown, smooth, little or not at all twisted, capsule
about 2.5 mm. long, oblong-cylindric, arcuate, inclined, red-
dish-brown, striate, when dry 8-plicate, tapering below into a
short collum; annulate, doubly peristomate; teeth inserted on
the capsule-rim, lanceolate, about 25-30-articulate, distinct
to the base, yellowish-pellucid, rather indistinctly finely hori-
zontally striate-papillate below, segments of same length or
a little shorter, hyaline, more or less completely carinate-cleft
in median portion, united in the lower third with the cilia
into a basal membrane: cilia 3 (2), somewhat shorter, some-
what articulate; spores pellucid-yellowish, not distinctly papil-
lose, about .012-.014 mm.; mature in May to June; operculum
convex, obtusely short-rosttate; calyptra long-rostrate, cucul-
late.
176 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

On shaded, moist, earthy banks, bases of trees, etc., Japan
and in North America from Ontario to Wisconsin, and Texas
to Florida.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, J. A. S. June 15, 1902. (Fig-

ured); May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.; Sep-
tember 1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
MeKean : Gates Hollow, August 4, 1894. D. A. B.
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Aulacomnium palustre [Linnzus] Schwaegrichen.
(Mnium palustre Linneus).
(Plate XXIV)

Robust, densely cespitose mosses of bogs and moist places
on soil or rotten wood; tufts often 2-3 inches deep, light yel-
lowish-green above, below darker and stem covered with a red-
dish-brown tomentum; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate,
about 4 mm. long, minutely denticulate towards the apex,
carinate, rather crispate when dry; costa strong, ending just
below apex; upper cells small, round incrassate, unipapillate,
basal cells elongate-rectangular or hexagonal, thin-walled: seta
erect, tortuous, in ours about 3 cm. long, upper part dextrorse,
lower part sinistrorse; capsule sub-cylindrical, 4-5 mm. long,
when dry strongly sulcate, arcuate, constricted below mouth;
annulus high, colored at the base; teeth lance-linear, subulate-
acuminate, yellowish, trabeculae sometimes united by oblique
walls, divisural zigzag; segments delicate, slightly shorter,
hyaline, cilia about 3, equally long, weakly articulate; spores
small, smooth .008-.009 mm. ; mature in early summer ; opercu-
lum long-conic, often somewhat recurved.

Cosmopolitan. In swampy woods and bogs. In North
America from the Arctic regions south to the Carolinas and
California. Rather common in the northern part of our region.

Allegheny : Coraopolis, August, 1905. O, E. J. and
G. E. K.

Beaver : In swamps near New Galilee, June 22,
1908. O. E. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, May 89, 1906. O. E. J.
(Figured).

Lawrence : Swamp, north of New Castle, 1906. Susan
Gageby.

McKean : Quintuple, October 1, 1893, and Sphag-

num Swamp, West Branch, Bradford,
January 17, 1894, D. A. B.
Snyder : Richfield, July 17, 1908. O. E. J.
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 171

Family XVII. MEESEACEAE.

Synoicous, autoicous, dioicous, or polyoicous: robust to
slender, cespitose: stem with a central strand, elongate, leaves
3-8-seriate, moderately close, mostly from an erect base erect-
spreading to recurved-squarrose, lance-ovate to lance-acumi-
nate, non-bordered, sometimes toothed at the apex; costa strong,
without guides, mostly incomplete; cells mostly parenchyma-
tous and smooth, upper firm-walled, rectangular to rounded
4-6-sided, the basal often thin-walled, elongate-rectangular
and hyaline: seta mostly long and slender, erect, tortuous ; cap-
sule erect, from a long collum elongate arcuate-pyriform, the
mouth small and oblique, never constricted below the mouth;
annulus small-celled, 1-2-seriate, loosening itself here and
there, rarely persisting; teeth mostly much shorter than the
segments, truncate, more or less completely confluent, with
straight divisural and thin rectangular dorsal plates, the inner
layer with low lamellz; inner peristome with a carinate basal
membrane united to the teeth; segments narrowly linear,
alternating with the teeth, cilia rudimentary or none; spores
.032-.056 mm., mostly finely granulate; operculum small, conic,
obtuse; calyptra small, cucullate, smooth, fugacious.

_ A small family (3 genera) of mostly bog mosses of the
cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. One genus repre-
sented in our range.

1, MEESEA Hedwig.

Characters mainly as for the family ; the tufts green to yel-
lowish-green, inside brown to blackish: leaves more or less de-
current, acute or obtuse, mostly entire; upper cells mostly
rectangular, thick-walled, the lower elongate and hyaline: seta
usually very long, inner peristome with a very low basal mem-
brane; segments 2 to 4 times the length of the teeth, often more
or less united at the tip; cilia short or rudimentary, often being
represented by a chain-like series of thickenings on the per-
sisting wall of the inner peristome.

Nine species in bogs and wet places; fqur species in North
America; two species may be looked for in bogs and swamps
in the northern part of our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves three-ranked, serrate. 1. M. triquetra. :
a. Leaves 5-8-ranked, entire. (M. longiseta Hedwig).

1. Meesea triquetra [Linnzus] Aongstroem.
(M. tristicha (Funck) Bryologia Europea.)

Loosely cespitose, dark green: stems elongate, radiculose
below, sparingly branching; leaves three-ranked, distant,
172 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

lanceolate, acute, strongly squarrose from a concave strongly
decurrent half-clasping base, the spreading portion carinate, the
margins sharply serrate; costa strong, ending in the apex or
just below; upper leaf-cells rectangular to hexagonal, incras-
sate, the lower hyaline, elongate-rectangular ; perichztial leaves
larger, about six in number: seta long; capsule pyriform,
curved from a long erect collum, when dry and empty more
or less wrinkled and twisted ; peristome-teeth 16, short, unequal
bifid ; segments alternate, 16, about three times as long as teeth,
united below into a low basal membrane, yellowish, linear, ir-
regularly articulate and appendiculate; exothecial cells at
mouth very small and in several rows, darker; lid convex-
conic; spores large.

In bogs and swampy woods, Europe, Asia, and, in North
America, from New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Ohio and
Lake Superior, north and west to Arctic America and the
Pacific Ocean.

Family XVII BARTRAMIACEAE.

Dioicous or synoicous, rarely paroicous or autoicous:
slender to very robust, cespitose: stems with central strand,
erect, dichotomous or more often with whorled ‘“‘sub-floral”
innovations; leaves 5-8-seriate, little or not at all decurrent,
lance-ovate to lance-subulate, non-bordered, serrate marginally
above and often also on the back of the costa; costa mostly
strong, with median guides, ending below or in the apex or
excurrent in a serrate arista; cells parenchymatous, round-
quadrate to elongate-rectangular, rarely linear, mostly thick-
walled, mostly mamillate on both sides; basal cells either not
wider, or lax, wider, and hyaline, mostly smooth, alar cells
rarely differentiated: seta usually long and straight, little
or not at all twisted when dry; capsule erect to cernuous, rare-
ly pendent, more or less globose, darkly striate, collum rarely
distinct, mouth oblique or rarely symmetrical, exothecial cells
rectangular to hexagonal, several series at the mouth laterally
elongate; annulus none or very incomplete; peristome mostly
double or sometimes single or rudimentary, or lacking alto-
gether; always inserted back from the exothecium by the
width of several cells, peristome-teeth dagger-shape, golden
brown to reddish-yellow, mostly non-bordered, inner peristome
mostly shorter, carinate, the basal membrane one-fourth to one-
half the height of the inner peristome; segments at first cari-
nately gaping, then divergently parted, cilia 1-3, rarely well-
developed, sometimes none, non-articulate; spore-sac very
small; lid small, short-conic, rarely rostrate; calyptra small,
cucullate, smooth, fugacious; spores large, round to oval or
reniform, papillose.

A large family of eight genera; three genera in our region.

d
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 173

Key to the Genera.

a. Cilia well-developed: stem with a whorl! of sub-floral shoots.
: 3. Philonotis.
a. Cilia poorly developed or none. b

b. Leaf-cells mamillate or papillose; leaves 5-seriate or pluriseri-

ate. 2. Bartramia.
b. Leaf-cells smooth; stem triangular and leaves 3-seriate.
Plagiopus.

1. PLAGIOPUS Bridel.

Synoicous: quite slender, laxly to densely cespitose, dull
green, becoming brownish: stem erect or ascending, the outer
layer of cells lax, hyaline, the central strand poorly defined,
branching above the base, the shoots of about equal height;
leaves spreading to recurved, somewhat twisted but not cris-
pate when dry, from a non-sheathing base narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply carinate above, the margin usually revolute,
doubly serrate above; costa strong, percurrent, dorsally pro-
jecting and simply serrate upwards; leaf-cells incrassate,
smooth, the upper minute, shortly rectangular and quadrate,
basally more elongate and pellucid, the alar slightly more lax
and quadrate: seta 1-1.5 cm. long, erect, castaneous, not
twisted when dry; capsule erect, somewhat inclined when dry,
globose, slightly arcuate, brown, finely striate, when dry some-
what shortened at the base and mouth, slightly curved and
strongly plicate; peristome double, the teeth smooth, narrow-
ly dagger-like, reddish-brown in the upper half, with inter-
lamellar thickenings, the inner peristome shorter and pale
yellow, cilia none; lid small, short-conic; spores mostly uni-
form, .024-.030 mm., warty. :

A genus of three species: one in New Zealand, one in Java,
and the following:

1. Plagiopus oederi [Gunnerus| Limpricht.
(Bryum oederi Gunnerus; Bartramia oederi Schwaegrichen ;

Bartramia grandiflora Schwaegrichen).

With characters essentially as given above for the genus.
The spores mature in spring. ;

On moist soil and rocks in shady woods, mainly in non-
calcareous and hilly or mountainous districts; Europe, Asia,
and, in North America, from Canada to North Carolina and
west to the Rocky Mountains. It may eventually be found in
our region.

2. BARTRAMIA Hedwig.
Synoicous, paroicous, autoicous, or dioicous: slender to

robust, laxly to densely cespitose, the tufts often blue-green
above, brownish-yellow inside: stem with central strand rarely
174 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

lacking, erect, monopodial or dichotomous, branches not
whorled ; leaves mostly 8-seriate, from a mostly half-sheathing
base gradually or abruptly subulate-linear, serrate upwards
and often on the back of the costa; lamina upwards, sometimes
only at the margin, two-layered; costa strong, projecting
dorsally, incomplete to excurrent; leaf-cells small, incrassate,
rectangular, mamillate on both sides, the basal elongate rec-
tangular to linear, smooth, pellucid to hyaline: seta mostly
1-2 cm. long, rarely very short, mostly straight ; capsule most-
ly inclined, somewhat arcuate, with mouth oblique, globose, no
collum, when dry mostly sulcate, more or less shrunken in the
middle and flattened on the ends; peristome double or single,
rarely none, teeth not united at the apex, neither with inter-
lamellar thickenings; cilia mostly none; lid small, inflated to
short-conic.

A cosmopolitan genus of nearly 100 species, on earth or
rocks in dry or moderately moist habitats; 13 species in North
America ; two species in our range.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaf-base neither sheathing nor conspicuously scarious, margin
revolute. 1. B. pomiformis.
a. Leaf-base scarious and sheathing, margin plane.
2. B. ithyphylia.

1. Bartramia pomiformis Linnzus, p.p., Hedwig.
(Plate XXIV)

Rather densely cespitose, soft, yellowish-green: stems
about 1.5-3 cm. long, erect, densely reddish-brown-felted be-
low; leaves about 46 mm. long, the lance-subulate part
spreading rather abruptly from a more or less erect and con-
cave but scarcely sheathing lance-ovate base, the margin
revolute in the basal half at least, serrate above, the costa
rather narrow and distinct, excurrent in a spinulose-serrate
subulation; basal leaf-cells smooth, hyaline, often reddish-
brown and pellucid at insertion, elongate-rectangular, the
marginal shorter in a few rows, median cells rounded-quadrate,
incrassate, papillose: seta about 5-10 mm. long, erect or
curved-ascending, smooth, reddish-brown; capsule globose,
about 1.5 mm. in diameter, striate, unsymmetric, reddish-
brown when ripe, globose to oblong or narrowly oblong, when
dry deeply sulcate, cernuous, occasionally strumose, often
somewhat arcuate; peristome double, teeth reddish-brown,
narrowly triangular-lanceolate, faintly papillose, prominently
articulate, sub-trabeculate, divisural faint, zigzag; seg-
ments two-thirds as long as teeth, carinately split, the cilia
two or three and rudimentary, or none; lid convex, bluntly
umbonate; calyptra narrowly cucullate, about 2 mm.. long;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 175

spores reddish-brown, pellucid, coarsely papillose, mafure in
May or June.

Cosmopolitan on rocks or soil in moist and shady woods;
in North America from the Arctic regions to Alabama and
Colorado. Common in our region.

Allegheny : Flaugherty Run, Moon Township, Feb-
ruary 26, 1887. J. A. S.; Thornhill, De-
cember 29, 1908. ©. E. J.; Wildwood
Road Hollow, November 19, 1908. O. E.

J. and G. K. J.
Crawford : On clayey roadside-bank, Hartstown,
May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
(Figured).
Elk : Dent’s Run, July 19, 1904. O. E. J.
Fayette : On rock in woods, Ohio Pyle, September
1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
McKean : Toad Hollow, Bradford, July 19, 1896.
D. A.B.

Washington : Valley of Maple Creek, Charleroi, Oc-
tober 13, 1905. O. E. J. and G. E. K.

la. Bartramia pomiformis variety crispa (Swartz) Bryologia
Europea.

This variety is taller and looser than the species: leaves
longer, more distant, when dry more crispate; the innovations
are long, often longer than the seta.

In moister or more shaded situations but with much the
same general distribution as the species.

McKean : D. A.B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Bartramia ithyphylla [Haller] Hedwig.

Densely cespitose, silky, glaucous-green or yellowish:
leaves close, rigidly divergent from a white, scarious, erect-
appressed glossy base, when dry quite straight and more or
less erect, the spreading lamina linear-subulate, abruptly con-
tracted from the obovate base, margin plane, sharply denticu-
late above; costa strong but not very distinct above, excurrent
into the denticulate subulation; basal leaf-cells linear, 4-10:1,
hyaline, the median and upper papillose, obscure, about 3-6:1:
seta long; capsule similar to that of B. pomiformis, globose-
oblong, when dry curved and deeply furrowed ; peristome-teeth
reddish-brown, apically bifid or irregularly perforate ; segments
yellowish, cleft, much shorter than the teeth: synoicous: spores
mature in summer.

On moist earth or in moist fissures of rocks, mainly in
alpine regions, in Europe, Asia, and in Arctic and temperate
North America. Rare in our region.
176 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Fayette : Layton’s, Rev. S. W. Knipe. (Porter’s
Catalogue), and Knight. (Lesquereux
and James).

3. PHILONOTIS Bridel.

Dioi¢ous, rarely autoicous: very slender to robust, cespi-
tose, bright green to yellowish-green or bluish-green: stem
with a distinct central strand, erect, more or less elongate,
usually with whorled sub-floral shoots; leaves erect-spreading
to secund, uniform or dimorphic, lance-ovate, mostly acute,
dentate or serrate, mostly with lamina one-layered; costa per-
current to excurrent, rarely incomplete, cells of the apex
elongate to shortly rectangular, sometimes rhomboidal, rarely
parenchymatous and 5-6-sided, mostly ventrally or on both
sides mamillate, rarely so only dorsally, or rarely smooth,
basal cells more lax: sporogonia solitary, seta erect, long;
capsule inclined to horizontal, globose, unsymmetric, with
mostly short collum, striate, when dry sulcate and mostly con-
stricted in the middle, rarely drying erect and smooth; peris-
tome mostly double, the inner one rarely lacking; teeth gen-
erally with interlamellar thickenings ; lid mostly low-convex to
short conic.

A large and cosmopolitan genus of 211 species, on earth
and rock in swamps and springy places; about 30 species in
North America; three species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Perigonial bracts obtuse, widely spreading from an erect base;
median leaf-cells about .006-.010 mm. wide; leaves dimorphic: cilia
well-developed. 3. P. fontana,

a. Perigonial bracts acute. b.

b. Leaves not dimorphic, not or scarcely plicate; perigonial bracts
long-acuminate: cilia rudimentary. 1. P. muhlenbergit.

b. Leaves dimorphic, those of stems of archegonial plants some-
what plicate; perigonial leaves long-acuminate with excurrent
costa. 2. P. calcarea.

1. Philonotis muhlenbergii (Schwaegrichen) Bridel.
(P. imarchica Sullivant).

(Plate XXIV)

Rather densely cespitose, light yellowish to bluish-green:
branches reddish, whorled from below the archegonial clus-
ters, erect to ascending, reddish-tomentose below, about 1-3
cm. high, slender ; leaves of fertile stems 1-1.5 mm. long, rather
distant, lance-ovate, acute, ascending to appressed, when dry
somewhat crispate, carinate, with revolute margins but not
plicate, more or less spreading, serrulate in apical half, scarce-
ly decurrent; costa strong, brownish, percurrent; leaf-cells
mostly parenchymatous, rectangular to hexagonal, incrassate,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 177

median cells strongly papillose on upper end, about .003-.006«
.015-.030 mm., elongate-rectangular, apical cells narrower and
tending to vermicular-hexagonal, basal cells looser, more or
less rectangular, up to .012.040-.060 mm., smooth; inner
perichetial leaves ovate-triangular at base with the costa ex-
current into a subulate apex, the margin entire, the cells rather
lax; perigonial leaves erect-spreading, long-acuminate: seta
about 2.5-3 cm. long, erect, smooth, shining, reddish-brown,
when dry flexuous; capsule globose to ovoid-globose, faintly
striate, about 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, brownish, when dry
sulcate and variously wrinkled, arcuate, cernuous, the neck
sunken in, about 4-6 rows of cells at the mouth of the capsule
laterally elongate; peristome double, the teeth 16, narrowly
triangular-lanceolate, prominently articulate, pellucid, orange
to reddish-brown, divisural zigzag, distinct below; segments
narrow, about four-fifths as high as the teeth, mostly split
apart; cilia three, very short, the basal membrane comprising
more than half the height of the inner peristome, the seg-
ments and the upper part of the membrane orange-pellucid,
papillose-striate; spores globose, papillose, pellucid, orange to
reddish-brown, .018-.020 mm., mature in June.

On dripping rocks along streams, wet places, etc., from
Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and westward to Kansas and
Washington. Uncommon in our region.

Allegheny : In crevices of rocky bed of stream, ravine
of Power’s Run, May 14, 1908. O. E. J.
(Figured).

Lawrence : Wet rocks in deep ravine near Rock

Point, June 26, 1909. O,. E. J.
2. Philonotis calcarea (Bryologia Europza) Schimper.
(Plate XXV)

Densely and softly cespitose, bright green, more or less
glaucous above, brownish below: stems long, up to 10-12 cm.,
slender, erect in the dense tufts, red-brown and densely felted-
tomentose below; branches in whorls; leaves dimorphic, stem-
leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, about 1.5 mm. long by 1 mm.
wide, deeply concave, plicate, towards the apex sharply serru-
late, towards the base the basal papille of the cells forming
rounded projections, especially on the revolute margins, the
margins revolute narrowly towards the clasping and sub-de-
current base, the leaves erect-spreading to secund when moist,
shrunken and sub-crispate when dry; branch-leaves when
moist usually more or less falcate-secund, lanceolate and nar-
rowly acuminate, about 1-1.5 mm. long, by 0.5 mm. wide, when
dry somewhat shrunken and twisted; costa in both forms of
leaves strong, ending in apex, dorsally papillose, basal leaf-
178 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

cells rather thin-walled, rectangular, up to .060-.080>.015-.018
mm., pale, pellucid, towards the margins and upwards becom-
ing shorter, more incrassate, papillose at the ends, the median
and upper leaf-cells becoming quadrate to 2-4 times as wide as
long, strongly papillose at their upper ends, incrassate, pel-
lucid: capsule not seen but said to be large and similar to that
of P. fontana: perigonial leaves widely ovate and linear-acumi-
nate: spores mature in summer, but the capsules rather rarely
produced. In vegetative characters this species is difficult to
differentiate from forms of P. fontana or from P. seriata.

In calcareous bogs and springs, Europe, Asia, Algeria, and,
in North America, from New England to Pennsylvania and
Nevada. Uncommon in our region.

Clinton : In roadside ditch, north of Renovo, July
15, 1908. O. E. J. (Figured).

Huntingdon : Warrior’s Ridge, T. C. Porter. (Porter's
Catalogue).

3. Philonotis fontana [Linneus] Bridel.
(Mniwm fontanum Linnzeus; Bartrantia fontana Swartz).

(Plate XXV)

Cespitose, yellowish-green, sometimes quite glaucous,
loose above but interwoven below with a reddish-brown felt-
like tomentum: stems erect, reddish, slender, usually 2-6 cm.
high, densely fulvous-radiculose below, the innovations usual-
ly whorled and giving the plants the appearance of being
pleurocarpous; leaves about 1.5-2 mm. long, lance-ovate,
acuminate, appressed when dry, usually quite plicate on each
side of the costa near the base, serrate above, usually more or
less revolute towards the base; costa strong, often percurrent
or even excurrent ; basal cells elongate-rectangular to elongate-
hexagonal, loose, pale pellucid, about .008-.012(-.015) mm.
wide, the end-walls often papillose, the cells in the acumen
linear-vermicular, incrassate and more or less papillose at both
ends; perigonial leaves spreading, broadly triangular-ovate,
the inner often obtuse and rounded at the apex, the costa not
reaching the apex: seta dark red, 2-4.5 cm. long: capsule
cvate-globose, large, brownish, thick-walled, striate, oblong,
when dry and empty arcuate and irregularly ribbed ; operculum
conic-convex, acute; peristome-teeth reddish-brown, pellucid,
ianceolate; peristome-segments nearly as long as teeth, nar-
row, carinately gaping, cilia three (two) about as long as
segments; spores very slightly papillose, incrassate, yellowish-
brown, about .019-.023 mm., usually mature in June.

Water-loving mosses usually avoiding calareous habitats,
on dripping rocks or in swamps and wet places, Cosmopolitan
and occurring in North America throughout, from Canada to
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 179

Florida, in the cooler portions. Common but only occasional-
ly fruiting in our region.

Allegheny : Flood-plain of Brush Creek, Douthett,
April 26, 1908. ©. E. J, and G, K. J.
(Figured).

Armstrong =: Face of dripping sandstone cliff, West
Winfield, June 20, 1904. O. E. J.

Center : Matternville Gap, Bald Eagle Mt., July
15, 1909. O. E. J.

Clinton : On of Hyner Run, July 14, 1908.

Fayette : In crevices of rocky river-bed, Ohio Pyle,

September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
Huntingdon =: Roadside-ditch, Huntingdon, July 20,

1908. O. E. J.

Indiana : Along Cush-Cushing Creek, near Grant,
July 12, 1908. O. E. J.

Lycoming : Swampy flood-plain near Williamsport,
July 16, 1908. O. E. J.

McKean : Bradford, April 14, 1893, July 4, 1895,

May 23 and July 7, 1897, and Quintuple,
June 9, 1897, D, A. B.

Westmoreland: Greensburg, May 27, 1893. Miss Kath-
erine Holmes.

3a. Philonotis fontana variety falcata Bridel.

Leaves falcate-secund ; branches hooked towards the apex.

Center : Matternville Gap, Bald Eagle Mt., July
15, 1909. O. E. J.

Family XIX. TIMMIACEAE.

Dioicous or autoicous; robust, in more or less high, lax,
dull-green to yellowish-green tufts, brownish inside, with a
brown tomentum below: stem erect or procumbent, with cen-
tral strand, densely-leaved, simple or dichotomous; leaves 8-
seriate, of uniform length, from a half-sheathing, non-decurrent
base spreading to recurved, elongate lance-linear, carinate;
lamina unistratose, channeled to concave, non-bordered, ser-
rate; costa strong, percurrent, often dorsally toothed above,
with several median guides; leaf-cells green, small, rounded to
4-6-sided, ventrally mamillate ; cells of the sheathing part with-
out chlorophyll, sometimes dorsally papillose, elongate-rectan-
gular to linear, narrow towards the margin: sporogonia soli-
tary; seta long, erect; capsule cernuous to almost pendent,
from a short collum oblong-oval, brown, not or but slightly
striate, when dry ribbed; annulus revoluble; peristome in-
serted back from the edge of the mouth, always double, the
inner as long as the outer, when dry the parts sharply bulged
outwards in the middle; teeth confluent at the base, broadly
180 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

lance-linear, rarely split, plane, below yellowish and trans-
versely striate-punctate, above whitish and vertically papil-
lose-striate, divisural zigzag, dorsal plates low, sometimes cut
by cross-walls; inner peristome free, yellow, basal membrane
high, carinate, transversely striate, dividing into 64 filiform,
papillose cilia, united apically into groups of fours, generally
appendiculate on the inner side; spores .012-023 mm., yellow,
almost smooth; operculum hemispheric, often apiculate; ca-
lyptra cucullate, long and narrow, often remaining on the seta.

One genus with characters as for the family; 10 species;
three in North America, one in our range.

1. TIMMIA Hedwig.

1. Timmia cucullata Richard.
(T. megapolitana American authors, in part).
(Plate XXV)

Loosely cespitose, bright green above, brownish below:
stems erect, sparingly branched, radiculosé below; leaves
lanceolate to lance-linear, spreading from a concave appressed
and more or less sheathing base, acute to subacute, the margins
serrate almost to the sheathing base, the spreading portion of
the leaf concave, smooth on back or more or less involute;
costa rather narrow, strong, ending in the apex; basal leaf-cells
elongate-rectangular, rather thin-walled, hyaline, hardly in-
flated, in upper part of sheathing base becoming shorter to
quadrate, and incrassate, the outer walls bulging so as to ap-
pear slightly papillose, about .010 mm. in diameter: seta about
2 cm. long, erect; capsule inclined ta cernuous, oblong, when
dry and empty unsymmetric, strongly curved, and somewhat
wrinkled and tapering gradually from the wide mouth to the
seta; lid rounded and apiculate; annulus revoluble, pluriseri-
ate; peristome double, the teeth 16, lance-linear, yellowish-
pellucid, trabeculate on inner side, articulate and with a di-
visural on outer surface, inner peristome with high basal mem-
brane and 64 filiform cilia united into groups of four each,
opposite to and about as long as teeth; calyptra cucullate;
spores smoothish, mature usually in May.

In shade, on moist banks, or bases of trees, mostly in
calcareous districts ; Europe, and, in North America, from New-
foundland to Pennsylvania and west to the Pacific States.
Rarely collected in our region.

McKean : Riverside swamp, ten miles north of

Bradford, on base of old elm, August 19,
1896. D. A. B. Sterile. (Figured).

Family XX. BUXBAUMIACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous: perennial, low, gregarious to laxly
cespitose, dark green, finally brownish: protonema more or less
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 181

persistent; stem without central strand, mostly very short,
erect, thickly foliate to almost leafless: seta ranging from al-
most none up to 5-20 cm. long, erect; capsule proportionally
large, sub-erect to inclined, often finally more or less horizontal,
dorsiventrally unsymmetric, flattened above, ovate to oblong
or ovate-conic, narrowed to a very small mouth; annulate;
peristome double or, apparently, single, the inner consisting of
a membraneous plaited cone with an apical opening, the teeth
originating from one to four concentric rows of cells, faintly
barred; operculum conic, glabrous, smooth; spores very small.

A very small and rather primitive family of mosses, grow-
ing on earth or decayed wood. Two genera, as follows:

Key to the Genera.

a. Seta almost none; capsule immersed in the fringe of the perichetial

leaves. 1. Diphyscium.
a. Seta 5-20 cm. long, thick, red or reddish-brown; leaves none at
the time of ripening. 2. Buxbaumia.

1. DIPHYSCIUM [Ehrhart] Mohr.

(Webera Ehrhart, not Hedwig).

Autoicous or dioicous: perennial, mostly low and densely
gregarious; protonema long-persisting; stem without central
strand, short, erect, radiculose, thickly-leaved, simple, rarely
longer and branched; leaves twisted or crispate when dry,
spreading when moist, the lowey lingulate or elongate-spatu-
late, obtuse or acuminate, entire; costa strong, without guides,
ending below apex; lamina 2~(3—) stratose; leaf-cells on both
sides mamillate to smooth, rounded to 46 sided, incrassate,
often widened transversely, in the basal portion uni-stratose,
pellucid to hyaline, lax, elongate 4-6-sided with the transverse
walls incrassate, smooth; perichetial leaves much larger, erect,
membranaceous, elongate, lanceolate to linear, the apex usual-
ly fringed and the costa long aristate-excurrent: seta very
short, without central strand; capsule immersed, obliquely
ovate-conic, gibbous, without collum, mouth very small;
annulus present; outer peristome rudimentary or none, when
present consisting of 16 triangular teeth; inner peristome pale,
membranaceous, 16-plaited, papillose, short-conic; operculum
small, acute-conic, falling away attached to the upper part of
the fleshy columella; calyptra very small, conic, glabrous.

A genus of 10 species, only one in North America.

1. Diphyscium foliosum [Weber] Mohr.
(Buxbaumia foliosa Weber; Webera sessilis Lindberg).
(Plate XXV)

Small, widely cespitose, very short-stemmed (1-2 mm.),
the general appearance being that of a grain of wheat sitting
in a tuft of bristles: stem-leaves minute, the largest being
182 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

about 3 mm. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, somewhat concave,
crisped when dry; costa broad, nearly reaching apex; peri-
chetial leaves 4-7 mm. long, lance-linear, the costa one-third the
width of the leaf at base, brownish-yellow, excurrent as a
spinulose arista which often reaches one-half the whole length
of the leaf, the apex of the lamina acute and entire or incised;
cells at base of the stem-leaves and of nearly the whole lamina
of the perichetial leaves hyaline, thin-walled, irregularly
elongate-rectangular to hexagonal, the costa in the lamina of
the perichetial leaves being bordered on either side by several
rows of smaller, chlorophyllose, quadrate, and somewhat
opaque cells, the lamina of the stem-leaves also being opaque
with very small round-hexagonal cells: capsule 4-6 mm. high,
ventricose, ovate-conic, yellowish-green; operculum acute-conic;
calyptra small but covering the operculum; annulus and outer
peristome more or less rudimentary; inner peristome conic,
whitish, membranaceous, papillose, 16-carinate; spores moder-
ately thick-walled, .007-.010, papillose, mature from mid-
summer to early fall.

On moist, shaded banks, earthy hillsides, etc. Widely
distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. In North America
from Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Alabama. Not un-
common among the mountains and hills of our region.

Center : Tussey’s Mt., Shingletown, July 15, 1909,
O. E. J.
Fayette : Along wooded roadside bank, slope of

Sugar Loaf Mt., September 1-3, 1906,
(Figured), near Lovers’ Leap, Ohio
Pyle, September 4, 1906. O. E. J. and G.
K. J.; Ohio Pyle, May 30, 1908. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: Roadside bank, “Rachelwood,” New
Florence, altitude 2,100 ft., September 8-
10, 1907. O. E. J.

2. BUXBAUMIA Haller, Hedwig.

Dioicous; antheridial plants microscopic on the green
protonema; archegonial plants with a short stem, a few small
leaves, and one or two archegonia but no paraphyses: isolated
or gregarious, annual: stem barely 1 mm. high, simple, with
hyaline rhizoids; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, the basal por-
tion green and its cells growing out into long brown filaments
during the development of the sporogonia, finally covering the
stem and vaginule with a thick tomentum; leaf-cells lax, long-
hexagonal; perichetial and upper leaves soon disappearing: seta
5-20 mm. long, thick, red-brown, warty, the central strand
being surrounded by an air-space; capsule obliquely ascend-
ing, the upper surface flattened, the urn brownish and with a
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 183

short erect collum and narrowed above to a very small mouth;
a low pseud-annulus present consisting of a number of layers
of cells; outer peristome of one to several rows of short and
irregular teeth; inner peristome a pale, plaited, membraneous,
truncated cone, as in Diphysciuim, 32-carinate; spore-sac small,
surrounded by a large air-space ; spores small; operculum small,
conic-obtuse, erect, falling tardily with the upper part of the
columella attached; calyptra small, covering only the oper-
culum, glabrous, fugacious.

A rather widely distributed genus of 5 species, 3 of which
occur in North America, one in our region.

1. Buxbaumia aphylla Linneus, Hedwig.
(Plate XXVI)

Plants minute on a thick, brownish, felted protonema and
after the development of the sporophyte usually completely
obscured by a dense growth of protonemal filaments: seta erect,
stout, rough, about 1 cm. high, castaneous; capsule when ripe,
lustrous, castaneous, ovate-acuminate in outline, flattened
obliquely in the upper two-thirds, with angular edges, smooth-
ish, about 5-7 mm. long; operculum about 1.5 mm. high,
oblong-conic, disproportionately small; calyptra falling early,
conic, covering only about one-half the operculum; peristome
consisting of an outer series of papillose short, slender teeth,
and a longer, papillose, conical, plaited cone; spores smooth,
spherical, about .007 mm. in diameter, mature in late fall and
early spring.
On clayey and mud-covered banks in woods; Europe, Asia,
and, in North America, from Canada to West Virginia and
Washington State. Rather rare in our region.
Cameron : D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Lawrence : On clay bank with decayed wood, under
hemlocks and beeches, ravine three miles
north of Wurtemberg, October 16, 1910.
G. K. J. (Figured).

Huntingdon : Boecking. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Family XXI. GEORGIACEAE.

Autoicous: slender to very small, dull, gregarious to ces-
pitose, bright to brownish-green: stem erect, leaves 3-5-seriate,
unistratose, costa obscure to well-developed and ending just
below the apex; cells parenchymatous, thick-walled, smooth ;
perichztial leaves larger: seta long, erect, straight or geniculate
in the middle; sinistrorse below, dextrorse above; capsule
erect, symmetric, smooth, oval or cylindric; annulate; peris-
tome inserted below the mouth, consisting of the entire mass
of tissue enclosed within the operculum, this splitting by two
184 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

planes vertically into four solid, three-angled, elongate-
pyramidal teeth; columella reaching only to the level of the
mouth; spores .008-015 mm., smooth; operculum conic,
unistratose, cleft on one side; calyptra conic, glabrous, plicate,
the margin lobed.

A very small family of 5 species, occurring on rocks, rotten
wood, soil, etc., in Europe, Asia, and North America. Two
genera; Tetradontium and the following:

1. TETRAPHIS Hedwig.
(Georgia Ehrhart).

Slender plants, more or less densely cespitose in wide soft
tufts, bright green to brownish, radiculose-tomentose below:
stems to 3 cm. long, with central strand, three-angled,
branched, with distant, scale-like, ecostate leaves below; upper
stem-leaves abruptly larger, approximate, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, margins plane and entire; costa ending below, or in
the apex, 4-5-stratose at base, cells incrassate, uniform; leaf-
cells incrassate, round-hexagonal, wider transversely, elongate
in the leaf-apex, rectangular at the leaf-base: seta 1-1.5 cm.
long, often two together; capsule erect, symmetric, greenish,
when empty brownish and weakly dextrorse, without stomata;
calyptra enclosing the upper one-third of the urn, its apex
carinate-toothed ; gemme lenticular, borne in a cup formed of
four or five broadly cordate bracts at the apex of the more
slender and flexuous gemmiferous stems.

Four species, all occurring in North America, only the
following one in our range:

1. Tetraphis pellucida [Linneus] Hedwig.
(Georgia pellucida Rabenhorst).

(Plate XXVI)

Loosely cespitose in wide yellowish-green tufts: stems
erect, about 1 cm. high, densely felted-radiculose at the base,
reddish below; basal-leaves minute, upper leaves larger, tufted.
ovate-lanceolate, margin entire; certain stems bearing at the
apex gemme-cups about 1 mm. in diameter, the surrounding
leaves being broadly obovate to reniform, truncate or apiculate
at the apex; perichztial leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 4.5 mm.
long; costa of stem leaves wide, ending below apex, in
perichetial leaves often percurrent; areolation dense, rounded,
the cells of the perichetial leaves irregularly elongate at base;
the cups enclosing small, many-celled, lenticular gemmez: seta
yellowish to reddish, erect, dextrorse above, about 1-1.5 cm.
long; capsule cylindric-lanceolate, erect to ascending, reddish,
about 2-2.5 mm. long; annulus none; peristome consisting of
4 linear-triangular thick teeth, reddish to brownish, compris-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 185

ing about one-fifth of the length of the capsule; operculum
lustrous, conic, acute; calyptra whitish and lacerate below,
plicate, enclosing the whole capsule, at apex solid, acute,
rough; spores about .010 mm., thin-walled, slightly papillose,
mature in summer or early fall; capsules persistent.

Widely distributed, on peaty soil, decayed logs, etc., Eu-
rope, Asia, and, in North America, in Canada and northern
United States. Common in our range.

Allegheny : Rotten log, Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh, No-
vember 9, 1909. E. M. Gress.

Center : Barrens, near Scotia, September 22, 1909
O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, May 10-

11, 1906, Hartstown, August 4, 1909. O.
E. J.; Hartstown, May 29-31, 1909. O.
E. J. and G. K. J.

Lawrence :‘Rock Point, Gorge of Conoquenessing,
October 15, 1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : West Branch, Bradford, June 4, 1896, and
Langmade Hollow, Bradford, October 11,
1897. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: Mellon’s Estate (‘“Rachelwood”) New
Florence, September 8-11, 1907. O. E. J.
(Figured).

Family XXII]. POL YTRICHACEAE.

Dioicous, rarely paroicous or synoicous ; antheridial flower
terminal, large, discoid, generally bearing a shoot in its middle;
archegonial flowers terminal, bud-like: perennial, mostly very
large, mostly cespitose, with a long horizontal, subterranean,
triangular, blackish, branched, radiculose rhizome: stem erect
with lower leaves none or remote, leaves weakly costate, three-
seriate, without lamelle, red to hyaline, small and scale-like;
upper part of stem five-more-angled, with specialized central
strand; stem structure complex; upper leaves larger, the
sheathing base usually yellowish to hyaline, lamina more or
less spreading or recurved, when dry mostly erect, sometimes
convolute to crispate, mostly lanceolate to lance-subulate,
sometimes lingulate, mostly sharply toothed, mostly plane with
erect edges, uni-stratose or with two-stratose zone next the
costa, rarely two-stratose to the margin, with narrow, vertical,
green, longitudinal, mostly uni-stratose lamellz on the ventral
surface of the costa and of the bi-stratose lamina; costa
strong, wide, incomplete to aristate-excurrent, dorsally often
toothed and rarely lamellate, complex in structure; leaf-cells
parenchymatous, small, the basal rectangular to linear and
narrower towards the margin: seta elongate, mostly solitary,
often flattened and weakly sinistrorse ; capsule first erect, later
186 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

inclined to horizontal or pendent, cylindric to prismatically
4—6-sided or cubic, collum various; annulus none or uniseriate
with three or four transitional bordering cells ; peristome rarely
lacking, mostly simple with 32 to 64, rarely 16, lingulate, short,
unbarred teeth, triangular in cross-section, rising from a basal
membrane, the teeth hyaline, often with a colored median line,
incurved to meet the disk-like apex (epiphragm) of the
columella; spores mostly small, .008-.012 or .014-.021 mm.,
mostly smooth; operculum apiculate to rostrate from a conic
to convex base; calyptra cucullate, rarely glabrous, mostly
spinulose to long, villous and felted.

A cosmopolitan family, mostly on siliceous or other non-
calcareous soils; in colder regions often forming large masses
of vegetation.

Key to the Genera,

a. Capsules cylindric. b.
a. Capsules four-angled or six-angled. 3. Polytrichum.
b. Leaves not crisped when dry; calyptra hairy.
' 2, Pogonatum.
b. Leaves crisped when dry; calyptra not hairy.
1. Catharinaea.

1. CATHARINAEA Ehrhart, Weber and Mohr.
(Atrichum Beauvois).

Stems of moderate height, in loose tufts or gregarious,
dark green to bronze when old, central strand generally well
developed; rhizome creeping, branched, bearing loosely- to
thickly-leaved erect shoots, densely radiculose at the base;
leaves lingulate to ovate-oblong, not sheathing nor narrowed
above the base but slightly embracing the stem, margined, ser-
rate; crisped when dry, costa narrow, on the upper side with
1-12 narrow lamellz, ending below or in the apex, towards the
apex often spinose-serrate; cells chlorophyllose, the upper
rounded-hexagonal, smooth, the basal mostly rectangular: seta
long, erect; capsule smooth, cylindric to oval, rarely obovate,
often more or less curved; operculum long-rostrate ; peristome
of 32 teeth with pale borders and a median orange to reddish-
brown line, the basal membrane narrow and reddish-brown
or orange; calyptra smooth, except at the apex, where it is
spinulose-papillose: mostly dioicous.

A cosmopolitan genus comprising about 43 species, grow-
ing on earth, mostly in the temperate zones; 19 species in
North America; four species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Upper leaf-cells .015 to .025 mm., in diameter; costa and lamelle
not exceeding one-third of the width of se half of leaf.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 187

a. Upper leaf-cells .007 to .015 mm. in diameter; costa and lamella
extending over one-fourth to three-fifths of the width of upper
half of leaf. Cc.

b. Lamelle 3-6 in number and 3-6 cells in height, covering
about % to % of the upper leaf-width.
. C. undulata.
b. Lamelle 5-7 in number and 47 cells in height, covering
about % to 4% of the upper leaf-width.
la. C. undulata var. alle-

‘ gheniensis.
c. Lamelle 5-8, 6-8 cells high, covering 4% to % of upper leaf-
width. 2. C. angustata,
c. Lamelle 6-8, 8-14 cells high, covering about % to % of upper
leaf-width. 3. C. papillosa.
c. Lamelle 7-12, 8-14 cells high, covering about 34 to 3% of upper
leaf-width. 4. C. plurilamellata.

1. Catharinaea undulata [Linnzus] Weber and Mohr.
(Bryum undulatum Linneus; Atrichum undulatum Beauvois).

(Plate XXVI)

Loosely cespitose, dull, dark green: stems erect, ranging
from 1.5-6 cm. long, usually about 3-4 cm., mostly simple,
more or less gray-radiculose below, arising from a rhizone-
like base; lower leaves minute, increasing in size upwards,
the upper leaves lanceolate-lingulate, much crisped when dry,
transversely undulate when moist, sub-acute to obtuse, about
6-8 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, serrulate to the middle or slightly
below, the uppermost teeth double, strong, being inserted in
a border of 1-3 rows of brownish, pellucid to hyaline, incras-
sate, narrow cells; the crests of the undulations on the back
of the leaf also often spinose in upper part of the leaf; leaf-cells
elongate-rectangular at base, reaching about .017.033 mm.,
becoming quadrate towards leaf-middle, towards apex hexa-
gonal and somewhat longer transversely and about .017-.024
mm.; costa strong, ending just below apex, sharply dorsally
toothed, ventrally with 3-6 longitudinal lamelle which each
consist of 3-6 rows of cells similar to those of the leaf-blade,
the costa and its lamellz covering rarely more than one-fourth-
of the total leaf-width (in our region sometimes even nar-
rower): seta erect, flexuose, somewhat sinistrorse, smooth,
lustrous castaneous, 2-5 cm. long; capsule lustrous, becom-
ing dull with age, castaneous, cylindrical, arcuate to almost
straight, inclined, smooth, about 4-5X1-1.3 mm.; peristome
single, the 32 teeth linear-lanceolate, obtuse, about 0.3 mm.
high, orange-pellucid along the median line, united in the
lower third into a reddish-orange basal membrane, the teeth
covered (especially along the margins) with a hyaline, densely
but minutely papiilose layer which, during the winter, becomes
deciduous, thus leaving the teeth perfectly smooth; spores
smooth, orange, spherical, about .016-.019 mm. in diameter ;
mature in late fall, operculum conic, curved linear-rostrate,
188 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

about 2.5-3 mm. long; calyptra pale, roughened towards apex,
covering about one-half to one-third of urn.

Widely distributed throughout the North Temperate Zone
on earth, particularly partly shaded clay banks. Common in

our region.

Allegheny : Power’s Run, September 21, 1905, Schen-
ley Park, October 30, 1905, and Darling-
ton Hollow, October 12, 1908. O. E. J.;
Wildwood Road, March 29, 1907. O. E,
J. and G. K. J.

Clinton : Hyner Creek, above Hyner, July 15, 1908.
(Figured). O. E, J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 10-11, 1906. O. E. J.
Elk : Head of Little Mill Creek, March 31,
1910. A. B. Wallgren.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 13, 1905. O. E. J.; Sep-

tember 1-3, 1907. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
McKean : Langmade, May 29, 1898. D. A. B.

la. Catharinaea undulata variety minor Weber and Mohr.
(Plate XX VII)
Differs from the species in having the stem, leaves and
sub-erect capsule shorter.

Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
(Figured).
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.

1b. Catharinaea undulata variety allegheniensis New Variety.

(Plate XXVI)

Similar to the species in general habit and appearance but
usually somewhat smaller and more slender: the lamelle
5-7 in number, usually 6, ranging from 47, usually. 6, cells in
height, the costa and lamelle together occupying from one-
sixth to one-third of the width of the upper part of the leaf;
the upper leaf-cells about .016-.018 mm. in diameter.

This variety is much more abundant in the Pittsburgh
district than is the species, evidently preferring habitats with
shales and sandstones such as those of the Carboniferous.

Allegheny : From sixteen different collections of vari-

ous dates and localities, the type collec-
tion being Powers Run, Montrose, April
18, 1906. O. E. J. (Figured). (De-
posited in the Pennsylvania Herbarium of
the Carnegie Museum.)

Armstrong _: Kittanning, September 24, 1904, and
September 27, 1909. O. E. J.
Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907. .O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 189

Fayette : September 10, 1905. O. E. J. and G. E.
K.; September 1-3, 1907. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.

Washington : ae ee October 14, 1905. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.

Westmoreland: New Florence, September 8-11, 1907, and
“Shades,” east of Blackburn, June 13,
1908. O. E. J.

2. Catharinaea angustata [Bridel] Bridel.

(Polytrichum angustatum Schwaegrichen ; Atrichum angustatum
Bryologia Europea).

(Plate XX VII)

Loosely cespitose: stems erect, about 1-3 cm. high, or
more; lower leaves minute, the size of leaves increasing up-
wards, dull green, much crisped when dry, lance-linear, doubly
serrate from about the middle upwards along the margin and
dorsally towards the apex; costa with about 5-8 ventral
lamellz above, the costa and lamellz together occupying about
one-fourth to one-half of the width of the leaf; lamellz 6-8
cells high, cells equal in size; basal leaf-cells elongate-rectan-
gular, rather incrassate, about .010-.025 mm. in diameter, above
becoming quadrate, towards the apex slightly smaller, more
or less hexagonal with the longer diameter transverse, about
.010-.015 mm.: seta erect, about 1.5-3.5 cm. long, smooth, lus-
trous, castaneous, somewhat sinistrorse; capsule lustrous,
castaneous, linear-cylindric, usually slightly curved, about
5-81 mm.; peristome-teeth obtuse, about 2.5 mm. long;
calyptra cucullate, slenderly rostrate, about 4-7 mm. long;
operculum hemispheric, slenderly rostrate, about 2.5 mm. long
and more or less abruptly divaricately bent; spores about
.012~018 mm., pale, orange-pellucid, smooth to minutely
roughened, somewhat incrassate, mature in late fall and win-
ter.

Occurring on wooded shaly or clayey banks; Europe, Asia,
and, in North America, from Newfoundland and Ontario to
the Gulf States. In our region not very common, seemingly
preferring steep slopes of ravines, and there often under
hemlocks. Quite variable and often approaching closely the
two species next following.

Allegheny : Powers Run, November 30, 1908, and
Darlington Hollow, October 25, 1908.
O. E. J. ,

Armstrong : Kittanning, October 21, 1905. O. E. J.

Crawford : Hartstown, May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J.

and G. K. J. (Figured).
190 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

3. Catharinaea papillosa New Species.
(Plate XXVII)

Plants loosely cespitose, dark green, dioicous: stems
simple or at the base sparsely branched, towards the base
radiculose, erect, about 2 cm. high, chestnut-brown to purple;
lower leaves dark green, short, oblong, above gradually longer,
erect-spreading, the upper leaves tufted, erect-spreading to
erect, oblong-linear, 3-5 mm. long, 0.7-1.0 mm. wide, margined,
above chlorophyll-bearing, obtuse to somewhat acute, towards
the apex dorsally serrate-spinulose, in the margin above the
middle more or less doubly serrate-spinulose, when moistened
slightly undulate, when dry crisped and circinate, lamellate
ventrally along the percurrent costa ; lamella 6-8, mostly 10-14
cells high, smooth or minutely and sparsely papillose, above
the middle extending over %4-% the width of the leaf; leaf-
cells on both sides usually slightly minutely papillose, the
lower cells hyaline, hexagonal-rectangular, about 10-15 by
.030-.045 mm., the median more or less quadrate, the upper
cells quadrate-orbicular, chlorophyll-bearing, about .008-.015
mm., the lower border cells linear, incrassate, in two to three
series, More or less two-layered, towards the apex gradually
becoming rectangular, in the teeth triangular and sometimes
.125-.140 mm. long; perichetial leaves similar to the stem-
leaves; the perigonial leaves of the antheridial plants from
an ovate-orbicular concave base abruptly linear-acuminate,
about 2 mm. wide and 3 mm. long, towards the apex canalicu-
late, lamellate marginally and dorsally serrate-spinulose and usual-
ly sparsely papillose; lamellae usually papillose, 4-6, only 3-7
cells high, disappearing quickly below the base of the acumen:
flowers dioicous or rarely arising from the center of the
-masculine flower of the preceding year: seta solitary, erect,
flexuous, slightly sinistrorse, about 2 cm. long, smooth, sub-
lustrous, chestnut-brown; capsule linear-cylindric, 3.5-6 mm.
long, 0.5-0.7 mm. in diameter, erect-arcuate, tapering abruptly
at the base, smooth, chestnut-brown; cells of the capsule rec-
tangular, their lateral walls much incrassate, in a series of 5
or 6 cells under the mouth smaller, quadrate, dark-incrassate ;
peristome teeth 32, linear-oblong, about 0.3 mm. high, in the
miedian line reddish-orange, towards the sides hyaline, in the
margins a little dark and densely although minutely papillose,
forming a basal membrane in the lower third; spores smooth,
incrassate, orange-pellucid, globose, about .008-.011 mm.;
calyptra about 5 mm. long, narrowly cucullate, much shorter
than the capsule, towards the apex spinulose-hairy ; operculum
hemispheric-conic, shining, dark chestnut-brown, terminating
in an oblique linear-subulate rostrum 1.8 mm. long. Known
from the following localities:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 191

Allegheny : Along a shaly roadside bank at the west
end of Fern Hollow Bridge, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania. O. E. Jennings, March 8,
1908. Type. (Figured). (Two pockets of
specimens deposited in the Pennsylvania
Herbarium of the Carnegie Museum).
Same locality March 26, 1910. O. E. J.;
Stoops Ferry, October 7, 1905. O. E. J.
and G. E. K.; Library P. O., April 29,

1906. O. E, J.
Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907. O. E. J.
Bedford : Wills Mt., near Hyndman, October 9,
1904. O. E. J.
Butler : Valencia, September 27, 1905. O. E. J.
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.

Washington : Hanlin, May 23, 1908, and Charleroi,
June 24, 1908. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: “Shades,” east of Blackburn, March 25,
1910, O. E. J. and G. K. J.

4. Catharinaea plurilamellata New Species.

(Plate XXVII)

Loosely cespitose, dark green, dioicous: stems simple or
sparsely branched below, slightly radiculose towards the base,
about 1.5 cm. tall, erect, flexuous, reddish-brown; lower leaves
dark green to purplish, short, becoming abruptly longer above;
upper leaves clustered, erect-spreading to erect, linear-lanceo-
late, 4-7 mm. long, .9-1.3 mm. broad, margined, above with
chlorophyll, obtuse to sub-acute, toothed on the back towards
apex, more or less doubly serrate in the apical third, not very
strongly undulate when damp, crisped and circinate when dry;
lamelle 7-12 in number, 8-14 (usually about 11) cells high,
smooth or sometimes sparsely minutely papillose, usually oc-
cupying from 24 to % of the width of the upper part of the
leaf; lower cells rectangular, about .010-.016.025-.035 mm.,
the upper rounded-quadrate, about .007-.013 mm., the lower
marginal cells linear, incrassate, 2- to 3-seriate and more or
less bi-stratose, towards the apex becoming rectangular, with
triangular teeth about .025-.040 mm. long; perichetial leaves
similar: seta solitary, erect, flexuous, somewhat sinistrorse,
about 1.5-2 cm. long, smooth, shining, reddish-brown ; capsule
oblong-cylindric, 4-5 mm. long, 0.6-0.9 mm. in diameter, erect,
arcuate, abruptly tapering at the base, reddish-brown, smooth,
shining when fresh; peristome teeth 32, linear-oblong, about
6.25 mm. high, reddish-orange along median portion, hyaline
towards margins, when young with densely minutely papillose
margins, the lower one-fourth portion united into a basal mem-
brane; spores smooth, incrassate, orange-pellucid, globose,
192 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

about .008-.011 mm.; calyptra about 5-6 mm. long, narrowly
cucullate, extending to about the middle of capsule, spinulose-
hairy on apex; operculum hemispheric-conic, shining reddish-
brown, terminating in a linear-subulate oblique beak about
2mm. long. Known only as follows:

Allegheny : Powers Run, September 21, 1905, May
30-31, 1908. O. E. J.
Fayette : On shaded woodland bank, Ohio Pyle. O.

E. J. and G. E. K., September 10, 1905.
(Figured). Type. (Deposited in Penn-
sylvania Herbarium of the Carnegie
Museum.

Westmoreland: Miss K. R. Holmes, 1902.

2. POGONATUM Beauvois.

Dioicous: gregarious to weakly cespitose: fertile stems
arising from a creeping underground stem or from a radicu-
lose protonema, erect, stiff, short and simple or some longer
and branched; leaves gradually longer upwards, erect-spread-
ing to recurved, more or less clasping at base, stiffened by
mostly numerous lamelle, especially towards the apex, the
margins more or less distinctly spinulose, leaf-blade smooth
dorsally, usually for the most part bi-stratose; the lower part
of costa narrow and plane, dorsally towards the apex toothed;
cells of the leaf-blade small, incrassate, in the unistratose
border mostly quadrate or transversely elongate, basal cells
elongate to linear, yellowish to hyaline, thinner walled: seta
solitary, sometimes more, castaneous; capsule erect, straight
or curved, cylindrical, without stomata; peristome-teeth 32,
pale to yellowish-brown with a darker axis; operculum con-
vex and more or less long-rostrate; calyptra mitrate, densely
hirsute, more or less shaggy.

A large genus of about 165 species, growing on earth,
widely distributed; about 45 species in North America; only
one species yet found in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Robust, 5-15 cm. high, branching; ce cells of lamellz papil-
lose. ;
a. Mostly short, simple; marginal cells of lamelle elliptic and smooth.

.
b. Leaf-margins entire. (P. brachyphyllum [Rich-
ard] Schwaegrichen).
b. Leaf-margins more or less serrate. 1. P. pennsylvanicum.
c. Exterior cells of lamelle round in cross-section: capsule more or
less papillose. (P. urnigerum [Linneus]
Beauvois). ;
c. Exterior cells of lamelle ovate in cross-section: capsule not papil-
lose. (P. norvegicun [Hed-

wig] Beauvois).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 193

1, Pogonatum pennsylvanicum (Hedwig) Paris.

(Polytrichum pensilvanicum Hedwig; Pogonatum brevicaule
Beauvois; P. tenue E. G. Britton).

(Plate XXVIII)

Plants scattered on a green felt-like persistent protonema
which covers the moist, bare clay: stems very short, usually
about 1-2 mm. long; leaves lanceolate-subulate, the lower
shorter and more ovate, narrowing abruptly to an acuminate
apex, margins serrulate in the upper half; upper leaves lanceo-
late with a long-acuminate, serrulate apex, appressed or some-
what spreading; lamellz 5 or 6 cells high, terminal cell orbicu-
lar to ovoid in cross-section, smooth: seta slender, smooth,
yellowish to reddish; calyptra light yellow, very hairy and
more or less shaggy, completely covering the capsule; capsule
erect, symmetric, long cylindric, minutely papillose, slightly
or not at all constricted below the lid, yellowish to reddish,
about 4 mm. 0.8 mm.; lid obtuse to truncate, abruptly tipped
with a beak about 0.4 mm. long; spores maturing in our region
about November.
A common moss on bare clay banks, especially if some-
what moist and shaded, from Nova Scotia to Missouri and
south to Alabama. Common in our region.
Allegheny : Ten localities, different dates; O. E. J.
Darlington Hollow, October 12, 1908. O.
E. J. (Figured). Coraopolis, September
4, 1905, and Power’s Run, September 14,
1905. O. E. J. and G. E. K.; Wildwood
Road, March 29, 1908. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.

Armstrong : Kittanning, October 21, 1905; West Kit-
tanning, September 27, 1909. O. E. J.
and G. K, J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907, Smith’s
Ferry, along Ohio River bank, October
1, 1910. O. E. J.

Center : On red clay, near Scotia, September 22,
1909, O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30, 1908. O. E. J.; Ohio

Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, and Cheat
Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and
G. K. J. Ohio Pyle, September 10, 1905.
O. E. J. and G. E. K.

McKean : Quintuple Ridge, September 4, 1898. D.
A. B.; Kane, September 5, 1909. O.E. J.

Washington : Charleroi, October 14, 1905. O. E. J. and
G. E. K.; along north branch of Maple
194 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Creek, Charleroi, April 26, 1908. O. E. J.
Westmoreland: Hillside, May 19, 1906, and May 22, 1909.
O. E. J. “Shades,” three miles east of
Trafford, March 25, 1910, Chestnut Ridge,
above Hillside, May 23, 1908, and Sep-
tember 16-17, 1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

3. POLYTRICHUM Dillenius, Hedwig.

Dioicous ; antheridial flowers cup-shaped, sprouting from
the middle: robust, stiff, in green to bluish-green, mostly high
tufts; stem with a complex central strand, rising from a sub-
terranean rhizome, often whitish tomentose, mostly simple;
leaves dense, erect-spreading to recurved, drying stiffly erect,
from a sheathing scarious base elongate-lanceolate to linear-
subulate, non-bordered, with margin plane to involute, sharp-
ly serrate, the sheathing base unistratose and hyaline, at least
at the angles; lamina bi-stratose except at the margin; costa
narrow and flat below, above stronger, dorsally toothed to-
wards apex, mostly excurrent as a colored, toothed awn;
lamelle erect, high, numerous, covering the costa and the bi-
stratose lamina ventrally; cells in the sheathing base elongate-
rectangular to linear, narrower marginward; laminal cells
small, incrassate, quadrate-hexagonal: sporogonia solitary ;
seta long, stiff yellowish-red to purplish, often drying flat and
sinistrorse; capsule first erect, finally inclined or horizontal,
mostly prismatic, 4-6-angled, oblong to cubic, collum hemi-
spheric or disk-like, with stomata; spore-sac free; teeth 64,
with a colored axis, basal membrane colored; operculum large,
conic to convex, rostrate; calyptra cucullate and with the long,
shaggy hairs completely enclosing the capsule.

About 125 species, mainly on soil in the cooler parts of
the globe; 22 species in North America; at least 5 species in
our range.

Key to the Species.

a. Exothecial cells of capsule not pitted; hypophysis not distinct;
capsule longer than broad. 1. P. ohioense.

a. Exothecial cells of capsule with large pits; hypophysis disk-like,
distinct with a constriction above; capsule approximately cubic.

b. Leaf-margin entire, broad and inflexed; marginal cell of lamelle
not emarginate in cross-section. c. :
b. Leaf-margin sharply serrate, not inflexed; marginal cells of
lamellz emarginate in cross-section. 5. P. commune.
c. Excurrent ¢osta hyaline, long; plants low (about 1.5-2 cm.),
. simple. 2. P. piliferum.
ce. Excurrent costa red, short; plants larger. d.
d. Stems not or but slightly tomentose; capsules oblong-tetra-
gonal. 3. P. juniperinum.
d. Stems covered below with whitish tomentum; capsules more
or less cubic. 4. P. alpestre.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 195

1. Polytrichum ohioense Renauld and Cardot.
(Plate XXVIII)

Erect, loosely cespitose, about 2.5-7 cm. high (gameto-
phyte), olive-green: stems wiry, slightly or not at all tomen-
tose below, chestnut-brown; leaves widely spreading when
moist, erect-appressed when dry, or with the tips flexuous-
spreading, lower leaves small and linear, the upper about 8-12
mm. long, the linear-lanceolate limb spreading from an ob-
long sheathing base about 2-3 mm. long, the limb serrate and
ending in a spinulose, stiff, pellucid acumen, very strongly
costate, the costa with about 40-50 lamelle; lamellae 46 cells
high, the terminal cell wider but not longer and not bi-cuspi-
date or retuse; cells in alar portion of sheathing base of leaf
elongate-rectangular, about .010-.015x.100-.130 mm., prosen-
chymatous or parenchymatous, in middle of sheathing base
narrower and proportionally longer, somewhat incrassate, in
‘limb rounded, incrassate and pellucid-opaque; pericheetial bracts
similar but with a longer more hyaline sheathing base and a
narrower limb: seta 48 cm. long, wiry, flexuous, lustrous,
chestnut-brown shading to golden above, erect; capsule erect
soon becoming more or less horizontal, acutely 4- (5) angled,
narrowed towards the base, about 2-3 by 46 mm., yellowish-
brown, hypophysis small but distinct; peristome-teeth pale
yellow with a darker median portion, about 0.2-0.25 mm. long;
spores round, smooth, .015—.017 mm., mature in midsummer ;
cells of exothecium about .007—.010 by .010-.015 mm., quadrate
to hexagonal, incrassate, non-porose; operculum with a ros-
trum about equal in length to the diameter of the capsule;
calyptra yellowish, exceeding the capsule.

On earth in moist woods, Alaska to Labrador, south to
Missouri and Alabama, also in northern Europe.

Allegheny : Stoop’s Ferry, October 7, 1905, Stewart’s

Stop, Charleroi Electric R. R., August
19, 1907. Wildwood Road, March 29,
1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.; Power’s Run,
September 14, 1906. O. E. J. and G. E.
K.; Carnot, May 25, 1902, December 5,
1888, and Laschell Hollow, June 15, 1902.
J. A. S.; Power’s Run, July 31, 1904,
Stoop's Ferry, June 4, 1906, Schenley
Park, Pittsburgh, July 10, 1905. O. E. J.

Armstrong _: Kittanning, August 22, 1903. D. R. S.;
Kittanning, October 12, 1905, August 16,
1906. O. E. J.

Cambria: : St. Lawrence, July 24, 1908. O. E. J.

Clearfield : Clearfield, July 13, 1908. O. E. J.
196 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Crawford : Linesville, June 6, 1904, May 12, 1908. O,
E, J.

Erie : Presque Isle, June 9-11 and September
20-22, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 13, 1905. O. E. J., Sep-

tember 10, 1905. September 1-3, 1906,

and September 1-3, 1906, and September

1-3, 1907 (Figured), and Cheat Haven,

September 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
Huntingdon : Birmingham, May 17, 1904. O. E. J.

Indiana : Cherry Tree, July 11, 1908. O. E. J.

Lawrence : New Castle, 1906. Miss Susan Gageby.
Mercer : Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. AJS,
McKean : Marilla, July 5, 1896, Rutherford, July 29,

1896, September 16, 1898, Beardsley’s
Run, June 7, 1896, Bennett, May 30, 1897.
D. A. B.

Washington : Hanlin, May 21, 1908. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: Jacob’s Creek, August 10, 1902, Laurel-
ville, May 30-31, 1903. J. A. S.; Delmont,
June 28, and July 3, 1903. Miss Kath-
erine Holmes; Saunders’ Station, June
22, 1907. O. E. J. and G. K. J.; Hillside,
May 23, 1908, May 22, 1909, and Septem-
ber 16-17, 1909, New Florence, September
8-11, 1907, Trafford August 22, 1910. O.
E, J.

2. Polytrichum piliferum Schreber, Hedwig.

(Plate XXVIII)

Rather loosely cespitose, light green, rather glaucous:
stems simple, erect, 1-4 cm. high, purplish-brown, radiculose
slightly at the base, leafy only in the upper 1 cm. or there-
abouts; leaves when moist ascending, when dry imbricate-ap-
pressed, base hyaline, rounded-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, the
limb narrowly lanceolate, about 3 mm. long with wide mar-
gins inflexed and in the upper part meeting or over-lapping,
the apex abruptly terminating in a hyaline, linear, dentate
arista about 1 mm. long; costa wide, with about 25-35 lamelle
ventrally, dorsally more or less papillose or dentate; lamellz
usually of 6-7 cells, the terminal one slightly wider and apical-
ly abruptly elongate; leaf-cells in alar region of sheathing base
quadrate to rectangular or hexagonal, hyaline, slightly incras-
sate, in middle of sheathing part larger, rectangular, about
.015~.018.030-.040 mm., somewhat brownish-pellucid, incras-
sate, at base of limb abruptly passing into rather opaque or
brawn-pellucid, much incrassate, rounded cells, about .010-.015
mm. in diameter, in reflexed margin of limb larger and ir-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 197

regularly obliquely rhombic: seta about 2-3.5 cm. long, erect,
flexuous, lustrous, light chestnut-brown to paler above; capsule
small, about 2-2.5 mm. long, tetragonal-oblong to almost cubic,
sharply angled, erect to pendulous, usually horizontal in age;
operculum shortly rostrate; calyptra covering whole capsule;
cells of exothecium hexagonal with a large oblong pore one-
half the diameter of the cell; peristome-teeth rather hyaline,
about 0.2 mm. high; spores round, smooth, about .010-.012 mm.,
mature in mid-summer.

In dry, sandy soil, heaths, etc., in cooler regions over al-
most the whole earth. In North America ranging from the
Arctic regions south to the northern part of the Gulf States
and California.

Erie : Presque Isle, on Sand-Plain, September
20-22, 1906. O. E. J.

McKean » Bradford, December 23, 1896. D. A. B.
(Figured).

Washington : Near Washington, Linn and Simonton.
(Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Polytrichum juniperinum Willdenow, Hedwig.

(Plate XXIX)

Rather loosely cespitose, erect, light green and somewhat
glaucous: stems slightly tomentose at base, in our specimens
about 5-9 cm. high, brown; leaves rather crowded, when
moist spreading, when dry erect-appressed, or in the older
stems somewhat spreading, the base oblong, sheathing, the
limb lance-linear, 5-6 mm. long, the margin entire or crenu-
late and inflexed, the costa strong and excurrent into a reddish
dentate arista; cells at base of sheathing portion of leaf linear-
rectangular, mainly parenchymatous, moderately incrassate, in
middle portion of sheath relatively wider, about .010.040-.090
mm., both prosenchymatous, in inflexed margin of limb
obliquely quadrate-rectangular-elongate, decidedly incrassate ;
lamellae about 30-40, usually 6-7 cells high, the terminal cell
somewhat broader and with an abruptly narrowed shortly
prolonged apex; perichetial leaves more hyaline with a longer
sheathing base and a considerably longer slightly dentate
arista: seta erect, flexuous, lustrous, about 4-6 cm. high, some-
what sinistrorse; capsule tetragonal-oblong, about 3-5 2-2.5
mm., sharply angled, reddish to dark chestnut-brown when
old, apophysis short but rather distinct, capsule pendulous to
horizontal; spores round, smoothish, about .008-.011 mm.,
mature in midsummer; cells of exothecium elongate-hexagonal
{0 quadrate-hexagonal, the perforation linear-oblong, about
half as long as cell.
198 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Heathlands, dry pastures, thin woods, etc., in hilly and
mountainous regions almost the world over. Common in our
region.

Allegheny i at Library P. O., April 29, 1606. 0,
E. J.
Armstrong : On ground in dry pasture, Kittanning,
September 24, 1904. O. E. J. (Figured).
Butler : Slippery Rock, 1906, Miss Susan Gageby.
Cambria: : Near Cresson, May 18, 1904. O, E. J.
Center : Slope of Bald Eagle Ridge near Mattern,
_ September 20, 1909. O. E. J.
Clearfield : Between Clearfield and Pottersdale, July
13, 1908. O. E. J.
Clinton : Near Lock Haven, July 15, 1908. O. E. J.
Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.
Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.; May 13, 1905. O. E. J.
McKean : Langmade, April 26, 1896. D. A. B.
Mercer : Half-moon Swamp, June 12, 1906. O. E. J.
Potter : Keating Summit, July 21, 1904. O. E. J.

4. Polytrichum alpestre Hoppe, Schwaegrichen.
(Polytrichum strictum Banks, Menzies).

(Plate XXIX)

Large mosses forming dense tufts up to 20 cm. deep, tufts
matted with a dirty-white tomentum: stems branching, rather
slender, often matted tomentose to within 2-3 cm. of the apex;
leaves more or less rigidly appressed-imbricate when dry,
when moist with the lance-linear limb spreading and 4-5 mm.
long, from an oblong sheathing base about 1.5 mm. long,
margin of limb entire, inflexed, the apex rather abruptly nar-
rowed into a linear, reddish-pellucid, slightly serrate acumen,
leaves dorsally serrulate nearly to the sheathing base, the costa
bearing ventrally about 25-35 lamelle; lamella 5-8 cells high,
the terminal cell broader and abruptly narrowing to an obtuse
short acumen, as seen in cross-section ; areolation of sheathing
base almost hyaline, not so markedly incrassate, the median
basal rectangular, 4-8 times as long as broad, towards the
margin and upwards in the sheathing portion narrower, longer,
either prosenchymatous or parenchymatous, cells of inflexed
margin of limb obliquely quadrate or rectangular to linear-ob-
long in the border, incrassate; perigonial leaves of male plant
obovate-orbicular, the costa broad, lamellate on the upper half,
percurrent in a broadly acute acumen: seta erect, slender,
wiry, sinistrorsly flexuous, 4-8 cm. long, lustrous, rich chest-
nut-brown below and lighter above; capsule more or less cubic,
2-3 mm. long, acutely angled, papillose, yellowish to chestnut-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 199

brown, apophysis distinct; cells of exothecium more or less
hexagonal, the central pore round to oblong, often one-third
the diameter of the whole cell; peristome about 0.2 mm. high,
teeth rather slender; calyptra yellowish-brown, covering the
capsule; operculum flattened, the rostrum about 0.5 mm. long.
Evidently mature in midsummer.

From the Northern States to the Arctic regions; south
ern South America; northern Europe and Asia. In bogs or
boggy woods. Rare in our region.

Crawford : In small Cassandra bog near Linesville, May

28, 1908. O. E. J. (Figured).

Washington : Hanlin, in tuft of Leucobryum. May 21,

1908. O. E. J.

5. Polytrichum commune Linneus, Hedwig.

(Plate XXIX)

Large, erect, 10-20 cm. high, loosely cespitose in large
masses, rather dark olive green: stems simple, flexuous, woody,
slightly or not tomentose at base, chestnut-brown, rather
densely foliate above; lower leaves small, linear, becoming
gradually larger above up to about 15 mm. long, the limb
linear-lanceolate from an oblong sheathing base, when moist
spreading or recurved, when dry appressed-erect, serrate to
the sheathing base, the apex linear, serrate, pellucid; areola-
tion at base of sheath parenchymatous, rectangular, above
becoming linear-prosenchymatous, abruptly grading at base of
limb into rounded incrassate cells about .010-015 mm. in
diameter, towards apex becoming elliptic with the longest
diameter transverse, all pellucid to more or less opaque;
lamelle 40-60, 5-7 cells high, the terminal cell broader and
retuse to bi-cuspidate at apex, the lamelle extending almost
to the base of limb; perichetial bracts with a longer sheathing
portion and few or no lamellae; antheridial flowers conspicu-
ous, cup-shaped, the broadly obovate shortly acuminate bracts
which form the cup being about 4 mm. long, the costa broad
and weak below but stronger and bearing numerous lamelle
in the upper half; the successive annual growths of the male
plant taking place from the center of the antheridial flower
of the preceding season: seta wiry, flexuous, 6-10 cm. long,
lustrous, chestnut to light golden-brown; capsule erect, but
later inclined, and, when old and empty, cernuous, light to
deep chestnut-brown, more or less cubical or shortly rectan-
gular, apophysis discoid, distinct ; capsule-urn about 3-5 mm.
long; operculum low-conic, the beak about 1 mm. long; peris-
tome-teeth about 0.25 mm. high, more or less reddish-pellucid 5
exothecial cells hexagonal, the outer face convex and with a
rounded to elliptic pore; spores round, smooth, about .008—
200 A

MANUAL OF MOSSES

.010 mm., mature in mid-summer ; calyptra covering the whole
capsule, rather lustrous, yellowish-brown.

Cosmopolitan; in North America almost throughout, in
marshy places, pastures, woods, etc.

Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver

Butler

Cambria

Cameron
Center

Crawford

Elk
Erie

Fayette

Indiana

Lawrence
McKean

Mercer

Somerset
Westmoreland:

: Brush Creek, near Douthett, April 26,

1908. O. E. J.

: Buffalo Creek, east of W. Winfield, June

20, 1904. O. E. J.

: Near Beaver, J. A. S. and W. N. M. Oc-

tober 19, 1901.

: Buffalo Creek, near Winfield Jct., May 26,

1906. O. E. J.

: Cresson, May 18, 1904. O. E. J.; Lloyd-

ville, July 23, 1908. O. E. J.

: Miller, July 19, 1904. O. E. J.
: Tussey’s AMt., above Shingletown, July

15, 1909. O. E. J.; Barrens near Scotia,
July 16, 1909. O. E. J.

: Linesville, May 18, and June 12, 1905,

O.E. J.

: Dent’s Run, July 19, 1904. O. E. J.
: Presque Isle, May 8-9, September 20-22,

1906. O. E. J.

: Ohio Pyle, July 10, 1908, June 14, 1908,

May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.

: Bank of Cush-Cushing Creek, near Cherry

Tree, July 11, 1908.

: New Castle, 1906. Miss Susan Gageby.
: Westbrook Swamp, Bradford, June 2,

1896, Bradford, June 9, 1896, West Branch
Swamp, Bradford, June 21, 1896. D., A.
B.; Larabee, July 21, 1904. O. E. J.

: Houston Junction, July 12, 1902. J. A.S.;

Half-Moon Swamp, June 12, 1906.
O. E. J.

: Keystone, October 9, 1904. O. E. J.

Between Ligonier and Donegal, June 23,
1904, “Rachelwood,” slope of Laurel Hill
Mts., near New Florence, September 8-11,
1907. O. E. J.

Sa. Polytrichum commune variety uliginosum Huebener.

In this variety the stems are less strong and rigid than in
the species, and the leaves in the dry specimens are wide-
spreading to recurved. It is rather rare in the eastern part
of the United States.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 201

Cambria : Cresson, May 18, 1904. O. E. J.; upland
plateau near St. Lawrence, July 24, 1908.
O. E. Jj.

Crawford : Near Linesville, May 12, 1908, and Harts-

town, June 26-28, 1908. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured). (Near Linesville this variety
forms quite extensive heaths in the low-
lying peaty pastures around the Pymatun-
ing Swamp, especially on the low mounds
of peaty soil formed by the uprooting of
trees and their subsequent decay.

Family XXIII. HEDWIGIACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely synoicous ; paraphyses long,
yellow, filiform: more or less robust, stiff, cespitose ; stem with-
out central strand, irregularly to almost pinnately branched,
rarely with long, pendent, 2-3-pinnate branches, densely-
leaved, radiculose below, sometimes stoloniferous ; leaves about
8-seriate, spreading, drying imbricate, broad, thin, ecostate,
concave, sometimes plicate, papillose; lamina one-layered,
golden-brown at base, cells incrassate, punctate, non-margined,
with several rows of small quadrate cells in the alar portion,
or margined with the alar_ portion concave, sharply differen-
tiated by large, colored, 4-6-sided cells: leaves on stolons
recurved-squarrose, from a wider base suddenly long pilifer-
ous-acuminate; perichetial leaves erect, longer than the stem-
leaves, with ciliate margins at apex; seta various; vaginula
ciliate; capsule short, erect, shortly and thickly collumate;
anntilus none; spores large; operculum low, convex to ros-
trate; calyptra minute and mitrate to large and cucullate.

A small but widely distributed family of six genera, only
one genus in our region.

1. HEDWIGIA Ehrhart, Hedwig.

Autoicous: laxly cespitose, glaucous-green: non-stoloni-
ferous, erect to ascending, irregularly branched; leaves con-
cave, ovate, tipped with a hyaline, serrate to ciliate acumination,

nargins revolute, entire, non-bordered; leaf-cells two- to sev-
eral-papillose, papillz on both sides, the upper cells oblong,
the lower elongate, the median basal yellow, linear, becoming
quadrate and brownish towards the angles; perichzetial leaves
larger, the upper margins furnished with long, sinuose, articu-
late, sometimes toothed cilia: seta about 5-8 mm. long,
yellow, thicker upwards; capsule immersed, obovate to glo-
bose, smooth, pale brown, the mouth red and wide; spores
.028-.032 mm., yellow with vermiform lines; operculum plano-
convex, red, sometimes unbonate; calyptra minute, conic-
mitrate, fugaceous, covering only the apex of the operculum.
202 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

A cosmopolitan genus of 8 species, occurring on non-
calcareous rocks; 3 species in North America, only the fol-
lowing in our range.

1. Hedwigia ciliata Ehrhart, Bryologia Europea.

(H. albicans Lindberg; Fontinalis albicans Weber ; Anictangium
ciliatum Hedwig).

(Plate XXX)

In patches of varying size up to quite large, blackish or
brownish below, glaucous-green above, more or less hoary, es-
pecially in late summer or in autumn, owing to the colorless
tips of the leaves: stems from 2 or 3 up to 8 or 10 cm. long,
rather slender, irregularly forking and branching, the branches
usually rather short; leaves more or less secund on the pro-
cumbent stems, when dry imbricated but with recurved apex,
when moist spreading, concave, ovate, 1.5-3 mm. long, the.
apex sub-obtuse to long-acuminate, papillose-denticulate to
spinulosely denticulate, more or less hyaline; costa none; the
median basal leaf-cells yellowish pellucid, not papillose, nar-
rowly linear, incrassate, porose, towards the margin and in
upper part of leaf the cells sub-quadrate or rectangular, with
more or less sinuose walls, the cells in the angles often brown-
ish and larger, the median and upper cells prominently papil-
lose, longitudinally seriate, varying from quadrate to rounded
or hexagonal; perichetial leaves prominently ciliate towards
the apex, not plicate: seta practically none: capsule sub-sessile,
immersed, globose-oblong, about 0.6-0.9 mm. in diameter,
wide-mouthed and truncate when dry and empty, red-rimmed,
the urn castaneous; lid convex, sometimes mamillate, about
three-fourths as wide as the median diameter of the urn;
calyptra small, sub-cucullate and fugacious; annulus none but
one or two rows of exothecial cells at the rim of the urn
smaller, laterally elongate, and castaneous-pellucid; peristome
none; spores mature in spring, minute, shallowly pitted, pale,
thin-walled, about .025-.028 mm.: autoicous.

On dry rocks, boulders, stone-walls, etc., in non-calcareous
habitats; almost ‘cosmopolitan ; in North America occurring
from the Arctic regions to Mexico. Common in our region.

Allegheny : On large rock at head of Wildwood-Road

Run, November 19, 1908. O. E. J. and G.
K. J.; base of white oak at Keown, No-
vember 14,1909. O. E. J.

Beaver : Valley of Little Beaver Creek, near
Smith’s Ferry, October 1, 1910. O. E. J.
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, July 4, 1908, ‘and May 30-31,

1908. (Figured). O. E. ‘ye Meadow Run
Valley, September 1-3, 1906, and 1-3, 1907.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 203

O. E. J. and G. K. J.
Huntingdon : Tussey’s Mt., near Baileyville, July 13,

3 1909. O. E. J.
McKean : Quintuple, April 17, 1898. D. A. B.
Westmoreland: Mt. Pleasant, August 31, 1903. Katherine
R. Holmes.

la, Hedwigia ciliata variety leucophaea Bryologia Europea.
(H. albicans var. leucophaea Limpricht).

Very hoary; more robust than the species: leaves more
falcate, wider, the hyaline base of the piliferous acumination
occupying about the whole upper third of the leaf.

With the type and in the same general habitat.

Huntingdon : Stone Creek, T. C. Porter. (Porter's Cata-

logue).

Westmoreland: T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Family XXIV. FONTINALACEAE.

Dioicous or autoicous: filiform paraphyses few: slender
to robust, aquatic, floating, blackish-green or reddish-brown:
stem without central strand, 3—-5-angled, or round, much
branched but bare below, fastened by a cushion of rhizoids at
the base; leaves 3- and 5-seriate, ovate-acute to lance-subulate,
carinate to concave or plane, mostly decurrent, rarely winged,
entire or dentate at apex; lamina uni-stratose above, bi- to
tri-stratose below, with single costa or none; median leaf-
cells mostly elongate prosenchymatous, smooth, the basal
orange, laxer, rarely loosely rhombic hexagonal: seta rudi-
mentary or normal; capsule erect, non-collumate, without
annulus, without stomata; peristome none, single, or double,
teeth when present 16, hygroscopic, as long as or shorter
than the segments; mostly linear, orange- to brown-pellucid,
non-bordered, mostly papillose, ventrally with projecting
transverse trabecule; inner peristome without basal mem-
brane, segments filiform, 16, usually more or less united into
a carinate cone, rarely free and appendiculate; lid short-conic
to rostrate; calyptra small and conic or cucullate and reach-
ing to below the capsule.

A family of six genera, confined almost exclusively to
the temperate and colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere;
two of the genera in our range.

Key to the Genera.

a. Leaves ecostate; calyptra short. 1. Fontinalis.
a. Leaves costate; calyptra enclosing the whole capsule.
2. Dichelyma.

1. FONTINALIS Linneus, Hedwig.

Dioicous: floral branches apparently axillary, very leafy;
antheridial clusters short and obtusely gemmiform; arche-
204 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

gonial branches elongate and acute: slender to very robust:
stems sharply 3-angled to round, much branched; leaves of
one form, 3-seriate, otherwise as for the family, ecostate;
perichetial leaves larger, almost enclosing capsule, broadly
obovate, obtuse, lacerate when old: vaginule and seta rudi-
mentary; capsule oval to ovate, mostly delicate; peristome
double, inner and outer of same length, teeth 16, linear-lanceo-
late, orange to brownish, plane, papillose, mostly apically
united in pairs, the divisural zigzag, articulations prominent,
the trabecule projecting both ventrally and laterally; seg-
ments 16, filiform, united by lateral processes into a plaited
cone, rarely free and appendiculate; spores irregular in size,
mostly green, almost smooth; lid conic, calyptra reaching but
little below the operculum, the base lacerate when old.

’ A genus of about 50 species; about 30 occurring in North
America; at least five occurring in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Stem-leaves carinate. 1
a. Stem-leaves not carinate. 5 b.
b. Altar leaf-cells distinctly differentiated.

F, antipyretica.

b. Alar leaf-cells little or not at all differentiated.

ce. Perichetial leaves with rounded and mostly lacerate apex.
F. delmarei.
c. Perichztial leaves with an entire abruptly pointed apex.
. 5. F. dalecarlica.
d. Leaf-cells rhombic-hexagonal, not more than 1:6.

e.
d. Leaf-cells elongate-linear, about 1:7-30.

e. Branches remote, spreading at almost right angles; leaves not

dimorphic. : 6. F. novae-angliae.
e. Branches close, erect-spreading; vernal leaves replaced by summer
leaves of a different form. 2. F. biformis.

f. Alar leaf-cells much differentiated; leaf-apex entire.
3. F. sullivantii.
f. Alar leaf-cells but moderately inflated; leaf-apex mostly plain-
ly toothed. 7. F. lescurii,

1. Fontinalis antipyretica variety gigantea Sullivant.

(Fontinalis gigantea Sullivant).

Floating, long, dark, brownish-green or golden green:
stems denuded below, slender, up to sometimes 6 or 8 dm.
long, irregularly divided; the branches turgidly three-cor-
nered and sometimes 2 or 3 dm. long; leaves deeply concave,
carinate, up to 6-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, broadly ovate or
jance-ovate, entire, acute, plane-margined; median leaf-cells
about 8-15:1, linear-rhomboid and more or less vermicular.
the apical and basal shorter and wider, the alar sub-rectangu-
lar and inflated; perichetial leaves closely imbricated, the
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 205

upper sheathing, truncate, rounded, entire, or lacerate at the
apex: capsule rather small, sub-sessile, usually only the ros-
trate calyptra and the conic lid emergent from the sheathing
perichetial leaves when mature, about 2:1, more or less turgid-
oblong ; lid reddish; peristome usually a bright coral color, the
inner peristome united at the apex and sometimes well down
towards the middle into a perfect lattice-work, the bars in-
complete below; spores mature in summer.

In cool streams and in ponds, on stones or on wood;
Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and from Canada through the
United States to Alabama. Scarce in our region.

Blair : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
McKean : D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue.

2. Fontinalis biformis Sullivant.

Yellowish green to dirty green: stems long, much-branch-
ing; leaves of two kinds; the vernal large, soft, lance-ovate,
concave, blunt to acute, when fresh and moist quite prominent-
ly three-ranked, and rather widely spreading; the summer
leaves much smaller, narrower, convolute and tubulose above,
rigid, covering the younger branches; median leaf-cells of the
vernal leaves linear, the apical broadly rhomboidal, the angular
quadrate-oblong, much larger, forming small decurrent
auricles; costa none; archegonial clusters rare, situated to-
wards the base of the stems; antheridial clusters usually 2
to 4 together and long-stipitate: capsule oblong-oval, enfolded
by the perichztial leaves; lid conic, rostrate; peristome-teeth
lance-linear, about 20-articulate, cilia tessellate and united at
the apex, papillose.

In wood-land rivulets and streams; from New England
to Florida and west to British Columbia, but not very com-
mon. Rare in our region. Portage County, Ohio, and:

McKean : D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Fontinalis sullivantii Lindberg.
(F. lescurii variety gracilescens Sullivant).

Quite similar to F. lescurit but smaller and more slender:
very slender, regularly pinnate with remote and attenuate
branches ; leaves distant, the stem-leaves lanceolate, soft, narrowly
long-acuminate, somewhat concave, acute to somewhat
obtuse, entire or sub-denticulate, yellowish, about
5 mm. long; the branch-leaves about half as_ long,
more rigid, more concave, acuminate ; perichetial leaves rather
short as compared with F. lescurii, not undulate at apex; median
leaf-cells linear-flexuous, the apical shorter and broader, the basal
shorter and broader, the alar much larger, inflated-oblong: cap-
sules sessile, cylindric ; lid conic, long-acuminate ; peristome teeth
206 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

papillose, the inner peristome as in F. lescurii; spores minutely
roughened.

In streams in the mountains or hills, northeastern United
States. Not reported from our region.

4, Fontinalis delmarei Renauld and Cardot.

Dull green, naked below, much divided: stems and
branches irregularly pinnate with rather robust, unequal,
obtuse, erect-spreading branches; leaves crowded, erect-
spreading, slightly incurved on the borders, very. concave,
lance-oblong, bluntly acuminate, non-carinate; median leaf-
cells elongate-linear, somewhat flexuous, a few at the angles
small, quadrate-hexagonal; perichetial leaves with a rather
rounded but often lacerate apex: capsule sub-immersed, oblong
to oblong-cylindric, lid conic-acuminate ; peristome-teeth lance-
linear with about 15-18 articulations, with the divisural distinct
at base only, entire, inner peristome with a united lattice work
only at the apex, below papillose and with imperfect bars.

A rather rare species reported from Miquelon and New
Jersey but, as we now think, probably not to be expected in
our region.

5. Fontinalis dalecarlica Bryologia Europea.
(Plate XXX)

Stems slender, much-branched, naked below, 1-3 (4) dm.
long, attenuate, dark-castaneous, sub-lustrous; leaves some-
what close, erect-spreading to somewhat imbricate, more or
less glossy, lance-oblong ‘to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
2-3 mm. long, often slightly toothed at apex, margins usual-
ly somewhat involute, concave, sometimes very slightly
auricled at base; leaf-cells prosenchymatous, rather incrassate,
linear-oblong, about 10-18:1, the marginal slightly narrower,
the alar rectangular to irregularly quadrate-hexagonal, con-
siderably larger, usually slightly colored; perichetial leaves
apiculate, the apex finally lacerate: capsule immersed, about
2mm. long; peristome orange to brownish, the teeth slender,
granulose, with about 14-22 lamellz, the inner peristome with
an imperfect lattice; spores muriculate, about .025-.032 mm.,
mature in summer.

In rapidly flowing streams, occurring from Greenland to
Kansas and the Gulf States, also in Europe. Rare in our
region.

Center : In swiftly running mountain-stream about
three miles south of Boalsburg, Septem-
ber 22, 1909. Sterile. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured); Bear Meadows. T. C. Porter.
(Porter’s Catalogue).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 207

6. Fontinalis novae-angliae Sullivant.
(Plate XXX)

Rather bright green, fairly firm: stems usually 3-4 dm.
leng, wiry. purplish-black, slender, rather freely branching,
naked below but quite densely foliate towards the apex; leaves
rather close, somewhat appressed, thin, entire, sometimes faint-
ly serrulate at apex, the main branches with leaves about 2-2.5
mm., broad when moist, the branches more or less linear-at-
tenuate; leaves about 3-4.5 mm. long, broadly ovate-lanceolate,
concave, the margins somewhat revolute, the apex cucullate,
rounded-obtuse; median leaf-cells linear-vermicular to some-
what narrowly linear-oblong, prosenchymatous, incrassate,
about 6-15:1, the alar cells forming a quite distinct group,
quadrate to oblong, moderately enlarged, somewhat incrassate
and colored; capsule sub-cylindric to oblong-oval, near base of
stem, closely invested by the ovate-sub-orbicular perichetial
leaves, which are lacerate when old, capsules rare; peristome-
teeth colored, linear-lanceolate, 18-20-articulate, slightly papil-
lose; cilia tessellate and united at apex only, minutely papillose;
spores smooth.

In brooks and swift-running streams from Newfoundland
to Ontario and North Carolina, but seldom found in our
region.

Crawford : Linesville, August 4, 1909. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: Creek below Hillside Station, September

17, 1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).

Huntingdon : Spruce Creek, T. C. Porter. (Porter’s

Catalogue).

7. Fontinalis lescurii Sullivant.

Loose, soit, green to glossy golden-green: stems long,
reaching sometimes 3 or 4 dm., naked and blackish below,
dividing and branching irregularly except sometimes at the
apex, where the branches may be arranged pinnately; leaves
erect-spreading, soft, obscurely three-ranked, concave, clasp-
ing at the base, lance-ovate to lance-oblong and rather slender-
ly acuminate, acute to somewhat obtuse, slightly denticulate
at the apex, usually about 4-6 mm. long; median leaf-cells
about 12-15:1, elongate-linear, flexuous, the apical and basal
shorter and broader, the angular enlarged oblong, inflated,
forming quite distinct auricles; perichetia numerous towards
the base of the stems, perichztial leaves sheathing, the inner
rounded-obtuse, broadly ovate, reaching nearly to the apex of
the mature capsule: capsule short, sub-cylindric, enclosed by
the closely folding perichztial leaves until almost mature, about
2.5:1; lid long-conic; peristome-teeth red-orange, papillose,
about 20-25-articulate, the inner peristome more or less com-
208 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

pletely united into a lattice-work at the apex but free and
merely appendiculate below; spores mature in summer.
On stones in streams from Nova Scotia to Alabama and
west to the Rocky Mountains. Rare in our region.
Huntingdon : T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).
McKean : Bradford. D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. DICHELYMA Myrin.

Dioicous; antheridial shoots small, gemmiform; arche-
gonial shoots long; slender to robust, shining, green to
golden-brown, blackish below; branching various, the branches
recurved at the apex; leaves 3-seriate, falcate-secund to cir-
cinate, lance-subulate from a slightly decurrent base, carinate-
Plicate, weakly serrate; costa complete to long-excurrent;
median leaf-cells linear, narrow, the alar not wider; inner
perichetial leaves long, tubular, sinistrorsely wound around
the seta: seta long; capsule ovate, soft, brownish; peristome-
teeth 16, lance-linear, obtuse, papillose, spreading either when
damp or when dry, often more or less cleft or divided along
the median line, trabecule low and distant; inner peristome
longer and sometimes falling away with the operculum, seg-
ments filiform, more or less united; lid about as long as urn,
conic, mostly oblique and curved ; calyptra enclosing the whole
capsule, split along one side, sinistrorse; spores small and
uniform in size.

A rather widely distributed genus of 7 species; 5 species
occurring in North America; 2 species in our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Leaves subulate; costa long-excurrent. lL. D. capillaceum.
a. Leaves acute; costa complete or almost so.
2. D. pallescens.
1. Dichelyma capillaceum [Dillenius] Bryologia Europza.
(D. pallescens Sullivant and Lesquereux; Fontinalis capillacea

Hedwig).

Yellowish above, brownish to blackish below; stems
slender, often 10-15 cm. long, with a few distichous, divaricate,
or one-sided branches; leaves erect-spreading, secund to
falcate-secund, long-linear from a lance-oval base, about 5-7
mm. long, serrulate towards the apex; costa long-excurrent ;
perichetial leaves linear, thin, ecostate, pale and twisted and
reaching above capsule; leaf-cells narrow, linear-rhomboid:
seta short, slender; capsule small, pale yellowish, thin-walled,
ovate, the urn truncate and about 1.5-2:1; lid high-conic;
peristome double, the teeth shorter than the inner peristome,
narrowly linear, densely papillose, segments longer than teeth,
constricted at the articulations, pale yellow, papillose, forming
a connected lattice-work only above; spores mature in late
summer. :
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 209

On sticks and the bases of bushes in and around the edges
of slow streams and ponds; Europe and from New Brunswick
-and Ontario southward to Pennsylvania. Not yet recorded
as occurring within our region.

2. Dichelyma pallescens Bryologia Europea.
(Fountinalis capillacea Hooker).

(Plate XX XI)

Slender, light yellowish-green, sometimes glossy: stems
usually about 5-10 cm. long, the branching sub-distichous;
leaves secund, more or less falcate, the ends of the branches
and stems appearing hooked, leaves oblong-lanceolate, about
3-5 mm. long, gradually long-acuminate, complicate-carinate,
nearly entire; or denticulate above, plane-margined, acute to
obtuse; costa percurrent or nearly so; median leaf-cells rhom-
boid-linear, prosenchymatous, about 8-15:1, rather incrassate,
the basal colored and somewhat shorter, a few alar wider and
oblong, incrassate, the apical shorter; perichetial leaves about
as long or usually longer than the seta and capsule together:
seta about 4 mm. long, slender, enclosed in the perichetium ;
capsule small, thin, ovate, yellowish, about 1 mm. long, trun-
cate by the falling away of the lid; lid high-conic; peristome-
teeth linear, rather rudimentary, pale, castaneous-pellucid,
with distinct divisural and lamelle, and about 10-12 castaneous-
pellucid, low ventral trabecule; segments filiform, longer than
teeth, united only at the summit or entirely free, sometimes
remaining on the ripe capsule only as short, filiform, cilia-
like structures between the teeth; exothecial cells rounded,
castaneous-pellucid, incrassate-collenchymatous, the upper
laterally oblong and smaller; spores mature in summer, cas-
taneous-pellucid, incrassate, minutely papillose, varying from
about .016-.025 mm.

On sticks and the bases of bushes along creeks and around
ponds; New Brunswick to Minnesota and Pennsylvania. Not
yet found in our region, excepting along the northern border.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue) ;

Riverside, Néw York, a few miles north of
Bradford. D. A. B. October 18, 1897.
(Figured).

Family XXV. CLIMACEAE.

Dioicous; flowers on secondary stems and at base of
branches; gregarious, large and stately, growing in swamps:
stems rhizome-like, subterranean, radiculose, with smooth,
branched, reddish-brown rhizoids, secondary shoots 3- to sev-
eral-angled, erect, with tree-like branching, with central
strand; branches leafy, cylindric, simple, pinnate or bi-pinnate ;
paraphyllia numerous; leaves dimorphous, the rhizome and
210 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

lower part of stem having scale-like and appressed colored
leaves, the upper stem and branches having green leaves;
leaves plicate; costa simple, homogeneous, ending below the
apex, at the base widened by two or three layers of laminal
cells ; leaf-cells smooth, upwardly narrow-rhombic, downwards
linear, the basal orange, the alar hyaline, lax, thin-walled and
forming a distinct group; perichetial leaves numerous, long
and slender; sporogonia often aggregated: seta long, erect,
stiff, sinistrorse ; capsule erect and symmetric or arcuate and
unsymmetric; exannulate; peristome double with the parts of
equal length; ‘teeth confluent at base, reddish-brown, articulate,
papillose, or transversely striate, the lamella numerous; inner
peristome yellow, papillose, with more or less of a basal mem-
brane, the segments carinate, more or less gaping along the
keel, cilia none; spores medium size; operculum rostrate from
a convex base; calyptra cucullate.

Two genera: Girgensohnia, with one species, in the regions
bordering the North Pacific, and the following:

1. CLIMACIUM Weber and Mohr.

Mostly as characterized in the description of the family:
branches simple, or sometimes almost pinnate, unequal, at-
tenuate ; branch-leaves lance-ligulate from a decurrent, auricled
base, bluntly to sharply acute, sharply serrate above; inner
perichetial leaves abruptly acuminate, entire, short-costate;
costa of the leaves strong, ending below the apex, dorsally
toothed above: seta 15-45 mm. long, stiff, castaneous; capsule
erect, symmetric, almost cylindric, castaneous; teeth lance-
linear, acuminate, with a dark red border, with low papillose
dorsal plates, and with closely placed trabecule; inner peris-
tome orange, vertically striate-papillose, segments linear,
carinately gaping, finally divided; spores .015-.020 mm., rusty,
warty; calyptra long, narrow, enclosing whole capsule, cleft
on one side to apex, sometimes twisted.

A widely distributed genus of about 7 species: 3 occurring
in North America and extending into our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Branch-leaves indistinctly auricled and little plicate; median leaf-

cells about 8-10:1. 1. C. dendroides. 4
a. Branch-leaves strongly and deeply plicate; median leaf-cells less
than 8:1. b.

b. Median cells about 5-7:1; plants of a tree-like form.
2. C. americanum.
b. Median cells not more than two or three times as long as wide;
plants not so plainly dendroidal. 3. C. kindbergii.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 211

1. Climacium dendroides [Linnzus] Weber and Mohr.

(Hypnum dendroides Linneus; Leskea dendroides Hedwig).

Dendroidal, robust, bright or yellowish-green; the prim-
ary stems underground, creeping, divided ; the secondary stems
rising to a height of sometimes 10 cm., leafless below, bearing
at the summit numerous erect-spreading, flexuous, usually
straight branches; leaves large; stem-leaves broadly amplex-
icaul, with a more or less rounded and cucullate or apiculate
apex; branch-leaves imbricated, giving to the branches a thick
and turgid appearance, about 20.7 mm., lance-oblong to lingu-
late-oblong, denticulate at base but quite sharply serrate above,
plicate, somewhat cordate at the base; costa nearly reaching
apex; median leaf-cells about 6-10:1, linear-rhomboidal to
linear-hexagonal, shorter and wider towards the apex and to-
wards the base, the alar somewhat lax, wider, hyaline, few,
forming small auricles; perichetial leaves entire, non-plicate,
the inner sheathing: seta deep red, about 2.5-3 cm. long;
capsule erect, castaneous, oblong-cylindric, about 4 mm. long,
about 3-4:1; lid often remaining attached to the columella,
straight, acutely rostrate; calyptra reaching to below the cap-
sule; peristome large, the teeth forming a cone when moist
but usually curved in between the segments when dry; spores
mature in fall, green in color.

On wet ground in marshes, at borders of streams, mar-
gins of swamps and lakes, etc.; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic
America south to New Jersey. It may eventually be found
to occur in the northern part of our region.

2. Climacium americanum Bridel.
(Plate XXXI)

Loosely cespitose, robust, yellowish-green, lustrous: prim-
ary stems creeping stolon-like in the leaf-mould, throwing up
at intervals dendroidal secondary stems to a height of 5-8
cm.; secondary stems with large, scattering to closely im-
bricate, ovate, scale-like leaves below, above bearing a closely
tufted group of branches ; branches ascending, 1.5—2.5 cm. long,
terete, acute to obtuse; branch-leaves 1.7-2.2 mm. long, about
two-fifths as wide, broadly lanceolate, sharply serrate in upper
half, often denticulate below, acute, broadly auriculate, erect-
spreading, when dry imbricate, strongly bi-sulcate; costa
strong, ending just below apex; median leaf-cells oblong-hexa-
gonal with more or less rounded or truncate ends, 5—7:1, rather
incrassate, those of the auricles quadrate along the margin to
diamond-shaped towards the interior, the apical and the upper
marginal larger and rhombic-oblong: seta erect, stout, dex-
trorse above, sinistrorse below, castaneous, about 1-1.6 cm.
long; capsule castaneous, narrowly cylindric, about 3-5 mm.
212 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

long, erect to slightly curved, slightly contracted below the
mouth when dry, nearly smooth; annulus none; operculum
conic-rostrate, about 1 mm. long; peristome-teeth shallowly in-
serted, orange-castaneous, non-striate but decidedly papillose,
strongly and rather densely trabeculate, the lamellae and di-
visural not very distinct, the teeth slender and often perforate
below ; segments usually longer than teeth, linear, arising from
a very narrow and often somewhat perforate basal membrane
which is usually inserted entirely below the rim of the urn,
the segments yellowish, granular-papillose, perforate-cleft in
a ladder-like manner along the median line; cilia none, or
sometimes represented by mere stubs rising from the basal
membrane; exothecial cells heavily incrassate, castaneous-
pellucid, oblong, the upper rounded-quadrate, those at the rim
smaller and transversely oblong, darkly incrassate; spores
yellowish, minutely roughened, about .016-.018 mm., the walls
moderately incrassate.

In damp, shady woods on rotten logs, stumps, wet soil,
rocks, etc., often in swamps. From New Brunswick to the
Carolinas and Alabama and west to the Rocky Mountain re-
gion. Not uncommon in our region but rather rarely found
in fruit.

Allegheny : Darlington Hollow, Sharpsburg, August

17, 1884, J. A. S., Moon Township, 1889.
J. A. S. (Figured); along creek near
Thornhill, May, 1906. O. E. J. and G. E.
K.; near Douthett, April 26, 1908.

O. E. J.

Butler : Along creek north of Douthett, April 26,
1908. .O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, June 12,

1905, and May 12, 1908. O. E. J.; Harts-
town, May 29-31, 1909. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Westmoreland: Near Apollo, August 3, 1904. Miss K. R.
Holmes; Hillside, May 22, 1909. O.E. J.

3. Climacium kindbergii (Renauld and Cardot) Grout.

(C. americanum var. kindbergii Renauld and Cardot).
(Plate XXNI)

Dark yellowish-green to almost black, usually rather
densely cespitose: secondary stems about 3-6 cm. tall, some-
times indistinctly dendroidal, stout, castaneous, bearing along
the stem rather scattered widely ovate leaves about 3-4 mm.
OF \WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 213

long, leaves not sulcate, plane-margined, sub-clasping at base,
acute and almost entire at apex, strongly costate into the
apex; basal cells in a wide area, rather thin-walled, large,
rectangular to rhombic-oblong, often somewhat brownish,
above quickly passing into linear prosenchymatous cells about
10-15:1, the apical cells shorter and rhombic oblong; branches
densely tufted, ascending to widely spreading, 1.5-2.5 cm.
long; branch-leaves about 1.5-2.5 mm. long, broadly lance-
ovate, somewhat clasping by the auriculate base with rounded
auricles, strongly sulcate, apex obtuse to acute, margin plane,
serrate in upper half, strongly costate almost to the apex;
median leaf-cells of the branch-leaves oblong-hexagonal, 2-3:1,
somewhat incrassate, the basal short rhombic to quadrate-
rectangular in the auricles, the median basal longer with
rounded ends, incrassate and more or less castaneous-pellucid :
sporogonium not seen from our region but described as hav-
ing the seta more flexuous and considerably longer than in
C. americanum, capsule 4-6 mm. in length; peristome-teeth
perforate.
In swamps and pools in woods from New England to In-
diana and the Gulf States. Rare in our region.
Fayette : Along margin of densely shaded mountain
stream, Meadow Run Valley, four miles
south of Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906.
QO. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).

Family XXVI. LEUCODONTACEAE.

Dioicous, rarely autoicous: antheridial shoots gemmi-
form, axillary; archegonial clusters terminal on short peri-
chetial branches; both kinds on secondary shoots: paraphyses
few, filiform: plants more or less stiff and robust, laxly cespi-
tose, mostly shining; stem cylindric, central axis rudimentary
or none; main stem creeping, branched, radiculose with
brownish radicles; secondary stems numerous, erect or ascend-
ing, rarely pendent, thickly-leaved, simple or branched ; leaves
pluri- -seriate, decurrent, often plicate, ovate to lanceolate,
abruptly to slenderly acute, non-bordered, one-layered; costa
double or simple or none; leaf-cells incrassate, mostly smooth,
rhombic above, below elongate along the middle of the leaf,
towards the margin rounded-quadrate in many series: capsule
erect, symmetric, oval or ovate to oblong-cylindric; annulus
present; peristome double, teeth lanceolate to lance-subulate,
densely articulate, non-bordered, mostly papillose, mostly with-
out projecting lamellee ; basal membrane of inner peristome
low, segments rudimentary and narrow or none, as long or
shorter than teeth, cilia none; lid conic; obliquely rostrate ;
calyptra cucullate; spores medium to large.
214 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

On rocks and trees, mainly confined to temperate regions;
11 genera; only 2 genera in our region.

Key to the Genera.

a, Costa double or more. 1. Leucodon,
a. Costa single. 2. Forsstroentia,

1. LEUCODON  Schwaegrichen.

Dioicous: blackish to yellowish or brownish-green, dull
or lustrous: primary stems very long and branched ; secondary
stems usually simple, equally high, sometimes more or less
pinnate, thickly leafy; leaves drying appressed, straight or
secund, mostly pluri-plicate, when moist spreading, ovate-
acuminate to short-acute, entire or apically serrate, ecostate;
median leaf-cells smooth, oblong-rhombic, the basal reddish-
yellow; inner perichetial leaves high-sheathing, long-acumi-
nate: seta mostly more or less elongate, reddish ; capsule most-
ly exserted, oblong to oval (or globose), reddish brown to
blackish, with a small mouth and short collum, stomata none:
annulus present; peristome double with the inner peristome
rudimentary or apparently lacking; teeth whitish to yellow-
ish, mostly gaping in the middle or divaricately cleft ; lid conic,
constricted at the base, sometimes obliquely rostrate; calyptra
smooth, cucullate, enveloping the capsule and upper end of
seta; spores .025-.035 mm., yellowish-green, finely warty.

A widely distributed genus of 36 species, occurring on
trees and rocks; 8 species in North America; 3 species, prob-
ably, in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves plicate; secondary stems well developed: seta about 2-3.5
mm. long, with capsule emergent but shorter than the perichetial
leaves. 1. L. brachypus.

a. Secondary stems less developed: capsule RS raat

b. Leaves ovate-elliptic, rather abruptly and shortly acuminate,
scarcely plicate. 2. L. julaceus.
b. Leaves lance-ovate, long and slenderly acuminate, much plicate.
L. sciuroides.

1. Leucodon brachypus Bridel.
(Plate XX XI)

Moderately robust, brownish to light green, loosely tufted:
stems usually at least 5-6 cm. long, with rather numerous
secondary simple or branched divisions; leaves about 2 mm.
long, ovate, bluntly acute to short-acuminate, obscurely more
or less secund, usually plicate with two folds, entire to ser-
rulate above; costa none; median leaf-cells linear-fusiform
and castaneous pellucid at base, the interior median rhombic,
about 5-8:1, grading to oval at the apex, the marginal basal
rounded-quadrate to transversely oblong, all cells incrassate;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 215.

perichetial leaves loosely appressed-sheathing, non-plicate, the
inner surpassing the capsule: seta about 2-3.5 mm. long,
wrapped in the perichetial leaves; capsule oval-oblong, about
1.2-1.5 mm. long, about 2:1, castaneous, small-mouthed, dark-
rimmed; lid conic, obliquely short-rostrate; peristome-teeth
rather broad, irregular, pale to whitish, papillose, often bifid
at apex, the inner peristome very thin, narrow, and without
segments or cilia; spores mature in winter or late fall, pale,
rather thin-walled, granular.

On trees and rocks in hilly or mountainous regions; from
Nova Scotia to Kansas and south to the Gulf States. Rather
common in our region.

Cambria : Cresson. T. C. Porter and T. P. James.
(Porter’s Catalogue).

Crawford : On bark at base of Fraxinus nigra, near
Linesville, June 11-12, 1907. O. E. J.

McKean : Quintuple, November 11, 1893, (approach-

ing L. sciuroides in acumination of leaf-

apex) and Langmade, near Bradford, Au-

gust 11, 1895. D. A.B. (Figured).
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Leucodon julaceus [Linneus] Sullivant.

(Hypnum  julaceum Linneus; Pterigynandrum  julaceunt
Hedwig).
(Plate XXXII)

Resembling the preceding in habit but with shorter sec-
ondary stems and distinctly terete branches, which are julace-
ous when dry: leaves crowded, closely appressed-imbricate
when dry, scarcely secund, ovate-elliptic, abruptly short-ac-
uminate, entire or slightly serrulate at apex, the margins often
recurved, blade concave, scarcely plicate, the base rounded
and sub-clasping ; leaf-cells mainly as described for the genus,
but the upper much shorter and broader than in the other
species, in the median upper third rhombic-oblong, incrassate,
about 2-3:1, seriate; the marginal rounded-hexagonal but
towards the base usually densely transversely oblong-hexa-
gonal, the basal median linear-vermicular and much incrassate,
those above becoming shorter; costa none; perichztial leaves
linear-oblong, filiform-acuminate, reaching well up to the cap-
sule: seta slender, partly exserted; capsule turgid-oval, cas-
taneous, about 0.5-0.71 mm.; annulus none; lid obliquely
short-rostrate, about half as long as the urn; peristome closely
similar to that of L. brachypus, the teeth apically bifid; spores
mature in fall.

In woods on tree-trunks, often mixed with other mosses,
from New England to Michigan and south to Florida and
Texas. Probably will prove to be not uncommon in our region.
216 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Allegheny : On base of white oak tree, Library, April
29, 1909. O. E. J. (Figured).

Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Indiana : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).
3. Leucodon sciuroides [Linnzus] Schwaegrichen.
(Hypnum sciuroides Linneus; Fissidens sciuroides Hedwig).

Rigidly cespitose, brownish to olive-green: secondary
stems terete and julaceous, more or less curved-ascending at
the ends, usually 3 or 4 cm. long; leaves densely crowded,
slightly secund, closely imbricate when dry, more or less open-
spreading when moist, lance-ovate, long and slenderly acumi-
nate, entire, usually about 5-plicate, somewhat decurrent ; costa
none; leaf-cells about as for L. brachypus; perichetial leaves
pale, non-plicate: seta about 7 or 8 mm. long, rather stout;
capsule oblong-elliptic, brown, exserted; lid conic, same color
as urn; peristome-teeth slender, pale to whitish, remotely
articulate, entire or split towards the base; annulus simple,
falling away in fragments; calyptra yellowish-brown apically,
reaching to the base of caspule; spores mature in spring but
capsules very rarely found.

On trunks of trees, or very rarely on rocks, in woods;
Europe, and from lower eastern Canada through the northeast-
ern United States. Not yet found in our region.

2. FORSSTROEMIA Lindberg.

(Leptodon Mohr).

Autoicous, rarely dioicous; quite robust to slender, green
to brownish-green, mostly dull: leaves drying imbricate and
non-plicate or indistinctly plicate, when moist erect-spreading,
oblong to linear, short acute, also ovate and acuminate, margin
more or less revolute, entire or apex serrate; costa rather
narrow, ending about the middle; apical and median cells ellip-
tic or oval, the angular rounded-quadrate to transversely ob-
long: inner perichztial leaves sheathing, long and narrowly
pointed, costate or ecostate: seta short, 2-5 mm., straight, red
to yellowish; capsule mostly exserted, ovate to oval, pale or
reddish-brown; annulus narrow or none; peristome-teeth
lance-linear, mostly yellowish, pellucid, densely articulate,
finely papillose above, sometimes broken through on the di-
visural; inner peristome none or very rudimentary; spores
.020-.035 mm., yellowish-green, finely papillose; lid conic, nar-
rowly acuminate to shortly rostrate; calyptra cucullate with
erect hairs, rarely smooth.

A widely distributed genus of 20 species, mostly arboreal
in habitat ; 4 species in North America; 1 species in our region.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 217

1. Forsstroemia trichomitria (Hedwig) Lindberg.

(Pterigynandrum trichomitriwn Hedwig; Leptodon trichomitrius
Mohr).

(Plate XXXII)

Broadly cespitose, rather rigid, yellowish-green; primary
stems creeping, filiform, the secondary stems numerous and
abundantly branched; leaves close, loosely erect-spreading,
lance-ovate, shortly acuminate to acute, entire, when dry some-
what plicate, about 1.5-2 mm. long, the extreme apex rather
blunt, the base concave, the margins reflexed; perichetial
leaves loose in texture, the inner sheathing, reaching to the
base of the capsule or a little higher: seta short, slightly longer
than the capsule; capsule ovate-cylindric, thin-walled, rather
gradually narrowed below, about 34:1, about 1.5 mm. long;
exothecial cells rather incrassate, irregularly polygonal to
rectangular-oblong, several rows at the narrowed mouth
smaller, rounded-quadrate- and dark-castaneous; peristome-
teeth whitish, lance-linear, rather remotely articulate, some-
times perforate along the divisural, the inner peristome entire
to more or less torn, adhering to the ventral surface of the
teeth; lid short-rostrate; spores mature in winter, orange-in-
crassate, almost smooth, about .023-.025 mm.

In woods on trees, rarely on rocks; Asia, and from New
England to Ontario and the Gulf States. Common in Eastern
Pennsylvania but rare in our region.

McKean : Near Latshaw, N. Y., north of Bradford,

August 25, 1895. D. A. B. (Figured).

Family XXVII. NECKERACEAE.

Dioicous, rarely autoicous or synoicous ; sexual clusters only
on secondary shoots and their branches, with filiform, often
yellowish paraphyses: slender to robust, mostly stiff, laxly cespi-
tose: stem somewhat dorsiventrally flattened, with or without
a rudimentary central strand; primary stem more or less
creeping, mostly filiform, mostly sparsely fasciculately radicu-
lose; secondary stems more or less elongate and ascending or
much elongated and pendent, mostly distantly or symmetrical-
ly pinnate, thickly-leaved, julaceous or flattened; leaves nearly
always pluri-seriate, uni-stratose, of various forms; costa most-
ly delicate, homogenous, simple or double or none; median
cells mostly prosenchymatous, the apical sometimes parenchym-
atous, the basal often colored, the alar sometimes differ-
entiated: capsule mostly erect and symmetric, peristome most-
ly double, teeth yellowish to brownish, lance-linear, dorsally
sometimes abnormally thickened, ventrally trabeculate; the
inner peristome with mostly low carinate basal membrane,
rately rudimentary or none, segments linear to filiform, often
218 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

fenestrate, rarely cleft the whole length, cilia mostly none; lid
conic, erectly to obliquely rostrate; calyptra mitrate to cucul-
late, mostly hirsute; spores of varying size.

A large family, occurring mainly on trees in warmer re-
gions, often forming a conspicuous part of the vegetation; 51
genera, of which but three occur in our region.

Key to the Genera.
a. Secondary stems flattened, ascending or pendent; leaves mostly
conspicuously unsymmetric. i
a. Secondary stems mostly erect and branched in a tree-like manner;

leaves only slightly unsymmetric. 3. Thamnium.
b. Exannulate; basal membrane of inner peristome low, cilia
none, segments narrowly linear. 1. Neckera.

b. Annulus 2-seriate; basal membrane conspicuous, cilia rudi-
mentary and soon disappearing or well-developed, segments
about as broad as teeth. 2. Homalia.

1. NECKERA Hedwig.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely synoicous: mostly more or
less robust, cespitose, green to yellowish or brownish, some-
what lustrous: primary stems often stoloniferous, paraphyllia
mostly none; leaves on the filiform shoots small, ecostate, sym-
metric, concave; normal leaves either 8-seriate, the dorsal and
ventral alternately turned to the side, the lateral spreading,
or 4-seriate, the dorsal and ventral series lacking, leaves plane,
unsymmetric, rugose, more or less spatulate from a broader and
shortly decurrent base, acute to obtuse or truncate; costa vari-
ous; upper leaf-cells rounded to rhombic, the lower linear, the
alar differentiated, small and quadrate; perichetial leaves high-
sheathing, narrow, long-acuminate: capsule oval or elliptic, im-
mersed to exserted; annulus none; peristome double, inserted
far back; peristome-teeth lance-linear, often basally striate,
low-trabeculate, sometimes split along the divisural; basal
membrane mostly very low; cilia none; calyptra mostly cucul-
late and with erect hairs; spores medium, mostly brownish,
papillose.

A widely distributed genus of about 160 species; about 20
species in North America; two species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves narrower, acute to acuminate; capsule at least partly im-
mersed. 1. N. pennata.
a. Leaves rounded and abruptly apiculate; capsules exserted.
N. complanata.

1. Neckera pennata [Linneus] Hedwig.

(Fontinalis pennata Linneus).

Large, with primary stems creeping, often stoloniferous,
the secondary stems 6 to 8 or 10 cm. long, erect, pinnate or
nearly simple; leaves lance-ovate, acute to acuminate, more
OF WESTERN. PENNSYLVANIA 219

or less undulate above, the margins entire or slightly dentic-
ulate; costa short and faint, more or less bi-striate and
wrinkled; median leaf-cells linear at base, towards the apex
the upper marginal and apical broadly rhomboid; inner peri-
chetial leaves entire, half-sheathing, elongate-lanceolate, reach-
ing somewhat beyond the capsule: seta very short; capsule
immersed, yellowish, oblong-oval, brown when old, about
2.5:1; lid acute-conic or acuminate; calyptra very small and
covering only the operculum ; peristome double, teeth irregular-
ly divided, subulate-linear from a lance-linear base, sometimes
apically coherent, the segments rudimentary and very short;
spores in summer.

On trees or on moist rocks in cool, moist woods, usually on
the trunks of deciduous trees; widely distributed in temperate
regions, in North America extending from lower Canada south
to North Carolina. Probably rather common in the eastern
part of our region.

Cambria : Cresson. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).
McKean : D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Neckera complanata [Linnzus] Huebener.

(Hypnum complanatum Linneus; Homalia complanata De-

Notaris).

Yellowish to pale green, in rather large and dense tufts,
soft : stems long, often reaching 8 or 10 cm., branchlets pinnate-
ly arranged; complanate, sometimes more or less flagelliform ;
leaves oblong-lingulate, compressed, complanate, usually
rounded at the apex and short-apiculate, sometimes acute or
acuminate, those at the tips of the branches often more or
less deflected and falcate, the margin usually inflexed at base
on one side, serrulate at apex; costa double, very short and
faint, or none; median leaf-cells linear-vermicular, the apical
shorter and wider, rhomboidal, the angular quadrate-oval and
yellowish-pellucid; perichetia borne along the sides of the
stem, the leaves long-sheathing: seta yellow, about 1 cm. long ;
capsule oval to elliptic-oblong, pale, orange-yellow or castane-
ous, about 2:1, small-mouthed; lid subulate-rostrate, usually
oblique; calyptra cucullate, reaching to about the middle of
the urn; peristome-teeth long, pale, narrow, the segments about
half as long, filiform from an enlarged base; spores mature in
spring but capsules rarely produced.

On bark of trees, rarely on rocks; Europe, Asia, northern
Africa, and from Labrador to Tennessee. Rare in our region.
Reported from “Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania” in
Lesquereux and James’ Manual.
220 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

2. HOMALIA (Bridel) Bryologia Europea.

Dioicous or autoicous: slender to robust, in wide, more or
less lustrous, dark colored, matted tufts: primary stems with
stolons ; secondary stems mostly irregularly dichotomous, non-
flagellate; leaves 4-seriate, complanately spreading, unsym-
metric, spatulate to lingulate from a slightly decurrent base,
rarely rounded, obtuse, non-bordered, with apex entire or
serrulate; costa simple, incomplete or none; upper leaf-cells
rounded to hexagonal, lower elongate, at least the median so,
rarely all linear; inner perichetial leaves, short-sheathing,
lanceolate, acute; seta long, mostly smooth; capsule mostly
erect to cernuous, oblong from a narrowed base, when old
sometimes arcuate, red-brown, rarely almost pendent and
short-oval ; annulus 2-seriate ; peristome double, inserted at the
mouth; teeth linear-subulate from a broader base, yellow to
brownish, apically hyaline, mostly transversely striate and
with well-developed lamellz; inner peristome yellow, papillose,
basal membrane high, carinate, segments longer and almost
as broad as the teeth, broken through in places along the keel,
cilia mostly rudimentary and fugaceous, sometimes well-de-
veloped and appendiculate: lid conic, obliquely rostrate; ca-
lyptra cucullate, mostly glabrous; spores small, brownish.

About 60 species on trees, rocks, and stones, mostly in
temperate regions; 7 species in North America; one species
in our region.

1. Homalia jamesii Schimper.

In straggling tufts, shining yellow-green, repeatedly dis-
tichous, stoloniferous: stems slender, interruptedly foliate by
the numerous innovations; the branches strongly complanate-
foliate; leaves cultriform, sub-falcate, oblong, obtusely apicu-
late, minutely serrulate above the middle, striolate lengthwise
when dry; costa faint, slender, reaching half-way or more;
lower median leaf-cells linear-fusiform, the apical and mar-
ginal about 1.5-1:1, about as broad as long, rhomboidal: seta
about 1.5 cm. long, slender; capsule erect to cernuous, oblong-
cylindric, about 2.5:1, symmetric, when dry scarcely con-
stricted below the mouth; peristome double, teeth long, yellow-
ish, confluent at base, inner peristome about as long as the
teeth, the segments narrow, sub-linear, more or less carinately
perforate, cilia rudimentary and solitary or none; annulus
present; spores mature in fall but capsules rarely found.

On rocks and in crevices, in mountainous or hilly dis-
tricts; from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania,
also in Washington State. Possibly will be found to occur
in the eastern part of our region.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 221

3. THAMNIUM Bryologia Europea.

(Porotrichum Bridel).

Dioicous or, rarely, autoicous: mostly robust to very
robust, with a long, creeping primary stem: the primary stem
has scale-like leaves, and is more or less densely brown-radicu-
lose; the secondary stem erect to ascending, without branches
below, stoloniferous, somewhat dendroid in habit; branches
spreading, flattened, obtuse; leaves erect-spreading to spread-
ing, plane to concave, smooth to plicate, not rugose, non-de-
current, unsymmetric, mostly oblong to ovate or ovate-lingu-
late, the apex obtuse to acute, serrate; costa strong, mostly
incomplete; median leaf-cells parenchymatous, the basal some-
times linear ; inner perichztial leaves lanceolate-acuminate and
spreading from a half-sheathing base: seta various, mostly 10-
15 mm. long, in certain species not more than 4 mm., in others
up to 4 cm. long, red, smooth; capsule inclined to horizontal,
arcuate, gibbous, rarely erect, symmetric, and oval; annulus
revoluble: peristome-teeth lanceolate to linear, subulate-acumi-
nate, yellowish, bordered, with a zigzag divisural ; inner peris-
tome pale yellow, basal membrane prominent, segments broad,
carinately split and gaping; cilia often appendiculate; spores
small; lid conic, rostrate; calyptra cucullate, glabrous.

About 41 species in temperate and warm regions; 7 species
in North America; one species-in our region.

1. Thamnium allegheniense (C. Mueller) Bryologia Europza.
(Hypnuim allegheniense C. Mueller).

(Plate XXXII)

Large, dendroidal in habit, bright to pale green, usually
rising to a height of 4-7 cm. ; leaves of the branches and branch-
lets up to 3 or 3.5 mm. long, rather lustrous and sub-plicate
when dry, erect-spreading, oblong-elliptic, short-pointed, con-
cave, the base somewhat narrowed but scarcely concave, the
apex broadly acute, the plane margin strongly serrate above;
costa strong, extending to near the apex; leaf-cells incrassate,
the median shortly rounded- or rhomboid-hexagonal, about
2:1, the basal becoming elongate-oblong, varying to elongate-
rectangular, the lower marginal and angular, scarcely wider
but sub-rectangular to quadrate; perichetial leaves erect,
sheathing, narrowly acuminate, ecostate: seta lustrous, of a
rich castaneous color, usually about 1 cm. long, smooth, arcuate;
capsule oblong-cylindric, castaneous and_ rarely somewhat
wrinkled when dry, about 2-2.5:1, about 2 to 25 mm. long,
nearly symmetric but by the curving of the pedicel inclined or
horizontal, sometimes curved; lid conic, long- and stout-ros-
trate, the whole lid being about one-half to one-third as long
as the urn; péristome normally hypnoid, large; teeth lance-sub-
222 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

ulate, distinctly but finely cross-striate in at least the lower
half, hyaline and papillose above, castaneous-pellucid below,
the dorsal lamellz and the divisural distinct, the trabecule well
developed; segments papillose, pale yellowish, about as long
as teeth, cleft carinately between the articulations ; basal mem-
brane one-third as high as teeth; cilia 2-3, sub-appendiculate,
almost as long as segments ; annulus narrow, revoluble, simple;
spores mature in late fall or early winter, smooth, castaneous-
pellucid, medium-walled, about .016-.018 mm.

On dripping rocks and ledges along streams in the hills or
mountains from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to the
Gulf States.

Cambria : Cresson. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Huntingdon : T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean :’On stones in or at the edge of streams,

Hedge-hog Hollow, March 18, 1894, Ben-
nett Brook, April 9, 1893 (Figured), and
Limestone Creek, N. Y., all near Brad-
ford.

Family XXVIII. ENTODONTACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to quite robust, mostly stiff,
laxly cespitose, mostly lustrous; central strand none or but
few-celled; stem thickly-foliate, julaceous or complanate;
leaves pluri-seriate, uni-stratose, often unsymmetric; costa
delicate, homogeneous, never complete, or double and very
short, or none; leaf-cells mostly prosenchymatous, the alar
differentiated, being quadrate or transversely widened: capsule
exserted, mostly erect and symmetric, never plicate; peristome
mostly double, the inner rarely lacking; teeth yellow to cas-
taneous, with divisural, trabeculate, mostly papillose ; segments
narrow or lance-subulate, often split carinately, the basal mem-
brane low, carinate, the cilia rudimentary or none; spores
mostly small; lid conic, short- to long-rostrate ; calyptra cucul-
late, glabrous.

Mostly in warmer and temperate regions, on trees, some-
times on rocks or on soil: 19 genera, 5 genera in our region.

Key to the Genera.

a. Leaf-cells smooth. ;
a. Leaf-cells more or less strongly PapHIERS.

b. Leaves narrowed at base, lower margins revolute.
Entodon,
b. Leaves not narrowed at base. iC
c. Basal membrane of inner peristome almost none: leaves acute,
their margins revolute far above the base; branches when dry not.
strongly curved at the end. 3. Platygyrium.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 223

c. Basal membrane more or less prominent: leaves acuminate, mar-
gins plane; branches when dry strongly curved at the apex.

4. Pylaisia.
d. Branches complanate-leaved: peristome segments broad, and
as long as the teeth. 1. Schwetschkeopsis.
d. Branches julaceous: segments filiform or rudimentary.
Pterygynandrum.

1. SCHWETSCHKEOPSIS Brotherus.

Dioicous or autoicous: slender, stiff, forming flat tufts,
green to yellowish-green: stem long, creeping, radiculose,
mostly densely and symmetrically pinnately branched;
branches densely complanately-leaved, obtuse, short to long,
ascending, simple or branched; paraphyllia few, lanceolate or
orbicular, rarely filiform; branch-leaves when dry imbricate,
when moist erect-spreading, non-decurrent, concave, plicate,
lance-ovate, acuminate to subulate-pointed, serrulate, plane-
margined; costa none; leaf-cells oblong-hexagonal, dorsally
papillose above, alar quadrate and numerous, chlorophyllose:
seta up to 7 mm. long, slender, tortuous, yellowish-red, smooth,
when dry twisted; capsule mostly erect and symmetric, shortly
collumate ; exannulate, peristome double, teeth lanceolate, yel-
low, with zigzag divisural, densely transversely striate, closely
trabeculate; inner peristome hyaline, basal membrane one-third
as high as teeth, smooth, segments about as long as teeth,
broad, split along keel, finely papillose, cilia rudimentary ;
spores about .015 mm.; lid obliquely rostrate.

Three species, on trees: one in Japan and Korea, one in
Nepal, and the following:

1, Schwetschkeopsis denticulata (Sullivant) Brotherus.
(Leskea denticulata Sullivant).

(Plate XXXII)

Light green, soft, silky: stems usually 2-3 cm. long, some-
times more, irregularly branched, paraphyllia none; stem-
leaves erect-spreading, close, concave, ovate, somewhat decur-
rent, abruptly and narrowly acuminate, 0.40.9 mm. long, 0.3-
0.4 mm. wide, plane-margined, sometimes slightly striate, mar-
ginally undulate-denticulate ; ecostate ; apical leaf-cells dorsally
uni-papillate, the median oblong-oval to elongate-rhomboidal,
sometimes vermicular, about 4-8:1, about .005-.008 mm. wide,
the marginal uni-seriate and curvi-linear, the alar forming a
small group of quadrate incrassate cells ; branch-leaves smaller
and less abruptly acuminate, with more oblong and shorter
cells: seta yellowish-red, slender, tortuous, erect; capsule
erect or nearly so, oblong, about 2-3:1; operculum conic-
rostrate, about two-thirds as long as the urn; peristome about
the same width as the teeth; no cilia; no annulus; fruit rarely
found. s
224 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Mostly on bases of trees, rarely on rocks, occurring in Asia
and from Connecticut to the Mississippi River and south to
Florida. Apparently rare in our region.

McKean : Lewis’s Run, Bradford, November 24,
1895, and Limestone Creek, Bradford, De-
cember, 1896. D. A. B. (Figured). The
latter issued as Grout’s No. 134, North
American Musci Pleurocarpi.

2. ENTODON C. Mueller.

Autoicous, rarely dioicous: green to golden-brown: stem
prostrate to ascending, complanate-leaved, rarely julaceous,
thickly pinnately branched, mostly short, simple, ascending or
spreading; stem-leaves compressed, slightly decurrent, con-
cave, the dorsal and ventral imbricate, the lateral spreading,
oval, from an ovate base obtuse or apliculate or rarely slender-
ly acuminate, entire or apically serrate; costa double and very
short, or none; leaf-cells narrowly linear, smooth, the basal
lax and incrassate, the alar laxly quadrate, forming a distinct
hyaline group: seta mostly 1-3 cm. long, red or yellow, twisted
when dry; capsule erect, straight or weakly curved; collum
short ; annulate or exannulate; teeth inserted below the mouth,
lance-linear, acuminate, thin, plane, mostly non-margined,
orange to castaneous, distantly articulate, mostly low-trabecu-
late; inner peristome without prominent basal membrane, seg-
ments linear, carinate, yellow, as long as or shorter than the
teeth, cilia none; spores .012-.020 mm.

Nearly 150 species, on trees and on calcareous rocks, in

temperate and warmer regions; about 33 species occurring in
North America; 4 or 5 species in our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Leaves narrowly gradually acuminate. (E. brevisetus (H. and
a. Leaves acute or abruptly acuminate-apiculate. W.) Jaeg.)

b. Leaves entire or almost so; only the ee cells quadrate or
rectangular.
b. Leaves serrulate; all basal cells supe te
(E. sullivantii (C. M.)

Lindb.).
c. Teeth with more than twenty articulations: leaves acute, but not
apiculate. 1. E. compressus.

c. Teeth with less than twenty articulations. d. :
d. Leaves acuminate-apiculate: teeth 15-20-articulate: capsule

less than 4.5:1. 2. E. cladorhizans,
d. Leaves abruptly apiculate: teeth less than 10-articulate; capsule
about 5:1. 3. BE. seductrix.

1. Entodon compressus C. Mueller.
(Cylindrothecium compressuim Bryologia Europea).

Widely and flatly cespitose, glossy yellow-green, with much-
compressed stems and branches: considerably more slender than
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 225

E, cladorhizans but quite similar in general appearance: leaves
about 1.0-1.104-0.5 mm., quite concave, broadly oblong-
ovate, obtuse, entire at apex; median leaf-cells linear, the alar
quadrate and numerous; costa none or very rudimentary: seta
erect, long; capsule erect, short-ovate to elliptic, narrow-
mouthed, about 2.50.6 mm. ; lid rather long and with a slender
curved rostrum; annulus large, early deciduous; peristome-
teeth long, lance-linear, closely articulate, the segments some-
what shorter, linear-subulate, free from the teeth, the teeth
densely papillose above; spores mature in fall or early winter.

On bases and roots of trees in moist situations, often near
water-courses; northern Europe, Asia, and, in the United
States from Missouri to Pennsylvania and southwards. Ap-
parently rare, or entirely absent from our region, but occurs
in Ohio and in Eastern Pennsylvania.

2. Entodon cladorhizans (Hedwig) C. Mueller.

(Cylindrothecium cladorhizans Schimper; Neckera cladorhisans
Hedwig).

(Plate XXXII)

Cespitose in wide tufts, brightly lustrous, yellowish-green:
stems compressed, somewhat pinnately branched, rather
acuminate and sometimes up-curved at the apex; branches
complanate and spreading widely from the stem, more or less
acuminate to attenuate at the apex, where sometimes rooting;
leaves loosely imbricate, very concave, non-plicate, narrowed
at the apex, margin plane or narrowly revolute below, apex
sub-acute, faintly serrulate, usually turned slightly backwards ;
leaves ovate to oblong, about 1-2 mm.long by one-half as wide;
costa double, short and indistinct, or none; median leaf-cells
long-linear, prosenchymatous, smooth, with firm and hyaline
walls, the alar hyaline to somewhat reddish, incrassate, quad-
rate-rectangular in a triangular patch of 6-8 rows depth, bord-
ered by a few intermediate, sub-quadrate to sub-vermicular
cells, the apical cells shorter and rhombic: seta erect, smooth,
_Sinistrorse, rich castaneous in color, lustrous, about 8-12 mm.
‘long; capsule about 4-6:1, oblong-cylindric, tapering abruptly
to the seta, smooth, not sulcate when dry, castaneous, narrowed
somewhat at the mouth, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; annulus early de-
ciduous, large, pulri-seriate with incrassate quadrate cells;
exothecial cells yellowish with thin walls, rectangular to ob-
long, towards the rim suddenly much smaller and incrassate,
more or less laterally oblong under the annulus; operculum
conic-rostrate, about 0.4-0.6 mm., long, often apiculate; peris-
tome double, deeply inserted, teeth light-castaneous, about 16-
20-articulate, below lightly papillose-striate in variously diver-
gent or radiating lines, not finely transversely striate as in

*
226 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

most hypnaceous peristomes, sometimes perforate, (lacunose)
above ; segments distinct, linear, very narrow, carinate, hyaline,
very slightly granulose-roughened, entire, nearly as long as the
teeth, arising from a very narrow basal membrane; cilia none;
spores papillose, incrassate, castaneous, about .016-.020 mm.,
mature in late autumn or early winter.

On leaf-mould, rotting logs, bases of trees, etc.; Europe,
and, in America, from New Brunswick to Ontario and south
to the Gulf States. Common in our region.

Allegheny : Wildwood Road Hollow, March 29, 1909.

O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured); 33 other
pockets from various localities in the

county.
Beaver : T. P. James. (Porter's Catalogue).
Butler : Valencia, September 27, 1904. O. E. J.
Crawford : Linesville, August 3, 1909. O. E. J.
Indiana :T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue). _
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E.
J. and G. K. J.
Lawrence : Gorge below Ellwood City, October 14,
1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).
McKean : Quintuple, June 15, 1896. D. A. B.

Washington _: Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Westmoreland: Shades, near Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O. E. J. and G. K. J. ~

3. Entodon seductrix (Hedwig) C. Mueller.
(Neckera seductrix Hedwig; Cylindrothecium seductrix Sulli-
vant).

(Plate XX XIII)

Robust, widely cespitose in glossy yellowish-green mats:
branches sub-pinnately arranged, slendér, julaceous, up to 2
or 2.5 cm. long; leaves about 0.8-1.4 mm. long, broadly oblong-
ellipitic to ovate, imbricate, deeply concave, short-apiculate
with the apiculation often reflexed, margin plane, entire, or
sometimes slightly serrulate, at base often slightly reflexed,
base of leaf slightly narrowed; costa short and double; median
leaf-cells linear- to oblong-prosenchymatous, alar cells quad-
rate, slightly incrassate, forming a distinct group sometimes
extending along the margin for one-fourth the length of the
leaf; perichetial leaves with a slender acumen, narrower and
reaching a length of about 3 mm.: seta glossy, red-castaneous,
erect, sinistrorse, about 1.5 cm. long; capsule 2-3 mm. long,
castaneous, about 5-6:1, cylindric, erect, symmetric or slightly
curved; exothecial cells yellowish with medium walls, rectan-
gular to irregularly oblong, towards the rim smaller, quadrate
to laterally oblong incrassate, and forming a rather indefinite
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 227

annulus of 2 or 3 series; peristome-teeth few-articulate above,
deeply inserted, lance-linear, rather short, bordered, not trans-
versely striolate but irregularly papillose, dorsal lamellze and
divisural strongly marked; segments nearly as long as teeth,
narrowly linear-carinate, free from teeth, arising from a very
narrow basal membrane, smooth, cilia none; operculum conic-
rostrate, usually somewhat oblique, about 0.5-0.8 mm. long;
calyptra small, enclosing only about half of the capsule; spores
yellowish-incrassate, about .014~.018 mm. in diameter, minute-
ly roughened, mature in late summer. Variable.

On rotten logs, earth, rocks, roots of trees, etc.; from New
England to Minnesota and south to the Gulf States. Common
in our region.

Allegheny : Guyasuta Hollow, October 25, 1908, and
Keown, November 14, 1909. O. E, J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, September 20-22, 1906. O.
E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, and.
Cheat Haven, September 1-3, 1910. O. E.
J. and G. K. J.

Huntingdon : Huntingdon, July 20, 1908. O. E. J.

Indiana :T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Shepherd’s Run, August 17, 1895. D. A.B.

Washington : Charleroi, October 13, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J. (Figured).

3a. Emntodon seductrix variety minor (Austin) Grout.

Differs from the type in size, being only about one-half
to two-thirds as large, usually darker in color: capsule about
34:1, about 2~2.5 mm. long; spores usually about .010-.015
mm. in diameter.

Allegheny : Bark of decaying log, mixed oak and pine

woods, Dutil Church, Douthett, Decem-
ber 29, 1908. O. E. J.

3. PLATYGYRIUM Bryologia Europzea.

Dioicous, rather robust, flatly cespitose, green to golden
or brownish-green, lustrous: stem elongate, creeping, ventrally
densely radiculose, thickly-leaved and unsymmetrically pin-
nate ; branches julaceous, mostly short, simple; leaves imbricate
when dry, moist spreading, decurrent, non-plicate, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, sharply acute, smooth, margins revolute;
ecostate; apical cells rhomboid, linear below, alar quite large,
numerous, quadrate; seta 8-15 mm., sometimes 20 mm.,
smooth, castaneous; capsule erect, symmetric or slightly
arcuate, narrowly oblong to almost cylindric; annulus broad,
pluri-seriate, revoluble entire or sometimes in pieces; peris-
228 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

tome inserted on the mouth, double; teeth lance-linear, yel-
low, broadly bordered, non-striate, trabecule thickened; basal
membrane not prominent, segments narrowly linear, carinate-
ly cleft, cilia none; spores .012~018 mm., lid conic, shortly
and obliquely rostrate.

A widely distributed genus of about 11 species: one svecies
in North America.

1. Platygyrium repens [Bridel] Bryologia Europza.

(Pterogonium repens Schwaegrichen; Anomodon repens Fuern-
rohr; Cylindrothecium repens DeNotaris; Entodon repens
Grout).

(Plate XXXIII)

Densely but thinly matted, bright to dark green, pinnately
branching: leaves ecostate, crowded, erect-spreading when
moist, imbricate when dry, concave, subscarious, lustrous,
ovate to long-lanceolate, about 0.7-0.9 mm. long, acuminate,
the margin entire and recurved below;.leaf-cells all medium-
walled, at apex rhomboidal, the median linear-rhomboidal
prosenchymatous, about 6—9:1, the alar distinct, quadrate and
relatively large, extending up the margin; inner perichetial
leaves about twice as long as the branch-leaves, ecostate,
more acuminate: seta erect, 10-15 mm. long, smooth, lustrous,
dark-castaneous, sinistrorse; urn of capsule about 1.0-1.2 mm.
long, erect, symmetric, oblong-cylindric, castaneous, not nar-
rowed below the mouth when dry; operculum about two-fifths
the length of the urn, slenderly and obliquely but bluntly
rostrate; annulus persistent, large, 2—3-seriate, and appearing
like modified upper exothecial cells; peristome-teeth rather
deeply inserted, linear-lanceolate, light yellowish-brown,
strongly about 15-18 trabeculate, widely hyaline-bordered,
papillose below in irregular and often radiating lines, but not
cross-striate below as in most hypnaceous peristomes, lamelle
and divisural line rather indistinct ; segments about two-thirds
as long as teeth, linear, narrow, arising from a very low basal
membrane, more or less carinately cleft; cilia none; exothecial
cells quadrate to irregular or oblong-hexagonal, yellowish;
spores about .014-.018 mm., yellowish, minutely roughened,
mediurn-walled, mature in autumn; gemme often abundant in
the axils of the upper leaves.

On bark at base of trees, on decaying logs, stumps, and
in woods; widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; in
North America from New Brunswick to the Pacific and south
to the Gulf of Mexico. Very common in our region.

Allegheny : More than 40 pockets from various locali-

ties in the county, 1905-1911, mostly O.
E. J. and G. K. J.; on rotten log in oak
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 229

woods, Keown, November 14, 1909. O.
E. J. (Figured).

Armstrong : Kittanning, September 24, 1904. O. E. J.
and October 21, 1905. O. E. J.

Beaver : TJ. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Butler : Near Crider’s Corners, December 29, 1908.
OCB.

Crawford : Bark of Chestnut tree, Linesville, May 12,
1908. O. E. J.

‘Greene : Waynesburg, October 17, 1905. O. E. J.

Fayette : Four miles south of Ohio Pyle, Morris
Farm, September 1-3, 1906. O, E. J.
and G. K. J.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter's Catalogue) ;
Hanlin, on base of Juglans nigra, May 21,
1908, and on log, Library, Pa., April 22,
1906. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: On bark of dead tree Laurel Hill Mts.,
Mellon’s estate, September 8-11, 1907. O.
E. J.; Shades, near Blackburn, March 25,
1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

4. PYLAISA Bryologia Europea.

(Pylaistella Nindberg).

Autoicous; slender to rather robust, lustrous, in flat tufts:
stem creeping, long, unsymmetrically pinnate; branches short,
ascending to erect, often curved, in cross section appearing ap-
pressed; leaves homogeneous, more or less imbricate, when
moist erect-spreading, often secund, somewhat decurrent, con-
cave, non-plicate, ovate to lance-oval, more or less long-acumi-
nate, mostly plane and entire; costa double, very short or
none; leaf-cells linear-rhombic, smooth, alar numerous, quad-
rate: seta 1-2 cm. long, castaneous, drying twisted, smooth;
capsule erect, symmetric, rarely somewhat curved, oval to ob-
long-cylindric, collum short; annulus small-celled or none;
peristome deeply inserted; teeth lance-subulate, at the apex
often irregular and sometimes remaining in the lid or attached
to the segments, yellowish, hyaline-bordered, striate, densely
articulate and trabeculate; basal membrane low, segments
narrowly lance-subulate, as long as the teeth or shorter, some-
times two-cleft, the divisions remaining attached to the teeth;
cilia mostly rudimentary; spores small to large; lid conic to
rostrate.

Thirty-seven species, mainly on trees, in temperate re-
gions; 11 species in North America, probably four species in
our region.
230 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to the Species.
a. Segments completely adherent to the teeth.

; 1. P intricata.
a. Segments free, at least in the upper third.

b. Annulus 2-3-seriate, large-celled; spores about .017—024 mm.
: ; . P. schimperi.
b. Annulus uni-seriate; spores .010-.016 mm.

¢.
c. Operculum rostrate; cilia none; spores .009—.012 mm.

: bie ate 3. P. subdenticulata.
¢«. Operculum merely conic; cilia single, short or rudimentary; spores
.012-.016 mm. 4. P. polyantha,

1. Pylaisia intricata (Hedwig) Renauld and Cardot.

(P. velutina Bryologia Europea; Pylaisiella velutina Kindberg;
Pterygynandrum intricatum Hedwig).

(Plate XXXII)

Similar in appearance to P. schimperi, with which it often is
confused and with which it grows, light-green, glossy, in closely
entangled mats: branches ascending or erect, when dry usually
more or less hooked at the end; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate,
usually falcate-secund, about 0.8-1.2 mm. long, about 0.2-0.3
mm. wide; leaf-cells similar to those of P. schimperi but with a
smaller group of incrassate, quadrate, obscure alar cells;
median leaf-cells about 6-10:1, sub-vermicular, about .004
.005 mm. wide; costa none: seta straight, smooth, about 4-5
mm. long; capsule ovoid-cylindric, about 2 mm. long, erect,
symmetric, castaneous; lid long-conic, about 0.5 mm. long;
peristome-teeth closely trabeculate, dorsally distinctly lamel-
late and with divisural, finely cross-striate; segments very
delicate, split and adherent to the teeth throughout their whole
length, basal membrane indistinct or none; spores densely in-
crassate, castaneous-pellucid, finely papillose, in our speci-
mens about .018-.030 mm. in diameter, mature in late fall.

On bases of trees or on stumps, usually in mountainous
or hilly regions; Newfoundland to Ontario, south to North
Carolina. Rare in our region.

McKean : Bennett Brook, October 23, 1897, and
Limestone Creek, near Bradford, October
to December, 1896. (Figured). The lat-
ter mixed with Grout’s No. 134. North
American Musci Pleurocarpi.

2. Pylaisia schimperi Cardot.
(P. intricata Bryologia Europea; Pylaisiella intricata Grout).
(Plate XX XIIT)

In thin, densely interwoven mats, dark-green, glossy;
rather closely and regularly pinnate: branches more or less
ascending to erect, usually about 3-4 mm. long, when dry de-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 231

cidedly curved or hooked at the end; leaves close, imbricate
at the base, prominently falcate-secund, especially so when
dry, lance-ovate, about 0.7-1.0 mm. long by about one-third
as wide, rather long-acuminate, sub-serrate to entire, rounded
at the base, concave, the margin plane and non-bordered;.
median leaf-cells about 6-10:1, usually .003-.004 mm. wide,
linear-prosenchymatous, the apical shorter and wider, the alar
distinct, numerous, quadrate to transversely rectangular, yel-
lowish-incrassate, forming a triangular group extending up
along the leaf-margin to one-third the length of the leaf;
perichetial leaves similar but longer, up to 2.5 mm., and more
slenderly acuminate: seta about 1.5 cm. long, lustrous, red-
castaneous, dextrorse above; capsule ovoid-oblong, castaneous,
about 2 mm. long, about 2.5:1, erect, symmetric, small-
mouthed; peristome-teeth narrowly triangular lanceolate,
closely trabeculate, the dorsal lamellae narrow, numerous,
finely cross-striate, pale yellow, bordered up to two-thirds or
three-fourths by the linear, adherent, hyaline and somewhat
papillose segments, which are usually united at the tip but
widely split below; cilia none; basal membrane very narrow
or none; annulus 2-3-seriate, narrow; exothecial cells yellow-
ish, somewhat incrassate, irregularly rounded-hexagonal to
oblong-rhomboidal, below the annulus several series being
much smaller and transversely rhomboid-oblong ; lid about 0.5
mm. high, conic-obtuse, often somewhat oblique; spores dense-
ly chlorophyllose, densely incrassate, castaneous-pellucid,
papillose, about .018-.025 mm., mature in September or Oc-
tober.

Allegheny : Power’s Run, September 21, 1905. O.
E, J.

Clearfield : Phillipsburg. T. P. James.  (Porter’s
Catalogue).

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Indiana : Blairsville. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E.
J.and G. K.J. (Figured).

‘Lawrence : Gorge below Ellwood City, June 26, 1909.
O. E. J.

McKean : D. A. ye (Porter’s Catalogue).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Westmoreland: Shades, near Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O. E. J. and G. K. J.

3. Pylaisia subdenticulata Bryologia Europea.

(Pylaisia denticulata Sullivant).

Intricately cespitose, glossy, yellow-green: stems creep-
ing with erect or ascending branches about 5-6 mm. long;
232 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

branch-leaves subfalcate, secund, erect-spreading to imbricate
when dry, lance-ovate, entire below, sub-denticulate above,
acuminate, concave, ecostate or faintly costate at base; leaf-
cells linear-rhomboidal, 6-8:1, quadrate alar cells numerous,
incrassate, extending up the margin: seta short, erect; capsule
oblong, about 2.5-3.5 mm. long, about 34:1, erect; lid shortly
rostrate; annulus narrow; peristome-teeth lance-linear, seg-
ments free, basal membrane distinct, cilia none; spores about
.008-.012 mm. in diameter, mature in autumn.

On bases of trees and on rocks, in woods, from New Eng-
land to [llinois, south to the Gulf States and to New Mexico.
Not yet found in our region.

4. Pylaisia polyantha [Schreber] Bryologia Europea.

(Leskea polyantha Hedwig).

Intricately matted, yellowish-green: stems prostrate, root-
ing on bark, not stoloniform, up to 6 or 8 cm. long, with
numerous erect or ascending, curved branches about 0.5-1 cm.
long; branch-leaves erect and secund or pointing upwards,
when dry loosely imbricate, small, lanceolate, rapidly narrowed
into a tapering acumination of about same length as the body
of the leaf, entire, slightly concave, non-plicate, plane-mar-
gined, ecostate or with a very short and faint double or single
nerve; median leaf-cells thin-walled, about 6—-10:1, the alar
few, quadrate, pellucid, rather broad and distinct; stem-leaves
somewhat broader and more abruptly acuminate: seta about.
1.5 cm. high; capsule oblong-cylindric, about 3.5-4:1, about 2.5
mm. long; lid conic, acute, short; annulus single, narrow;
peristome-teeth lance-linear, closely articulate, somewhat
granular above, segments about as long as teeth, lance-linear,
granulose, somewhat split when old; spores mature in fall or
winter, about .012-.016 mm.

On tree trunks and in hedges, etc.; Europe, Asia, and in
lower Canada and the northeastern United States. Apparent-
ly rare in our region.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

5. PTERYGYNANDRUM Hedwig.

Dioicous; slender to quite robust, variously cespitose,
green to yellowish-green, dull or lustrous, primary stem stolon-
like, irregularly radiculose; secondary stems secund, filiform-
julaceous, the base stolon-like, radiculose, often flagelliform,
densely-leaved, ascending, forked, bushy or pinnately
branched; leaves imbricate, sometimes secund, somewhat de-
current, non-plicate, deeply concave, ovate to oval, short-acute
to subulate-acuminate, margins narrowly revolute to the
middle or above, entire or serrulate upwards; costa usually
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 233

very short and thin, forked or double, rarely single and reach-
ing to the middle of the leaf; cells narrow to rhombic-hexa-
gonal, strongly and sharply dorsally papillose, basal cells wider
and longer, alar quadrate in several series; inner perichetial
leaves thin, broadly lanceolate, sheathing, acute, the margins
entire and plane: seta 8-15 mm. long, red or yellow-red, drying
twisted; capsule erect, mostly symmetric, cylindric, yellow to
brown; annulus 2-seriate, narrow; peristome inserted near the
mouth; teeth lanceolate, confluent at the base, yellowish, be-
low transversely and obliquely striate, above smooth, distantly
articulate, non-trabeculate; inner peristome hyaline, smooth,
with quite low basal membrane, the segments very narrow,
short, or sometimes almost as long as the teeth; cilia none;
spores .010-.018 mm.; lid conic, shortly and mostly bluntly
rostrate,

Only two species: P. papillosum in British Columbia, and the
following:

1, Pterygynandrum filiforme [Timm] Hedwiv.

(Leskea cylindrica Bridel).

On bases of trees and on rocks, in woods, widely dis-
tributed in the Northern Hemisphere,—in North America, ex-
tending from Greenland to British Columbia-and southwards
to the northern United States. Occurs in the Pocono region
of Eastern Pennsylvania and, possibly, will be found in the
northern or northeastern part of our region.

The generic description will readilv enable one to differ-
entiate this species from other mosses in our region.

Family XXIX. FABRONIACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to very slender, weak, ces-
pitose, mostly bright or light green, mostly lustrous: stem
without central strand, weak, creeping, thin, with red, fascicu-
late radicles; the secondary stems densely-leaved, simple or
branched, erect; leaves 5-8-seriate, drying appressed, spread-
ing when moist, rarely secund, more or less concave, uni-
stratose, non-decurrent, ovate to lanceolate, non-bordered,
non-plicate; costa simple, delicate and short; rarely ecostate ;
median leaf-cells mostly prosenchymatous, smooth, mostly
thin-walled, towards the basal angles quadrate to rectangular:
capsule exserted, erect, symmetric, oval to sub-cylindric, dry-
ing often longitudinally wrinkled and constricted below the
mouth, the collum short and thick; peristome deeply inserted,
single or double; teeth plane, distantly articulate, non-lamel-
late, in our genera non-bordered, teeth rarely none; inner
peristome none or consisting generally of subulate segments ;
lid broad, mostly conic and rostrate; calyptra cucullate, naked,
smooth, small, fugaceous; spores small.
234 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

A family of 11 genera, mostly occurring on tree-trunks
in warm regions; only two genera within our range.

Key to the Genera.

a. Inner peristome none; teeth short, broad, and blunt.
Fabromia.
a. Peristome double; teeth broadly lanceolate.
2. Anacamptodon.

1. FABRONIA Raddi.

Autoicous, rarely dioicous: stem creeping, partly stoloni-
form, rarely erect, irregularly branched; branches often partly
stoloniform and partly leafy; leafy branches thickly julaceous,
the leaves often drying imbricate, sometimes secund, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, mostly subulate-acuminate or piliferous, en-
tire to serrate or even ciliate-laciniate; costa mostly delicate
and short, sometimes indistinct; median leaf-cells elongate-
rhomboid to elongate-hexagonal, the alar quadrate in several
series, sometimes not differentiated; inner perichetial leaves
sheathing, subulate-acuminate, ecostate: seta mostly 1-7 mm.
long, thin, pale yellow, smooth, drying twisted; capsule erect,
symmetric, ovate to pyriform, with a short neck, drying plicate,
the collum shrinking and the capsule becoming cup-shaped to
hemispheric, light brown, wide-mouthed ; annulus none; peris-
tome simple, rarely none, teeth very hygroscopic, at first united
in pairs, later separating, broad, obtuse, often cleft or perforate
divisurally, brown, non-bordered, longitudinally striate--papil-
lose, non-trabeculate; lid conic-convex to low convex, most-
ly short-rostrate.

A genus of about 94 species, widely distributed in warm
regions, mostly arboreal in habitat, rarely on rocks; 13 species
in North America; two species in Eastern Pennsylvania and
perhaps reaching our region at the east. The two species
mentioned may be distinguished as follows:

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves obscurely serrate. 1. F. ravenelii, |
a. Leaves ciliate-dentate. 2. F. octoblepharis.

1. Fabronia ravenelii Sullivant.

(F. caroliniana Sullivant).

Very small, delicate, loosely cespitose, bright green: stems
creeping with more or less erect branches; leaves loose,
elongate-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, concave, costate to
the middle, entire or but obscurely serrate; median leaf-cells
linear-fusiform, the basal and alar quadrate; inner perichetial
leaves ecostate, oblong, short-acuminate: capsule more or less
pyriform; the teeth of the peristome brown, 16, approximate
in pairs, orange-pellucid, acuminate-deltoid; lid conic, obtuse.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 235

On decayed logs, etc., Southern States. Extends into
Pennsylvania from the southeast and may be expected along
our southern border.

2. Fabronia octoblepharis [Schleicher] Schwaegrichen.

(F. ciliaris Bridel; F. pusilla Schwaegrichen; Pterogonium
octoblepharis Schleicher).

Small, delicate, thinly cespitose: stems creeping with erect
branches; leaves lance-ovate, filiform-acuminate, thin, green,
spreading, sometimes 2-ranked, coarsely and irregularly
lacerate-dentate on the border, costate to considerably below
the middle, non-plicate, plane-margined, closely imbricate when
dry ; median leaf-cells thin-walled, linear-rhombic to hexagonal,
about 8-10:1, the basal clear across the lower one-fourth or
one-fifth of the leaf quadrate or sub-quadrate: seta rather long;
capsule oval, neck rather distinct, the urn erect, symmetric,
more or less contracted below the mouth when dry and empty;
peristome single, with the teeth united in pairs, dark brown,
recurved when dry, when old more or less bifid.

On trees throughout the Central States to Minnesota and
southwards. Occurs in southeastern Pennsylvania and may
reach the southern part of our region.

2. ANACAMPTODON Bridel.

Autoicous: mostly densely cespitose, dark green, when
old brownish to yellowish, lustrous: stem long-creeping, dense-
ly radiculose; the branches short, densely-leaved, erect to
ascending; leaves spreading, often secund, ovate to oval, long-
acuminate, entire; costa strong, ending above the middle of
the leaf; leaf-cells rich in chlorophyll, elongated rhombic-
hexagonal, the basal rectangular; inner perichetial leaves
elongate, not sheathing, generally acuminate, thinly costate ;
seta 5-8 mm. long, quite thick, straight, smooth, red to dark
castaneous, drying twisted; capsule erect, symmetric, oval,
short and thick-necked, drying strongly constricted below the
mouth, smooth; annulus broad, delicate but persistent; peris-
tome double, deeply inserted, the teeth strongly hygroscopic,
apically united in pairs, broadly lanceolate, pale brown, di-
visural line almost straight; teeth distantly articulate below,
densely finely papillose; basal membrane of inner peristome
none, the segments filiform, somewhat shorter than the teeth,
non-carinate, brown, almost smooth; lid conic-convex, straight
or obliquely rostrate; spores about .008-.010 mm.

A genus of four species; one species each in China, Japan,
and Cuba, and the following in Europe and eastern North
America.
236 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

1. Anacamptodon splachnoides [Froelich] Bridel.

(Campylodontium hypnoides Schwaegrichen; Neckera splach-
noides Schwaegrichen).

(Plate XXXIII)

Dark-green or bluish-green, small, delicate, thinly tufted:
stems creeping, with erect branches; leaves lance-ovate, up to
i.5 mm. long, acuminate, entire, plano-concave, chlorophyllose,
soft, closely imbricated when dry, non-decurrent, non-plicate;
costa rather slender, reaching to above the middle of the leaf;
median leaf-cells rhombic-hexagonal, about 3-5:1, with a few
quadrate and sub-inflated cells at the base; perichetial leaves
few: seta about 6-11 mm. long, sinistrorse when dry; capsule
erect and symmetric, about 2:1, oval-oblong, thick-necked,
constricted below the mouth when dry; peristome double,
teeth approximately in pairs and reflexed when dry; 16 in num-
ber, lanceolate, pale, articulate, the divisural zigzag ; segments
filiform, about one-half to two-thirds as long as teeth; no
basal membrane; annulus none; exothecial cells castaneous-
incrassate, rectangular or irregularly oblong, above smaller
and quadrate, those at the rim minute and rounded; lid short-
rostrate from a conic-convex base, more or less oblique, one-
half to two-thirds as long as the urn; calyptra whitish, covering
only the upper part of the urn; spores about .010 mm., minute-
ly papillose, yellowish-green, medium-walled, mature in June.

In moist cavities in decaying wood, knot-holes in trees,
in forks of tree-trunks, etc.; Europe, Asia, and from New Eng-
land to Alabama and Illinois and southwestward to Texas.
Collected but seldom in our region, and then only in small

quantities.
Indiana : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
McKean : Bradford, different dates, in cavities in de-

caying wood. D. A. B. (Figured). Is-
sued as No. 148. Grout’s North American
Musci Pleurocarpi.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Family XXX. LESKEACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to robust, mostly stiff,
cespitose, bright or dark green, when old brownish, dull or
rarely sub-lustrous: stem without central strand, the prim-
ary stems mostly erect, simple, pinnate, or variously branched,
rhizoids, often stoloniform with distant minute leaves; second-
ary stems mostly erect simple, pinnate, or variously branched,
both main and secondary stems stoloniferous; paraphyllia
mostly present; leaves rarely uniform, usually differentiated
into basal and foliate leaves, the latter again into stem-leaves
and brarich-leaves; basal leaves distant, small, delicate, pale,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 237

smooth, ecostate; foliate leaves pluriseriate, dense, spreading,
rarely secund, drying appressed to imbricate, symmetric, apex
sometimes one-sided, mostly acuminate, mostly concave, often
with two short folds at base, unistratose, mostly papillose;
costa mostly simple and strong, rarely short, double, delicate,
or forked; cells richly chlorophyllose, mostly parenchymatous,
small, often oblong to linear, in the middle of the base, or up
to the middle of the leaf; branch-leaves’ usually shorter and
narrower than the stem-leaves; perichetial leaves delicate,
hyaline, much elongate, ecostate or weakly costate: seta
straight and long; capsule erect and symmetric to cernuous
and arcuate, non-plicate; annulus usually present; peristome
double, the teeth mostly basally confluent, prominently articu-
late and trabeculate or dorsally uniformly papillose, with weak
ventral plates, whitish to red or brownish, often quite red at
the insertion; inner peristome carinate, with basal membrane,
segments, and, rarely, with cilia; lid conic or convex-conic and
rostrate; calyptra cucullate; spores mostly small.

A large family, mostly in temperate and tropic regions,
occurring mainly on trees and rocks; 23 genera; 15 genera in
our region .

Key to the Genera.

a. Archegonial clusters borne on the branches: primary stems
stoloniform with minute leaves; costa simple; capsule erect, sym-
metric; segments filiform or rudimentary.

a. Archegonial flowers on the stem; stem not stoloniform.

c.
b. Very slender; costa not reaching above the middle of the leaf:

peristome-segments none. es 3. Haplohymenium. |
b. More or less robust; costa ending in or just below apex; peri-
stome-segments filiform. 4. Anomodon.

c. Costa short, simple, forked, double, or none.

¢. Costa simple (except Pseudo-Leskiella), elongate, ending a little below
the apex. or excurrent. é.
. Stem creeping, densely simply pinnate, costa short, simple or
forked; teeth non-bordered, non-trabeculate.
1. Thelia. .
d. Stem ascending to erect, irregularly bushy-branched; costa in-
distinct or none; teeth bordered, trabeculate.
2. Myurella.
e. Leaves of stem and branches alike; stem creeping with ascending
or erect, short, blunt branches. f. .
e. Stem and branch-leaves unlike; stem 1-3-pinnate, often quite fern-
like in general form. ho
f. Teeth without distinct lamelle; segments filiform.
Leskeella.
-£. Teeth distinctly lamellate; segments narrowly linear or none.

g. ;
Teeth with well-developed lamellae; segments narrowly linear.
6. Leskea.

g. Teeth with distinct but low lamelle; segments none. |
Lindbergia.
238 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

h. Cilia 3, smooth; cells of stem-leaves elongate-hexagonal to al-
most linear; stem and branch-leaves similar.

11. Elodiui.

h. Cilia 2-4, nodose to appendiculate: cells of stem-leaves rounded-
angular to long-hexagonal. i,

i. Operculum merely sharply acute: costa of stem-leaves percurrent
to excurrent; leaf-margins indistinctly serrate above.
9. Haplocladium.
i. Operculum distinctly rostrate: costa incomplete to excurrent; stem-

and branch-leaves dissimilar. j.

j. Margin of stem-leaves entire, base not decurrent; cells uniform,
rounded-angular, the median with 2-6 papilla on each side.

. : 8. Rauia.

j. Margin of stem-leaves entire or toothed above, the base some-
what decurrent; cells mostly uniform, rounded- to oval- or
oblong-hexagonal, the median ranging from dorsally unipapil-
lose to both sides pluri-papillose. 10. Thuidium.

1. THELIA Sullivant.

Dioicous: more or less slender, densely cespitose, yellow-
ish to blue-green, dull: stem elongate, creeping, more or less
brown-radiculose, densely-leaved, thickly pinnately branched;
branches short, julaceous, obtuse, erect to ascending; para-
phyllia various; leaves densely imbricate, either dry or moist,
more or less decurrent, spoon-like, broadly ovate, abruptly
subulate-acuminate, the margins plane, mostly ciliate-serrate
to laciniate ; costa short, simple or forked; cells rhombic, each
dorsally with a high and one- to several-pointed papilla;
median basal leaf-cells elongate, the alar in several series al-
most quadrate; inner perichetial leaves larger, delicate, erect,
oblong and subulate-acuminate, with long marginal cilia, costa
ending in mid-leaf, areolation elongate, the upper cells uni-
papillose above: seta 5-15 mm. long, thin, drying twisted,
smooth and red; capsule symmetric, erect, oblong to cylindric,
golden-brown; annulus none; peristome-teeth basally con-
fluent, narrowly linear-lanceolate, pale, non-bordered, finely
papillose, distantly articulate, non-trabeculate; inner peris-
tome pale, papillose, distantly lamellate, non-trabeculate ; inner
peristome pale, papillose; basal membrane low, segments very
short or rudimentary, cilia none; lid conic, short-rostrate;
calyptra cucullate, smooth; spores small.

A North American genus of but five species ; three species
in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Papille on dorsal surface of leaf long, curved, with one point.
‘ T. hirtella, :
a. Papille on dorsal leaf-surface lower, each with two or more points.

b. Papille usually two-pointed; leaves ciliate.
2. T. asprella.
b. Papille usually 3 or 4 pointed; leaves non-ciliate.
T, lescurii,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 239

1. Thelia hirtella (Hedwig) Sullivant.
(Pterigynandrum hirtellum Hedwig; Hypnum hirtellum C.

Mueller).
(Plate XXXIV)

Light green to glaucous-green, small, forming thin and
loosely adherent mats: primary stems creeping, felted with a
reddish-brown tomentum, pinnate with numerous short,
crowded, julaceous secondary stems and branches; leaves sub-
orbicular, deeply concave, abruptly and narrowly acuminate,
decurrent at base, dorsally papillose, the margins plane, spinu-
lose-dentate above, at least in the upper half, fimbriate-ciliate
below with usually upturned cilia; costa slender, reaching
about to the leaf-middle; median leaf-cells pellucid, rhomboid-
elliptic, with long, slender, simple dorsal papille; apical leaf-
cells linear, the basal larger and looser, the alar quadrate to
rectangular, almost smooth, rather incrassate ; perichetial leaves
numerous, the inner lance-oblong, narrowly acuminate, ciliate-
fimbriate in the upper part: seta about 1 cm. long; capsule
narrowly oblong-cylindric, about 2.50.5 mm., erect, sym-
metric, thin-walled; peristome-teeth linear, distinctly lamel-
late, the inner basal membrane truncate and about one-third as
high as the teeth, peristome whitish; spores pale yellow, ma-
ture in fall, thin-walled, about .012-.015 mm., smooth.

On trunks and roots of trees and on stumps, in woods;
from New England and Ontario to Kansas and the Gulf States.
Not often collected in our region.

McKean : On trees, near the ground, Gates Hollow,
Bradford, April 18, 1897. D. A. B. (Fig-
ured).

Westmoreland: T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Thelia asprella Sullivant.
(Leskea asprella Bryologia Europa).
(Plate XXXIV)

In most respects quite similar to T. hirtella, but more glau-
cous-green: densely interwoven into mats up to 1.5 mm. thick ;
leaves bordered nearly all around by somewhat longer cilia,
and the papillae on the dorsal surface of the leaf more or less
branched or stellate: peristome-teeth longer with nodose ar-
ticulations; spores mature in early fall. :

In the same habitat as the last species and often mixed
with it; ranging from New England to Ontario and Minnesota
and south to the Gulf States. Evidently not common in our
region.
7 Erie : In oak woods, Presque Isle, May 8-9,

1906. O. E. J. (Figured).
McKean : D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).
240 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

3. Thelia lescurii Sullivant.

Closely resembling T. asprella but with the stouter stems
fasciculately branched, whitish or light glaucous-green in color:
leaves deltoid-ovate with a shorter acumen than in T. lescurii,
not so distinctly ciliate-fimbriate ; the papillz usually stellately
3- or 4-lobed; the capsule relatively more slender and longer
and on a longer seta; the teeth shorter and only sub-nodosely
articulate, the inner membrane longer and with short seg-
ments; spores mature in fall.

On flat rocks, ledges, or on dry, sandy soil; from New
England to Missouri and the Gulf States. In Eastern Penn-
sylvania and may occur in our region.

2. MYURELLA Bryologia Europea.

Dioicous: slender, forming cushions or loose tufts, soft
(stiff when dry), light to bluish-green, dull to sub-lustrous: in
thick tufts the stems are upright, in loose tufts ascending, ir-
regularly bushy-branched with small-leaved stolons, basally
bushy-radiculose; branches obtuse, sometimes apically flagel-
liform; paraphyllia none; leaves 5-seriate, more or less ap-
pressed-imbricate, round-ovate, obtuse to abruptly apiculate to
acuminate, spoon-shaped, marginally plane to involute, ser-
rate to dentate; costa mostly very short and delicate, simple
or forked; sometimes costa none;,median leaf-cells small, in-
crassate, elliptic, some rhomboid, at base short-rectangular to
quadrate, smooth or papillose by the thickening of the cell-
angles, rarely dorsally mamillate; inner perichetial leaves red-
brown, elongate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, plane-margined,
serrate, ecostate, with linear cells: seta 10-20 mm. long, thin,
drying twisted, red, smooth; capsule erect, somewhat inclined
when empty, symmetric, oblong-oval, short-necked, yellow-
brown, finally constricted below the mouth; annulus present;
peristome-teeth basally confluent, lance-subulate, yellow or
pale, bordered by the broader dorsal layer, lamella numerous;
inner peristome finely papillose, hyaline to pale yellow, basal
membrane yellow, carinate, segments lance-subulate, same
length as teeth, cilia mostly shorter, filiform; lid brightly
colored, conic, acute to obtuse; calyptra fugaceous, small;
spores small. ’

A genus of six species occurring in Europe, Asia, and in
North America; one species in our region.

1. Myurella gracilis (Weinmann) Lindberg.

(M. careyana Sullivant).
Pale glaucous-green, loosely cespitose, interwoven with
long radicles below: stems slender, creeping to ascending,
stoloniferous, fasciculately branching; the branches julaceous;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 241

leaves loosely imbricate, open-erect, wide-ovate, narrowly
long-acuminate, spinulose-dentate all around, very shortly
costate or ecostate ; leaf-cells large, pellucid, elliptic-rhomboid,
dorsally with large papille as in Thelia asprella; perichetial
leaves sheathing, lanceolate, filiform-acuminate, dentate: cap-
sules sub-erect, small, inflated, oval-oblong to obovate-oblong ;
seta long ; peristome normally hypnoid, with articulate, yellow-
ish, transversely-striate teeth, entire segments and cilia two,
somewhat shorter than the teeth.

Mainly in crevices and hollows in limestone rocks in hilly
ot mountainous regions; Europe, Asia, and from Nova Scotia
to Minnesota and North Carolina. Rare in our region.

Huntingdon : Alexandria. JT. C. Porter. (Porter’s

Catalogue).

3. HAPLOHYMENIUM Dozy and Molkenboer.

Dioicous: slender, stiff, forming mats, dull, dark green to
yellowish- or brownish-green: stems filiform, creeping, widely
radiculose, here and there in fascicles, more or less pinnately
branched, branches spreading, short, obtuse; paraphyllia none;
lower leaves smaller, somewhat secund, abruptly lance-subu-
late and recurved-circinate from a broadly ovate base; costa
yery short or none; upper leaves spreading to squarrose-
spreading, imbricate when dry, from a concave ovate base
more or less abruptly lingulate, obtuse to short-acute, non-
plicate, margin plane and entire; costa delicate and reaching
to mid-leaf, or stronger but not reaching apex; median leaf-
cells turgid, thin-walled, rounded-hexagonal, with mostly sev-
eral papillz over the lumen, the marginal smaller, transversely
broader, in many rows towards the basal margin transversely
rectangular or hexagonal, only in middle of base oblong and
pellucid: seta 2-4 mm., thin, drying twisted, reddish or yel-
lowish, smooth; capsule erect, oval, smooth, brownish, broadly
annulate; peristome-teeth basally confluent, lance-linear, yel-
lowish, distantly articulate, split apart above, the ventral layer
broader, hyaline, non-trabeculate, but with papillz-like irregu-
lar processes; inner peristome smooth, the basal membrane
very low, with no segments nor cilia; lid conic, obliquely
short-rostrate; calyptra inflated-cucullate, furnished with a
few long, erect hairs; spores .020-.025 mm., papillose.

About a dozen species, mostly living on tree-trunks, rarely
on rocks ; one species occurring in North America and reaching
our region.

1. Haplohymenium triste (Cesati) Kindberg.
(Leskea tristis Cesati; Anomodon tristis Sullivant).
(Plate XXXIV)

Small, very slender, dull dirty-green, loosely, thinly, and

intricately cespitose: stems prostrate, sometimes pendent,
242 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

branching with irregularly or pinnately arranged branches;
branchlets erect or curved-ascending ; leaves about 0.5-0.8 mm.
long, appressed when dry, more or less squarrose-spreading
when moist, mainly narrow lingulate from an ovate base, con-
cave, sub-clasping, crenulate on the plane margins by the large
and protuberant cells, apically acute to short-apiculate or ob-
tuse, the apex of the leaf very often broken off in the dried
specimens; costa slender, ending in the middle of the leaf;
median leai-cells oblong-rectangular, about .011-.014 mm. in
diameter, thin-walled, pellucid, the upper more or less rounded-
hexagonal, the lower marginal transversely oblong-hexagonal,
the lower median often radiating from the basal part of the
costa in a characteristic manner: capsule unknown: leaf-cells
turgid and bearing several large papille on each surface.

On bases of trees and on steep, sunny rocks; Europe, Asia,
and, in the eastern United States. In the Lesquereux and
James Manual the habitat is stated as particularly on the horn-
beam. Rare in our region.

Clearfield : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
McKean : Gates Hollow, Bradford, July 8, 1895. D.
A. B. (Figured).

4. ANOMODON Hooker and Taylor.

Dioicous: more or less robust, stiff, loosely cespitose,
bright to blue-green, dull, later yellowish to brownish, the
mats mostly ochraceous inside: stem far-creeping, stoloniform,
small-leaved, radiculose, bearing ascending to erect, often
basally-stoloniferous secondary stems; all leafy shoots having
rather uniform leaves, the branches sometimes flagelliform;
foliage-leaves 5-seriate, dense, rarely secund, when dry mostly
imbricated, little different when moist, lingulate from a broad-
ly ovate or oblong and little or not at all decurrent base, or
the upper part lanceolate to subulate, margins plane and entire;
costa strong, smooth, mostly ending below the apex; median
leaf-cells rounded-hexagonal, on both sides densely papillose
with one- and two-pointed papille, rarely unipapillose over
the lumen, only the median basal elongate, smooth, rarely
rhombic; inner perichetial leaves elongate, sheathing, above
similar to the foliage-leaves, or pale, spreading, lance-subulate,
with elongate cells: seta more or less elongate, drying twisted,
smooth, straight; capsule erect, symmetric, oblong-cylindric,
rarely curved, not narrowed below the mouth; peristome-
teeth lance-linear, either pale, papillose, distantly articulate,
non-trabeculate, or yellowish, striate and weakly trabeculate ;
inner peristome finely papillose, with basal membrane low,
carinate, segments filiform, entire, often attached apically to
the columella, cilia rudimentary or, mostly, none; lid conic,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 243

obtuse, acute, or rostrate; calyptra cucullate, smooth; spores
small.

_About 30 species confined to the Northern Hemisphere;
10 in North America; 5 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Slender and flagelliform branches present: annulus none, teeth
striate. : 4. A. attenuatus.
a. Slender and flagelliform branches none: annulus present.

b.
b. Teeth striate: leaves with a hyaline, piliferous-subulate acumi-
nation. 5. A. rostratus.
b. Teeth papillose, non-striate: leaf-acumination not piliferous-
acuminate. c
ce. Leaves with rounded basal auricles, apex apiculate.
A, apiculatus.
c. Leaves not auricled. .
Leaves not secund, the upper half of leaf oblong-lingulate:
teeth nodose. 2. A. minor.
d. Leaves more or less secund, lance-lingulate: teeth not nodose.
3. A. viticulosus.

1, Anomodon apiculatus Bryologia Europea.

(Leskea apiculata W. P. Schimper ; Hypnum rugelii C. Mueller).
(Plate XXXIV)

Cespitose in tangled mats, glaucous-green, reddish or
brownish when old: stems creeping, divided, the secondary
stems and branches straight or ascending; leaves 1.5-1.8 mm.
long, more or less obscurely two-ranked, abruptly oblong-
lingulate from an ovate or oblong-ovate and broader base, the
base non-decurrent but with very large and broadly rounded
fimbriate-papillose auricles, the apex often apiculate, the upper
margin broadly incurved, the leaves when dry crispate; costa
pellucid, ending considerably below the apex; leaf-cells opaque,
chlorophyllose, minute, rounded, papillose on both faces, the
median basal elongate, smooth, the alar somewhat larger,
rounded-quadrate ; inner perichztial leaves long-sheathing: seta
erect, about 5-7 mm. long, dextrorse above, sinistrorse below;
capsule erect or somewhat inclined, symmetric, ovate-cylindric,
about 2-2.5<0.5 mm., thick-walled, castaneous, longitudinally
many-plicate when dry; annulus none; lid conic-acuminate,
small; peristome double, the teeth lance-linear, nodose-articu-
late, faintly papillose, the dorsal lamelle and divisural usual-
ly very faint or invisible, the segments rudimentary, or very
short, from a low basal membrane; spores mature in autumn,
medium-walled, brownish, papillose, about .009-.012 mm.

On shaded rocks and bases of trees or on decayed logs, in
woods, mainly in mountainous districts; Europe, Asia, and
from New England to Ontario and Georgia. Rare in our
region.
244 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

McKean : Bennett Brook, Bradford, November 7,
1897, and Limestone Creek, Bradford, Oc-
tober to December, 1896. D. A. B. (Fig-
ured). The latter mixed with Grout’s No.
134, North American Musci Pleurocarpi.

2. Anomodon minor (Hedwig) Fuernrohr.
(Neckera viticulosa var. minor Hedwig; A. obtusifolius Bryo-
logia Europea).
(Plate XXXIV)

Loosely widely cespitose, glaucous-green, brownish when
old: primary stems creeping, flagellate, robust, with numerous,
more or less erect, secondary stems and branches usually up
to height of 2-4 cm.; leaves somewhat complanate, broadly
lingulate-obtuse from a broadly ovate base, thick, opaquely
chlorophyllose, entire, very densely papillose on both sides;
costa pellucid, rather strong, vanishing below apex; leaf-cells
minute, about .009-.012 mm., rounded-hexagonal, the median
basal elongate and non-papillose, the alar scarcely different
from the upper; perichetial leaves sheathing: seta erect, about
1 cm. high, sinistrorse; capsule erect, castaneous, about 2 mm.
long, symmetric, oblong-cylindric, about 3:1, the mouth small;
lid conic-acuminate, about two-fifths as long as urn; annulus
present, large; peristome-teeth narrowly lance-linear, hyaline,
faintly papillose, about 8-10-nodose-articulate, the divisural
and dorsal lamelle very faint or not visible, the segments very
short or rudimentary, or none, from a very low basal mem-
brane; exothecial cells rather thin-walled, irregularly quadrate
to oblong-rectangular ; spores maturing in late fall or in win-
ter, medium to thin-walled, brownish, papillose, .009-.012 mm.
in diameter.

On rocks and trees, in woods, usually at the base of trees;
Asia and from New Brunswick to Virginia and westward to
South Dakota. Probably rather common in our region.

Allegheny : Near Montrose, September 21, 1905.
O. E. J.

Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Clearfield : Phillipsburg. T. P. James. (Porter’s
Catalogue). -

McKean : Lewiston Creek, November 21, 1897.

D. A. B. (Figured).
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Anomodon viticulosus [Linneus] Hooker and Taylor.

Large, widely tufted, dark green above, yellowish within:
stems creeping, long, sending up secondary stems and
branches, the secondary stems sometimes becoming more or
less geniculate by repeated innovations: leaves more or less
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 245

crisped when dry, sub-falcate, secund, lance-ovate, frequently
serrulate at the apex, apex bluntly acute; costa strong, pel-
lucid, ending a little below the apex; median, upper, and lower
marginal leaf-cells opaque, minute, rounded-quadrate, the
median basal somewhat elongated, cells minutely papillose;
perichetial leaves long, linear-acuminate from an ovate base:
seta twisted when dry, erect; capsule oblong-cylindric, sym-
metric or slightly curved, about 3:1; lid narrowly conic; peris-
tome-teeth lance-linear, more or less irregular, yellowish, the
inner peristome consisting of a very low basal membrane and
very short, irregular segments; annulus double; spores mature
in winter or early spring.

Mostly on shaded rocks, sometimes on trees; Europe,
Algeria, Asia, and in lower Canada and the northern United
States. Occurs in Pennsylvania at least as far west as Franklin
County, and is to be looked for in our region also.

4. Anomodon attenuatus [Schreber] Huebener.

(Leskea attenuata Hedwig; Hypnuim attenuatum Schreber).
(Plate XXXIV)

Slender, loosely and widely tufted, with the secondary
stems fasciculately branched and with numerous slender
flagelliform branches; leaves spreading to secund, concave,
usually more or less distinctly homomallous when dry, about
0.8-1.2 mm. long, broadly lanceolate from an ovate base which
is plainly narrowed to the insertion, the insertion somewhat
excavate and decurrent, the apex acute and minutely apiculate
and often with a very few teeth near the apiculation, the leaf-
margins plane below, and usually minutely crenulate by
reason of the projecting papille; costa strong, ending a little
below the apex; areolation densely papillose on both sides,
irregularly hexagonal to quadrate, opaque, rather thin-walled,
a few of the median basal elongate-rectangular to oblong,
pellucid ; perichetial leaves lance-acuminate from anovate base:
seta about 2 cm. long, twisted; capsule long, cylindric, straight
cr slightly curved, lustrous, castaneous ; lid long-rostrate ; teeth
of peristome narrowly lanceloate, the segments filiform, irregu-
lar, fragile, nearly as long as the teeth ; annulus narrow; spores
mature in fall.

On bases of trees, stumps, and rocks, in woods; Europe,
Asia, and from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south
to Florida and Cuba. Common in our region but usually
sterile.

Allegheny : Along Brush Creek, near Douthett, April

26, 1908, and June 5, 1909. O. E. J.; Wild-
wood Road hollow, November 19, 1908.
O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).
246 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Fayette : Meadow Run Valley, four miles south of
Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.

Huntingdon =: Bark of oak tree, Pennsylyania F urnace,
July 13, 1909. O. E. J.

McKean : Bolivar Run, Bradford, September 16,
1897. D. A. B.

Washington: Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Westmoreland: Shades, near Blackburn, March 25, 1910,
forming an “apron” on base of white oak
tree, O, E. J. and G. K. J.

5. Anomodon rostratus (Hedwig) Schimper.
(Leskea rostrata Hedwig).
(Plate XXXIV)

_ , Densely cespitose, tufts bright green above, yellowish
inside: primary stems creeping, fasciculately branched with
slender julaceous secondary stems and branches; leaves dense-
ly imbricate, ovate and concave at base, narrowly lanceolate
above with a long and hyaline piliferous acumination, more or
less indistinctly two-ranked, the margin crenulate-papillose,
often recurved towards the middle; leaf-cells minute, chloro-
phyllose, opaque, rounded-quadrate to oblong-hexagonal,
pluri-papillose on both faces, the median marginal rounded-
quadrate, about .008-.010 mm., the median interior about as
wide but more oblong, about 2:1, the median basal longer,
hyaline and non-papillose or but slightly so, the apical long and
linear, smooth ; costa strong and ending a little below the apex;
perichetial leaves long, pale, ecostate, the inner with a filiform
and often reflexed point about as long as the main portion
of the leaf: seta short, about 7-10 mm. long, erect, sinistrorse,
richly castaneous; capsule about 2 mm. long, oval-oblong,
about 2.5:1, erect, symmetric castaneous; lid conic, obliquely
rostrate, about one-half to three-fifths as long as the urn;
teeth small, lance-linear, the divisural and dorsal lamelle in-
distinct, the teeth with about 15 to 18 nodose articulations,
pale, papillose; segments about as long as the teeth, linear,
rising from a basal membrane about one-third as high as the
teeth, the cilia solitary and rudimentary or none; exothecial
cells medium-walled, oblong-rectangular to oblong-hexagonal,
becoming quadrate above, about two rows at the rim much
smaller and heavily castaneous-incrassate; spores mature in
fall, thin-walled, nearly smooth, slightly brownish, about .010
mm. in diameter.

On rocks or more usually on the bases of trees; Europe,
Asia, and from Canada to the Gulf States. Very common in
our region, especially on the base of white oak trees.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 247

Allegheny : Moon Township, April, 1902. J. A. S.;
Guyasuta Hollow, October 25, 1908,
swampy woods near Douthett, December
29, 1908. O. E. J.; Wildwood Road Hol-
low, November 19, 1909. ©. E. J. and

G. K. J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 4, 1907. O. E. J.

Butler : Swampy woods near Crider’s Corners, De-
cember 29, 1908. O. E. J.

Center : On log, Bald Eagle Ridge, Matternville,
September 20, 1909. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, August 19, 1904; May 12, 1908,
and August 3, 1909. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, four miles up valley of Mea-

dow Run, May 30-31, 1908, and September
1-3, 1906. (Figured). Cheat Haven, Sep-
tember 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Huntingdon : Pennsylvania Furnace and on Tussey’s
Mt., near Baileyville, July 13, 1909.
O. E. J.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. B. Porter’s Catalogue).

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Cata-
logue) ; three miles southwest of Library,
April 29, 1906, and Hanlin, May 21, 1908.
O. E. J.

5. LINDBERGIA Kindberg).

(Fabroleskea Grout).

Autoicous: rather softly and loosely cespitose, bright to.
brownish-green, dull: stem elongate, creeping, radiculose,
densely-leaved, branched with elongate mostly irregularly
pinnate branches; branchlets short or unequal in length,
obtuse; dry leaves imbricate, when moist spreading to almost
squarrose-spreading, somewhat concave, more or less decur-
rent, ovate to lance-ovate, abruptly subulate-acuminate, non-
plicate, margins entire or rarely indistinctly apically serrulate ;
costa strong, incomplete; median leaf-cells lax, round-oval or
rhombic hexagonal, smooth, or unipapillose, the marginal
smaller and quadrate or transversely broader, the basal mar-
ginal in many rows quadrate to transversely broader; inner
perichetial larger, thin, erect, from a sheathing base subulate-
acuminate, entire or serrulate; costa shorter: seta 5-10 mm.
long, straight, thin, red, smooth; capsule erect, symmetric,
oval-oblong, rarely slightly curved, brown, small-mouthed and
short-necked; annulus present or none; peristome deeply in-.
serted, teeth lanceolate, obtuse, basally confluent, pale to
yellow, non-striate, more or less papillose, divisural zigzag,
low-trabeculate; inner peristome papillose with a very low
248 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

basal membrane, no segments, no cilia; lid conic-obtuse;
calyptra cucullate; spores .025-.030 mm.

As here limited the genus consists of 6 species, occurring
on tree-trunks in the Northern Hemisphere; two species in
North America; one species in our region.

1. Lindbergia austini (Sullivant) Brotherus.
(Fabroleskea austini Grout; Leskea austini Sullivant).

Medium size, intricately matted ; stems irregularly divided,
the branches usually quite unequal; leaves spreading to more
or less squarrose when moistened, imbricate when dry, ovate,
long and slenderly acuminate, strongly papillose, entire; costa
ending above the middle; leaf-cells unipapillate, elliptic-rhom-
boid above, the basal marginal thick, rounded-quadrate ; peri-
chetial leaves longer, lance-acuminate: seta short, erect ;capsule
erect, oval-cylindric with a small mouth; teeth broadly lanceo-
late, deeply inserted, opaque, papillose on both surfaces, the
inner peristome consisting merely of a low basal membrane
scarcely exceeding the rim of the urn; annulus none; lid short-
conic; spores mature in summer.

On tree-trunks and on rocks or stone-walls* northeastern
United States from New Jersey to Minnesota and Kansas. In
Porter's Catalogue the habitat is given as Juniperus virginianus.
Not yet collected in our region.

6. LESKEA Hedwig.

Autoicous: rather slender, usually weak, loosely cespitose,
dull, dark to sooty-green: stems creeping, sparsely radiculose,
tather thickly-leaved, more or less pinnately branched, with
short, erect or ascending branches; leaves when dry imbricate,
when moist erect-spreading to spreading, sometimes sub-
secund, from a somewhat decurrent, cordate-ovate base nar-
rowed to an acute or obtuse apex, sometimes apiculate, short-
ly two-plicate, revolute on one or both lower margins, rarely
indistinctly serrate at apex; costa strong, incomplete; median
teaf-cells either thin-walled, rounded-hexagonal, one- to sev-
eral-papillose, at the base almost quadrate, in the middle rhom-
boidal, or more or less thickened, with oval to oblong acumen;
branch-leaves smaller ; inner perichetial leaves pale, sheathing,
abruptly to slenderly acuminate, entire or serrulate, at the apex,
delicately and incompletely costate: seta long, thin, red,,
smooth; capsule erect, oblong-cylindric, sometimes slightly
curved and weakly inclined, yellowish, finally light brown and
plicate; annulus revoluble; teeth drying strongly incurved,
linear, acuminate, entirely separate, non-bordered, pale yellow,
at the base transversely dorsally striate, thickly trabeculate,
papillose above; inner peristome papillose, basal membrane
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 249

low, segments linear, carinate, as long or shorter than the
teeth, cilia rudimentary; lid acute-conic; calyptra cucullate,
glabrous; spores small.

A widely distributed genus of about 20 species; 7 species
in North America; 3 in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves more or less secund, lance-ovate: capsule sometimes
slightly curved. 1. L. polycarpa,
a. Leaves not secund, ovate, acute to obtuse; capsule erect, straight.
b

b. Leaves two-plicate, symmetric, the margin often revolute.
2. L. gracilescens.
b. Leaves non-plicate, unsymmetric, plane-margined.
L. obscura.

1. Leskea polycarpa Ehrhart, Hedwig.

(L. polycarpa Ehrhart; Hypuiwin medium Dickson).

Slender, thinly tufted: stems prostrate, pinnately to bi-
pinnately branched, 2-4 cm. long, with short curved or erect
branches, intricately matted into close but thin patches; leaves
erect-spreading to secund, loosely appressed-imbricate when
dry, about 0.41.0 mm., lanceolate and gradually acute from a
slightly decurrent, sub-cordate, more or less ovate base, entire,
usually two-plicate, acute to acuminate; costa ending a little
below the apex; median leaf-cells thin-walled, pellucid, more
or less dorsally papillose, hexagonal, about .007-.008 mm. wide,
with one or two papillz on each surface; branch-leaves smaller
and more obtusely, pointed: seta about 1 cm. long, reddish;
capsule cylindric, narrow, basally tapering, straight or almost |
so, reddish-brown, constricted below the mouth when dry; lid
elongate-conic, acute; peristome-teeth long, whitish, narrowly
linear, connivent when dry, the segments about as long, from
a low basal membrane narrowly linear, scarcely carinately
split; cilia rudimentary or none; spores mature in early
summer,

On roots, bases of trees, stones, or decaying wood in wet
situations ; Asia, and from Newfoundland to British Columbia
and southward. Not yet found in our region.

2, Leskea gracilescens Hedwig.

(L. obscura Lesquereux and James, p.p.; Hypniuin gracilescens

Beauvois ).

Intricately cespitose in thin mats: stems prostrate, pinnate-
ly branched with numerous simple, erect, somewhat julaceous
branchlets; paraphyllia usually few, lanceolate; stem-leaves
erect-spreading when moist, appressed-imbricate when dry,
about 0.4-0.50.7-0.9 mm., ovate, acute or somewhat acumi-
nate, entire, margins more or less revolute, sometimes more
quickly tapering to a blunt point, somewhat bi-plicate; costa
250 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

sub-percurrent; branch-leaves hardly different but scarcely
plicate; median leaf-cells usually unt-papillate on dorsal sur-
face, smooth on ventral, quadrate-hexagonal, about .008—.010
mm., the apical more rounded, the basal somewhat quadrate;
capsule erect, basally tapering, oblong-cylindric; peristome-
teeth whitish, lance-linear, lamellate, about 0.4 mm. long, the
linear segments shorter, carinate, sometimes more or less
rudimentary, cilia none; lid conic, acute to obtuse; spores ma-
ture in summer.

On the bases of trees, roots, and on rotten logs, etc.; from
eastern lower Canada to the Gulf States and westward to the
Rocky Mountains. Only once reported in our region.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Leskea obscura Hedwig.
(L. nervosa Sullivant; L. microcarpa Schimper).

(Plate XX XV)

Small, loosely and intricately cespitose, dark green: stems
prostrate, rather irregularly divided, sparingly branched ; leaves
incurved-appressed when dry, spreading when moist, about
6.8-1.2 mm. long, from an ovate base narrowed above to a
rather blunt apex, concave, recurved on the margin, entire
or serrulate ; costa ending a little below the apex; median leaf-
cells quadrate-hexagonal, about .008-.010 mm. wide, with sev-
eral small papillae on the lower surface, on the upper surface
less papillose or almost smooth, apical and basal cells some-
what wider and shorter, the alar oblong-quadrate; branch-
leaves similar; perichetial leaves long-sheathing, rather laxly-
celled, costate: seta about 1.5-2 cm. long; capsule erect,
straight, short-cylindric, sometimes slightly curved, more or
less wrinkled and contracted below the mouth when dry; lid
conic, rather obtuse; peristome-teeth yellowish, papillose, the
segments linear, slender, carinately cleft between the articula-
tions, shorter than the teeth, arising from a basal membrane
about one-fifth the length of the teeth; spores mature in early
summer.

On stones, roots of trees, logs, etc., often where sometimes
overflowed; Japan, and from New Brunswick to Ontario and
southwards through the eastern and central part of the United
States. Probably fairly common in our region.

Allegheny : On bark of white oak at three feet from

ground, Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh, March
8, 1908, and at base of trees in swampy
woods near Douthett, December 29, 1908.
QO. E. J. (Figured).

Blair : Tyrone. TT. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 251

McKean : Tuna Creek, Bradford, December 21,
1895. D. A. B.
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

7. LESKEELLA (Limpricht) Loeske.

Dioicous: slender, in flattened, wide-spreading mats, dark
green to brownish, dull; stem widely creeping, fasciculately
yellowish-red-radiculose, densely-leaved, numerously-branched,
with erect and short branches; leaves drying imbricate, when
moist erect-spreading to secund, more or less abruptly long-
acuminate from a decurrent, doubly-plicate, cordate base, mar-
gins narrowly revolute below but plane in the acumen, entire;
costa strong, yellow-brown, ending in the acumen; cells
rounded-hexagonal, in leaf-middle oval and oblong, in middle
of base rectangular, the alar quadrate; branch-leaves smaller
with plane margins and delicate and shorter costa; perichetial
leaves pale, from the erect and half-sheathing base abruptly
long-acuminate, delicately costate to the acumen: seta elon-
gate, stiff, dark chestnut-color, smooth; capsule erect, sym-
metric, cylindric or oblong, rarely weakly curved, finally rust-
colored to brown; annulus rather persistent, deciduous in sec-
tions ; peristome-teeth erect when dry, confluent at base, subu-
late, bordered, yellowish, cross- and obliquely-striate, smooth
or papillose above, not distinctly trabeculate; inner peristome
yellow, finely papillose, basal membrane moderately promi-
nent, segments irregular, in nodose projections, filiform, étc.,
sometimes carinate, cilia mostly none; lid convex, obliquely
thick-rostrate; calyptra glabrous, cucullate and reaching to
base of capsule; spores small.

A small genus of 5 species; only the following in North
America:

1. Leskeella nervosa [Bridel] Loeske.
(Leskea nervosa Myrin; Lescuraea rigidula Kindberg; Hypnum
nervosum C, Mueller).
(Plate XXXV)

Slender, in‘thin and appressed tufts, dark green to brown+
ish, the older parts almost black: stems creeping, up to 5 or 6
cm. long, pinnately divided and again branched into numer-
ous, crowded, short and erector longer and creeping branches,
often with numerous gemmiform branches towards the apex;
stem-leaves close, broadly ovate, sub-cordate, open-spreading
when moist, imbricate when dry, slightly decurrent, about
0.4-0.5X1-1.2 mm., suddenly long-acuminate, the acumen re-
curved, the margins plane, stib-sinuate, the blade concave and
deeply plicate; costa almost percurrent, slender ; branch-leaves
considerably narrower, lanceolate, more rigidly erect-spread-
ing, smaller, up to about 0.6-0.7 mm. long ; leaf-cells oblong to
252 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

oval-hexdgonal, ranging from 1 to 3:1, the alar quadrate to
transversely oval-hexagonal in about 4-6 rows extending well
up the margins and becoming rounded ; cells smooth to lightly
papillose, incrassate; inner perichetial leaves long-sheathing,
long-acuminate: seta short; capsule erect, sub-cylindric, sym-
metric, small, castaneous; lid narrowly conic to short-rostrate;
peristome short, the teeth whitish, lance-linear, the segments
shorter, irregular, subulate, basal membrane and cilia none;
annulus narrow; spores mature in summer.

On bases of trees, especially maples, in our region: Eu-
rope, and in the northeastern United States. Not common in
our region. .

Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O.
I. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : Bennett Brook, Bradford, July 12, 1896.
(Figured),and Bolivar Run, September 11,
1896. D. A. B.

8. RAUIA Austin.

Autoicous: quite slender, dull, bluish-green to brownish-
green: stems thickly-leaved, simple or divided, more or less
regularly pinnately branched; branchlets short, ascending,
julaceous, obtuse; leaves dimorphic, drying imbricate, when
moist erect-spreading; stem-leaves plicate, triangular to cor-
date-ovate, tapering to a lanceolate or lance-subulate acumina-
tion, the margins entire; costa strong, incomplete; median leaf-
cells rounded-angular, with low and usually numerous papille
on both sides; branch-leaves lance-ovate, short-pointed, the
costa dorsally somewhat rough; inner perichetial leaves ap-
pressed, pale, lance-oblong, slenderly acuminate, entire, incom-
pletely costate, and with elongate, smooth cells: seta slender,
10-15 mm. long, reddish, smooth; capsule from nearly up-
right to horizontal, oblong-cylindric, mostly weakly curved,
light brown, drying more or less constricted below the mouth;
annulus revoluble; peristome-teeth lance-subulate, bordered,
transversely striate, numerously trabeculate; inner peristome
yellow, finely papillose, basal membrane prominent, carinate,
the segments about as long as the teeth, carinately split, the
cilia 2 or 3, more or less complete, nodose; lid conic, short-
rostrate; calyptra cucullate; spores .009-.011 mm.

A genus of about 13 or 14 species, widely distributed in
both hemispheres; 5 species in North America; 1 species in
our region.

1. Rauia scita (Beauvois) Austin.

(Thuidium scitum Austin; Hypnum scitum Beauvois).

(Plate XXXV)
In appressed, green or yellowish-brown tufts, medium-
sized: stem prostrate, castaneous, 2-3-times divided; densely
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 253

pinnately branched; branchlets short and slender, usually
about 2-3 mm. long, smooth, paraphyllia present; stem-leaves
bioadly cordate-deltoid, acuminate, about 0.5-0.6 mm. long,
margins plane, finely papillose-denticulate; branch-leaves
ovate-cordate, smaller, shorter acuminate, both kinds of leaves
concave, erect-spreading; costa pellucid, broad, about three-
fifths to four-fifths as long as the leaf; median leaf-cells
rounded-hexagonal, minute, with 2-5 small bead-like papillz
cn each surface, incrassate, rather obscure, the basal median
oblong, paraphyllia numerous, linear to ovate, more or less
branched, occurring on both stem and branches; inner peri-
chetial leaves elongate-lanceolate, filiform-acuminate, some-
what longitudinally plicate: capsule sub-erect, about 1.3-1.5
mm. long, rather thin-walled, when old and empty more or
less wrinkled, urn cylindric, straight or slightly curved, more
or less twisted when old, the seta about 1.5 cm. long; lid conic-
rostrate, curved upward; annulus large; exothecial cells rather
thin-walled, mainly quadrate to rectangular; peristome-teeth
lance-subulate, shallowly inserted, castaneous and transversely
striolate below, hyaline and papillose above, lamellate and
trabeculate; segments nearly as long as teeth, carinately par-
tially split, the basal membrane about two-fifths as high, the
cilia usually three, nodose; spores medium-walled, castaneous-
pellucid, papillose, about .010-.013 mm., mature in fall and
winter ; autoicious.

On the bases of trees and on stones in woods; from On-
tario to Missouri, eastward to the Atlantic Ocean and south-
ward to North Carolina. Rare in our region.

McKean : On base of trees, Rutherford, August 4,
1897, Bradford, October, 1897; Gates Hol-
low, July 28, 1895, and Limestone Creek,
Bradford, October to December, 1896. D.
A. B. (Figured). The last named speci-
men issued with Grout’s No. 134, in part,
North American Musci Pleurocarpi.

9, HAPLOCLADIUM (C. Mueller) C. Mueller.

Autoicous: slender, forming mats, yellowish-green to
brownish-yellow, dull: stems creeping, elongate, with brown-
ish rhizoids, variously pinnate with branches mostly ascend-
ing, julaceous, short, obtuse and simple, or somewhat longer;
acute and pinnate with scattering short branchlets; leaves more
or less uniform, drying appressed, sometimes weakly secund,
when moist erect-spreading; stem-leaves more or less doubly
plicate, from a more or less broadly ovate base, lanceolate to
lance-subulate, the margin revolute at base, the upper margin
indistinctly serrulate to entire; costa strong, sometimes per-
current, sometimes excurrent, mostly smooth; cells more or
254 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

less pellucid, oval to oblong-hexagonal, with one papilla over
the lumen, the alar quadrate; branch-leaves narrower at the
base, shorter-pointed, plane-margined, more or less distinctly
serrate; costa shorter, cells mostly opaque; inner perichetial
leaves erect, pale, plicate, from a lanceolate or linear base long-
acuminate, incompletely costate: seta 1.5-2.5 cm. long, red-
castaneous, smooth; capsule inclined, oblong-cylindric, drying
more or less horizontal and arcuate, when old and empty con-
tracted below the mouth; annulus present; peristome-teeth
lance-subulate, yellow, bordered, transversely-striate, dorsally
lamellate; inner peristome yellowish, the basal membrane
wide and carinate, the segments lance-subulate, of same length
as teeth, carinate, entire or narrowly split, cilia complete, 2 or
3, slender, nodose or appendiculate; lid convex-conic; acute;
calyptra cucullate; spores .008-.012 mm.

A genus of nearly 50 species, mostly occurring in eastern
Asia and in South America; only the following in our region:

Key to the Species.
a. Stem-leaves rounded-ovate, short-acuminate. cee
1. H. virginianum.
a: Stem-leaves ovate, more or less long-acuminate. _
: 2. H. microphyllum.
1, Haplocladium virginianum (Bridel) Brotherus.
(Thuidim virginianum Lindberg; T. gracile var. lancastricnse
Cardot ; Hypnuin gracile var. lancastriense Sullivant and Les-

quereux ).
(Plate XXXV)

Small to medium-sized, appressed-cespitose, dark to dirty
green: stems diffusely divided, the branches short and erect
or ascending; leaves of. the. stems rounded-ovate, concave,
narrowed to the base. but scarcely decurrent, about 0.6-0.8 mm.
long, abruptly acuminate, costate into the acumen, serrulate
above, erose-dentate below, appressed when dry, loose when
moist; median leaf-cells quadrate-hexagonal, uni-papillate,
rather incrassate, the lower marginal more or less transverse-
ly oblong-quadrate or hexagonal; branch-leaves about 0.4-0.6
mm. long, broadly and shortly acuminate with a serrulate mar-
gin above; perichetial leaves long, pale, up to 2.5 mm. long:
seta slender, about 2-2.5 cm. long, rather richly castaneous,
dextrorse ; capsule oblong-cylindric, castaneous, curved, more
or less horizontal, often when old more or less pendent by the
curving of the upper part of the seta, the urn about 2.5:],
about 2 mm. long, constricted below the mouth when dry and
empty; lid obtusely short-beaked, about one-third as long as
the urn; peristome normally hypnoid, yellowish, the 16 teeth
lance-linear, dorsally cross-striate, with zigzag divisural line,
distinct dorsal lamelle, and about 35-40 closely placed tra-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 255

becule; segments about as long as teeth, carinate; cilia (1-)
2-3, nodose-articulate, the basal membrane about two-fifths
the height of the peristome; exothecial cells incrassate, quad-
rate to oblong-hexagonal, about three series in the rim much
smaller and rounded; spores incrassate, yellowish, faintly
papillose, about .011~.014 mm., mature in spring.

On the ground or on roots of trees in rather open woods;
from New England to Minnesota and Mexico, also in Europe.
Quite common in our region.

Blair : Bald Eagle Valley. T. C. Porter. (Por-
ter’s Catalogue).

Cambria : Cresson. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Center : Tussey’s Mt., above Shingletown, July
15, 1909. O. E. J.

Fayette : On woods-humus, Meadow Run Valley,

four miles south of Ohio Pyle, September
1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Huntingdon : Warrior’s Ridge, above Huntingdon, July
20, 1908. O. E. J. (Figured).

Westmoreland: Two miles south of Trafford, August 21,
1910. O. E. J.; Laurel Hill Mt., Mellon’s
estate, on soil with Diphyscium foliosum,
September 8-11, 1907. O. E. J.

2. Haplocladium microphyllum (Swartz) Brotherus.
(Hypnum gracile Bruch and Schimper; Thuidiuin microphyllum

Best).
(Plate XXXV)

Medium size, pale green to yellowish, appressed-matted:
stems diffusely divided, densely pinnately branched; stem-
leaves broadly ovate to lance-ovate, up to 1.2 mm. long, con-
cave, long and narrowly acuminate, the margins entire or sinu-
ately denticulate; costa almost percurrent; leaf-cells quadrate-
hexagonal, somewhat incrassate, the apical and a very few of
the basal elongate, all strongly uni-papillate; branch-leaves
narrower and smaller, up to 1 mm. long; paraphyllia numerous
and branched on the stem but simple and few or none on the
smaller branches; inner perichetial leaves high-sheathing,
long-acuminate, costate, up to 2.5 mm. long: seta up to 2 or
2.5 cm. long, castaneous, twisted, somewhat arcuate above;
capsule turgid-oblong, about 2-2.5:1, about 2 cm. long, dorsal-
ly somewhat turgid, when mature somewhat inclined or pend-
ent by the curving of the upper part of the seta; lid short-
conic, mamillate; peristome normally hypnoid, the teeth yel-
lowish, densely trabeculate, dorsally with rather indistinct
lamellz and divisural, finely cross-striate, narrowly hyaline-
margined ; segments carinate, about as long as teeth; cilia 2 to
256 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

3, a little shorter than the teeth, strongly nodose to shortly
appendiculate, the basal membrane about one-third as high
as teeth; annulus simple; spores mature in summer, somewhat
incrassate, pale brownish-pellucid, very slightly roughened.

On earth, rotten wood, etc., often on bases of trees; Eu-
rope, Asia, and from southern Canada to the West Indies.
Rare in our region.

McKean : On hillside at mouth of Langmade Hol-
low, Bradford, November, 1895, (Figured)
and Limestone Creek, N. Y., near the
Pennsylvania State line north of Bradford,
October 16, 1896. D. A. B.

10. THUIDIUM Bryologia Europea.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to robust, mostly stiff, dull,
forming greenish to yellowish or brownish mats or cushions:
stem with a few-celled central strand, spreading to ascending
or rarely erect, radiculose here and there in fascicles, not much
divided, once to thrice pinnately branched, flattened like the
frond of a fern; leaves dimorphic, when dry incurved or ap-
pressed, when moist erect-spreading or open-erect but never
secund; stem-leaves plicate, from a narrowed and decurrent
base, mostly with revolute margin, entire or apically toothed;
costa strong, mostly incomplete, rarely excurrent, sometimes
dorsally rough, leaf-cells rather uniform, rounded to oval- or
oblong-hexagonal, both sides numerously papillose or uni-
papillose dorsally or on both sides; branch-leaves of first order
citen similar to stem-leaves, those of the second or third order
smaller, mostly lance-ovate, with the costa weaker and shorter ;
inner perichetial leaves pale, appressed, mostly lanceolate and
plicate, often with a prolonged and filiform apex, sometimes
with ciliate margins, costa incomplete, cells elongate, smooth:
seta elongate, castaneous or red, smooth or rough; capsule in-
clined to horizontal, oval-oblong to cylindric, more or less
arcuate, brown to yellow, drying constricted below the mouth;
annulus sometimes persistent; peristome-teeth basally con-
fluent, lance-subulate, bordered, cross-striate, numerously
trabeculate ; inner peristome yellow to orange, smooth or finely
papillose, with prominent carinate basal membrane, segments
as long as teeth, carinately split at least in part; cilia 2-4,
nodose to appendiculate, or sometimes rudimentary, or none;
lid convex-conic, obliquely rostrate; calyptra cucullate, most-
ly smooth; spores .007-.010 mm. or .012-.016 mm.

A widely distributed family of about 175 species, on tree-
trunks, rocks, or earth; about 25 species in North America;
at least 3, probably more, in our region.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 257

Key to the Species.

a. Delicate, small, not over 5 cm.; 1-2-pinnate.

b.

a. Larger, up to 10 cm.; 1-3-pinnate. c.
b. Branchlets pagillate: leaf-cells about .006 mm.: seta 1-2 cm.
long. (T. pygmaeum (Sull.)

Bryol. Eur.).
b. Branchlets smooth; cells about .009 mm.: seta 2-4 cm. long.
1. T. minutulum.

c. Stems simply pinnate; plants ascending in tufts.
(T.  abietinum [L.]
Bryol. Eur.).
ce. Stems 2-3-pinnate, forming flat mats.
d. Leaf-margin revolute; costa not ee entire apex of leaf.

d. Leaf-margin plane; costa of ececinige: ‘filling the entire apex;
perichetial leaves not ciliate. 3. T. recognitum.

e. Stem-leaves lance-acuminate: perichetial leaves ciliate.
T. delicatulum.
e. Stem-leaves long-lance-subulate; perichetial leaves not ciliate.
(T. philiberti Limpricht).

1, Thuidium minutulum [Hedwig] Bryologia Europza.
(Hypnuim minutulum Hedwig).
(Plate XXXV)

Small, slender, simply pinnate; stems irregularly divided,
not over 3 or 4 cm. long, both stems and branches smooth,
bearing rather few linear-oblong simple paraphyllia only about
2 to 5 cells high, notched at apex; stem-leaves distant, deltoid,
acuminate or apiculate, somewhat revolute on the borders,
rather opaque, about 0.6-0.8 mm. long; costa strong, ending
near the apex; median leaf-cells irregularly polygonal to
quadrate-hexagonal, the marginal somewhat larger and some-
times transversely elongate, all leaf-cells incrassate, pluri-
papillose, the apical cell with 2 to 5 marginal papille; branch-
leaves ovate-acuminate, about 0.2-0.3 mm. long, concave and
with a shorter costa; perichetial leaves erect, slenderly lance-
acuminate, the acumen more or less reflexed: seta about 2-2.5
cm. long, slender, dark yellow or brown and sinistrorse when
old; capsule yellowish, oval-oblong, cernuous to horizontal,
the urn about 2 mm. long, when dry somewhat constricted
below the rim; lid obliquely subulate-rostrate and about 1
mm. long; peristome castaneous, the teeth slender, densely
trabeculate, the dorsal lamelle cross-striate and projecting to
form a narrow margin, the divisural distinct ; segments as long
as the teeth, split carinately, arising from a basal membrane
about one-third as high, cilia usually 2, articulate, nearly as
long ; spores about .010-.012 mm., pale brown, medium-walled,
slightly roughened, mature in fall.
258 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

On rotten logs and stumps and at the base of trees in
woods; Europe, and from New Brunswick to Minnesota and
south to Florida and Mexico. Common in our region.

Allegheny : Keown, November 14, 1909, and Darling-

ton Hollow, Sharpsburg, November 9,
1908. O. E. J.; Wildwood Road Hollow,
November 19, 1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J

Blair : Burgoon’s Gap. A. P. Garber. (Porter's
Catalogue).
Fayette : Meadow Run Valley, four miles south of

Ohio Pyle, on stump, September 1-3, 1906.
O. E. J.and G. K.J. (Figured).
Huntingdon : T.C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).
McKean : On decaying logs, Bolivar Run, Bradford,
August 8, 1896, and Marilla Brook, Oc-
ee 22, 1896, also near Bradford. D.

2. Thuidium delicatulum [Linneus] Mitten.
(Hypnum delicatulum Linneus; H. taimarisciniin Sullivant and

Lesquereux).
(Plate XXXVI)

The “Common Fern Moss.”—Bright green above, darker
helow, large, forming rather large and intricately woven mats,
when dry rather stiff and harsh: stems elongate, procumbent
or arched and alternately rooting, often reaching a length of
10 or 12 cm.; the branching is twice or thrice pinnate, very
regular and fern-like; stem-leaves triangular-ovate, somewhat
cordate, gradually acuminate, about 1 mm. long, erect-spread-
ing, appressed when dry, somewhat serrate and marginally
more or less recurved; leaf-cells unipapillate on both sides,
rather incrassate, the median quadrate-oblong to rhombic-oval
or rounded-quadrate, about .007 to .008 mm. across; costa
strong and ending in the acumen; branch-leaves much smaller,
broadly ovate, acuminate, the apical cells with 2 to 4 papille;
perichetial bracts ciliate on the margins: seta about 2 to 3 cm.
long, rather stiff, richly castaneous, somewhat dextrorse; cap-
sule large, the urn about 3.5 to 4 mm. long, strongly inclined
to horizontal, arcuate, narrowly oblong, yellowish to castane-
ous; lid slenderly conic-rostrate, about 1.5 mm. long; annulus
narrow, usually 2-seriate; peristome large, reddish, the teeth
strongly and numerously trabeculate, often split at the hyaline
and papillose apex, dorsally cross-striate below, the divisural
and lamellz distinct ; segments about as long as teeth, carinate-
ly split, papillose above; the 2 or 3 slender nodose cilia rising
from a basal membrane about one-third as high as the peris-
tome; spores rather thin-walled, pale-castaneous, very slightly
roughened, about .014—.017 mm., mature in winter.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 259

On the ground, stones, rotten wood, stumps, etc. ; in moist
woods; Europe, Asia, and from Labrador to the Rocky Moun-
tains and south to the West Indies and South America. Very
common in the woods of our region.

Allegheny : Fourteen pockets, various data, from the

county, mainly O. E. J. or O. E. J. and
G. K. J.; Power’s Run, September 14,
1905. O. E. J. and G. E. K. (Figured).
Armstrong =: Kittanning, “Buttermilk Falls,’ August
22, 1903, and 1905. D. R. Sumstine; Kit-
j tanning, September 24, 1904. O. E. J.

Center : Tussey’s Mt., above Shingletown, July 15,
1909. O. E. J.

Clinton : Between Renovo and Haneyville, July 15,
1908. O. E. J.

Crawford - Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, May
10-11, 1906, and August 3, 1909. O. E. J.

Fayette : Meadow Run Valley, four miles south of

Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906, Septem-
ber 1-3, 1907, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.; Ohio Pyle, July 4, 1904, and
May 14, 1905. O. E. J.

Indiana : Along Cush-Cushing Creek, near Cherry
Tree, July 12, 1908. O. E. J.

McKean : Bennett Brook, Bradford, February 21,
1893, and Marilla Brook, October 22, 1896.
D. A. B.

Westmoreland: Blairsville, July 12, 1903. Miss K. R.
Holmes; slope of Chestnut Ridge above
Hillside, September 16-17, 1910. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.

3. Thuidium recognitum [Hedwig] Lindberg.
(Hypnum recognitum Hedwig; T. delicatulum Bryologia Eu-
ropea ).
(Plate XXXVI)

Yellowish-green, not as bright-colored as some of the other
Thuidiums, quite similar to the preceding but mostly bipinnate:
the primary branches are nearly equal in length, thus making
the general outline of the frond more linear-oblong; stem-
leaves usually about 0.6 to 0.8 mm. long, broadly triangular,
auriculate-cordate, abruptly acuminate, recurved-spreading
when moist, the apex acute and often very slender, the serru-
late margins usually plane, the leaves sulcate when dry; costa
sub-percurrent, somewhat broadened at apex; leaf-cells incras-
sate, and each with a long, slender, upcurved dorsal papilla,
the median rhombic-oblong to rounded-quadrate, the apical
somewhat narrower; branch-leaves with apical cells with 2-4
260 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

papille ; perichetial leaves up to 4.5 mm. long, slenderly long-
acuminate, non-ciliate: seta about 2-2.5 cm. long, slender,
castaneous, lustrous, dextrorse above; capsule oblong-cylin-
dric, arcuate, more or less inclined, the urn gastaneous, 2.5-3
mm. long, when dry quite sharply bent and constricted at the
mouth; peristome as in T. delicatulum; annulus large, decidu-
cus, pluri-seriate; lid short-rostrate; spores with yellowish,
medium-thick, granular walls, about .012-.014 mm., mature
in midsummer.

On the ground on rocks or on rotten wood in moist,
shaded woods; Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and from north-
ern Canada southeastward to Florida. Rather common in our
region.

Allegheny : On clay bank under hemlocks, Wildwood
Road Hollow, March 29, 1908. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.; Guyasuta Hollow, October
25, 1908. O. E. J.

Armstrong _: Kittanning, September 24, 1904. O. E. J.

(Figured).

Clinton : Between Renovo and Haneyville, July 15,
1908. O. E. J.

McKean : Langmade Hollow, May 3, 1896, Toad

Hollow, June 17, 1896, and Bolivar Run,
July 17, 1897, all near Bradford. D. A. B.

11. ELODIUM (Sullivant) Warnstorf.

Autoicous or rarely dioicous: more or less robust, in deep,
soft, slightly lustrous, green to yellowish-green or sometimes
brownish tufts: stems elliptic in cross-section, without central
strand, mostly simple, thickly-foliate, somewhat distichously
pinnate; branchlets filiform; paraphyses small, branched,
numerous; leaves all similar, when dry appressed, when moist
erect-spreading, or erect, concave, with a dorsally projecting
main plication; stem-leaves from a narrowed base suddenly
lance-ovate, acuminate, the margin almost wholly revolute,
mostly entire, sometimes apically serrate; costa incomplete,
mostly small; cells pellucid, elongate-hexagonal to almost
linear, smooth or unipapillate over the lumen or in the cell-
angle, the basal cells laxly rectangular; branch-leaves smaller;
perichetial leaves erect, pale, plicate, delicate, narrowly acumi-
nate, incompletely costate: seta 2-5 cm. long, smooth; capsule
inclined to horizontal, oblong-cylindric, brown, more or less
arcuate; annulus revoluble; peristome-teeth broadly lance-
subulate, yellow, basally confluent, transversely striate, apical-
ly almost smooth, hyaline-bordered, high-trabeculate, the
plates numerous, and often forked or with transverse walls;
inner peristome yellowish, almost smooth, with high basal:
membrane, carinate; segments as long as teeth, lance-subu-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 261

late, entire or very narrowly carinately split, cilia 3, complete,
delicate, smooth; lid convex-conic, acute; calyptra cucullate,
glabrous; spores about .010-.016(-.024) mm.

A genus of four species, at least one of these in our region.

1. Elodium paludosum (Sullivant) Loeske.

(Hypnum paludosum Sullivant; Thuidium paludosum Jaeger
and Sauerbeck).

(Plate XXXVI)

Yellowish-green, irregularly pinnate: primary stems
creeping, branchlets distichous, unequal: stem-leaves some-
what rigid, about 1-1.5 mm. long, erect-spreading to somewhat
appressed, lance-oblong, acuminate, somewhat cordate at base,
concave below, reflexed on the borders, smooth on both faces,
at the base bearing 1 to 3 paraphyllose branched filaments,
the base decurrent, plicate-striate; costa sub-percurrent;
median leaf-cells shortly linear-oblong to linear-rhomboid,
usually smooth, sometimes dorsally lightly papillose at the
distal end; stems and branches with numerous filamentous
and branched paraphyllia; branch-leaves narrower, smaller,
usually 0.6-0.8 mm. long; inner perichetial leaves oblong,
gradually slenderly acuminate, up to 3 mm. long, longitudinal-
ly plicate: seta about 1.5-3 cm. long, slender, red-castaneous,
dextrorse above; capsule oblong-cylindric, curved, strongly in-
clined to almost. horizontal, about 3:1, the urn about 3-3.5 mm.
long; lid conic, apiculate; peristome normally hypnoid, large,
the teeth rather broadly lance-acuminate, densely trabeculate,
the lower trabecule often forked and thus united by obliquely
transverse bars, the dorsal lamella numerous and below dense-
ly cross-striate, yellowish; segments as long as teeth, carinate
but rarely split, the basal membrane about one-third as high
as teeth, the cilia 3, nodose or appendiculate above, nearly as
long as segments; spores mature in winter, about .018-.022
mm., medium-walled, yellowish, granular; annulus large.

In wet, grassy fields, swamps, and bogs; Asia, and from
New England to Ontario and south to Illinois and Delaware.
Probably rather common in the northern part of our region.

Allegheny : Swampy ground near Douthett, about on
boundary line of Butler and Allegheny
Counties, April 26, 1908. O. E. J.

Butler : Swampy ground near Crider’s Corners,
April 26, 1908. O. E. J.
Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, June

12,1905. O. E.J. (Figured).
262 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

la. Elodium paludosum variety elodioides (Renauld and Car-
dot) Best.

(Thiidiun elodioides Renauld and Cardot).

Leaves smaller with margins dentate-serrate, the cells
more or less strongly and often sub-centrally papillose; darker
green; cells shorter, elliptic or oval.

In swampy meadows, swamps, bogs, etc.; from New York
to Ohio and Indiana. Apparently rare in our region.

McKean : D. A. Burnett. Bradford.

Family XXXI. HYPNACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely pseudautoicous or polyoi-
cous: antheridial clusters gemmiform, small, archegonial clus-
ters on short mostly rooting perichetial branches: slender to
robust, variously cespitose, rarely floating, dull to dustrous:
stem without central strand, mostly woody, often stoloniferous,
mostly irregularly pinnate, but the branches often regularly
pinnate; leaves pluriseriate, unistratose, erect-spreading to
squarrose, rarely densely imbricate, often secund or circinate,
of various forms, sometimes unsymmietric ; costa homogeneous,
mostly thin and rather short, simple, double, forked, or none,
rarely strong and complete to excurrent ; leaf-cells mostly nar-
rowly prosenchymatous, rarely parenchymatous, at the base
looser, the alar mostly differentiated into a distinct group;
rounded to oval or 4-6-sided, small to inflated, mostly hyaline:
seta elongated, mostly smooth; capsule mostly inclined to
horizontal, mostly arcuate, rarely pendent, or erect, mostly
smooth; collum scant; peristome double, both parts of same
length, teeth lance-subulate, mostly strongly hygroscopic,
mostly confluent at base, rarely separate, yellow, red-brown to
purple, mostly transversely striate, with divisural zigzag, with
trabecule numerous and well-developed; basal membrane of
inner peristome wide, segments keeled, mostly lance-subulate,
cilia mostly complete, filiform, nodose to articulate, rarely rudi-
mentary or none; lid usually conic-convex, in our species ob-
tuse to acute or shortly rostrate; spores small.

A large and cosmopolitan family of 37 genera, distributed
on all kinds of substrata.

Key to the Genera.

a. Costa in our species single, extending to leaf-middle or beyond;
lid never rostrate. d. (Amblystegieac).
a. Costa short and double or none; lid sometimes rostrate.

b.
b. Stem-leaves and branch-leaves usually distinctly dissimilar,
symmetric and normally inserted. 0. (Hylocomieac).
b. Stem- and branch-leaves more or less closely similar, often
inserted obliquely and unsymmetrically. c.
oO.

0.

OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 263.

Leaves either symmetric and normally inserted or unsymmetric
and obliquely inserted; lid sometimes rostrate.

s. (Stereodonteac).
Leaves obliquely inserted and apparently two-ranked, mostly un-
symmetric; branches mostly complanate; lid conic to short-

rostrate, rarely long-rostrate. t, (Plagiothecieae).
d. Leaves bordered, 5. Sciaromium.
d. Leaves non-bordered. e.

Costa strong, sub-percurrent, or sometimes excurrent.
f.

Costa not reaching leaf-apex. j.
f. Paraphyllia numerous, polymorphic; leaves non-plicate.
Hygroaimblystegiuim.

f. Paraphyllia none or scarce. g.
Leaf-cells linear-vermicular to the leaf-base, mostly with blunt
ends, alar cells forming a small, distinct, well-defined group of
quadrate or rectangular cells. 9. Hygrohypnum.
Leaf-cells hexagonal and 2-6-times as long as wide, or prolonged-
linear and becoming wider and shorter basally, alar cells forming
a group which is large and often extends to the costa.

h

h. Alar cells parenchymatous. 6. Drepanocladus.
h. Alar cells prosenchymatous. i,
Leaf-cells prolonged-linear. 7. Calliergon.

Leaf-cells prosenchymatous-hexagonal, 2-6 times as long as wide.
4. Hygroamblystegium.
j. Leaves cordate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; costa weak,
reaching the middle of leaf or beyond; leaf-cells rarely linear,
mostly parenchymatous and 4-sided or prosenchymatous and 6-
sided. 1, Amblystegium.
Characters not combined as above. k.
ee cells narrowly linear; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, with
reflexed-squarrose and subulate-acuminate tips.
10. Campyliui.
Leaf-cells and leaves not as above. 7
1. Leaves oval to oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate; cells narrow-
ly prosenchymatous; plants shining. 3. Homomallium.
1. Not as above. m.
Slender, dull; leaves spreading, lanceolate to lance-linear; cells.
rhomboidal to long-hexagonal, 2-6 or rarely 6-8 times as long as.
broad. 2. Amblystegiella.
Leaf-cells prolonged-linear, mostly very narrow.

n.

n. Leaves erect-spreading to imbricated, oblong-ovate to rounded,
obtuse or apiculate, often deeply concave; costa short and
double or none. 8. Acrocladium.

n. Leaves more or less falcate-secund to circinate, from a mostly
narrowed and somewhat decurrent base becoming ovate- to.
triangular- or cordate-lanceolate, more or less slenderly acumi-
nate, costa weak, reaching about to leaf-middle or even in some

cases excurrent. 6. Drepanocladus.
Paraphyllia numerous; leaves more or less erect, from abruptly
to shortly acuminate, mostly plicate. 14. Hylocomium.

Paraphyllia none or very few. p.

p. Stem-leaves more or less squarrose- rapreaaing to secund,.
acuminate.

p. Stem-léaves more or less crowded, bees but with more or

less spreading to secund tips. q@
264 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

qa. Stem-leaves turgidly imbricate and secund, rugose, narrowly lance-
acuminate from a broadly oblong base, glossy; apex serrate: cilia
two; annulus present. 13. Rhytidium.

q. Stem-leaves close, or loosely imbricate, not secund, broadly ovate
or rounded and with an obtuse apex, olive or grayish-green, apex
finely crenulate: cilia three; annulus none.

15. Hypnum.,
r. Alar cells little or not at all differentiated; plants distantly and
irregularly pinnate; leaves squarrose or spreading and secund.
12. Rhytidiadelphus,
r. Alar cells distinctly differentiated; plants closely pinnate; leaves
circinate-secund. 11. Ctenidium.

s. Plants large, to 15 em. tall, closely and regularly pinnate; leaves
linear-acuminate from a broadly ovate base, stem-leaves plicate,
falcate-secund: cilia 3 or 4. 16. Ptilium,

s. Plants robust to quite slender, simple or pinnate, mostly irregu-
larly pinnate; leaves ovate- to cordate-lanceolate, shortly to slen-
derly acuminate, generally circinate-secund in two series.

17. Stereodon.

t. Leaf-cells very narrowly prosenchymatous, alar cells mostly
not differentiated; leaves oblong to linear, short-pointed, ovate
to linear-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate or piliferous.

18. Isopterygium.

t. Leaf-cells wider, alar cells broader proportionally, hyaline and
thin-walled; leaves broadly lanceolate to oval, more or less
long-acuminate. 19. Plagiothecium.

1. AMBLYSTEGIUM Bryologia Europea.

Autoicous: usually more or less slender, in thin and spread-
ing mats: stem creeping to ascending or even erect, irregularly
to pinnately branched, the branches mostly more or less erect;
stem-leaves similar to branch-leaves, erect-spreading to squar-
rose, mostly shortly decurrent, cordate- to ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, rather concave, non-plicate, entire to serrate;
costa thin, simple, reaching to the middle of the leaf or beyond,
rarely complete; cells parenchymatous and rectangular to
elongate-prosenchymatous and hexagonal, rarely linear,
smooth, the alar quadrate to rectangular, the inner pericheetial
leaves erect, broadly lanceolate, mostly costate: seta long,
thin, reddish to castaneous, flattened when dry; capsule, from
an erect collum, curved to oblong or cylindric, smooth when
dry, constricted below the expanded mouth, annulate; peris-
tome-teeth basally confluent, yellow to orange, lance-subulate,
bordered, dorsally cross-striate, above pale and papillose,
densely trabeculate below; inner peristome yellowish, basal
membrane high; segments carinate, entire, or slightly gaping
along the keel; cilia complete, nodose, rarely appendiculate;
lid conic, obtuse to acute; spores small.

A genus of about 50 species occurring mainly in temperate
regions, on various sub-strata; about 20 species in North
America; six in our range.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 265

Key to the Species.
a. Stem-creeping; leaves erect-spreading; un leaf-cells about
2-6:1.

a. Stem often ascending or erect; leaves mostly widely to pausrrascly
' spreading; median leaf-cells mostly 4-8:1, or rarely 10-15:1
£.

b. Cells in middle of leaf about 2-4:1. c.
b. Cells in middle of leaf about 4-6(-8):1. e.
c. Very slender; costa thin, ending near the middle of the leaf.
1. A. serpens.
c. Less slender; costa stronger, almost reaching apex.

d. Stem-leaves ovate-acuminate, acute, slenderly acuminate.

. A. variui.
d. Stem-leaves ovate-cordate, abruptly narrowed to a rather blunt
acumination. 3. A. orthocladon.

e. Costa reaching to three-fourths the length of the leaf.
. A. juratskanum.
e. Costa reaching about to the middle of the leaf.
5. A. radicale.
f. Slender: median leaf-cells prosenchymatous, hexagonal to

linear, 4-8(-10) :1. 6. A. kochii.
" f, Rather robust: median leaf-cells elongate-prosenchymatous to
linear, 5-10(-15):1. 7. A. riparium.

1. Amblystegium serpens [Linnzus] Bryologia Europza.
(Fiypnuin serpens Linnzus )
(Plate XXXVI)

Dull, more or less yellowish-green, very small and slender,
forming thin, soft, densely interwoven mats: stems prostrate,
radiculose, irregularly branching, the branches ascending or
spreading or erect; leaves rather crowded, when moist vari-
ously spreading, when dry more or less appressed and im-
bricate; stem-leaves lance-ovate to ovate-acuminate, usually
long-acuminate, the largest about 0.8-1.00.4-0.5 mm., often
much smaller, narrowed and decurrent at base, slightly denticu-
late or entire, somewhat concave, the margins plane; costa
usually reaching about to the middle of the leaf or above,
often quite faint and indistinct; branch-leaves similar but
smaller and narrower, usually more lanceolate; median leaf-
cells oblong- to rhomboid-hexagonal, about 2-4:1, the basal
broader and more rectangular, the alar quadrate to transversely
elongate but not forming a well-defined group, some of the
apical considerably longer; perichzetial leaves lanceolate, thin,
plicate, up to 1.5 mm. long: seta rather slender, 1-3 cm. long,
reddish, dextrorse; capsule cylindric, the urn about 1.5 mm.
long, strongly curved, cernuous, constricted below the mouth
when dry; lid convex-conic, rather obtusely apiculate; peris-
tome rather large for the capsule, typically hypnaceous, teeth
pale castaneous, strongly trabeculate, below dorsally cross-
striolate, the dorsal lamelle projecting to form a more or less
crenate hyaline margin; segments about as long as teeth,
266 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

carinately split, rising from a basal membrane about two-fifths
as high, the cilia 1 (sometimes 2 or 3), as long as segments,
slender, nodose to appendiculate; annulus 2-3-seriate; spores
papillose, when mature brownish or yellowish, medium-walled,
about .014-.018 mm., mature in spring: autoicous.

On bases and roots of trees, decaying logs, soil, rocks, etc.,
in moist woods; cosmopolitan; in North America occurring
from the Arctic regions to the Gulf of Mexico. Fairly common
in our region.

Allegheny : Wildwood Road Hollow, June 11, 1908,

on base of white oak, Guyasuta Hollow,
October 25, 1908, and Douthett, Decem-
ber 29, 1908. O. E. J. :

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907, Crider’s Cor-
ners, December 29, 1908. O. E. J.

Cambria : Lloydsville, July 22, 1908. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, June 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Meadow Run Valley, four miles south of

Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J. (Figured).
Westmoreland: Slope of Chestnut Ridge above Hillside,
September 16-17, 1909. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.
2. Amblystegium varium (Hedwig) Lindberg.
(Leskea varia Hedwig; Stereodon varius Mitten; Hypnum debile
Bridel).

(Plate XXXVIT)

More or less loosely cespitose, green to light-green above,
darker below, the stems and branches similar but larger than
in A. serpens; leaves rather close together, erect- to widely-
spreading, the stem-leaves ovate-acuminate, the largest about
1-1.5 mm.X0.5-0.7 mm., usually long-acuminate, somewhat
concave, the margins entire or very slightly denticulate, plane,
the base very slightly decurrent; branch-leaves similar but
smaller and more lance-ovate, usually about 0.6-0.8x0.3-0.4
mm.; costa strong, more or less colored, usually yellowish or
brownish, reaching usually into the acumen; median leaf-
cells rhomboid-hexagonal, usually about 24:1, somewhat in-
crassate, rather regularly arranged, the basal larger and more
incrassate, sometimes yellowish, short-rectangular, the basal
marginal distinctly quadrate; inner perichetial leaves slender-
ly lance-triangular, about 1.6 mm. long; seta reddish, slender,
dextrorse,, varying from 1-2 cm. in length; capsule reddish-
yellow, about 4-6:1, cylindric, arcuate, the urn about 1.3 mm.
long, rather smooth, even when dry and empty; annulus 2-3-
seriate; peristome typically hypnaceous, similar to that of
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 267

A, serpens, the teeth basally confluent, dorsally cross-striolate
below, hyaline-papillose above, strongly and closely trabecu-
late; the segments about as long, slightly carinately cleft, the
basal membrane about two-fifths as high, the cilia 1 or 2,
nodose to shortly appendiculate; lid conic-acute; spores about
.012-.018 mm., slightly papillose, medium-walled, mature in late

spring: autoicous.

On bases of trees, soil, rocks, rotting wood, etc., in moist
woods; Europe, and, in North America, from Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico. Very common in our region.

Allegheny

Beaver
Butler

Crawford

Erie
Fayette

Lawrence

Somerset
Washington

Westmoreland :

: Wildwood Road Hollow, November 19,

1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.; on rocks,
Power’s Run, May 10, 1905; Wildwood
Road Hollow, June 6, 1908; Fern Hollow,
Pittsburgh, June 18, 1907, and Guyasuta
Hollow, November 9, 1908. O. E. J.;
Kennywood, May 3, 1902, and Moon
Township May 18, 1902. J. A. S.

: Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.
: On base of Crataegus punctata, Crider’s

Corners, December 29, 1908. O. E. J.

: Linesville, June 11-12, 1907, and May 12,

1908. O. E. J.

: Presque Isle, June 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
: Four miles south of Ohio Pyle, September

1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J., and Sep-
tember 1-3, 1907; Ohio Pyle, May 30-31,
and July 4, 1908. O. E. J.

: On log, New Castle. Miss Susan Gageby,

1906.

: Ursina, May 12, 1905. O. E. J.
: Hanlin, on wet log, May 21, 1908.

O. E, J.

Laurelville, May 30-31, 1903. J. A. S.;
“Shades,” near Blackburn, June 13, 1908,
Hillside, May 22, 1909, and Garrett Farm,
near Trafford, August 21, 1910. O. E. J.;
slope of Chestnut Ridge above Hillside,
September 16-17, 1909. O. E. J. and G.
K.J. (Figured).

3. Amblystegium orthocladon (Beauvois) Jaeger.
(Hypnum orthocladon Beauvois; A. variuwm var. orthocladon

Husnot).

(Plate XX XVII)

Rather dark-green, sometimes olive-green, rather stiff
when dry, compactly tufted: stems irregularly branching, the
branches of plants in the denser tufts often erect, usually less
268 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

than 1.5 cm. long; leaves up to 1 mm. long, broadly cordate-
ovate, usually rapidly and uniformly narrowed to an acute or
sub-obtuse apex, rounded to a narrow base, slightly concave,
slightly decurrent, widely spreading both wet and dry, the
margins plane and minutely serrulate; costa strong, wide at
base, yellowish, usually extending up into the apex; leaf-cells
sub-incrassate, the median oblong-rhomboidal with rounded
ends, about 2-4(-6):1, the apical similar, the median basal
oblong-rectangular, the cells of the angles somewhat wider,
varying to short-rectangular or quadrate, incrassate, often
opaque or colored: seta about 1-1.5 cm. long, castaneous,
dextrorse ; capsule castaneous, oblong-cylindric, arcuate, cernu-
ous, constricted below the rim when dry, narrowed at base to
distinct neck, the urn about 1.6-1.9 mm. long; peristome typic-
ally hypnoid; spores mature in spring, somewhat incrassate,
minutely roughened, about .010-.012 mm.

On stones, rotten wood, bases of trees, etc., along brooks or
in moist situations in woods; Europe, and from lower Canada to
the Gulf of Mexico. By many authors regarded as a variety of
A. varium, but in our region quite common and well marked.

Allegheny : Power’s Run, May 7, 1905, and May 17,

1907, Fern Hollow, August 26, 1906, and
Darlington Hollow, October 25, 1908.

O. E. J.
Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.
Fayette : Cheat Haven, September 26, 1910. O. E.
J. and G. K. J. (Figured).
Greene : Waynesburg, May 30, 1904. O. E. J.
McKean : Bennett Brook, July 15, 1893. D. A.B.
Washington: a ae P. O., April 22, 1906, Hanlin, May
21, 1908.

Westmoreland : Hillside, May 19, 1906, and May 22, 1909,
and Trafford City, June 13, 1908. O. E. J.

4. Amblystegium juratzkanum Schimper.

(Plate XXXVII)

Light yellowish-green, small: stems prostrate, rooting,
slender, the branches irregularly disposed, often ascending to
erect, and rising to a height of 1-1.5 cm.; leaves when moist
irregularly spreading to widely squarrose-spreading, when dry.
spreading to squarrose-spreading and shriveled, ovate-lanceo-
late, gradually acuminate, about 1 to 1.4 mm. long by 0.5 mm.
wide but quite variable, almost entire to minutely denticu-
late, plane, the base narrowed, decurrent and slightly concave;
costa yellowish, fairly strong, reaching to the middle or some-
what further; median leaf-cells prosenchymatous, linear-hexa-
gonal, about 4-8:1, moderately incrassate, hyaline, the apical
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 269

similar, the basal tending to sub-quadrate or shortly rectangu-
lar, the alar forming a rather distinct group, sub-pellucid, 2-3
times as wide as the median cells, decidedly incrassate, and al-
ways as long or longer than wide, perichetial leaves 1.5-2 mm.
long, acuminate, thin, plicate: seta castaneous, smooth, about
2-2.5 cm. high, when dry flattened, flexuous, dextrorse ; capsule
unsymmetric, cernuous, decidedly arcuate, often describing a
half-circle, about 1.5-2.0 mm. long, smooth, reddish, when dry
and empty much contracted below the wide mouth; peristome
typically hypnoid; teeth reddish, pellucid, strongly articulate
and trabeculate, confluent slightly at base, hyaline-margined,
divisural zigzag, dorsal cross-striz evident; segments as long
as the teeth, sub-entire, reddish-yellow, carinate, not at all or
but slightly split, cilia 1-3, of equal length, or some shorter,
nodose, united a little below the middle with the segments to
form the basal membrane; spores rather clear, minutely papil-
lose, medium to rather thin-walled, mature in spring, .010-.012
mm, in diameter.

On moist soil and stones; Europe, Asia, and, in North
Ainerica, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Rather common
in our region. This species is intermediate between A. serpens and
A. kochu, but from the former differs in the more squarrose-
spreading leaves, longer alar cells, and. stronger costa, while
from the latter it differs mainly in smaller size and longer-pointed
leaves.

Allegheny : Douthett, June 5, 1909, Fern Hollow,

Pittsburgh, April 25, 1909, Power’s Run,
May 7, 1905, Nine-Mile Run, May 17, 1907.
O E. J.; Moon Township, May 18, 1902,
and Laschell Hollow, June 15, 1902.

J. AS.

Crawford : Linesville, in Pymatuning Swamp, June
11-12, 1907, and May 12, 1908. O. E. J.
(Figured).

Erie : Presque Isle, June 9-11, 1905. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.

5. Amblystegium radicale [Beauvois] Mitten.

(Hypnum radicale Beauvois; H. bergenense Austin; Campylium
radicale Grout).

(Plate XXXVITI)

Loose, slender, pale-green, little branched, the branches
often erect and up to 2 cm. or more long; branch-leaves distant,
spreading to somewhat squarrose, lanceolate- to ovate-cordate,
up to 1.50.7 mm., concare at base, entire or almost so, de-
current, abruptly slenderly acuminate; median leaf-cells about
4-8:1, sometimes longer, medium-walled, the alar sometimes
270 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

more abruptly enlarged and hyaline; costa well developed,
orange, up to two-thirds or three-fourths as long as the leaf;
perichetial leaves slenderly acuminate and up to 2.5 mm. long,
plicate, erect: seta up to 3 cm. long, castaneous, strong, dex-
trorse; capsule yellowish, the urn about 2.7 mm. long, arcuate,
oblong-cylindric, contracted below the mouth when dry; peris-
tome-teeth strong, castaneous, strengly trabeculate, hyaline-
Mmargined, the dorsal lamellz cross-striolate below, papillose
and hyaline above; segments entire or nearly so, about as
Jong as teeth, the basal membrane about two-fifths as high
as teeth; cilia 2 or 3, usually one, at least, as long as the seg-
ments, nodose, hyaline, minutely papillose; annulus usually 2-
seriate; exothecial cells rounded-quadrate above to rectangu-
lar-hexagonal below; spores castaneous, minutely papillose,
medium-walled, about .016-.019 mm., mature in spring.

On rotten logs, roots of trees, wet soil, etc., in wet, shaded
places: Europe, Asia, and apparently well distributed through-
out temperate North America. The species occurs in Eastern
Pennsylvania and has been found once in our region.

McKean : In springy places near Bradford, May 17,

1895. D. A. B. (Figured).

6. Amblystegium kochii Bryologia Europza.
(Plate XXXVIII)

Stem prostrate with short erect or ascending branches, the
branches not usually reaching more than 5 or 6 mm. long, the
general color of the loose mats being pale green to deep green:
stem- and branch-leaves very similar, spreading rather wide-
ly or almost squarrose, erect-spreading when dry, cordate-
ovate, narrowed but scarcely decurrent at base, the apex long
and slenderly acuminate, the leaves sometimes narrower and
more lanceolate but always long-acuminate, usually 1-1.5 mm.
‘tong, entire to faintly serrulate, plane-margined ; costa medium
strong, yellowish, usually about three-fourths as long as the
leaf; median leaf-cells more or less chlorophyllose, thick-
walled, rhomboid-hexagonal, the ends blunt or parenchyma-
tous, about 4-6:1 or longer, the basal wider, the alar rectangu-
lar to rounded-quadrate, quite densely incrassate, hyaline or
colored, but scarcely forming distinct alar patches; perichetial
leaves up to 2 mm. long, lance-linear, long-acuminate: seta
about 1.5-2 cm. long, castaneous, flexuous, dextrorse; capsule
hypnoid, similar to that of A. serpens, the urn oblong-cylindric,
inclined to cernuous, arcuate, about 2-2.5 mm. long, contracted
below the mouth when dry; peristome-teeth brownish or yel-
lowish, hyaline and papillose above, cross-striolate below,
hyaline-margined, strongly and closely trabeculate, the dorsal
lamella and divisural plain; segments about as long as the
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 271

teeth, slightly carinately split, the basal membrane about two-
fifths as high; cilia usually 3, pale, papillose, some of them as
long as the teeth, nodose; annulus rather large, two-seriate;
upper exothecial cells small, rounded-hexagonal or quadrate,
below becoming elongate-hexagonal or oblong-rectangular ;
spores in late spring or early summer, somewhat incrassate,
castaneous, minutely roughened, about .015-.018 mm.

On moist earth in swampy or marshy places; Europe, Asia,
and probably throughout temperate North America. Fairly com-
mon in our region but in its smaller sizes difficult to satisfactorily
distinguish from A. juratzkanuin.

Allegheny : On wet woods-humus, Guyasuta Hollow,

October 12, and October 25, 1908. O. E.
J.; Kennywood, May 3, 1902, Moon
Township, May 18, 1902. J. A. S.

Center : On wet, clayey soil in Barrens near Scotia,
July 14, 1909. O. E. J.

Crawford : Linesville, Pymatuning Swamp, June 12,
1907, O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, June 11, 1908. O. E. J.

Lawrence : New Castle, 1906. Miss Susan Gageby.

McKean : West Branch Swamp, November 15, 1899.
D, A. B.

Washington : On damp roots of black walnut, Hanlin,
May 21, 1908. O.E. J.

Westmoreland : On wet rocks at edge of stream, Hillside,
May 19, 1906, and Garrett Farm, near
Trafford, August 21, 1910. O. E. J.

7. Amblystegium riparium [Linnzus] Bryologia Europea.

(Hypnwm riparium Linneus; H. lavifolium Bridel; Stereodon
riparinm Mitten). -

(Plate XX XVIII)

Loosely cespitose, yellowish-green, the flat tufts soft:
stems creeping, sub-pinnate, the branches usually 2 or 3 cm.
long, spreading to horizontal, the stems sometimes floating and
reaching a length of 8 or 10 cm.; stem-leaves 24 mm. long,
rather widely spreading or almost squarrose both wet and dry,
often somewhat complanate, at tips of branches more or less
secund, widely lance-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, gradually
tapering to a fine, flat, non-channeled acumination, shortly de-
current, rounded at base, non-auriculate, somewhat excavate;
branch-leaves similar but smaller, all leaves entire and plane-
margined ; costa fairly strong, reaching from one-half to three-
fourths the length of the leaf; median leaf-cells linear-rhom-
boid, prosenchymatous, usually 8-12(-15):1, thin-walled,
chlorophyllose, towards the base lax and sub-rectangular, at
272 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

the angles often somewhat larger, rectangular, and sub-inflated,
but not forming very distinct nor hyaline patches: seta usually
1-2 cm. long; capsule rather turgid, oblong-cylindric, arcuate,
inclined; peristome hypnoid but relatively rather large; teeth
dark orange, cilia 2 or 3, appendiculate, about as long as the
entire or slightly parted segments, the basal membrane reach-
ing to about two-fifths as high as the peristome; annulus 2-3-
seriate; exothecial cells very much smaller at rim, below be-
coming irregular to rectangular, medium-walled; spores
minutely roughened, .011-.014 mm., mature in spring: autoi-
cous.

In swamps, springs, brooks, etc., on bases of trees, roots,
stones, etc., sometimes floating ; almost cosmopolitan ; in North
America ranging from the Arctic regions to Louisiana and
Cuba. Common in our region, in suitable habitats.

Allegheny : Fern Hollow, August 20, 1906, and Nine-
Mile Run, near Swissvale, May 17, 1907.
O. E. J.
Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.
; (Figured).
Center : In swampy spot in gap of Bald Eagle Mt.,

year Matternville, September 20, 1909. This
latter specimen has slenderly acuminate
leaves approaching var.  longifolium
(Schultz) Bryologia Europza.
7a. Amblystegium riparium variety flaccidum (Lesquereux
and James) Renauld and Cardot.
(Plate XXXVIII)
Smaller and of a more slender habit; leaves more distant
and tending to sagittate-lanceolate.
McKean : East Branch swamp, near Bradford, June
15, 1895. D, A.B. (Figured).

2. AMBLYSTEGIELLA Loeske.

Autoicous or dioicous: very slender, stems filiform, mostly
creeping, irregularly branched; leaves rather laxly disposed,
erect-spreading or rarely weakly secund, lanceolate to lance-
subulate from a sometimes somewhat decurrent base, slightly
concave, non-plicate, margin plane and entire; costa none or
very short and weak; median leaf-cells rhomboid-hexagonal or
oblong-hexagonal, 2-4(-8) :1, the basal rather lax, parenchy-
matous, the alar quadrate ; inner perichztial leaves erect, basal-
ly sheathing, lanceolate to lance-oblong, long-acuminate,
ecostate, or with the costa ending in or above mid-leaf: seta
5-12 mm. long, drying flattened, yellowish-red to castaneous ;
capsule mostly erect and symmetric, rarely secund and cernu-
ous, obovate to oblong-cylindric, when dry and empty con-
stricted below the wide mouth, smooth; annulus present; peris-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 273

tome-teeth narrowly lance-ovate, basally confluent, yellowish,
bordered, dorsally cross-striate, above pale and papillose, dense-
ly trabeculate below; inner peristome pale or yellow, basal
membrane high, segments entire or but slightly split, cilia rare-
ly 1-3 and complete, mostly solitary and rudimentary or none,
non-appendiculate; lid high-convex, obtuse to acute; spores
small.

A genus of 8 species, confined to the Northern Hemisphere,
occurring on trees and rocks; 5 species in North America; two
species occurring in our range.

Key to the Species.

a. Inner perichetial leaves irregularly toothed above; leaves not nar-
rowed to insertion; alar cells longer than broad.
1. A. minutissima,
a. Inner perichetial leaves entire; leaves narrowed to the insertion;
alar cells quadrate. 2. A. confervoides.

1. Amblystegiella minutissima (Sullivant and Lesquereux)
Nichols.

(Aypnum minutissimum Sullivant and Lesquereux; Ambly-

Stegium minutissimtm Jaeger).

Minute, pale green: stems prostrate, short, up to about 1
cm. long, with radicles in fascicles, the branches occurring sub-
pinnately and spreading to erect; leaves loose, narrowly tri-
angular-lanceolate, broadest and not narrowed at base, 3-4 mm.
long, more or less serrulate, ecostate or very faintly marked
with striz; leaf-cells large, oblong, about 4-8:1, the marginal
alar cells about 2:1; capsule minute, about 0.5 mm. long, ovoid,
symmetric or slightly curved, constricted below the mouth and
turbinate when dry and empty, thin-walled, yellowish; seta
slender, 4 or 5 mm. long; teeth yellowish, hyaline-bordered;
cilia as long as segments and 1 or 2 in number; annulus 2-
seriate, persistent ; lid conic, apiculate-rostrate, about one-half
as long as urn. ;

On rocks and stones in shaded ravines, said to prefer lime-
stone, from New Jersey and Pennsylvania westward to Illinois,
Ontario, the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia. Rare in
our region,

Huntingdon : Alexandria. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

2, Amblystegiella conferva (Schwegrichen) New Combination.

(Hypnum confervoides Bridel; A. confervoides Loeske; Hypnum
conferva Schwaegrichen).

Dark green, minute; stems irregularly branching, about
0.5-1.0 cm. long; leaves very small, about 0.2-0.4 mm. long,
rather distant, more or less appressed both wet and dry,
entire or almost so, ovate, acuminate, ecostate; leaf-cells irre-
274 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

gularly quadrate-rhomboid to oblong-hexagonal, ranging from
1-3:1, some of them wider transversely, the apical shorter than
the median, the alar numerous and quadrate to transversely
elongate : capsule cernuous, reddish-brown, more or less curved,
oblong, minute; peristome perfect with double cilia or some-
times 3; spores mature in summer: autoicous.

Mainly on shaded ledges of limestone; Europe, Asia, and,
in North America from New Brunswick to southeastern Penn-
sylvania and westward to the Rocky Mountains. Rare in our
region. ‘

Huntingdon :On limestone rocks, one mile south of

Pennsylvania Furnace, July 13, 1909.
O. E. J.

3. HOMOMALLIUM (Schimper) Loeske.

Autoicous: slender, rarely somewhat robust, light to
brownish or yellowish-green, more or less shining; stems
creeping, divided and irregularly pinnately branched, with the
branches short, erect, and more or less curved; leaves erect-
spreading or secund above, the lower mostly straight, the upper
often curved, concave, non-plicate, oval- to oblong-lanceolate,
the base narrowed and but little decurrent, apex elongate-
subulate, the margins plane, entire or serrate at apex; costa
none or short, thin, and double, or longer and sometimes
forked ; leaf-cells narrowly prosenchymatous, smooth or with
projecting ends, towards the base shorter and a little wider,
the alar numerous, small, quadrate, green, passing rapidly into
the narrower cells above; inner perichetial leaves almost
sheathing, abruptly acuminate: seta 1-2 cm. long, thin, com-
pressed, reddish; capsule inclined to horizontal, oblong, when
dry and empty strongly curved and narrowly constricted below
the mouth; annulus revoluble; peristome-teeth yellow, basally
confluent, dorsally cross-striate, bordered, pale and papillose
above, trabecule numerous and close below, above strongly
projecting, inner peristome yellowish, papillose, and with a
high basal membrane, segments keeled, split, cilia 2-3, papil-
lose, nodose; spores small; lid shortly and acutely rostrate.

A genus of about 8 species, occurring on rocks and tree-
trunks; 2 species in North America; 1 species in our region.

1. Homomallium adnatum (Hedwig) Brotherus.

(Hypnum adnatum Hedwig; Amblystegiella adnata Nichols;
Stereodon adnatum Mitten).

(Plate XXXIX)

Widely cespitose in thin, closely adherent mats, pale green,
or yellowish-green, darker below: stems irregularly branch-
ing, creeping, the branches close, short; leaves close, erect-
spreading, ovate or oblong, shortly and widely acuminate to
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 275

slenderly acuminate, entire or nearly so, concave, ecostate or
slightly bi-striate at base, the margins often more or less ré*
curved below, the leaves 0.6-1.0 mm. long; median leaf-cells
somewhat pellucid, sub-rhomboidal, prosenchymatous, about
4-8:1, the apical often shorter, the alar numerous, smaller, more
incrassate and opaque, quadrate and extending along the
margin to one-fourth or one-third the length of the leaf; outer
perichetial broadly ovate, narrowly gradually acuminate, spread-
ing, the inner oblong, erect, more abruptly acuminate, dentate, and
costate nearly to the middle: seta erect, 1.5-2 cm. long, dex-
trorse; capsule arcuate, oblong, narrowed to a distinct neck,
cernuous, reddish or yellowish, when dry constricted below
the mouth but not wrinkled; lid paler, acutely conic; annulus
present; exothecial cells rounded-hexagonal near the rim,
rectangular below; peristome perfect, the teeth prominently
and numerously trabeculate, hyaline and papillose apically,
hyaline-margined and dorsally cross-striolate below, the seg-
ments entire and very slightly split, about as long as the teeth,
the cilia about as long, hyaline and slightly papillose, the
basal membrane about two-fifths as high; spores rather in-
crassate, pale-castaneous, papillose, .009-.012 mm., mature in
summer.

On rocks and on bases of trees in woods; Asia and from
lower Canada to North Carolina and Texas. Fairly common
in our region.

Allegheny : Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, August 20, 1905,

and on base of Acer saccharum, Guyasuta
Hollow, November 8, 1908. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.
Huntingdon : On limestone rocks, Pennsylvania Fur-
; nace, July 13, 1909. O. E. J. (Figured).
McKean : On base of tree, Hawkins’ Hollow, Brad-

tord, October 18, 1895. D. A. B.
Westmoreland: On soil in woods, Hillside, May 22, 1909.
O, E. J.

4. HYGROAMBLYSTEGIUM Loeske.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to quite robust, mostly
stiffly cespitose, dark-green to blackish-green, dull: stem more
or less elongate, mostly floating, rarely more or less erect, most-
ly rather regularly pinnate, with forward-directed, rarely erect,
mostly simple branches; leaves close, spreading to secund,
concave, non-plicate, not at all or but slightly.decurrent, rarely
long-decurrent, mostly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, margins plane, entire or remotely indistinctly
denticulate; costa strong, short or percurrent, sometimes
thickly excurrent; cells green, prosenchymatous, hexagonal,
276 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

2-4(-6) :1, alar cells more or less plainly differentiated; costa
complete or sub-percurrent : seta elongate, castaneous ; capsule
inclined to horizontal, early symmetric or somewhat dorsally
gibbous, oblong-cylindric, later more or less arcuate, when dry
and empty constricted below the mouth; peristome-teeth dark-
yellow to orange, more or less basally confluent, lance-subu-
late, broadly bordered, dorsally cross-striate, apically pale and
papillose, the margin step-like, the trabeculz strongly project-
ing; inner peristome yellow, finely papillose, with high basal
membrane, segments mostly carinately split, cilia complete,
nodose to short-appendiculate; lid high-convex and apiculate
or acute; spores small.

A genus of about 13 species, in damp places or in water,
mostly in temperate or cooler regions ; 5 species occur in North
America; at least 3 species occurring in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves non-decurrent, entire or indistinctly and remotely serrate.

a. Leaves mostly decurrent, mostly with small but distinct teeth.
c.

b. Leaves rather obtuse. 1. H. fluviatile.
b. Leaves more or less sharply acute. 2. H. tenax.
c. Costa sub-percurrent to percurrent. 3. H. filicinum.
c. Costa excurrent. d

d. Leaves decurrent, auriculate, basally excavate.
(H. fallax - (Bridel)
4 Brotherus).
d. Leaves non-decurrent, non-auriculate, not basally excavate.
(A. noterophilum (Sulli-
vant) Warnstorf).

1. Hygroamblystegium fluviatile | Swartz] Loeske.
(Amblystegiuin fluviatile Bryologia Europea; Hypnum fluciatile
Swartz).
(Plate XXXIX)

Robust, aquatic, floating in flat and elongated tufts, soft,
olive- to dark-green, devoid of leaves below: stems with few
branchlets, long, the branchlets more or less parallel and scarce-
ly pinnate; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, not
markedly narrowed below, rather remote, erect-spreading, es-
pecially when dry, non-decurrent, gradually tapering to a short,
blunt point, entire or very faintly serrulate, very concave, the
margins more or less recurved at base; costa thick and strong,
yellowish, ending in the apex; median leaf-cells loose, hexa-
gonal-rhomboid, about 3-6:1, the basal cells rectangular, pel-
lucid, sometimes somewhat opaque, strongly incrassate, not
forming auricles, sometimes quite orange; perichetial leaves
erect, strongly costate: seta about 1.5 cm. long, castaneous,
dextrorse; capsules about 2.5 mm. long, oblong-cylindric, sub-
erect, sub-arcuate, rather thick-walled, yellowish-brown, when
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 277

dry and-empty strongly arcuate and constricted below the
mouth ; below the 2-3-seriate annulus the exothecial cells small
and rounded-quadrate; peristome slightly inserted, teeth
strongly confluent at base, dorsally cross-striolate, brownish
below, apically hyaline and papillose; segments about as long
as teeth, carinately split, the three nodose cilia about as long,
the basal membrane about two-fifths to one-half as high as
teeth; spores medium-walled, minutely papillose, brownish,
about .016-.019 mm., mature in early summer.

On earth and on rocks and stones in running water, usual
ly in non-calcareous districts; Europe, and, in North America,
from Newfoundland to New Jersey and westward to the Mis-
sissippi. Fairly common in our region.

Allegheny : Laschell Hollow, June 15, 1902. J. A. S.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.

McKean : Bennett, May 19, 1895, and August 8, 1897.
D, A. B.

Westmoreland : Shades, Blackburn, June 13, 1908. O. E.
J. ‘(Figured).
2. Hygroamblystegium tenax (Hedwig) New Combination.
(A. irriguum Loeske; Hypnum irriguum Wilson; Amblystegiuint
irriguum Bryologia Europea; Hypnum tenar Hedwig).
(Plate XX XIX)

Dark green, aquatic, cespitose: stems rigid, irregularly
pinnate, long, denuded at the base, usually with a few para-
phyllia at the nodes; stem-leaves ovate, about 1-1.5 mm. long,
gradually acuminate, acute or sub-acute, narrowed at the base,
sub-decurrent, spreading and sub-secund, or on the longer
branches erect-spreading, entire to sub-serrulate, plane-mar-
gined; branch-leaves narrower and tending to lance-ovate;
costa thick and wide, yellowish-brown, narrowing and becom-
ing indistinct in the acumen but often reaching the apex; leaf-
cells hexagonal-rhomboid, about 3-6:1, incrassate, often sub-
opaque, smaller in the apex, at the base one or two rows usual-
ly somewhat enlarged, rectangular, incrassate, often colored,
a few rows above these shorter, quadrate, but no distinct
auricles being formed: seta about 1.5 cm. long, smooth, castane-
ous, dextrorse; capsule oblong, the urn 2-2.5 mm. long, sub-
cernuous and sub-arcuate before ripening to strongly arcuate
when dry, smooth, constricted below the mouth, brownish;
annulus 3-seriate; lid convex-conic, apiculate; peristome-teeth
basally confluent, orange-pellucid and dorsally cross-striolate
below, bordered, strongly trabeculate; the segments slightly
shorter than the teeth, carinately split but scarcely gaping,
yellowish-hyaline, the 3 cilia nodose, hyaline-papillose, about
as long as the segments, the basal membrane about two-fifths
as high; exothecial cells small and rounded, hexagonal to trans-
278 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

versely rounded at rim but soon becoming rather elongate
oblong-hexagonal or rectangular below; spores mature in late
spring or early summer, brownish, medium-walled, papillose,
.016-.019 mm.

On stones and earth in wet situations or in water, usually
in non-calcareous districts ; Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and,
in North America, from Ontario to Missouri and North Caro-
lina. Common in our region.

Allegheny : MoonTownship, May 18, 1902. J. A. S.;

on rock in stream, Fern Hollow, Pitts-
Lurgh, August 22, 1906, and March 8, 1908,
Darlington Hollow, October 25, 1908.

O. E. J.

Bedford : In creek at base of Wills Mt., Hyndman,
October 10, 1904. O. E. J.

Cambria : Cresson and Johnstown. T. P. James.
{Porter’s Catalogue).

Fayette : Sugar-Loaf Mt., September 1-3, 1906. O.

E. J. and G. K. J.; Ohio Pyle, four miles
up Meadow Run, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J.
Huntingdon : 1. C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Washington : Hanlin, May 21, 1908. O. E. J.
Westmoreland: Hillside, May 23, 1908. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

2a. Hygroamblystegium tenax variety spinifolium (Schimper)
New Combination..

(H. fallax var. spinifoliuim Warnstorf; Amblystegium irriguuin
var. spintfoliuim Schimper; A. fallax var. spinifolium Limp-
richt).

This variety differs from the species in being more robust,
with longer stems, longer and narrower leaves, the leaves
reaching nearly 2 mm. in length and with a strongly excurrent
and stout costa: Grout states the upper leaf-cells to be about
6-8 :1, and the basal cells more lax.

Usually in and around calcareous springs and probably
distributed mainly as is the species.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, May 12,

1908. O. E. J.

3. Hygroamblystegium filicinum [Linnzus] Loeske.

(Amblystegium filicinuim DeNotaris; Stereodon filicinus Mitten;

Hypnum coimpressum Bridel).

Variable, forming loose to dense tufts, rather rigid, bright
or golden yellow: stems usually densely brownish tomentose,
especially on the prostrate or procumbent forms, rather regu-
larly pinnately branched, with usually numerous oval to lanceo-
late, laciniate paraphyllia; branches slender, short, stiff, non-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 279

radiculose, with few or no paraphyllia, usually hooked at the
apex; stem-leaves cordate-triangular, finely and gradually
acuminate, varying from erect-spreading to sub-secund;
branch-leaves rather narrower, more usually strongly falcate-
secund ; all leaves rigid, altered but little in drying, not plicate,
markedly decurrent, the base cordate and narrowed, the margin
plane or recurved at the base and closely and finely serrulate
from base to apex; costa strong, usually ending in the apex;
median leaf-cells elliptic-hexagonal to elongate rectangular,
mostly about 3-6:1, usually obtuse at the ends, the alar abrupt-
ly inflated, hyaline or colored, forming well-defined auricles
of sub-rectangular cells, these cells reaching to the base of the
costa or nearly so; perichetial leaves erect, strongly costate
but scarcely plicate, denticulate: seta long, flexuous, up to 3-5
cm. long, flattened and twisted; capsule sub-cylindric, rather
turgid, arcuate, when dry and empty constricted below the
mouth and more or less sulcate; lid conic, acute, or apiculate;
peristome hypnoid, the segments more or less cleft carinately,
cilia 2 or 3, nearly as long as the segments and teeth; annulus
simple, narrow; spores mature in spring.

On earth, stones, etc., in or near springs, streams, or
swamps, principally in calcareous districts; Europe, Asia,
northern Africa, and, in North America, from the Arctic re-
gions south to the northern United States. Rare in our region.

Huntingdon : Spruce Creek. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s
Catalogue).

5. SCIAROMIUM Mitten.

Mostly dioicous: more or less robust, stiff, cespitose, dull,
dark green to blackish: stem long, floating, sparsely radiculose,
with irregularly and sometimes rather fasciculately arranged
branches mostly directed forwards and mostly long and simple ;
leaves close, spreading to secund, concave-carinate, non-plicate,
not at all or but slightly decurrent, ovate to lance-oblong, sub-
acute to acuminate, plane-margined, mostly entire, broadly and
thickly bordered; costa strong, ending apically in the border
or excurrent; median leaf-cells chlorophyllose, strongly incras-
sate, rather opaque, prosenchymatous-hexagonal, 2-4(-6) :1,
the basal cells more lax, the alar somewhat differentiated, the
marginal slender, strongly incrassate, hyaline, in several
iayers; costa ending in the border at the apex: seta 1-3 cm.
long, castaneous below, more yellowish above ; capsule inclined,
unsymmetric, oblong, when dry somewhat constricted below
the mouth, annulate; peristome-teeth yellow, bordered, cross-
striate, apically pale and papillose, the margin step-like, tra-
becule numerous; inner peristome yellowish, with high basal
membrane, segments keeled, narrowly carinately split, cilia 1-3,
280 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

shorter than the segments and nodose; lid high-convex, apicu-
late; spores small.

A genus mainly confined to South America and embracing
about 18 species; only 1 species occurs in North America and
this occurs rarely in our region.

1. Sciaromium lescurii (Sullivant) Brotherus,
(Hypnum lescurii Sullivant ; dinblystegium lescurii Jaeger).
(Plate XXXIX)

Loosely cespitose, dull, dark green to blackish-green:
stems closely and unequally branched, the branches as de-
scribed for the genus, but often with short branchlets, 1-1.5
cm. long, more or less erect, and pinnately disposed; leaves
of the stem thick, rather opaque, erect-spreading, entire below
to sub-serrulate all around, broadly ovate-cordate to oblong-
ovate, 1-1.3 mm. long, abruptly short-acuminate, the branch-
leaves similar but more lance-ovate; leaf-cells prosenchy-
matous, hexagonal to oblong, about 3-6:1, not much differenti-
ated except for the yellowish or castaneous border which is
composed of 4 or 5 rows of linear, prosenchymatous, flexuous,
highly incrassate cells, the border cells in the alar region be-
coming short and rectangular or obliquely quadrilateral ; costa
very strong, castaneous or yellowish, merging at apex into the
border: seta 1-3 cm. long, reddish; capsule short-necked, the
urn about 2.5 mm. long, oblong, cernuous, somewhat arcuate;
the teeth confluent at base, hyaline-papillose above, yellowish
below, dorsally lamellate and cross-striate, numerously trabecu-
late, hyaline-margined; segments yellowish, carinately split
and about as long as the teeth, the basal membrane about two-
fifths as high; cilia 3 (or 4), pale, papillose, nearly as long as
segimertits ; annulus compound; spores matte in late spring or
early summer, castaneous, medium-walled, smoothish, about
012-015 mm.

On stones and rocks in streams, usually in mountainous
or hilly regions; occurring from New England to Ontario and
Georgia. Rare in our region.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J. (Fig-

ured). *

6. DREPANOCLADUS (C. Mueller) Roth.

Dioicous, rarely atitoicous: mostly robust, often densely
cespitose, green to yellowish or brownish, lustrous: stem
procumbent to erect, often floating, variously pinnate, the ends
of the shoots usually circinate; leaves usually more or less
circinate-secund, rarely erect to squarrose, more or less con-
cave, from a mostly narrowed and decurrent base ovate- to
triangular- or cordate-lanceolate, acute to prolonged acuminate,
entire or serrulate; costa mostly simple and thin, ending usually
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 281

about the middle of the leaf, sometimes strong and percurrent
or even excurrent; leaf-cells mostly long-linéar, smooth, in the
more or less excavate angles parenchymatous, thin-walled and
hyaline or thick-walled and colored, usually forming a well-
defined group sometimes reaching to the costa; inner peri-
chetial erect, mostly plicate, elongate-subulate: seta long to
very long; capsule inclined to horizontal, cylindric, arcuate,
when dry constricted below the mouth, smooth, annulate; lid
convex, apiculate.

A genus of over 40 species of water-mosses, quite largely
swamp-mosses,—often forming quite large masses of vegeta-
tion,—almost exclusively confined to temperate and cold re-
gions; about 22 species occur in North America, perhaps the
following four to be included in our list.

Key to the Species.

a. Stem in cross-section displaying cortical layer of enlarged hyaline
cells. 1. D. uncinatus.
a Stem without such a layer. ,
b. Leaves usually entire, the ends of stems and branches not or
but slightly hooked. 2. D. kneifhi.
b. Leaves serrulate, ends of stems and branches hooked.

c.
c. Costa usually less than three-fourths length of leaf; alar group of
cells not reaching over to the costa.
3. D. fluitans.

c. Costa extending well up to the apex of leaf; alar group of cells
large, excavate, and extending over to the costa.
4. D. exannulatus.

1. Drepanocladus uncinatus [Hedwig] Warnstorf.

(Hypnum uncinatum Hedwig; Amblystegiui aduncum Lind-
berg; Hypuum aduncum Linneus ).
d

Rather slender and loosely interlaced. pale green or golden
green: stems distantly and irregularly pinnately branched, 2-10
--em. long, in cross-section showing a layer of large hyaline
cortical cells; leaves rather crowded, regularly falcate to sub-
circinate, little altered when dry, spirally flexuose at the points
in the younger and softer branches, narrowly elongate-lanceo-
late, strongly plicate both wet and dry, gradually very long
and slenderly acuminate, usually denticulate above, texture
very thin; costa narrow, about .030-.035 mm. at base, extending
well into the acumen; leaf-cells very long, linear-flexuous, thin-
walled, pointed, uniform to the base and apex, the alar forming
a rather small and indistinct group of slightly enlarged and
slightly inflated cells, and extending decurrently below and
marginally a short distance above; perichetial leaves erect,
straight, long, plicate, sheathing: seta variable, but usually
2-3 cm. high; capsule cylindric, arcuate, orange-red, darker
when old, when dry and empty somewhat constricted below
282 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

the mouth, smooth; annulus broad, 3-seriate ; lid high-convex

conic-acuminate; peristome hypnoid, teeth orange-yellow he-
low, paler above, segments somewhat carinately split, cilia 2

slender and about as long as segments; spores mature in late.
spring or early summer.

On earth, decaying wood, stones, etc., bordering streams
or in wet situations in the shade, mainly in hilly or moun-
tainous regions almost the world over; in North America from
Arctic regions south to the Gulf States. Not common in
our region.

Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Huntingdon :T.C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Drepanocladus kneiffii (Schimper) Warnstorf.

(Hypnum adwncum var. kneiffii Schimper; Amblystegium
kneiffus Bryologia Europea).

Stems slender, long, flexuous, prostrate or ascending, more
or less pinnately branched, the cross-section showing a central
strand, but not a distinct cortical layer of enlarged hyaline
cells; leaves distant, narrowly lanceolate, costate to the middle
at least, not secund, not falcate except sometimes at the end of
the branches, the acumen flat and entire, the upper leaves
usually shorter and wider; basal leaf-cells much as in D. unci-
natus, the alar somewhat larger and more inflated and extend-
ing to the costa. Closely related on the whole to D. uncinatus,
and by some bryologists regarded as merely a variety of that
species.

Along streams and ditches, about as widely distributed as
the preceding species but not yet reported from our region.

3. Drepanocladus fluitans [Linnzus] Warnstorf.
(Hypnun fluitans Linneus; Amblystegium fluitans DeNotaris).

Loosely and softly cespitose, yellowish to dark brown, ir-
regularly to regularly pinnately branched: leaves more or
less secund or falcate, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
tapering gradually into a very slender flexuose acumination,
the branch-leaves somewhat narrower than the stem-leaves but
quite similar, all denticulate, excavate at the base, sometimes
reaching a length of 4 mm., decurrent; costa not markedly
wide, reaching into the apex or at least nearly so; leaf-cells
about 20-30:1, long, reaching to .100 mm. or more, pointed,
narrow, somewhat incrassate, the alar enlarged, hyaline or
colored and forming more or less distinct auricles reaching
sometimes to the base of the costa, somewhat inflated: seta
long, up to 5 or 6 cm. or sometimes much longer, flexuous,
strongly dextrorse ; capsule more or less inclined, curved, rather
thin-walled, with a distinct collum, about 3—4:1; lid high-con-
vex, bluntly apicualte; peristome-teeth rather short, segments
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 283

rarely carinately split, cilia usually 1 or 2; usually considerably
shorter than the segments; annulus none; spores mature in
summer. Very variable and split up into many forms and
varieties by various authors.

In ditches, swamps, bogs, stagnant pools, etc., often im-
mersed or floating, almost cosmopolitan in temperate and cold
regions; in North America; throughout Canada and the north-
ern United States. Rare in our region.

Center : Bear Meadows. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s
Catalogue). '

McKean : West Branch Swamp, Bradford, in stag-
nant pools among willows, June 9, 1895.
LD. A.B.

+. Drepanocladus exannulatus (Guembel) Warnstorf.

(Hypnum exannulatum Bryologia Europea; Amblystegium ex-
annulatus DeNotaris).

(Plate XL)

Typically more rigid, compact, and more completely pinnate
than D. fluitans, the leaves more falcate, usually serrulate, fre-
quently striate, especially when dry: the costa reaching well to-
wards the apex and rather stronger than in D. fluitans, biconvex ;
the alar cells hyaline and much enlarged, forming an excavate
and well defined patch extending across to the costa. In our
region the specimens show the following characteristics: yel-
lowish-brown, floating, the stems up to 8 or 10 cm. long, the
tips of stems and branches hooked; leaves rather remote, reach-
ing 4 mm. long, irregularly and widely spreading, not definite-
ly circinate or secund, except at the tips of stems and branches,
slenderly acuminate into a sub-channeled acumen, entire, the
base rounded to somewhat excavate and decurrent auricles, so
that the insertion is more or less of a semi-circle ; médian leaf-
cells linear, rather incrassate, about 10-15:1, reaching 0.3 mm.
or even longer, towards the base rapidly becoming shorter
and quickly passing into large, hyaline, oblong; much-inflated
cells, thus forming a distinct patch reaching to the costa and,
below, passing abruptly into the hatrowly linear epidermal
cells of the stem; in cross-section the stem may be seen to have
the 3 or 4 outer layers small and very thick-walled.

In bogs and wet places, usually in cool or alpine regions;
northern and temperate Europe and Asia and, in North
America, from Greenland to Alaska south to the northern
United States. Only once found in our region. |

Crawford : In pools; Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville,

August 19, 1904. Sterile. O. E.J. (Fig-
ured).
284 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

7. CALLIERGON (Sullivant) Kindberg.

Mostly dioicous: more or less robust, stiffly and loosely
cespitose, greenish to brownish or yellowish, rather lustrous;:
stem long, in water and in deep swamps not bearing rhizoids
but assuming a more or less erect habit, in dry places procum-
bent and bearing rhizoids, irregularly to regularly pinnately
branched ; stem-leaves large, erect-spreading to imbricate, con-
cave, rarely somewhat plicate, ovate to oblong or almost cir-
cular, the apex broadly rounded to cucullate, the margin plane
and entire or rarely somewhat revolute below; costa mostly
strong and almost complete, sometimes indistinctly forked at
the end; leaf-cells elongate, linear-hexagonal, shorter below,
the alar forming a distinct group of large, quadrate, rectangu-
lar, and polygonal cells, at first thin and hyaline but later
colored and incrassate, the alar portion of the leaf excavate;
branch-leaves smaller, narrower, the apex often canaliculate;
the inner perichetial leaves erect, more or less long-acuminate,
mostly non-plicate, with a simple costa: seta mostly very long,
drying flat, red to castaneous; capsule inclined to horizontal,
thickly oblong to oblong-cylindric, more or less dorsally gib-
bous, drying arcuate, smooth; annulus none to broad; peris-
tome normally hypnoid; lid convex, acute to obtuse-conic.

A genus of about 10 species of aquatic, largely swamp-
inhabiting mosses, confined to temperate and cold regions: 8
species occurring in North America; 1 species within our range
and 2 others to be expected.

Key to the Species.

a. Costa extending to the middle or a little above.
(C. stramineum (Dick-
son) Kindberg).
a. Costa sub-percurrent. ;
b. Slender, simple or sparingly branched; alar cells gradually en-
larged. 1. C. cordifolium.
b. Robust, profusely branched; alar cells abruptly enlarged.
(C. giganteum (Schim-
per) Kindberg).

1. Calliergon cordifolium [Hedwig] Kindberg.
(Hypnum cordifolium Hedwig; Amblystegium cordifolium De-

Notaris). (Plate XL)
ate

Slender, tall, loosely and softly cespitose, green: stems
brownish, 10-20 cm. in length; when growing in swamps,
more or less erect ; when in dryer situations, more procumbent,
and furnished with rhizoids; sparsely branched, the branches
more or less pinnately branched or simple, cuspidate at the
tips; leaves distant, erect-spreading to spreading, thin, shrink-
ing when dry, large, 2-5 mm. long, concave, cordate- to oblong-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 285

ovate, entire, the apex rounded and sometimes cucullate, the
base decurrent; costa slender, reaching nearly to the apex;
median leaf-cells large, about .075-.125x.007-.009 mm., linear
to sub-hexagonal-linear, pointed, thin-walled, the apical and
upper marginal short and wide, the cells towards the base
gradually becoming large, wide and more or less hyaline-in-
flated, rounded-hexagonal to rectangular, forming a wide but
not distinctly bounded group or band reaching clear across
the base of the leaf and quite strongly decurrent; perichetial
leaves erect, sheathing, from an ovate base long-acuminate, up
to 2.5-3 mm. iong: seta erect, flexuous, usually 4-5 cm. long,
castaneous, when dry flattened and dextrorse; capsule oblong-
cylindric, about 3 mm. long, rather turgid-arcuate, inclined to
horizontal, castaneous, slightly constricted below the mouth
when dry, exannulate; peristome-teeth pale yellow, rather thin,
rather long, hyaline-margined, strongly trabeculate, the dorsai
lamelle hyaline and papillose above, the basal portion rather
irregularly striate, the teeth confluent at base; the segments
entire or but slightly carinately split, about as long as the teeth ;
cilia 2 or 3, slender, nodose, about as long as the segments;
the basal membrane about one-half as high as the teeth;
exothecial cells incrassate, rounded-quadrate to rounded-hexa-
gonal; lid conic, acute to apiculate; spores mature in late
spring or early summer, about .012-015 mm., yellowish,
smooth, rather thin-walled.

In swamps, margins of pools, marshy places, etc.; Europe,
Asia, and in North America from the Arctic region south to the
northern United States. Common in the northern part of our
Tegion.

Allegheny : Brush Creek Swamp, near Douthett, June
5, 1909. O. E. J.

Cambria : Springy place on mountain-top near
Lloydsville, July 22, 1908. O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, May

18, 1905, (Figured). O. E. J.; in Sphag-
num bog near Hartstown, May 29-31,
1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

Erie : Damp border of lagoon at roots of bushes,
Presque Isle, June 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
McKean : Hedgehog Hollow, Bradford, April 19,

1895, West Branch Swamp, in stagnant
pools, May 26, 1895, and Bennett Brook,
on stones bordering stream, July 31, 1896.
D. A. B.

Westmoreland: lun cool mountain stream near top: of

laurel Hill Mountain, New Florence, Sep-
tember 8-11, 1907. O. E. J.
286 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

8. ACROCLADIUM Mitten.

Autoicotis or dioicous: robust; rather stiffly but loosely
cespitose, lustrous, green to yellowish or brownish ; stems long,
densely foliate, the apex of the shoots rigid and acuminate by
reason of the tonvolute apical leaves; the stems erect, not bear-
ing rhizoids, and rather regularly complanately pinnate, or
procumbent, here and there with fascicles of rhizoids, irregu-
larly branched; leaves appressed, smooth, drying somewhat
imbricate, when damp erect-spreading, concave, from a narrow
and sub-decurrent base broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse, rarely
apiculate, entire, the margin apically more or less involute;
costa double, short, or none; leaf-cells narrowly vermicular,
smooth, wider and porose towards the base, in the excavate
alar portions lax, oval-4-6-sided, hyaline, thin-walled, forming
a distinct auricular group; inner perichetial leaves erect, en-
tire: seta 3-7 cm. high, twisted, reddish; capsule horizontal
from an erect collum, oblong to cylindric, drying arcuate and
dorsally gibbous, smooth or plicate, little narrowed below the
mouth; peristome normally hypnoid with appendiculate cilia;
lid tonvex-conic.

As here recognized the genus consists of 3 species; two in
the Southern Hemisphere and the following:

1. Acrocladium cuspidatum [Linnzus] Lindberg.

(Hypnum cuspidatum Linneus; H. flevile Bridel; Calliergon
cuspidatunt Kindberg).

(Plate XL)

Tall and moderately robust with characters mainly as out-
lined for the genus: leaves usually bright, glossy, yellowish-
green, or almost pure green, broadly elliptic-oblong, up to 2.5
mm. long, concave-cucullate, entire, the apex often apiculate,
ecostate or the costa short and double, leaves crowded, usually
more of less erect-spreading when moist, towards the tips of
the stems and branches imbricate-convolute so as to make the
tips cuspidate; median leaf-cells linear-vermicular, about
10-15:1, the alar suddenly inflated, thin-walled, hexagonal,
hyaline or colored, forming a very distinct group, the apical
rather abruptly shorter, rounded, and incrassate: seta 4-6 cm.
long ; capsule reddish-brown; peristome-teeth orange, hyaline-
bordered, the margins step-like above; cilia 3, appendiculate,
slightly shorter than the narrowly cleft segments; spores ma-
ture in summer, the large capsules being but rarely pro-
duced ; annulus 3-seriate.

In marshy places, swamps, and bogs; Europe, Asia, north-
ern Africa, and, in North America, through Canada and the
northern part of the United States. Rather uncommon in
our region. :
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 287

McKean : East Branch, Teina Swamp, north of
Bradford, January 18, 1895. D. A. B.
Snyder : In bog between Shamokin Dam and Rich-

field, July 17,1908. O. E. J. (Figured).

9. HYGROHYPNUAI Lindberg.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to robust, in flattish or
cushion-like tufts, lustrous, green to yellowish-green or golden-
green: stem long, procumbent, with few or no rhizoids, re-
motely and irregularly branched; leaves spreading to secund
or imbricate, concave, smcoth to weakly plicate, more or less
decurrent, lance-ovate, and acuminate or broadly oval and
obtuse to rounded, sometimes almost orbicular, margins plane,
entire or serrate; costa mostly unequally forked, short, weak,
rarely simple and long; leaf-cells to the base uniformly narrow-
ly linear-yermicular, mostly with obtuse ends, smooth, the
apical often shorter and rhombic, the basal yellow to orange,
the alar portions little or not excavate but with wider, quadrate
to rectangular, hyaline to colored cells forming a small but
often well-defined auricular group; inner perichetial leaves
erect, elongate, plicate, costa simple or forked, short: seta
long, reddish, drying flattened and twisted; capsule inclined
to horizontal, mostly oval to oblong, dorsally gibbous, drying
arcuate and mostly constricted below the mouth, annulate;
peristome normally hypnoid; lid convex-conic.

A genus of about 20 species in wet or moist places in cool
regions; in North America about 12 species; in our region at
least 2 species, probably another to be expected.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves falcate. 1. HY. luridum.
a. Leaves not falcate. ?.

b. Costa very short, double, or forked, or none.

: HA. eugyrium.

b. Casta reaching middle of leaf. (H. ochraceum (Turn-

er) Brotherus).

1. Hygrohypnum luridum [Hedwig] New Combination.
(Hypnum palustre Hudson; Amblystegium palustre Lindberg;
Hypnum luridum Hedwig; Calliergon palustre Kindberg).

Yellowish-green, or dark-green, irregularly cespitose in
low patches: stems denuded below, long, divided irregularly,
the branches erect to ascending, often more or less hooked at
the tip; leaves close, either imbricated or more or less falcate-
secund, always concave, the margins incurved towards the
summit, oval- to ovate-oblong, entire, about 1-1.5 mm. long,
the apex variable, either obtuse or acute or rounded and
apiculate; costa usually single or forked and reaching about
half way up the leaf, but variable; leaf-cells rather lax, about
5-10:1, usually linear-rhomboid, rather opaque, somewhat
288 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

shorter towards the apex and towards the base, the alar few,
quadrate, sub-opaque, somewhat inflated, forming small, ill-de-
fined auricles which are somewhat decurrent: seta about 1-2
cm. long; capsule oblong or oval-oblong, orange-brown,
arcuate, rather short and thick, more or less horizontal, dark
when dry, exannulate; lid orange-yellow; peristome normally
hypnoid, teeth yellowish, segments scarcely carinately cleft, a
little longer than the 2 or 3 cilia; spores mature in summer.

On wet rocks, where often overflowed, especially in cal-
careous districts ; Europe, Asia, and the northern United States
and Canada. Rare in our region.

Huntingdon : T.C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Hygrohypnum eugyrium (Bryologia Europea) Brotherus.

(Hypnum eugyriwn Bryologia Europea; <Amblystegium eu-
gyrium Lindberg; Calliergon eugyrium Kindberg).
Widely cespitose in low, dense, usually sand-filled tufts,

lustrous, green to reddish to brownish: stems prostrate, often
leafless below ; branches numerous, erect or procumbent, usual-
ly from 0.5-1.0 cm. long; leaves wide-spreading when moist,
distinctly falcate-secund towards ends of branches, when dry
imbricate-erect and concave, thus giving the branches a turgid
appearance, oval-oblong, narrowed to the base, slightly denti-
culate towards the shortly acuminate acute apex, the margins
incurved towards the apex; costa short, indistinct and double;
median leaf-cells linear, somewhat incrassate, often somewhat
obtuse at ends, about 8-10:1, shorter at the apex, the alar much
enlarged and inflated, the marginal thin-walled, the inner ones
incrassate, hyaline to yellowish-brown, forming well-defined
and somewhat inflated auricles; perichetial leaves whitish, the
outer with flexuous spreading tips, the inner erect, long-acumi-
nate, often erose-denticulate at the apex, plicate: capsule short,
oval to oblong, cernuous, turgid, yellowish-brown; peristome-
teeth yellowish, slender, strongly trabeculate; segments cari-
nately cleft and about equalled in length by the 2 or 3 granu-
jose and nodose cilia; annulus usually 3-seriate; spores ma-
ture in spring.

On rocks in streams or along the banks where kept wet, in
hilly or mountainous and usually non-calcareous regions; Eu-
rope, and from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Georgia
and Colorado. In our region apparently represented only by
the following variety:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 289

2a. Hygrohypnum eugyrium variety mackayi (Schimper)
Brotherus.

(Hypnum eugyrium var. mackayt Schimper ; Hygrohypnum mac-
kayi Loeske; Hypnuin imackayi Breidler).

(Plate XL1)

Leaves about 1-1.50.6-0.7 mm., broadly oblong, distinct-
ly serrulate at apex, sub-clasping and auriculate at base, less
strongly falcate than in the species; perichetial leaves hyaline,
plicate, the inner reaching 3 mm. in length: seta about 2 cm.
long, castaneous, smooth, somewhat flexuous, dextrorse above;
capsule with urn 2-2.5 mm. long; exothecial cells rounded-
hexagonal, somewhat incrassate-collenchymatous, rather uni-
formly seriate; peristome-teeth about as long as the slender
carinate segments, the basal membrane about two-fifths as
high; spores minutely papillose, rather thin-walled, faintly
yellowish, about .024~.027 mm., mature in late spring or early
summer.

On stones in streams in hilly or mountainous regions and
with about the same general distribution as the species. Rare
in our region.

McKean : On stones in brook at head of Bennett
Brook, Bradford, August 26, 1894, Novem-
ber 2, 1896, and July, 1897. (Figured), the
latter issued as Grout’s North American
Musci Pleurocarpi. No. 129. Also Lime-
stone Creek, Bradford, July 7, 1895. All
D. A.B.

3. Hygrohypnum ochraceum (Turner) Brotherus.

(Hypnum ochraceum Turner; mblystegiumn ochraceum Lind-
berg: Limnobium ochraceum Bryologia Europea).

(Plate XL1)

Yellowish or rusty green, softly cespitose in wide tufts:
stems up to 8 or 9 cm. long, ascending or horizontally floating,
sparsely and irregularly pinnately branched, without rhizoids,
the stems and branches somewhat hooked at the apex, the
cortical cells of the stem very large and relatively thin-walled;
leaves falcate-secund, concave, plicate, widely lance-oblong,
somewhat rounded at the base, the margins plane, entire ex-
cepting for slight serration at the rather widely sub-obtuse
apex; costa single or double, often reaching half the length of
the leaf; median leaf-cells linear-vermicular, about 8-14:1, fair-
ly thick-walled, usually rounded at the ends, the apical oval-
rhomboid and much shorter, the basal larger and towards the
angles of the leaf forming distinct auricles of enlarged, hyaline,
inflated, rectangular cells: perichetial leaves ecostate, lance-
290 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

acuminate: seta slender, flexuous, erect; capsules sub-erect to
cernuous from a short erect collum, oblong, arcuate; lid convex,
mamillate; peristome hypnoid, the teeth yellowish, broadly
margined, rather distantly trabeculate, equalled in length by
the carinately split segments, the cilia shorter, unequal, no-
dose, two or three in number; annulus large, usually 3-seriate ;
spores mature in spring or early summer.

' Qn rocks in streams in the mountains of northern and
temperate Europe and Asia and, in North America, from the
Arctic regions south to the northern United States. Although
rare in this district, so far as now known, this species may
eventually be found to be not uncommon in cool, rocky streams
in the more mountainous parts of our region.

Westmoreland: In mountain rivulet, Mellon’s estate,
Laurel Hill Mt., New Florence, Septem-
ber 8-10, 1907. O. E. J. Sterile. (Fig-
ured).

10. CAMPYLIUM (Sullivant) Bryhn.

Mostly dioicous: slender, rarely robust, mostly stiffly
cespitose, green to yellowish or brownish, drying more or less
lustrous ; stems creeping to ascending or erect, bushy to vari-
ously pinnate; leaves from a shortly decurrent base broadly
ovate or cordate, gradually or abruptly narrowed into a long,
slender, canaliculate acumination which is mostly strongly
squarrose-reflexed, margin plane, mostly entire; costa various,
mostly short; cells narrowly rectangular -oblong to linear-
prosenchymatous, smooth; alar cells forming a distinct group,
yellowish, incrassate, small, quadrate: seta long, drying
twisted, reddish to yellowish-red; capsule inclined to hori-
zontal, sub-cylindric, arcuate, annulate; peristome normally
hypnoid; lid convex, acute to conic-obtuse; spores small.

About 33 species in both dry and wet habitats, mainly
confined to the temperate regions; about 20 species in North
America; 4 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Costa simple, thin, ending in about the mee of the leaf, or some-
what above the middle.

a. Costa none or very short.
b. Stem slender, creeping; leaves finely serrulate all around; alar

cells small, quadrate. 1. C. hispidulum.
b. Stem usually erect; leaves entire; alar cells dilated, sub-
rectangular. 4. C. stellatum.

c. Leaves strongly squarrose; alar cells scarcely enlarged.
C. chrysophyllum.
c. Leaves spreading-erect; alar cells enlarged. 3. C. polygamuim.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 291

1. Campylium hispidulum (Bridel) Mitten.

(Aypnum hispidulum Bridel; Chrysohypnum hispidulum Roth;
Stereodon hispidulus Mitten; Amblysteginm  hispidulium
Kindberg).

(Plate XLI)

Slender, interlaced in bright green tufts more or less yel-
lowish below; stems creeping, radiculose, abundantly but ir-
regularly branching, the branchlets slender and erect or
ascending; leaves widely spreading to distinctly squarrose,
about 0.5-0.8 mm. long, triangular-cordate, abruptly acumi-
nate, the slender acumen about one-third to one-half as long
as the main body of the leaf, the leaf slightly concave, decur-
rent, sub-serrulate all around, excavate at the base; costa
double and very short, or none; median leaf-cells about 3-6:1,
about .005-.006 mm. wide, prosenchymatous, elongate-oblong
with blunt ends, the alar numerous, stb-rectangular to
quadrate, granulose, up to twice as wide as the median cells:
seta pale castaneous to yellow, about 1.5 cm. long, slender
dextrorse; capsule small, oblong, more or less incurved, yel-
lowish-brown, wide-mouthed, the urn about 1.2-1.4 mm. long,
when dry furrowed and narrowed below the mouth; annulus
uni-seriate; lid convex-conic with an upturned apiculation;
peristome normally hypnoid, the segments’ slightly cleft and
almost equalled in length by the nodose to sub-appendiculate
cilia; spores mature in summer, yellowish, medium-walled,
minutely papillose, about .011-.014 mm.

On the bases and roots of trees, on decaying wood. on
humus, etc., always near the ground in moist shaded places;
in Europe, Asia, and, in North America, from North Carolina
and Missouri to Canada. Common in our region.

Allegheny : Moon Township, April, 1902. J. A. S.;
Coraopolis, September 4, 1905. O. E. J.
and G. E. K.

Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Center : Edge of pond at Scotia, September 20,
1609. O.E. J. (Figured).

Erie : Presque Isle, June 9-11, 1905. O. E. J.

Indiana : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K, J.

McKean : Quintuple Ridge, November 26, 1896,

Bolivar Run, December 15, 1896, Septem-
ber 24, 1896, Langmade Hollow, all near
Bradford. D. A. B.
292 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Cata-
logue); on log on shaded hillside, three
miles southwest of Library, April 22,
1906. O. E. J.

2. Campylium chrysophyllum (Bridel) Bryhn.
(Hypnum chrysophyllum Bridel; Chrysohypuum chrysophyllum
Loeske; Amblystegium chrysophyllum DeNotaris).

(Plate XL1)

Cespitose in low, lax, or dense, bright golden-green tufts:
stems slender, rather long, prostrate, more or less regularly
pinnate, the branchlets erect or spreading; leaves close, small,
1-1.5<0.4-0.7 mm., squarrose-spreading from a sub-clasping
base, sometimes secund, stem-leaves ovate-cordate to tri-
angular-cordate, decurrent, narrowed abruptly to a long some-
what channeled acumination, entire or very slightly denticu-
late at base; branch-leaves similar but smaller and narrower;
costa single, reaching about to the middle or higher; median
leaf-cells about 5—10:1, about .005-.010 mm. wide, rather in-
crassate, the alar forming a group of small, incrassate, sub-
opaque, sub-quadrate cells: seta castaneous, about 2-2.5 cm. long,
slender, flexuous ; capsule oblong-cylindric, inclined to horizontal,
arcuate, castaneous to orange; annulus large, compound; peris-
tome normally hypnoid, the teeth yellowish, hyaline-margined,
strongly trabeculate, dorsally lamellate, cross-striolate below,
hyaline and papillose above; the segments not usually carinate-
ly split, the cilia stout, nodose, 2 or 3, and about as long as
segments, basal membrane one-half as high as segments;
spores in early summer, light brown, smooth, .010-.012 mm.:
dioicous.

On earth, stones, roots of trees, etc., in moist places; Eu-
rope, Asia, and, in North America, from Canada to Louisiana.
Common in our region.

Allegheny : Laschell Hollow, June 15, 1902. J. A. S.;

Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, August 20,
1905, Power’s Run, June 17, 1909, Guya-
suta Hollow, October 25, 1908. O. E. J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 14, 1907. O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, May 10-
11, 1906, and May 12, 1908 O. E. J.
(Figured).

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 13, 1905, May 30-31, 1908.

O. E. J.; Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906.
O. E. J. and G. K. J.
Westmoreland : Hillside, May 23, 1908. O. E. J.
McKean : Langmade, April 28, 1897, and Marilla
Brook, August 28, 1898, near Bradford.
D. A. B:
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 293

3. Campylium polygamum (Schimper) Bryhn.
(Hypnum polygamun Wilson; Chrysohypnum  polygamatin

Loeske).
(Plate XLIT)

Moderately robust, yellowish-green to golden, low, cespi-
tose: stems erect to ascending, about 3-6 cm. long, divided
and with rather numerous, irregularly pinnate, rather crowded,
and erect or ascending branchlets; stem-leaves lance-ovate,
2-2.5 mm. long, moderately close, erect-spreading both wet
and dry, with an ovate or oblong base narrowed above into a
long, gradually tapering, channeled acumination, entire, the
base rounded and clasping, somewhat decurrent ; branch-leaves
elongate-lanceolate, with the sides tapering in a straight line
from the rounded-ovate base, the leaves averaging about 3
mm. long; median leaf-cells narrowly linear, about 8-12:1, in
the older leaves somewhat incrassate, towards the base often
porose, the alar sub-rectangular, somewhat enlarged, distinct,
forming often orange-pellucid auricles; costa not very strong
but distinct and usually reaching somewhat above the middle
of the leaf: seta slender, flexuous, about 3-4 cm. long; capsule
oblong-cylindric, curved; peristome normally hypnoid, cilia
well developed; annulus present; spores mature in summer.

In moist places in meadows and swamps and said to pre-
fer sandy soils; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic North America
to the northern United States. Rare in our region.

Allegheny : Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, August 26,
1906. O. E. J. (?).

Crawford : Near Linesville in the Pymatuning
Swamp, May 10-11, 1906. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

4. Campylium stellatum [Schreber] Lange and C. Jensen.
(Hypnun stellatuin Schreber; Chrysohypnium stellatuim Loeske ;

Amblystegiuin stellatui Lindberg).

(Plate XLIT)

Robust, densely tufted, soft, lustrous, bright to golden
green: stems stout, usually ascending, up to 8 or 10 cm. long,
irregularly divided, the branchlets sub-pinnate and more or
less crowded and erect; leaves close, from 1-3 mm. long, from
an erect-spreading and more or less cordate base narrowed,
often rather abruptly, to a gradually long-acuminate, acute,
squarrosely spreading acumen, the base entire or sometimes
slightly denticulate, slightly excavate and with rounded and
sub-decurrent auricles, the upper part of the leaf more or less
channeled; costa very short, either single, forked, or double,
but usually appearing only as yellowish or brownish striz;
median leaf-cells narrowly linear, about 8-15:1, in the older
294 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

leaves rather incrassate and blunt at the ends, the basal often
porose, the alar sub-rectangular, incrassate, rather opaque,
usually more or less orange-pellucid, forming distinct, often
somewhat decurrent auricles: seta rather long, castaneous, up
to 4.5 cm. long, stout, dextrorse above, flexuous; capsule ob-
long-cylindric, about 3-4.5:1, arcuate, the urn 2-2.5 mm. long,
inclined to horizontal, sulcate and constricted below the mouth
when dry and empty, brownish; lid highly convex-acuminate;
annulus 2-3-seriate; peristome normally hypnoid, large, the
teeth trabeculate, confluent at base, the lower part orange-
colored and dorsally cross-striolate, the lamelle and divisural
distinct, the upper part paler and papillose; segments some-
what shorter and slightly carinately split; cilia 2 (or 3), nodose,
about as long as the segments; spores mature in summer,
minutely papillose, rather thin-walled, pale yellowish, .O11-
.014 mm.

On wet banks in swamps; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic
America southwards to Virginia. Rare in our region.

Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 19806. O. E. J.
(Figured).
McKean : D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

ll. CTENIDIUM (Schimper) Mitten.

Usually dioicous, mostly slender, soft, cespitose, green to
yellowish or golden-brown, lustrous: stem long, here and
there with clusters of rhizoids, more or less regularly pinnate,
branches short and mostly horizontally spreading; leaves
spreading or circinate-secund, decurrent, non-plicate to weakly
plicate, mostly abruptly lance-subulate from a broadly cordate
base, serrate (C. procerrimum is entire) ; costa double and very
short or none; cells narrowly linear, the upper angle usually
ending in a forward-projecting papilla, the alar cells distinct,
quadrate and rectangular, the angles sometimes weakly ex-
cavate; branch-leaves smaller: seta 1-2.5 cm. long, red,
smooth or nearly so; capsule inclined to nearly horizontal,
thickly oval, dorsally gibbous, not constricted below the
mouth ; annulus broad, revoluble; peristome normally hypnoid ;
lid long-conic, acute or obtuse; calyptra mostly more or less
hairy.

A genus of 21 species occurring mainly on trees and rocks
in temperate and warm regions; 4 species in North America,
the following species in our range:

1. Ctenidium molluscum [Hedwig] Mitten.

(Aypnum molluscum Hedwig; H. compressum Roth).
(Plate XLII)

Very densely cespitose, soft, lustrous, golden green, rather
robust: stems reaching 10 cm. in length, prostrate or ascend-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 295
ing, closely regularly pinnate, plumose; leaves densely im-
bricated, falcate-secund to circinate, stetn-leaves 1.8-2.5 mm.
long, when dry usually plicate, and, especially towards the
points, more or less undulate and crisped, from a cordate-tri-
angular, concave, and auriculate base rather abruptly and
slenderly long-acuminate, plane-margined, strongly serrate, es-
pecially at the base, somewhat decurrent; costa very short and
double or none; median leaf-cells about 8-15:1, the corners
somewhat projecting dorsally, gradually towards the angles
becoming irregularly quadrate-hexagonal, shorter and wider-
pellucid, forming poorly defined auricles of about the same
color as the rest of the leaf; branch-leaves considerably smaller
and narrower, not cordate-auriculate; perichetial leaves slen-
derly lance-acuminate; paraphyllia ovate, mostly at the base
of the branches: seta brownish, flexuous, slender, about 1.0-2.5
cm, long, castaneous; capsule-urn about 2.5 mm. long, oblong
to oval, slightly curved to almost straight, from the curved
apex of the seta mostly horizontal, not constricted below the
mouth when dry; lid conic-acuminate; annulus broad; peris-
tome normally hypnoid, teeth yellowish, segments carinately
cleft, about as long as teeth, the cilia 2 or 3, stout, about as
long as the segments, the basal membrane about one-half the
height of the peristome ; calyptra somewhat hairy when young ;
spores mature in summer, smooth, yellowish-incrassate, about
.015-.018 mm.

On moist, shaded earth and rocks in woods in hilly or
mountainous districts ; Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and from
Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and south to Georgia.
Rather common in our region.

Blair : A. P. Garber. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Cambria : Cresson. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

EIk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : On rich, shaded bank of stream, Lang-

made, April 3, 1897, and April 25, 1897.
(Figured), and on rocks bordering rivu-
lets, head of Gates’ Hollow, Bradford, Oc-
tober 27, 1895. D. A. B.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

12. RHYTIDIADELPHUS (Lindberg) Warnstorf.

Dioicous: more or, less robust, stiff, loosely cespitose
forming loose, wide, stiff, green to yellowish or grayish, and
rather lustrous mats; stem angled, long, without rhizoids,
simple to regularly or irregularly pinnate; branches partly
short and obtuse, partly long and acuminate, and often curved
above; upper half of the leaf spreading-squarrose to reflexed-
296 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

squarrose, sometimes circinate-secund, mostly plicate, scarcely
decurrent, from an ovate or cordate base more or less long-
acuminate, plane-margined, rather sharply serrate ; costa short,
double, or sometimes none; cells narrowly linear, smooth, or
the upper angle projecting dorsally as a tooth, the basal wider,
shorter, more or less incrassate and porose, colored, the alar
mostly not differentiated; seta 2-4 cm. long, castaneous; cap-
sule horizontal to pendent, from a very short neck thickly oval,
dorsally gibbous, when dry and empty plicate, but not con-
stricted below the mouth, annulate; peristome normally
hypnoid; lid convex, conic-acute.

A genus of 5 species of forest and meadow in the tem-
perate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere; 4 species
in North America; 2 species in our region.

Key to the Species.
a. Cells smooth both sides; stem-leaves not plicate, squarrose-re-
curved. 1. R. squarrosus.
a Cells dorsally spinose; stem-leaves strongly plicate, spreading.
R. triquetrus.

1. Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus [Linneus] Warnstori.
(Ayprum squarrosum Linneus; Aylocomium squarrosum Bryo-
logia Europeea).

Widely and softly cespitose, bright green, lustrous: stems
robust, but slender, up to 10 or even 15 cm. long, procumbent
or more or less ascending to erect at the ends, the branchlets
rather distant, flexuous, unequal, attenuated and more or less
sub-flagelliform; stem-leaves crowded, about 3 mm. long,
abruptly squarrose from a cordate-ovate more or less erect-
sheathing base, not secund, imbricated, the squarrose portion
long and gradually tapering and channeled, denticulate above,
the apical leaves somewhat stellately spreading, branch-leaves
smaller but otherwise very similar to stem-leaves; costa short,
double, faint; median leaf-cells smooth dorsally, about 8-10:1,
narrowly-linear, the alar gradually rectangular-hexagonal,
larger, short, opaque to pellucid, numerous, but not forming
abruptly differentiated auricles; perichetial leaves squarrose,
the inner linear-acuminate and apically serrate: seta usually
3-4 cm. long, flexuous; capsule short, ovoid, dorsally gibbous,
inclined to horizontal, or even pendent by the curving of the
upper part of the seta; lid convex-conic, rather acute; annulus
2-seriate; peristome normally hypnoid, segments carinately
split between the articulations, cilia 3; spores mature in winter
or early spring.

In moist or wet meadows and borders of woods in grassy
places; Azores, Europe, Asia, and, in North America, from the
Arctic regions to the northern United States. Rare in our
region.

Cambria : Lesqueretux, at Cresson. (Porter’s Flora).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 297

2. Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus [Linnzeus] Warnstorf.

(Hypnum triquetrwn Linneus; Hylocomium triquetrum Bryo-
logia Europza).
(Plate XLIIT)

Robust, stiff, bright to yellowish-green, bushy-cespitose:
stems long, up to 15 or 18 cm., branching unequally and ir-
regularly, sometimes more or less pinnately, reddish, woody,
ascending or sometimes erect ; stem-leaves large, 4-5 mm. long,
stiff, scarious, divaricately or horizontally spreading both wet.
and dry, widely cordate- to deltoid-triangular, widely rounded-
auriculate at base, the insertion narrow and decurrent; leaves
plicate, denticulate, papillose dorsally, gradually tapering
above to a sub-acute apex ; branch-leaves narrower and smaller
towards the ends of the attenuate branches; costa forked, or
of two parallel divisions reaching about three-fourths the
length of the leaf; perichztial leaves non-costate, the acumina-.
tions squarrose; median leaf-cells linear, about 8-10:1, at the
angles oblong-hexagonal, pellucid, not usually forming distinct
auricles, the upper cells dorsally forming spinulose papille:
seta 1.5-2.5 cm. long, rather rigid, lustrous, castaneous ; capsule
turgid-oblong, large, castaneous, about 3 mm. long, dorsally
gibbous, inclined or more nearly horizontal by a curve in the
upper part of the seta, when dry more or less plicate and con-
stricted below the mouth; the exothecial cells rounded-hexa-
gonal, rather small, incrassate, castaneous; lid conic, acute;
peristome normally hypnoid, the teeth orange-yellow, strongly
trabeculate, dorsally lamellate, the lamelle papillose but non-
striate, projecting to form a distinct border; the segments
carinately split, the cilia 2 (or 3) and about as long as the
segments, stout, the basal membrane reaching about one-half
the height of the peristome: spores medium-walled, smooth,
yellowish, .018-.025 mm.

On shaded banks in woods with a moderate amount of
moisture, or in swamps; Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and, in
North America from the Arctic regions south to the northern
United States, and along the mountains in North Carolina.
Not uncommon in our region.

Cambria : T. C. Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).
Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).
McKean : On decaying leaves under hemlocks,

Marilla Brook, Bradford, June 5, 1895

(Figured), and September 29, 1894; Ben-

nett Brook, July 15, 1893. D. A. B.
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

13. RHYTIDIUM (Sullivant) Kindberg.

Dioicous: very robust, in wide, loose, yellowish or brown-
ish-yellow tufts: when dry stiff and lustrous; stems long, tumid,
298 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

with hooked tips, prostrate to ascending or erect, with few or
no rhizoids, simple to regularly pinnate, rarely bushy ; branches
2-seriate, short and thick, or longer, acuminate and down-
wardly arcuate; leaves crowded, imbricate, falcate-secund,
concave, plicate, rugose, scarcely decurrent, oval to oblong-
ovate, narrowed into a long; canaliculate, lance-subulate, sharp-
ly-toothed point, the margin more or less revolute; costa
simple, thin, sometimes reaching to mid-leaf; median leaf-cells
narrowly vermicular, with dorsally (sometimes a few ventral-
ly, also) projecting and forward-pointing teeth-like papille at
the upper end of the cell, towards the costa at base the cells
more lax, rectangular, porose, incrassate, the alar region not
excavate, the alar cells forming a distinct longitudinal band
of small, quadrate and polygonal, yellowish, incrassate, numer-
ous cells; inner perichetial leaves elongate-lanceolate, slender-
ly acuminate, plicate, serrate, ecostate: seta 2-5 cm. long,
castaneous, when dry twisted; capsule inclined to horizontal,
elliptic to sub-cylindric, dorsally gibbous, when dry arcuate
and constricted below the mouth, brownish; annulus 3-seriate,
remaining attached to the operculum ; lid convex-conic, shortly
and obliquely rostrate; peristome normally hypnoid, teeth
rusty-yellow, segments broadly split, cilia 2, as long as the
segments ; spores in summer but capsules very rarely produced.

One species, as follows, on exposed sunny rocks and ledges,
and in dry, grassy places; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic
America through Canada to the northern United States. Usual-
ly in hilly or mountainous regions on calcareous substrata.
Rare in our region.

1. Rhytidium rugosum [Ehrhart] Kindberg.

(Hylocomium rugosum DeNotaris; Hypnum rugosum Ehrhart).

Stems reaching 8 or 10 cm. or more, the branches tumid
and sometimes 4-6 mm. in diameter; the leaves 3 mm. long or
more, sometimes costate above the middle, margins narrowly
reflexed.

Huntingdon : T.C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

14. HYLOCOMIUM Bryologia Europea.

Dioicous, more or less robust, stiffly and laxly cespitose.
in green or yellowish and more or less lustrous tufts: stem
mostly very long and procumbent or ascending, more or less
arcuate, once to three times pinnate; paraphyllia numerous,
much-branched; leaves more or less spreading, concave, most-
ly plicate, oblong to cordate, long-acuminate, plane-margined,
serrate; costa thin, double, sometimes reaching mid-leaf; cells
linear, mostly smooth, basally shorter and laxer, colored, in-
crassate, porose, alar not differentiated; inner perichetial
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 299

leaves with reflexed-squarrose acuminations: seta more or less
elongate, red; capsule inclined to horizontal, thickly ovate or
oblong-oval, somewhat dorsally gibbous, with neck short and
narrowed into the seta, drying mostly smooth and scarcely con-
stricted below the mouth, annulate; peristome normally
hypnoid; lid convex with a conic-acute point or shortly and
obliquely rostrate.

A genus of 6 species, mainly mosses of forests in tem-
perate and cold regions ; 6 species occurring in North America;
3 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves at base semi-amplexicaul, with very large and rounded
auricles. _ . ; 3. H. brevirostre.
a. Leaves with broad insertion but not with rounded auricles.
Db

b. Stem closely 2-3 pinnate; leaves obscurely bi-costate.
H. splendens,
b. Stem irregularly or distantly 1-2 pinnate; costa double and
reaching to about mid-leaf. 2. H. umbratum.

1. Hylocomium splendens (Hedwig) Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnun splendens Hedwig; Hylocomium proliferum Lindberg).
(Plate XLIIT)

Widely cespitose in loose mats, lustrous, yellowish to
brownish or olive-green: stems long, trailing, red, with green,
branched paraphyllia, stems sometimes up to 15 or 20 cm.
long, divided, the fern-like shoot of each year ascending from
the side of the upper third of the preceding year’s shoot, the
divisions usually complanately and loosely bi- to tri-pinnate;
stem-leaves crowded, erect-spreading to loosely imbricate,
broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, the insertion
wide, the upper portion of the leaf abruptly acuminate into a
slender, transversely undulate and flexuous point, or sometimes
shorter and obtuse, the leaves basally plicate, sub-decurrent,
somewhat concave, recurved at margin below, denticulate and
dorsally spinulosely papillose above; branch-leaves usually
acute, smaller and non-plicate, concave, elliptic-oblong ; costa
double and reaching to one-fourth or one-third the length of
the leaf, but faint; median leaf-cells linear-flexuous, about
8-10 :1, the lower more or less porose, the basal orange-pellucid,
incrassate and larger, but not forming distinct auricular
groups; perichetial bracts long, the inner erect, narrowly
acuminate and sheathing: seta about 1.5-2.0 cm. long, red,
usually stiff, curved, when dry wrinkled and sometimes sinis-
trorse; capsule oblong-ovate, orange-brown, somewhat turgid,
usually horizontally inclined, the urn about 2 mm. long; peris-
tome hypnoid, the teeth basally confluent, trabeculate, lamel-
late, dorsally striolate below, papillose above, brownish; seg-
300 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

tients about as long, widély carinately gaping, yellowish, the
three slender, nodose cilia about as long, the basal mémbrane
about two-fifths as high as the teeth; lid rostrate; exothecial
cells brownish, rather thin-walled, rectangular to hexagonal,
Several rows at the rim much smaller; spores smooth, medium-
walled, .010-.014 mm., mature in spring.

_ On stones and logs in rich and moist mountain woods;
Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and in North Anierica from the
Arctic regions south to the northern United States. Not un-
common in our region.

Blair : T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Elk : McMirin. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Jefferson : Kate Stoy.

McKean : On logs and on ground over leaves, Ruth-

erford Run, April 25, 1893, West Branch
Swamp, on logs, October 15, 1893, and
on rich, shaded bank over leaves, Marilla
Brook, Jtne 30, 1895. (Figured), all Brad-
ford. D. A.B.

Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Hylocomium umbratum [Ehrhart] Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnum umbratum Ehrhart).

(Plate XLIV)

Slerider, not so large and not complanately brtaiiclied as in
H. splendens, more erect and forming loose, green tufts often 12
or 15 cm. high, sometimes yellowish, somewhat lustrous: stems
rigid, pinnately or bi-pinnately branched, the branchlets un-
équal, often drooping, sometimes distinctly flagelliform, the
stems reddish, bearing numerous conspicuous arid branched
paraphyllia; stem-leaves quite broadly triangular-ovate, rather
distant, rather spreading, abotit 2 mm. long, acute to Iotig-
acuminate, decurrent, strongly plicate, undulately strongly
dentate all around, the teeth sometimes recurved, no. papillz
on back of leaf; branch-leaves more ovate and smaller; costa
double and strong, reaching to about mid-leaf; median leaf-
cells about 8-10:1, linear, not fofming distinct auricles, the ex-
treme basal castaneous-incrassate, rounded; perichetial leaves
broad, apically spreading: seta slender, 3-4 cm. long, flexuous ;
capsule short, about 2:1, turgid-ovate, more or less horizontally
inclined, somewhat plicaté and constricted below the mouth
when dry and empty; peristome normally hypnoid, segments
carinately split, the cilia usually 2, about as long as ségments;
annultis none; lid conic, shortly apiculate; spores imature in
early spring.

Over rocks, logs, ‘and woods-humus, in mountain woods;
Europe, Asia, and, in North America, from Newfoundland to
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 301

Alaska south to the northern United States, and southwards
in the mountains. Rare in our region.
McKean : In deep, densely shaded ravines, altitude
1700 feet, along Marilla Brook, one-half
mile above Bradford, April Zi, 1897.
D. A.B. (Figured).

3. Hylocomium brevirostre [Ehrhart] Bryologia Europea.
(Hypniim brevirostre Ehrhart; H. interruptum Bridel).

(Plate XLIV)

Robust, rigid, forming large, swollen tufts of a dark but
glossy yellow- green: stems much-divided, up to 12-15 cm.
long, erect to arched-procumbent, irregularly pinnately
branched, the branches unequal, attenuate, not complanately
arranged, but bushy, paraphyllia rather small, branched, stems
reddish-brown; stem-leaves somewhat crowded, spreading to
squarrose, about 2-4 mm. long, cordate-ovate to triangular-
ovate, abruptly narrowed to a rather long channeled acumen,
the base notably with large rounded, sub-clasping, and some-
what decurrent auricles, “the margins finely and regularly
denticulate, the leaves when dry much plicate; branch-leaves
smaller, narrower, more ovate, less squarrose; perichetial
leaves sheathing at base, subulate-acuminate, squarrose, apical-
ly serrate; costa of stem- and branch-leaves double and reach-
ing to about one-third the length of the leaf: seta flexuous,
about 2 cm. long, dextrorse and arcuate above, castaneous;
capsule turgidly ovate-oblong, horizontally inclined, the urn
about 2 mm. long, castaneous, arcuate and constricted below
the mouth when dry; lid conic-acuminate, about 1 mm. long;
annulus usually 2-seriate, rather wide; peristome hypnoid,
teeth orange-yellow, dorsally lamellate, cross-striolate below,
papillose above, moderately trabeculate, confluent and inserted
at base; segments slender, about as long as teeth, yellowish,
carinately gaping, finely spinose-papillose above, the basal
membrane about two-fifths as high; cilia usually 2, short, no-
dose-appendiculate ; exothecial cells laterally strongly castane-
ous-incrassate, rounded-hexagonal to rounded-rectangular ;
spores about .021-.024 mm., oblong to round, castaneous,
moderately incrassate, somewhat papillose, mature in early
spring.

In deep, shaded ravines and in swamps on 10cks and at
the bases of trees, usually confined to mountainous regions;
Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and, in North America, from
Nova Scotia to Ontario and south in the mountains to North
Carolina. Rather common in our region.

Blair : T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).
302 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Clinton : Between Renovo and Haneyville, July 15,
; 1908. O. E. J.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : In thin mats on perpendicular face of

sandstone rocks at head of Rutherford
Run, altitude 1800-2000 feet, April 25,
1895, and on densely shaded rocks along
Marilla Brook, one-half mile above reser-
voir, Bradford. D. A. B. The latter is-
sued as Grout’s No. 44a, North American
Musci Pleurocarpi. (Figured).
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

15. HYPNUM Linneus, Hedwig.

Dioicous: robust, stiff, deeply and loosely cespitose, dark
to pale green or almost straw-colored, more or less lustrous:
from a decumbent base ascending to erect, with straight
pointed ends and rather regularly pinnate; branches mostly
spreading and 2-seriate, usually slenderly attenuate, sometimes
thick and obtuse; no paraphyllia; leaves crowded, imbricately
appressed, spoon-shaped, more or less distinctly plicate, scarce-
ly decurrent, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, apex blunt, the
margin often narrowly revolute below and broadly involute
upwards, at the very apex only weakly crenulate or serrulate;
costa indistinct, or very thin, short and double; median leaf-
cells narrowly prosenchymatous, smooth, the basal shorter,
laxer, porose, incrassate, yellowsih to orange-red, the alar
abruptly enlarged, quadrate to shortly rectangular, or several-
angled, incrassate, colored, the ale more or less excavate ; peri-
chetial leaves sheathing, lance-oblong, rather abruptly acumi-
nate, indistinctly costate: seta 2-4 cm. long, sinistrorse, tortu-
ous, yellowish-red to red; capsule cernuous, 2-2.5 mm. long,
usually horizontal, symmetric, or dorsally somewhat gibbous,
drying arcuate, slightly constricted below the mouth, brownish,
smooth; annulus none; lid high-convex, acute or conic-obtuse.

The genus as here restricted contains only the following
species:

1. Hypnum schreberi Willdenow, Schwaegrichen.

(A. parietinum Linneus; A. muticum-Swartz; Stereodon schre-
beri Mitten; Hylocomium parietinum Lindberg).

(Plate XLIV)

Usually bright yellowish-green: stems up to 12 or 15 cm.
long, bright red; stem-leaves 1.5-2.5 mm. long; median leaf-
cells about 10-15: 1, the apical shorter: capsules produced
rather infrequently ; ‘exothecial cells transversely oblong-hexa-
gonal, laterally strongly castaneous-incrassate; peristome-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 303

teeth slender, strongly trabeculate, dorsally lamellate, faintly
transversely papillose-striolate, margined, yellowish, confluent
below; segments broad, nearly as long as the teeth, widely
carinately gaping, yellowish and papillose; cilia sub-appendicu-
late, about as long as the segments, usually single; the basal
membrane about two-fifths as high as teeth; spores about .014—
.018 mm., smooth, moderately incrassate, castaneous.

Mainly over humus, etc., in moist, shaded woods, but oc-
curring in moist pastures, dry open woods, and bogs as well;
Europe, Asia, and from Arctic America to the northern United
States. Not uncommon in the northern and central parts of
Pennsylvania.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue). i
Huntingdon :T.C. Porter. (Porter's Catalogue).
McKean : Rutherford Rocks, on perpendicular face

of moist sandstone in wide mats, altitude
of 2000 feet, April 25, 1893; on decaying
log, West Branch Swamp, April 5, 1895,
and Bradley Run (Figured), all near
Bradford. D. A. B.

Somerset : Allegheny Mountains, August 17, 1875.
B. H. Patterson.
Cameron : On ground in pine grove, Hunt’s Run,

April 29, 1893. D. A. B.

16, PTILIUAM (Sullivant) DeNotaris.

Dioicous: robust, stiff, laxly cespitose, plume-like, yellow-
ish-green, in shade bright green, lustrous; stem 5-20 cm. long,
ascending to erect, simple or 2-3-divided, regularly and dense-
ly complanately pinnate with dense complanate branches;
branches horizontally spreading, circinate at the apex, of near-
ly equal length below, rapidly becoming shorter at the apex;
leaves crowded, circinate to almost coiled, deeply pluri-plicate,
long-lance-subulate from a broadly ovate and scarcely decur-
rent base, plane-margined, finely serrulate above the middle;
costa none, or double and short; median leaf-cells very nar-
rowly linear, vermicular-prosenchymatous, smooth, the basal
shorter, wider often and porose, a few alar indistinctly differ-
entiated, quadrate to shortly rectangular: seta 3-5 cm. long,
tortuous, red, drying dextrorse above; capsule cernuous to
horizontal, arcuate, about 2 mm. long, castaneous, cylindric,
smooth; annulus narrow, 2-seriate; lid dome-like, shortly
apiculate.

The genus contains only 1 species, as follows:
304 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

1. Ptilium crista-castrensis [Linnzus] DeNotaris.
(Hypnuni crista-castrensis Linneus; Stereodon crista-castrensis
Mitten).
(Plate XLV)

An easily recognized, rigid, robust, plume-like, bright yel-
lowish-green species: stem-leaves about 2-3 mm. long; median
leaf-cells about 10~-20:1; branch-leaves not usually reaching
2 mm. in length; exothecial cells strongly castaneous-incras-
sate, small and rounded in several series at the rim, below be-
coming oblong-rectangular ; peristome-teeth castaneous, large,
strongly trabeculate, lamellate, crosswise faintly and finely
dorsally papillose-striolate, confluent below; segments as long
as teeth, yellowish, papillose; the basal membrane about one-
half as high; cilia 2-4, slender, hyaline, about as long as the
segments, nodose-appendiculate; spores smoothish, castane-
ous, medium-walled, about .010-.014 mm., usually mature in
early autumn.

On woods-humus, rotten logs, and moist earth, in woods,
usually in mountainous regions ; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic
America south to the northern United States and southwards
in the mountains to North Carolina. Not uncommon in the
more mountainous portions of our region.

Cambria : Cresson. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Blair : A. P. Garber. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Clinton : Deep mountain woods above Renovo,
July, 1908. O. E. J.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Fayette : Forming a thick mat on rock in deep

wooded ravine four miles south of Ohio
Pyle, September, 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.

and G. K. J.
McKean : D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Somerset : Allegheny Mountains, August 17, 1875.

B. H. Patterson. (Figured).
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

17. STEREODON Bridel, Mitten.

Mainly dioicous: robust to quite slender, green to yel-
lowish-green or golden-brown, lustrous: stems elongate, de-
cumbent or ascending, rarely erect, mostly non-stoloniferous,
simple or divided, irregularly or rarely regularly pinnate, the
shoots mostly with hooked or circinate ends; leaves 2-seriate,
falcate-secund, non-decurrent or but slightly so, rather concave,
ovate- to cordate-lanceolate, acuminate to more or less subu-
late-acuminate ; costa short and double or none; leaf-cells nar-
rowly prosenchymatous, smooth on both sides, the basal most-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 305

ly incrassate and porose, parenchymatous in the mostly some-
what excavate angles; inner perichetial leaves plicate, lance-
subulate: seta long, drying twisted; capsule cernuous to hori-
zontal, rarely erect, oblong to cylindric, arcuate or rarely
straight, mostly smooth and annulate; lid convex-conic, um-
bonate to apiculate or sometimes short- rostrate.

A genus of about 115 species, mainly confined to the tem-
perate regions; at least 40 species occur in North America;
about 11 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves not falcate nor secund. b.
a. Leaves falcate or secund. ¢.
b. Leaves entire. 8. S. haldaxianus.

b. Leaves distinctly serrulate, at least towards the apex.
(S._ nemorous (Koch)

ate ‘ Lindberg).
c. Leaves usually distinctly entire. a
c. Leaves serrulate, at least towards the apex.
d, Distinctly regularly pinnate. 6. S. arcuatus.

d. Not distinctly regularly pinnate. e,
e. Perichetial leaves plicate; alar leaf-cells strongly inflated.
. S. pratensis,
e. Perichetial leaves not plicate; alar leaf-cells not strongly inflated.
4, S. cupressiformis.
f. With alar cells strongly inflated. %
f, With alar cells not strongly inflated. g.
g. Stems not regularly pinnate; leaves usually entire.
4. S. cupressiformis.
g. Stems regularly pinnate; leaves serrulate, . least above.

h. Alar leaf-cells not inflated: capsule ae arcuate.

S. reptilis.
h. A few alar leaf-cells somewhat inflated: saps more or less
symmetric. 3. S. imponens.

i. More or less regularly and evenly pinnate. k.
i. Not regularly pinnate. j
j. Lid altogether about as long as the urn.
9. S. recurvans,
j. Lid altogether about one-half as long as the urn.
10. S. delicatulus,
k. Slender and sparsely branched: lid altogether about one-half as
long as the urn; cilia rudimentary or none.
11. S. tenuirostris,
k. More robust and more abundantly branching: lid relatively short;
cilia well developed. 1
1, Capsule when dry and empty smooth to sub-costate; spores

about .015-.018 mm. 2. S. fertilis.
1. Capsule when dry and empty strongly plicate; spores about
.019-.023 mm. 5. S. curvifolius.

1. Stereodon reptilis (Richard) Mitten.
(Hypnum reptilis Richard).
(Plate XLV) -
Small, dark or yellowish-green, lustrous, widely and loose-
ly cespitose: stems more or less regularly pinnate but not
306 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

closely interwoven ; stem-leaves crowded, lance-acuminate from
an ovate-oblong base, about 10.4-0.5 mm., falcate-secund,
slightly decurrent, serrate above, serrulate below, the margins
usually revolute; median leaf-cells linear-rhomboidal to linear-
flexuous, about 8-12:1, shorter and more or less colored to-
wards the base, the alar cells quadrate, much incrassate, sub-
opaque; branch-leaves similar but proportionally much nar-
rower; paraphyllia small and few; costa double, short, yel-
lowish, or none; inner perichztial leaves long-acuminate, usual-
ly faintly bi-costate, apically serrate, strongly plicate: seta cas-
taneous, lustrous, about 1.5 cm. long, when dry dextrorse
above; capsules about 2.5 mm. long, cylindric, yellowish, most-
ly abruptly arcuate just below the mouth so that the lid often
points at right angles to the direction assumed by the base of
the capsule, when dry the urn more or less wrinkled and nar-
rowed below the mouth; lid yellow, rather large, high-convex,
narrowly obliquely rostrate; peristome hypnoid, the teeth
subulate-acuminate, orange-yellow and dorsally cross-striolate
at base, hyaline and papillose above; segments about as long
as teeth, carinately cleft between the articulations; cilia usual-
ly 2, articulate, slightly shorter than the segments; annulus
large, compound; spores rather strongly incrassate, yellow-
ish-brown, papillose, about .014-.017 mm., mature in mid-
summer.:

On bases of trees, roots, logs, etc., in woods, especially in
spruce woods and mainly confined to hilly or mountainous
regions; Europe, Asia, and from Canada south in the moun-
tains to North Carolina and in the West to Utah. Rare in our
region.

McKean : Gates’ Hollow, March 10, 1894, and July

25, 1895, Marilla Brook, July 5, 1896,
Latshaw, August 25, 1895, and Bennett,
August 8, 1897. (Figured). All near
Bradford. D. A. B.

2. Stereodon fertilis (Sendtner) Lindberg.

(Hypnum fertile Sendtner).
(Plate XLV)

Yellowish-green, lustrous, usually darker below, densely
interwoven: stems prostrate or ascending, from 3-10 cm. long,
scarcely branching, castaneous, densely and rather regularly,
complanately and somewhat plumosely pinnate with short
branchlets; stem-leaves 1.5-2.0 mm. long, concave, falcate-
secund, scarcely complanate, from an oblong-ovate base slen-
derly acuminate, the base sub-decurrent, sub-auriculate, some-
what excavate, the margin plane, entire below, serrulate above;
costa usually bi-furcate or double, rarely none; branch-leaves
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 307

similar to stem-leaves but smaller and narrower, strongly
falcate to circinate-secund; inner perichetial leaves lance-
acuminate, plicate, faintly bi-costate, serrulate above; median
leaf-cells linear-vermicular, about 1:15-20, rather incrassate,
sub-acute, median basal cells strongly incrassate, castaneous-
pellucid, porose, the alar portion with several oblong inflated
hyaline cells, above which is a patch of about 9-15 smaller, in-
crassate, quadrate to oblong-hexagonal cells often more or less
castaneous-pellucid: seta 1.5-2.0 cm. long, dextrorse, castane-
ous, lustrous; capsule about 1.8 mm. long, oblong, inclined to
horizontal, arcuate, bright castaneous with a darker and
lustrous rim, when dry narrowed below the mouth and sub-
costate or smooth; lid short, conic-acute; peristome-teeth
lance-subulate, brownish-pellucid, more or less narrowly hya-
line-margined, dorsally cross-striolate below, the divisural line
and the lamelle fairly distinct, above hyaline and papillose, the
trabecule numerous and strong; segments pale, about as long
as the teeth, carinately split between the articulations, the
basal membrane about two-fifths as high, the cilia usually 2,
hyaline, nodose, somewhat shorter than the segments; exothe-
cial cells rather thin-walled, quadrate-hexagonal to oblong-
hexagonal, at the mouth smaller and deeply castaneous;
spores medium-walled, somewhat brownish, smooth or very
nearly so, about .015-.018 mm., mature in late summer.

On decaying logs in moist and cool places, usually in hilly
or mountainous regions; Europe, Asia, and, in North America,
from New Brunswick to British Columbia and southwards to
the northern United States. Rare in our region, and probably
only to be found in the northern portion.

McKean : Leer’s Run on decaying log, August 5,

1895 (Figured), Langmade Hollow, Au-
gust 11, 1895, Gates’ Hollow, October 27,
1895, and Bennett Brook, August 8, 1897.
D.A. B.

3. Stereodon imponens (Hedwig) Lindberg.
(Hypnum imponcens Hedwig; H. cupressiforme Hooker).
(Plate XLV)

Robust in flat, thin, widely interwoven tufts of a yellow-
green color: stems rigid, reddish-brown, with numerous
paraphyllia, closely, rather regularly and more or less com-
planately pinnate, prostrate or sub-erect, sometimes reaching
more than 10 cm. in length; stem-leaves usuatly somewhat
complanate-secund, from a triangular-oblong base gradually
long-acuminate, the base not excavate, scarcely decurrent, the
acumen strongly falcate-secund, the whole leaf about 20.5-0.7
mm., serrulate above, the margin often narrowly recurved
308 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

below ; branch-leaves narrower, otherwise similar to the stem-
leaves, about as long; costa short and double or none; median
leaf-cells linear-vermicular, about 10-15:1, the basal broader
and more or less orange-pellucid, the alar cells sub-quadrate, a
few somewhat inflated at the extreme angles, forming a small
but quite distinct auricular patch of an orange-brown color,
all cells rather incrassate; perichetial leaves plicate, ecostate,
spinose-serrulate above: seta about 3 cm. long, castaneous,
sinistrorse when dry; capsule cylindric, nearly erect, slightly
curved, about 3-4 mm. long, castaneous, about 4-6:1; lid con-
vex at base with an oblique long-acuminate point ; peristome
normally hypnoid, the teeth strongly trabeculate, the trabecule
often dividing, the lamelle and divisural distinct, cross-strio-
late below; the segments about as long, slightly carinately
split, the basal membrane reaching about two-fifths as high,
the cilia articulate and usually single; annulus compound, ad-
herent; exothecial cells yellowish-pellucid, laterally quite in-
crassate, oblong-quadrate to long-rectangular; spores yellow-
ish, medium-walled, minutely roughened, P about .013-015 mm.,
mature in late autumn or early winter.

On earth, stones, roots, logs, etc., with us mainly on
humus or rotten wood, in moist woods; Europe, Asia, and
from Canada southwards to California and Georgia. Very
common in our region.

Allegheny : Eighteen pockets determined, various lo-
calities, collectors, and dates. Figured
from specimen from Wildwood Road
Hollow, November 19, 1908. O. E. J.

Armstrong =: Kittanning, September 24, 1904. O. E. J.

Cambria : Cresson. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Crawford : Linesville, May 10-11, 1906, and June 11-
12, 1907. O. E. J.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Twenty-six pockets determined, various

dates and collectors, mainly Ohio Pyle
and Cheat Haven.

McKean Becta Ridge, November 13, 1896,
D. A.
Somerset : ee October 9, 1904. O. E, J.

Washington : North Branch, Maple Creek, above Char-
leroi, April 24, 1908. O. E. J.; Linn and
Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Westmoreland: Near Apollo, 1902. Miss K. R. Holmes;
Mellon’s estate, Laurel Hill Mts., near
New Florence. O. E. J. September 8-11,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 309

1907; “Shades,” near Blackburn, March
25,1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

4. Stereodon cupressiformis {Linnzus] Lindberg.
(Hypnum cupressiformis Linneus; H. compressum Schultz).

Widely cespitose in flat, soft tufts, usually yellowish or
brownish-green: stems up to 10 cm. long, greenish, procum-
bent, irregularly pinnate, the branches spreading or ascending,
usually curved; leaves closely imbricate, concave at the base,
slightly decurrent, falcate-secund, lustrous, oblong- to ovate-
lanceolate, narrowed rather abruptly to a long acumination,
plane-margined, typically entire, sometimes denticulate’ to-
wards the apex: costa none or very short and double; median
leaf-cells about 10-15:1, linear-vermicular, rather obtuse, the
angular sub-quadrate, numerous, rather opaque. a few at the
extreme angles larger, scarcely inflated, orange-pellucid, or
hyaline, rather incrassate, the auricles not well-defined; peri-
chetial leaves denticulate, not plicate: seta red, about 3-4 cm.
long; capsule sub-erect, curved, sub-cylindric or oblong, cast-
taneous, somewhat constricted below the mouth when dry;
lid convex at base, with an acuminate apex; peristome normal-
ly hypnoid; cilia usually one or two; spores mature in late
autumn or early winter.

On rocks, roots, and bases of trees, in moist woods or
ravines; practically cosmopolitan in North America occur-
ting from the Arctic regions to the Gulf States. Rare in our
region,

Cambria : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Three pockets so-labeled in the Carnegie

Museum Herbarium are apparently typical
S. fertilis and the Porter Catalogue record is
probably founded upon some of the same
Burnett collections.

4a. Stereodon cupressiformis variety filiformis (Bridel) New
Combination.

(Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme Bridel).

(Plate XLVI)

More slender, distantly pinnate, the branches long, very
slender and almost filiform; leaves very small, falcate-secund,
more or less regularly and neatly imbricated in two rows.

Habitat and range as for the species. Rare in our region.

McKean : Rutherford Rocks, on moist and densely

shaded fragments of sandstone at base
of cliff, May 5, 1895, and Hawkin’s Hol-
low, August 2, 1895. D. A.B. (Figured).
310 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

5. Stereodon curvifolius (Hedwig) Mitten.
(Hypnum curvifolium Hedwig).

(Plate XLVI)

Robust, lustrous, yellowish-green in large flat mats: stems
prostrate, rather regularly pinnately branched, the branch-
lets short and unequal, the whole plant complanately secund;
leaves crowded, imbricate in two rows, falcate-secund, thus
giving to the plants a plaited appearance from the dorsal view-
point; stem-leaves about 0.7-0.8x1.4-1.8 mm., oblong-ovate
to elongate and triangular-ovate, short-acuminate, plane-mar-
gined, crenulate-serrulate about to the middle, and at the
angles, concave, at the base abruptly narrowed and cordate or
sub-cordate, somewhat decurrent; costa none or double and
faint; branch-leaves similar but proportionally shorter and
narrower, about 0.4-0.5x1-1.5 mm.; median leaf-cells about
.005-.007 x .035-.050 mm., linear-vermicular, basal median cells
incrassate, porose, more or less vermicular to linear-oblong, a
few of the alar cells sub-quadrate, yellowish or brownish and
incrassate, about .020-.025 mm. in diameter, the decurrent cells
enlarged, thin-walled, and hyaline; perichetial leaves erect,
whitish, numerous, the inner sheathing, plicate, reaching 4-5
mim. long: seta about 2.5 cm. long, dextrorse above, sinis-
trorse below, castaneous, sub-lustrous; capsule about 2.5 mm.
long, pale castaneous, constricted below the mouth when dry
and empty and then also strongly plicate, the urn oblong,
arcuate, cernuous; lid conic, apiculate; peristome normally
hypnoid, teeth yellowish pellucid, slender, strongly trabeculate,
the lamellz and divisural distinct, the apical portion of the
teeth hyaline and papillose, the lower dorsal surface cross-
striolate; segments about as long as the teeth, slender, slight-
ly carinately cleft, pale yellowish-pellucid, cilia two or three,
about as long as segments, articulate, hyaline, papillose;
annulus 3-seriate, revoluble; spores yellowish, medium-walled,
granulose, about .019-.023 mm., mature in early spring.

On rocks or more usually on decaying logs in moist woods ;

Asia, and from Arctic America south to Florida and Colorado.
Common in our region.

Armstrong : Kittanning, on rotten log, August 16,
1905. O. E. J.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11, 1907. O. E. J.

Cambria : Ebensberg. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Crawford : Linesville, Pymatuning Swamp, June 11-

12, 1907, May 12, 1908 (Figured), and
August 3, 1909. O.E. J.
Erie : Presque Isle, June 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 311

McKean : Bennett Brook, May 3, 1893, Langmade
Hollow, May 5, 1894, Marilla Brook,
Bradford, June 30, 1895. D. A. B.

Fayette : Ten different collections from Ohio Pyle,
O. E. J.. G. K. J. and J. A. S.

Mercer : Half-Moon Swamp, June 12, 1906.
QO. E. J.

Somerset : Ursina, May 12, 1905. O. E. J.

Washington : Three miles southwest of Library, April
29, 1906. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: “Shades,” near Blackburn, June 13, 1908.
O. E, J.; and same locality March 25,
1910. O. E. J. and G. K. J.

6. Stereodon arcuatus (Lindberg) Lindberg.

(Hypnum arcuatum Lindberg ; H. lindbergii Mitten; H. patientiae
Lindberg).
(Plate XLVI)

Robust, widely cespitose in yellowish-green mats, usual-
ly more or less regularly pinnate, lustrous at least on the
younger parts: stems prostrate, usually sparsely branched;
stem-leaves about 1.6-2.2 mm. long, complanately falcate-
secund, lustrous, ovate-oblong, decurrent, the margins plane
and entire or sub-denticulate at the apex, the leaves rather
shortly and broadly acuminate, the tip flat and widely acute to
somewhat obtuse, the decurrent auricles are made up of large,
oblong, inflated, thin-walled, and hyaline cells bordered above
by about two series of smaller, quadrate, usually brownish-
pellucid, thicker-walled cells, these latter grading quickly into
linear-vermicular median cells about 12-20:1, the apical cells
oblong-rectangular or obliquely more or less rhomboidal; costa
very short and double or none; branch-leaves similar; peri-
chetial leaves sheathing, the inner lanceolate to lance-linear,
up to 6 or 7 mm. long, plicate, entire, acuminate; seta about
2.5-3 cm. long, dextrorse, lustrous, castaneous; capsule about
2-2.5 mm. long, about 4-5:1, oblong-cylindric, erect at base
but arcuate so that the lid usually points more or less hori-
zontally, when dry plicate but scarcely narrowed, below the
mouth; annulus large, revoluble; lid conic, apiculate, scarcely
longer than wide; peristome hypnoid, the teeth lance-linear,
dorsally cross-striolate, yellowish-pellucid below, hyaline and
papillose above, the divisural and dorsal lamellz prominent,
the trabecule strong and numerous; segments rising from a
basal membrane about two-fifths the height of the teeth, the
segments about as long as teeth, narrow, somewhat carinately
split; cilia 1-3, shorter, nodose, hyaline-papillose, often joined
together above; spores smoothish, yellowish, moderately in-
crassate, about .014-.018 mm., mature in spring.
312 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

On the ground in woods and wet, grassy places in swamps,
around springs, etc.; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic America
to the northern United States and south in-the east to Florida.
Fairly common in our region.

Allegheny : Along Brush Creek, near Douthett, April

26, 1908. O. E. J.
Armstrong _: Kittanning, May 28, 1907. O. E. J. (Fig-

ured).
Lawrence : Springy places along roadside, East
Brook, August 30, 1906. O. E. J.
McKean : Bolivar, June 7, 1898. D.A.B.
Washington : Wet clay bank, Bellevernon, May 21, 1907.
O. E. J.

7. Stereodon pratensis (Koch) Warnstorf.

(Hypnum pratense Koch; Isopterygiuim pratense Lindberg).

Softly and flatly cespitose, bright green, complanately
flattened: stems prostrate to sub-erect, non-radiculose, irreg-
ularly sub-pinnate, branchlets rather sparse; leaves sub-
secund on the larger branches and on the stems, plane to some-
what concave, entire; costa double and very faint and short;
median leaf-cells narrowly rhomboid-vermicular, at the angles
large and inflated, usually colored, the alar enlarged, fewer,
less enlarged and less differentiated than in S. patentiae; peri-
chetial leaves plicate, the inner long-lanceolate and shortly
acuminate: pedicel long, twisted in two directions; capsule
non-plicate, oblong to turgid-ovate, cernuous,: arcuate when
dry; lid convex-conic; annulus 3-seriate; peristome normally
hypnoid, the cilia 3, about as long as the segments; spores
mature in spring. The capsules are rarely produced.

In open swamps and marshy meadows; Europe, Asia, and
from Arctic America to Florida. Only once reported for our
region.

Cambria : \Wiltmore. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

8. Stereodon haldanianus (Greville) Lindberg.

(Hypnum haldanianum Greville; Heterophyllon baldani Kind-
berg; Hypnum pulchrum Hooker).
(Plate XLVI)

Widely and loosely cespitose, dark to brownish-green: stems
long, creeping, irregularly pinnate, the branchlets unequal and
disposed much as in some of the Brachytheciae; leaves loosely
and more or less evenly imbricate to loosely spreading; stem-
leaves usually slightly decurrent, about 0.7-1.5 mm. long, ob-
long-ovate to somewhat lanceolate, rapidly narrowed to a
short and acute apex, entire, plane-margined, concave; branch-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 313

leaves lance-ovate to lanceolate, about 0.5-1.5 mm. long, short-
acuminate, otherwise similar to the stem-leaves; median leaf-
cells linear-flextiose, about 12-20:1, prosenchymatous, the alar
inflated, rather incrassate, large, forming a quite distinct
auricle, bordered above by a few considerably smaller and
chlorophyllose cells; costa rudimentary or none, or double and
short; perichetial leaves spreading, abruptly filiform-acumi-
nate, the inner non-plicate; paraphyllia large and numerous:
seta about 2.5 cm. long, lustrous, castaneous, when dry sinis-
trorse; capsule long-cylindric, dull-castaneous, curved, sub-
erect to more or less iticlined, about 4-6:1, urn about 2.5-3
mm. long, the lid conic and obliqtiely short-rostrate; peris-
tome-teeth confluetit at base, transvérsely striolate and yel-
lowish below, strongly trabeculate, the divisural and the dorsal
lamelle usually faint; segments slightly carinately cleft, be-
low mote or less faintly transversely striolate-pavillose, above
papillose, about as long as the teeth; cilia usually single and
shorter, sometimes two and rudimentary, or sometimes none,
artictilate; Sporés granulose, yellowish-brown, somewhat in-
crassate, about .015-.016 mm., mature in late fall or winter.

On earth, humus, rocks, rotten logs, etc.. in woods; Eu-
rope, Asia, and, in North America, from Nova Scotia to Mon-
tana and southwards to the Gulf States. Very common in our
region.

Allegheny : Thirteen pockets determined from various
ravines and hollows in the county. Fig-
ured from specimens fron Wildwood
Road Hollow, November 19, 1908. O. E.

J. and G. K. J.
Armstrong  : Kittanning. D. R. Sumstine. 1904.
Butler : Swampy woods near Crider’s Corners,
April 26, and December 29, 1908. O. E. J.
Cambria : Ebensburg. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).
Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, May 18,

1905. ©. E. J.; Hartstown, May 29-31,
1909. O.E. J. andG.K. J.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter's Catalogue).

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1907. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.

McKean : Four localities near Bradford, 1894-1896.

D. A. B.
314 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

9. Stereodon recurvans [Richard] Brotherus.

(Hypnum recurvans Schwaegrichen; Sematophyllum recurvans
E. G. Britton; Leskea recurvans Richard; Rhaphidostegium
recurvans Jaeger).

(Plate XLVII)

Very glossy, widely cespitose in flat tufts, usually yellow-
ish-green: stems prostrate, reddish, irregularly branching;
leaves about 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly complanately falcate-
secund, close, imbricate at base, soft, thin, more or less con-
cave, lance-ovate, slenderly long-acuminate, non-decurrent,
more or less sharply serrate at the apex, the margin often nar-
rowly recurved below; costa obsolete, or very short and
double; perichetial leaves gradually long-acuminate, serrate
at apex; median leaf-cells linear-flexuose, the basal yellowish
or brownish, shorter, wider, the alar consisting of a group of
4 to 8 hyaline or colored, much inflated and enlarged cells
forming a group bordered above by a few sub-quadrate and
smaller cells: seta about 1.5-2 cm. long, lustrous, castaneous,
somewhat sinistrorse; capsule oblong-oval, slightly curved,
obliquely inclined to almost horizontal, the urn about 34:1,
about 1.5-2 mm. long, light castaneous, the tapering base
darker, the urn when old strongly arcuate; annulus present;
lid conic and together with the slender beak about one-half
the length of the urn; peristome hypnoid, the teeth large,
strongly trabeculate, the divisural faint, the thin dorsal lamelle
transversely papillose-striolate; segments about as long as
teeth but usually not splitting, the basal membrane about two-
fifths as long, the cilia usually one, sometimes two, slightly ap-
pendiculate, somewhat shorter than the segments; spores
.016-.018 mm., medium-walled, granulose, brownish, mature in
late fall, the capsules often remaining in good condition until
early spring: dioicous.

On soil, humus, bases of trees, logs, etc., in moist woods,
mainly in mountainous or hilly regions; from Newfoundland
to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Missouri, also
in Mexico. Very common in our region.

Allegheny : Near Pittsburgh, August, 1905. O. E. J.
Armstrong =: Kittanning, September 24, 1904. O. E. J.
Butler : Winfield Junction, May 26, 1906. O. E. J.
Crawford : Linesville, May 13, 1905, and June 11-12,

1907. O. E. J.; Hartstown, May 29-31,
1909. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 10, 1905, and four
miles south of Ohio Pyle, September 1-3,
1906. O, E. J. and G. K. J.; (Figured) ;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 315

Ohio Pyle, July 4, 1908, and May 30-31,
1908. O. E. J. (Figured as to old capsule
and peristome.)

McKean : Bennett Brook, September 10, 1894, Gates’
Hollow, October 27, 1895, and November
+, 1895, and Langmade Hollow, April 26,
1896. All near Bradford. D. A. Burnett.

Somerset : Keystone, October 9, 1904. O. E. J.

Westmoreland: Mellon’s estate (Rachelwood) on Laurel
Hill Mts., September 8-10, 1907, and
“Shades,” near Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O, E. J. and G. K. J.

10. Stereodon delicatulus (James) Brotherus.
(Hypnum laxepatulum Lesquereux and James; Rhynchostegium
delicatuluim James; Sematophylluin delicatulum E. G. Brit-
ton; Rhaphidostegiwim delicatulum Paris).

Small, depressed cespitose, dark green, scarcely lustrous:
stems slender, prostrate, subpinnately branching; leaves rather
open, falcate-secund, two-ranked, sharply serrulate towards
the apex; costa none or very short and double; leaves con-
cave, ovate, narrowed into a long acumination; a few of the
extreme alar cells much enlarged and inflated as in S. recurvans,
colored or hyaline, bordered by a few sub-quadrate and smaller,
the median linear-flexuous, prosenchymatous; perichetial
leaves non-plicate, sharply serrate above: seta shorter than in
S. recurvans; capsule ovoid-oblong, curved, inclined, about
2-3:1, urn about equalled in length by the slenderly long-
rostrate lid; peristome hypnoid, segments entire, cilia usually
one or two; spores mature in late fall.

On rotten wood, or soil, or at the base of trees, mainly in
the mountains from New England to Alabama. Rare in our
region.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

11. Stereodon tenuirostris (Bruch and Schimper) Brotherus.

(Sematophyllum tenuirostre E. G. Britton; Hypnum cylindrocar-
pum C. Mueller; Rhaphidostegium cylindricarpum Jaeger ).

(Plate XLVII)

Flatly and broadly cespitose in thin intricate mats, slen-
der: stems prostrate, reddish, or green, pinnately branched,
branches few, slender; stem-leaves sub-lustrous, 1.5-2.5 mm.
long, falcate-secund but not complanate, narrowly lance-ob-
long, non-decurrent, acuminate, concave, apically serrate,
marginally somewhat reflexed to the base of the acumen;
median leaf-cells linear-prosenchymatous, the apical usually a
little larger, the alar few in number, inflated, sub-quadrate,
316 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

bordered above by a few small quadrate, sub-opaque, often
transversely elongated cells; branch-leaves similar to the
stem-leaves, sometimes a little larger; costa very short and
double or none; perichetial leaves erect, the inner plicate and
gradually narrowed to a very slender serrate point, with a
very short and double costa or none: seta about 5-7 mm. long,
sinistrorse above, lustrous, castaneous; capsule cylindric to
lance-oblong, the urn about 1-1.5 mm. long, erect to somewhat
inclined, symmetric ; annulus none; exothecial cells somewhat
collenchymatous, brownish, oblong-rectangular, the upper 3
or 4 rows rounded-quadrate ; peristome-teeth yellowish, lance-
subulate, finely cross-striolate, strongly trabeculate, the dorsal
lamelle projecting to form a rather conspicuous hyaline
border; segments about three-fourths as long, slender, cari-
nately split between the articulations, the basal membrane
about one-third as high as the teeth, cilia none or very rudi-
mentary; lid conic and with a slender oblique rostrum about
one-half as long as the urn; spores in late fall to early spring,
about .014—.018 mm., smoothish, brownish, rather thinly in-
crassate.
On rotten logs and on rocks in dark woods; Labrador
and Newfoundland south, mainly in the mountains, to Georgia.
Rather uncommon in our region.
Allegheny : Wildwood Road Hollow, side of ravine
under dense shade of hemlocks, November
19, 1908. O.E. J.

Fayette : On rock in shaded woods in valley of
Meadow Run, four miles south of Ohio
Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and
G.K

Westmoreland : “Shades,” near Blackburn, March 25, 1910.
O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).

18. ISOPTERYGIUM Mitten.

Autoicous or dioicous: mostly slender to very slender,
cespitose, soft, mostly bright or yellowish-green: stem creeping
to ascending, upright only in the thick mats, mostly irregularly
branched; leaves uniform, obliquely inserted, smooth, usually
more or less two-seriate, from a narrow and little or not at
all decurrent base oval to oblong-oval and short-pointed or else
ovate to lance-oblong and acute to piliferous, margins plane
and entire to serrate; costa double, very short, or none; cells
prosenchymatous, smooth or papillose in the upper angle, the
basal shorter, the alar not usually differentiated: seta long,
smooth, mostly drying twisted; capsule sub-erect to cernuous
or horizontal, with a collum, oval to oblong or cylindric, al-
most symmetric or weakly gibbous, when dry only rarely
arcuate and narrowed below the mouth, mostly smooth;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 317

annulus present or none; peristome-teeth basally cotifluent,
subulate, yellowish, mostly hyaline-bordered, with divisural
zigzag, cross-Striate, apically hyaliné and papillose, tamell
numerous; cilia 1-2, nodose, rarely 3 and appendiculate; lid
conic-convex, sometimes rostrate.

A genus of world-wide distribution and containing about
170 species, mostly occurring on decaying wood; about 25
species in North America; about 7 species in our region.

Key to the Specics.

a. Leaves entire or obscurely serrulate at apex.
b

a. Leaves distinctly serrulate at least in upper half.
b. Leaves perfectly entire. ¢e
b. Leaves obscurely serrulate at apex. d.
ce. Cells about .005-.008.075-.160 mm., about two rows at the base
shorter and sub-oval. 5. I. pulchellum var.
nitidulum.
c. Cells about .003-.005>.080-.100 mm., hardly different at base.
1. I. muellerianum.
d. Alar cells few, quadrate, forming a small group.
6. I. micans.
d. Alar cells very indistinctly sub-rectangular.
2. I. elegans.
e. Leaves shortly bi-costate; annulus large and compound.
4. I, geophilum.
e Leaves ecostate or obsoletely costate. f.
f. Leaves serrulate to the base. 3. I. deplanatum.
f. Leaves not serrulate below the middle. 7. JI. turfaceum.

1. Isopterygium muellerianum (Schimper) Lindberg.
(Plagiothecium muellerianum Schimper).

Yellowish-green, laxly cespitose; the branches long, flat-
tened, straggling out into flagella or stolons or forming flat-
tened strands, very slender; the stems and branches thick,
often more than .150 mm. in diameter, with very large and
thin-walled outer cells which are 3 or 4 times as wide as the
lower cells of the leaf and usually about .015-.025 mm. wide;
leaves rigid, not much different when dry, the points directed
forwards and upwards so that the dorsal surface of the branch
is concave, lance-ovate, abruptly long-apiculate, concave, non-
decurrent, plane-margined, entire; costa double, very faint and
short ; median cells linear, narrow, up to .100 mm. long, about
20-25:1, the alar and basal scarcely different; perichetial
leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, entire: seta rather short,
castaneous; capsule smooth, small, long-necked, obovate, erect
to inclined, when dry pale brown, wide-mouthed and campanu-
late; lid conical, rostellate; peristome-teeth with rather dis-
tant articulations, cilia short and unequal; annulus 1-seriate;
spores mature in autumn; dioicous.

On moist earth and rocks in ravines, etc., mostly in hilly
or mountainous regions; Europe, Asia, and from New England
318 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

to Ohio and southward in the mountains to North Carolina.
Not yet reported from our region but to be expected,—es-
pecially in the more mountainous portions.

2. Isoptergyium elegans [Hooker] Lindberg.

(Hypnum elegans Hooker; Isothecium elegans Bridel; Plagio-
theciuim elegans Sullivant).

Small, densely cespitose, thin, pale shining green: stems
branching complanately, the branches slender, partly procum-
bent, partly ascending, numerous, usually pointing one way;
usually there are also axillary, gemmiferous branchlets; leaves
complanate, sub-distichous, the points usually pointing down-
wards, lustrous, little changed when dry, about 1-1.5 mm.
long, lance-oblong to ovate-oblong, rather gradually narrowed
from about the middle, then abruptly narrowed to a fine, short
acumen, the base rounded, non-decurrent, plane-margined,
entire except at the acumen where a little denticulate; costa
double and short, faint or sometimes reaching one-third the
length of the leaf; median leaf-cells narrowly linear, about
20-30:1, about .004-.007 mm., pointed, hardly differentiated at
the angles; perichetial leaves lance-acuminate: capsule turgid-
oval, slightly inflated at the curved neck, nearly symmetric but
horizontal or sub-pendent by a curve in the upper part of the
costa, when dry and empty somewhat wide-mouthed, turbi-
nate, costate; peristome hypnoid, yellow, teeth broadly lanceo-
late, blunt, segments entire, cilia 3, rather slender, as long as
the segments; annulus simple; lid conic, obtusely pointed;
spores mature in spring.

On rocks or earth in hilly or mountainous regions in
woods; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic America to northern
United States and south in the mountains to Alabama. Rare
in our region.

McKean : D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue).

3. Isopterygium deplanatum (Sullivant) Mitten.

(Hypnum deplanatum Sullivant; Rhynchostegiuim deplanatuin

Schimper).

Golden-green, lustrous, small, flattened: stems prostrate,
irregularly pinnately branching; leaves 2-ranked, imbricate,
thin, concave, ovate-lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate,
serrulate all around, more sharply so above, plane-margined ;
median leaf-cells linear, flexuous, prosenchymatous, the basal
somewhat larger but very similar; costa none or but very
faint: oval-oblong, cernuous, arcuate, plicate when dry and
then constricted below the mouth; peristome hypnoid, seg-
ments narrow, cilia 2 or 3, about as long as the segments, un-
equal; annulus none; spores in autumn, but capsules rarely
produced.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 319

Over earth, stones, and rotten wood and humus, in woods;
from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and southward to Missouri and
Maryland. Rare in our region.

McKean : D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue).

4. Isopterygium geophilum (Austin) Jaeger.

(Rhynchostegium geophilum Austin; Plagiothecium geophilum
Grout; Hypnum depressuin Sullivant and Lesquereux).
Dark green, very glossy, thinly, softly, and loosely

matted: stems prostrate, irregularly divided, more or less com-

pressed; leaves flat, distichous, rather distant, widely spread-
ing, oblong-lanceolate, gradually and symmetrically narrowed
to a somewhat blunt apex, serrate above, rounded at the base,
non-decurrent; costa short, double, rather distinct; median

leaf-cells linear, prosenchymatous, flexuous, about 8-12:1, a

few alar sub-rectangular, hyaline, only a little enlarged and

not forming a distinct auricle: capsule small, ovate, gibbous,
thin-walled, unsymmetric, inclined; peristome normally

hypnoid, teeth yellowish, segments narrow, linear, the cilia 2

or 3, some as long as segments; annulus large, 2-seriate; lid

conic, obliquely long-rostrate.

On moist earth or stones, usually near water in lowlands;
occurring from New York to Wisconsin and south to Mary~
land. Rare,—in our region reported but once.

Cambria : Cresson. T. C. Porter. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

5. Isopterygium pulchellum variety nitidulum (\Wahlenberg)

Brotherus.

(Aypnum pulchelluin var. nitidulwm Lesquereux and James; H.
nitidum Weber and Mohr; Leskea nitidula Wahlenberg).

Slender, in prostrate and straggling tufts, bright glossy
metallic green: stems creeping, usually not much more than 1
cm. long, complanately branched, the branches numerous and
slender; leaves sub-distichous, about 1 mm. long, more or
less falcate, very glossy, hardly altered when dry, entire,
plane-margined, narrowly lance-ovate, from near the base
gradually narrowed to a long and slender acumen, the base
rounded but not decurrent nor excavate; costa usually none;
median leaf-cells narrowly linear, about 15-25 :1, .005-.008 mm.
wide, pointed, the basal sub-oval and wider and shorter but
not differentiated otherwise at the angles: seta reddish, slender,
about 1.5-2 em. long; capsule small, rather variable, ranging
from oblong and tapering below into the neck to short and
ovoid, and from erect and symmetric to curved and more or less
horizontal, when dry usually wide-mouthed and constricted
below the rim, ranging from greenish-brown when young to
castaneous when old; lid conic, apiculate; peristome-teeth
320 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

densely barred, cilia 2, a little shorter than the segments;
spores mature in early summer.—The species (J. pulchellum)
has numerous, erect, curved branchlets with leaves not com-
planate but sub-falcate and regularly homomallous, and more
often has the capsules somewhat erect. ;

On rocks and roots of trees and on rotten wood, in moist
woods; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic America to the north-
ern United States. Rare in our region.

Elk : Benezette. McMinn. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

6. Isopterygium micans (Swartz) E. G. Britton.

(Hypnum albuluin C. Mueller; H. micans Swartz; Scimatophyllum
nucans Braithwaite).

Small, thinly matted, loose, glossy, whitish-green to yel-
lowish-green: stems prostrate, rooting, irregularly branching;
leaves loose, erect-spreading to secund and pointing upwards,
very small, about 0.8-1.2 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, gradual-
ly long-acuminate, serrulate above, thin; costa usually none;
perichetial leaves abruptly acuminate, the inner apically ser-
rate ; median leaf-cells linear, prosenchymatous, flexuous, about
15-18 :1, at the base a row considerably enlarged and broad, at
the angles a few sub-quadrate: seta long and slender; capsule
very small, ovate-oblong, light castaneous, constricted below
the mouth when dry and empty, slightly incurved; peristome-
segments not split, about as long as teeth, the cilia 1 or 2,
short, nodose; annulus none; lid conic, apiculate to short-
rostrate; spores mature in mid-winter.

On earth and rotten wood in moist woods; mainly along
the eastern United States from New York southwards. Rare
in our region.

Center : Bear Meadows. T.C. Porter. (Porter’s

Catalogue).

7. Isopterygium turfaceum (Lindberg) Lindberg.

(Hypnum turfaceum Lindberg; Stereodon turfaceus Xlitten;

Plagiothecium turfaceum Lindberg).

(Plate XLVI)

Small, light green to yellowish-green, loosely matted:
stems prostrate, more or less pinnately branching with short
branches, rooting at the perichztia and at the main forks and
usually quite difficult to separate from the substratum with-
out breaking in pieces; leaves about 1.5 mm. long, complanate-
ly arranged, lance-ovate, long-acuminate from an ovate-ob-
long base, sharply serrate aboye the middle, margins plane,
serrulate, or entire towards the base; costa none or very short
and faint; perichetial leaves ovate, basally concave, abruptly
short-pointed, dentate at apex; median leaf-cells fusiform to
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 321

broadly linear, prosenchymatous, about 8-12:1, the basal a
little shorter and wider, the alar either not differentiated or a
few sub-quadrate to rectangular and incrassate: seta slender,
about 1.5 cm. long, castaneous, somewhat twisted; capsule
oblong, about 2-3:1, about 2 mm. long, slightly curved and
somewhat inclined when young, when old and empty arcuate,
horizontal, plicate, castaneous, and constricted below the
mouth ; annulus large, double; lid conic ; exothecial cells small
and rounded in three or four series at the rim, gradually be-
coming oblong-rectangular or irregular- oblong below, the
upper more or less distinctly castaneous-collenchymatous ;
peristome small, the teeth lance-subulate, papillose above,
dorsally tr ansversely striolate below, strongly trabeculate and
lamellate, slightly confluent at base; segments nearly as long,
narrow, not split, papillose, yellowish, basal membrane about
two-fifths as high; cilia strong, nodose, often about as long as
the segments, 1 or 2 in number; spores more or less greenish-
yellow, about .008-.011 mm., papillose, rather thin-walled.

On rich woods-humus in moist woods or in peat bogs;
Europe, and from Canada to Georgia and Texas. Uncommon
in our region.

Cambria : Ebensburg. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Crawford ; Te swamp near Hartstown, May 29-31,
1909, O. E. J. and G. K. J. (Figured).

McKean : East Branch Swamp, Bradford, July 1,
1896. D. A. B,

19. PLAGIOTHECIUM Bryologia Europea.

Autoicous or dioicous, rarely polyoicous: usually more or
less robust, mostly softly cespitose, bright to yellowish or
whitish-green, lustrous: stems creeping to ascending, or in
thick cushions erect, with ascending and small-leaved stolons,
mostly irregularly branched; branches often elongate-flagelli-
form; paraphyllia none; leaves uniform, obliquely inserted,
non-plicate, distichous, concave from a narrow and more or
less decurrent base, broadly lanceolate to ovate, acuminate,
mostly plane-margined and entire; costa short, mostly double,
sometimes none; median leaf-cells chlorophyllose, elongate-
‘rhomboid to linear, thin-walled, the basal shorter and wider,
the alar lax and hyaline: seta long, reddish, drying twisted ;
capsule erect to cernuous, with collum, oblong to cylindric,
symmetric to weakly dorsally gibbous, drying wrinkled or
smooth and often arcuate; annulus mostly revoluble; peris-
tome-teeth yellowish, confluent basally, lance-subulate, mostly
hyaline-bordered, the divisural zigzag, the teeth dorsally cross-
striate, numerously lamellate; lid convex-conic, acute to rarely
rostrate.
322 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

A genus of about 35 species, mostly growing on rocks and
stones, rare in the tropics; about 17 species in North America;
at least 4 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves spreading more or less uniformly in all directions.

a. Branches distinctly complanately flattened.

c.
b. Leaves entire. 2. P. roeseanum.
b. Leaves more or less. serrulate. 1. P. striatellum.,

c. Costa strong, forked, often reaching to the middle of the leaf:
capsule usually striate when dry. 3. P. sylvaticum,

ce. Costa thin, short: capsule usually smooth when dry.
4. P. denticulatum.

1. Plagiothecium striatellum (Bridel) Lindberg.
(Hypnum muehlenbeckii Schimper ; Plagiothecium muchlenbeckii
Bryologia Europa; Leskea striatella Bridel).

(Plate XLVII)

Slender, dense, dark green, lustrous: stems prostrate,
branches crowded, erect or ascending, straight or slightly
curved; leaves about 1-1.3 mm. long, crowded, sub-com-
planate, the branch-leaves squarrose-spreading, ovate-lanceo-
late or triangular-lanceolate with a long slender and flexuous
acumen, plane-margined, serrulate above at least, the base
strongly decurrent; cgsta double and faint; median leaf-cells
linear-fusiform, flexuous, rather short, about 6-10:1, the basal
somewhat larger, the alar abruptly very much enlarged, in-
flated, hyaline to colored, and forming the much decurrent
and plainly distinct auricles; inner perichetial leaves half-
sheathing, the apex filiform-flexuous and usually recurved:
yellowish, about 2 mm. long, slightly curved, oblong-cylindric
with a tapering neck, distinctly striate when dry; lid conic,
rather obtuse; annulus large, compound; exothecial cells
minute and rounded in three to five series at the rim, below
rapidly becoming irregularly oblong and more or less in-
crassate ; teeth short, yellowish, papillose above, dorsally cross-
striolate below, lamellate, strongly trabeculate, slightly con-
fluent at base; segments about as long, slender, pale, granu-
lose, only slightly carinately cleft; basal membrane only about
one-fourth to one-third as high as the teeth; the cilia 1 to 3,
a little shorter than the segments; spores mature in late spring
or early summer, yellowish, papillose, rather incrassate,
.007-.010 mm.

On earth, rocks, and rotten logs, in woods, usually in non-
calcareous habitats; Europe, and from Arctic America south
to North Carolina. Rare in our region.

Cambria : Ebensburg. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).

a
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 323

McKean : On sandstone rocks, Rutherford Rocks,
altitude 2000 feet, July 7, 1894, Divide be-
tween Hawkins and Rutherford Hollows,
April 25, 1893, and March 12, 1894, and
Langmade, May 9, 1896. (Figured). All
near Bradford. D. A. B.

Lawrence : Slippery Rock Creek, 1906. Miss Susan
5 Gageby.
2. Plagiothecium roeseanum (Hampe, mss.) Bryologia
Europea.

(Hypnum sullivantiae Schimper; H. roeseanum Hamps).

Compactly cespitose, pale green to yellowish-green, shin-
ing: stems more or less erect, sparsely branched, radiculose at
base; leaves crowded, sub-imbricate, ovate-oblong, abruptly
and shortly filiform-acuminate, serrulate towards the apex;
thin, concave, glossy, the leaves hardly complanate but the
branches appearing julaceous; costa bifid, rather long and
strong; median leaf-cells narrowly linear, about 15:1, the basal
scarcely different, a little broader and shorter; perichetial
leaves erect, the inner oblong, narrowly acuminate: capsule
cylindric-oblong, erect to sub-inclined, smooth when dry, con-
stricted at the neck; lid conic, obliquely short-rostrate; annulus
large, simple: peristome hypnoid, the 2 cilia strong and about
as long as the entire segments; spores mature in summer.

On stones and earth in moist or swampy woods; Europe,
Asia, and from Nova Scotia to Alaska and south to Florida.
Not yet found in our region.

3. Plagiothecium sylvaticum [Hudson] Bryologia Europza.
(Hypnum silvaticum Hudson; H. denticulatum C. Mueller).
(Plate XLVIIT)

Both this and P. roeseanuim are perhaps but varieties of P.
denticulatum, but until better known should probably be kept
apart as separate species. Tufts large, dull or but slightly
glossy, deep olive-green to yellowish-green; stems prostrate,
stoloniferous; leaves rather soft, large, concave about 2-3
mm. long, not very regularly complanate, widely spreading,
shrinking and somewhat twisted when dry, broadly ovate-
lanceolate, narrowed considerably towards the decurrent base,
tapering abruptly to the acute, entire or obsoletely denticulate
apex, plane-margined; costa rather faint, double, often reach-
ing one-third the length of the leaf; median leaf-cells about
8-10:1, about .016 mm. wide, large, hexagonal-rhomboid, the
alar cells numerous and quadrate-oblong, sub-inflated, hyaline
and decurrent ; perichetia bearing rhizoids at base, about 3 mm.
high, the leaves sheathing with a flexuous acumen, non-
costate; seta castaneous, slender, about 2-4 cm. long, dextrorse
324 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

above when dry ; capsule yellowish, about 2 mm. long, cylindric
from a tapering neck, inclined, arcuate, smooth, but when dry
and empty somewhat striate; lid conic, acuminate to sub-
rostrate, about one-half as long as the urn; peristome-teeth
bright orange at base, pale above, lance-subulate, confluent at
base, closely trabeculate, the dorsal lamelle finely cross-
striolate; segments slender, about as long as the teeth, nar-
rowly carinately gaping, the basal membrane about one-third
as high, the cilia very slender, about as long as the Segments,
nodose, usually 3 in number; exothecial cells moderately in-
crassate, small and quadrate at rim, larger and oblong-rec-
tangular to rounded-hexagonal below; annulus large, re-
voluble, 2-seriate; spores pale yellowish, smooth, rather thin-
walled, .006-,010 mm., mature in mid-summer.

On humus, rocks, rotten logs, etc., in woods; Europe,
Asia, northern Africa, and from southern Canada to Alabama
and from Alaska to Oregon. Probably more common in our
region than the localities here enumerated would indicate.

Allegheny : Panther Hollow, Schenley Park, Pitts-

burgh, November 25, 1905, and Wildwood
Road Hollow, June 11, 1908. (Figured).
O. E. J.; Wildwood Road Hollow, No-
vember 19, 1908. O, E. J. and G. K. J.

Crawford : Linesville, May 12, 1908. O. E. J.

Westmoreland : “Shades,” near Blackburn, June 13, 1908.
O. E. J.

McKean : Marilla Brook, Bradford, October 22 and

November 16, 1896, D, A. B.
4. Plagiothecium denticulatum [Linneus] Bryologia Europza.
(Hypuunt denticulatum Linneus).
(Plate XLVITI)

Variable, in flattened tufts of a pale and lustrous green,
moderately robust, the more or less ascending and elongate
branches complanate; leaves rather close, complanate and sub-
distichous, rather spreading, when dry little changed, glossy,
2-3 mm. long, sub-concave, oval to lance-oblong, shortly and
sometimes almost apicnlately acute, usually slightly denticu-
late at the apex, the lower margins entire and often narrowly
recurved, the base narrowed to a rather wide and strongly
decurrent insertion; costa thin, variable, usually short and
double, sometimes forked and reaching almost to the middle,
sometimes none; median leaf-cells rhomboid-hexagonal, rather
large, about 10-15:1, about .010-.015 mm. wide, thin-walled,
chlorophyllose, gradually becoming laxer, pellucid, and more
or less rectangular at base, the alar more hyaline, sub-rec-
tangular, sub-inflated, and still somewhat larger but not form-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 325

ing clearly differentiated auricles, strongly decurrent; the
apical leaf-cells much smaller, incrassate, rhomboid: seta about
2.54 cm. long, flexuous, dextrorse above when dry, slender;
capsule-urn about 2.5 mm. long, sub-erect to horizontal, cylin-
dric and with a distinct neck, arcuate to nearly symmetric,
when dry and empty sometimes striate; lid conic, obtusely
acuminate to long-acuminate, about one-third as long as the
urn; annulus usually 2-seriate, large, revoluble; exothecial
cells rounded-quadrate, small at rim, gradually larger and more
oblong below, all incrassate; peristome-teeth lance-subulate,
hyaline and papillose above, yellowish and dorsally cross-
striolate below, strongly lamellate and trabeculate, confluent
at base; segments slender, as long as the teeth, basal mem-
brane one-third as high, cilia 2 or 3, usually 3, slender, nodose;
spores smooth, medium-walled, yellowish, .008-.011 mm., ma-
ture in summer.

On stones, humus, and rotten wood, in moist forests;
cosmopolitan in temperate and cooler regions; in North
America from the Arctic regions to the northern United
States. Very common in our region.

Allegheny : Eighteen pockets determined, collected in
various localities, mainly on earth or
rocks in ravines. Mostly O. E. J. and
G. K. J.

Butler : On base of Quercus platanoides, in low
ground along Brush Creek, Crider’s Corners,
April 26, 1908. O. E. J.

Cambria : Ebensburg. T.P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Clearfield : Between Clearfield and Pottersdale, July
12, 1908. O. E. J.

Erie : Presque Isle, May 8-9, 1906. O. E. J.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, May 30-31, 1908. O. E. J. and

four miles south of Ohio Pyle, September
1-3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.; Cheat
Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and

G. K. J.

Jefferson : Falls Creek, July 18,1904. O.E.J. (Fig-
ured).

Lawrence : Gorge below Ellwood City, June 26, 1909.
O. E. J.

McKean : Bolivar Run, September 6, 1897. D. A.B.

Westmoreland: Miss K. R. Holmes, Apollo, 1902; two
miles south of Trafford, August 21, 1910,
©. E. J. and G. K. J.
Ww
iw)
On

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Family XXXII. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous; antheridial clusters gemmiform,
small; archegonial clusters on very short, usually rooting,
perichetial branches: slender to robust, cespitose, green to
yellowish or brownish, often lustrous: stem without central
strand, creeping to ascending, mostly irregularly branched,
sometimes more or less regularly pinnate; paraphyllia none:
leaves pluriseriate, mostly uniform and symmetric, of various
forms; costa double, very short or none; cells mostly pros-
enchymatous, smooth or papillose, in the leaf-angles one row
being oblong, inflated, thin-walled: capsule exserted, mostly
cernuous to pendent, mostly oval to oblong, usually unsym-
metric, collum weak; exothecial cells collenchymatous;
annulus none; peristome-teeth as long as the segments, the
latter rarely lacking, the teeth mostly entirely separate, mainly
dorsally striate, lamellae mostly well-developed, inner peris-
tome free; basal membrane high, segments mostly carinate
and lance-subulate, rarely filiform, cilia usually present ; spores
mostly small; lid from a convex-conic base slenderly rostrate;
calyptra mostly cucullate and glabrous.

A rather large family almost exclusively of tropic and sub-
tropic distribution and mostly living on trees; in our region
there occurs but one genus, as follows:

1. RHAPHIDOSTEGIUM (Bryologia Europea) DeNotaris.

Usually autoicous: slender to robust, mostly densely and
widely cespitose, dark to pale green or yellowish to brownish:
stem creeping, more or less elongate, regularly pinnately
branched or irregular, with branches horizontally spreading to
erect, rather julaceous; leaves uniform, non-plicate, concave,
oval to oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse to piliferous-acumi-
nate; usually ecostate, rarely. obsoletely bi-costate; cells nar-
rowly prosenchymatous, the apical sometimes rhombic, the
basal golden-yellow, narrowly rectangular, incrassate and
porose, the alar oblong, inflated, hyaline to yellowish or red-
brown and forming a small, non-excavate group bounded
above by small quadrate cells: seta long, mostly smooth; cap-
sule sub-erect or horizontally inclined, oval to oblong, smooth;
peristome hypnoid, teeth lance-subulate, with divisural zigzag,
hyaline-bordered, prominently lamellate, especially so in the
upper third; peristome-segments yellowish, carinate, with a
high basal membrane, mostly split, cilia 1 or 2, nodose, or
sometimes rudimentary; spores small, lid slenderly subulate-
rostrate; calyptra glabrous.

A genus of about 250 species of temperate and warmer
regions, occurring mainly on trees and rocks; about 40 species
occur in North America; 3 or possibly 4 species in our region.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 327

Key to the Species.

a. Capsules erect and symmetric or nearly so; leaves secund upwards
and branches curved at ends. 3. R. adnatum.,

a. Capsules more or less inclined to horizontal; leaves erect-spreading
in all directions, or somewhat secund.

b. Leaves serrate, sub-orbicular. 2. R. novae-caesareae.
b. Leaves entire or nearly so; oblong-ovate to more or less lanceo-
late. c
c. Leaves usually more than 2 mm. long. (R. marylandicum (C.

M.) Jaeg and Sauerb. )
ce. Leaves usually less than 1.5 mm. long. 1. R. carolinianum.

1. Rhaphidostegium carolinianum (C. Mueller) Jaeger.

(Hypuum carolinianum C. Mueller; H. demissuim var. carolin-
lanunt Lesquereux and James; Sematophyllum carolinianwm
E. G. Britton).
(Plate XLVITI)

Rather dark green, drooping-cespitose, lustrous: stems ir-
regularly branching, often buried in the sand and then more or
less leafless and with erect to ascending simple branchlets
about 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves imbricate, more or less secund
or complanate above, non-plicate, concave, lance-ovate or
lance-oblong, more or less sub-serrulate at apex, shortly acute,
the margin often rather broadly reflexed ; costa none, or faintly
indicated by striz; median leaf-cells linear-flexuous, small, in-
crassate, about 8-10:1, towards the base shorter and broader,
the alar abruptly much enlarged and inflated to form a group
of 2-8 pellucid and hyaline or colored cells; perichetial leaves
rather closely imbricate, lance-oblong, acuminate: seta erect,
sinistrorse below, castaneous, about 1 cm. long; capsule curved
and inclined, constricted below the mouth when dry and
empty, the urn about 1.2-1.5 mm. long, oblong-pyriform, yel-
lowish; exothecial cells rounded-hexagonal, collenchymatous ;
peristome orange-yellow, the teeth with distinct divisural and
lamellz, dorsally cross-striolate, hyaline-margined, strongly
trabeculate; segments about as long, slender, rarely split, the
cilia 1 (or 2), about one-half to two-thirds as long as seg-
ments, the basal membrane about two-fifths the height of the
peristome ; lid comparatively large, the beak oblique, subulate,
and about two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the urn; spores
smooth, yellowish-incrassate, usually chlorophyllose, about
.014-.018 mm., mature in summer or early autumn.

On wet non-calcareous rocks, mainly in ravines in hilly or
mountainous districts; Asia, and from Newfoundland south-
wards to Georgia. Probably not uncommon in our region.

Allegheny : Haysville Hollow, September 20, 1908.

O. E. J.; on damp rocks under hemlocks,
Wildwood Road, November 19, 1908. O.
E. J. and G. K. J.
A MANUAL OF MOSSES

so)
bt
wo

Fayette : On damp rocks in deep hollows and
ravines, Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906,
and September 1-3, 1907. O. E. J. and G.
K. J. (Figured); also May 30-31, June
13, and July 4, 1908. O. E. J.; Ohio Pyle,
June 15, 1902. J. A.S.

2. Rhaphidostegium novae-caesareae (Austin) Renauld and
Cardot.

(Hypnum micans Wilson, not Swartz; Rhynchostegium novae-
caesareae Austin).
(Plate XLVIII)

Small, yellowish-green, glossy, forming wide, thin mats:
stems prostrate, very slender, sparsely branching, the branches
short, simple or sparsely branched, sub-erect; leaves spread-
ing or the upper sometimes sub-secund, sub-orbicular, apicu-
late to shortly acuminate, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, serrulate, very
concave, the margins somewhat reflexed below; costa double
and very faint ; median leaf-cells linear, flexuous, about 6-10:1,
the apical rhomboid-oblong, rather incrassate, much smaller
than the median, the basal a little shorter and wider than the
median, the alar region with about 6 to 10 larger, quadrate to
rectangular, rather incrassate cells and with the outermost
one to three cells much larger and more or less inflated: the
capsules of this species have thus far been found but once,—
on damp rocks along Stony Creek, Carbon County, Pennsyl-
vania, by Francis Wolle: capsules small with a shortly rostrate
lid, the exothecial cells non-collenchymatous: dioicous.

On damp rocks in cool and moist mountain ravines from
New York and New Jersey southwards in the mountains. Rare
in our region. :

McKean : Bennett Brook, July 10, 1898. D. A. B.

(Figured).

3. Rhaphidostegium adnatum (Richard) Bryologia Europea.
(Leskea adnata Richard; Rh. microcarpum Jaeger; Leskea

microcarpa Bridel; Sematophylluim adnatum E. G. Britton).

Small, in tangled, thin, green to golden-green mats: stems
prostrate, with short and incurved branches; leaves rather
closely imbricate when dry, sub-homomallous, the upper usual-
ly distinctly secund, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, the apex
rather shortly acuminate, subserrulate to entire, margins quite
broadly reflexed; costa double but very short and faint;
median leaf-cells linear-fusiform, flexuous, about 8-12:1,
shorter and wider at the base, towards the angles a border of
sub-rectangular and scarcely inflated cells and at the extreme
angle a few distinctly inflated alar cells: seta short and smooth,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 329

about 5-8 mm. long; calyptra more or less persistent, cucullate,
reaching to a little below the mouth of the urn; capsule
castaneous, about 1-1.3 mm. long, oblong to oblong-cylindric,
about 2-2,5:1, erect and symmetric or nearly so, thin-walled
but with collenchymatous exothecial cells, slightly constricted
below the reddish rim when dry and empty; annulus none; lid
obliquely subulate-rostrate from a conical base, about as long
as the urn; peristome-teeth with an unustially distinct and
heavy divisural, cilia single and usually about half as long
as the usually entire segments, basal membrane reaching to
about one-third the height of the inner peristome; spores ma-
ture in late summer to fall.

On base of trees; in moist woods from southern New
England to Ohig and southwards to the Gulf States. Not yet
found in our region.

Family XXXII BRACHYTHECIACEAE.

Autoicous or dioicous; paraphyses filiform; antheridial
clusters gemmiform; archegonial clusters on very short, root-
ing branches: slender to robust: stem with central strand,
creeping to ascending, or rarely erect, often interruptedly
stoloniferous, fasciculately radiculose, mostly irregularly
pinnate; branches mostly acute, often flagelliform and rooting
at the ends; leaves unistratose, pluriseriate, erect-spreading
or appressed, rarely homomallous, dimorphic in the stolonifer-
ous species ; cordate-oblong to lance-ovate or lanceolate, acumi-
nate or rarely obtuse; costa mostly incomplete; median leaf-
cells prosenchymatous, elongate-rhomboid to linear-vermicular,
smooth or rarely papillose towards the upper end of the cell,
the basal cells lax and often porose, the alar usually differ-
entiated, being quadrate, green or hyaline, never inflated: seta
elongate, often rough; capsule cernuous to horizontal, mostly
short, ovate or oblong and dorsally gibbous, when dry and
empty more or less arcuate, rarely erect and symmetric, oval
to oblong-cylindric, never pendent, smooth; collum faint;
exothecial cells collenchymatous; peristome hypnoid; teeth
lance-subulate, mostly strongly hygroscopic, basally confluent,
yellow or orange to red-brown, with a zigzag divisural, dorsal-
ly cross-striate, lamellze numerous and well-developed; inner
peristome mostly free, with a high basal membrane, carinate
segments which are lance-subulate, cilia mostly complete,
rarely none or rudimentary; lid conic, obtuse to acute, often
long-rostrate; calyptra cucullate, early deciduous, mostly
glabrous.

A latge and cosmopolitan family on various substrata,
containing about 20 genera with 460 species.
330 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to the Genera.

a. Capsule erect and symmetric; basal membrane mostly low.
1, Homalotheciella.
a. Capsule cernuous to horizontal, unsymmetric; basal membrarie
mostly high. b.
b. Leaves with several deep plications. . Camptothecium,
b. Leaves not deeply plicate.
c. Lid conic, sometimes acute; alar cells dimerentated
3. Brachythecium.
c. Lid long-rostrate; alar cells few or none. a
d. Cells narrow, smooth.
d. Cells oblong-rhomboidal to oblong- Kesagoaal those of the
branch-leaves more or less rough dorsally.
7. Bryhnia.
e. Leaves complanate. 8. Rhynchostegium.
Leaves imbricated or spreading.
f. Leaves deeply concave, spoon-like, abruptly piliferous-acumi-
nate. 4. Cirriphyllum.
f. Leaves plane or somewhat concave, acute or gradually acumi-
nate, not piliferous. g.
g. Seta smooth in our species; leaves not much concave, nonplicate.
5. Oxyrrhynchium.
g. Seta rough or smooth: leaves mostly concave and plicate.
6. Burhynchium.

1. HOMALOTHECIELLA (Cardot) Brotherus.

Autoicous: slender, soft, laxly cespitose, green, lustrous:
stem creeping, elongate, beset thickly with obtuse, short,
ascending to erect, densely-leaved branches which are often
arcuate when dry; paraphyllia none; when dry the leaves im-
bricate, when moist erect-spreading, non-decurrent, non-
plicate, concave, oval to oblong, the apex acuminate to lance-
subulate, upper half of leaf serrulate to entire; costa simple,
sometimes reaching to mid-leaf; median leaf-cells oblong-
elliptic, thin, smooth, the alar green, numerous, quadrate;
inner perichetial leaves abruptly serrate-subulate from a
sheathing base; seta about 7 mm. long, castaneous, rough;
capsule erect to sub-erect, weakly unsymmetric, oblong, dry-
ing somewhat constricted below the mouth and often sub-
arcuate; annulus present; inner peristome much shorter than
the outer, teeth basally confluent, lance-linear, dorsally cross-
striate, apically papillose, lamelle laterally projecting; inner
peristome somewhat united with the outer, yellow, smooth,
with low basal membrane, segments short, narrow, entire,
cilia none; lid long-rostrate; calyptra slightly hairy at base.

A small genus of three North American species; one
species occurring in our range.

1. Homalotheciella subcapillata (Hedwig) Brotherus.
(Pterigynandrum subcapillatum Hedwig; Homalothecium sub-

capillatum Sullivant).

Forming light green, thin, glossy mats: stems prostrate,
irregularly branching; leaves loosely imbricate when dry,

e
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 331

elliptic-oblong, abruptly long-acuminate, more or less serrate
above, about 0.9-1.2 mm. long, concave, non-plicate. not papil-
lose; costa usually reaching about to the middle of the leaf;
median leaf-cells, about 8-10:1, fusiform-elliptic, towards the
apex somewhat shorter, the alar quadrate, numerous and
forming a group which extends upwards along the margin to
often one-third the length of the leaf; inner perichetial leaves
sheathing, long-acuminate: seta rough, about 6-9 mm. long,
slender; capsule about 2-3.5:1, sub-erect, slightly incurved,
dorsally somewhat gibbous, slightly constricted below the
mouth when dry; peristome-teeth confluent at base, dark red,
with a broad pellucid central stripe marked by a delicate medial
line, the segments adhering to and lining the teeth inside, form-
ing a hyaline border; spores mature in autumn.

On bark of trees and on fallen trunks in woods; in the
eastern United States from New England to North Carolina.
Rare in our region.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. CAMPTOTHECIUM Bryologia Europea.

Dioicous and pseudautoicous: slender to robust, widely
cespitose, mostly yellowish-green, drying stiff, mostly lustrous:
stem elongate, procumbent to ascending to erect, thickly-
leaved, sometimes stoloniferous, more or less regularly
pinnate; leaves erect-spreading, sometimes weakly secund,
non-decurrent or but scarcely decurrent, slightly concave,
strongly plicate, lance-oval, subulate-acuminate, serrulate all
around ; costa simple, ending near or in the apex; median leaf-
cells prosenchymatous, vermicular, thin, smooth, or with

.. Weakly projecting upper angles, the basal lax, yellow, porose,
the alar numerous, quadrate; perichetium not rooting, inner
perichetial leaves much elongate and abruptly subulate: seta
moderately long, castaneous, mostly rough, drying twisted;
capsule cernuous to horizontal, dorsally gibbous, oblong to ob-
long-cylindric, more or less curved; annulus present; peris-
tome-teeth basally confluent, linear-subulate, bordered, dorsal-
ly cross-striate, thickly lamellate; inner peristome of same
length, free, the segments broad and carinately split, cilia
strong and nodose; lid conic-acute to thickly rostrate; calyptra
glabrous.

A genus of about 15 species, confined mainly to tem-
perate regions on soil, bark of trees in woods, or in swamps;
a number of species occur in the West, but in our region only
the following:

1. Camptothecium nitens [Schreber] Schimper.

(Hypnum nitens Schreber).
A striking species by reason of its bright yellow or golden
color, silky lustre, strongly plicate leaves, and stems densely
332 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

covered by a felt of reddish radicles: the stems often reach
a length of 10 cm., strong; the elongate-lanceolate leaves en-
tire, strongly plicate, marginally revolute, gradually and even-
ly narrowed to the slender apex, reaching usually over 3 mm.
long; median leaf-cells linear, the basal shorter with very thick
and porose walls, the alar broader and short-rectangular to
sub-quadrate but rather few in number and not forming a very
distinct auricle: seta smooth; capsule cylindric, arcuate.

In wet meadows, bogs, and swamps; Europe, Asia, and
from Arctic America to northern United States. Occurs in
Eastern Pennsylvania but not yet reported in our region.

3. BRACHYTHECIUM Bryologia Europea.

Autoicous or dioicous: slender to robust, mostly widely
and flatly cespitose, green or yellowish-green to whitish,
sometimes lustrous: stems creeping or procumbent, sometimes
more or less erect, thickly-leaved, irregularly divided, inter-
ruptedly pinnate, stolon-like at the apex; stem and branch-
leaves unlike, stem-leaves erect-spreading to spreading,.more
or less concave, mostly plicate, narrowly lanceolate from a
narrowed, ovate or triangular-cordate and decurrent base,
acuminate, marginally plane, serrate all around or only towards
the apex, rarely entire; costa simple, usually long but rarely
complete; median leaf-cells narrow to moderately wide,
elongate-rhomboid to linear, smooth, the basal more lax, and
shorter, the alar quadrate to rectangular or oblong-hexagonal,
forming a rather indefinitely bounded group; branch-leaves
mostly shorter, narrower, with a somewhat weaker costa;
inner perichetial leaves slenderly and finely acuminate: seta
more or less long, smooth to rough; capsule cernuous to hori-
zontal, rarely erect, mostly short-oval and dorsally gibbous,
rarely oblong-cylindric, slightly arcuate when dry and empty;
usually annulate; peristome-teeth strong, basally confluent,
dorsally cross-striate, apically papillate, thickly lamellate;
inner peristome about the same length, yellow to orange. free,
with wide basal membrane, the segments broadly lanceolate,
long-acuminate, carinately split and often gaping, cilia com-
plete, nodose to appendiculate, rarely rudimentary or lacking;
lid conic-convex, obtuse to acute; calyptra glabrous.

A genus of about 190 species, occurring on various sub-
strata, mostly confined to temperate regions; in North America
about 55 species; at least 14 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Seta smooth. b.
a. Seta rough, at least in part. g.
b. Annulus none, cilia rudimentary or none

b. Annulus often present; cilia well-developed.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 333

ec. Middle leaf-cells about 4-8:1; slender plants.
: 1. B. cyrtophylium.
c. Middle leaf-cells about 9:1; rather robust. 2. B. acuminatum.
d. Capsules sub-erect, narrowly cylindric-oblong; usually more

than 3:1. 3. B. ox«ycladon.
d. Capsules cernuous, less than 3:1. e.
e. Stem-leaves narrowed gradually from base to acuminate apex,
non-plicate. 7. B. acutum,

e Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less plicate.

f. Stem-leaves broad, about 1 mm. at base.
; 5. B. salebrosum:

f. Stem-leaves narrow, about 0.5-0.6 mm. at base.

‘ 6. B. flevicaule.
Seta rough only above. h.
Seta rough throughout. j.
h. Costa percurrent or very nearly so. 13. B. populenin.
h. Costa ending about in middle of the leaf.

oO

i.
i. Leaves more or less plicate: cilia non-appendiculate.
4. B. campestre.
Leaves non-plicate: cilia appendiculate. 14. B. flagellare.
j. Cilia appendiculate. k

j. Cilia non-appendiculate. 1.
k. Costa percurrent or sub-percurrent. 10. B. reflexum.
k. Costa distinctly incomplete. 11. B. starkii.

1, Leaves very short-acuminate, non-decurrent.
9. B. rivulare.
I. Leaves gradually acuminate. m.
m. Slender; leaves lanceolate, often secund. 12. B. velutinum.
m. Robust; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, not secund.
8. B. rutabulum.

1. Brachythecium cyrtophyllum Kindberg.
(Plate XLVIII)

Cespitose, lustrous, dark green: stems irregularly branch-
ing to sub-pinnate, creeping, up to 4 to 6 cm. long; stem-
leaves lance-ovate, up to 1 or 1.5 mm. long; branch-leaves
similar but narrower and smaller, lance-ovate to ovate, acute
to short-acuminate, 0.6-0.80.3 mm., rather close, loosely ap-
pressed when dry, serrulate at least in the upper half, mar-
ginally reflexed at base, not plicate, not decurrent, when moist
more or less spreading ; costa stout, reaching about two-thirds
the length of the leaf; median leaf-cells rhomboid-fusiform,
about 48:1, the alar sub-quadrate, numerous, sub-inflated,
somewhat chlorophyllose; perichztial leaves ecostate, halif-
sheathing: seta about 2-2.5 cm. long, dextrorse above, erect,
flextious; capsule erect, cylindric, sometimes slightly curved,
from 1.5 to 3 mm. long, castaneous, smooth; annulus none;
peristome-teeth slender, pale castaneous, confluent at base,
hyaline and papillose above, the dorsal lamellz closely cross-
Striolate below, the trabecule close and strong; segments
nearly as long as the teeth, slender, pale yellowish, more or
less carinately split, the cilia rudimentary or none; basal
334 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

membrane about one-fourth the height of the teeth; lid high-
conic, usually acutely apiculate; spores papillose, brownish,
medium- to thick-walled, .012-.016 mm., mature in autumn.
Very closely related to the following species, which it ap-
parently replaces to the west and northwest of our region.
On roots and bases of trees and on old logs, in woods
from our region northwestward to Minnesota and Ontario.
Uncommon in our region.
Allegheny : Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh, on old logs in
ravine, January 21, 1906 (Figured), and
March 8, 1908. O. E. J.
McKean : Bradford. D. A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Brachythecium acuminatum (Hedwig) Kindberg.
(Leskea acuminata Hedwig; Hypnum acuminatum Beauvois).
(Plate XLIX)

Widely and somewhat densely cespitose, dark to yellow-
ish-green, glossy: stems slender, prostrate, up to 5 to 8 cm.
long, bearing rhizoids, at least near the perichetia, rather dis-
tantly and unequally branched, the branches two-ranked,
plumose to sub-julaceous, acute, not usually more than 1 cm.
long; stem-leaves close, erect-spreading, lance-ovate to ovate,
about 1-1.5 mm. long, acuminate, concave, with the borders
reflexed below, the upper half serrulate, the leaf non-plicate or
but slightly plicate; narrowed and somewhat decurrent at the
base; costa usually reaching beyond the middle of the leaf;
branch-leaves similar to the stem-leaves but relatively nar-
rower and smaller; median leaf-cells linear-flexuose, about
8-12:1, medium-walled, prosenchymatous with rounded ends,
apical cells a little shorter, the basal sub-quadrate or sub-
rectangular, the alar numerous and sub-quadrate to quadrate,
rather thin-walled and sub-inflated: seta erect, castaneous,
flexuous, about 1-1.5 cm. long; capsule castaneous, erect, the
urn 1.5-3 mm. long, sometimes slightly curved, cylindric,
about 3.5-4.5:1, tapering at base; lid high-conic, acute to
apiculate; exothecial cells densely yellowish-incrassate, small,
rounded but varying to quite irregular in size and shape but
with rounded corners; peristome-teeth narrow, castaneous,
numerously trabeculate, hyaline and papillose above, dorsally
cross-striolate below, the lamelle distinct, teeth confluent at
base; segments about as long as the teeth, narrow, carinately
split, cilia rudimentary or none, the basal membrane only about
one-fourth as high as the teeth; annulus none; spores castane-
ous, papillose, medium-walled, about .014-.018 mm., mature in
late fall or in winter.

On earth, woods-humus, roots and bases of trees, stones,
and very often on rotten logs, forming wide mats, in woods
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 335

from the southern part of Canada to the Gulf States and
Colorado. Rather common in our region.
Allegheny : Thirteen pockets determined from various
localities, mainly on old logs in ravines.
O. E. J. and G. K. Joh Fern Hollow, Jan-
uary 21, 1906. O. E. J. (Figured).

Clearfield : Phillipsburg. T. P. James. Porter’s Cata-
logue).
McKean : Gate’s Hollow, Bradford, April 29, 1898.

D. A.B. Issued as Grout’s No. 116, North
American Musci Pleurocarpi.
Westmoreland: Near Apollo, 1902. Miss K. R. Holmes;
Greensburg, T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).
3. Brachythecium oxycladon [Bridel] Jaeger.
(B. laetum Bryologia Europea; Hypniuin oxycladon Bridel).
Cespitose, bright or yellowish-green: stems prostrate,
branching unequally and irregularly, the branchlets attenuate
at the apex and erect; leaves close, loosely imbricate, ovate in
the stem-leaves and more lance-ovate in the branch-leaves,
rather abruptly acuminate, concave, plicate, finely serrulate all
around; costa rather narrow, extending about to mid-leaf;
median leaf-cells long, narrow, about 8-10:1, flexuous, the
basal more or less quadrate, the alar numerous, small, rather
incrassate, the alar portion strongly decurrent: seta about
2.5 cm. long, flexuous, flattened and dextrorse when dry;
capsule sub-erect, about 4:1, 3-4 mm. long, oblong-cylindric,
when dry somewhat arcuate and often inclined; lid conic-
acuminate; annulus none; peristome parts of about equal
length, hypnoid, the cilia somewhat appendiculate, usually 2
in number; spores mature in fall.
On earth, rocks, roots and bases of trees, in woods, but
not so frequently occurring on rotten logs as do some of the
other species. Not yet discovered in our region.

4. Brachythecium campestre (Bruch) Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnum campestre Bruch).

(Plate XLIX)

Very closely resembling B. salebrosum, but differing in
having the seta smooth at base and slightly rough above. Grout
notes that the leaves are usually looser and more distant—
“Mosses,” page 278. Otherwise the characters are as given for
B. salebrosum.

On moist earth, rocks, or on rotten logs, usually prefer-
ring a non- calcareous habitat. Spores mature in winter. Eu-
rope, Asia, northern Africa, and, in North America, from
Canada to the northern United States and south in the moun-
336 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

tains to Alabama and Colorado. Rather infrequent in our
region.
Allegheny : Darlington Hollow, Sharpsburg, October
25, 1908, and Power’s Run, on shaded
rock, November 30, 1909. (Figured). O.
E. J.
Fayette . : Ohio Pyle, along Meadow Run Valley,
four miles south of village, September 1-
3, 1906. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
McKean : Bennett Brook, August 26, 1894, and
Quintuple, September 9, 1896. D. A. B.
Both near Bradford.

5. Brachythecium salebrosum [Hoffmann] Bryologia
Europea.
(Hypnum salebrosum Hoffmann).

(Plate XLIX)

Widely cespitose in glossy, dark yellow-green mats: stems
usually 5 or 6 cm. or more long, creeping and irregularly
branching; stem-leaves lance-ovate, about 1.5-2.5x0.6-1.1
mm., in our region apparently somewhat smaller than most
descriptions call for; branch-leaves similar, lanceolate, about
1.8-2.2<0.5-0.6 mm., abruptly slenderly acuminate, serrate
above, entire or sub-serrulate below, concave, the lower mar-
gins narrowly reflexed, the narrow insertion decurrent, both
kinds of leaves plicate and erect-spreading, costa thin, usually
reaching to the middle or a little above; median leaf-cells
linear-fusiform, flexuous, about 8-12:1, the basal shorter and
broader, usually two or three rows of lax, rather large, oblong
or sub-quadrate cells across the whole base of the leaf, the
alar more numerous, lax, sub-quadrate, rather thin-walled,
the ale quite strongly decurrent; perichetial leaves filiform-
acuminate, ecostate or nearly so: seta smooth, castaneous,
about 2-2.5 cm. long, flexuous, flattened and twisted when dry;
capsule oblong-ovoid, dorsally turgid, inclined to horizontal,
usually somewhat arcuate, about 2-3:1, castaneous, the urn
about 2-2.5 mm. long; the lid conic-acuminate, about 1 mm.
long; annulus narrow; exothecial cells rounded-quadrate at
the rim, larger and irregularly oblong or elliptic below, all
strongly yellowish-incrassate; peristome-teeth slender, con-
fluent at base, closely trabeculate and lamellate, dorsally cross-
striolate and brownish below, hyaline and papillose above,
rather prominently margined; segments about as long as the
teeth, finely papillose, carinately split and usually gaping; cilia
a little shorter, hyaline, nodose, 1 to 3 in number; basal mem-
brane about one-third as high as the teeth; spores mature in
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 337

late fall or winter, about .015-.020 mm., the walls medium-
incrassate, brownish, and somewhat papillose: autoicous.

On earth, stones, roots and bases of trees, rotten wood,
etc., in moist, shady woods; said to be especially common in
pine or hemlock woods; Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and
from Arctic America southward to South Carolina and Mis-
souri. Common in our region.

Allegheny : Moon Township, 1888. J. A. S.; on rotten

log, Fern Hollow, Pittsburgh, January 21,
1906, Douthett, April 26, 1908 (Figured),
Guyasuta Hollow, Sharpsburg, November
9, 1908, and Keown, November 14, 1909.

O. E. J.

Butler : On humus under Pinus rigida, near Crider’s
Corners, December 29, 1908. O. E. J.

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, August
3, 1909. O. E. J.

Clinton : Between Renovo and Haneyville, July 15,
1908. O. E. J.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Langmade, Bradford, April 25, 1897, and
Marilla Brook, Bradford, September 20,
1897. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: Laurelville, May 30-31, 1903. J. A. S.;
Hillside, May 22, 1909. O. E. J.

6. Brachythecium flexicaule Renauld and Cardot.
(Plate L)

Widely cespitose, yellowish-green: stems usually 3-6
em. long, creeping, irregularly pinnate; leaves plicate, erect-
spreading, the stem-leaves lanceloate, about 1.8-2.5x<0.6-0.9
mm.; branch-leaves narrower, up to 2.4x0.5-0.7. mm.,
gradually slenderly acuminate from a deeply concave, some-
what decurrent plicate base with often narrowly reflexed basal
margins, the margins serrulate above; costa extendirig to above
the middle of the leaf; median leaf-cells linear-fusiform,
prosenchymatous, flexuous, about 8-15:1, rather incrassate, the
apical shorter, the basal rather abruptly shorter and wider with
two to four rows of large oblong to rounded-quadrate cells
across the whole median base, the alar cells sub-quadrate,
rather incrassate, numerous, the wings decurrent; perichetial
leaves up to 3 mm. long with slender ftexuous acuminations,
partly sheathing, ecostate or nearly so: seta smooth, castane-
ous, usually sinistrorse, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; capsule oblong-
cylindric, inclined to nearly horizontal, dorsally gibbous, sub-
arcuaté, pale-castaneous, slightly narrowed below the rim when
dry, the urn from 2-4 mm. long; lid conic-acuminate, about
338 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

1-1.3 mm. long; exothecial cells small and rounded at the rim,
below larger and oblong to linear-oblong, all sharply yellowish-
incrassate; annulus indistinct; peristome-teeth confluent at
base, castaneous and dorsally cross-striolate below, closely
trabeculate and lamellate, margined, hyaline towards apex;
segments very slender, about as long as teeth, carinately cleft
and gaping in median portion, yellowish, papillose, basal
membrane one-fourth to one-third as high, the cilia somewhat
shorter than the segments, filiform, nodose, hyaline-papillose ;
spores rather incrasste, smoothish, brown-walled, .013-.016
mm. According to Grout this is probably B. salebrosum
variety densum Bryologia Europza. In most characters it is
quite similar to typical salebrosum but differs in having narrow
leaves with evenly narrowed and very slender acuminations.

Ranging from New England and the Adirondacks to Ten-
nessee, and occurring also in British Columbia. Rare in our
region.

Allegheny : Guyasuta Hollow on clay and stones, Oc-
: tober 12, 1908. O. E. J.
McKean : Bennett Brook, May 3, 1893. D. A. B.
(Figured).

7. Brachythecium acutum (Mitten) Sullivant.
(Aypnuwm acutum Mitten).

Loosely cespitose, bright glossy green: stems long, flexu-
ous, creeping, basally radiculose, sparsely branched; branch-
lets short, sometimes reflexed; leaves loose, open-spreading,
more imbricate when dry, lanceolate to lance-ovate, non-striate,
slightly decurrent, plane-margined, scarcely concave, obscurely
serrulate or almost entire, short auriculate at base, the mar-
gins tapering gradually and almost in a straight line from
base to apex; median leaf-cells linear-vermicular, about 10:1,
the basal lax, the alar sub-quadrate, small, numerous and ex-
tending down to form a rather strong decurrent portion; costa
teaching to somewhat above the middle; stem-leaves wider,
triangular-ovate, reaching 2.51 mm., long and_ slenderly
acuminate: seta smooth, about 1.5-2.5 cm., long, flexuous;
capsule ovoid-oblong, dorsally turgid, inclined to horizontal,
usually slightly arcuate, about 2-3:1; annulus narrow; peris-
tome hypnoid, the cilia 2 or 3, strongly nodose to sub-ap-
pendiculate; lid conic-acuminate; spores mature in late fall or
winter.

In moist woods on rotten logs and earth; Canada and the
northern United States, south to Arkansas. Rare in our
region.

McKean : D, A. B. (Porter’s Catalogue).
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 339

8. Brachythecium rutabulum [Linneus] Bryologia Europzea.
(Hypnuin rutabuluim Linneus).
(Plate L)

Widely and loosely cespitose, yellowish-green, glossy:
stems prostrate, creeping, often stoloniferous at the end, the
branchlets more or less erect and attenuate; stem-leaves large,
cordate-ovate to more or less deltoid, or narrower and lance-
ovate, the wider ones abruptly and rather shortly acuminate,
the narrower ones slenderly acuminate, the leaves varying in
size up to 2.5x<0.7-1.0 mm., decurrent; the branch-leaves
ovate to lance-ovate, about 1.7-2.0<0.6-1.0 mm., concave, de-
current, the margin slightly serrulate all around, when dry
more or less reflexed at base and the leaves then somewhat
plicate; costa thin, reaching about to the middle; median leaf-
cells acutely rhomboid or linear-rhomboid, usually about
10-20:1, the apical somewhat shorter, the basal shorter and
wider, incrassate especially in the stem-leaves, the alar similar,
except that a few are more enlarged, inflated, and oblong-
quadrate, but scarcely forming distinct auricles; perichetial
leaves up to 2.5 mm. long, slenderly acuminate: seta 2-3 cm.
long, rough throughout, drying flattened and twisted, cas-
taneous, sinistrorse except sometimes at the very apex; capsule
about 2-31 mm., oval-oblong to sub-cylindric, unsymmetric,
inclined or more usually nearly horizontal, dorsally gibbous,
arcuate, dark-castaneous; lid conic to conic-arcuminate;
annulus broad, 2—3-seriate ; peristome-teeth slender, castaneous
below, the apex hyaline and papillose, basally confluent, the
lamelle and trabecule closely placed, teeth dorsally cross-
striolate, margined; segments slender, about as long as the
teeth, yellowish, carinately split; basal membrane about one-
half as high as the segments. some of the cilia usually as
long as segments, hyaline, nodose, usually 2 or 3; spores usual-
ly minutely roughened, somewhat incrassate, brownish, about
.016-.020 mm., maturing in early winter.

On earth, stones, rotten wood, bases of trees, etc., in shady
woods and thickets; Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and. in
North America, from the Arctic regions to Maryland and Mis-
souri. Rather common in our region.

Allegheny : Panther Hollow, Schenley Park, Pitts-

burgh, November 25, 1905, Fern Hollow,
Pittsburgh, January 21, 1906. O. E. J.;
Wildwood Road Hollow, November 19,
1908. O. E. J.and G. K. J. (Figured).
McKean : Bennett Brook, Bradford, October 18,
1893. D. A. B.
Washington : Hanlin, May 21, 1908. O. E. J.
340 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

9, Brachythecium rivulare (Bruch) Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnuin rivulare Bruch; B. flavescens Kindberg).
(Plate LI)

Robust, cespitose in wide and thick mats, pale golden
green, shining, rigid: stems hard and woody, prostrate, fili-
form, leafless when old; branches irregular on the ascending
or sub-erect and somewhat dendroid secondary stems which
usually reach a height of 3 or 4 cm.; stem-leaves lance-ovate,
rather regularly imbricate when dry, erect-spreading or more
open when moist, rather distant, broadly ovate, abruptly short-
acuminate or acute, concave, decurrent, plicate, denticulate,
reaching about 1.8-2.51.0-1.4 mm.; branch-leaves similar to
the stem-leaves but usually wider, ovate to lance-ovate, decur-
rent, about 1.5-31-1.5 mm., quite concave, dentate above,
the margins plane or reflexed below, often somewhat plicate;
median leaf-cells linear, about 10-15:1, prosenchymatous with
rounded ends, rather incrassate, the apical shorter, the basal
abruptly laxer, shorter, wider, the median basal usually with
incrassate and porose walls, the alar abruptly differentiated,
more or less enlarged, inflated, hyaline to orange-pellucid,
forming distinct and widely decurrent auricles; costa often
forking, reaching to the middle or above; seta 1.5~2.5 cm. long,
strongly papillose throughout, castaneous; capsule castaneous,
turgid- to oblong-ovate, about 2-31 mm., more or less
arcuate, inclined to more or less horizontal; lid conic-acumi-
nate; annulus 2-seriate; exothecial cells at rim small and
rounded, below larger and rounded-oblong; peristome-teeth
castaneous below, apically hyaline and papillose, basally con-
fluent, strongly trabeculate, distinctly margined by the pro-
jecting edges of the cross-striolate dorsal lamellae; segments
nearly as long, carinately split and gaping, yellowish, the basal
membrane about one-half as high, cilia 2 or 3, nodose, slender,
about as long as the segments; spores smoothish, the walls
somewhat incrassate and greenish-brown, about .016-.020 mm.,
maturing in fall or early winter.

On wet rocks in or at the margin of streams, swamps,
or in wet places in ravines, usually where often submerged;
Europe, Asia, and from Canada to Missouri and North Caro-
lina. Rather common in our region.

Allegheny : Moon Township, April, 1902. J. A. S.

Beaver : Beaver Falls, May 11,1907. O.E. J.

Cambria : T. P. James. Cresson. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

Crawford : Pymatuning Swamp, near Linesville, May

10-11, 1906. O. E. J. (Figured).
Fayette : Ohio Pyle, June 14, 1908. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 341

McKean : On stones in running water, Langmade,
Bradford, September 11, 1895. D. A. B.
Washington : Hanlin, May 21, 1908. O. E. J.

10. Brachythecium reflexum [Starke] Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnum reflexum Starke; H. subtenue James; Thuidium laxi-
folium Macoun).

Very slender, dark green, densely intertwining to form
low, flat patches: the branches short, delicate, often curved,
more or less pinnately arranged; stem-leaves cordate-triangu-
lar, quickly narrowed to a fine, long, often twisted acumen,
strongly decurrent, minutely serrulate all around; branch-
leaves narrower, cordate-ovate, strongly decurrent, serrulate all
around, smooth to faintly plicate, margins plane to very nar-
rowly recurved, when dry spreading or imbricate and render-
ing the branches rather julaceous; costa strong, reaching to
apex or even into the acumen; leaf-cells short and broad, about
5-8:1, rhomboid-fusiform, sub-obtuse, rather incrassate. to-
wards the basal angles becoming gradually shorter and broader,
the alar large, pellucid, rounded-quadrate to rounded-rectangu-
lar, not forming very clearly distinct auricles: seta slender,
about 1-1.5 cm. long, rough; capsule small, about 2 mm. long,
ovate-globose, curved, dorsally turgid, abruptly horizontal; lid
convex-conic, apiculate; annulus narrow; cilia slender and ap-
pendiculate; spores mature in winter: autoicous.

On rocks and tree-trunks in mountainous or hilly regions;
Europe, Asia, and from Arctic America to Missouri and
Garrett County, Maryland (J. Donnell Smith). Rare in our
region.

McKean : Bradford. D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Cata-

logue).
11. Brachythecium starkei [Bridel] Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnum starker Bridel).

(Plate LI)

Dark green, widely and thinly cespitose, the plants usual-
ly quite distinctly complanate: stems slender, creeping, radicu-
lose, pinnate with short, curved-ascending, rather distant,
slender branches; branch-leaves loose, divergently spreading,
often somewhat secund, those from the middle of the branches
broadly ovate to broadly triangular-cordate, abruptly and
usually rather shortly slender-acuminate, apically twisted, rare-
ly plicate, strongly and broadly decurrent, marginally serrate
above, denticulate below; costa variable but usually about
three-fourths as long as the leaf; median leaf-cells about
8-15:1, fusiform-hexagonal to fusiform-rhomboid, sometimes
shorter, somewhat incrassate; the basal in one or two rows
more or less rectangular-oblong, the alar rather numerous, sub-
342 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

rectangular, with thick and often brownish or yellowish walls,
forming quite distinct auricles; stem-leaves usually smaller
than branch-leaves, proportionally narrower: seta papillose, 3
to 4 cm. long, flexuous, slender, castaneous; capsule small,
turgid-oval, often blackish when ripe, the urn about 2.5-3x1
mm., dorsally gibbous, castaneous, abruptly more or less
horizontal, sub-globose when empty; annulus large; exothe-
cial cells rounded-quadrate and small at the rim, oblong-rec-
tangular and a little larger below, all strongly castaneous or
yellowish and incrassate; peristome-teeth castaneous below,
set far back from the edge of rim, margined, rather widely
confluent at base, lamellate, cross-striolate dorsally below,
hyaline and papillose at apex, strongly trabeculate; segments
slender, about as long as teeth, carinately split and often
widely gaping in the middle, yellowish ; basal membrane about
two-fifths as high as the teeth, the cilia 2 or 3, strongly ap-
pendiculate, hyaline granular, a little shorter than the seg-
ments; spores about .012-.015 mm., greenish-yellow or brown-
ish, slightly roughened, medium-walled, mature in winter.
On moist, rotten wood, stumps, bases of trees, earth, in
moist woods in hilly or mountainous regions; Europe, and
from Arctic America to northern United States as far south as
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Probably rare in our region.

Elk : Benezette. McMinn. (Porter's Cata-
logue).
McKean : On shaded banks along Marilla Brook,
Bradford, April 25, 1897. D. A.B. (Fig-
ured).

12. Brachythecium velutinum [Linneus] Bryologia Europza.
(Aypnieim velutinum Linneus; H. declivuin Mitten).
(Plate LI)

Slender and usually in low, soft, silky mats, bright or
yellowish-green, prostrate: stems radiculose; branches numer-
ous, short, in our specimens the branches usually less than 5
mm. long, crowded, irregular or curved, more or less sub-
pinnate; branch-leaves loosely erect-spreading to sub-secund,
more widely spreading when dry, lanceolate to lance-ovate, in
ours mainly 1-1.5 mm. long, tapering to a long acumination,
serrate, apically often twisted, shortly decurrent, faintly plicate,
glossy when dry, marginally plane; costa slender, reaching
about to the middle; median leaf-cells narrow-linear, rather
obtuse, about 8-15:1, the apical similar but a little shorter,
the basal shorter, the alar few, rather opaque, incrassate, sub-
quadrate; the stem-leaves similar but usually not so large as
some of the branch-leaves; perichztial leaves erect, slenderly
acuminate, up to 1.8 mm. long; seta about 1.5 cm. long, very
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 343

rough, castaneous, flattened and twisted when dry; capsule
about 2-2.5 mm. long, 2-3:1, turgid-oblong, dorsally gibbous
to sub-arcuate, castaneous, inclined to horizontally spreading ;
exothecial cells small and rounded-quadrate at rim, oblong-
rectangular below, all densely incrassate; peristome-teeth
slender, castaneous and confluent at base, apically hyaline and
papillose, dorsally cross-striolate, closely trabeculate and
lamellate; segments nearly as long as the teeth, slender, cari-
nately split between the nodes, yellowish, the basal membrane
one-third to two-fifths as high; cilia 2 or 3, nodose, hyaline,
somewhat shorter than the segments; lid conic-acuminate,
about 0.5-0.8 mm. long; annulus large; spores mature in win-
ter, faintly roughened, medium-walled, brownish, .013-.016
mm. in diameter.

On earth, rocks, bases of trees, rotting wood, etc., in rather
dry woods, often on knolls; Europe, Asia, and from Arctic
America south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania and also in
the Pacific States. Thus far reported but once in our region.

McKean : Langmade, near Bradford, April 25, 1898.
D, A. B. (Figured).

13. Brachythecium populeum (Hedwig) Bryologia Europea.
(Hypnum populeum Hedwig).

Slender, densely cespitose in small yellowish green tufts,
lustrous: stems procumbent, branched with numerous, more
or less pinnately-arranged, erect or curved-ascending branches ;
leaves of stem and branches similar except that the branch-
leaves are narrower and lanceolate; stem-leaves rather closely
imbricated, erect to erect-spreading when dry, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate to nearly entire, slenderly and gradually acuminate,
non-striate, shortly decurrent; costa strong and nearly reach-
ing the apex; median leaf-cells about 58:1, sometimes relative-
ly longer, the basal more or less rectangular, the alar numerous,
often yellowish but rather opaque; seta rough except towards
the base, where nearly smooth, dark brown; annulus persistent,
simple, narrow; capsule cernuous, turgid-ovate to oval, mostly
dorsally gibbous, glossy, constricted at the mouth when dry;
lid short-acuminate ; peristome normal, cilia short, usually 1 or
2 and unequal, appendiculate; spores mature in winter; au-
toicous.

On roots of trees, stones, sometimes on bases of trees, in
shady woods, said to be somewhat partial to pine woods;
Europe, northern Africa, and from Nova Scotia to North Caro-
lina and in British Columbia. Rare in our region.

McKean : “B. populeum rufescens.” Bradford 1T'. A.

B. (Porter’s Catalogue).
344 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

14. Brachythecium flagellare (Hedwig) New Combination.

(Hypnum flagellare Hedwig; Hypnum plumosum Swartz;
B. plumosum Bryologia Europea).

(Plate LII)

Robust in loose, wide, green mats, brownish below: stems
prostrate, up to 5 or 6 or more cm. long, with rather densely
pinnate branches; the branches stout, ascending to erect, some-
what tumid with the closely imbricate, concave leaves; leaves
crowded, erect-spreading when moist, imbricated when dry,
often quite strongly falcate-secund, the branch-leaves lanceo-
late to broadly lance-ovate, abruptly slenderly acuminate,
about 1.3-2.00.4-0.9 mm., decurrent, serrate above to nearly
entire, the base very concave somewhat excavate at the ale,
narrowed, sometimes striate when dry, margin plane or slight-
ly recurved at the base; costa reaching to the middle or a
little farther ; median leaf-cells narrow to linear, about 8-15:1,
the apical shorter, the basal shorter, the median basal en-
larged, rounded to oblong, incrassate, sometimes porose, the
alar somewhat smaller, oblong to  sub-quadrate, in-
crassate and somewhat opaque; stem-leaves similar, rather
scattered, usually smaller and narrower, about 1.5X0.6-0.7
mm., narrowly triangular-ovate ; perichztial bracts more or less
erect, partly sheathing: seta papillose in the upper half, cas-
taneous, stout, 1.5-2.0 cm. long, sinistrorse below, sometimes
dextrorse above; capsule about 1.5-2.51 mm., turgidly oval-
oblong, blackish when old, dorsally gibbous, horizontal to sub-
erect, somewhat unsymmetric; lid conic-acute about 0.6-0.8
mm. long; annulus simple, persistent; peristome-teeth cas-
taneous, confluent at base, strongly trabeculate and lamellate,
prominently margined by the projecting lamelle, dorsally
cross-striolate below, hyaline and papillose at apex; segments
narrow, carinately split but usually not widely gaping, yellow-
ish, nearly as long as teeth, thé basal membrane about one-
third as high; cilia 2, nodose, hyaline, sometimes appendicu-
late below, about as long as the segments; spores smooth,
medium-walled, brownish, about .013-.017 mm., mature in
autumn.
On rocks in streams, in non-calcareous habitats; Europe,
Asia, Hawaiian Islands, and from Newfoundland to British
Columbia and south in the mountains to Alabama. Very com-
mon in our region.
Allegheny : Fourteen pockets, various localities, vari-
ous data; Wildwood Road Hollow, No-
vember 19, 1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
(Figured).

Bedford : Along Wills Creek, near Hyndman, Octo-
ber 9, 1904. O. E. J.
OP WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 345

Center : Edge of sink-hole pond, Scotia, September
22, 1909. O. E. J.
Fayette : On rocks in edge of Meadow Run, May
30, 1908. O. E. J. and G. K. J.
McKean : aia Run, Bradford, January 24, 1895.
_ A.B.

Westmoreland: Garrett Farm, twq miles south of Traf-
ford, August 21, 1910. O. E. J.

14a. Brachythecium flagellare variety homomallum (Bryologia
Europea) New Combination.

(B. plumosum var. homomallum Bryologia Europea).
(Plate LIT)

This variety differs from the type of the species in hav-
ing the leaves distinctly falcate-secund. It is said to be gen-
erally smaller with narrower leaves and with the capsule small
and ovate. In the same pockets with typical B. flagellare can
often be found specimens with characters approaching more or
less closely the variety. The following pocket of specimens
perhaps typical of the variety:

McKean : Gate’s Hollow, Bradford, April 18, 1897

~D. A.B. (Figured).

4. CIRRIPHYLLUM Grout.

Dioicous: slender to robust, widely cespitose, whitish to
yellowish-green, rarely darker, mostly lustrous: stem creeping
to ascending, often stolon-like, pinnately to fasciculately
branched, often with flagelle; branches ascending to erect,
more or less densely-leaved and julaceous; leaves uniform,
often spreading, often drying imbricate, concave. somewhat
weakly plicate, ovate to oblong from a somewhat narrowed
and decurrent base, more or less abruptly lanceolate to pilifer-
ous at the apex, plane-margined, serrate to entire; costa simple,
ending at or above the middle of the leaf, never ending in a
dorsal spine; median leaf-cells narrowly prosenchymatous,
smocth, the basal, shorter, thickened, and porose, the alar
more or less numerous, short-rectangular to quadrate, mostly
green; inner perichetial leaves from a sheathing base abruptly
long and finely acuminate: seta elongate, mostly rough; cap-
sule cernuous to horizontal, oval to oblong-oval, more or less
dorsally gibbous, rarely erect and sub-cylindric; annulus pres-
ent; peristome as in Brachythecium; lid usually more or less
long-rostrate from a conic base.

A small genus of about 14 species, mostly in temperate
regions on rocks and earth: 4 species in North America; 2
species in our region.
346 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to the Species.

a. Stems without stolons, almost regularly pinnate; the acumination
about one-half as long as the body of the leaf: seta rough.
1. C. piliferwm.,
a. Stems with stolons, irregularly branched; the leaf-acumination
short: seta smooth. 2. C. Boscii.

1, Cirriphyllum piliferum [Schreber] Grout.
(Hypnum piliferum Schreber; Eurhynchium piliferum Bryologia

Europea).

Robust, in loose straggling patches, glossy yellow-green:
stems elongate, up to 10 or 15 cm. long, prostrate, creeping,
radiculose, more or less pinnate; the ends of the stems and
branches of a paler shining green; leaves concave, widely ob-
long-ovate, spoon-shaped, abruptly hair-pointed from the
rounded apex, the piliferous acumination often reaching one-
half the length of the main portion of the leaf, towards the
apex of the stems and branches the leaves more closely im-
bricate and forming cuspidate terete points, but with the pili-
ferous leaf-tips flexuous-spreading, leaf-margin usually slightly
denticulate, plane or inflexed; when dry the leaves striate;
median leaf-cells about 10-15:1, the basal more lax, shorter
and wider, the angular forming a well-defined patch, large,
oval-rectangualr; the branch-leaves somewhat smaller, nar-
rower and more gradually pointed; costa broad at base, reach-
ing to about three-fourths the length of the leaf: seta about
2.5 cm. long, rough; capsule oval-oblong to turgid, somewhat
arcuate, when dry and empty strongly arcuate and constricted
below the mouth, about 2 mm. long; lid conic with a subulate
beak about as long as urn, 2 mm.; peristome large, teeth long,
the segments about as long, the cilia non-appendiculate, 2 or
3, about as long as the segments; spores mature in fall but
capsules rarely found.

In wet woods and swampy meadows, on the ground or
on the bases of trees; Europe, and from Greenland to Mary-
land and Ohio, also from Montana to California. Not common
in our region.

Elk : Benezette. McMinn. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).
McKean : D, A. Burnett. (Porter’s Catalogue).

2. Cirriphyllum boscii (Schwaegrichen) Grout.
(Hypnum boscti Schwaegrichen; Euryuchium Boscii Jaeger).
(Plate LIJ)

Loosely cespitose in large, golden-green mats, the older
portions blackish, robust: stems up to 8-10 cm. long, prostrate,

somewhat pinnately branching, the branches mostly simple,
erect, turgid-terete; leaves closely to loosely imbricate, large,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 347

about 1.5-2.5 mm. long, spoon-shaped, abruptly acuminate, the
acumination filiform and twisted, the leaves oblong-ovate,
scarious, shining ; costa double and short, or simple and reach-
ing to the leaf-middle; median leaf-cells narrowly linear-
rhomboid, the marginal shorter and mainly rhomboid, the basal
short, wide, yellowish-brown, pellucid, irregularly oblong to
rectangular, larger but shorter, the alar incrassate, quadrate,
forming an indistinct group, the apical shorter and wider than
the median, the median about 6-10:1; perichetial leaves nar-
rowly long-acuminate, the inner erect: seta smooth; capsule
oblong, about 2.5-3:1, the urn about 2 mm. long, inclined, sub-
arcuate; lid sharply obliquely rostrate, about 1 mm. long;
annulus present; peristome normally hypnoid with somewhat
split segments and cilia 3, about as long as segments; spores
mature in fall.

On earth or rocks in moist woods, often at the edges of
the woods, or even in the fields; from New England to Florida
and westward to Colorado. Probably fairly common in our

region.
Cambria fomeataaneas (Porter’s Catalogue).
Huntingdon : Pennsylvania Furnace, July 13, 1909.

O. E. J.
Washington : Linn and Simonton. (Porter’s Catalogue).
Westmoreland: Hillside, May 22, 1909. O. E. J. (Fig-
ured).

5. OXYRHYNCHIUM (Bryologia Europea) Warnstorf.

Mostly dioicous: slender to robust, laxly to densely
cespitose, dark to yellowish-green, drying soft or stiff, dull to
lustrous: stem creeping or ascending, often stolon-like, often
bearing rhizoids, irregularly pinnate to fasciculately branched ;
branches mostly complanate-leaved, stem-leaves and branch-
leaves sometimes different, sometimes similar except in size,
non-plicate, but little concave; stem-leaves erect-spreading to
squarrose, from a somewhat narrowed and sometimes decur-
rent base ovate to triangularly oval, with short and broad or
somewhat longer apex, plane-margined, somewhat serrate;
costa simple, ending at or above the leaf-middle, often ending
in a dorsal spine; median leaf-cells narrowly prosenchymatous,
smooth, the basal shorter, mostly incrassate and porose, the
alar differentiated: seta elongated, mostly red, quite thick,
mostly rough; capsule cernuous to horizontal, sometimes sub-
erect, thickly oval to oblong-ovate, dorsally gibbous; annulus
present; peristome as in Brachythecium,; lid long and obliquely,
subulate-rostrate; calyptra glabrous.

A genus of about 30 species, on damp and shaded rocks,
stones, or sometimes in water, mostly in temperate regions;
4 species in North America; 2 species in our region.
348 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Key to the Species.

a. Aquatic: alar leaf-cells forming a slightly differentiated group: seta
smooth. :
: 1. O. riparioides.
a. Terrestrial: alar leaf-cells not differentiated: seta roughly papillose.
2. O. hians.

1. Oxyrhynchium riparioides [Hedwig] New Combination.

(Hypnum rusciforme Necker; Eurhynchium rusciforme Milde;
Hypnum riparioides Hedwig; Rhynchostegium rusciforme
Bryologia Europzea ).

(Plate LIII)

Robust, in large tufts, dark to blackish below: stems
prostrate, woody, and usually denuded below; branches sub-
erect or ascending, usually more or less rigid and harsh, es-
pecially when dry; leaves ovate, loosely ascending or erect-
spreading, scarcely decurrent, about 2-2.51-1.5 mm., obtuse
to acute, plane-margined, somewhat concave, denticulate nearly
to the base; costa thick below, reaching to one-half or two-
thirds the length of the leaf, or occasionally even sub-percur-
rent, often ending in a dorsal spine; median leaf-cells incras-
sate, linear-fusiform, about 10-12:1, the apical and basal shorter
and broader, but no alar group differentiated, the median and
upper slightly dorsally spinose: seta smooth, about 1.5 cm.
long, castaneous, slightly twisted when dry; capsule castane-
ous, ovoid-oblong, somewhat constricted below the mouth
when dry, about 2-3:1, dorsally turgid but scarcely curved,
inclined or nearly horizontal, the urn about 1.5-2 mm. long;
lid obliquely slenderly rostrate from a conic base, about two-
thirds as long as the urn; annulus revoluble, usually 2-seriate ;
exothecial cells yellowish-incrassate, at the rim small and
rounded-quadrate, below rather large and irregularly oblong-
rectangular ; peristome-teeth slender, apically hyaline-papillose,
strongly trabeculate, dorsally plainly lamellate and finely cross-
striolate, margined, confluent at base; segments about as long,
usually carinately widely gaping but remaining unsplit at apex,
the basal membrane about one-half as high; etlia 2-3, subulate,
nodose to sub-appendiculate, somewhat shorter than the seg-
ments; spores weakly papillose, medium-walled, yellowish,
about .010-.013 mm., mature in early fall.

On rocks in streams and rivulets; Europe, Asia, northern
Africa, and from Newfoundland to Ontario and southwards in
the mountains to Georgia. Quite common in our region.

Cambria : Cresson. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).
Center :In rapidly flowing mountain-stream,

Tussey’s Mt., above Shingletown, July
15, 1909. O. E. J.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 349

Lawrence : In rivulet, bottom of Conoquennessin
Gorge, near Rock Point, October 15, 1910.
O. E. J. and G. K. J.

McKean : On stones in running water, Boss Branch,
October 20, 1893, Bolivar Run, August
25, 1895, Lewis’ Run, November 24, 1895,
and Bennett Brook, November 2, 1896,
all near Bradford. D. A. B.

Westmoreland: On submerged stones in Tub-Mill Run
and on gravelly bottom of. mountain
spring, Mellon’s estate, Rachelwood,
Laurel Hill Mountain, September 8-11,
1907. O. E. J. (Figured).

2. Oxyrhynchium hians (Hedwig) New Combination.

(Aypnum hians Hedwig; Eurynchium hians Jaeger and Sauer-
beck; Hypuum praelongum C. Mueller; Pterygynandrum
apiculatwimn Bridel).

(Plate LITI)

Rather slender, depressed, cespitose, somewhat shining:
stems creeping, rather sparsely branched, slender, usually not
over 3 or 4 cm. long, the branches short and more or less dis-
tichously arranged; leaves of the stem and longer branches
rather distant, on some of the short branches sometimes more
or less imbricated-julaceous, the stem-leaves about 1-1.6 mm.
long by three-fourths as wide, concave, ovate, the apex abrupt-
ly acute to shortly acuminate, the base clasping but not de-
current, margins sharply serrulate nearly to the base; branch-
leaves closely similar; costa distinct, reaching to one-half to
four-fifths the length of the leaf; median cells about 5-8:1,
prosenchymatous, medium-walled, the apical rhomboid, short-
er, about 2-4:1, the basal shorter and incrassate, the alar form-
ing an indistinct group of thick-walled quadrate to rectangular
cells; perichetial leaves up to 2 mm. long, ovate-oblong, sheath-
ing, acuminate, serrate above: seta dark-castaneous, stout,
strongly papillose, 1-15 cm. long; capsule inclined to hori-
zontal, arcuately oblong-cylindric, narrowed below the rim
but slightly when dry, the urn about 2 mm. long by 1 mm.
thick, castaneous; operculum conic and slenderly rostrate,
yellowish, about 1 mm. long; exothecial cells yellowish-incras-
sate, at the rim rounded-quadrate in about two series, below
larger oblong-rectangular; annulus narrow, 2-seriate; peris-
tome-teeth castaneous, slender, hyaline-papillose at apex,
strongly trabeculate, narrowly margined, the dorsal lamelle
often in three series towards the base, striolate in various di-
rections; segments about as long as teeth, slender, narrowly
carinately gaping between nodes, the basal membrane about
350 _ A MANUAL OF MOSSES

two-fifths as high as teeth, the cilia usually two, slender, no-
dose to shortly appendiculate, nearly as long as segments;
spores papillose, yellowish, medium-walled, about .011-.015
mm. in diameter, mature in late fall or early winter.

On the ground in moist, shady places in woods, etc, in
Europe, Asia, and in North America from Nova Scotia to
British Columbia south to the Gulf States. Apparently not
common in our region.

Fayette : Ohio Pyle, September 1-3, 1906. O. E. J.
and G. K. J.
McKean : On shaded banks of rivulet, Bennett

Brook, April 9, 1893, Marilla Brook, Sep-
tember 29, 1894 (Figured), and on ground
over leaf-mold, April 19, 1897. All near
Bradfrod. D. A. B.

6. EURYNCHIUM Bryologia Europea.

Dioicous and pseudoautoicous: slender to robust, laxly or
densely cespitose, green to yellowish, drying stiff and more or
less lustrous: stem creeping to ascending, often more or less
stolon-like, here and there fasciculate, often bearing flagelle,
pinnate to fasciculate or even dendroid; branches more or less
densely-leaved ; leaves often dimorphic, mostly plicate; stem-
leaves spreading to squarrose, more or less concave, ovate-
cordate to triangular-cordate from a narrowed and more or less
decurrent base, margins plane, serrate, the apex short and
broad to long and narrow; costa simple, more or elss elongate,
often ending as a dorsal spine; median leaf-cells smooth,
prosenchymatous, narrow, at base shorter and usually incras-
sate and porose, the alar differentiated ; inner perichztial leaves
with squarrose-reflexed, subulate tips: seta mostly smooth;
capsule sernuous, sometimes horizontal, ovate to sub-cylindric,
more or less dorsally gibbous; peristome as in Brachytheciuin;
lid long and finely rostrate; calyptra glabrous.

A genus of about 16 species, on rocks, earth, or bark, al-
most entirely in temperate regions; about 6 species in North
America; probably only one species in our region.

1. Eurynchium pulchellum (Hedwig) New Combination.

(Hypnum pulchellum Hedwig ; H. strigosum Hoffmann ; Eurhyn-
chium strigoswm Bryologia Europza).

So far as known this species is represented in our region
only by the following variety, which differs from the typical
species in the larger leaves and sporogonia and the more robust
habit.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 351

la. Eurynchium pulchellum variety robustum (Roell) New
Combination.

(E. strigoswm var. robustum Roell; Hypnum strigosum Drum-
' mond).
(Plate LITT)

Loosely matted or densely tufted, bright and shining
green: stems stoloniferous, creeping, with distant leaves;
secondary stems prostrate to erect, often curved, rather robust ;
leaves on the middle of the branches erect-spreading, lance-
ovate, scarcely decurrent, reaching about 1-1.20.4-0.5 mm.,
acute to widely obtuse, plane-margined, sharply serrate above,
concave, scarcely plicate, costate to about two-thirds, the costa
usually ending in a dorsal spine ; median leaf-cells about 8-10:1,
linear to linear-rhomboid, the apical becoming rhomboid-ob-
long and about 2-3:1, the basal somewhat shorter than the
median, the alar few, rectangular to quadrate or oval; stem-
leaves decurrent, rather long-acuminate from an ovate to tri-
angtular-ovate base, somewhat larger than the branch-leaves,
reaching about 1.2-1.5 mm. long, serrate nearly to the base,
costate to about two-thirds ; paraphyllia small, rounded-ovate ;
leaves on the stolons ecostate, triangular-ovate, small, acumi-
nate: seta castaneous, smooth, about 1-1.5 cm. long, drying
dextrorse above; capsule yellowish-brown, oblong-ovate, about
2-3:1, more or less dorsally turgid or sub-arcuate, drying
slightly constricted below the mouth, inclined or almost hori-
zontal, the urn about 2 mm. long; annulus 2-3-seriate; lid
convex, slenderly rostrate, about 1.5 mm. long ; exothecial cells
rounded-quadrate at rim, oblong-hexagonal to rectangular
below, incrassate; peristome-teeth hyaline and papillose at
apex, below dorsally cross-striolate, margined, plainly lamel-
late, strongly trabeculate, confluent at base; segments narrow,
nearly as long as the teeth, carinately split between the nodes,
yellowish, the basal membrane about two-fifths as high; cilia
3, slender, hyaline, nodose, usually one or two of them nearly
as long as the segments; spores yellowish, incrassate, papil-
lose, about .012—.014 mm., mature in autumn.

The species occurs on gravelly or sandy soil, rocks, roots
of trees, etc., in open woods in Europe, Asia, northern Africa,
and from Arctic America to northern United States. The
variety robustum occurs in north central United States and
rather commonly in the northern portion of our region.

Elk : McMinn. (Porter’s Catalogue).

McKean : Six pockets of specimens collected on the

ground or on rocks in woods, near Brad-
ford, May 13, 1893, to September 29, 1896.
(Figured). D. A. B.
352 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

7. BRYHNIA Kaurin.

Dioicous: more or less slender, weak, widely and laxly
cespitose, more or less dark green, when old yellowish or
brownish, rather dull: stem elongate, procumbent, rhizoids
tascicled, branching interruptedly pinnate, some of the shoots
in the middle of the tufts often erect and tree-like but later
procumbent and giving rise to new shoots; branches usually
spreading to recurved, thin, acute, mostly laxly-leaved;
paraphyllia none; stem-leaves loosely imbricate, more or less
concave, irregularly plicate, triangular-cordate to lance-ovate
from a widely decurrent and non-auriculate base; shortly or
more slenderly pointed, plane-margined, finely serrate all
around; costa simple, ending in or over the leaf-middle,
smooth; median leaf-cells incrassate, green, oblong-rhomboid
to oblong-hexagonal, the basal lax, a few alar rectangular;
branch-leaves mostly dorsally rough by projecting cell-angles,
sharply serrate all around; costa often ending dorsally in a
spine; inner perichetial leaves oblong, abruptly narrowed to
a reflexed-squarrose, long, serrate acumination: seta 8-15 mm.,
dark red, very rough; capsule cernuous to horizontal, dorsally
gibbous, oval, to oblong-cylindric ; annulus present ; peristomes
of equal length, the teeth basally confluent, dorsally cross-
striate, normally lamellate, apically papillose; inner peris-
tome yellow, finely papillose, basal membrane high, segments
lanceolate, long-subulate, split and finally gaping along the
keel, cilia well-developed; lid more or less plainly shortly and
thickly rostrate from a conic base; calyptra glabrous.

A small genus of 5 species, occurring on various sub-
strata, confined to the Northern Hemisphere; 3 species in
North America; 2 species in our region.

Key to the Species.

a. Branch-leaves acute to short-pointed, the apex mostly twisted.
1, B. novae-angliae.
a. Branch-leaves acuminate, the apex not twisted.
2. B. graminicolor.

1. Bryhnia novae-angliae (Sullivant and Lesquereux) Grout.

(Hypnum novae-angliae Sullivant and Lesquereux; Brachy-
thecium novae-angliae Jaeger and Sauerbeck).

Widely and loosely matted, bright green outside, dirty
green inside, rigid: stems prostrate, irregularly sub-pinnately
branched, sometimes more or less dendroidal in appearance;
branches often quite distinctly julaceous; branch-leaves rather
loosely imbricate when dry, erect-spreading when moist,
ovate, acuminate, concave, decurrent, serrulate, up to 1-1.2
Q.5-0.6 mm., dorsally papillose by reason of the projecting cell-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 353

angles, the leaf-apex often twisted about half-around to the
right, (sinistrorse); median leaf-cells about 5~6:1, oblong-
hexagonal, somewhat shorter and broader below and at the
basal angles; perichztial leaves ovate, abruptly long-acumi-
nate, faintly costate; costa of branch- and stem-leaves reach-
ing about to the middle; stem-leaves similar to the branch-
leaves: seta short, very rough, dark castaneous; capsule dark-
castaneous, blackish when old, about 4-5:1, reaching about
3.5 mm. in length, oblong, erect, slightly curved; lid conic-
acuminate; peristome normal; annulus double, large; spores
mature in winter.

On the ground and on stones in swamps and wet, shady
places; Europe, Asia, and from Canada to Missouri and North
Carolina. Rather uncommon in our region.

Butler : On swampy soil, Crider’s Corners, Decem-
ber 29, 1908. O. E. J

McKean : Bradford. D. A. Burnett. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).

2. Bryhnia graminicolor [Bridel] Grout.

(Hypuum graminicolor Bridel; H. sullivantii Spruce; Eurhyn-
chinm graminicolor Paris).

(Plate LIV)

Small, much more slender than the preceding species,
densely to loosely cespitose, pale green, yellowish below: stems
slender, red, usually not over 1-2 cm. long, rather irregularly
branched with erect branches; branch-leaves reaching about
0.8<0.2-0.3 mm., narrowly lance-ovate, long-acuminate, con-
cave, serrulate to the base, marginally reflexed below, the base
scarcely decurrent, the back strongly papillose by reason of
the projecting cell-angles, the costa reaching to above the
middle; stem-leaves larger, up to 0.8-1.00.4-0.5 mm., with a
somewhat more slender acumen; median leaf-cells linear-
flexuous, incrassate, varying from 8-20:1, minute, obtuse, the
alar sub-quadrate, thin-walled, pellucid; perichetial leaves ob-
long, basally sheathing, filiform-acuminate, very faintly
costate: seta about 1 cm. long, rough throughout; capsule oval
to oblong or turgid-ovate, dorsally somewhat gibbous, about
2-3:1, inclined, about 2-2.5 mm. long; annulus simple per-
sistent; lid conic to short-rostrate; peristome normally
hypnoid, segments as long as the teeth, carinately Split, the
cilia 2, somewhat shorter; rather uncommon, capsules rarely
produced.

In moist woods and shady places on rocks or earth; from
New Brunswick to Minnesota and south to Georgia. Rare in
our region.
354 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Huntingdon : Alexandria. T. C. Porter (Porter’s Cata-
logue.

McKean : Bolivar and Bennett divide on shaded
dripping rocks, April 21, 1895 (Figured),
and on perpendicular faces of rocks,
Lewis’ Run, April 25, 1895. D. A. B.

8. RHYNCHOSTEGIUM Bryologia Europzea.

Autoicous: more or less robust to quite slender, mostly
soft, cespitose, pale green to dark green, rarely yellowish to
golden-brown, more or less lustrous: stem creeping, bearing
rhizoids, sometimes stolon-like, irregularly to pinnately
branched; branches more or less thickly-leaved, often com-
planate; leaves spreading, rarely imbricate, shortly or non-de-
current, mostly a little concave, non-plicate, ovate to lance-
ovate from a narrowed base, with a short or long point, mostly
serrulate, the margin basally reflexed; costa simple or rarely
forked, ending in about the middle of the leaf; median leaf-
cells mostly ‘narrowly prosenchymatous, smooth, the basal
shorter and wider, the alar not differentiated, sometimes short-
rectangular or quadrate; inner perichetial leaves sheathing,
abruptly subulate and reflexed from the middle: seta more or
less elongate, smooth; capsule cernuous to horizontal, oval
and weakly gibbous dorsally to oblong or oblong-cylindric and
almost symmetric, often constricted below the mouth when
dry and empty; annulus present; peristome as in Brachythe-
cium; lid long-rostrate from a convex-conic base; calyptra-
glabrous.

About 115 species, occurring on earth and stones, mostly
in the temperate and sub-tropic regions; about 8 species in
North America ; probably only the following in our region:

1, Rhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedwig) Jaeger.
(Hypnuim serrulatumn Hedwig).
(Plate LIV)

Loosely matted, bright yellowish-green, when dry sub-
lustrous: stems creeping, sub-pinnately branched with long
and more or less 2-ranked branches; branch-leaves com-
planate, 1.5-2 mm. long, thin, concave, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, serrulate from usually below the middle, thinly-costate
to the middle or beyond, the apex often twisted, the margin
plane and not bordered; perichetial leaves similar but more
oblong; stem-leaves similar but relatively wider and more
cordate; median leaf-cells linear, prosenchymatous, about
8-10:1, at base somewhat broader and shorter, the alar not
differentiated : seta about 2.5 cm. long, smooth, castaneous,
sinistrorse when dry; capsule light yellow to dark castaneous,
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 355

oblong, cernuous, incurved, when dry contracted below the
mouth; lid conic, slenderly rostrate, the beak long and re-
curved; peristome-segments nearly as long as teeth, cilia
usually 3, about as long as segments, nodose to weakly ap-
pendiculate; basal membrane reaching almost to middle of
inner peristome; teeth narrowly lanceolate, yellowish-brown,
with distinct divisural, moderately trabeculate; annulus large;
exothecial cells rectangular to hexagonal, yellowish-incrassate,
ot brownish; spores yellowish-incrassate, finely papillose,
about .009-.012 mm. in diameter, mature in September and
October.

In shaded woods on leaf-humus, old logs, etc., from New-
foundland to the Gulf States and west to the Mississippi River,
also in British Columbia and Alaska. Very common in our
region.

Allegheny : Forty pockets representing collections
from almost all sections of the county,
various data. Figured from specimens
from Darlington Hollow, Aspinwall, Oc-
tober 25, 1908. O. E. J.

Armstrong —: Kittanning, September 24, 1904, and Oc-
tober 21, 1905. O. E. J.; Buttermilk Falls,
August 22, 1903. D. R. Sumstine.

Beaver : T. P. James. (Porter’s Catalogue).

Butler : Swampy woods near Crider’s Corners,
December 29, 1908. O. E. J.

Fayette : Eleven pockets, Ohio Pyle, various dates,

O. E. J., and O. E. J. and G. K. J.; Cheat
Haven, September 3-6, 1910. O. E. J. and
G. K. J.

Washington : Charleroi, October 13, 1905. O. E. J. and
G. E. K.

Westmoreland: Mellon’s estate (Rachelwood), Laurel
Hill Mountain, September 8-11, 1907. O.
E. J.; Chestnut Ridge above Hillside,
September 16-17, 1909, and “Shades,” near
Blackburn, March 25, 1910. O. E. J. and

G. K. J.
Cambria : Cresson. T. P. James. (Porter’s Cata-
logue).
McKean : Quintuple, January 17, 1894. D. A. B.
GLOSSARY OF BRYOLOGICAL TERMS USED IN THE
MANUAL

Acaulescent, stemless.

Acrocarpous, with the fruit terminal on the stem or branch.
Acumen, a slenderly tapering apex,—acumination.
Acuminate, narrowly and slenderly tapering at the apex.
356 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Acute, rather abruptly sharply pointed.

Alar, applied to the cells at the basal angles of the leaf.

Angular, applied to the alar group of cells.

Annulus, the ring of specialized cells often occurring between
the rim of the capsule and the operculum.

Antheridium, the male reproductive organ. See Introduction.

Apiculate, ending in a sharp and short point or apiculus.

Apophysis, the hypophysis or swelling of the seta just below the
capsule.

Appendiculate, with reference to the cilia, with short transverse
bars.

Archegonium, the more or less flask-shaped female organ.

Arcuate, bent like a bow.

Areolation, the cellular mesh or network of the leaf.

Aristate, awn-like or bristle-like.

Articulate, jointed, or with cross-bars.

Attenuate, long drawn out.

Auriculate, furnished with more or less ear-like lobes at the basal
angles, applied to the leaf.

Autoicous, having the archegonia and antheridia in separate clus-
ters on the same plant.

Axillary, situated in the axil or upper angle of the insertion of
a leaf.

Beak, the prolonged narrow apex of the operculum.

Bicostate, having a double costa or midrib.

Bifid, two-cleft. ,

Bifurcate, forked.

Bi-stratose, with two layers of cells.

Bi-striate, with two parallel lines or striz.

Calyptra, the thin and usually more or less membraneous hood or
cap on top of the capsule.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Canaliculate, channeled.

Cancellate, (teeth) lattice-like.

Capsule, the spore-case or so-called “fruit” of a moss.

Carinate, keeled.

Caulescent, furnished with a stem.

Castaneous, chestnut-brown in color.

Central Strand, a central bundle of narrow and elongated cells
found in some moss-stems.

Cernuous, somewhat drooping, nodding.

Cespitose, forming mats or tufts.

Chlorophyllose, containing chlorophyll or the green coloring mat-
ter of leaves.

Cilia, fie hair-like processes, usually applied to the hair-like struc-
tures often occurring between the peristome-segments.

Circinate, coiled inward from the apex.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 357

Cirrate, curling up in drying.

Clavate, club-shaped.

Cleistocarpous, applied to a capsule which bursts open irregularly.

Collui, the more or less tapering neck or base of the capsule.

Columella, the central axis of the capsule around which the
spores are produced.

Comose, tufted at the apex, in a coma.

Complanate, flattened.

Confluent, merging together.

Constricted, contracted somewhere below the top or apex.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Cortex, the outer bark or specialized layer.

Cortical, referring to the cortex.

Costa, the midrib or mid-vein of the leaf.

Crenate, with rounded teeth.

Cribrose, perforated more or less sieve-like.

Crispate, variously curled and bent.

Cucullate, hood-like.

Cuneatc, wedge-shaped.

Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point.

Cuticular, belonging to the outermost skin.

Cygneous, abruptly down-curved like a swan’s neck.

Cymbiform, the whole leaf more or less boat-shaped.

Decumbent, reclining but with the apex ascending.

Decurrent, (leaves) with the borders extending down the stem
below the insertion.

Dehiscent, splitting open.

Dendroid, tree-like in form.

Dentate, toothed with outwardly directed teeth.

Denticulate, minutely toothed.

Deoperculate, (capsule) with the lid fallen off.

Dextrorse, twisted to the right as the threads of the ordinary
screw or bolt, used in the opposite sense by some authors.

Dimidiate, split on one side.

Dimorphous, with two forms.

Dioicous, with the antheridia and archegonia on separate plants.

Discoid, disk-shaped as in some male inflorescences.

Distichous, in two opposite rows, two-ranked.

Dwaricate, widely diverging or spreading.

Divisural (Line), the median line running up and down the teeth
of the peristome and often zigzag.

Ducts, applid to the narrow chlorophyllose cells in the leaves of
the Sphagnums.

Ecostate, without a costa.

Emarginate, apically notched.

Ewwergent, applied to capsules rising slightly above the perichetial
leaves.
358 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Exannulate, with no annulus.

Erose, irregularly notched.

Excavate, applied to leaf-insertions hollowed out in a more or
less definite curve.

Excurrent, with the costa extending beyond the apex of the leaf.

Exothecial, the outer layer of cells of the capsule-wall.

Exserted, projecting beyond, as a capsule rising beyond the peri-
chetial leaves.

Falcate, scythe-shaped, flat, gradually tapering and curved.

Falcate-sccund, falcate and turned to one side of the stem.

Fasciculate, in close and usually short clusters; usually applied to
short, unequal, lateral, bunched branches.

Fastigiate, with branches erect, near together, and more or less
equal in height.

Fibrillose, applied to hyaline cells of Sphagnum in which the
walls are lined with fine fibrils or filaments.

Filiform, thread-like.

Fimbriate, fringed.

Flagelliform, lash-like or whip-like.

Flexuose, wavy or bending alternately back and forward.

Frondose, bearing fronds, or frond-like.

Fugacious, falling away very early.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Gametophyte, the sexual stage in the life-history of the moss and
resulting from the germination of a spore. Usually begins
with a filamentous protonema which eventually gives rise
to leafy stems, which finally bear the sexual organs (arche-
gonia and antheridia) and, upon the fertilization of the
archegonium, there is produced the other alternating phase,
the sporophyte.

Gcemmae, small more or less bud-like bodies capable of reproduc-
ing the plant.

Gemmiparous, producing gemme.

Geniculate, bent like a knee.

Gibbous, swollen on one side.

Glabrous, with a smooth surface.

Glaucous, covered or whitened with a bloom.

Granulose, finely roughened as with grains of sand.

Gregarious, growing near together or in groups but not forming
tufts or mats.

Gymnostomous, with the mouth of the capsule devoid of peris-
tome.

Haimate, hooked.

Heteroicous, with two or more forms of inflorescence in the same
cluster.

Hispid, beset with stiff hairs.

Hispidulous, minutely hispid.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 359

Homoimallous, (leaves) bent or curved to one side, all in the
same direction.

Hyaline, transparent and colorless like water.

Hygroscopic, altering form or position with changes in moisture.

Imbricated, overlapped like the shingles on a roof.

Immersed, (capsule) concealed within the leaves of the peri:
chetium.

Incrassate, thickened, or thick-walled (cells).

Indchiscent, not splitting open.

Inflorescence, the clusters of reproductive organs, usually with
enclosing bracts.

Tunovation, a young offshoot from the stem.

Insertion, the point of attachment of the leaf to the stem or
branch.

Involucre, a whorl of leaves or bracts around the flower.

Julaceous, worm-like or catkin-like.

Laciniate, deeply slashed or cut into narrow lobes.

Lamellae, thin plates, particularly the flat plates on the dorsal
surface of many peristome-teeth; also on ventral surface
of many leaves.

Lamina, the leaf-blade.

Lanceolate, lance-shaped.

Lid, the covering of the mouth of the capsule, the operculum.
Ligulate, strap-shaped.

Linear, long and narrow with parallel sides.

Lingulate, tongue-shaped.

Luiien, the cavity of a cell.

AMamillate, tipped with a nipple-shaped projection.

Margin, (of a leaf) a bordering band of peculiar shape or color. . . ..

Mitriform, mitre-shaped, or like a peaked cap, symmetric.

Monoitcous, with the antheridia and archegonia on the same plant.

Afucronate, with the costa percurrent as a short small abrupt tip,
tipped with a mucro.

Muricate, with the surface roughened with short, hard points.

Muticous, not pointed.

Neck, the collum.

Nodose, (cilia) with knots or swollen articulations.

Ob-, a prefix often used to convey the sense of inversion.

Obconic, inversely conic.

Obcordate, inversely cordate.

Obovate, inversely ovate, narrowed towards the base.

Obsolete, scarcely apparent.

Opreulum, the lid covering the mouth of the capsule.

Ovate, more or less egg-shaped, with the broader end downward.

Ovoid, more isually applied to a solid with an egg-like outline.

Panduriform, fiddle-shaped.

Papillae, minute nipple-shaped protuberances.
360 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Papillose or Papillate, covered with papille.

Paraphyllia, minute thin leaves or branched organs scattered
among the leaves.

Paraphyses, jointed and hyaline hair-like structures growing
among the reproductive organs.

Parenchymatous, composed of broad cells joined end-to-end with
square ends, not dove-tailed.

Paroicous, having the antheridia and archegonia in the same
cluster but not mixed, the antheridia being in the axils of
the perichztial leaves below the archegonia.

Patent, spreading.

Pectinate, branched or divided like a comb.

Pedicel, the seta or stalk of the capsule.

Pedicellate, furnished with a pedicel.

Pellucid, translucent but scarcely hyaline.

Pendulous, drooping rather more than when cernuous, hanging
down.

Percurrent, (costa) running through the whole length of the leaf.

Perichactium, the involucre or whorl of bracts around the female
flower and thus also around the base of the seta or sessile
capsule.

Perigonium, the whorl of bracts around the male or antheridial
flower.

Peristome, the fringe of teeth, etc., at the mouth of the capsule.

Persistent, not easily nor early deciduous.

Pinnate, with the branches more or less equidistant and arranged
on both sides of the stem like a feather.

Piliferous, bearing a hair-like prolongation.

Plane, flat.

Pleurocarpous, with the flowers more or less axillary and the
fruit laterally borne.

Plicate, folded longitudinally.

Plumose, plume-like.

Pluriseriate, arranged in several or many series, as of leaves on
the stem.

Polygamous, with the antheridia and archegonia variously dis-
posed on the same plant.

Porose, pierced with small holes or pores.

Procumbent, trailing along on the ground.

Proliferous, bearing abnormal shoots, often from the flower
cluster.

Prosenchyimatous, composed of narrow cells whose ends dove-
tail past each other, as opposed to the square-ended paren-
chymatous cells.

Protonema, the green filamentous phase of the gametophyte which
is derived directly from the germination of the spore, and
sometimes persisting.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 361

Pseudopodium, in Sphagnum the false seta bearing the capsule;
in Aulacomnium, etc., a leafless seta-like branch bearing
gemme. .

Punctate; marked with dots.

Pyriform, pear-shaped.

Quadrate, square.

Radicles, rootlets or rhizoids growing out from the base of the
stem,

Radiculose, covered with radicles.

Ramose, branching.

Ramulose, bearing smaller branchlets.

Pepaund, undulately or wavy-margined.

Reticulate, in the form of a net-work.

Retort Cells, cuticular cells of Sphagnum having an outward-
curved apex. ;

Retuse, with the obtuse apex slightly indented.

Revolute, rolled backward from the margin.

Revoluble, curling off, as does the annulus of many mosses.

Rhomboid, diamond-shaped.

Rostellate, short-beaked.

Rostrate, with a more or less long beak.

Rugose, wrinkled.

Rupestral, inhabiting rocks.

Scabrous, rough.

Scarious, thin, dry, membraneous, but not green.

Secund, turned to one side.

Segments, the main divisions of the inner peristome.

Serrate, with forward-projecting teeth.

Serrulate, minutely serrate.

Sessile, not stalked.

Seta, the stalk or pedicel bearing the capsule.

Sctaccous, bristle-like.

Sheathing, applied to perichztial leaves which wrap around the
seta or ordinary leaves wrapping around the stem.
Sinistrorse, twisted to the left, as is the case with the threads of
the rather-rare “left-handed” screw or bolt. By some

authors used in the opposite sense.

Sinto0se, wavy.

Spatulate, spatula-like, bluntly and narrowly obovate and quite
attenuate downwards.

Spiniulose, furnished with small spines.

Sporangium, usually synonymous with capsule.

Sporophyte, the spore-bearing generation of the moss arising
from the fertilization of the archegonium and known also
as the sporogonium,—usually consisting of foot, seta, and
capsule.

Squarrose, spreading abruptly and widely.
362 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Squarrulose, a lesser degree of squarrose.

Stegocarpous, with the capsule operculate.

Stipitate, mounted on a short stalk.

Stoloniferous, bearing slender, creeping and usually minutely-
leaved secondary stems or branches.

Stomata, breathing pores, or openings, in the epidermis.
Stomatose, bearing stomata.

Striate, marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.
Striolate, being very finely striate.

Strumose, furnished with a struma or unsymmetrical swelling at
the base of the capsule, goitre-like.

Sub-, as a prefix commonly used to denote the idea of somewhat
or slightly.

Swbulate, awl-like.

Sulcate, longitudinally grooved.

Synoicous, with the antheridia and archegonia mixed together in
the same flower.

Terete, cylindrical or tapering.

Terrestrial, growing on earth.

Tessellate, checkered.

Tomentose, covered with soft matted hairs or tomentum.

Trabeculae, the more or less projecting plates on the inner side
of the peristome-teeth.

Trabeculate, furnished with trabecule.

Truncate, with the apical portion more or less squarely cut off.

Tubulose, tube-like.

Tumid, swollen, turgid.

Turbinate, top-shaped.

Turgid, more or less rigidly swollen as from internal pressure,
tumid.

Umbonate, with a slight projection in the center like the boss of
a shield.

Uncinate, hook-shaped.

Unilateral, one-sided.

Unistratose, (cells) in one layer.

Urceolate, urn-like, contracted at or below the mouth.

Utricles, applied to the large hyaline cells of the leaves of
Sphagnum.

Vaginate, surrounded by a sheath.

Vaginule, a small sheath, the modified remains of the lower part
of the archegonium surrounding the base of the seta.

Ventral, the surface of the leaf facing the stem, as ordinarily
situated.

Ventricose, bulging on one side.

Vermicular, worm-shaped.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 363

Verrucose, minutely warty.

Verticil, a whorl.

Verticillate, whorled.

Vesiculose, more or less bladdery, like inflated air-spaces, vesicu-
lar.

Villous, covered with long, soft hairs.
A MANUAL OF MOSSES

INDEX TO FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES

 

(Numbers referring to Plates are enclosed in parentheses)

Acaulon C. M., 129.

rufescens Jeg., 130

triquetrum (Spruce) C. M., 129.

Acrocarpi, 11, 48.
Acrocladium, Mitt. 286.

eee [L.] Lindb., 286,

Amphidium (Nees) Schimp., 114.

ee (Hedw.) Schimp.,
ll

mougeotii (Bryol. Eur.)
Schimp., 115.

Amphoridium Schimp., 114.
Amblystegiella Loeske, 272.

adnata Nichols, 274.
ou (Schwaeg.) N. Com
2

confervoides Loeske, 273.
minutissima (Sull. and Lesq.)
Nichols, 273.

Amblystegium Bryol. Eur., 264.

aduncum Lindb., 281.

chrysophyllum DeNot., 292.

cordifolium DeNot., 284.

eugyrium Lindb., 288.

exannulatus DeNot., 283.

felles, et spinifolium Limpr.,
2

filicinum DeNot., 278.
fluitans DeNot., 282.
fluviatile Bryol. Eur., 276.
hispidulum Kindb., 291.
irriguum Bryol. Eur., 277,

var. spinifolium Schimp., 27

Anacamptodon Brid., 235.

splachnoides [Froel.] Brid., 236,
(33).

Andreaeaceae, 46.
Andreaeales, 2, 3, 4, 11, 46.
Andreaea [Ehrh.] Hedw., 46.

petrophila Ehrh., 46.
rothii Web. and Mohr., 46.
rupestris Hedw., 46.
rupestris Roth, 46.

Anictangium ciliatum Hedw., 202.

lapponicum Hedw., 115.

Anodontium prorepens Brid., 116.
i Anoectangium mougeotii Lindb., 115,

Anomodon Hook. and Tayl., 240.

apiculatus Bryol. Eur., 243, (34).
atten abis [Schreb.] Hueb., 245,

minor 4{Heaw.) Fuern., 244,

(34).
obtusifolius Bryol. Eur., 244.
to (Hedw.) Schimp., 246,

repens Fuern., 228.

tristis Sull., 241.

viticulosus [L.] Hook and
Tayl., 244.

Aphanorhegma Sull., 131.

serratum (Hook. and Wils.)
Sull., 132, (16).

8. Archidiaceae, 48.

juratzkanum Schimp., 268, (37). Archidium Brid., 48.

kneifii Bryol. Eur., 282.
kochii Bryol, Eur., 270, (38).
lescurit Jaeg., 280.
minutissimum Jaeg., 273.
ochraceum Lindb., 289.

end e tos (Beauv.) Jaeg., 267,

(37).

palustre Lindb., 287.

radicale [Beauv.] Mitt., 269,
(38).

riparium [L.] Bryol. Eur., 271,
(38).
var. flaccidum (L. and J.)
R. and C., 272, (38).

scrpens [L.] Bryol. Eur., 265,

(37).
stellatum Lindb., 293.
ven (Hedw.) Lindb., 266,

var. orthocladon Husn., 267

Arrhenopterum

ohioense Schimp., 48.

heterostichum
Hedw., 169.

Astomum Hampe, 89.

crispum [Hedw.] Hampe, 90.
nitidulum Bryol. Eur., 90.
sullivantii Bryol. Eur., 90.

Astrophyllum ciliare Lindb., 164.

cuspidatum Lindb., 164.
hornum Lindb., 159.
marginatum Lindb., 160.
medium Lindb., 163.
orthorhynchum Lindb., 160.
rostratum Lindb., 161.
rugicum Lindb., 165.

Atrichum Beauv., 186.

angustatum Bryol. Eur., 189.
undulatum Beauv., 187.

. Aulacomniaceae, 168.
OF WESTERN

Aulacomnium Schwaeg., 169.
heterostichum (Hedw.) Bryol.

Eur., 169, (24).
palustre [L.] Schwaeg., 170,
(24).

Barbula Hedw., 97.
acuminata Hedw., 98.
caespitosa Schwaeg., 96.
convoluta, Hedw., 99, (13).
fallax Hedw., 98.
papillosa C. M., 104.
rubella Mitt., 97.
tortuosa Web. and Mohr, 95.
maar i [Huds.] Hedw., 99,

Bartramiaceae, 172.

Bartramia Hedw., 173.
foniana Sw., 178.
grandiflora Schwaeg., 173.
ithyphylla [Hall.] Hedw., 175.
ocderi Schwaeg., 173
Doe [L.] Hedw., 174,

var. crispa (Sw.) Bryol.
Eur., 175,
Brachytheciaceae, 329.
Brachythecium Bryol. Eur., 332.
acuminatum (Hedw.) Kindb.,

» (49).
acutum (Mitt.) Sull., 338.

campestre (Bruch) Bryol. Eur.,
9).

epicteras This Kindb., 333, (48).

flagellare (Hedw.) N. Comb.,
344, (52)
var. homomallum CBee
Eur.) N. Comb., 345, (52).
flavescens Kindb., 340.
flexicaule R. and C., 337, (50).
laetum Bryol. Eur., 335
novae-angliae Jaeg
Sauerb., 352.
oxycladon [Brid.] Jaeg., 335.
plumosum Bryol. Eur., 344.
var. ie gvomaliie Bryol.
Eur.,
poptileum (Hedw.) Bryol Eur.,
3

and

reflexum [Starke] Bryol. Eur.,
341

rivulare (Bruch) Bryol. Eur.,
340, (
rutabulum [L.] Bryol. Eur., 339,

saleinosin) a etotnatnl Bryol.
Eur., 336, (49).
stark (bea Bryol. Eur., 341,

PENNSYLVANIA 365

velutinum Ee Bryol. Eur.,

Bruchia Schwaeg., 50.
flexuosa Coal are C. M., 50.
sullivantii Aust.,

Bryales, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 11, 48.

Bryaceae, 137."

Bryhnia Kaurin, 352.
Ca) [Brid.]
nove-anglie (S.

Grout, 352.

Bryoxiphium Mitt., 78.
norvegicum [Brid.] Mitt., 78.

Bryum [Dill.} Schimp., 147.
affine Brid.) Lindb., 150, (19).
a [L.] Hedw., 154,
bimum [Schreb.] Brid., 149,

(19).
cee an [L.] Hedw., 153,

capillare [L.] Hedw., 155, ay

Grout,
and L.)

cernuum [Hornsch. ] Bryol.
Eur., 148, (18).

ciliare Grev., 164.

cuspidatum Schimp., 150.

Eo {Ludw.]  Brid.,

oederi Gunn., 173.
ontariense Kindb., 156.
pallesgens | Schleich} Schwaeg.,
pendulum Schimp, 148.
pseudotriquetrum [Hedw.]
Schwaeg., 149.

pulchellum Sull., 144,
scoparium L., 68.
turbinatum Drumm., 152.
undulatum L,, 187.
ventricosum Dicks., 149,
viridulum L,, 91.

Buxbaumia Hall., Hedw., 182.

Buxbaumiaceae, 180.

eine aphylla L., Hedw., 183,

(26).

foliosa Web. 181.
Calliergon (Sull.) Kindb., 284.

eugyrium Kindb., 288.

palustre Kindb., 287.

cuspidatum Kindb., 286.

cordifolium [Hedw.] Kindb.,

giganteum (Schimp.) Kindb.,
[Dicks.] Kindb.,

Campylium (Sull.) Bryhn., 263.
chrysophyllum (Brid.) Bryhn.,
292, (41).

9

stramineum
366 A MANUAL

ee (Brid.) Mitt. 291,
polygamum (Schimp.) Bryhn.,
293, (42).

radicale Grout, 269.
stellatum [Schreb. ] Lange and
C. Jens., 293, (42).
Campylodontium hypnoides
Schwaeg., 236.
Camplyopus flexuosus Sull., 73.
Camptothecium Bryol. Eur., 331.
nitens [Schreb.] Schimp.. 1, 331,
creas er eee Web. and
1
eigenen N. SPs 191, (27).
papillosa N. Sp., 190, (27).
angustata Brid., 189, (27).
undulata [L.] Web. and Mohr.,
187, (26).
var. allegheniensis N. Var.,
188, (26).
var. minor Web. and Mohr,
188, (27).
Ceratodon Brid., 57.
purpurascens (Hedw.)
mb., 57, (6).
purpureus Brid., 57.
Chrysohypnum chrysophyllum
Loeske, 292.
hispidulum Roth., 291.
polygamuin Loeske, 293.
stellatum Loeske, 293.
Cirriphyllum Grout, 345.
boscii, (Schwaeg.) Grout, 346,

piliferum [Schreb.] Grout, 346.
Climaceae, 209.
Climacium Web. and Mohr, 210.
americanum Brid., 211, (31).
var.

N.

212.
dendroides [L.] Web. and
Mohr, 211.
ae is and C.) Grout,
Conomitrium Montag., 86.

hallianum Sull. rae Lesq., 87.

julianum Montag., 87.
Ctenidium (Schimp.) Mitt., 294.

male [Hedw.] Mitt., 294,

Cylindrothecium cladorhizans
Schimp., 225.
compressum Bryol, Eur., 224.
repens DeNot, 228.
seductrix Sull., 226.
Cynontodiun cernutn Hedw., 148.
Desmatodon Brid., 102.
arenaceus Sull., 102, (13).
ohioensis Schimp., 102.

kindbergit R. and C.,

OF MOSSES

Dicranella Schimp., 60.
crispa [Ehrh.] Schimp., 60.
curvata (Hedw.) ee ., 60.
fitzgeraldi R. and C., (
hee [Dill.] Schimp., 61,

var. fitggeraldi Grout, 60.
ee [Dicks.] Schimp., 62,

varia (Hedw.) Schimp., 63,
(7).

Dicranodontium Bryol. Eur., 72.
longirostre [Starke] Bryol.
Eur., 72, Or
millspaughii E. G. Britt., 73.
virginicum E. G. Britt., 73.
Dichelyma Myrin, 208.
eneen [Dill.] Bryol. Eur.,

pallescens Sull. and Lesq., 208,

pallescens Bryol. Eur., 209.

Dicranaceae, 49.

Dicranum Hedw., 66.
aciculare Hedw., 112.
bergeri Bland., ae
drummondii C. 67.
flagellare Hedw., Mo, (8).
fulvum Hook., 71, (9).
glaucuim Hedw., 76.
heteromallum Hedw., 61.
interruptum Bryol. Eur, 71.
a [Ehrh.] Hedw., 72,

microcarpum Schrad. 113.

montanum Hedw., 69, (8).

osmundioides Sw., 85.

polysetum Sw., Schwaeg., 67.

purpurascens Hedw., 57

rugosum Brid., 67.

scoparium fra Hedw., 68, (8).

subuletorum R. and , 67.

undulatum Bhrh., 67.

viride (Sull.) Lindb., 71, (9).
Didymodon Hedw.,

arenaceus Kindb.,

cylindricus Bryol. Eur., 94.

recurvirostre [Dicks.]

Comb.,

longirostris Starke, 72.

rubellus Bryol. Eur., 96.
Diphyscium [Ehrh.] Mohr, 181.

N.

foliosum Weber Mohr, 18],
(25).
Discelium Brid., 126.
incarnata see) N.
Comb.,

nudum Brid, 706.
Disceliaceae, 126.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

Ditrichum [Timm] Hampe, 53.
pie [Schreb.] Hampe, 56,

tortie [Sched] Brockm., 55,

var. vaginans Grout, 54.
vaginans (Sull.) Hampe, 54,

Drepanocladus (C. M.) Roth, 280.
exannulatus (Guemb.) Warnst.,-
283, (40).
fluitans [L.] Warnst., 282.
kneiffi (Schimp.) Warnst., 282.
uncinatus [Hedw.] Warnst., 281.
Drummondia Hook., 116.
prorepens Brid, N. Comb.,
116, (14).
Elodium (Sull.) Warnst., 260.
ae i (Sull.) Loeske, 261,
)

yar. elodioides (R. and C.)
Best, 262.
Encalyptaceae, 104.
Encalypta Schreber, Hedw., 105.
ciliata Hedw., 105.
contorta Lindb., 106.
streptocarpa Hedw., 105, 106.
Entodon C. M., 224.
cladorhizans (Hedw.) C. M.,
225, (32).
compressus C. M., 224,
repens Grout, 228.
seductrix (Hedw.) C. M., 226,
(33)

var. minor (Aust.) Grout,
227.
sullivantit (C. M.) Lindb., 224.
Entodontaceae, 222
Ephemeraceae, 127.

Ephemerum Hampe, 127.
cohzrans (Hedw.) Hampe, 128.
crassinervium (Schwaeg.) C.

pallidum Schimp., 128.

papillosum Aust., 128.

serratum [Schreb.] Hampe, 127.
var. angustatum Bryol.
Eur., 128.

spinulosum Schimp., 128.

sera (Brid.) Schimp.,
1

Eurhynchium Bryol, Eur., 350.
boscii, Jaeg., 346.
graminicolor Paris, 353.
hians Jaeg and Sauer., 349.
piliferum Bryol. Eur., 346.
at Ca (Hedw.) N. Comb.,

var. robustum (Roell) N.

Comb., 351, (53).
rusciforme Milde, 348.
strigosum Bryol. Eur., 350.

var. robustum Roell., 351.

Eustichia Brid., 78.

norvegica Muell., 78.
Explanation of Plates, 375.
Fabroleskea Grout, 247.

austini Grout, 248.
Fabroniaceae, 233.
Fabronia Raddi, 234.

caroliniana Sull., 234.

ciliaris Brid., 235.

octoBlephanis [Schl.] Schwaeg.,

pusilla Schwaeg., 235.
ravenelii Sull., 234.

Fissidens Hedw., 79.
adiantoides [L.] Hedw., 84.
bryoides [L.] Hedw., 80, (10).
cristatus Whls., 83, (11).
decipiens DeNot., 83.
exiguus Sull., 83, (11).
hallianus Mitt., 87.
hyalinus Hook, and Wils., 80.
incurvus Starke, Schwaeg., 82.

var. minutulus (Sull.)
Aust., 82, (10).
minutulus Sull., 82.
obtusifolius Wils., 81, (10).
osmundioides [Sw.] Hedw., 85.
sciuroides Hedw., 216.
sub-basilaris Hedw., 85, (12).

_ taxifolius [L.] Hedw., 84, (11).
Fissidentaceae, 77.
Fontinalaceae, 203.

Fontinalis L., Hedw., 203.
albicans Weber, 202.
antipyretica var,

Sull., 204.
biformis Sull., 205.
capillacea Hook, 209,
capillacea Hedw., 208.
dalecarlica Bryol Eur.,

(30).
delmarei R. and C., 206.
gigantea Sull., 203.
juliana Savi., 87.
lescurii Sull., 207.

var. gracilescens Sull., 205.
nove-angliz Sull., 207, (30).
pennata L,, 218.
sullivantii Lindb., 205.

Forsstroemia Lindb., 216.
trichomitria (Hedw.) Lindb.,

217, (32).

Funariaceae, 131.

Funaria Schreb., Hedw., 134.
americana Lindb., 135.
flavicans Rich., 135.

gigantea

206,

367
368

hygrometrica [L.,  Sibth.]
Hedw., 136, (17).
muhlenbergti Hedw., 135.
Genera, Analytical Key to the, 11.
Georgiaceae, 183.
Georgia Ehrh., 184.
pellucida Rabenh.,
Glossary, 355.
Glyphomitrium Brid., 107.
peas (Schwaeg.) Broth.,

184.

Grimmiaceae, 106.

Grimmia Ehrh. Hedw., 108.
ambigua Sull., 109.
apocarpa [L.] Hedw., 109, (14).
campestris Burck, 110.
conferta Funck, 110.
levigata (Brid.) Brid., 110.
leucophaea Grev., 110.
obtusa Schwaeg., 109.
olneyi Sull., 109.
pennsylvanica Schwaeg., 110.
pilifera Beauv., 110.

Gymnostomum Hedw., 92.
calcareum oe and Hornsch.,
curvirostre Hedw., 93.
immersum Sull., 133.
pennatum Hedw., 137.
prorepens Hedw., 116.
truncatuim Hedw., 101.

Haplocladium (C. M.) C. M., 253.
mem G8). (Sw.) Broth.,
virginianum (Brid.)  Broth.,

254, (35).
Haploly ne ‘Doz. and Molk.,
4

triste (Cesati Kindb., 241, (34).
Hedwigiaceae, 201.
Hedwigia Ehrh., Hedw., 201.
ae var. leucophaea Limpr.,

ciliata Ehrh., Bryol. Eur., 202,
30).

var. leucophea Bryol. Eur.,
203.
Heterophylion haldani Kindb., 312.
Homalia (Brid.) Bryol. Eur., 220.
complanata DeNot., 219.
jamesii Schimp., 220.
Homalotheciella (Card.) Broth.,
330.

subcapillata (Hedw.) Broth.,
330

Homalothecium subcapillatum Sull.,
330.

Homomallium (Schimp.) Loeske,
274.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

adnatum (Hedw.) Broth., 274,
(39).

Hygroamblystegium Loeske, 275.
fallax (Brid.) Broth.,
var. spinifoliuin

278

filicinum [L.] Loeske, 278.
aes [Sw.] Loeske, 276,
(3

Warnst.,

irriguum Loeske, 277.
notergphilam (Sull.) Warnst.,

a (Hedw.) N. Comb., 277,

var. » aitanin (Schimp.)
N. Comb., 278.

Hygrohypnum Lindb., 287.
eugyrium (Bryol. Eur.) Broth.,
288.
var. mackayi

ee )
Broth., 289,
luridum [Hedw. 7] . Comb. ., 287.
mackayi Voeske, 289.
sake rey (Turn.) Broth., 289,
41).

Hylocomium Bryol. Eur., 298.
brevirostre Ehrh. Bryol. Eur.,
301, (44).
parietinum Lindb., 302.
proliferum Lindb., 299.
rugosunt DeNot., 298.
splendens (Hedw.) Bryol. Eur.,
299, (43).
squarrosum Bryol. Eur. 297.
triquetrum Bryol. Eur., 297.
umbratum [Ehrh.] Bryol. Eur.,
300, (44).

Hymenostylium Brid., 92.
rd [Ehrh.] Lindb., 93,

Hypnaceae, 262.

Hypnum L., Hedw., 302.
acuminatum Beauv., 334.
acutuim Mitt., 338
adunciwmn L,., 281,

var. kneiffii Schimp., 282.
albuluim C. M., 320.
allegheniense C. M., 221.
arcuatum Lindb., 311.
attenuatuin Schreb., 245.
bergenense Aust., 269.
boscii Schwaeg., 346.
brevirostre Ehrh., 301.
bryoides L., 80.
campestre Bruch, 335.
carolinianum C. M., 327,
chrysophyllum Brid., 292.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 369 59

clavellatum Dill., 116,
complanatum L,, 219.
conferva Schweg., 273.
confervoides Brid., 273.
cordifolium Hedw., 284.
compressum Schultz., 278,
crista-castrensis L., 304.
cupressiforme Hook., 307.
yar. filiforie Brid., 309.

cupressiforimis L., 309.
curvifolium Hedw., 310.
cuspidatum L., 286.
cylindrocarpum C. M., 315.
debile Brid., 266.
declivum Mitt., 342,
delicatulum L., 258.
dendroides ., 211.
demissume var. carolintanum
L. and J., 327.
denticulatum C. M., 323.
denticulatum ., 324.
delicatuluim ,., 259.
deplanatum Sull., 318.
depressum §. and L,, 319.
elegans Hook., 318.
eugyriunt Bryol. Eur., 288.
var. mackayi Schimp., 289.
exannulatum Bryol. Eur., 283.
flagellare Hedw., 344.
fertile Sendt., 306.
flexile Brid., 286.
fluitans L., 282.
fluviatile Sw., 276.
gracile Bryol. Eur., 255.
var. lancastricuse S. and L,,

254

gracilescens Beauv., 249.
graminicolor Brid., 353.
haldanianum Grev., 312.
hians Hedw., 349.
hirtellum C. M., 239,
hispidulum Brid, 291.
imponens Hedw., 307.
interruptum Brid., 301.
iriguum Wils., aa.
julaceui L.., 215,
laxepatulum L. and J., 315.
laxifolium Brid., 271.
lescurti Sull., 280.
lindbergit Mitt., 311.
luridum Hedw., 287.
mackayi Breid., 289.
medium Dicks., 249.
micans Sw., 320.

micans Wils., 328.
minutissimum S. and L,., 273,
minutulum Hedw., 257,
molluscun. Hedw., 294.
muehlenbeckiit Schimp., 322,

muticum Sw., 302.
nervosum C, M., 251.
nitens Schreb., 331.
nitiduluat Web. and Mohr, 319,
novae-angliae §. and L,., 352.
ochraceum Turn, 289.
orthocladon Beauv., 267.
oxycladon Brid., 335.
paludosum Sull., 261.
palustre Huds.,. 287.
parictinuin L., 302.
patentiae Lindb., 311.
piliferum Schreb., 346.
plumosum Sw., 344.
populeum Hedw., 343,
polygamum Wils., 293.
praclongum C. M., 349.
pratense Koch., 312.
pulchelluin Hedw., 350.

var. nitidulum L, and J., 319.

pulchrum Hook., 312.
radicale Beauv., 269.
recognitum Hedw., 259.
recurvans Schweg., 314.
reflexum Starke, 341.
reptilis Rich., 305.
riparioides Hedw., 348.
riparium L,, 271.
rivulare Bruch, 340,
roescanunt peep 323.
rugelii C.
rugosuim ce 208,
rusciforine Neck., 348.
rutabulum L.., 339.
salebrosum Hoffm., 336.
schreberi Willd., Schwaeg., 302,
(44).
scitum Beauv., 252.
sciurioides L., 216.
serpens L,, 265.
serrulatum Hedw., 354.
silvaticum Huds., 323.
splendens Hedw., 299.
squarrosum L,, 296.
starket Brid., 341.
stellatunt Schreb., 293,
strigosunt Drummond 351,
strigosum Hoffm., 350.
subtenue James, 341.
sullivantiac Schimp., 323.
sullivantit Spruce, 353.
tamariscinuim S. and L,, 258.
taxifolium L., 84.
tenax Hedw., 277.
triquetrum L., 297.
turfaccum Lindb., 320.
umbratum Ehrh., 300.
uncinatum Hedw., 281.
velutinum L,, 342.
370 A MANUAL

ne git Web. and Mohr,

Isopterygium Mitt., 316.
deplanatum (Sull.) Mitt. 318.
elegans [Hook.] Lindb., 318.
geophilum (Aust.) Jeg. 317.
micans (Sw.) E. G. Britt, 320.
penn IneeE (Schimp.) Lindb.,

pratense Lindb., 312.
pulchellum var.  nitidulum
(Wahl.) Broth., 319.
tur, pace (Lindb.) Lindb., 320,

Isothecium elegans Brid., 318.
Key, Analytical, to the Genera, 11.
Leersia ciliata Hedw., 105.
laciniata Hedw., 105.
Leptobryum (Schimp.) Wils., 138.
pyriforme L. Wils., 139, (17).
Leptodon Mohr, 216.
trichomitrius Mohr, 217.

Leptotrichum vaginans Schimp., 54.
Lescuraea rigidula Kindb., 251.

Leskeaceae, 236.

Leskea Hedw., 237, 248.
acuminata Hedw., 334.
adnata Rich., 328,
apiculata Schimp., 243.
asprella Bryol. Eur., 239.
attenuata Hedw., 245.
austint Sull., 248,
cylindrica Brid., 233.
dendroides Hedw.,. 211.
denticulata Sull., 223,
gracilescens Hedw., 249,
muicrocarpa Brid., 328.

Microcarpa Schimp., "250.
nervosa Sull., 251, (35).
nitidula Wahlenb., 319, (35).
obscura Hedw., 249.
obscura 1. and J., 250.
polyantha Hedw., 232.,
polycarpa Ehrh., 249.
polycarpa Ehrh., Hedw., 249.
recurvans Rich., 314.
rostrata Hedw., 246,
striatella Brid., 322.
tristis Cesat., 241.
varia Hedw., 266.

Leskeella (Limpr.) Loeske, 251.
nervosa [Brid.] Loeske, 251.

Leucobryaceae, 75

Leucobryum Hampe, 75.
albidum (Brid] Lindb., 77.
glaucum [L.] Schimp., 76, (10).
minus Hampe, 77.

Leucodon Schweg., 214.
brachypus Brid., 214, (31).

OF MOSSES

julaceus [L.] Sull., 215, (32).
sciuroides [L.] Schwaeg., 216.
Leucodontaceae, 213.
ENO ochraceum Bryol. Eur.,

28

Lindbergia Kindb., 247.

austini (Sull.) ’Broth., 248.
Meeseaceae, 171. |
Meesea Hedw., 171.

longiseta Hedw., 171.

triquetra [L.] Aongst., 171.

essen (Funck) Bryol. Eur.,

Micromitrium Angst., 127.
Mniaceae, 157.
Mniobryum (Schimp.) Limpr., 145.
albicans Limpr., 3
wale er (Web. a Mohr)
N. Comb., 140, (18).
Mnium L, ope Re
affine Bland, Schwaeg., ie

var. ciliare (Grev.) C. M.,
164, (22).

var. rugicum Ceuta)
Bryol. Bue 165, (22).

bimum Brid.,
capillare L., iss.
ee (Blytt) Hueb., 168,

Chepieg a L., Hedw., 162,
fontanum L,, 178.

hornum L,., Hedw., 159,
intermedium Ludw., 151.
lycopodioides (Hook. )

Schwaeg., 159
marginatum Beauv., 160.
medium Bryol. Eur., 163, (21).
orthorhynchum (Brid) Bryol.

Eur., 160.
palustre L,., 170.
pseudolycopodioides C. M. and

Kindb., 159.
purpureumn L,., 57.

TN {L.] Hedw., 166,

var. elatum Schimp., 167,
(23

rostratum Schrad., Schwaeg.,
6l.L ob L
serratum Schrad., Schwaeg.,

spinulosum Bryol. Eur., 161.
stellare [Reich.] Hedw., {66, (22).
sylvaticum Lindb., 162.
Mosses, Peat, 23.
Mosses, True, 48.
Myurella Broyl. Eur., 240,
careyana Sull. 240.
OF WESTERN

gracilis (Weinm.) Tends 240.
Nanomitrium Lindb., 127.

Neckeraceae, 217.

Neckera Hedw., 218.
cladorhisans Hedw., 225.
complanata [L.] Hueb., 219.
pennata [L.] Hedw., 218.
sceductrix Hedw., 226.
splachnoides Schwaeg., 236.
ee var. minor Hedw.,

Octodiceras Brid., 86.
ae (Schwaeg.) N. Comb.,

julianus Brid., 87.
hallianus (S. and L.) Jaeg. and
Sauerb., 87.
Oncophorus Brid., 65.
wahlenbergii Brid., 66, (8).
Oreoweisia, 50.
Orthotrichaceae, 113.
Orthotrichum Hedw., 117.
braunii Bryol. Eur,, 119, (15).
canadense Sull., 20.
citrinum Aust., 121.
clavellatum Hook., 116.
crispum Hedw., 124.
PeEn ia ie [Hoffm.] Schwaeg.,

var. porteri Vent., 118.
var. minus Sull., 119.
leiocarpum Bryol. Eur., 117.
lescurii Aust., 119, (15).
ohioense Sull, 120, (15),
var. eitrintam (Aust.) L.
and J.,
obtusifotium 'Schead, Schwaeg.,

portert Aust., 118.
pusillum Mitt., 117.
schimperi Hamm.,
sordidum Sull., 118.
strangulatum "Schwaeg.,

121,

119,
(14),
Oxyrhynchium (Bryol. Eur.)
Warnst., 347.
riparioides [Hedw.] N. Comb.,
348, (53).
ee (Hedw.) N. Comb. 349,

53).
Peat Mosses, 23°
Phascum [L.] Hedw., 100.
acaulon L,, 100.
cohaerans Hedw., 128.
crassinervinum Schwaeg. ., 128.
cuspidatum [Schreb.] Hedw.,
100.

hookeri Macoun, 133,
patcns Hedw., 130,

PENNSYLVANIA 371

rufescens Kindb., 130.
strangulatuim Kindb., 133.
Philonotis Brid., 176. :
calcarea (Bryol. Eur.) Schimp.,
177, (25).
fontana [L.] Brid., 178, (25).
var. falcata Brid., 179,
marchica Sull., 176.
muhlenbergii (Schwaeg.) Brid.,
, (24),
130.
Eur.,

Physcomitrella Bryol. Eur.,
paces [Hedw.] Bryol.

Physcomitrium (Brid.) Fuern., 132.
immerstm Sull., 133, ih

turbinatum (Rich.) C .M., 133,
(16).
Plagiopus Brid., 173.
cederi [Gunn.] Limpr., 173.

Plagiothecium Bryol. Eur., 321.
denticulatum [L.] Bryol. Eur.,
)

elegans Sull,, 318.

geophilum Grout, 319.

muehlenbecktt Bryol. Eur., 322.

muellerianum Schimp., 317.

roeseanum (Hampe) Bryol.
Euro., 323.

re (Brid.) Lindb., 322,
4

aylvatiou {Huds.] Bryol. Eur.,
32
tur faceum Lindb., 320.
Plates, Explanation of, 375.
Platygyrium Bryol. Eur., 227.
re ioe Bryol. Eur., 228,

(33
Pleuridium Brid., 52,
alternifolium Brid., 53.
subulatum [Hedw.] Lindb., 52.
Pogonatum Beauv., 192.
brachyphyllum {Rich.]
193,

Schwaeg., 192.

brevicaule Beauv.,

norvegicum [Hedw.] Beauv.,
192

pennsylvanicum (Hedw.) Paris

tenuc E. G. Britt., 193.
urnigerum [L.] Beauv.,
Pohlia Hedw., 140.
annotina Lindb., 145.
cruda J,indb., 141.
elongata Hedw., 141.
nutans Lindb., 142.
proligera Lindb., 145.
Polytrichaceae, 185.
Polytrichum Dill., Hedw.,

192.

194.
wn
wer
IN

alpestre Hoppe, Schwaeg., 198,
(29).

angustatum Schwaeg., 189.

commune L., Hedw.,
var. wiginosum Hueb., 200.

pont en Willd., Hedw., 197,
(

ohioense R. and C., 195, (28).

fPennsylvanicum Hedw., 193.

ash Schreb., Hedw., 196,
(28).

strictum Banks, Menz., 198.
Porotrichum Brid., 221,
Pottia Ehrh., Fuern., 101.
truncata [Hedw.] Fuern, 101,

truncatula Lindb., 101.

Ptcrogonium repens Schwaeg., 228.
octoblepharis Schl., 23

Pterygynandrum Hedw., 232.
epiculatum Brid., 349.
filiforme [Timm.] Hedw., 233.
liirtellum Hedw., 239.
intricatum Hedw., 230.
julaccum Hedw., 215.
subcapillatum Hedw., 330.
trichomitrium Hedw., 217.

Ptilium (Sull.) DeNot., 303.
crista-castrensis [L.] DeNot.,

, (45).

Ptychomitrium Fuern., 107.
incurvum Sull., 107.

Pylaisia Bryol. Eur., 229.
denticulata Sull., 231.
intricala Bryol. Eur., 230,
intricata (Hedw.) R. and C,,

3

, (33).
polyantha [Sohreb.] | Bryol.
ur., 232. :
schimperi Card., 230, (33).

subdenticulata Bryol. Eur., 231.
velutina Bryol. Eur., 230.
Pylaisiclla Kindb., 229.
intricata Grout, 230.
velutina Kindb., 230.
Rauia Aust., 252.

scita (Beauv. ) Aust., 252, (35).

Rhabdoweisia Bryol. Eur., 50, 64.
Hence (Brid.) Bryol. Eur.,

6
fugax (Hedw.) Bryol. Eur., 64,
(7
Rhacomitrium Brid., 111.
aciculare [L.] Brid., 112, (14).
ericoides (Schiweeg.) N. Comb.,
113

fasciculare [Schrad.] Brid., 112.
microcarpunt (Hedw.) Brid.,
112.

199, (29).

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

TI?
Eur.)

sudeticuin Bryol. Eur.,
Rhaphidostegium (Bryol.
DeNot., 326.
adnatum (Rich.) Bryol. Eur.,
328.
carolinianum (C. M.) Jaeg.,
327 é
cylindricarpum Jaeg., 315.
delicatulitm Paris, 315.
marylandicum (C. M.) Jaeg.
and Sauerb., 327.
microcarpum Jaeg., 328.
novee-ceesaree (Aust.) R.
C., 328, (48).
recurvans Jaeg., 314.
Rhodobryum (Schimp.) Hampe,
138, 156.
ontariense Kindb.) Paris, 156,
(20).

roseum L,. and J., 156.
roseum [Weis] Schimp., 156.
Rhynchostegium Bryol. Eur., 354.

delicatulum James 315.
deplanatum Schimp., 318.
geophilum Aust., 319.
novae-caesareac Angst., 328.
rusciforme Bryol. Eur., 348.
serrulatum (Hedw.) Jaeg., 354,

(54),
Rhytidiadelphus (Lindb.) Warnst.,
295, (43)
squarrosus [L.] Warnst., 296,
triquetrus [L.] Warnst., 297.
Rhytidium (Sull.) Kindb., 297.
rugosum [Ehrh.] Kindb., 298.
Schistostegaceae, 137.
Schistostega Mohr, 137.
osmundacca Mohr, 137.
pennata [Hedw.] Hook.
Tayl., 137.
Schwetschkeopsis Broth., 223.
coe (Sull.) Broth. ig, 220)
(

and

and

Sciaromium Mitt., 279.
lescurii? (Sull.) Broth., 280,
(39).
Seligeria Bryol. Eur., 58.
pee (Hedw.) Bryol. Eur.,
9.

Eur,

setacca [Wulf.] Lindb., 59.
Sematophyllaceae, 326. ee

Sematophyllum adnatuin
Britt., 328.
carolinianum E. G. Britt., 327.
delicatulum E. G., Britt., 315.
micans Braithw., 320.
recurvans E. G. Britt., 314.
tenuirosire E. G. Britt., 315.

calcarea {Dicks.] Bryol.
59
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 373

Sphaerangium Schimp, 129.
muticum (Schreb.) Schimp.,
130

triquetrum Schimp., 129.
Sphagnaceae, 23.
Sphagnales, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 23.
Sphagnum Dill, Hedw., 23.
acutifolimm Ehrh. Russ. and
Warnst., 38.
var. quinquefarium. Lindb.,
36.
var. subnitens Dixon, 37.
var. viride Warnst., 39,
var. gracile Russ., 35.
affine R. and C., 26, (1).
ai squarrosula Warnst.,
2

aimblyphyllum Russ., 33.
parvifolium Warnst.,
angustifolium Jens., 34.
aptculatuim Lindb., 33.
auriculatum Aongst., 40.
auriculatum Schimp., 40, (4).
austini Sull., 25,
var. glaucuim f. squarrosu-
lum Roell, 25.
brevifolium Roell, 34.

capillifoliom [Ehrh.] Hedw., 38.

var. viride (Warnst.) N.

Comb., 39, (4).
compactum Brid., 30.
compactuin [Roth.] Schweg.,
contortum Schultz., 39,

var. gracile Roell, 44.

var. larum Roell, 43.
crassisctum Brid., 31.
eymbifolium Ehrh., 28

var. compactum Russ., 30.

var. squarrosuluim Nees

and Hornsch., 29.

var. virescens £, brachyclada

SchIp., 29.
fimbriatum Wils., 35, (3).
gravetii Russ., 40.
imbricatum (Hornsch.) Russ.,
var. affine Warnst., 26.
var. subleve Warnst., 25.
tntermedium Hoffm., 33.

mundatum (Russ.) Warnst., 43.

var. auriculatum (Warnst.)
Roth, 43, ‘
isophyllum Russ., 40.
laricinuin Spruce, 39.
latifolium Hedw., 28, (1).
var. brachycladum (Schlp.)
N. Comb., 29.

var. squarrosulum (N. and
H.) N. Comb., 29.
medium Limpr., 30, (2).
palustre 1,., 28.
parvifolium (Sendt.) Warnst.,
34, ;
platyphyllum (Sull.) Warnst.,
40, (4

plumulosum Roell. Warnst., 37,
4

var. viride Warnst., 38.
porosum Lindb., 32.
pungens Roth, 44, (5).
quinquefarium (Lindb.)

Warnst., 36, (3)
recuryvum Beauv., 33, (2).

var. amblyphyllum (Russ.)

Warnst., 33. ;

yar. parvifoliun Warnst.,

4

squarrosum Pers. Schwaeg., 31.
var. teres Schimp., 32.
subnitens Russ. and Warnst.,

37

var. wiride Warnst., 38.
subsecundum Nees, 42, (5).

var. contortum Hueb., 39.

var. intermedium Warnst.,

subulatuim Bruch, 35.

teres (Schimp.) Aongst., 32.
ae squarrosum Warnst.,
var. subsquarrosunt
Warnst., 32.
oe subteres Lindb., 32,

warnstorfii Russ., 35.
var. virescens Russ., 36,

(3).

Splachnaceae, 125.
Splachnum L., Hedw., 125.

ampullaceum L., Hedw., 126.

Sporledera, 49.
Stereodon Brid., Mitt., 304.

adnatuin Mitt., 274.
areuatus (Lindb.) Lindb., 311,
(46

crista-castrensis Mitt., 304.

cupressiformis L. Lindb., 309.
var. filiformis (Brid.) N.
Comb., 309, (46).

curvifolius (Hedw.) Mitt., 310,
46).

ae (James) Broth.,
31

fertilis (Sendt.) Lindb., 306,
45

(45).
filicinus Mitt., 278.
374

haldanianus i (Grev.) Lindb.,

hispidulus Mitt., 291.
EY (Hedw.) Lindb., 307,

)
nemorosus (Koch) Lindb., 304.

pratensis (Koch) Warnst., 312.
at vs [Rich.] Broth., 314,
4

reptilis [Rich.] Mitt. 305, (45).

riparium Mitt., 271
schreberi Mitt., 302.
tenuirostris (Br. and Schimp.)
Broth., 315, (47).

turfaceus Mitt., 320.
varius Mitt., 266.

Systegium. crispwim Schimp., 90.
nitidulunt Jaeg., 90.
sullivantii Jaeg., 90.

Tetraphis Hedw., 184.

pellucida [L.] Hedw., 184, (26).

Thamnium Bryol. Eur., 221.
allegheniense (C. M.) Bryol.

Eur., 221, (32).
Thelia Sull.. 238.
asprella Sull., 239, (34).

ae (Hedw.) Lindb, 239,

lescurii Sull., 240.
Thuidium Bryol. Eur., 256.
se {[L.] Bryol. Eur.,
delicatulum Bryol. Eur., 259.
selieaialan [L.] Mitt, 258,
3

(36).
elodioides R. and C., 262,
ener var. lancastriense Card.,
4,

laxifolium Macoun, 341.

microphyllum Best, 255.

minutulum [Hed Iw. J
Eur., 257, (35).

paludosum Jaeg. and Sauerb.,
261.

philiberti Limpr., 256.
pyg sien (Sull.) Bryol. Eur.,

eee Lindb.,

scttum Aust., 252.
virginianum Lindb., 254.
Timmia Hedw., Hedw., 180.
cucullata Rich., 180, (25).
megapolitana Am. Auth.. 180.
Tortella (C. M.) Limpr., 95.
aT (Hedw.) N. Comb., 95,

95.

Bryol.

recognitum

tortuosa [LJ] Limpr.,
Tortulacea, 88.

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

Tortula Hedw., 103.
caespitosa Hook. and Grev., 96.
muralis [L.] Hedw., 104.
papillosa Wils., Spring., 104.
plinthobia (Sull.) pana 104.
porteri (James and Aust.)

Broth., 104.

ruralis [L.] Brel Eur., 104.
tortuosa Ehrh.,

Trematodon es 51.
sea EO [Hedw.] Hornsch.,

51.
longicollis Richard, 52.
Trichostomum Hedw., 94.
cylindricum (Bruch) C. M,,
94, (12).
ericoides Schwaeg., 113.
microcarpum Hedw., 112.
tenutrostre Lindb., 94.
vaginans Sull., 54.
True Mosses, 48.
Ulota Mohr, 114, 121.
americana Maa ] Limpr.,

(15)
crispa [LJ Brid., 124, (16).
var. pone (Schwaeg. ) N.
Comb.,
crispula Tha "124,
hutchinsiae Hamm., 122.
Hes (Brid.) Schwaeg., 123,

(15).
ulophylla Broth., 124.
Webera Ehrh., 1
Webera Hedw., 140.
albicans Schimp., 146.
annotina [L.] Schwaeg., 145.
ee [Hedw.] Schwaeg.,

cruda [L.] Schwaeg., 141.
intermedia Schwaeg., 151.
feseltnane (Sull.) Jaeg., 144,

qa
mutans. oe Hedw., 142,

var. triciliata N. Var., 143, (18).
pyriformis Hedw., 139.
proligera (Lindb.) Kindb., 145.
sessilis Lindb., 181.
Weisia Hedw., 88, 91.
coarctata Lindb., 123,
crispa Mitt., 90.
curvirostris Muell., 93.
fugax Hedw., 64.
incarnata Schwaeg., 126.
recurvirostra Hedw., 97.
viridula [L.] Hedw., 91, (12).
Zygodon Auth. 114.
lapponicus Bryol. Eur., 115,
mougeotii Bryol. Eur., 115.
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 375

PLATES

Explanation of Method of Lettering.

 

To facilitate reference and comparison of the various plates
a series of letters and figures has been used which applies uni-
formly to all of the plates alike.

a, Apex 1, Stem-leaf

an, Annulus 2, Branch-leaf

B, Branch 3, Perichetial leaf
b, Base 4, Paraphyllia

bc, Basal median 5, Seta

c, Central or median 6, Capsule

cr, Cross-section 7, Calyptra

ct, Cilia 8, Peristome

d, Dorsal

g, Gemme

lm, Lower margin
in, Margin.
o, Lid or operculum
P, Habit sketch of plant, or of a
portion of a plant

sp, Spores
S, Stem
s, Peristome-segments
t, Teeth
upm, Upper margin
v, Ventral

The various letters and figures are used in combination as fol-
lows: la, apex of stem-leaf; l1bc, median basal portion of stem-
leaf; 2bc, median basal portion of branch-leaf; 2ad, dorsal view
of apex of branch-leaf; 3upm, upper margin of perichetial leaf,

etc.
376 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE I

 

as

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SPHAGNUM IMBRICATUM

 

 

 

‘eG < SPHAGNUM LATIFOLIUM
377

LVANIA

OF WESTERN PENNSY

PLATE II

 

 

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OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 379

PLATE IV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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380 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE. V

 

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DITRICHUM VAGINANS oy

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 381

PLATE VI

 

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382 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE VII

 

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DICRANELLA VARIA

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 383

PLATE VIII

 

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DicRANUM MONTANUM \ DICRANUM FLAGELLARE of

 
384

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE IX

 

 

 

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OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 385

PLATE X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FISSIDENS OBTYSIFOLIUS FISSIDENS INCURVUS var. MINUTULUS

 

 
386 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ay
le
x2!

 

 

: i
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FISSIDENS TAXIFOLIUS

Fissivens cristatus O04

 

 
OF WESTERN

PLATE XII

PENNSYLVANIA 387

 

Lb NS
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TRICHOSTOMUM CYLINDRICUM
A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XIII

 

 

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Nereaaarannal ARE NALEAIIR

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

PLATE XIV

389

 

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MoeaimsasAnnnia SOOAOSCeSrnNe

 

 
390 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XV

 

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ULOTA AMERICANA

 

 

 

ULOTA LuUDWIGII
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 391

PLATE XVI

 

 

 

 

 

to a pf
PHYSCOMITRIUM IMMERSUM | PHYSCOMITRIUM TURBINATUM iY
A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XVII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 393

PLATE XVIII

 

 

 

 

 
394 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XIX

 

 

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OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 395

PLATE XX

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bryum CAPILLARE J = RHODOBRYUM ONTARIENSE
396 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXI

 

 

 

 

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MNIUM MEDIUM
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PLATE XXII

307

 

 

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Maium STELLARE

 

 

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398 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXIII

 

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MNIUM cINGKLCOmES;
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA

PLATE XXIV

399

 

 

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Sp XS bx 375

BARTRAMIA POMIFORMIS

 

 

 

PHILONOTIS MUHLENBERG!

 

 
400 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXV

 

   

     
 

  

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TIMMIA CUCULLATA

 

DIPHYSCIUM FOLIOSUM

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 401

PLATE XXVI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CATHARINZA UNDULATA CATHARINZA UNDULATA var. ALLEGHENIENSIS

 
A MANUAL OF MOSSES

402

PLATE XXVII

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CATHARINZA ANGUSTATA

CATHARINER UNDULATA var. MINOR

 

 

QO0 OCs

0c

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CaTHARINZA PLURILAMELLATA [f-

 

CATHARINZA PAPILLOSA

\

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 403

PLATE XXVIII

 

 

POLYTRICHUM PILIFERUM

 

 

 

 
 

 

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PoLYTRICHUM COMMUNE

 

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

404

PLATE XXIX

 

 

 

POLYTRICHUM JUNIPERINUM

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 405

PLATE XXX

 

 

 

FONTINALIS

\ DALECARLICA

 

 

;
FONTINALIS NOVAE-ANGLIAE Of

 
406 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXXI

 

 

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 407

PLATE XXXII

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LEUCODON JULACEUS

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408 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXXIII

 

 

 

 

PYLAISIA INTRICATA | Pytaisia SCHIMPERI ANACAMPTODON &P) AcuNaiNce

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 409

PLATE XXXIV

 

era

THELIA ASPRELLA | ANomopon ATTENUATUS

 

 

ANOMODON APICULATUS | ANOMODON MINOR ANOMODON ROSTRATUS

 

 
410 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXXV

 

 

 

     

HAPLOCLADIUM HAPLOCLADIUM | THuIDIUM
VIRGINIANUM MICROPHYLLUM MINUTULUM

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 411

PLATE XXXVI

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
   

  
  
 

THUIDIUM RECOGNITUM

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ELopium PALUDOSUM Ee

 

 

 
412

A MANUAL OF- MOSSES

PLATE XXXVII

 

 

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OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 413

PLATE XXXVIII

 

    
        
 
    
   

  
 
 

   
  
    

  

     
    
 
 

 

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AMBLYSTEGIUM RIPARIUM AMBLYSTEGIUM RIPARIUM var. FLACCIDUM
414 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XXXIX

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 415)

PLATE XL

 

 

 

 

 

 

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416 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XLI

 

 

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AMPYLIUM HISPIDULUM

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 417

PLATE XLII

 

 

     

CAMPYLIUM STELLATUM

 

 

 

CTENIDIUM MOLLUSCUM .
A MANUAL OF MOSSES

8

1

4

PLATE XLIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RHYTIDIADELPHUS TRIQUETRUS 7

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 419

PLATE XLIV

 

=<

Hytocomium BREVIROSTRE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OF
HyYPNUM SCHREBERI

 

 

 
420 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XLV

  

 

 

 

~_ STEREODON. FERTILIS

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 421

PLATE XLVI

 

RS Js,

ds x Ib RIS
STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS  !
VAR. FILIFORME

 

Bx

oo GTEREODON ARCUATUS : STEREODON HALDANIANUS

 

 
422 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XLVII

 

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STRIATELLUM | PLAGIOTHECIUM SYLVATICUM

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 423

PLATE XLVIII

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
424

A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE XLIX

 

 

BRACHYTHECIUM

ACUMINATUM

 

 
   

 

BRACHYTHECIUM S44 Fae nern-
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 425

PLATE L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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426 A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE LI

 

     

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BRACHYTHECIUM RIVULARE -

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 427

PLATE LII

 

    

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CIRRIPHYLLUM sBoscil
428 . A MANUAL OF MOSSES

PLATE LIII

 

 

 

 

 
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 429

PLATE LIV

 

 

  

 

  
  
  
      
  

   

    

   

      
  
   
   

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