LE MAR 9.0 1959 LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. This Volume is the Gift of Kent Poultry Library McClure’s Americ vet Date Due PRINTED | IN U.S.A. McCLURE'’S American Horse, Cattle and Sheep Doctor BEING A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASES COMMON TO THES®S ANIMALS, TOGETHER WITH A COMPLETE LIST AND METHOD OF ADMINISTERING THE MEDICINES REQUIRED IN so: 3 2: 2: : THEIR TREATMENT : : 3: : 3: 8 By Ropert McCrurg, M.D., V.S., PROFESSOR IN THE VETERINARY COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA, AUTHOR OF “THE GENTLEMAN’S AMERICAN STABLE GUIDE,’’ EDITOR OF “THE HORSE IN THE STABLE AND FIELD,’’? MEDALIST TO THE U. 8. AGBICULTURAL SOCIETY, PRIZE ESSAYIST TO THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE 32 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, ETC., ETC., ETO. 3: With Numerous Illustrations Chicago Freprrick J. Drake & COMPANY Publishers Feet et wal Fg as ref NYS fa é/ 7 COPYRIGHT 1917 FREDERICK J. DRAKE & CO. COPYRIGHT BY cs THE HHNNDBHRRY CO, wr 1901 = re eh [| ’ oe My ? CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Breathing, . . . . . . ° . Causes of Disease, : 7 @ . < “ . Fever, . . i % . . . ‘ * How to Observe Diseases, é ‘ * # a ‘ Principles of Disease, ee Rew Pulse, . . f . . . . . Treatment of Disease, « 2 « . . « Vis Medicatrix Nature, : . si : ‘ % DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Abrasion, . s é ‘ iz 5 2 Abscess, . a . . * * . * # Acari, 7 ‘i 5 . . é i : . Accidents, ‘ . . . . . . . . Aconite, . * e . 5 . . si ‘i Alteratives, . * . ¥ % . . . . Amaurosis, s . . . : : . . Angzmia, i ‘ é - ‘é * a * x Anchylosis, ‘ ‘ . . . . . . Aneurism, » * . e . % . . a Apoplexy, . . . . . . 6 ° . Aphtha, . . . . . . . . . Atrophy, . Se a a, Se ee Back Sinuses, . ¥ a . . . . . Baldness, . . . . . . . . . Belly-ache, . a . é . a . r . Big Head, . . . . . . . . Bishoping, . . . . . . . . . Biteof Mad Dog, . «© -© «© «© «© -@ PAGE 34 29 33 30 34 36 40 40 41 41 41 43 43 43 43 44 Bladder Diseases, . Bleeding, . . . Bloody Urine, * Blood, . ‘ . Boils, Bots, é Bowels, Disease of, Brain Diseases, Breaking Down, . Breathing Short, r Breeze Flies, . Brittle Feet, Bronchi, | Bronchitis, Bronchocele, . Broken Knees, . « Bruises of the Sole, Burns and Scalds, Bursa Mucosa, Enlarged, Caleuli, . . . Cancers, Canine Rabies, . Capped Elbow, . Capped Hock, . % Carditis, 3 . Caries, Castration, Cataract, Catarrh, Cautery, . * Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, Chest Diseases, . Chest Founder, Chilblains, . Chill, =. . Choking, . ‘ * Chorea, Cold, * “ Cold Lotions, ; Colic, 5 i < Coma, Congestion of the Lungs, Constipation, . CONTENTS, PAGE 45 45 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 52 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 60 61 61 64 64 Consumption, . Contagion, Contraction, : Convalescence, . Corns, # x Coryza Gangrenosa, Corrosive Sublimate, Cough, Counter-irritants, Cow Hock, . és Cramp, . Crib-Biting, Curb, Curby Hooked, Cutaneous Diseases, - Cutting, Death, ¥ ‘ Debility, ‘ ~ Deformities, Deuteropathia, Diabetes, Diaphoreties, : Diarrhoea, 2 Diathesis, Diet, * Disinfectants, ig Distemper, Diuretics, Dropsies, Dysentery, - . Ear Diseases, . Eochymosis, . Eczema, . . Elephantiasis, Embrocation, . Emetics, a 7 Emphysema, . Encysted Tumors, Encephaloid, . Endermic, z ‘ Enema, . . Enteritis, ‘ * CONTENTS. . . . ° . . . . . . . * , . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . PAGH . 64 65 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 70 70 70 71 71 72 72 72 75 75 76 76 17 77 77 17 17 17 78 78 78 78 78 Eoxootic, . % * * Xphemeral, . . . . Epidemic, . . . Epizootie, . . . . Epilepsy, . . . . Epiphora, y . 5 . Epsom Salts, . . . Eruptions, . ‘ * Erysipelas, . . . Exostosis, % : z a Eye Diseases, . . 5 False Quarter, é = . Farey, : . < . Fatty Tumor, ¥ * Farrier, . é % é Fever, Putrid, i 5 Fever, Sympathetic, . : Fever in the Feet, é é Fibroma, . ie . * Firing Horses, . i Fistula, . a . * Fistula in the Foot, ‘ Fistulous Withers, . . Fits, ‘ é * < Flaxseed, . ‘ . Food, Hints on, . . . Fomentations, . . * Foot Diseases, ¢ Founder, . ‘ ‘ a Fraotures, a ‘ ‘ . Fracture of the Hip é Frost Bites, . ‘ 4 ‘ Fungi, as a Cause of Disease, Gangrene, . . ‘ S Gastritis Mucosa, % . Glanders, ‘ é ‘ ‘ Glass Eye, 5 . . Gleet, Nasal, . ‘ . . Granulation, . 5 Gravel in the Foot, ‘ ‘ Grease, . . . . Gripes,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . ° . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 90 - 106 . 112 - 113 - 120 - 12k PAGE 78 78 78 78 79 19 79 79 79 79 79 86 86 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 93 93 93 94 94 96 108 - 110 112 113 116 - 120 120 120 123 Grogginess, . . . Grunter, . z . . Gullet, Obstructions in, Gun-shot Wound, - . Gutta Serena, is 5 Heart, Diseases of, . . Heaves, % ‘ . Heat, ‘ a . Hepatic Diseakoy; . : Hernia, . 6 i . Herpes, . . Hereditary Tiisentes, . Hide Bound, $ . Hip-joint Disease. . . Hock, The, . : . Hooks in the Eyes, . % Horse, Natural History of, Horse Fly, : : Humanity to Animals, Hints Hydrothorax, . ¥ Hydrocele, . ‘ a Hydronemia, . . . Hydrophobia, . . Hypertrophy, . . . Hypodermic, . a Hysteria, . . “ . Indigestion, . $ . Infection, . ‘ ‘ . Inflammation, : . Influenza, @ . . Injections, . @ . Instruments, . : . Intestines, . . . Itch, 3 . . . Interfering, . «. . Jack, ¥ . . . Jaundice, * . . Joint Diseases, . . on, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ° . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jugular Vein, Inflammation of, . . Kidneys, Diseases of, . Knees, Broken, ‘i . - 130 . 182 + 138 - 138 - 139 - 140 - 142 - 144 - 145 PAGE 123 123 124 131 132 132 - 137 137 - 137 137 138 139 140 141 144 144 . 145 146 . 146 147 I CONTENTS. Knee Joint, Loose Cartilages in, Knuckling, . Lameness, Lamanitis, Lampas, . . Laryngitis, Leg, Fractures of, Lice, Ligaments, : Lipoma, Liver, Locked-jaw, Loins, ‘ : Loss of Appetite. Lumbago. Lymph. Lymphangitis, Madness, * Mad Staggers, Maggots, Malignant, . Malignant, Epidemic, Mallenders, Mange, Materia Medica, Megrims, Melanosis, Melanoid, Mesentery, Mesenterica, Metastasis, - Moon Blindness, Mortification, Moribund, Mouth Diseases, Mucus, Mucous Membrane, . Myalgia, Narcotics, Nasal Gleet, . Navicular Disease, Necrosis, ‘x Nephritis, , ‘ . . Lungs, . * * . - ° e . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . - 149 - 152 . 159 - 159 - 159 - 160 - 162 PAGE . 147 147 148 - 148 148 - 149 149 . 149 149 150 153 . 157 157 . 157 158 . 158 158 158 159 159 159 - 160 160 160 - 160 162 162 - 163 163 - 163 163 - 164 PAGE Nervousness, . 5 ‘ . ‘i ‘ A on ae * é . 164 Neurotomy, ‘ x “ a é ‘ “ * * * ‘ . 165 Nose, Diseases of, - . . . . . ‘ ‘ . 3 - 165 Numbness, 4 - * . . ‘ - * é ; é . 166 Obesity, 5 m a % . a ‘ i ‘ ~ . - 166 @dema, . @ ‘ a * < * 4 ¥ " ‘ ‘ . 166 Gstromania, . ‘ ‘ * ‘ . 3 * P é * . 166 Omentum, . ‘ a . é . ‘ . . ‘ . F . 166 Open Joints, . : . . . . . . . : : - 166 Ophthalmia, . . . . 5 . . . : : - 166 Ossification, . . . ‘ . . . . . ‘ . ~ 166 Osteology, . # ‘ - ‘ . a ‘ ‘ “ . . 167 Osteoporosis, . . . . : 8 - . 167 Ostitis, : ‘ 7 . 2 . - 5 . . . 7 . 167 Overreach, . . * ‘ é i é 6 * ‘ a . 167 Ozena, a - . ‘ 5 . . . é r . ‘i . 167 Paliatives, . : A 5 é 7 3 ; ‘ ‘ 2 . 167 Paralysis, . . . ; . s . . . é . 167 Parotid Duct, . " ‘ i ‘ rs ‘ é ‘ ‘ . 168 Pathology, . « ‘ « ‘ 7 ‘ 9 ‘ 4 5 . 169 Patella, Dislocation of, a ¥ a : i “ zs “ . 169 Pasterns, . 7 % . . 5 5 ‘ . . 7 . 170 Pelvis, . is a . 2 ‘ . . , . ‘ ‘ - 170 Pelvic Abscess, * . ‘ # . * . ia 4 7 . 170 Penis Hanging Out, fi ‘ é . : é 5 ‘ E » 171 Peristallic, ‘ . ss ‘ . ‘ . ‘ ‘ . 171 Peritonitis, . ‘ 4 ‘ . z a 4 « ‘ 2 . 7 Periosteum, : 4 . . 7 . . . a A . . 172 Phagadena, . ‘ . . . . . . . : . . 172 Phlebitis, . - 5 - . : . B88 rs . . . 173 Phlegmasia Dolens, . . . A . . . . . . 173 Phrenitis, 3 A . . ‘ . < . . . ‘ . 173 Physiology, - . . . 5 . . . . . p . 178 Physicking, . . . . . . . . . i é . 173 Pleurisy, ei - . . . fn . ‘ . . . . 174 Pleuro-pneumonia, - . . . . . . . . - . 174 Pleurodynia, . . . . 7 . . . fs ' . 174 Plethora, . 7 % c . , < . : z r 14 Pneumonia, . * ‘ . ‘i ‘ Fi a . F ; . ‘174 Poisons, . “ é . ‘ . % * . 174 Mii: koe AR Pe Be PY A Mink Be A a OS ER eS EE CONTENTS. Predisposing Causes, . . s . . Prick of the Foot, . . . . . Probang, . . . . . . . Procidentia, * . . . ‘ Prognosis, . . . . . . . Prophylactics, . . . . . * ‘ Proud Flesh, = i . . . fe Prurigo, . . . . . . . Pulse, . ‘ : * me? Sd . e Punoture, . - i * ‘ . Purgatives, . . . * . Purpura, . . . ° o3- <4 Pua, ‘ * < x ‘ . + i Putrefaction, . c Putrid Fever, é * @ . 2 . Pyemia, . . . < Quack Medicines, . , * ‘ 4 ‘ Quinsy, . . * - ‘ % . Quittor, : . 3 . . . Rabies, ‘i : : . . i 5 Rachitis, Resolution, f : : . . ‘s Respiration, . . . . : Revulsion, Rheumatism, a Ring-bone, “ * Ringworm, . " 4 . . . Roaring, . . . Round Bone, * . = x r ‘ Rowels, . fe Ruptures, . . . . . . . Saddle Galls, . ‘ “ . 7 ‘ Sallenders, . ’ . . ss . Saliva, . ; < Salivation, . ‘ ¥ é : ‘ i Sand Cracks, . Sanious Pus, . ‘ é . 5 Scalds, é ‘“ . Scald Mouth, . . . i i é Scarlatina, . . . ‘ . Scratches, ‘ ‘ i # ‘ x ‘ . 178 . 182 - 182 - 183 . 184 . 186 - 187 - 188 - 194 - 194 PAGE 178 178 . 179 179 . 179 179 ~ 179 180 . 180 180 181 . 181 182 182 182 . 183 183 183 184 187 188 188 - 192 193 » 193 193 194 . 194 194 194 Bohirris, . - * Scouring, . . Scrotum, . 3 ‘ Scurf, . . é Secretion, . Sedatives, * “ Serum, é Serous Abscess, Seton, Shivers, Shoeing, : Shoulder Lameness, Shoulder Joint Lameness, Side Bones, . # Sinus, - a Sitfasts, . CONTENTS. Skeleton of the Hiarens Bute of itis; Skin Diseases, Slobbering, : Slough, Sores, % ‘ . Soundness, . Spavin, . $ Specks on the Tye; Speedy Cut, Spleen Diseases, . Splint, . . . Sprains, Staggers, Staked, Stings from Bees, ae ¥ Stiflejoint Lameness, Stifle Ulceration, Stomach Diseases, Stone in the Bladder, Strains, Strangles, . Stranguary, . é Strangulation, . . Stringhalt, . . Stumbling, ‘ Sunstroke, . * Suppuration, . . Surfeit, . . . - 194 « 195 - 195 . 196 , - 196 - 199 . 200 - 206 . 209 - 212 - 214 - 215 - 215 « 216 . 218 PAGE » 194 194 195 195 106 196 197 200 200 201 - 205 205 206 - 207 209 210 - 210 210 213 214 - 214 215 215 216 217 218 - 219 219 Swelled Legs, . Swellings, Sweenie, Sympathy, Synovia, Synchronous, Bystole, Tabanidee, Tabes, Talpse, Teeth, Tetanus, Tetter, Thick Wind, Thick Leg, Thiselo, Thoroughpin, Thread Worms, Throat Diseases, Thrush, Thrombus, Thumps, Tongue, Laceration Tonics, Toxicology, Tracheotomy, Transfusion, Tread, Trepanning, Trismus, Tubercles, . Tumors, Tympanitis, Typhia, Typhoid, Typhosus, Ulcers, r Urinary, Calouli, Urine, Bloody, Varicose, . Venesection, % Ventilation, . . . . . ‘ . . - 226 CONTENTS. PAGE « . . : . . . . . 219 . . 219 . . . . * . 219 . . ‘ 220 . 220 * ‘ é ‘ P ‘ - 220 . . ’ . j - 221 . . . . . . r . 221 . . a . . . . 221 . 221 : 221 . . . ‘ “ ‘ ’ ‘* . 221 . . . . . . . . . 221 221 . 221 ¥ . ¥ x 2 a - 221 a . ‘ . . . - 221 . . : * - 222 : ‘ . . * “ 7 - 222 . . . 7 . . . - 222 * . . : . z 4 - 222 . . . @ . . ‘ . 222 ‘ . . - . r - 222 » 222 222 « 223 7 » 223 . - 223 224 . 224 226 . ‘ . is ' ” - 227 « 229 . . . . - 231 23t CONTENTS. Veterinary Biography, . » ¥ * ‘ a « Veterinary Colleges, ; . . a . . Veterinary Surgeons, z ‘ % ‘“ ‘ ‘ a Vives, . - é « ‘ < * Warts, ‘ : ‘ i x . se i ‘ & Warranty, ‘ ‘ a * ‘ : é a . Warbles, . a , * ¥ # ‘ ‘ * Water Faroy, . 2 . * , é ‘ x Weeping ee . . . . . . . o ‘ Wens, . : ‘ : . . . : s Wheezing, ‘ s ‘ 7 . e ‘ 5 . Whirl-Bone, . ‘ « - ‘ * # ‘ Wind Galls, y . < a ‘ A A é a Wind-Sucking, . ° . . . . ‘ * Worms, . ; 5 . é e 7 : ‘ 0 Wounds, . . . . . x Wourali, . 3 ¥ ‘ * ‘ ‘ « “ Yellows, ‘ * . a ‘ % s s % Yellow Water, - . n Zoology, a Zumins, . . : DISEASES OF CATTLE. Abortion, ‘ = ‘ . . ‘ Abomasum, * - 4 ‘ ‘ . . Anemia, » : “ . . Angle Berries, . . 3 . . . . e . Apoplexy, . . . . . . . . . Aphtha, ‘ . = Biliary Gall-stones, . . 3 . . . Black Quarter, Black Tongue, ‘ ‘ i . w * : Black Water, .- ‘ i . . . ‘ ‘ Bladder, Diseases of, ‘ ¥ 4 * Z > ; Bladder, Prolapsus of, . . . : . . . Blood-shot, - . . : . . . . . Blood Diseases, 7 . . . : - % Brain Diseases, - - . . . . é . 237 - 238 . 241 . 242 . 242 . 249 . 250 - 250 - 250 . 253 PAGh « 232 235 - 235 237 » 237 237 237 « 237 237 238 238 . 238 240 242 242 24A - 249 249 250 250 260 250 253 253 Brittany Cow, . . : . . Bronchitis, . . x . a Bull Burnt, s . . . . Cachexia, A . . 5 . Calving, . . . . . . Catarrh, - ¥ . . Catarrhus, Linuum iipetaliuns * Cattle Plague, Chicken-pox, . . . . Choking, ¥ * . ‘ . Colic, % é ‘ * Consumption, . . Contagious ie : Coryza, . Cow-pox, . . . . Croup, Cud, Loss of, Diarrhea, . r . Distention of the tricia, Dropping after Calving, . ‘ Dysentery, i “ F % Ectopia Cordis, ; . ; 5 Epizootic Aphtha, . a : . Eye Diseases, ‘ Falling Sickness, . ‘ . . Falling of the Womb, Fardel Bound, ‘ Feeding of Milch Cows, Fever, ‘i : ‘ e : Foul Claw, Gangrene of the Tail, Garget Mammitis, ‘ Gastro-Enteritis in Calves, . . Glossitis, i . 5 ‘ . Hematuria, : " ‘ . * Hair Balls, . . 7 . . Herpes, . 4 . ‘ 7 . Hide Bound, 5 i; a 5 Hoose in Calves, ‘ ¥ ‘ . Hoven, : ; é . Hydatids in the Brain, é ‘ : - 265 - 267 - 269 - 270 - 271 . 274 - 274 + 277 - 279 - 282 - 283 PAGB - 253 254 258 . 258 265 266 267 - 268 268 270 270 271 274 - 274 274 275 - 276 276 277 280 - 280 280 282 - 283 283 283 + 284 285 - 286 Inflammation, & Impaction of the Omasum, Jaundice, # * é Kidney Disease, . . Laryngitis, . . Leucorrheea, si ‘ a Lice, Liver Disease, . % Locked-jaw, . . ‘ Lung Diseases, . . Lymphangitis, . Malignant Catarrh, Mammitis, . . . Mange, . . * Milk Fever, . é Milk Trembles, . ‘ “ Moor Evil, Mouth Disease, Murrain, a > Nephritis, . . . é Nervous Diseases, . Gstromania, . . . CQstrus Bovis, . “ Osseous, . ‘ . Ovarian Dropsy, Ovarian Tumor, . Paralysis, a ‘ ’ Parasitic Lung Disease, .- Parturient Fever, Phthisis, . é Fi Placenta, * ‘ * Plethora, . x Pleurisy, : 2 Pleuro-pneumonia, . . Prolapsus Vagingw, « Prolapsus Vesicw, . . Prurigo Vernalis, Puerpeval Fever, . . Quarter Evil. = é CONTENTS. 2 . . . ° . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . « 293 - 294 . 295 - 295 - 295 - 301 PAGE 287 « 288 289 - 290 290 - 298 290 290 - 290 290 . 291 291 - 291 291 - 293 293 293 - 294 294 - 294 294 - 294 294 294 295 295 - 295 295 300 301 . 301 301 CONTENTS. Railway Disease of. Cattle, “ * ‘ Red Water, . . . . . . . Reticulum, ‘ * ‘ ‘ * Retroflexion of the Womb, % % . . Retroversion of the Womb, ‘ . . Rheumatism, . é . . . . Rinderpest, . . . . . . Ringworm, . . , : . . . Rot, . é r : ‘i * . . Rumen, ‘ i . - i ‘ & Rupture in Calves, . ‘ ’ . s Siberian Boil Plague, . “ a « * Slinking the Calf, . : . . . Sore Throat, rs a 5 . * 4 Spaying, Spayed Cows, The Advantages ae ‘ . Spleenic Apoplexy, . e : * Spring Eruption, . . . . . . Stomach Staggers, . i . ‘ . Strangulation, - . : - . . Sturdy, . i é ‘ a . Teats, . ‘ a é * ~ . . Teeth, Diseased, ‘ “ . ‘ . Texan Fever, 4 . . . . ° Throat Diseases, ‘ . . . . Thrush, e ai . ° e . Tongue of the Ox; . . . . . Tubercle Disease, . a “ . . . Tympanitis, ‘ f * ° Typhus Contagiosus a ew Udder Diseases, ‘ * ¥ . . Urine, . x ‘ 4 . . . Vaginal Catarrh, . . . . . Varicella Boum, . . . . . . Vertigo, . ‘ : . . . . Warbles, ‘ ‘ . * # i Water in the wheats, 5 ‘ ‘ . . Whites, ‘ ‘ * # ‘ . . Worms, . ‘ . : . . . Womb, . Bo ne . : ; - . - 307 . 311 - 312 PAGE . 301 302 - 303 303 303 - 303 303 - 304 304 - 304 305 - 305 305 - 305 305 307 307 - 308 308 309 312 - 312 312 312 - 317 317 - 317 318 318 - 318 318 - 328 sas SONTENTS. DISEASES OF SHEEP. Braxy-Enterites, . . . é ~ 5 : . Sea . . + 320 Diarrhea, . - 5 : ‘ ‘ . e % . or) (se 2821 Hydrocephalus Hydatideus, Sturdy, eto. . i « . . . . 321 Louping IN, . 3 . . . . . . . . . - 3826 Paronychia Ovium, . . % * a ‘ . # . ‘ » 325 Pneumonia, . ‘ « é é + ‘ * 4 * s » 827 Psora, 2 a * ‘ ‘ ‘ ¥ 4 , * * « « B27 Rohs ao CS Oe 4G CR. OA. RAGS OR. Ae AE ES UA ose Sheep Laurel, Poisoning by, . - ‘ ¥ * * a i « 334 Small-Pox, . . i is 5 “ e : : 3 3 - 334 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. Acids, é . * ‘ . ‘ . é ¥ . x ‘ . 338 Aconite, ‘ . < . ‘ é ‘ ‘ . ¢ ‘ . 839 Alcohol, . : ‘ é . a * ‘ . . a x - 341 Aloes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3841 Alum, ‘ A . . . . . . . . 5 » 341 Ammonia, : i . . 5 2 . 3 jz a . 3841 Angathetics, . é ‘ . . . . * . ‘ a6 . 342 Aniseed, Ge ‘ " # * * . * . « = . 342 Anodynes. . . . . . . . . . . . F - 342 Antimony, . i * * . a ‘ . r r w - 342 Antiseptics, . . . . . . . . é . . . 344 Antispasmodics, . . . . . . . . . . - 344 Areca Nut, a ‘ . . . . . ‘ é ‘ f . 344 Arnica Montana, . ‘“ . . . 3 . . a s . 844 Arsenic, . . “ . s . . . . * 7 2 . 344 Asafoetida, . . . . . . . . a é “ « 845 Asarabacca, ‘ 7 * ‘ . ° . . . : ‘ . 345 Astringents, . . . . . . . . . . i » 345 Atropine, . . . . . . . . . . . . - 346 Belladonna, . ‘ . . . . . . . . . - 346 Benzoin, . « ‘* . ie . % . . . * “ « 346 Benzole, ‘ “ . " * o « * . . ‘ . 346 Bismuth, Suonitrate of, . zi . 2 . . . Be . 346 PAGE Bole Armenia, 3 ‘ ‘ . . 7 : * . < - 346 Borax, ‘ z * a : , . ; i a : . . 346 Bromide of Potassium, . ‘i . ‘ . . * é ‘ - 347 Buckthorn, 3 . . . . . . . 5 . . 347 Calamine, . ‘ % e . ‘ 2 . ‘ . . . 347 Calcium, . ri a ~ . . . . ‘ si a 7 . B47 Calomel, 5 ‘ . ; . . . . ‘ S . 348 Camphor, . ee ls . . : > sit ots ae 2 . 348 Cantharides, ‘ . ‘ . . * « ‘ a . 349 Capsicum, . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Carbolic Acid, : . ‘ ; . . 6 ‘ 3 . 349 Cardamoms, * . ‘ . ‘ . . . * « . - 350 Caraway, * ‘ * . . “ “ # « * .- 350 Carbonate of Lime, . . . é . . . : * ® . 356 Cascarilla, . . i . . : . . f . ws - 350 Castor- oil, . . « . 3 . . . ‘ a F - 350 Cassia, s s ‘ . . . < . 7. é * . 351 Catechu, . : Fi * . . ‘ . A ei s . 351 Chalk, . ‘ ‘ ° . zi : . . . : . . 351 Chamomile, ei . . . : . . 5 . . « - 351 Charcoal, , * * * “ . fe . ‘ ‘ # . 351 Chenopodium, Anthelminticum, OR Oe eo eZ Chlorine Gas, a 5 cS ‘ . ‘ . * el . - 352 Chlorie Ether, . 4 ‘ és ‘ * is ‘ - * ; . 353 Chloride of Potassium, al sh Vas” ees HEN eet les Bo Ue 859i Chloride of Lime, . é &. 8 s 7 : . . . . 353 Chloroform, . : . 3 . . ie . é * 7 - 353 Cholagogues, ; * ° . . . * < e ‘ . 354 Cinchona, . 5 . . . . . . . . ‘ - 854 Cochineal, 7 Be ee . 355 Cod Liver Oil, is . ‘ . . . . . is . » 3855 Colchicum, ‘ s . ‘ . . . . . . « 905 Collodion, . . . . . . . . 7 [ Fi » 855 Copper, . +. «.« «6 - a 6 8 . . 7 -« - 356 Coriander, . o i si 5 . . ‘i : . 857 Creosote, . . . 3 . * . . . . . ‘ « 357 Croton Oil, . ® ‘ . . . < . * : - 357 Digitalis, . . . . . . . . . Disinfectants, By Se ety a . . Diuretics, . 7. * a é . . . ‘ Elecampane, nr) 7 8 6 . 6 Elm Bark, i). Less FP Se. Sa ae” Aee Lge Emeties, Epsom Salts, Ergot, . Essential Oils, Ether, Euphorbium, Expectorants, Febrifuges, Fenugreek, Fern, Friar’s Balsam, Galbanum, Gall, . Gallic Acid, Gamboge, Gentian Root, Ginger, Glauber’s Salts, Glycerine, Guaiacum, Gum Arabic, Gum Senegal, Gum Tragacanth, Hartshorn, Hellebore, Hemlock, Hemp, Indian, Henbane, Iodine, . Todides, Tpecacuanha, Iron, Jalap, . Juniper Berries, Kino, . ‘Kousso, Laudanum, Lasetive, . PAGE . ‘ . . . . . 360 ‘ . . é . . A % - 360 . . . . . . . « 360 : : . $ : . . . 364 : % P . » » 861 A 3 . : é - 361 ° - s s . ‘ - 3862 * s ‘ “ . a - 362: A F ‘ s - 2+ «+ 862 . . . . ‘ . 5 - 362 . é . . . . . . 362 * a . < . . . . . 363 . & . . . ° . - 362 a : a . . 7 . . . 363 ‘ . < 7 . . . - 363 i . ‘ . ° s . . 363 j : ‘ . - 3 - 363 ; * re 5 . S 2 . 364 2 Fe 2 . . . - 364 . 7 . ° . . ? . 364 . z é . . . . - 365 ‘ « - 407 Poultice 9. ee ee ee OF Bpirits, ss ie ah sw mea tO Tinctures, - “ ¥ . x “ . % * . - - 408 Waters, . é 7 ¢ e . . - a . a ri - 408 Medicines to be Kept on Hand, . . . . . . . . 409 Table of Doses According to Age, - 5 * A 7 - 411 Articles Necessary for Measuring, Welghing hic, si : a ‘ ‘ 412 ‘Foot-and-Mouth Disease,. . . . © m © « « S14 INTRODUCTION. OAUSES OF DISEASE. ScIENTIFIC men give three names when they speak of the causes of disease—exciting, predisposing, and proximate. The first may justly be termed the originators of disease ; by the second is meant those more easily acted upon by causes that a more healthy animal would resist altogether ; and the third is almost the disease itself. Of the causes with which we are acquainted, not many of them are alike, and their effects, that is, the disease, just as diverse. These causes are named in the following table: 1, Electric, and other conditions of the atmosphere. 2. Food and water. 3. Overwork. 4, Poisons—animal, vegetable, mineral, and zumins, or ferments. 5. Malformations, or badly-formed parts. 6. Age and decay. 7. Changes of temperature 8. Hereditary influence. 9. Mechanical. 10. Starvation. That the writer may be more clearly understood in 29 30 INTRODUCTION. regard to these causes, examples will be given in the order above stated. The first is looked upon as the cause of the many dis- eases which take on an epizootic form. The second, rusty straw, and musty hay and corn fed to animals with weak stomachs. Third, riding too far and too fast, overloading, etc. Fourth, animals drinking out of leaden troughs, where pieces of old iron may be lying in the bottom. In- oculation by the virus from a glandered horse, are illustra- tions of animal poisons, zumins, or ferments. (See Glan- ders.) Fifth, a horse with point of hock inclined forward, which is the originator of curb. Sixth, an old horse or cow, with no teeth to chew its feed. Seventh, taking an animal from a warm and comfortable stable, and exposing it to a cold, north-eastern storm. Eighth, a flat forehead, ’ transmitted from parentage, thus preventing a full develop- ment of the brain where the optic nerve is given off from the brain, thus insuring blindness about the seventh or eighth year, and sometimes earlier. None need be told of the disposition of the coarse-bred Canadian horse to be- come affected with disease of the bones, mostly in the form of ring-bone, (which see.) Ninth, stone in the bladder, and calculi in the bowels. Tenth, besieged garrisons, for- tresses, when crops have failed, and famine. HOW TO OBSERVE DISEASES. We are sometimes asked how it is that we know so ex- actly what the disease is that this or that animal is affected with, as it cannot speak and narrate its ills and its aches. To this question we might repeat a common truism, “A shut mouth tells no lies;” therefore, nobody is deceived. Nature has but one set of weights and measures, and these INTRODUCTION. 31 only should be used. Thus, if a horse have a corn or bruised heel, he will be as sure to go lame as he would with an ordinary sprain. The difference is, that he not only stretches out the sore foot, but he elevates the heel from the ground, and will not set his foot flat to please, or it may be said to deceive any one. The uneasy eye, the anxious expression, and the sharp, peculiar look, tell the tale of suffering, and bear testimony to a description so faithful and true, that every man should understand how to interpret them. THE PRINOIPLES OF DISEASE, Congestion.—By this term is meant an undue flow of blood into a part, and remaining in it. The blood-vessels lose the power of contracting and emptying themselves, as when in health. Congestion is not accompanied with in- flammation, as some suppose, and may exist without irrita- tion. Irritation is only present when the blood passes more rapidly into a part than its vessels can carry it out, and inflammation only is present when more fluid is thrown into the vessels than they can get rid of. Irritation —This peculiar condition is the result of is- exeased sensitiveness, or an exalted action, accompaniea with quickened beating of the heart and pulse. When we apply the term to special cases, it will be better under- stood, as irritation of the bowels producing diarrhea, of the bladder frequently passing off urine, of the eye causing an increased flow of tears, and of the throat giving rise to cough. Inflammation differs from irritation, inasmuch as it is more painful. There are three varieties—acute, sub-acute, and chronic. Inflammation has also three terminations: 32 INTRODUCTION. \ (1.) Resolution ; that is, it gives way, or is relieved be fore any alteration has taken place in the part so inflamed. (2.) Suppuration, or the formation of pus. (3.) Mortification, or death of the part affected, and the subsequent death of the animal. Inflammation is charac- terized by four conditions, or phenomena, as they are called—pain, heat, redness, and swelling. Inflammation assumcs different degrees of intensity, modified by the cause, and the part or organ affected. When it is situated in the windpipe, (bronchitis, which see,) lungs, or bowels, great uneasiness and disturbance are manifest. In a few hours this condition gives way to depression. Depression—Many diseases of an inflammatory type, when their course is run, leave the system in a state of de- pression, or a low condition of vitality. How necessary, then, that this should be properly understood when treat- ing inflammatory diseases, as one pint of blood taken from a large horse would, under these circumstances, cost him his life! Rather anticipate the weakness by supporting and husbanding the strength as much as possible, so as to overcome disease. There are two great divisions of diseased action, which it will be well for farmers, and others interested in the welfare of their animals, to know, and these are: First. The exalted, or as it is called sthenic, or commonly known by the term inflammation, and requires for treatment, not bleeding, but medicine having the power of overcoming the exalted condition, by controlling the fast beating of the heart and pulse. This is easily done by the power of such agents as aconite or veratrum, (which see,) and with- out in any way impairing the strength and constitution of the animal. The second, or depressed condition of dis- ease, and known as the asthenic, requiring a treatment INTRODUCTION, 33 opposite to the above variety, namely, iron, gentian, etc., (which see,) to add to the strength of the animal, and quality of the blood. An improved diet, and in greater quantity, will, in many cases of depression, not only cure the disease, but remove the cause also. FEVER. There are four stages observed in fever :— (1.) Weakness, loss of appetite, and low spirits. (2.) A shiver, or chill, uneasiness, flanks move quick and short, nostrils more or Jess distended, one leg or ear hot, and the other cold. (3.) After a time the coldness is succeeded by great heat and thirst, costiveness, urine scanty and high-colored, mouth hot and dry. (4.) When the fever has lasted for a longer or shorter time, the skin becomes more moist, the bowels and ‘kidneys act more freely ; the pulse becomes more full, although not less frequent, and the mouth more moist. When fever is accompanied with disease of the lungs, liver, or other organ of the body, or after an accident of any severity, it is then called symptomatic fever. Fever is called idiopathic, when not accompanied by dis- aase or accident. From the days of Galen to the present time, of the many theories advanced to explain its proximate cause, none seem to satisfy the philosophical student, and all belong to the unsolved problems in physiology. Diseased Secretion —A good example of what is here meant may be found in the discharges from the nose ot animals affected with cold, influenza, and glanders. The isalivary gland may secrete too much fluid, as horses eatiug ‘second crop clover. We call this salivation. 84 INTRODUCTION. increased Secretion.—In health, serum is only supplied in sufficient quantity to keep the surfaces moist, the ab- sorbent vessels preventing accumulations. In the cavities of joints this secretion is often too large, causing enlarge- ments, of which a very good example may be seen in swell- ings of the the hock-joint, called bog spavin, and also in thorough-pin. THE PULSE. The pulse of the horse and the ox is felt on the inner angle of the lower jaw, as being the most convenient place. The state of the pulse tells the condition of the heart, whether the disease is of an exalted or depressed character, or whether sickness is at all present. The pulse is more fre- quent in young than in old animals. In the full-grown and healthy horse it beats from thirty-two to thirty-eight in the minute; in the ox or cow, thirty-five to forty- two; in the sheep, seventy to seventy-five; and in the dog, from ninety to ninety-eight. In inflammations and fevers the frequency of the pulse is increased. In debility and depression it is slower, but sometimes quicker than natural. There are the quick pulse, the strong, the sharp, the regular, the intermittent, and many other varieties, both fanciful and real, which few persons can appreciate. The pulse of inflammation and fever numbers from seventy- five to eighty beats in the minute; and in great debility, as in the last stage of glanders, accompanied with tubercles of the lungs, the pulse will number one hundred beats per minute. BREATHING. A good sized, healthy horse, will take one inspiration to three of the pulse beats. When the breathing is more INTRODUCTION. 35 frequent or slower, and when irregular, or difficult and laborious, there is then disease ; although we sometimes see the breathing quickened and short, when no disease is present. Both the pulse and the breathing will be quick- ened by exposure to heat, as in a stable up-stairs, and ex- posed to an August sun. By removing the animal to a stable not so situated, the breathing and the pulse will be greatly lessened. Hence the advantage of placing animals in a cool and airy place when they are unwell. It saves a great waste of their strength and vitality, thereby enabling them to throw off the effects of disease. TREATMENT OF DISEASE. The antiphlogistic plan of treating disease was derived from a theory now entirely exploded, and almost forgotten. Repeated bleedings, blistering, physicking, and starving on low diet, are some of the measures entering into the genera] plan which has destroyed more life and property than all the wars, ancient or modern. Bleeding, in domestic practice, is almost discarded, and in veterinary practice it should never have been employed. And if this fact shall be the means of opening the eyes of those interested (and who is not?) in the health of the animals supplying us with meat, and the horse, (a willing and a faithful help,) to the injury done by bleeding in health or disease, the writer will have his reward. Avoid these measures, and substitute a rational and successful system of treating the diseases of your animals. Ascertain whether your. horse is suffering from a disease of an exalted or in- flammatory kind; substitute aconite, pure air, and cold water for bleeding, and in a few hours you will have no cause to regret the change. If the disease be of a depressed 36 INTRODUCTION. kind, accompanied with weakness and debility, give nus vomica, iron, and a generous diet. If the disease be an eruptive fever, give sulphite of soda to purify the blood. In rheumatism, administer colchicum and carbonate of soda. In mange, apply the sulphuret of potassa to the skin, and thereby destroy the small insects which cause the trouble. In hard swellings use the preparations of iodine, to cause their absorption. In lameness, allow absolute and entire rest, and apply hot or cold applications and slight irritants to the parts, to remove the products of the sprain. Ascer- tain the cause of disease, and having found it, have it re- moved, and the effects will cease. Ifthe animal be costive from eating dry, concentrated feed, remove it, and give green feed or bran, but do not give physic. If diarrhea be present, leave it, at least for a time, to itself, as it is nature’s plan of getting rid of the offending matter. But, if it should continue, chalk and opium, as an astringent, are what is wanted. The reader cannot fail to see how simple, and his experience will demonstrate how successful these measures are in arresting and curing the diseases of all our domestic animals. VIS MEDIOATRIX NATURE, OR HOW DISEASES ARE OURED WITHOUT MEDIOINE. Intelligent persons have no difficulty in recognizing in the constitutions of animals and men a power of self- restoration, which is capable of resisting the influence of disease. It is this power that heals wounds, unites broken bones, and supplies lost substances. Diseases are not un- frequently efforts in this direction, intended to stay the action of hurtful material when admitted into the system. When INTRODUCTION. 3T the eye, for instance, receives a particle of sand or hay-seed, the weeping of the secretions of pus are remedial measures to rid it of the offending matter. Poisons are good ex- amples of the manner in which animals will cure them- selves. When poison is taken into the stomach, irritation of the bowels is set up, followed by purging, as an effort to get rid of tho poison. Nature, however, is not always suc- cessful, and the animal may die from the violent action set up. Again, a sprain will be cured by this very power, provided absolute and entire rest be allowed to the sprained part, without any interference from medicine or art. The remedial powers of nature often require assistance, as, for instance, in cases of debility, when the blood is becoming too watery. A few doses of iron, and in many cases a little extra food, will enable the sanative powers of the constitution to effect a complete cure. Often the removal of an animal from the sphere of exciting causes of disease, will cause the effect to cease, and the power of nature will cure the affection. Hence, many persons reflect upon the many instances when apparently severe cases of sickness were cured by some simple substance, and much credit given to a power it never possessed. Where the powers of nature are left to perform a cure, let the strength of the animal be maintained, because if that fail, where is the chance of recovery? Blood-letting and physicking are powerful and depressing agents; so much so, that when carried to any extent, few, if any animals, by the little power that may be left, will cure themselves. It is this knowledge that enables Homeeopathists to continue their practice ; for if it were not for this power in the constitu- tion in each and every animal, Homeopathists would have long since ceased to practise their peculiar art. If farmers and owners of horses and cattle will only cease to bleed, 33 INTRODUCTION. »nd pour nostrums down the throats of their stock, and learn to rely more upon the great curative that God has implanted in the constitution of all His creatures, as a power in protecting their lives when attacked by disease, it will surely be infinitely more profitable and pleasant to them. In curing disease, medicine and art should be directed to assist the powers of nature to overcome diserse —nothing more. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. ——_ffort to himself to reach it. This is all the feed he will be likely enabled to take for a period of from three to sixteen days. Renew it once a day, and keep it sweet. He may be able to suck this through his teeth. Small, choice morsels of other food should alse be placed within his reach, so as no opportunity be lost whereby his stomach may be filled, and his overtaxed strength be supported. In securing the gruel or other feed, have everything at hand, so that only one journey will be necessary, in the 152 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. twenty-four hours, to the place he is confined in. Open not the door of his house twice when once can be made to answer: thus much suffering may be avoided, and the chances of recovery enhanced. All the medicine necessary for the horse to have, will be one drachm doses, once in the twenty-four hours, of PRussic acrD. Great care will have to be exercised in keeping this powerful poison; and considerable judgment as to how this medicine is to be given to an animal with his jaws closed. GENTLY elevate the head a little to insure proper gravitation, and pour the acid into the widest part between the teeth, and hold the head steadily for a few minutes; then retire, and close the door, not a loud word being spoken. A table or dessert spoon will answer for the purpose very well. Veterinary surgeons have an elastic tube, which is introduced into the back part of the mouth, and the acid poured down the tube. If the animal live from three to four days, and is afforded every opportunity to eat a little, he may get well. Whatever the wounds or injuries that have given rise to the locked-jaw, they should be dressed with equal portions of olive oil and creosote, which will soothe the irritated nerves of the part. An occasional poultice of flaxseed may be necessary. Above all things, neither bleed nor physic, as these can do no good, and will only .asven the death of the animal by taking away whatever strength he may have, all of which will be necessary to carry him through so severe a disease. Loins.—Sprain of the loins or small of the back is sometimes seen in weakly built horses of irritable dispo- sition. Symptom. Weakness upon pressure, as of a saddle-horsc ‘wielding to the rider, when mounting the horse. LUNGS. 153 Treatment. Warm-water cloths should be laid over the parts for a few days, followed in the same manner by cold-water cloths. Give rest and good feed, and use the horse in the shafts of a light four-wheeled carriage, or in double harness. Saddle work may be the means of its return, more especially if ridden by a heavy person. Loss of Appetite.—This is more of a symptom than a disease, and requires for its removal the cause which gave rise to it. In cold, influenza and fever, the appe- tite is bad, and with their removal it will be restored. Take powdered carbonate of ammonia, pimenta berries, gentian root, each two drachms, mix in some cold gruel, and drench the animal twice a day. This will not only remove, in a measure, the cause, but will restore the appe- tite also. Lumbago,.—This is applied to a peculiar stiffness over the loins or back, partaking of the nature of rheumatism, (which see.) Lungs.—These are the organs of breathing, and are subject to many diseases, having names familiar to every horseman. Under this head, however, I will only notice inflammation of the substance of the lungs, pneumonia, (lung fever,) and of the surface of the lung, pleurisy, abscess, adhesion, and congestion. (See Cough, Cold, Bronchitis and Emphysema.) (1.) Pyeumonta.—(Pronounced numonia.)—This is an inflammation of the substance of the lungs, of late years called Jung fever, and is sometimes very common in the spring after a severe winter. Symptoms. Chill followed by fever and increased for a short time, and is succeeded by cold legs and ears, quickened breathing, and wide, open nostrils. A peculiar 154 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. quivering of the muscles of the side and breast will be observed in all cases of inflammation of the lungs, and will rarely deceive. The animal will eat nothing, and per- sistently stands with his nose and mouth in the manger ; and if taken out of the stall and stable to the open air, he will almost refuse to go back again into the stable, relief being experienced from the fresh air. Hence, the necessity for plenty of fresh air in all diseases of the lungs. When the ear is applied to the side of the neck, a peculiar creak- ing noise is heard. Slight discharge of serous flakes or matter will be observed sticking to the sides of the nose. If this disease be not subdued or cured, it ends in abscess. The peculiar pulsations observed in this and other diseases, will be found treated of in the introductory remarks. To the non-professional person, the general aspect or appear- ance of the horse, when under this disease, is infinitely more important as a rule and guide in determining the seat and nature of the disease, than any assistance they can gain from the pulse. Cause. Alterations and sudden changes in heat, cold, and moisture; an animal not in condition for work; a hereditary predisposition in the lungs to take on disease. Changes which will produce lung disease in one horse, will produce disease of a different character in another. Treatment. Place the horse in a light and airy place, and clothe him according to the weather. Bandages to the legs will, at all seasons, be necessary to keep them warm, and to that extent relieve the lungs of a portion of blood. Aconite, judiciously given, is the most powerful remedy I am acquainted with. Tartar Emetic, so valuable in this disease in man, dogs and swine, has no more effect whatever, upon either horses, sheep or cattle, than so much flour or meal. Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite FOOT DISEASES. 158 root, in a cupful of cold water, and drench the horse. Repeat the dose every four hours, till six doses are given. In the majority ot cases, one to two doses will be all that is required to effect a cure. (2.) PLevrisy.—Inflammation of the membrane cover- ing the lungs and lining the cavity of the chest. Symptoms. A rigor or chill, fever, disinclination to turn short, an occasional short painful cough, and careful breathing, accompanied with a sigh or grunt. A peculiar line will be observed in pleurisy, running from the haunch, round the belly to the breast-bone. The breathing is deep, not so short and quick as in inflammation of the lungs. In the first twenty-four hours after the attack, pain will have given way, and the horse be apparently better. This, in the majority of cases of pleurisy, when left a few hours to itself and not checked, terminates in Hydrothoraz, (which see,) or water or serum in the chest, sometimes causing adhesions. The favorable termination of pleurisy is by what is called resolution. Causes. Changes in the atmosphere. Exposure to cold. Broken ribs or wounds. Treatment. Treat the horse as for inflammation of the lungs, by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite ; followed on the second day by five grains of powdered Spanish fly in gruel, once in the twenty-four hours. To remove the fluids from the body, give, after the active stage of the disease has passed, good feeding and generous diet. (3.) Apscess.—As elsewhere stated, abscess is the termi- nation of inflammation of the lungs. Pus is a common result of inflammatory action, and when in the lungs is called vomice, causing, in some cases, consumption. Where absorption of the pus has taken place, glanders is the result. The abscess frequently breaks into the bronchial tubes, 156 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. and then pus escapes into the larynx and nares of the nose, Hence, the persistent discharge which is so characteristic © of glanders. Treatment. The same as for glanders: generous diet, tonics and stimulants, with the sulphite of soda and the Spanish fly. (See Glanders.) (4.) Errusion oF SeruM.—Hydrothorax is one of the ways in which pleurisy terminates, and when this effusion is extensive, not much hope of recovery may be expected. Cures, however, have been made by drawing off the fluid by means of a trocar pierced through between the ribs into the chest. (5.) ApHEsions.—The surface of the lungs becomes attached to the sides of the chest by fibrous bands of great strength, another common result of pleurisy. Nothing can be done but to keep up the health and strength by good feeding, etc. When animals do not thrive and pick up their spirits and flesh after cases of pleurisy, some of these various conditions may be reasonably expected to be present. (6.) ConGESTION OF THE Luncs.—The lungs are liable to become congested, when they are overcharged with blood. Symptoms. The horse blows, his nostrils are very much expanded, he is heaving at the flanks, and is the picture of distress and stupidity. Cause. Weakness and want of power in the blood vessels to contract and empty themselves. Treatment. Allow free access to cool air, clothe the body and bandage the legs to encourage the blood to the skin and legs, and give the following mixture: Sweet spirits of nitre, half an ounce; powdered carbonate of ammonia, half an ounce; mix in a bottle of cold gruel, in the form of a drink. If these articles are not at hand, give MAD STAGGERS. 157 two bottles of warm ale, or half a bottle of brandy or whiskey. (7.) PNEUMOTHORAX.—So called because the air escapes into the cavities of the pleura. Lymph,—This is a name applied to the clear fluid which circulates in the lymphatic vessels and that which is poured wut in cut surfaces, after bleeding has stopped, and forms tae medium by which the parts adhere, and are joined together. In this instance it is termed coagulable lymph, the }rincipal element by which adhesive inflammation is carriew mn. Lymphangitis.—This is a disease which attacks large coarse-bred horses that are difficult to keep in good condi- tion, and cuasists in the outpouring of plastic lymph into the femoral veins of one of the fore legs, which, as a consequence, swells to a very great size, and exhibits to the touch a feeling of a great many irregular prominences under the skin. It is hot, painful, stiff, and accompanied with fever, which, in a short time, passes off. In a few days the heat, pain and swelling will diminish a little, and the horse will move more freely, but will, in most cases, retain a “thick leg” for life. Fomentations of warm water should be applied to relieve heat, tension, and pain; to be followed in a few days with broad bandages tightly rolled round the limb. Give soft feed, such as cut-mess, bran and green food. As soon as the animal can move the leg he may be put to slow work. Madness.—A disease produced by the bite of a mad dog. (See Hydrophobia.) Mad Staggers.—An affection of the brain. (See Staggers.) 158 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Maggots.—These are sometimes seen in neglected wounds and sores, in warm weather. To remove them, apply equal parts of creosote and olive oil, or a solution of corrosive sublimate. Malignant.—A term applied to diseases of a fatal ‘character; as glanders, for instance. Why the term ma- lignant should not be applied to such diseases as locked-jaw, and inflammation of the bowels, which are so often fatal, is one of the inexplicables of medical nosology or terminology, not easily for me to understand. Malignant Epidemic.—English writers tell us that a malignant epidemic has attacked horses on the European Continent. Influenza is a disease from which scarcely one per cent. should die when scientifically and intelligently treated; but by bleeding, blistering, physicking, and low diet, a really simple and non-fatal disease is at once con- verted into a fatal and malignant epidemic. Mallenders.—A term used by old books and horse doctors, to designate a scaly condition of the skin back of the leg and opposite to the knee. A term which certainly, to say the least, should long ago have been blotted out of all the books, as vague, uncertain, unmeaning. This scaly eruption is the result of dryness of the skin of the back part of the leg, where the greatest and almost constant movement of the joint is going on. The same condition is seen on the face of some joints, and in others on the back, from the constant mobility of the parts. Who has not seen scruffy or scaly heels of horses ending with scratches? (See Skin Diseases.) Mange.—This is a disease of the skin, and is caused by a small mite called acari, which breeds and burrows in tha MESENTERICA. 158 skin, To cure mange, destroy the insect. (See Skin Diseases.) Materia Medica.—This is a name applied to every substance used in the treatment and cure of disease. Megrims,—A disease of the brain occurring at periods, especially in hot weather, and when exposed to a powerful sun. This differs from epilepsy only in the absence of spasms. (See Epilepsy.) Causes. Tumors in the choroid plexus, and enlargement of the pineal gland. Treatment. Merely palliative, by using a dutch collar, so as not to interfere with the circulation of the blood from the head. Observe. In summer the horses subject to brain diseasé . or fits of any kind, should not be used for family purposes. In winter they will make useful animals. Melanosis.—A variety of cancer peculiar to gray horses, which turns white with age, and is caused by the transfer of the coloring pigment from the skin to the blood. (See Cancer.) Melanoid,—(See Cancer and Tumors.) Mesentery.—A membrane formed of two folds of the peritoneum, between each of which there are numerous glands, lacteals, lymphatics, arteries, veins and nerves. It is called the mesentery, because it adheres to three lumbar vertebre, and has the small intestines hanging to it. One portion of it is called the mesocolon—supporter of the colon -—and another the mesorectum, which encloses the rectum. Mesenterica,— Wasting of the mesentery is a disease which is not very common to horses, although some clearly marked cases are sometimes seen, characterized by wasting 160 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. of the body, weakness, and general debility of the whole system. Bowels irregular, sometimes soft, at other times hard, of a pale or straw color, and frequently of bad smell. All that can be done is to keep the strength and condi- tion of the horse up by iron and gentian, so frequently recommended throughout the book. Metastasis.—A term denoting a change or shifting of disease from one part of the body to another. as is well illustrated in cases of rheumatism. Moon Blindness,—(See Eye Diseases.) Mortification.—Death of a part. (See Gangrene.) Moribund.—aA term in use, and applied when men or animals are in a dying condition. Mouth, Diseases of the.—These are but few; per- haps the irregularities of the teeth are the most important. So much is this the case, that from diseased or carious teeth, an affection arises, to many external appearances, similar to glanders; and horses have accordingly been destroyed, whereas, if a carious tooth, producing a stinking discharge from the nose, had been removed, these appear- ances would have passed off. The edges of the teeth of horses, at all ages, are apt to become sharp, and cut or wound the inside of the mouth, and interfere with mastication or chewing. When horses are off their feed and losing flesh, it will be well to have the teeth examined. To remedy any irregularity of the grinders, a rasp or file, with a concave surface and long handle, is used to make the teeth smooth and level. Wolf teeth are supernumerary, but do no injury to either the mouth or the eyes. (1.) Scatp Movrsa.—Another simple affection of the mouth, which is characterized by the horse slobbering or MOUTH. 161 frothing from the mouth, as if salivated. In aggravated cases fever is present. Treatment. Give ten drops of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold water three times in the day, for 48 hours, and allow the horse to have a bucket of cold water sus- pended or placed before him, to cool his mouth in. TOOTH CHISEL, RASP AND HAMMER, (2.) Wounds oF THE ToncuE.—Should be treated the same way, but without the aconite. If the tongue is nearly cut through, have the cut portion entirely removed, The horse can do wonderfully well without a large part of his tongue. (3.) Brack Toneur.—This is not a disease, but the effect of a simple and non-fatal affection, frequently treated by bleeding, blistering and physicking—destroying vitality, and inducing mortification of the tongue, as well as of other portions of the body. (4.) ApurHous Tueruss.—Soreness of the mouth, with white patches on the tongue, inside the cheeks and roof of the mouth. In man, «his condition of the mouth is called stomatitis. Causes. Bad condition of the stomach and dyspepsia. 162 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment. Borax in powder, one ounce; molasses, three ounces; mix, and apply with a soft brush, or soft piece of cloth. Give soft feed or cut grass. A few doses of sulphite of soda, half an ounce to a dose, given for a few evenings, will be all that is wanted. (See Lampas.) The mouth is a favorite and convenient place for horse- men to try the keenness of their pocket knives, when the least pretext is offered. The palatine artery is sometimes cut lengthwise; and when that is the case, the bleeding, thus unnecessarily induced, will not stop when it is wanted. Many plans and contrivances are recommended, by individuals, to stop such bleeding; but none are equal to a piece of iron or kitchen-poker immersed, for a few minutes, in hot water, and applied to the wound for a moment, which will at once stop further loss of blood. (5.) Parror Moutra.—A malformation consisting in the upper front teeth, projecting over the lower ones. Young horses are little inconvenienced by it, but not so with old ones, when the teeth are long; for then the lower teeth wound the soft palate of the upper jaw, especially when the horse is eating. Keep the teeth short by the use of the file. Mucous Membrane,—A thin lining of all the air passages ; so-called, because the surface is kept moist, with a slimy matter, as referred to in the succeeding article When this mucus is altered in quantity and quality, and when mucous-pus is poured out, disease is present. This is seen in cases of cold, bronchitis, and inflammation of the eyes, (which see.) Mucus.—A thick, viscid substance, thrown out from the mucous membrane, throughout the body. Myalgia,—A term given to inflammation of a set of NECROSIS. 163 muscles, and is applied, by some, to wasting of the muscles, as is sometimes seen in sweenie. Narcotics.—Medicines which act upon the nervous system, diminishing its power and sensibility, and so re- lieving inflammation, irritation, and pain. A medicine capable of doing this, also contains the properties of ax anodyne, a sedative, soporific, carminative, and nauseant. There are but few medicines possessing this power over the horse, and these are, aconite, prussic acid, veratrum, and, perhaps, lobelia. In my practice, nothing answers the purpose so well as aconite. It is the great antiphlo- gistic. Indeed, so great is its power, that in bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, feet, and bowels, or where there is pain and fever, no remedy or remedies can compare with this invaluable medicine in the treatment of diseases of the horse. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) Nasal Gleet.—A thin, transparent discharge from the ose. (See Gleet.) Navicular Disease.—This is a disease commonly called coffin-joint lameness, and by some it is termed grogginess. (See Foot Diseases.) BONE HOLDER. Necrosis,—This is a term given to a dead bone when tt is attached to a sound one. The difference between caries and necrosis is this: Caries is present when the bone 164 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. is impaired only, and necrosis when the bone is entirely dead, and its functious have entirely ceased. Whena bone has fallen into the condition of necrosis, its removal be- comes as necessary as the removal of ay» other dead or LISTON’S BONE FORCEPS. foreign matter, in order that reparation and restoration of the function be repaired, and a cure be made. Nephritis,—A technical term applied to inflammation of the kidneys, (which see.) Nervousness,—Few persons having the care of horses have failed to observe in them, occasionally, a peculiar excitability of disposition when any confusion and noise is going on, and when being harnessed for work. ‘The tail becomes somewhat elevated, they move from one side of the stall to the other, and pass manure from them repeat- edly every few minutes, until one would think there was nothing left in their bowels. These animals are usually light bellied and poor feeders, but fleet and free goers, very gay in saddle or harness, and much admired by persons not versed in horse-flesh. They make excellent Sunday horses, but poor every-day animals, as the constant excitement, when at work, overdoes their physical powers. This con- dition impairs the value of the horse very much. Treatment. Keep nervous horses in a place by themselves, where there is no noise or sound to disturb them, and have no harness or saddles in the place with them, nor clean NOSE. 165 fliarness or exddles where they are; for whenever a piece of harness is seen in the hands of the groom, the anima) expects it is to be put upon him—hence he gets excited, and efforts are made to empty the bowels of their contents. The harnessing or saddling should be the last thing done before going out with such a horse, as it gives him no time to empty the bowels and become excited. Ten grains of opium, and a drachm or two of prepared chalk may be given, either half an hour before going out, or after he comes in. Such horses are more pleasant to drive, if this be given. Stuffing cotton or wool in the ears also has a good effect. Neurotomy,—An operation for dividing the nerves of feeling, as they enter the foot on both sides of the leg. The operation is performed for the purpose of removing pain from the foot in navicular disease. It has, however, of late years fallen into disrepute on account of ignorant men operating indiscriminately on feet of all forms and shapes alike—in consequence of which no surprise should have been expressed, when in some cases the feet ultimately fell off. Neurotomy should never be performed upon flat and weak-footed horses, as they are easily bruised, and sup- puration is set up, terminating .in separation of the outer and inner foot structures. Weak and flat-footed horses, when sound, are careful how they put their feet upon hard roads and paved streets; but when deprived of all feeling by the operation of neurotomy, they let their feet come down on the ground with great force, so as to injure them, resulting, as before stated, in the hoof falling off. Nose, Diseases of the,—(See Cold, Catarrh, and Bronchitis.) 166 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Numbness.—Loss of feeling in any part, usually indicating disease of the brain, resulting in paralysis or palsy. Obesity.—This is a term applied to morbid or un- healthy fatness. When this condition is in the mesentery, it preduces big belly; in the liver, fatty liver; in the heart, fatty degeneration of that organ. Causes. Little or no work, or exercise disproportionate between the amount of food taken and the waste. Treatment. Constant and regular work; feed, in small bulk, oats instead of corn, and not much hay. To animals inclining to take on too much fat and flesh, give a dose of physic (see Aloes, Medicines and Prescriptions,) occasion- ally, but do not bleed. (Edema,—A term signifying soft but not inflammatory swellings of various parts of the body, as a sequel to debilitating diseases. These swellings contain serum thrown out from the blood. The treatment of this affec- tion will be the removal of the exciting cause. (See Dropsy.) CEstromania,—This name is, by some, called cestening, which name is applied to mares and cows when desiring the male. Omentum.—