CROMWELL IN IRELAND: 
 
 A HISTORY OF 
 
 CROMWELL'S IRISH CAMPAIGN 
 
 Rev. DENIS MURPHY, S.J. 
 
 " 'Twas not lack of men, nor food, nor raiment^ 
 Nor th' enemy's strength wrenched from them Eire, 
 But, to one another, not being faithful." 
 
 The Dirge of Irelana, 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 THE PILOT PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 07O.L LIBRARY 
 BOSTON COLLEGE 
 
Electrotyped and Printed by 
 
 Cashman, Khating & Co., 
 
 6m Washington St., Boston. 
 
 4' 
 
Co tlj£ gUmori2 
 
 OF THE 
 
 IVIost Rev. John Mac Hale^ 
 
 ARCilF.ISIIOP OF TUAJW, 
 
 I DEniCATF 
 
 THIS HISTORY OF OXE YEAR'S SUFFERINGS 
 
 OF THE IRISH PEOl'LE 
 
 FOR THEIR FAITH AND COUNTRY. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 The object of this work is to give an account in full detail, as far 
 as is possible, of Cromwell's Irish campaign, which began in August, 
 1649, and ended in May, '1650. It is a portion of history but little 
 known. It lies for the most part in a few books, some of them difficult 
 of access by reason of their scarcity, others written in a Inaguage not 
 intelligible to the greater number of readers. Traditions, indeed, there 
 are still surviving of the doings of Cromwell and his followers, many of 
 them having, no doubt, a foundation of truth ; but many, too, exaggera- 
 tions at best, and not a few wholly unfounded and false. In truth, 
 there is hardly a ruined church throughout the length and breadth of 
 the land, the destruction of which is not attributed to Cromwell, or 
 a crumbling castle of which it is not said that 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell 
 He did it pommel, 
 And made a breach 
 In its battlement." 
 
 ■ Evil deeds are attributed to him as done where he never set foot, 
 and names are given to places that would seem at first sight to record 
 his presence there, but in reality have had their origin in the wish of 
 his followers to perpetuate their leader's fame, or in the hatred of those 
 among whom they dwelt, who would hand down the record of his cruel- 
 ties by an appellation which in their minds summed up all manner of 
 
 evil. 
 
 Many years ago Sir William Wilde expressed a wish that some 
 
 one would write the history of "Cromwell's Irish campaign, one of 
 
 the most defective portions of modern Irish history." He adds that 
 
 Mr. Hardiman, whose services in the field of Irish research have been 
 
 such as to make us regret that his works are so few, had made a coUec 
 
 tion of all the documents relating to Cromwell in Ireland. I have 
 
 made inquiry for these wherever I head any part of his manuscripts 
 
 were— at the British Museum, Markree Castle, the Royal Irish 
 
 Academy, and the monastery of Errew — but in none of these places 
 
 were there any tidings to be had ^f them. 
 
vi PREFA CE. 
 
 So little has been done hitherto in monographs of even the most 
 important facts of Irish history, and that little under such difficulties, 
 that it is no wonder Cromwell's doings have not been written of. Mr. 
 Prendergast's invaluable work, The Cromwellian Seitlemcnt of Ireland, 
 has begun a new era of Irish history. It shows that materials are at 
 hand in abundance, if only an enlightened industry will search for 
 them and put them in order. State papers, hitherto accessible only 
 to a few, are now within the reach of all. Collections of rare books, 
 both public and private, are thrown open to the student more freely 
 than formerly. A work on the history of Ireland, if it has merit, 
 need not rely for its success on the comparatively few readers within 
 the narrow limits of this country; it will readily reach to another 
 Ireland beyond the sea, where the story of the old land is read, its 
 traditions and legends repeated, the recollection of its sufferings 
 and its wrongs treasured up with tender care : — 
 
 " Deep in Canadian woods we've met, 
 
 From one bright island flown ; 
 
 Great is the land we tread, but yet 
 
 Our hearts are with our own." 
 
 The plan nursued in this work is to follow Cromwell step by step 
 in his progress through Ireland. Other matters treated of in the first 
 chapters needed to be touched on, in order to show what the state of 
 the great political parties both in England and Ireland was at the time. 
 Cromwell's letters are so numerous and so full of details, that there 
 is no difficulty in tracing out his line of march, hour by hour, from the 
 first moment he landed in Dublin up to his setting sail from Youghal. 
 The newspapers of the time, too, give day by day an account of the 
 successes of the Parliamentary army. There arc naratives of some 
 of the more remarkable events, written by eye-witnesses, actors or 
 sufferers in the scenes which they describe, some of these being Irisfc. 
 ecclesiastics who had escaped from the carnage or had been banished, 
 and " from the place of their refuge," set down for perpetual remem- 
 brance, the record of what they and their countrymen endured. I 
 have allowed each of the chief actors to tell the part which he took, 
 and in his own words, too. when it was possible to do so. The extracts 
 from contemporary writers have been set down just as they are given 
 in the originals. Their very quaintness will often help to bring the 
 scenes which they describe more vividly before the reader's eyes ::han 
 a more elaborate, but perhaps less faithful, description. Each state- 
 ment has its reference, not merely to enable the reader to test itb 
 truth, but still more to point out to him the works in which he will 
 
PREFACE, VI 1 
 
 find further details, which, though not admissible within the limits of 
 a small work, may interest those who wish to study the subject more 
 fully. T have confined myself to a simple narrative of the facts ; for 
 to use the words of Montaigne, which one of the most learned of Irish 
 historians has taken for his motto: "Jaime les historiens ou fort 
 simples ou excellents ; les simples, qui n'ont poin de quoy mesler 
 ([uclque chose dn Icur, ct qui n'y apportent que le soing et la diligence 
 de ramasscr tout cc qui vient ^ leur notice et d'cnregistrer h. la bonne 
 foy toutes choses, sans chois et sans triage, nous laissent le jugement 
 entier pour la connaissance de la verity." 
 
 This is not the place \o enter on any inquiry into the character, 
 either military or political, of Cromwell. That he was a brave man. 
 that he was far-seeing, that he knew how to choose his instruments 
 and- to use them, that he did his v,^ork in Ireland — from his stand- 
 point — well, thoroughly, no one will deny. But that he was "a 
 heaven-sent messenger," that his conduct, even as a public man, was 
 not contrary to the first principles of morality, that another CromweP 
 would be the best panacea for Irish discontent, no one ever so little 
 acquainted with the history of his doings will assert, unless his mind 
 is wholly warped by prejudice of race or religious rancour. Whoever 
 examines, even his brief career in Ireland, with impartiality, must 
 admit the truth of Clarendon's saying, that he was a great, bad man. 
 
 I cannot conclude without acknowledging my obligations to Mr. 
 Prendcrgast, for the great help which I have derived from his Croin- 
 zvellian Scttlonent of Ireland. From Mr. Gilbert's edition of the 
 Aphorisjual Discovery, and from the valuable notes which he has ap- 
 pended to it, I have borrowed largely. The high character which 
 both these writers bear for research and accuracy, is the best warrant 
 for the truth of the many statements which I have made on their 
 authority. 
 
 The dates throughout are given according to the New Style, 
 which makes the year begin with January ist, not March 25th, as was 
 the custom formerly. 
 
 Limerick, Feast of St. Patrick, 1883. 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Contents. 
 
 Page 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE PEACE OK 'kORTV-EIGHT. 
 
 Terms of the Peace — Execution of Charles I. — Ormonde's autliority — The Com- 
 missioners of Trust — Overtures to Jones and Coote — The fleet under Prince 
 Rupert — Owen Roe O'Neill — Treaty with Monk — Defeat of Fcrrall — Siege 
 of Derry raised — Monk and Cootc censured by the I'arliament 1 
 
 CH AFTER II. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF I3AGGOTRATH. 
 
 Ormonde's army — Charles 11. urged to conte to Ireland — Muster of the Army — 
 March through Carlow and Kildare — Encampment before Dublin — Inchiquin 
 takes Drogheda and Trim — Dublin invested — Arrival of Reinforcements — 
 Battle of Baggotrath — Cause of the Defeat — Ormonde's Movements — Jones' 
 letter — Orders of the Council of State , 11 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 
 
 Rebellion of 1641 — The King and the Parliament — Character of the Rebellion — 
 The Act of Subscri]Hion — An Irish war jiopular — Lord Wharton Commander- 
 in-Chief — Lord Forbes' Exi)cdition — The Parliament and the Army — Lord 
 Lisle Lord-Lieutenant — Inchiquin changes sides — Reinforcements fur Dublin 
 
 — The Cobble_r of Aggavam 20 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CROMWELL GENERAL. 
 
 The Army for Iieland — The Lord Lieutenant — Waller and Lambert — Cromwell 
 apjjointed — Olticers' Petition — 12,000 men to be sent to Ireland — Committee 
 to jirovidc Ships — Cromwell Conmiandcr-iti-Chief — His Humility — Com- 
 mittee for the affairs of Ireland — Provision for the Forces — Conference with 
 the Common Coup.cil of London — /" 120,000 advanced for the Service of Ire- 
 land — Casting of Lots — The Regiments for Ireland — The General's Or-. 
 der 26 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 T H E L E V E L L E R S. 
 
 Mutiny Among the Troops — Cromwell's Ambition — " The Hunting of the Foxes" 
 
 — His Nepotism — Spread of the Sedition — Defeat of the Insurgents — Thanks 
 given to the Generals— Readiness ot the Army to go for Ireland — Transports 
 
 — The General Olticers — Cromwell s Delay — His Commission, Lifeguard 
 
 and Allowance " . . 33 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 CROMWKLL SETS OUT FOR IRELAND. 
 
 Page 
 Departure from London — Journey to Bristol — The Rendezvous — Mutiny — Idolaters 
 to be extirpated — News of Jones' Victory — The Fleet sets sail — The Regi- 
 ments and their Commanders — Reception in Dublin — Proclamations — The 
 Buff Coat in the Dublin Pulpits 40 
 
 CHAPTER VI L 
 
 THE SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF DROGHEDA. 
 
 Muster of the Army — The March — Finglas Cross— Defences of Drogheda — The 
 Garrison — Sir Anluir Aston — The Fortifications — Cromwell's Account of 
 the Siege — The Assault — No Quarter — Death of Aston — Official List of the 
 Slain — The liloody Street — The Survivors . 47 
 
 CHAPTER VHE 
 
 THE SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF DROGHEDA (continued). 
 
 A Wood's Account of the Massacre — Letter of Cromwell — Death of F. Taaffe, O. 
 S. A. and of FF. liathe and Netterville, S. J. — Loss of the Assailants — Peter's 
 Letter — Thanksgiving — Hopes of the Royalists — Surrender of Dundalk — 
 Cromwell wounded — Surrender of Trim — Ormonde's Movements. ... 59 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE CROMWELLIANS IN THE NORTH. 
 
 Venables' Expedition — The Ulster Scots — Surrender of Carlingford and Newry — 
 Defeat of Trevor — Surrender of Belfast and Coleraine — Further Successes — 
 Cromwell's Letter 6S 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE KING AND ORMONDE. 
 
 Ormonde tries to collect Supplies — The King's Journey to Ireland — His Character 
 — Intrigues of the Scotch Envoys — He decides to go to Scotland — Taaffe joins 
 Ormonde — Refusal of the Cities to contribute 71 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 OWEN ROE o'nEILL. 
 
 Ormonde's Overtures to O'Neill —Terms of the Treaty— His Illness and Death — 
 His Character — Letter to Ormonde— Early Life of O'Neill — The School of 
 Mars — The Sword of Red Hugh — Benburb — His forces join Ormonde . . 74 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE MARCH TO WEXFORD. 
 
 Cromwell's Plan — Capture of Killincarrick — Cromwell's Plot — Capture of Lim- 
 brick, Ferns, and Enniscorthy — Wallop — Encampment before Wexford — 
 Spirit of the Ciii/.ens — The Garrison Iveinforcetl — 'l"he Governor — Sum- 
 mons to Surrender — 'i'he Rei)ly — The Batteries I'hmteil — Propositions of the 
 Governor — Cromwell's Answer 80 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 • Page 
 
 CHAPTER Xril. 
 
 THE CAPTURE OF WEXFORD. 
 
 Courage of tlie Townsmen — Discord — Treacliery of Stafford — Suirender of the 
 "the Castle — Entrance of the Besiegers — Massacre of the Inliabitants — Con- 
 temporary Writers — Letter of Dr. hrench — His Apologia — Massacre of the 
 Franciscans — " They knelt around the cross divine " — Terror of the Commis- 
 sioners of Trust — Ormonde's Plans 90 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE ATTEMPT ON DUNCANNON. 
 
 Ireton sent to attempt Duncannon — Its Importance — Roche the Governor — Wogan 
 appointed in his Place — Plan of Defence — Its Success — Reinforcements from 
 Dublin — Inchiquin tries to intercept them — Fight at Glascarrig 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 100 
 
 THE SIEGE OF ROSS. 
 
 Cromwell encamps before Ross — Taaffe Governor — Summons to Surrender — The 
 ThreelUillet Gate — No Toleration — No Quarter for Irishmen — No Mercy 
 for Priests — Surrender of the Town — Terms of Surrender — Cromwell's Lodg- 
 ing at Ross . . : 10-4 
 
 CHAPTER XVL 
 
 REVOLT OF THE MUNSTER GARRISONS. 
 
 Disaffection of the Southern Towns— The English Plantation — Lord Broghill — 
 Conmiission from the King — Visit of Cromwell — Terms offered him by the 
 Parliament — Return to Ireland — His Retainers— Townsend — Revolt of the 
 Garrisons of Youghal and Cork — Letter of Colonel Deane — Sir Robert Stir- 
 ling Governor — Flight of Lady Fanshaw — Relation of Colonel Ryves . ' . . 112 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 REVOLT OF THE MUNSTER GARRISONS (continued). 
 
 Revolt of Kinsale and Bandon — Propositions of the Governor of Bandon — Revolt 
 of Youghal — Surrender of Cappoquin, Baltimore, Castlehaven and Mallow — 
 Act of Indemnity — The Forty-nine Arrears — Privilege of Kinsale and 
 Youghal — Consequences of the Revolt — The Rovalist Fleet — Letter of 
 Cromwell ' 121 
 
 CHAPTIiR XVIII. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF WATERFORD. 
 
 The Bridge of Boats — The Ulster Men — Capture of Innistiogue — Ponsonby's Strata- 
 gem — Attempt to Surprise Carrick — Cromwell before Waterford — Con- 
 ditions offered to the City — Dr. Comerford — Defences — The Garrison — 
 Farrell Governor — Summons to Surrender — Passage taken — Power of 
 Faithlegg — The Siege raised — Attempt to surprise Passage — Sankey . . . 127 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE MARCH TO YOUGHAL. 
 
 Capture of Butlerstown, Kilmeaden, Curraghmore, Granno, and Dunhill — Surrender 
 of Dungarvan — Letter of Broghill — The Revolters — Cromwell enters You- 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 Pack 
 ghal — Sickness of the Troops — Death of Colonel Jones — His Character — 
 Irish Army in Winter-Quarters — Ormonde asks leave to quit Ireland — Dean 
 Boyle — Causes of Distrust . 135 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 IN WINTER-QUARTERS. 
 
 Head Quarters at Youghal — Cromwell visits Cork and Kinsale — Stubber — Visits 
 Bandon and Skibbereen — CromweH's Bridge — His Recall — Sufferings of the 
 People of Cork — Their Constancy — Bramhall — The Church Bells — Coppin- 
 ger of Ballyvolane — The Clonmacnoise Decrees 140 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 OPENING OF THE SPRING CAMPAIGN. 
 
 Cromwell takes the Field — A Day of Humiliation — March on Kilkenny — Letter 
 of Cromwell — Conna, &c., taken — Fethard summoned — Ludicrous account of 
 the Surrender — Privileges — Surrender of Cashel — 'Forty-nine Officers — 
 Thurles Garrisoned — Lady Thurles 145 
 
 CHAPTER XXn. 
 
 THE CAPTURE OF CALLAN. 
 
 March on Callan — Fanning of Ballingarry — "A Country worth fighting for " — 
 Defence of Callan — The Assault — Geoghegan of Frevanagh — Skerry's 
 Castle — Butler's Castle — Return to Cashel — Ardfinan — Cost of the War in 
 Ireland -^ Thanks of the House — The Cockpit 152 
 
 CHAPTER XXni. 
 
 THE CAPTURE OF CAHIR CASTLE. 
 
 Cahir summoned — Its Defences — Articles of Surrender — Kiltenan — Dundrum — 
 Goldenbridge and Ballinakill Taken — The Commissioners of Trust Adjourn 
 to Ennis — Ormonde goes to Limerick — Proposals of the Bishops — His Re- 
 ply — Distrust of the Citizens — Dismissal of the English Protestant Forces — 
 Declaration of the Bishops — State of Cromwell's Army 157 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 HEWSON JOINS CROMWELL. 
 
 Hewson advances from Dublin — Takes castles in Co. Kildare — Siege and Surren- 
 der of Ballysonan — Harristown, Lea, and Dunamaise taken — Massacre at Tim- 
 ahoe — Capture of Castledermot — Surrender of Leighlin — Castlehaven takes 
 Athy — Rendezvous at Gowran 164 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF KILKENNY. 
 
 Cromwell returns to Cashel — Tickle's Treachery — The Garrison of Kilkenny — 
 The Plague — Castle IIowcl — Summons to Surrender — The Batteries —Cap- 
 ture of St. Canice's and of the Irishtown — Repulse at the Breach — The 
 Mayor's Letter — Proposals of the Governor — Cromwell's Answer — Breach 
 in the Wall — Surrender — The Articles— Want of Supplies 171 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 SURRENDER OF KILKENNY. 
 
 Bravery of the Garrison — Dr. Rothe — Churches profaned — Ecclesiatics put to 
 death — The Market Cross — St. Canice's Cathedral — The Windows — The 
 Ormonde Monument— F. Lea, S. J. — Ormonde arid the Bishop of Clogher . 182 
 
CONTENTS. XUl 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE RATTLE OF MACROOM. 
 
 Pagb 
 
 Sadlier's successes — Ennisnag, Pulkerry, Ballydoinc, Granny, and Dunkill taken — 
 Henry Cromwell arrives in . Ireland — Defeat of Inchiquin — The Munster 
 Army — Confederate Standards — Battle of Macroom — The ]5ishop of Ross 
 Hanged — Surrender of Carrigadroihd — Brnghill's Account 187 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI II. 
 
 THE SIEGE OE CLONMEL. 
 
 Conduct of tiie Inhabitants — The Garrison — Summons to Surrender — O'Neill's 
 Answer — Feimell's Treachery — Broghill's Arrival — Langlev of the Iron 
 Hand — Want of Ammunition — Surrender — Account by an Eye-Witncss — 
 Letter of S. Dillingham — The Articles of Surrender — FF. O'Reilly and 
 McGrath, O. P. . \ 191 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 CROMWELL LEAVES IRELAND. 
 
 His last Public Act in Ireland — Pass to Lord Moore — Recall of Cromwell — Troubles 
 in Scotland — Fairfax — Cromwell Sails from Youghal — Reception in Lon- 
 don — His Speech in Parliament . . ; 201 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE RATTLE OF SCARIFFHOLLIS. 
 
 Meeting of the Ofticers of the Ulster Army — Ileber McMahon General — March 
 north- wards — Plan of the Campaign — Coote and Venablcs — The Battle — 
 Defeat of the Irish — Bravery of Henrv O'Neill — Flight of McMahon — His 
 Death— Death of Henry and Colonel Phelim O'Neill 205 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Great Duke of Ormonde ... ,, 211 
 
 II. 
 Morrough O'Brien, Lord Inchiquin , 213 
 
 III. 
 Supplies sent to Cromwell during his Irish campaign 214 
 
 IV. 
 Genealogy of Owen Roe O'Neill 216 
 
Xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 V. 
 
 Page 
 
 The Sack of Cashel by Lord Inchiquin, September 13th 1647 ..,,... 221 
 
 VI. 
 The Walling of Ross 224 
 
 VII. 
 
 Revolt of the Miinster garrisons to Cromwell 22(i 
 
 VIII 
 The Clonmacnoise Decrees 23() 
 
 IX. 
 
 A Declaration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in answer to certain Acts of the 
 
 Irish Popish Prelates in a Conventicle at Clonmacnoise 233 
 
 X. 
 
 Langley of the Iron Hand 240 
 
 .XI. 
 Surrender of the Irish Fortress 241 
 
 XII. 
 Cromwell and William's Nobility 242 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND 
 
 CROMWELL LN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE PEACE OF 'FORTY-EIGHT. 
 
 Terms of tlie Peace -Execution of Charles I.- Ormonde's Authority- The Commission- 
 ers of Tru-^t — Overtures to Jones and Coote — The Fleet under Prince Rupert — Owen 
 Roe O'Neill — Treaty with Monk — Defeat of^Ferrall — Seige of Dcrry raised — Monk 
 and Coote censured by the Parliament. 
 
 On the 17th of January, 1649, ^ peace was concluded between 
 the Marquis of Ormonde, acting on behalf of King Charles I. and the 
 General Assembly of the Confederate Catholics. Substantially its 
 terms were the same as those of the treaty which the Catholic party 
 had refused the year before. But the position of the Confederates \^ 
 was much changed within the twelvemonth. The country, impover- 
 ished by thelongcontinuenceof the war, was no longer able to support 
 a standing army. There was no further hope of aid from abroad. The 
 ambassadors, sent by the Assembly to Rome, were told that the Papal 
 'exchequer was almost exhausted, and that the resources of the govern- 
 ment were hardly sufficient to meet the dangers that threatened southern 
 Italy. Most opportunely for the royal interests, the Remonstrance of 
 the Puritan army in England was published while the negotiations for 
 the treaty were on foot, " demanding that the parliament should pro- 
 ceed against the King in the way of justice, as the capital and grand 
 author of all the troulDles and woes which the kingdom hath endured, 
 and that he should be brought to justice for the treason, blood and mis- 
 chief he hath been therein guilty of."i No ground was left any longer for 
 doubting about the intentions of the party. All who had any regard 
 for the royal authority forgot for a time prejudice and resentment, to 
 secure the King's safety. The Protestants became more tolerant ; 
 many Catholics, who had held aloof from Ormonde hitherto, were 
 gained over by the concessions now made on behalf of their religion. 
 The Assembly conceded some points still in dispute, and "in consid- 
 eration of his Majesty's present condition and of their own hearty 
 desires of spending their lives and fortunes in maintaining his rights 
 and interests, they resolved unanimously to accept ^the Marquis of 
 Ormonde's answer to their propositi ons for religion." ^ 
 
 1 Linsard's I Ihtorv of England, vol. viii. p. lo6; London, 1855. See "The Chief 
 Heads of the Armv's Remonstrance," presented to the House of Commons November 20th, 
 1648, in the Appendix to Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, p. 89 ; London, 1717. 
 
 2 Carte's Historv of James Duke of Ormonde, vol. ii. p. 49 5 London. 1736. " That desper- 
 ately wicked remonstrance, whatever mischief it may do, hath yet done tins good, that it put uS 
 quite from all disputes upon the necessity of conditions, and was no sniall cause -f the spceciv, 
 and, I hope, happy conclusion of the peace."— Letter of Ormonde to Lord Jermyn, Jan. 24111, 
 1649 ; ibtd.^ vol. iii p. 602. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 By the terms of the treaty it was agreed that the Irish people 
 should be free to practice their religion, without prejudice to their 
 persons or estates ; that they should no longer be obliged to take the 
 oath of supremacy — for this a new form of oath was substituted, 
 professing allegiance to his Majesty — and that all acts and ordi- 
 nances of parliament in dishonor of the Catholic faith, passed since 
 August 7th, 1641, should be vacated. They were assured, moreover, 
 that they should not be molested in the possession of the churches 
 and church livings which they then held, or in the exercise of their 
 jurisdiction, until such time as his Majesty, in a free parliament to be 
 held in Ireland, should declare his further pleasure. ^ The peace was 
 confirmed later by Charles II., who professed himself satisfied in every 
 respect with its terms. Yet just eighteen months after he declared 
 it null and void, adding, " that he was convinced in his conscience of 
 the sinfulness and unlawfulness*of it and of allowing the liberty of the 
 Popish religion." 2 Ormond was no better than his master. The 
 " Declaration " of Jamestown shows how shamelessly he violated it 
 in its most important points.^ After the Restoration he was accused 
 of having been on too friendly terms, during the insurrection, with 
 some of the Irish ecclesiastics ; he exculpated himself by saying that 
 his aim was to work disunion among the Romish clergy. 
 
 A few days after the signing of the treaty the news of the King's 
 execution' reached Ireland. • By all parties it was received with horror 
 and indignation.'* Profiting by the feeling of sympathy shown every- 
 where for the royal family, Ormonde, who was then at Youghal, had 
 the Prince of Wales proclaimed King, under the title of Charles II., 
 with all solemnity, in every town in Ireland that owned subjection to 
 his authority. His own position remained unchanged by the King's 
 death. A fresh commission was issued to him by the new King, on 
 the 17th of February, renewing his powers as Lord Lieutenant and 
 
 1 This was called "The Peace of Forty-eight," old style. The Articles, thirty-five in 
 number are given in Co.x's Ilibirnia Anglicana, i\i)])endi.>c .xliii.; Ijondon, 1690. Milton 
 wrote, in opposition to it, Observations on the Articles of the Peace. 
 
 2 Carte's Collection of Ori<^inal Papers, vol. i. p. 400 ; Dublin, 1759. It is Strange how 
 long the Irish continued to show their affection to the Stuart dynasty, not one of whom 
 displayed the least gratitude for the many sacrifices made on iheir behalf. " 'I'he ancient 
 Irish," says M'Geoghegan, "revered the Milesian bhjod which ran in the veins of James 1., 
 and looked on him as a prince descended from themselves. They knew that Edward Jlruce, 
 brother of Robert Bruce, from whom James was descended, had been chosen by tiieir 
 ancestors to be their soverergn. It was well-known too, that Edward had been actually 
 crowned King of Ireland." — History of Ireland, translated by O'Kelly, p. 552; Dublin, 1844. 
 Roderick O'Flaherty, in the Epistola Dedicatoria prefixed to his Ogy^ia, addtessins; the Duke 
 of York, calls Ireland " Aiitic|uissima majorum tuorum incunabula.' The Ogvf^ia was 
 ])nblished in 16S5. The ilcmands of the Irish gentlemen, who had suffered for the royal cause, 
 afforded to Charles 11. and his profligate courtiers, after his Restoration, constant (ood for 
 their indecent and heartless mirth. 
 
 3 " See the Declaration of the Archbishops, Bishops, and other Dignitaries of the secular 
 and regular clercy against the continuance of his Majesty's authority in the person of the 
 M;irqu 3 of Ormonde," dated at Jamestown, August 12th, 1650 in Cox's Htb. Angl., Appcn- 
 di.K .\lviii. 
 
 * " How gladly would I draw a curtain over that disinal and unha]ipy 30th of January, 
 wherein the royal father of our country suffered martyrdom ! Oh ! that I could say, 'They 
 were Irishmen that did that abominable fact,' or that I could justly lay it at tlie door of the 
 Pa[)ists." — Ilib An^d., vol. ii. p. 206. " Resentment and spleen had a good share in forming 
 .hat work (Co.x's); for it carries too much the air and complexion of satire." — Introduction 
 to Clanricarde's Memoir i , Dublin, 1744. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 confirming all he had done, in virtue either of the commission of the 
 late King or of his own confirmation of the powers or rights thereof. 
 
 Almost the whole of Ireland had now declared for Charles. Nearly- 
 all the leading men of the Catholic party were united with Ormonde, 
 and threw themselves heart and soul into the defence of 'the royal 
 cause. Preston, Taaffe, Clanricarde, Muskerry, and Castlehaven for- 
 got their mutual jealousies for a while and thought only of the common 
 interests. Once more Inchiquin changed sides, ^ now for the last 
 time. He had not found among his Puritan friends the gratitude 
 which he expected in return for his treachery and cruelty. Mence- 
 forth no one was more zealous than he in supporting the King and 
 Ormonde. 
 
 The King had full confidence in the Lord Lieutenant, but even the 
 moderate Catholics made no secret of their distrust in his promises. 
 That this distrust was well founded is clear, from a letter of his to 
 Prince Charles, in which he owns that "for want of force to keep any 
 dependent on the King's authority only, and for obtaining such a peace 
 as might reduce the army and the Confederates under the King's 
 obedience, he had been constrained to subject his Majesty's power to 
 compliances agreeable with neither." One of the charges brought 
 against him in the "Declaration" of Jamestown was, "that his lix- 
 cellcncy, when prospering, put no trust of places taken, into the hands 
 of Catholics : by this his diffidence in Catholics, and by other his 
 actions and expressions, the Catholic army had not heart to fight or 
 be under his command; and feared greatly, if he mastered the enemy, 
 and with them the Commissioners of Trust, or the greater part of 
 them, and many thousands of the kingdom also feared he would have 
 brought the Catholic subjects and their religion to their old slavery.'* 
 According to the terms of the Peace, his powers as Lord Lieutenant 
 should still continue, but he should be assisted in the government by 
 a council of twelve members chosen from the Assembly of the Con- 
 federates, whose chief duty it was to look to the due performance of 
 the Articles, "until they should be ratified in a full and peaceful con- 
 vention of the parliament." These, styled "Commissioners of Trust," 
 and sometimes "Interval Commissioners," were Lord Dillon of Cos- 
 tello. Lord Muskerry, Lord Athenry, Alexander M'Donnell, Sir Lucas 
 Dillon, Sir Nicholas Plunkett, Sir Richard Barnwall. Geoffrey Browne, 
 Donogh O'Callaghan, Turlogh O'Neill, Miles O'Reilly, and Gerald 
 I-^ennell. They weie, jointly with Ormonde, vested with power to 
 levy soldiers, raise money, erect garrisons, and appoint governors ; 
 he could do nothing of importance without the consent of a majority 
 of them. It was not without a struggle that he accepted such re- 
 straint and limitation to his power ; but he felt that in the face of 
 the present dangers union should be purchased at almost any price. 
 Iksides, most of the Commissioners were partisans of his own, and 
 " their affections and abilities were so well known and approved by 
 
 1 This poor wavering panther, Inchiquin, with so many jumps and leapings from King 
 to Parliament, from Parliament to King, and now the fourth or fifth of his inconstant 
 whirlings to Ormdnd >." — Aphorismal D-iscovery of Treasonable Farlion, vol. i. p. 182; 
 edited by J. T.Gilbert ; Dublin, 1S79. See Appendix ii. : " Morrojgh O'Brien, Lord Inchi- 
 quin."' 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 him that, having most of them inclined to the same good end with 
 him, he presumed he should, with the less difficulty, be able to pur- 
 suade them which were the nearest and most natural ways that con- 
 duced thej-eunto." 
 
 Soon after the conclusion of the Peace, in order to gain over the 
 Parliamentarians in Ireland, who still retained some respect for the 
 oath of allegiance which they had taken to serve the Sovereign and 
 the Parliament, Ormonde published a declaration, in which he re- 
 minded them of the regard he had at all times shown for the interests 
 of the Protestant religion, in proof whereof he appealed to the Arti- 
 cles of the Peace, "the sum of which," he declared, "was the indulg- 
 ing of some moderate concessions to the Catholics, made until such 
 time as the Act of Oblivion should be passed in Parliament ; that he 
 had specially excepted from the advantage of the Peace those who 
 had any part in the crimes committed in the beginning or the course 
 of the rebellion. The Articles were not agreed to until all hope of a 
 treaty between the Kmg and the Parliament was at an end, and the 
 army had proclaimed their purpose to commit a horrid and execrable 
 paracide in the sacred person of his Majesty. The blame thereof, if 
 any, might be laid on those who made such a treaty necessary." Me 
 wrote conciliatory letters to Michael Jones,i governor of Dublin, and 
 to Sir Charles Coote,^ who was in command of the fortress of Derry, 
 inviting them and the forces under their command to return to their 
 allegiance and submit to the King's authority. Jones rejected his 
 overtures, pretending that " he felt himself bound in honor to obey 
 those who had entrusted him with the important office which he held." 
 Coote had frequently professed " that if at any time he should discover 
 the least purpose in the Parliament of England to change the govern- 
 ment, or to wrong the King either in his person or posterity, he would 
 sooner beg his bread than be a minister to their proceedings." In 
 reply to Ormonde's letter, he renewed his profession of fidelity, and 
 protested that " as soon as the King or his fleet, or any person law- 
 fully authorized by him, should lay the command on him, and showed 
 
 1 He was one of the four sons of Dr. Lewis Jones, a Welshman, Protestant bishop of 
 Killaloe from 1633 to 1646. Another of his sons, Henry, was bishop of Clogher and scout- 
 master general to Cromwell, "a ])ost," says Ware, "not so decent for one of his function." 
 Works of Sir James Ware, edited by Harris, vol. i. p. 160; Dublin, 1764. "In May, 1652, 
 Dr. Henry Jones, then bishop of Clogher and scoutmaster general, appeared at the council 
 of general and field officers of Ludlow's army, held at Kilkenny and made the officers protest, 
 through a dread of the Lord they trusted, against their General's too great aptness to mercy, 
 so they termed it, and sparing those whom the Lord was pursuing with his great severity." — 
 Letter of the General and Field officers, &c., to the Speaker of the House of Conmions, in The 
 Kilketiny ArcluEological Jourtud iox 1S67, p. 62. Theophilus was a colonel in the Parliamen- 
 tary army and governor of Leighlin in 1651. 
 
 2 This was Sir CharLs Coote the younger. The elder was killed at the siege of Trim in 
 1642, having been shot through the body by one of his own troo[5ers, whether by design or 
 accident was never known. " His body was brought to Dublin and there interred with great 
 solemnity, floods of English tears accompanying him to the grave." — Borlase's Rebellion, p. 
 79. He was interred with the ensuing epitaph : 
 
 " England's lionor, Scotland's wonder, 
 
 Ireland's terror, liere lies under." 
 
 Aphor. Disc, vol. i. p. 32. 
 The same author says the miraculous statue of Our Lady of Trim was burned by his son, 
 Richard Coote. — Ibid. The cruelties of both father and sons are still household words 
 throughout Ireland. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 a prol)ablc appearance of ])o\vcr and success to make liini hope for 
 security, nobody should more freely and fully evidence the sincerity 
 of his affection to the King's service than himself."^ But these pro- 
 testations were only meant to gain time until succors were sent him 
 from England. Two months later, a mutiny broke out among some 
 of the regiments under his command, in consequence of the imprison- 
 ment of their officers, who were found to be in correspondence with 
 Ormonde. The men ran to arms, rescued the prisoners, and took 
 possession of the town and fortress of lumiskillen. I^^ncouraged by 
 the success of their comrades, several officers of the old Scotch reg- 
 iments in the north, sent to assure the Lord Li-cutenant of their 
 readiness to serve the King with the forces under their command. 
 They had opposed the royal authority, not with a view of extinguish- 
 ing the monarchy, but for the purpose of restraining the prerogative 
 within due limits. Now they loudly professed their abhorrence of 
 those who had compassed the King's death. But unhappily their 
 abhorrence of the Irish was equally violent ; they would take no part 
 with the Confederates. They asked that commissioners should be 
 appointed to arrange the terms on which their services would be 
 accepted, and that i,ooo horse should go to their aid. Ormonde sent 
 the Commissioners, and promised that Inchiquin, with 4,000 foot, 
 should be despatched immediately to Athlone, in order to support 
 them. They, too, rose in arms and blocked up their commander. Sir 
 Charles Coote, in Derry. 
 
 Towards the end of January the royal fleet, numbering sixteen 
 frigates,^ under the command of Prince Rupert,'^ arrived off the coast 
 of Munster. A few days later it arrived in Kinsale Harbor. Owing 
 ]:)artly to the Prince's jealousy of Ormond, partly to the intrigues of 
 those about him, he remained almost wholly inactive. At rare inter- 
 vals some of his ships put to sea, and cruising off the southern coasts, 
 seized on English merchantmen. At first the prizes were abundant, 
 but soon the traders learned to avoid the danger by choosing another 
 route or by remaining safe within the English ports. Ormonde be- 
 sought him " to remember that the ships could not be employed more 
 
 1 Cox, in tlie preface of his Hiberiiia Anglicana, spcalting of the different parties then in 
 Ireland, says : '' That these distinctions may appear to be neither trivial nor merely notional, 
 it will he necessary to give instances of these several factions in the late Iiish wars. First, 
 there was an army of all mere Irish, not an English Papist atiiong them, commanded by the 
 Hishop of Clogher; and another of mere English, .all Papists, under General Preston; and 
 secondly, there was an army of old iMiglish and Irish under the Lords Mountgarrett, Taaffe, 
 itc. ; and an army of new l'",nglish, commaiulcd by the I'",arls of (Umnnde, Inchi(]uin, &c. ; and 
 thirdly, there was an army of Pajiists under the Nuncio ; and an aimy of Protestants, com- 
 manded by the Mar(]uis of Ormonde." See also Account of the Carle MSS., by Rev. C. W. 
 Russell and J. P. Prendergast, p. 114; London, 1S71. 
 
 2" In May 1648, the fleet, then stationed in the Downs, declared for the King, and with 
 out any leader above the degree of boatswain, sailed for Holland, where the Duke of York, 
 and later the Prince of Wales, tcok command of them." Guizot's History of the English 
 A'c'voiiition, p 3S0 ; London, 1846. 
 
 ' Rupert was the son of the Elector Palatine Frederick V. and Elizabeth, daughter of 
 James I.. King of England. At the beginning of the Civil War he got from his uncle, 
 Charles I., the command of a regiment ol horse. His dashing bravery, become a proverb 
 ever since, was often marred by his rashness. In 1648 he was appointed to the command of 
 the royal fleet. After the Restoration he devoted his time to physical and chemical re- 
 searches. The glass toy, known as Prince Rupert's drop, has its name from him. 
 
CROMWELL ly IRELAND. 
 
 usefully than in helping to reduce Derry and the fort near it ; the 
 officers would thus become absolute masters of that side of the north. 
 and be able to lend considerable assistance towards the reduction of 
 any other part of the kingdom. He added that he was well assured 
 all the shipping belonging to the rebels on the coast of England 
 towards Ireland was no more than three frigates, which were appointed 
 to convoy over some forces, designed and lying ready at the water- 
 side, for the relief of Dublin ; and of those three, there was only one 
 of any considerable strength, and she carried but thirty guns. The 
 interruption which might be given to that access of strength to Jones 
 would, in all probability, render the work against him easy ; whereas, 
 on the contrary, if he was supplied, it would be almost a desperate 
 undertaking, and himself should be forced to a defensive war. This 
 being the state of affairs about Dublin and Derry, he humbly left it 
 to his Highness to consider how these supplies, so much to be feared, 
 might be easily prevented, the good success of the King's service in 
 that kingdom chiefly depending thereon." But Rupert continued 
 inactive at Kinsale, nor would he furnish Ormonde with the prize- 
 money which the King had ordered him to pay over for the public 
 service. Soon after he was blocked up in that port by the Parliament- 
 ary fleet under Blake and Deane, and prevented from rendering any 
 assistance whatever to the land forces, during the whole summer. 
 
 Owen Roe O'Neill was almost the only person of importance 
 among the Catholics who held aloof. He was essentially a represent- 
 ative man, the leader of the old Irish, and accepted by them as such. 
 The prestige of that party and of their leader had been lessened by 
 the departure of the legate Rinuccini, who, consistent to the last in 
 upholding the rights, civil and religious, of the Irish people, had 
 quitted Ireland only when he despaired of the successful issue of such 
 a line of policy.^ O'Neill was still supported by the townsmen of 
 Limerick, Waterford and Galway, On his side, too, were his sturdy 
 clansmen of the North. But a few years before, six of the northern 
 counties had been seized on by the English government and planted 
 with English and Scotch undertakers. The natives were driven from 
 their homes ; from the rich valleys and plains, and forced to seek 
 shelter and support on the barren mountains and in the wild woods.^ 
 Many of the generation that had then been mercilessly plundered bad 
 passed away; they had perished of hunger and disease, or they had 
 fallen in the unequal fight, while attempting to recover the homes 
 which they had lost ; but they left to their children the legacy of 
 revenge. However much they loved their native land, they loved 
 
 1 Rinuccini set sail from Galway February 23CI, 1649. He had passed nearly three years 
 and a half in Ireland, having landed at Kenmare October 22d, 1645. His letters from Ire- 
 land were published in Florence in 1844, under the title : Niinziahira in Irlanda lii^ Afoitsij^- 
 nor G. B. Rinuccini, negli anni 1645 a 1649. A translation by Miss Hutton was issued in 
 Dublin in 1873. 
 
 2 Tiie author of the Aphorismal Disccn'ery describes them as " being hunted (uit by Gen- 
 eral Leslie like deer or savage beasts, and bleeding under the force of two warlike nations, 
 the English and the Scotch."— Aphor Disc, vol. i. p. 42. In the -'Kemonstrance of the 
 Ulster Irish," presented to Charles I. in 1641, they say : " We may boldiv affirm that we are 
 the most miserable and most unhappy nation of the Christian world."— /3/V/., p. 455, Appen- 
 dix 11. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 their faitl\ still more. By them no settlement was reckoned satisfac- 
 tory unless it secured absolute freedom for the exercise of the Catholic 
 faith and the complete restoration of all its ancient rights and priv- 
 ileges. Hence, the war in which they were engaged was to them a 
 holy war ; a war waged in defence of religion against heresy and un- 
 belief. O'Neill had at this time under his command an army more 
 numerous and better disciplined than that of the Confederates. His 
 forces amounted to 5,000 foot and 300 horse. At the head of such an 
 army he hoped to be able to maintain his ground until a favorable 
 opportunity offered of insisting on his own rights and those of his 
 clansmen. 
 
 Ormonde strove to gam him over to his side ; for he knew that if 
 O'Neill stood out, the quarrel would be still kept up between the 
 Nuncio's and the King's parties, the forces of the kingdom would be 
 divided, and many of the cities would refuse to pay the taxes imposed 
 on them. Two of the Commissioners of Trust were appointed to treat 
 with him. His first demand was that the six counties of Ulster, lately 
 confiscated, should be restored to the native Irish, But these and 
 the other terms which he proposed were not found acceptable, and 
 the conference came to nothing. Indeed the envoys made no secret 
 of their enmity to him and their unwillingness to accept from him any 
 terms short of an absolute and unconditional surrender. " Their 
 aversion and malice to me and my party," he wrote to Ormonde, "are 
 such as that they will study and devise all the ways they can invent 
 to hinder any settlement or union between your Excellency and us." 
 
 O'Neill had been proclaimed " a traitor and rebel against the 
 King and the fundamental laws of the land ; a common disturber of 
 the peace, tranquility and quiet of the kingdom, and a manifest op- 
 jK)ser of the government of the Confederates, contrary to his oath." ^ 
 Stung with honest indignation, he turned to the Parliamentary party 
 and sought to make terms with them In truth there was little room 
 for choice left him. From his camp, at Cavan, he wrote to Rinuccini 
 on the i8th of May: "We arc almost reduced to despair. On the 
 one hand, Ormonde entreats us to join him ; on the other, the Parlia- 
 mentary party seeks our friendship. God knows we hate and detest 
 both alike." And writing about the same time to Massari, Dean of 
 P'ermo, who had followed the Nuncio to Ireland, he says : " Either 
 course is worse to me than death. . . . Yet so pressing are our wants, 
 that we must unite with one or the other, unless we get help very 
 soon." 
 
 While the preparations for the Irish campaign were making in 
 England, it was found necessary to have recourse to various expedi- 
 ents for the preservation of the places which were still in the hands 
 of the Parliament. One of these was to gain over to the cause of the 
 party the Catholics of the two kingdoms. Conferences were held 
 through the Spanish Ambassador with some Irish ecclesiastics, and 
 with Sir Kcnelm Digby and Sir John Winter, on behalf of the Eng- 
 
 ' See the proclamation against Owen O'Neill by the General Assembly of the Confederate 
 Catholics in Aphor. Disc, vol. i. p. 747; it was issued September 30th, 1648. Ormonde had 
 landed the day before from France. 
 
CHOMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 lish Catholics. It was proposed that toleration should be j^ranted for 
 the exercise of the Catholic religion, and that Catholics should in turn 
 disclaim the temporal pretensions of the Pope, and maintain 10,000 
 men for the service of the Commonwealth. An order had been lately- 
 made by Parliament, admitting Catholics to compound for their estates 
 on easy terms, and allowing them to take a form of oath confined 
 solely to temporal matters. O'Neill did not trust this sudden show 
 of friendship ; at the head of his army he preferred to bide his time. 
 One thing he needed very urgently — ammunition. ^ In the beginning 
 of May he summoned a meeting of his followers at Belturbet. There 
 it was agreed to accept Sir Charles Coote's proposal, made some time 
 before, that commissioners should be appointed by both parties to 
 confer together on the terms of a treaty. They met at Newtown, 
 near Dromahaire, in the county of Leitrim. O'Neill demanded liberty 
 of conscience for himself and all his followers ; an act of oblivion for 
 all done since 1641 ; restoration of all the confiscated lands in Ulster 
 to their original owners, and the possession of a seaport in that 
 province ; for himself a competent command, and provision for his 
 army as the rest of the forces. These terms we're agreed upon. 
 To meet O'Neill's present wants, it was further agreed that he 
 should receive thirty barrels of powder, with ball and match in pro- 
 portion, and 300 beeves or ^400, on condition that he should march 
 to the relief of Derry, then blockaded by the Scots, under Lord 
 Montgomery of Ardes.^ But Sir Charles Coote refused to abide by 
 the articles agreed to by his Commissioners. O'Neill next ad- 
 dressed himseff to Colonel Monk, and offered him the same terms. 
 These Monk gladly accepted, and on the 8th of May he agreed to a 
 cessation of hostilities for three months. ^ He was then at Dundalk; 
 and hearing of Inchiquin's approach, after the taking of Drogheda, 
 and of Lord Montgomery's advance from the north to join Ormonde, 
 then investing Dublin, he sent word to O'Neill, in pursuance of the 
 Articles made between them, to draw his forces together, and be in 
 readiness for his relief, as soon as the enemy drew near. O'Neill 
 replied that he was in want of ammunition ; to obtain this he marched 
 to Glasdroman, within seven miles of Dundalk. From that place he 
 sent 1,200 of his best foot and 200 horse,* under the'command of his 
 Lieutenant General Ferrall.^ They received from Monk thirty bar- 
 
 ' "There was a mighty scarcity of powder and shot, and he was destitute ot' all human 
 way to come by it." Apkor. Disc, vol. ii. p. 41. 
 
 2 Hugh, Viscount Montgomery of Ardes, had been appointed by the Parliament com- 
 mander of the horse in Ulster, lie was taken prisoner at IJcnburb, but released boon alter, 
 in exchange for the Earl of Westmeath. In the Carte M.S.S. there is a letter (-f Owen Koe 
 to Charles I., declining to obey the order of his Majesty " for the enlargement of so notorious 
 a rebel." See Rev. C. P. Meehan's Fli};ht of the Earls, p. 499; Dublin, 1870. 
 
 3 The Perfect Diurnal of August 15th, 1649 gives " The reasons reducing Colonel Monk 
 to make a cessation with Owen Roe O'Neill, and the Articles agreed on between them." 
 
 * Cox says 500 foot and 300 horse ; ILb. AngL, Reign of Charles II., p. 4. 
 
 6 Ferrall had come from Flanders in 1643 ; he and Henry O'Neill, Owen Roe's son, 
 landed at Wexford with a few officers and arms for one troop of horse. He was the trusted 
 friend of Owen Roe. See O^Cownox^ J-/ istory of the Irish Briq-ti</es, p. 44; Dublin, 1855 
 Tht author of the Aphor, Disc, always speaks in the highest terms of O'Farrell's bravery and 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 9 
 
 re'.s of powder, with match and bullets in proportion. Inchiquin had 
 intelligence of the movements of the convoy, and sent six troops of 
 horse, under Colonel Trevor, to intercept it. They met on an open 
 road. The escort was totally routed. Farrall, with about thirty 
 horse, escaped by flight ; the infantry were nearly all cut to pieces, 
 not abcn-e forty of them escaping. F'rom some of the prisoners 
 Inchiquin learned the weak condition of Uundalk, Two days later 
 he invested the town. The garrison forced Monk to surrender. The 
 greater number jof them joined Inchiquin ; "the soldiers ran over the 
 trenches to him, swearing deep oaths that they would not engage with 
 Monk, who had entered into a confederacy with Owen Roe, the head 
 of the native Irish." A few days after Trim surrendered, owing to 
 the treachery of Captain Martain ; the garrison here too joined 
 Inchiquin. 
 
 O'Neill marched to Clones. There an express reached him from 
 Sir Charles Coote, informing him that Dcrry was still closely besieged 
 by the Scots, under Lord Montgomery, and the garrison reduced almost 
 to extremities, and accepting his former proposals, on condition that 
 he would raise the seige. O'Neill set off at the head of his army and 
 came to Ballykelly. The Scots, hearing of his approach, retired from 
 before the town, and posted away at full speed, by day and night, till 
 they crossed the Bann and reached their own country. lie encamped 
 before the town, on the Tyrone side of the river. Coote came to 
 return him thanks, and invited him and his chief officers into the town, 
 and entertained them sumptuously. 
 
 Though the treaty saved Derry, it did not prevent a spirit of 
 distrust from spreading throughout the Parliamentary army. By 
 many it was pronounced an apostasy from the principles for which they 
 had fought. The horrors of the massacre of 1641' were once more 
 recalled to mind, and the resolution taken to avenge the blood shed 
 by the Irish. To appease the growing discontent, the Parliament at 
 first deferred the ratifying of the treaty ; but the clamor growing 
 louder, it feigned great indignation. O'Neill, finding the cessation 
 would not be renewed, sent an agent to London, proposing to submit 
 with his army to the Commonwealth, if they obtained indemnity for 
 the past, and an assurance of their religion and estates for the fu- 
 ture. His agent was asked by the "grandees" "why he applied to 
 them and refused to treat with Ormonde." He replied, " because the 
 late King had always made them fair promises ; but when they had 
 done him service, and he could make better terms with their enemies, 
 he had always been ready to sacrifice them." "Why, then, did he 
 not apply to the Parliament sooner .? " " ]3ecause the men in power 
 then had sworn to extirpate them ; but those in power now professed 
 toleration and liberty of conscience." His conditions were refused. 
 Monk was recalled from Ireland, displaced, and for some time im- 
 prisoned. " He was brought before the House and asked several 
 questions, which he answered at the bar of the House, touching that 
 business ; and though he gave good reasons for what he had done, and 
 pointed out the advantages which the Parliament had gained thereby, 
 yet he was told that if he escaped punishment, it was owing to his 
 
10 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 good intentions. On the loth of August, tlic Mouse declared that it 
 did disapprove of what Colonel Monk had done, in concluding a treaty 
 with the grand and bloody Irish rebel, Owen Roe O'Neill, and did 
 abhor the having anything to do with him therein. Three days later 
 the House passed the following resolution : — 
 
 Resolved, &c. — That this House doth utterly disapprove of the 
 proceedings of Colonel Monk, in the treaty and cessation made be- 
 tween him and Ov/en Roe O'Neill ; and that the innocent blood which 
 had been shed in Ireland is so fresh in the memory of this House, 
 that this House doth detest and abhor the thoughts of closing with 
 any party of Popish rebels there who have had their hands in the 
 shedding that blood. Nevertheless, the House being satisfied that 
 what the said Colonel Monk did therein was, in his apprehension, 
 necessary for the preservation of the Parliament of England's inter- 
 est, the House is content that the further consideration thereof, as to 
 him, be laid aside, and shall not at any time hereafter be called in 
 question. 
 
 The Parliament also disapproved of Coote's treaty with O'Neill, 
 though well satisfied of his diligence and integrity in preserving the 
 garrison of Londonderry. He strove to soften their anger " by re- 
 minding them that it was no new thing with the most wise God to 
 make use of wicked instruments to bring about a good "design for the 
 advancement of his glory. Yet, many were of opinion that all that 
 was done both by Sir Charles Coote and by Monk, was transacted by 
 the privity, if not consent, of the grandees in England ; but the 
 grounds to fasten this upon them could never be found, though the 
 business was narrowly searched into." The Council of State de- 
 clared Sir Kenelm Digby " a dangerous person ; " he was ordered to 
 depart the Commonwealth within twenty days, and not to return into 
 any of the dominions of England without leave of the House, under 
 pain of death and confiscation of estate. Three days later it declared 
 that all persons who had served the Parliament of England in Ireland 
 and had betrayed their trust, and had adhered, or should adhere to, 
 or aid, or assist Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late King, were 
 traitors and rebels, and ordered that their lands should be confiscated 
 and their persons proceeded against by martial law. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. H 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TIIF. nATTI.E OF haggotratii. 
 
 Ormonde's nrmy — Charles it. urged to come to Ireland — Muster of the Army — March 
 through Carlow and Kildare — Encampment before Dublin — Inchiquin takes Drogheda 
 and Trim — Dublin invested — Arrival of Reinforcements — Battle ot Baggotrath — Cause 
 of the Defeat — Ormonde's Movements — Jones' letter — Orders of the Council of State. 
 
 Okmonde next set about putting an army on foot. It was no easy- 
 task to bring together men differing in nationality and religion ; to 
 unite those who for eight years had waged a bitter war against each 
 other. The Commissioners of Trust were bound by the terms of the 
 treaty to supply him with 15,000 foot and 2,500 horse. But the prov- 
 inces, wasted by a long-continued war, plundered by friend and by 
 foe alike, could not maintain such a number. A tax of ;^"6o,ooo had 
 been assessed on the kingdom ; when the money was called for, it was 
 found that none of it had been collected. Ormonde applied to several 
 of the cities and towns for aid. These declined to obey any orders 
 of the General Asseml)ly, and granted or denied supplies as it suited 
 them. At Waterford he raised ;£y,ooo by mortgaging the King's 
 rents and customs ; ;){^5,ooo was promised by Limerick and Galway 
 on the same terms. The securities were reluctantly accepted, and 
 the money slowly paid in. 
 
 In liis distress he turned to the King for help. He earnestly be- 
 sought Charles to come to Ireland, assuring him that his presence 
 there would unite the contending parties and bring the whole nation 
 under his allegiance ; it would encourage those who were loyal ; it 
 would draw to his standard most of the Parliamentary forces; Jones' 
 men were deserting every day in considerable numbers ; perhaps 
 Jones himself would come over; even O'Neill would be reconciled, 
 since he had already, by a private messenger, given the King the 
 strongest assurances of his fidelity, and of his readiness to submit im- 
 mediately on his arrival. But he suppressed very carefully the main 
 reason why he wished the King to come. The chief power, civil and 
 military, was in tlie hands of the Commissioners of Trust ; they car- 
 ried on the govei'iiment of the country. The King's presence would, 
 of course, cause all this power to be transferred to himself, or rather, 
 seeing the yielding nature of Charles' character, to the hands of 
 Ormonde — a consummation he anxiously wished for and strove to 
 bring about by every means in his power. Charles seemed convinced 
 that it was his duty to come and take up the defence of his own 
 cause. When the Scotch commissioners attended him at the Hague, 
 he deferred giving them an answer until his arrival in Ireland. His 
 heavy baggage and his inferior servants were actually landed. But 
 three months were wasted in the vain hope of getting assistance froni 
 
 BOSTON COT.l.EGE LinilAKY 
 
12 CROMWELL W IRELAND. 
 
 the States General of the United Provinces. When he reached Jer- 
 sey, on his way to Ireland, the opportunity was lost, the time for 
 action had gone by. 
 
 Ormonde, anxious to take the field early in spring, appointed the 
 4th of March for the muster of the forces in the county of Tipperary. 
 By the beginning of May he had got together about 2,000 foot and 300 
 horse at Cashel. At their head he put Lord Castlehaven,i and bade 
 him attempt the strong places still held by O'Neill in Leinster, which 
 it would be dangerous to leave behind in the hands of the enemy when 
 the army advanced on Dublin. He captured in quick succession the 
 castles of Maryborough, Athy, and Rheban.^ Inchiquin was appointed 
 lieutenant-general of the army, and Lord Taaffe master of the ord- 
 nance. Meantime news reached him that the Laggan forces in the 
 north had risen in mutiny and bcseiged Sir Charles Coote in Derry, 
 and that Sir George Munroe, who was at the head of the Royalist 
 army in Ulster, having by the aid of the Marquis of Clanricarde re- 
 duced the Parliamentary garrisons, was on his way to join them ; that 
 Lord Montgomery and the Karl of Clanbrasil, with the officers and 
 gentlemen of Down and Antrim, had taken up arms against Monk, 
 and made themselves masters of Coleraine and all the fortresses in 
 those counties, except Lisburn, which could not hold out much longer, 
 since it was not provided with supplies for a seige. 
 
 The grand aim of Ormonde was to get hold of Dublin. The pos- 
 session of the capital, he supposed, would not only secure the King's 
 interest in Ireland, but also cause an extensive rising in his favor 
 throughout England. He appointed a general rendezvous for the whole 
 army at Clogrennan.^ At the end of May he had under his command 
 14,500 foot and 3,700 horse ; he had but four pieces of artillery. In 
 the beginning of June he put himself at the head of this army and set 
 out for Dublin. On the evening of the first day he appeared before 
 
 1 James Touchet, Earl of Castlehaven and Baron of Orier, in Ireland, Daron Audley of 
 Hilleigh, in England. His grandfather lunl received extensive grants of forfeited lands, 
 chiefly church j^roperty, from James I. in Wexford, Kildare, Tipperary, Carlow, and Cork; 
 he took his title from a small village near Castletownsend, in the county cfCork. Soon after 
 the surrender of Galway in April, 1652, he entered the service of the great Conde. He died 
 at his sister's house at Kilcash, near Clonmel, in 1684. In 16S0 he ]3ublished his Me>no:rs of 
 the Eiii^agfinent and Caj-riage of tlu Civil War of Ireimhl from 1642 to 1651. He prepared a 
 second edition of tlie work, with a dedication to James H., in whicli he says : " I lay these 
 Memoirs at your Majesty's feet, and j^ass them on my word not to contain a lie or mistake to 
 my knowledge." This was published in 16S5. See Hill's Plantation of Ulster, pp. 135 and 
 335 ; Belfast, 1877 ; and Carte's Life of Onuoiittc, vol. i. p 298. 
 
 - Rheban Castle, two mi!es north of Athy, was erected by Richard de St. Michel, who 
 pot a grant of lands here from William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, in the reign of King 
 John. This castle and Dunamaise were seized in 1325 by Lysagh O'More, and held by him 
 and his descendants long after. In 1424 it passed to Thomas Pitzgerald, later 7th earl of 
 Kildare, by his marriage with Dorothea, daughter of Anthony O'More. As it commanded a 
 ])ass over the Barrow, it was reckoned of great importance in time of war. Anthologia Hiber- 
 nica, vol. ii. p. 162 ; Dublin, 1793. 
 
 8 On the western bank of the Barrow, two miles below Carlow. The fine old castle is 
 still standing. It belonged to a junior branch of the Ormonde family. When the second 
 duke was attainted, it passed into the hands of the Rochforts, in \yhose possession it is 
 now. 
 
CROMWELL IN lUELAND. 13 
 
 Talbotstowii/ which, together with Castlctalbot,^ was within three 
 (lays siirrcnclcred to him. At Kildarc he was forced to halt for three 
 days for want of provisions. He hoped to meet Inchiquin there, who, 
 with 2,000 Munster men, was marching to join him. He purposed 
 falling on Jones, who was then with a foraging party at Johnstown. 
 Pie crossed the Liffey and encamped at Naas ; here he was joined by 
 Inchiquin and his party. A council of war was held, at Avhich it was 
 debated whether he should first take Drogheda, Trim, and the other 
 garrisons still in the hands of the Parliament, or march directly on 
 Dul:)lin and lay seige to it. The general officers were of opinion that 
 Dublin should be attempted immediately. They had secret informa- 
 tion that the city was at that moment in a very distressed state, that 
 the stock of provisions would not last ten days, that a considerable 
 part of the garrison was disaffected, and that whole companies with 
 their officers impatiently awaited his approach to desert. If Dublin 
 was taken, the other strong places would surrender immediately. If 
 time was wasted in other lesser enterprises, supplies might meanwhile 
 arrive from England, and the capture of Dublin would no longer be 
 possible. Still a want of supplies hindered his advance. Most oppor- 
 tunely, however, Lord Taaffe arrived with a sum of ;!^2,ooo, contri- 
 butecl by the province of Connaught towards the support of the army. 
 Crossing the Liffey at Lucan on the morning of June 19th, the army 
 advanced to Castleknock. Jones, the governor of Dublin, had drawn 
 his horse outside the walls. Some slight skirmishes took place 
 between these and Ormonde's outposts. On the evening of the same 
 day Ormonde drew off and encamped at Finglas, three miles to the 
 north of the city. The next day he sent a detachment to show itself 
 before the walls, in the hope that its presence might raise a tumult 
 among those within who were not well affected towards the Parlia- 
 ment. Some of the garrison deserted to him. Plaving learned that 
 Jones, distressed for want of forage for hi.s horses, had detached a part 
 of his cavalry to Drogheda, he sent Inchiquin in pursuit with a large 
 body of horse ; he surprised a whole troop, and defeated Colonel Coote 
 at the head of three hundred of their number ; the rest fled in great 
 disorder to Drogheda. He sent news of his success to Ormonde, and 
 expressed a hope that he might be allowed to follow up his advantage. 
 A council of war was held. It was agreed that Dublin was so well for- 
 tified that an attempt to take it by assault would be hopeless, that the 
 army under Ormonde's command was not sufficiently numerous to 
 invest it wholly, especially as O'Neill and Monk, with the garrisons of 
 Drogheda and Trim, threatened to fall on the lines of the besiegers ; 
 that Ormonde should continue encamped before Dublin with 5,000 
 foot and 1,500 horse, to prevent supplies from entering and to support 
 any revolt within the city ; that Inchiquin, with the same.number of 
 
 1 Talbotstown, two miles south of Baltinglass. There is no trace of the ca=tle, but the 
 site is still pointed out. 
 
 2 Castletalbot, two miles from Talbotstown ; so says Clarendon, Hist. View, p. 79. The 
 site is not known. Robert Talbot of Castletalbot was one of the Commons' Representatives 
 in the General .Assembly of the Confederate Catholics which met at Kilkenny January loth, 
 1647. Ledwich's History of Irishtown and Kilkemiv, p. 471 ; Dublin, 1804. 
 
■'4 CROMWELL ry IRELAND. 
 
 horse and 2,000 foot, aided by Colonel Mark Trevor, who had lately 
 declared for the King, should block up Drogheda. An attempt was 
 :r;ade to surprise the latter town. Two of the gates were fired : about 
 two hundred of the assailants succeeded in effecting an entrance ; but 
 they were soon repulsed with considerable loss. Two pieces of cannon 
 were sent from Dublin ; when these were planted in position, the town 
 surrendered, the garrison being allowed to march out to Dublin. Hie 
 greater number took service under Inchiquin. We have already 
 spoken of his success in preventing the supplies sent by Monk from 
 reaching O'Neill and of the capture of Dundalk. He then set out for 
 Dublin and joined Ormonde while he lay at Finglas. 
 
 Ormonde now prepared to invest Dublin on all sides, though his 
 army, consisting of 7,000 foot and 1,700 horse, was hardly sufficient to 
 carry on the seige of so extensive a city with effect. ^ He left Lord 
 Dillon^ with 2,500 men to press the seige on the north side ; with the 
 reniainder he crossed the Liffey and encamped at Rathmines, intend- 
 ing to extend his works to the east, so as to command the entrance to 
 the river and prevent any supplies coming in by that way. His con- 
 fidence in the loyalty of his men was unbounded. " That which only 
 threatens any rule to our success," he wrote, "is our wants, which 
 have been and are such that soldiers have actually starved by their 
 arms, and many of less constancy have gone home ; many of the foot 
 are weak ; yet I despair not to be able to keep them together, and to 
 reduce Dublin if good supplies of all sorts come not speedily to relieve 
 it. I am confident I can persuade one half of our army to starve out- 
 right, and I shall venture upon it rather than give up a game so fair 
 on our side and so hard to be recovered if given over." 
 
 Before he could carry out his plans, the garrison was strengthened 
 by the arrival of Colonel Venables from England, on the 22d of July, 
 with a strong body of foot ; three days later, Colonel Reynolds^ came 
 with a regiment of horse ; the next clay. Colonel Huncks,* with a still 
 larger body of horse and foot ; these reinforcements amounted to 1,600 
 foot and 600 horse. They brought word that the Parliament, consider- 
 ing the capital sufficiently protected and aware of the disaffecticm of 
 the southern towns, had sent orders to Cromwell to proceed with his 
 
 ^ " Tliis was," Ormonde says, "the largest list given by the officers. Of these I am 
 sure there were 2,000 sick and over-reckoned by the officers for gain and fear of reforming, 
 besides ilie two regiments sent to Drogheda and Trim, the army was not I am sure S,ooo 
 effective men." Carte's Collection, &c., vol. ii. p. 396. 
 
 2 I,ord Dillon, a favorite of Ormonde's was made commander of the Leinster horse in 
 1647, though he had never seen a sword drawn in a field before, and though Colonel Fierce 
 Fitzgerald MacThomas had been appointed to that ])ost by the Assembly. Aphor. Disc. vol. 
 i. p. I5y \n \\\Q. Nioiziatura, \i. 176, an account is given of his conversion and reception into 
 the church by Rinuccihi in 1646. 
 
 s Reynolds was brother-in-law of Lord Henry Cromwell. After the Irish campaign, he 
 hnd llie command of the forces sent to Dunkirk to aid Turenne and the French to take M.y- 
 dyke from the Spaniards. On his return, in December, 1657, he was lost on the Goodwin 
 Sands. 
 
 ^ The King's death-warrant was addressed to Colonels Hacker, Iluncks, and Phayre, 
 " willing and requiring ihcm to see the sentence of death executed on him the following day." 
 It was dated Jan. 29th, 1649 ; D'Aubigne's The Froteclor, p. 49 ; Edinburgh, 1S49. 
 
C MOM WELL IN IRELAND. 15 
 
 •irmy to Munstcr,^ and that he waited only for a favorable wind to set 
 sail. The following detailed account of the events that followed was 
 sent by Ormonde to the King. 
 
 " Sonic two or three d.iys before the defeat at Rathinines, we h.id it from many good 
 hands out of iMigland and from Dublin that Cromwell was at the sea-side, ready to embark 
 for this kingdom with a great army, and that his design was for Munster, where \vc wire 
 ^nrc he had intelligence, and which, if lost, not only the best ports of the kingdom woidd f.dl 
 into his hands, but his Majesty's fleet riding in them, blocked up with a mastering number of- 
 the rebels' ships, would doubtless be lost. So that if we iiad taken Dublin, which was very 
 doubtfid, and lost those parts, which it was very evident we should if he landed there, as 
 ihcy vcie then guarded, it was but an ill exchange; Init if these jjlaccs were lost and Dublin 
 H'lt gained, our army must inevitably have come to nothing, and the kingdom fallen to the 
 rebels without resistence. Tlicsc considerations at a council of war produced these rcsidts : 
 first, that the Lord Inchiquin, witli two regiments of horse,- should then immediately march 
 to secure the province of Munster; that the army should lie still where it was till Rathfain- 
 ham'^ should be taken in ; and that done, we should remove to a securer quarter at a place 
 called Di imnagh,'' not far from Rathfarnham, if after the taking of Rathfarnliam we found 
 not cause to change tliat part of our determination. The next day, or the next day but one, 
 Rathfarnliam was taken by storm ; all that were there were made prisoners ; and though five 
 hundred soldiers had entered the castle before any officers of note, yet not one creature was 
 hilled, which I tell you by tlie way, to observe the difference between our and the rebels 
 making use of a victory." 
 
 Inchiquin's departure at such a critical moment was a severe loss. 
 Ormonde now gave up all hope of carrying on the siege. He sum- 
 moned a council of war, at which he proposed to raise the siege and 
 retire to Drogheda, Trim, and the other garrisons still in the posses- 
 sion of the Royalists, and from thence endeavor to distress Dublin, 
 and make an offensive or defensive war, as occasion should offer. His 
 army was not numerous enough, and his present position was too 
 open to an attack. The Irish officers were wholly opposed to such a 
 movement ; they contended that it would be little better than a dis- 
 graceful retreat ; that the reduction of the city was not a difficult 
 task ; they need but possess themselves of the old castle of Baggo- 
 trath;^ this they could fortify sufficiently in a few hours, so as to 
 resist any attack from the city ; and from it they might advance their 
 works eastwards towards the River Liffey, without hindrance, and 
 seize on the meadows near it, which was the sole pasturage left for 
 the horses of the garrison. 
 
 1 One of Ormonde's spies wrote to \\'\m. : " I find Cromwell hath some friends in Munster, 
 nnd more he hopes to make with his money, which may work much, when it is known he has 
 it, among needy men." Aphor. Disc.., vol. ii. p. 223, appendix xvi. 
 
 - In all about i,ioo horse, according to Castlehaven, Memoirs, p. 114. 
 
 ^ Rathfarnham Castle was built bv Adam Loftus, one of the favorites of Queen Elizabeth, 
 who came tn Ireland in 1559. lie became successivelv archbishop of Armagh, archbishop o 
 I )ublin. and lord chancellnr. He died in 1605. See Lives of tJie Lord C/iamellors of Ire/aud. 
 by J. R. O'Flanagan. vol. i. p. 263 ; London, 1870 ; and T/ie Lord Chancellors of Ireland, by 
 O. ]. Rurke, R. L , p. 65 ; Dublin, 1879. 
 
 ■• This castle, still standing, is between Crumlin and Clondalkin, about tiirce miles from 
 Dublin, close to the Grand Canal. Proliably it was built by Hugh cle Hernivale, who got a 
 erant of the lands of Drimnagh and Tcreniire from Kitig John. In the reign of James L, the 
 propel ty passed, after much litigation, into the hands of Sir Adam Loftus. Lrisli Penny 
 Journal, No. 43 ; Dublin, 1841. 
 
 '" Raggotrath castle stood close to the place now occupied by Begger's-Rush barracks. 
 In 1280 Kohort P.agot obtained a grant of the manor of Rath, near Dublin ; a castle was soon 
 after erected there, which was called Raggotrath. Daltou's King yames' Army List, vol. ii. 
 p. 570; Dublin, n. d. 
 
16 CHOMWtLL J.V IHELAyi). 
 
 " It was then taken into consideration," continues Ormonde, " what was to be done, 
 and it was held necessary ihat we should possess a jjLice called Baggotrath and fortify it; 
 which, if effected, must necessarily have starved all their horses within, which, by access of 
 new forces whilst we lay at Finglass, were 1,200; and besides, that place being well fortified, 
 it was easy then to have ajiproached to the river side, that a work being cast up there, it 
 would be impossible for any further succour of men to have got into them. I should have 
 told you that we had a strong party of horse and foot left on the other side of the river, 
 which hindered their grazing that way, and hay they hail none in the town. Thereupon it 
 was ordered that my Lord of Castlehaven, General Preston, and Maj<jr-General Purcell,' 
 should view the place ; and if they found it capable of strengthening in one night's work, 
 then to cause men with materials to be sent as soon as it was dark. Accordingly, the Major- 
 General condiicteil thither 1,500 foot ; but he met with so ill guides that, thougli it was 
 within iialf a mile of our leaguer, he got not thither till a full liour before day.- I sat up my- 
 self all that night, as well to be ready to answer any falling out of the enemy as to finish my 
 despatches then ready for France. iUit as soon as day broke, I rode down to Haggotraih, 
 where I found the place itself not so strong as [ expected, nor the work at all atlvanced, 
 and strong parties ol the enemy drawn out under their works; yet tney hid themselves the 
 best they cou'd behind some houses at Lowsy Hill, and in a hollow betwixt us antl the 
 strand. Hereupon I considered whether I had best go on with the work or draw off my 
 men ; draw them ofT I could not without great danger, but by drawing near them the whole 
 army, ami doing that, their work might be as well countenanced as their retreat. Then i 
 called to me the Major-Generals of the horse and foot, Purcell and Sir W. Vaughan,^ and 
 showed them where I woidd have the horse and foot drawn, desiring them accordingly to see 
 it done, telling them and all the officers there that I was confident Jones would hazard all 
 to interrupt our work, which effected would so much annoy him. With these ordeis I left 
 them, determining to refresh myself with a little sleep for the action I expected, and in my 
 way to my tent I caused all the regiments to stand to their arms. 
 
 " It was by this time about nine of the clock, and I had not slept above rn hour, when 1 
 was awakened by volleys of shot, which I took to be much nearer me than Ikiggotrath. 
 However, before I got an hundred yards from my tent, all those I left working were beater 
 out, and the enemy had routed rnd killed Sir W. Vaughan, and after him divers parties of 
 horse drawn up in closes, into which the enemy could not come to them but through gaps 
 and in files. This was the right wing of our army ; and it was not long before I saw it 
 wholly defeated, and many of them running away towards the hills of Wicklow, where some 
 of them were bred and whither they knew the way but too well. Hereupon I went to the 
 battalia,'* consisting of my Lord Inchiqiiin's foot, commanded by Colonel Giffard, with whose 
 
 1 "The illustrious Sir Patrick Purcell, Vice-General of all Munster, noble-heartetl, and a 
 most accomplished warrior, renowned for his services in Germany agamst Sweden and 
 France under Ferdinand IH. of august memory, after the cajiture of jjimerick, was hanged, 
 his head cut off and fixed on a stake over the southern or St. John's gate of the city." ^lori- 
 son, Threnodia Iliberiio-Catholicii, p. 68; Innsbruck, 1659. "It has pleased God to deliver 
 into our hands two persons of prmcipal activity and influence in the late obstinate holding 
 out, the Bishop of Emly and General Purcell, whom we presently hanged, and have set up 
 their heads on the gates." Letter of Ireton to Lenthall, in Rev. C. P. Median's Rise ami 
 Fall of the Fj-anciscati Moitasterids, p. 362 ; Dublin, 1S77. 
 
 2 It was said that this mishap was owing to the treachery of the guides. According to 
 Taylor, History 0/ the Civil Wars of Ireland , vol. ii. p. 11 ; Edinburgh, 183 1 ; and liorlase, 
 Rebellion, p. 315, when Dr. Edmond O'Reilly, the primate, was tried some years after for 
 burning the castle of Wicklow and murdering the garrison during a cessation nf arms, he 
 pleaded in his defence that the guide hatl let! the detachment astray by his directions, and 
 his life was spared inconsequence. See also Warner's History of the Rebellion, &c., p. 467. 
 But this statement is refuted by the Most Rev. Dr. M'Carthy in his Collections of Irish 
 Church History, vol. i. p. 51 ; Dublin, iS6r. It was one of the many calumnies published 
 by Fr. P. Walsh against those who opposed him. See his History of the Remonstrance, pp. 
 583 and 689. 
 
 2 Ormonde had given him the command that same morning in his displeasure against 
 Purcell. One of the charges brought against Ormonde in the " Declaration'' of Jamestown, 
 August 1 2th, 1650, was " that Catholic commanders, instanced by the Commissioners ot 
 Trust, and therefore by his Excellency's commission receiving their command in their army, 
 as Colonel Patrick Purcell of Major-General in the army, and Colonel Pierce Fitzgerald, 
 alias MacThomas, Commissary of the Horse, were removed without the consent of the said 
 Commissioners and by no demerit of the gentlemen, and the said places given to Dan'e' 
 O'Neill, Esq., Protestant, and to Sir William Vaughan, knight, and, after his death, to Sii 
 Thomas Armstrong, both Protestants." Aphor. Disc, vol. ii, p. loi. 
 
 * Battalia, i.e. the main body of an army in array. 
 
CROMWELL nV IRELAND. 17 
 
 assistance I put tlieni into the best position I could ; and desired my brother ' and Colonel 
 Reilly to stand in a field next these fool, where I lelt them till I should either come oi 
 send them orders. How they were forced thence, or upon what occasion they charged. I 
 know not ; but I soon after perceived the enemys horse hatl gotten round and was (joing 
 through a lane, close l^y GilTard's foot, where I stood, to meet a party of foot of their own 
 that were coming up in front of us. Giffard's foot gave good fire at them and so di>oulcicd 
 them, that had not the two regiments, which for that jiurpose I left there, been forced, or liy 
 some apiicaring advantage drawn off, but had charged tliose disordered horse in the rear, it 
 is ]Hobable they had been driven over their foot; to which when they had come, they 
 rallied by them, and with them advanced against us, who by this time were environed ; 
 another parly of theirs of horse and foot being then coming behind us into the fieUl we 
 stood in, and giving fire both wa)'S at us. At this and at the running away ol Reilly's regi- 
 ment, our foot were so discouraged ttial they fought no more. On the contrary, I lieaid 
 the enemv offer them cpiarter anfl observed them inclinetl to hearken to it. 'llien, leaping 
 over a ditch, I endeavored to get to our left wing, hoping to find it form ; but they had no 
 sooner ajiDrehended and too well seen how the world went with the right wing and battalia, 
 and had most of them, horse and foot, provided for themselves. It is true that a great le- 
 serve of the enemv stood all this while facing them ; which was the reason why I drew not 
 to the assistance of the rest of the army, and that made them think themselves desperate. 
 Vet s.iinc of them I rallied ; but as I advanced a step towards the enemy, they broke away 
 behind me, even upon the sight of their own men running away, taking them for the 
 enemy." '^ 
 
 The victors were prevented from pursuing the fugitives by the 
 sudden appearance of Sir Thomas Armstrong, at the head of i,ooo 
 fresh horse, who had just come to Ormonde's aid. The battle lasted 
 but two hours ; yet 600 of Ormonde's men were slain. -^ Most of them 
 were butchered after they had laid down their arms on promise of 
 quarter, and been for ncarl}^ an hour prisoners. Some Walloons, who 
 were taken for Irishmen, were also put to the sword. Many, too, 
 were murdered after they had been brought within the walls of the 
 city. Among those who were taken prisoners were Ormonde's 
 brother, Colonel Richard Butler, his half-brother, George Mathew, 
 and Christopher, second carl of Fingal ; the last died a fortnight after 
 in the castle of Dublin, where he was confined.* 
 
 Lord Taaffe escaped across the river, and besought Lord Dillon 
 to attempt the recovery of the field with the 2,500 men under his 
 command ; but "so great was their consternation, that they could not 
 be prevailed upoii to try their fortune, or hardly to provide for their 
 own safety without confusion ; though at length they did observe the 
 Lord Lieutenant's orders, of going half to Drogheda and half to Trim, 
 to secure these garrisons." 
 
 • Ormonde lost his baggage, arms, ammunition, and money-chest 
 containing ;^4,ooo. He narrowly escaped being taken prisoner. 
 Colonel Reynolds, who had taken the Marquis' brother, threatened 
 
 1 Richard Butler, of Kilcash, made governor of the county of Waterford by the Con- 
 federates. In the army he held the rank ot lieutenant-general. 
 
 -The spot where this battle was fought is said to be the same where some three hundred ol 
 the citizens of Dublin, besides women and children, were slaughtered by the " mountaineers," 
 the O'l'oolcs and O'Byrnes, on Easter Monday, in the year 1209, since called for that reason 
 IMack Monday. For an account of this massacre see Hanmer's Chronicle of Ireland, p. 370; 
 Dublin, 1809. 
 
 ^ Ormonde admitted this number to have been slain on his sitle. See his letter to the 
 King in Carte's Collection, &c., vol. ii. p. 396. According to Pate, 3,000 were slain, and 
 2,100 common soldiers and 150 officers taken i)risoners ; iS,ooo stand of arms, with the tents, 
 provisions, guns, and baggage, fell into the hands of the enemy. See Elenchtts Motuum 
 Nuperorititi in Anglia, vol. ii. p. 22 ; London, 1663. 
 
 ^ The ApJior. Disc, says he died of mere melancholy and grief that he was ever of Or- 
 monde's party ; vol. ii. p. 46. 
 
1 8 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 to pistol him if he did not point out to him the Marquis ; he was then 
 quite near, with only a few horse. Reynolds and Captain Otwa}' 
 charged them ; but Ormonde set spurs to his horse and escaped. 
 
 Jones' utmost design was to make a sortie, to beat up the enemy's 
 quarters, and to drive them from Baggotrath. But he was led on by 
 his success step by step ; and what he intended to be merely a sortie 
 resulted in the total rout and destruction of the Royalist army.^ The 
 capital was relieved from further apprehension. By some the defeat 
 was attributed to Ormonde's incapacity, by others to his neglect. In 
 the " Declaration " of the Prelates at Jamestown, a year later, it was 
 said that "the conduct of the army was improvident and unfortunate ; 
 that nothing happened in Christianity more shameful than the disas- 
 ter at Rathmines, where his Excellency, as it seemed to ancient trav- 
 ellers and men of experience who viewed all, kept rather a mart of 
 wares, a tribunal of pleadings, or a great inn of play, drinking and 
 pleasure, than a well-ordered camp of soldiers. Some even ventured 
 to hint that treason was at work. To silence these murmurs, the 
 King sent him the garter.^ In truth the defeat did not prove that 
 the troops were deficient in courage or the commander in ability : it 
 only showed how little reliance can be placed upon a mob, no matter 
 how eager to fight, when opposed to a well-disciplined army.^ It was 
 the close of Ormonde's military career ; for his po*wer was so broken 
 that he never after ventured to meet the Parliamentary army in the 
 f^eld. 
 
 .Immediately after the battle he set off for Kilkenny. The next 
 day he came with a few horse to Ballysonan,'* a strong castle in the 
 county of Kildare, and summoned it to surrender. The governor, 
 thinking that Dublin was in the hands of the Royalists, and that their 
 army was approaching, gave up that important place without hesita- 
 tion. As soon as he reached Kilkenny, he strove to bring together 
 the shattered remnant of his army. A week after, he went to Trim 
 at the head of 300 men, all that he could rally. He summoned trt^^ps 
 from every quarter, thinking to make another attempt at the capital. 
 Few responded to his call. Hearing that Jones was besieging 
 Drogheda, he set off to relieve it. Lord Moore had defended it ably ; 
 the besiegers, hearing of Ormonde's approach, raised the siege and 
 returned to Dublin. 
 
 Soon after Ormonde wrote to Jones, asking for a list of his pris- 
 
 J Colonel Jones liath found out a fine way of gaining intelligence by sending cunning 
 beggars into Oriuontie's camp, who Ijring hinA notice of what he can oi)scive iliere also. 
 .Some soldiers that seem to run thither, are of purpose employed to gain intelligence. Crom 
 ■welTs Entbarcation \i\ Aphor. Disc, p. 224, appendi.x xvi. ; from the Carte MSS., vol. x.w. 
 p. 35 
 
 2 " \Ye. weigliing the eminence of your brother and family, and, above all, the great and 
 extraordinary services done by you for many years past and still continued in the condition 
 ot Lord Lieutenant in that our kingdom, togetiier with your singular courage and xidelity, 
 &c,'' King's warrant to make Ormonde a Knight of the Garter, in Carte's CoUcctioii, Sec, 
 vol. ii p. 394 
 
 ^ According to Clarendon, Jones' army consisted of 6,oco foot and 1,900 horse, a greater 
 force than Ormcnde had under his command. I/ist. VirLO, &c., p. 91. 
 
 *Five miles south-west of Kilcullen Bridge. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 19 
 
 oners. Jones replied : " Since I routed your army, I cannot have the 
 happiness to know wliere you arc, that I may wait on you." 
 
 On receipt of the news the Council of State ordered, " That 
 Colonel Jones' letter relating to the victory of August 6th, of the 
 forces of the city of Dublin against Ormonde's army, with the list of 
 prisoners and ammunition taken, and Captain Otway's narrative be 
 printed and published ; and that it be sent to the Lord Mayor of 
 London, and to all the ministers within his jurisdiction, who are to 
 publish the same to-morrow in their congregations ; so that there may 
 be an acknowledgement of God's goodness to the Commonwealth in 
 so seasonable a victory." P'or never was a day in Ireland like this, 
 to the confusion of the Irish and raising up of the spirits of the Eng- 
 lish and restoring their interest, which, from their first footing in 
 Ireland, was never in so low a condition as at that time, there not 
 being one considerable landing-place left for them but Dublin only, 
 and that almost losf. The Parliament, for their high and extraordi- 
 nary sense of so signal and seasonable a mercy, thought it fit and 
 their duty to set apart a time for public and solemn thanksgiving, to 
 be rendered to the Lord, the author of that mercy. And they did 
 therefore enact and ordain that Wednesday, the 29th of August, be 
 observed and kept as a day of public and holy rejoicing and thankful- 
 ness to the Lord in all churches and chapels within the Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 Jones received the thanks of Parliament. A former vote, set- 
 tling on him lands to the value of ;!^"5oo for his success at Dungan's 
 Hill,i two years before, was revived. Another vote, granting him and 
 his heirs for ever lands to the value of ;^ 1,000 for his service, was 
 now passed. Six of the best horses in Tilbury Race were ordered to 
 be chosen by the trustees for the sale of the late King's goods for 
 General Jones, as a gratuity from the House. It was ordered that 
 ;^200 be given to Captain Otway who brought the news. 
 
 Yet in spite of Jones' success at Rathmines, he was still in great 
 straits. His funds were quite exhausted ; to pay his men .he was 
 forced to levy a weekly tax off the city of Dublin. The harbor had 
 only two frigates left to protect it. Throughout the rest of Ireland 
 there were only two fortresses, Derry and Culmorc, in the hands of 
 the Parliament. 
 
 1 Near Summcrhill, in the county of Meath, where lie defeated the Confederate army 
 under the command of Preston. 3,000 foot, being deserted by tlieir own cavalry, retreated 
 to a bog, and threw down their arms. They were surrounded and cruelly put to death to a 
 man. See 77/t' Exact Relation of the f^rcal victory obtaincii against the rebels at Duiif^aus 
 J/ill, by II. M.'s forces under the command of Colonel Michael Jones, August Sth, 1647, '» 
 Rev. C. P. Meehan's Confederation of Kilkenny^ appendi.x, p. 30i> ; Dublin, 18S2. 
 
20 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 
 
 Rebellion of 1641 — The King and the Parliament— Character of the Rebellion — The Act of 
 Subscription — An Irish war popular — Lord Wharton Commander-in-Cbief — Lord 
 Forbes' Expedition — The Parliament and the Army — Lord Lisle Lord Lieutenant — 
 Inchiquin changes sides — Reinforcements for Dublin — The Cobbler of Aggavam. 
 
 On the 23d of October, 1641. the Irish of Ulster rose in rebel- 
 lion, ^ and seized on many of the strong places in the North. ^ The 
 flame spread rapidly. Two months after, all the walled towns and 
 fortresses were in the hands of the insurgents, except Derry in the 
 north ; Cork, Youghal, Kinsale and Bandon, in the south ; Dublin, 
 Drogheda, Dundalk, and the castle of Carrickfergus, in the east.^ 
 The King, who was then absent in Scotland, wrote to the parliament 
 that to it he committed the care of Ireland, and ordered provision 
 to be made for the suppression of the rebellion. By this course he 
 hoped to free himself from the su.spicion of being too faint a prosecu- 
 tor of an enemy whose insurrections it was said he had himself 
 fomented. The popular party in the parliament pretended to under- 
 stand this passage as giving them the control of the war to the 
 exclusion of the King, and interpreted it in the most unlimited sense. 
 Six months later, April 8th, 1642, he sent another message to the 
 parliament, that he intended to put himself at the head of an army 
 and go into Ireland to chastise those wicked and detestable rebels, 
 odious to God and all good men. But the leaders of the popular party 
 
 ^ "We imagine we are in no rebellion ourselves, but do really fight for our Prince in 
 defense of his royal crown and prerogative, wherein we shall continue and die to the last 
 man." Letter of Owen Roe O'Neill to Sir Robert Stewart, June iSth, 1643, in the Carte 
 MSS., vol. V. p. 272. 
 
 ^ See in Desid. Curios. Hiber., vol. ii. p. 78 ; The Heads of the Causes that 7noi>ed the 
 N^orthern Irish and the Catholics of Ireland to take arms; it is r-iprinted in Curry's Civil 
 Wars of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 371, and in Aphor. Disc, vol. i. p. 450, appendix li. Tlie nativa 
 Irish being well informed, as they thought, that they must either turn Protestants, or depart 
 the kingdom, or be hanged at their own doors, took up arms in their own defence, especially 
 in Ulster, where the six counties had been forfeited. Anderson's Koyal Genealogies, in 
 Curry, vol. i. p. 190. It was blazed abroad by the best note of Protestants that all Ireland, 
 by that time twelvemonth must either go tu church, be executed, or endure banishment or 
 exile. Aphor. Disc., vol. i. p. 12. The Catholics were urged to rebellion; and the Lords 
 justices were often heard to say, that the more there were in rebellion the more lands would 
 be forfeited. Castlehaven's Re^'iew of the Civil Wars of Ireland, p. 28. The oath of associ- 
 ation of the Catholic Confederation is given in Borlase's Rebellion, p. 95. The motto on their 
 seal was: pro deo rege et patria iiiberni vnanimes. Curry's Civil Wars, vol. i. p. 271. 
 
 ^ Though the Irish were at first a popular rout of unarmed clowns, the English durst 
 scarce peej) out of the gates of their great garrisons of Dublin and Drogheda. Queries, 
 &c. ; London, 1644, quoted in Prcndergast's Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, j), 56; 
 Dublin, 1870. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 21 
 
 hn.d already laid their plans to take the mana;:;cment of the war out of 
 his hands ; they feared the attemjot made by Strafford, some years 
 before, to rai^e an Irish army which should be not only wholly inde- 
 pendent of the parliament but entirely under the control of the King, 
 might be again renewed and their liberties endangered. They declared 
 they would consider his departure from England equivalent to a for- 
 mal abdication of the throne.^ Day by day the rebellion grew in 
 strength ; its character soon became clianged. It was no longer a 
 sudden outburst of wrath ; it was a war directed by leaders skilled in 
 warfare and supported by a nation eager to avenge centuries of wrong. 
 The King's exchequer was empty, drained by James I. to satisfy the 
 hungry cravings of his Scotch favorites. The parliament forced the 
 King to assent to a scheme, which was afterwards embodied in an 
 Act,^ for the advancing of money towards the raising and paying a 
 private army for subduing the Irish 'rebels, and offering as security 
 2,500,000 acres of forfeited Irish lands. The money should be paid 
 to a committee composed half of members of the House of Commons, 
 half of subscribers to the fund. The subscribers, or Adventurers,^ as 
 they were more commonly called, on payment of ready money, would 
 have estates allotted to them on the following terms : ;!^6oo for i,ooo 
 acres in Leinster ; £4^0, ;?{^300, and p^200 for the same quantity re- 
 spectively in Munster, Connaught and Ulster. The allotment was 
 to take place as soon as the Loi'ds and Commons in parliament as- 
 sembled should declare the rebels subdued and the war appeased and 
 ended. The King suggested that such a wholesale confiscation would 
 make the Irish desperate. This was just what the parliament wanted. 
 The army would be kept employed far away, where it could not be 
 used by the King in support of his rights. Besides, the appointment 
 both of the commander and the officers should be entirely in the 
 hands of the Adventurers ; the King had merely the signing of their 
 commissions. 
 
 An Irish war was at all times popular in England. Sir John 
 Bulstrode Whitelocke* declared that if these measures were carried 
 out, they would put an end to the long and bloody conflict foretold 
 
 ^ On the Sth of April, 1642, the Parliament declared that the King's going to Ireland 
 would be against the law, and that whosoever should assist him on his journey to Ireland 
 should be an enemy to the Commonwealth. Borlase's Rebellion, p. 70. 
 
 2 It went by the name of the Adventurer's Act, or the Act of Subscriftion. February 
 26th, 1642, " The House of Commons passed the Bill for the Adventures for Ireland : 
 That every one that won d bring in and adventme money for the reducing of Ireland 
 shojld have so many acres of the Irish Rebels' lands, proportionable to the money which 
 they brought in, and very pood bargains ; whereupon very great sums of money were 
 brought in for that service." Whitelocke, p. 54. See A DecLiration of both Houses 0/ 
 PiuliiUiient concerning tJie Affairs of Ireland ; whereunto are added twelve arguincnts to 
 promote the work of subsciption ; London, 1641, reprinted by P. 'J'raynor ; Dublin, 1S79; 
 and Account of the Carte MSS., p. 160. It received the Royal assent Marcli 19th, 1642. 
 
 ^ See the "List of the names and subscriptions of the Adventurers for lands in Ireland" 
 in the 'Crormvellian Settlement, p. 403. The number of the original Adventurers was 1,360 ; 
 the sum total subscribed by them was ^^43,406 5.s'. od. Ibid, p. 44S. 
 
 * Bulstrode Whitelocke, Esq . a member of the House, is given in the "List of Adven- 
 turers for land in Ireland." Croin. Sett. p. 405. 'I'he sum which he ventured was ;^400. 
 A namesake of his, probably a descendant, holds lands now near Corofin, in the county of 
 Clare. 
 
22 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 with SO much truth by Giraldus Cambrensis ;i another asserted that 
 it would bring in such sums as would soon bring the war to an end ; 
 that the work of Elizabeth and James I. would now be perfected ; that 
 the Irish would be rooted out by a new and overwhelming plantation 
 of English, and another Engkind would speedily be founded in Ireland. 
 
 In this way a private army of 5,000 foot and 400 horse was 
 raised.- Lord Wharton was appointed commander-in-chief and lord- 
 general for Ireland.^ This force assembled at Bristol in August, 
 1642, ready to embark for Munster ; they only waited for the signing of 
 the officers' commissions by the King, according to his promise. But 
 the Civil War having burst out when the royal standard was displayed 
 at Nottingham, the King refused to sign the commissions, fearing 
 that these forces might be employed against himself, as in fact hap- 
 pened. For being directed by the parliament to march against the 
 Royalist army, they took part in the battle of Edgehill, on the 23d of 
 October. The Aclventurers finding that the funds that they had 
 raised to conquer lands in Ireland were misused by the parliament, 
 would not risk any further subscriptions, though the measure of land 
 was enlarged to the Irish standard,"^ and afterwards doubled for any 
 one who would pay in a sum equal to a fourth of his original subscrip- 
 tion. The military part of the scheme failed. But the plan of pledge 
 ing the land in Ireland for moneys to be advanced by parliament, 
 sometimes to relieve the gasping condition of the Protestants there, 
 but oftener to carry on the war against the King in England, was 
 continually extended. The sums brought in did not answer the pur- 
 pose. In order to induce merchants and traders, foreign Protestants 
 as well as English, to embark in this speculation, the parliament 
 offered the principal sea-ports in Ireland for sale ; Limerick, with 
 12,000 acres contiguous, for ^^30,000 and a rent of £62$, payable to 
 the state; Waterford, with 15,000, at the same rate ; Galvvay, with 
 10,000, for ;^7,500 and a rent of ^520. But the offer, however 
 tempting, found no bidders. 
 
 For the next few years the Parliamentary army was kept busily 
 employed at home. All the energy its leaders could display, all the 
 
 ^ Speech at a conference between the Lords and Commons, February 13th, 1642. " The 
 Irish liave four national prophets who, speaking of the conquest of Ireland, all agree that 
 it will be stained by frequent battles, by numerous murders, and a contest continued to late 
 ages ; but in the end, a little only l)efore the Day of Judgment, they promised complete con- 
 qiest of the island to the people of England, and to have it garrisoned from sea to sea." 
 Giraldus Cambrensis, Exptii^italio JJiberiiiai, B. II. c. 34, edited by Dymock, vol. v. p. 3S5; 
 London, 1867. 
 
 - See The List of Field Officers chosen and api)ointed for the Irish expeilition by the 
 Council, Guildhall, London, for the regiments of 5.000 foot and sot) horse, under the com- 
 mand of Philip, Lord What ton. Baron of Scarborough, Lord-General of Ireland, first jnib- 
 lished in 1642, and reprinted by Ilotten ; London, 1863. Among the names on the roll of 
 the officers is that of ensign Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 ^ Wharton, lliough a firm adherent of the Parliament during the Civil War and a per- 
 sonal friend of Cromwell, was not one of the Adventurers ; but Dame Philadelphia, his 
 mother, appears in the list as a subscriber of /^2oo. Besides, by right of his wife, he was 
 entitled to the joint adventure of John and Robert Goodwin, members of the Long Parlia- 
 ment, for j^6oo, as she was their heiress. See "The Case of lord Wharton," in Account of 
 the Carle A/SS., p. 160. 
 
 * 100 acres Irish measure are very nearly equivalent to 162 English. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 23 
 
 resources they could couiniand, were needed to make front against 
 the bravery of the Cavaliers. "Their votes," says Hume, " breathed 
 nothing but death and destruction to the Irish rebels ; but no forces 
 were sent, and little money was remitted." A few buccaneering ex- 
 peditions from time to time visited the coast of Munster, like that 
 which was headed by Lord Forbes in 1642. He set sail with si.\ 
 ships and 1,200 men. These, too, had been raised under an ordinance 
 of the House of Commons, which accepted the proposal of certain 
 adventurers to equip a force at their own expense ; the outlay to be 
 repaid by the confiscated lands of the Irish. He landed at Kinsalc 
 and laid waste the surrounding country. The people took up arms 
 and obliged him to raise anchor. He next landed at Galway, got 
 possession of the abbey, dug up the graves, and burnt the coffins and 
 bones of the dead, and required the citizens to sign " a submission, 
 expressing their belief that there was no other means of saving them 
 from extirjiation and banishment." He next sailed up the Shannon, 
 and spoiled the mansions on the riverside. He seized on Ikmratty, a 
 castle belonging to the Earl of Thomond, and left in it a garrison to 
 hold it for the Parliament.^ 
 
 In the beginning of 1647, the Presbyterian leaders were anxious 
 to get rid of the army. The support of an army of between 20,000 
 and 30,000 men was a heavy burden. They strove to disguise their 
 real motives under the pretense of the national advantage, "for it was 
 observed by some that a victorious army out of employment is very 
 inclinable to assume power over their principals ; and this occasioned 
 the parliament's greater care for their employment in Ireland." Be- 
 sides, such a large force had ceased to be any longer necessary, now 
 that royalty was subdued. It was agreed that 12,000 men should be 
 employed in Ireland ; those only should be sent who volunteered for 
 that service : the remainder should be disbanded. The proposal to 
 go encounter the Irish rebels was not very acceptable to them. They 
 demanded their arrears of pay, and forty weeks' pay for the liorse 
 and eighteen for the foot ; indemnity for acts done in war, and a clear 
 discharge according to contract, no service in Ireland except under 
 known commanders. A letter was presented to the House on behalf 
 of eight regiments of the army of horse, wherein they expressed 
 "some reasons why they could not engage in the service of Ireland 
 under the present conduct, till they were satisfied in their expecta- 
 tions and their first desires granted." Extra pay was offered to 
 tliem. About two hundred of Sir Thomas I'airfax's officers met the 
 Commissioners from the Derby House Committee.^ The encouraging 
 \'otes of the House were communicated to them, as two months' j^ay 
 at present and a month's on shipboard, and other particulars. The 
 
 1 Li/c of Ormonde, vol. i. p. 346 ; Hardiman's History of Gahvay, p. I17 ; Dublin, 1820; 
 Ilngli Peters was Lord Forbes' chaplain during his expedition, and his lordship was much 
 puided by his advice. Life of Or?iio7ide, vol. i. p. 347. No mention is made of this expedi- 
 tion ill Admiral Yoxhts^ Earls of Griiiiard ; London, 1S6S. 
 
 - So cnllcd from the place where it first mel. It was superseded by the Council of 
 State, consisting of 38 memliers. whicli was ajjpoiiited February 14th, 1649. This too held 
 its meetings for a time at Derby I Inuse ; but towards the end of May it removed to Whitehall. 
 Doj/iesiic Shite Papers (1649-50), preface xv. 
 
24 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 officers desired to know what answer was given to their former desires 
 of a general. It was answered that Major-General Skippen was voted 
 general.^ They replied that he had written to the House' desiring to 
 be excused. The officers with much civility, yet much affection, cried : 
 "A Fairfax or a Cromwell." These they had experience of, and their 
 conduct had been so blessed of heaven, that they should be encour- 
 aged much for Ireland, if that were declared. It was answered that 
 they came to speak and to treat with those who would go under whom- 
 soever the parliament should appoint ; others were at liberty to stay 
 at home. About 12,000 enrolled themselves on this condition, but 
 parliament refused its consent. 
 
 In the spring of this year Colonel Castle's regiment was sent to the 
 aid of Ormonde. He was followed by Colonel Hungerford's regiment 
 and Colonel Long's. The Commissioners, who arrived in June, to 
 take possession of Dublin and the other fortresses betrayed to them 
 by Ormonde,'^ brought with them 1,400 foot and 600 horse. By the 
 end of that year both King and Parliament were subdued. Cromwell's 
 first step was to make the army completely his own. The following 
 written perhaps at his suggestion, will show what his plans were : 
 
 It is a great pity tlie militia of this country sliould be disbanded. We hear of 
 some overtures made by the army for engaging them and all the supernumeraries 
 of the kingdom. The service will be gallant, and the design superlative ; and if 
 old Noll, or any man of gallantry and fidelity do accept of that brigade, he cannot 
 want men or money. 
 
 When the hopes of the Royalists were extinguished by the death 
 of the King and the banishment of the Stuart dynasty, the leaders of 
 the Parliamentary party could turn their whole attention to the affairs 
 of Ireland, and proceed vigorously against those whom they styled 
 the Irish rebels. When it was known that Charles II. had been pro- 
 claimed King in Ireland, and that the whole population had rallied in 
 support of the royal cause under Ormonde's standard, it was resolved 
 that he should be attacked in his last stronghold. Religious hatred 
 was employed to stir up those who were callous to other motives. 
 The following extract from a political pamphlet of the time will show 
 the sentiments of the Puritans towards the Irish Catholics : 
 
 A word of Ireland : not of the nation universally, nor of any man in it 
 that hath so much as one hair of Christianity or humanity growing on his head or 
 beard, but only of the truculent cut-throats, and such as shall take up arms in their 
 defence. 
 
 These Irish, anciently called Anthropophagi (man-eaters), have a tradition 
 among them, that when the devil showed our Saviour all the kingdoms of llie earth 
 and their glory he would not show him Ireland, but reserved it for himself. It is 
 most probably true, for he hath kept it ever since for his own peculiar aim ; the old 
 
 ^ April 2cl, 1647, the House voted that tlie Commander iii-Cliicf of tlie Forces in Ire- 
 land should be styled hiekl-Marshal and allowetl £G per diem, and appointed Major-General 
 Skippen to be Field-Marsiial, and Colonel Massey l.ieutenantGeneral of the Horse under 
 him. Whitelocke, p. 246. 
 
 'lie handed over to tlie Parliament T~>ublin, Droglieda, Trim, Naas, and tlie other gar- 
 risons then heUl by him in Ireland, June 7lh ; on liie 25tli of July lie delivered up the rega- 
 lia. Cox's ////'. Aii^l., vol. i. p. 93. Jones took possession of the castle of Dublin for the 
 Parliament. Curry, vol. i. p. 385. See Appeudi.v i. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 25 
 
 fox foresaw that it would eclipse the glory of the rest ; he thought it wisdom to keep 
 it for a i)oggards for himself and all iiis unclean spirits emi)loyod in this hemisphere, 
 and the people to do his son and heir — I mean the I'ope — that service for what 
 Louis XI. kept his barber Oliver, which makes them to be so blood-thirsty. They 
 are the very offal of men, dregs of mankind, reproach of Christendom, the bots that 
 crd'wl on the beast's tail. I wonder Rome itself is not ashamed of them. 
 
 1 beg upon my hands and knees that the expedition against them maybe under- 
 taken whilst the hearts and hands of our soldiery are hot. To whom I will be bold 
 to say briefly: Happy is he who shall reward them as they have served us: and 
 cursed is he that shall do the work of the Lord negligently. Cursed be he that 
 holdeth back his sword from blood ; yea, cursed be he that maketh not his sword 
 stark drunk with Irish blood, that maketh them not heaps on heaps, and their coun- 
 try a dwelling place for dragons, an astonishment to nations. Let not that eye look 
 for pity, nor that hand be spared that pities or spares them. And let him be ac- 
 cursed that curseth them not bitterly. 
 
 The general insurrection that took place the following year, the 
 revolt of the navy, and the rising of the Scots so obstructed the coun- 
 sels of the Parliament that little u^as done towards the relief of 
 Ireland. The sending over of Lord Lisle as Lord Lieutenant helped 
 to alienate Inchiquin, one of the most active and unscrupulous parti- 
 sans of the Parliament. In a fit of jealous disappointment he made 
 overtures to the Royalist party, and brought over to them all the 
 Munster garrisons. 
 
20 C'JiOMWEI.L IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CROMWELL GENERAL. 
 
 The Army for Ireland — The Lord Lieutenant — Waller and Lambert — Cromwell ap- 
 pointed— Officers' Petition — 12,000 men to be sent to Ireland — Committee to jjiovide 
 Ships — Cromwell Commandtr-in-Chief. His Humility — Committee for the Affairs of 
 Ireland — Provision for the forces — Conference with the Common Council of London — 
 ;[^" 1 20,000 atlvanced for the Service of Ireland — Casting of Lots — The Regiments for 
 Ireland — The (Jeneral's Order. 
 
 Early in 1649 news reached Ireland, that "great preparations 
 were making in England forthwith to send a great fleet and army for 
 Ireland, which, it was said, should be commanded by Cromwell." 
 There were many who ambitioned the post of Eord Lieutenant.^ 
 Waller'-^ and Lambert*^ were the chief candidates for public favor. It 
 was a question whether the Presbyterians or the Independents should 
 have the upperhand. The former supported the claims of Waller ; 
 the latter, headed by Cromwell, insisted that the chief command 
 should be given to Lambert, who already held the second place in 
 the army. He was known to be as much opposed to Presbyterianism 
 as to royalty. Put Cromwell was jealous of Lambert ; he thought 
 the government of Ireland and the command of such an army as 
 would be needed there, too great a trust for him. Therefore some of 
 Cromwell's friends, who were always ready at hand in such emergen- 
 cies, on a sudden proposed that Cromwell should command the expe- 
 dition. Cromwell was absent when the proposal was made. The 
 Presbyterian party thought it was only a trick to defer the service, 
 and that he had no intention of going to Ireland, or if he did go, his 
 absence from England would give them all they wished for; they 
 
 ' " The government of Ireland is administered sometimes bv a single person in the nature 
 of a viceroy; sometimes by two or three jjcrsons called Loid Justices, who dciue their 
 authority by commission, s(jmctimes from tlie Viceroy, sometimes Imm the Crown. The 
 chief governors in the early ag.s have been called by divers names, as C'ustos, jLidiciary, 
 Lord Lieutenant, and Lord Deputy." Ware's Antiquities of I)\Liiid, vol. ii. p. 89. From 
 the close of the twelfth century the governor of the Anglo-Norman colony in Ireland was 
 called Chief Justiciary, a title applied in England to tUe chief officer of the King's court. 
 The title of Lord-Lieutenant seems to have been reserved for court favorites or persons of 
 acknowledged eminence. Cromwell's predecessors in that dignity were the Larls of Leices- 
 ter and Strafford, Lord Motmtjny; and llic Lail of Essex. Ware gives the tides burne by 
 each of the chief governors. Ihid. 
 
 ^ He was one of the lead rs of the Presbvterian partv in the House of Commons, and 
 had distinguished himself in the early part of the Civil \Var. He retired from tlie House 
 in June, 1647, when the eleven niembe s were impeached by the army. 
 
 ^ Lambert had distim',iiished himself bv his braverv, es;.ecially at Na'-ehy and Fife. 
 He was. of all the officers in tbe army, sc.ond t > Cromwell in C'lurage, prudence and c:ii;.ac- 
 ity. Cromwell regarded him with a jealous eve ; and unon his refusal to take the oaih to 
 be faithful to the Government, dejjrived him of his commis^i'ln, but granted him a pension 
 of ^2,000, more through jjrudence th m generosity ; f'>r he k^rw that such a man as Lam- 
 bert, rendered desperate by povertv, would be capable of anything. Grainger's Biographral 
 History, vol. iii. p. 18 ; London, 1769. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 27 
 
 OLIVER CROMWELL. 
 
28 CROMWELL jy IRELAND. 
 
 should be able to regain to their party Fairfax, who had already begun 
 to show a dislike to his new friends. And so both parties agreed, and 
 Cromwell was declared Lord Lieutenant, with as ample and inde- 
 pendent a commission as could be prepared. 
 
 Feb. 19th. — At a Council of the army holden at Whitehall, there were voted 
 10,000 men to go over into Ireland, amongst which the Lieutenant-General Crom- 
 well's own regiment is one; by which it is probable he may command in chief. 
 Some regiments are already drawing northward.' 
 
 March 2d. — The House being informed that there were several officers of 
 the army at the door, they were called in, and Colonel Whaley told Mr. Speaker 
 that the General Council of the officers of the army had sent these gentlemen to 
 present the House with this petition. . . . That it is their desire that the House 
 would take it into their serious, effectual, and speedy consideration. . . . That the 
 sad and distressed condition of Ireland may be immediately considered ; and, ere 
 it is too late, such seasonable supplies sent thither as may require the Englisli power 
 and interest; for which work we humbly offer and earnestly desire that sucli forces 
 as are already raised and can be spared, which we conceive will be, with some little 
 addition, a considerable strength, may be forthwith appointed for that service, with 
 some equal provision for maintenance as the forces here shall have provided, and 
 under such conduct and conditions as may encourage faithful men for that employ- 
 ment; by which means you will probably in a great measure secure this nation, in 
 fact ease the people of their pressure, and, by the blessing of God, recover that 
 kingdom out of the hands of the rebels. Upon the reading of the petition, the 
 Commons voted. That the matters contained in the said Petition ... be taken 
 into immediate consideration ; that Mr. Speaker do return thanks to the Petitioners. 
 . . . The House ordered that it should be referred to a Council of State to consider 
 of that business concerning Ireland.* 
 
 March 3d. — Lieutenant-General Cromwell, Sir Henry Mildmay, Sir Henry 
 Vane, Sir Arthur Hesilrigge, Colonel Jones, Colonel Martin, Colonel Walton, Mr. 
 Scott, and Mr. Robinson to be a committee to consider the order of March 2d, 
 concerning the forces in England and- Wales, and which are fit for service in 
 Ireland. 
 
 March 5th, — That 12,000 horse and foot must be sent to Ireland ... to 
 suggest to (he House that the ;^2o,ooo a month tax be continued for the Irish army. 
 
 March 9th. — Order in parliament, referring it to the Council of .State to con- 
 fer with the Army Committee how the forces that are to go to Ireland maybe 
 modelled for the best advantage. 
 
 March 9th. — The Council of State to the Lord-General: Parliament has 
 this day ordered 12,000 men to be sent to' Ireland ; equal provision to be made for 
 them as for these here; and have referred the care of this business to us. We 
 desire you to call together your Council of War, and to consider what regiments 
 shall go thither of horse, foot, and dragoons,^ and under what commander. 
 . March 12th. — Lieutenant-General Cromwell, Sir Henry Mildmay, Mr. Hol- 
 
 land, Colonel Walton, to be a committee to consult the Navy Commissioners, as to 
 which ships out of the eight ordered may be soonest made ready; how sufficient 
 shipping may be sent to Chester and Liverpool. They are to certify how many ships, 
 and of what burden will suffice, and at what rates, and how they may be had. 
 
 March 13th. — A committee of the Council was apjjointed to report to the 
 House that the Lord-General and his Council of War have been consulted with 
 about the modelling of the forces for Ireland, in pursuance of the order of the 9th 
 
 ' T/te Kingdom'' s Faithful and Impaitial Scout, Feb. i6ll\ lo 23d; in Crotmvelliana, p. 52. 
 
 2 Per fee'. Diurnal, Fel). 27th to March 3d. The duties of the Council of State were : 
 Tst, to command and settle the Militia of Lngland and Ireland ; 2d, to set forth such a^ 
 Navy as they should think fit ; 3d, to appoint magazines and stores and to dispone of them ;' 
 4th, to sit and execute the powers given them for a year, Whitelocke, p. 376. 
 
 ^ " Dragoon, a kind of soldier that serves indifferently cither on foot or on horseback." 
 Johnson. According to Merrick, they were so called not after the draconarii of the Romans, 
 but because they carried a short blunderbuss having a dragon's head at its muzzle. Jnqui>y 
 into Ancient Armour ; in glossary ad verb. ; London, 1S42. 
 
CROMWELL ly IRELAND. 29 
 
 of Marcli ; and tliat lie tliinks notliing can lie done until tlie Commander-in-chief is 
 nominatet'. The Council wishes to know the pleasure of the House concerning his 
 nomination, which being determined, the rest will proceed with more expedition. 
 
 March 14th. — 'Report was made to the House from the Council of State as to 
 the proceedings in order to the sending of forces for Ireland. And upon debate, 
 the House referred it to the Council of State to nominate a (General and other chief 
 officers for Ireland, and to report with speed to the House, that the work may be 
 hastened, of which there is great need. 
 
 March 15th. — The Council of State upon the business of Ireland : Licutenant- 
 General Cromwell is by them in nomination to be General for Ireland ; and in order 
 to this also, at a General Council of the Army at Whitehall it was resolved upon, 
 that the business of Ireland cannot be well taken into consideration before the 
 Commander-in-chief be nominated and other arrangements propounded, which are 
 under debate by the Council of State to be reported to the House. 
 
 March 23d. — This day the committee of officers appointed by the Genera! 
 Council of the Army sat at Whitehall. They named some officers to propose some 
 particulars for the encouragement of those who shall engage for Ireland by present 
 pav, provisions, stating of accounts, (S:c., and resolved, That so many regiments as 
 shall be designed of the army for that service shall be drawn by lot. 
 
 The Council of the Army met again, and named two officers of every regiment 
 of horse and foot of the army and divers garrisons of the kingdom, to meet the ne.xt 
 morning to seek God, to gather what advice to offer to the CJeneral concerning the 
 expedition for Ireland, and to make a report to the Council on Monday next by 
 three of the clock in the afternoon. The Lieutenant-General Cromwell is to give 
 in his answer to the Council of State on Tuesday next (March 27th) whether he 
 will go for Ireland or not. 
 
 On Easterday (March 25th), the army had a day of humiliation and fast for 
 their future undertakings, especially concerning Ireland. Peters ' performed his 
 old office of blowing the trumpet, and told them that he hoped none of them would 
 refuse to go into Ireland. Yet ihcy could not but go witii more cheerfulness when 
 they Igiew that they had a particular call from God, which he promised them within 
 three days, 
 
 March 26th. — The General Council of the Army sat at Whitehall, and had 
 before them the debate of several particulars for the better encouragement of those 
 as shall engage for the service of Ireland; the particulars agreed on are many, and 
 which are to be rendered to the parliament for confirmation. 
 
 The following test to be taken by Colonel Tuthill and all the officers going to 
 Ireland : "To be faithful to the Commonwealth, without King or House 01 Peers, 
 to obey the orders of parliament, or his superiors appointed thereby, to do nothing 
 to prejudice the Commonwealth, and to discover any conspiracies against it." A 
 week later, an order was issued to Colonels Tuthill and Reynolds to offer this test 
 to every jirivate soldier of their respective regiments, those not taking the test to 
 be discharged. 
 
 March 27th. — Lieutenant-General Cromwell having intimated his willingness 
 to serve the parliament in the war of Ireland, care being had for necessaries for the 
 army, as money, &c. ; they considered of that peculiar war in several tilings, and 
 did vote, among other things, some money for the faithful and valiant Governor of 
 Dublin. 
 
 March 28. — Lieutenant-General Cromwell this day was, by the House of 
 Commons, voted General for Ireland, and declared to the House his acceptance to 
 go for that service; and for the better supply of that service, several things were 
 debated to this purpose: — i'^. That Lieutenant-General Cromwell shall go Com- 
 mander-in-chief of the forces for Ireland. 2°. That such regiments as shall be 
 
 ' Peters in early life was expelled from Cambridge for irregular behavior. He after- 
 wards took to the stage, and there acquired the habit ot" buffoonery which he practiced later 
 in the pulpit. Being obliged to fly Irom England, he went to Rotterdam, and became pastor 
 of the English church there. He was one of the first to justify rebellion. The Sunday after 
 the trial of Charles I. began, he preached at Whitehall and " s])ake old Simeon's words, 
 that he had seen his salvation, that is, Kings in fetters and IMnces in chains." Carte's 
 Collection, &c., vol. i. p. 212. He was executed in 1660 with other regicides. See T/ie Trial 
 ofthiKfgicides, p. 149: London, 1724; Ludlow's Memoirs, pp. 30S and 3C7. 
 
30 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 allotted for the Irish service may have all their arrears audited, stated, and deben- 
 tures given for their respective services. 3°. Visible security to be given, so that 
 any friend or other, being entrusted with a debenture, may receive it at a time pre- 
 scribed by the parliament. 4°. Those that go for Ireland to be first satisfied for 
 their arrears since 1645. 5°. That out of the ^120,000 per mensem for England 
 and Ireland, three months' pay shall be given for those that go. 6*^. The private 
 soldiers and non-commissioned officers to receive two months' pay of arrears, 
 and commissioned officers under captains one montli's pay. 7'^. That magazines 
 for provisions be settled at Bristol, Chester, Liverpool, Beaumaris, and Alilford. 
 And that in order to the latter and for the better victualling of tlie ships, as 
 occasion requires, that the chief officers of the respective towns and garrisons of 
 Bristol, Chester, Liverpool, Beaumaris, the Isle of Anglesea, and Milford in Soiitli 
 Wales, shall ol)serve such orders and commantls as they shall receive from the sai I 
 chief commander. 8'^. A sufficient squadron of ships to be on the Irish coasts, to 
 be at the .command of the Commander-in-chief of the land forces in Ireland. 9'^. 
 The ships to be victualled at Dublin, Liverpool, and Beaumaris; and a Court of 
 Admiralty to be erected at Dublin, to prevent their coming into England to dispose 
 of prizes and so neglect the service. 10°. The pay of the officers and soldiers to 
 be according to the Irish establishment, only the officers to receive for the present 
 the same pay as here. 1 1°. An hospital for sick and maimed soldiers to be erected 
 at Dublin. 12°. The parliament's forces already in Ireland, and tliose now to go 
 over, to be one army and one establishment. 13°. 5,000 quarters of bread-corn, 
 200 tons of salt, and 200 tons of cheese, to be transported with those wlio now go 
 over. 14°. A competent train of artillery, with arms for both horse and foot, ammu- 
 nition and other things necessary, to be provided for that service. 15'^. That 
 effectual care be taken to send over recruits of men and horse, with furniture com- 
 plete, as occasion requires. 16°. That there be recruits of horse, foot, arms, saddles, 
 &c., ready to supply the service of Ireland, to be sent over as need shall require. 
 The whole was referred to the Council of State for some small amendments. The 
 House ordered money to be advanced to Colonel Jones, Governor of Dublin. 
 
 The next day Cromwell appeared in the House full of confusion 
 and irresolution. After much hesitation and many expressions of his 
 own unworthiness and disability to support so great a charge, and of 
 the entire resignation of himself to their commands, and absolute de- 
 pendence upon God's providence and blessing, from which he had 
 received many instances of His favor, he submitted to their good will 
 and pleasure, and desired them that no more time might be lost in 
 the preparations which were to be made for so great a work. " For 
 he did confess that kingdom to be reduced to so great straits that he 
 was willing to engage his own person in the expedition, purely for 
 the difficulties which appeared in it, and more out of hope, with the 
 hazard of his life, to give some obstruction to the success which the 
 rebels were at present exalted with, and so preserve to the Common- 
 wealth some footing in that kingdom till they might be able to send 
 fresh supplies, than out of any expectation that with his strength he 
 should be able in any signal degree, to prevail over them.^ 
 
 ' Clarendon's History of the Nebellion, vol. iii. p. 322; Echard's ///.fi'o;^ of EitglattJ 
 vol. ii. p. 672 ; London, 1718. Cronuvell was unwilling to accept tlie office, as it lessened 
 the authority of his General. He acquaints him with it and assures him that he will never 
 accept of it, though threatened with the greatest punishment if he do not comply, or tendered 
 the highest reward if he do. My this little instance Fairfax perceived how much more de- 
 serving Cromwell was than himself, whom he before knew to be no way liis inferior ; and 
 at the same time he vied in kindness, and showed that he deserved well of his country by 
 refusing the charge, and assigned it wholly to Cromwell. Peck's Mcvioirs oj O. Crovnvell, 
 p. 44 ; London, 1740. Cromwell was made General-in-chief of all the forces June 26th, 
 1650, Fairfax having resigned, being unwilling to march with the army into Scotland. _ Lnd- 
 low's Memoirs^ p, 122. His friend Godwin used to say that it was one of the peculiarities' 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. ?l 
 
 IVIarcli 3otli. — ITiion rcjioit from tlic Council of State, that Lieutenant-Gcneral 
 Cromwell accepted of the service of Ireland, and vvoidd endeavor to the utmost of 
 his power, with (Jod's assistance, to carry on that work against the rebels and all 
 tliat adhere to them, the House did approve of Lieutenant-General .Cromwell to be 
 Commander-in-chief of all the forces sent to Ireland • and to take off any reflection 
 on the Cicneral (Fairfax), or dislike to him, it was also voted, That the I^ord Fair- 
 lax be general of all the forces of tlie parliament both in England and Ireland." 
 
 March 31st. — By order of the Council of State, Sir William Armayne, Sir 
 [Tenry A'ane, Lieutenant-General Cromwell, Sir John Danvers, Mr. Scott, and Col- 
 Miiel Jones to be a committee for the civil and military affairs of Ireland, with power 
 to advise with Sir Robert King, Colonel Mill, Sir Ilardress Waller, and others. 
 
 April iith. — This day the Council of State made report to the House of 
 r.ieir jirocccdings, and further propositions agreed on as to the forces that shall go 
 to Ireland. 
 
 Resolved by the Commons assembled in parliament : 1°. That effectual pro- 
 vision be made for maimed soldiers during their lives, and for the widows and 
 orphans of such as shall be slain in the service; and tiiat for the present one or 
 more hospitals be appointed and prepared at Dublin, or elsewhere, for the recovery 
 of sick and lame soldiers. 2°. That such backs, breasts, and pots ' as shall be 
 wanting, shall be provided for every trooj)er who shall be employed in the service, 
 and these to be transjiorted to sucii places as the Commander-in-chief shall direct. 
 3°. That it be referred to the Council of .State to treat with the officers of the forces 
 that are to go into Ireland, upon what terms the arms, horse, and furniture to 
 be provided may be continued and maintained. 4". That it be referred to the 
 Council of .State to confer with the said officers of the said army touching the send- 
 ing over recruits of horse and men, &c., for the forces on the service of Ireland as 
 occasion may require. 
 
 It was also informed that the army are upon so good a way of forwardness for 
 the advance of the service of Ireland, as that this day the officers of the army were 
 appointed to meet about the casting of lots which regiments shall engage in that 
 service. 
 
 April 1 2th. — A report was this day made from the Council of State of the 
 necessity to advance a speedy and considerable sum for the service of Ireland. The 
 House upon debate voted. That the sum of ^120,000 should be borrowed of the 
 City of London for the service ; and for the si)eedy affecting thereof, they elected a 
 committee, consisting of Sir Flenry Vane, Lieutenant-General Cromwell, &c., to go 
 to the Common Council of the City, to treat with them for borrowing the sum of 
 ^"120,000 upon security of the two last months' assessments of the _^9,ooo per men- 
 sum, and meet with the said Common Council this afternoon ; and that ten members 
 more should be added to the said Committee. 
 
 Those who were appointed to go to the Common Council about tlie furnishing 
 ^120,000 came to Guildhall. The first that spoke was Mr. Lisle ; after him Mr. 
 Whitelocke, who ver)- notably urged the accommodating the parliament with the 
 sum a]jpointed for the service of Ireland. After whom the Lord Chief liaron Wilde 
 did press the same with many arguments ; and, among others, he rightly distin- 
 guished the state of the war in that kingdom, as being not between Protestant and 
 J'rolcstant, or Independent and Presbyterian, but Pajfist and Protestant, and that 
 was the interest there ; Papacy or Popery being not to be endured in that kingdom, 
 which notaltly agreed with the maxim of King James, when first King of the three 
 Kingdoms : " Plant Ireland with Puritans, and root out Papists, and then secure it." 
 The last that spake was the Lieutenant-General, who first excused himself as de- 
 signed for that service, and' so might be thought to seek himself; after he cleared 
 up divers things by wav of satisfaction, and particularly these : 1°. Whereas it was 
 reported money would be endeavored, and then nothing done for Ireland. 2°. That 
 it was said the army would not go. Both which he asserted were false, and that the 
 
 of Cromwell's frame, whether the causes were bodily or mental, that he always had tears at 
 cummand. History of tlie Conimonuiealth, vol. ii. p. 360; London, 1824. • 
 
 1 'I'lie cuirass, originally of leather; as the name imports, but later of iron, covered the 
 body hiith before and behind ; it consisted of two parts, a breast and a back-piece of iron, 
 fastened together by means of straps ; the pot was an iron hat with a broad briin. Grose"s 
 Military Antiquities, vol. ii. p. 244 and 249; London, iSoi. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 expedition would be for Ireland, and that the officers were unanimous for the ser- 
 vice, antl, he iloubted not, the soldiers ; only it was necessary they he accommodated. 
 As for any divisions or distractions in the army, there was none, though it had been 
 attempted. For the service he professed a readiness to do it to his utmost. The 
 Common Council considered of the security, viz., the two last months' assessment 
 and fee-farm rent, but looked not upon it as sufficient, and therefore ordered a com- 
 mittee of si.x aldermen and six commoners, to consider how security might be 
 satisfactory, which is like to involve the Dean and Chapters' lands. It is thought 
 this will be the security accepted of, if it can. be procured. The Common Council 
 did, by their recorder, Mr. Glyn, return thanks to the Lord-General for his great 
 service done for the kingdom, and particularly for London ; they thanked the parlia- 
 ment for him, and for making him Generalissimo of England and Ireland, also for 
 the good choice they had made of appointing the Lieutenant-General chief for re- 
 ducing Ireland. 
 
 April 13th. — The Committee appointed yesterday to go into the city and treat 
 Avith the Common Council concerning the advance of ^120,000 for the service of 
 Ireland made report this day: That the Common Council declared that it would be 
 ready and willing to contribute their utmost endeavors for the advance of this sum 
 for the relief of that distressed nation of Ireland. The thanks of the House were 
 given them for their willingness to promote the business. And for the better carry- 
 ing out of the business of Ireland by the advance of this _;^i 20,000 of the city, the 
 House ordered that there should be addition made to the Committee for sale of fee- 
 farm rents, and the Committee was ordered to make a speedy report of the business. 
 
 April 2oth. — This day, according to appointment, the General Council of the 
 Army met at Whitehall, about casting of lots what regiments should go for the 
 service of Ireland; where, after a solemn seeking of God by prayer, they cast lots 
 what regiments of the old army should be designed for that service : 14 regiments 
 of horse and 14 of foot of the established forces came to the lot; and it being re- 
 solved that four regiments of horse and four of foot should go upon that service, 
 ten blanks and four papers with Ireland written upon them were put in a hat, and 
 being shuffled together, were drawn out by a child ; who gave to an officer of each 
 regiment in the lot the lot of that regiment ; so that it was done in so impartial and 
 inoffensive a way, as no regiment can take any just exception. The regiments to 
 whose lot it fell to go were, of horse, Commissary-General Iretou's, Colonel Scroop's, 
 Colonel Ilorton's, and Major-General Lambert's; of foot. Colonel Ewer's, Colonel 
 Cook's, Colonel Hewson's, and Colonel Dean's ; of dragoons, Major Abbott's, Cap- 
 tain Mercer's, Captain Fidcher's, Captain Garland's, and Captain Bolton's troops. 
 The officers of each regiment whicii were allotted expressed much cheerfulness at 
 the decision. There are three more regiments already in forming, besides those of 
 the army, viz., a regiment of foot of Lieutenant-General Cromwell, Colonel Ytn- 
 ables' regiment, and the Kentish regiment under Colonel Phayre. 
 
 April 23d. — The parliament enacted that Thursday, the third of May, be set 
 apart and appointed for a public and solemn day of fasting and humiliation, earnestly 
 to seek unto Almighty God that He will be graciously pleased to give a blessing to 
 the forces of the parliament now in Ireland and such as are to be shortly sent 
 thither and at last to establish his pure worship in this nation. 
 
 April 24lh. — Colonel Tuthill's regiment is shipped, in all 1127, besides a com- 
 pany that is coming up of loo men. Two days later, letters from Chester informed 
 the House, that the vessels on which this regiment had embarked were driven by 
 a strong north-west wind ujion the coast of Wales, near Beaumaris ; where, if. they ■ 
 have not a supply of victuals, they will come to land ; the consecjuences whereof 
 will be the spoil of 1,250 good soldiers, the ruin of the country, and the non- 
 relieving of Ireland, and particularly of Dublin, which place is, we fear, begirt by 
 Ormonde. 
 
 April 30. — This day Colonel Hewson's regiment marched to Rumford, in 
 order to the advance for Ireland. 
 
 An order was issued by the Lord-General to the officers of every regiment of 
 the army, that none entertain any of the forces designed for Ireland : Wlicreas 
 divers officers of regiments designed for Ireland go off from the same, with an ex- 
 pectation to be entertained in other regiments that stay in this nation ; these are 
 therefore required upon sight hereof to forbear to list or entertain any soldiers 
 whatsoever, either horse or foot, in their regiments for the space of six months 
 from the date hereof, without special order from himself. 
 
CROMWELL ly IRELAND. o5 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 TIIELEVELLERS. 
 
 .Vutiny among the Troops — Cromwell's Ambition — "The Hunting of the Foxes " — His 
 Nepousni — Spread of the Sedition — Defeat of the Insurgents — Tlianks given to the 
 Generals — I-'eadiness of the Army to go for Ireland — Transports — The General 
 Officers — Cromwell's Delay — Mis Commission, Life-guard and Allowance. 
 
 The expedition was delayed for a time by a mutinous spirit, which 
 showed itself in several of the regiments destined for service in Ire- 
 land. Many of the common soldiers had become infected with the 
 doctrines of the Levellers, a sect which was intent on establishing a 
 theocracy, which they called "The Dominion of God and his Saints." 
 They first appeared near Cobham, in Surrey, busy in digging the 
 ground and sowing it with roots and beans. One Everard, once of 
 the army, who tenned himself a prophet, was their chief. They were 
 thirty men, and said they should shortly be four thousand. They 
 invited all to come and help them, and promised them meat, drink, 
 and clothes. Everard and Winstanley, the chief of those that had 
 assembled at St. George's Hill in Surrey, came to the General and 
 made a declaration to justify their proceedings. Everard said, " He 
 was of the race of the Jews ; all the liberties of the people were lost 
 by the coming in of William the Conqueror ; and ever since, the people 
 of God had lived under tyranny and oppression worse than that of 
 our forefathers under the Egyptians. There lately had appeared to 
 him a vision, which bade him 'Arise, and dig and plough the earth, 
 and receive the fruits thereof ; ' their intent was to restore the crea- 
 tion to its former condition, to restore the ancient community of 
 enjoying the fruits of the earth." While they were before the General 
 they stood with their hats on ; and being demanded the reason thereof, 
 they said, " Because he was their fellow creature." Being asked the 
 meaning of the phrase : " Give honor to whom honor is due," they 
 said, " Your mouths shall be stopped that ask such questions." 
 
 The mutiny first broke out on the night of April 26th, among a 
 troup of Colonel Whaley's regiment, at the Bull in Bishopsgate. This 
 regiment was not allotted for Ireland ; but the men refused to quit 
 London, as they were ordered. Fairfax and Cromwell hastened to 
 the place and forced them to march. Fifteen were seized and tried 
 liy court-martial. Five of this number were condemned to be shot ; 
 four of these were pardoned by the General. The next day the fifth 
 was shot in St. Paul's Churchyard, His name was Lockyer, one who 
 had for seven years served in thp army with equal courage and con- 
 stancy to any trooper, being at his death about twenty-three years of 
 age ; he was, it is said, a pious man, and of excellent parts and much 
 beloved. His death, far from quelling the sedition, seemed rather to 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 spread it ; among all classes it produced a profound impression of 
 grief and anger. At the funeral, two days after, " about one hundred 
 persons went before the corpse, five or six in a file ; the corpse was 
 bosught, with six trumpets sounding a soldier's knell ; then the 
 trooper's horse came, clothed all over in mourning, and led by a foot- 
 man. The corpse was adorned with bundles of rosemary, one half- 
 stained in blood. Some thousands followed in rank and file, with 
 black and green ribbons on their heads and breasts. At the new 
 churchyard in Westminster, some thousands more of the better sort 
 met them, who thought not fit to march through the city. 
 
 Cromwell's ambitious purposes would seem to have been suspected 
 by many for a long time. The French Ambassador wrote from Lon- 
 don to Cardinal Mazarin, in June, 1649 : " Cromwell, according to the 
 belief of many, carries his ideas beyond even the suggestions of the 
 most undisciplined ambition." In a pamphlet entitled, "The Hunt- 
 ing of the Foxes ; or, The Grandee Deceivers Unmasked," the authors, 
 " five private soldiers," after censuring the Council of State as " adorn- 
 ing itself with all the regal magnificence and majesty of courtly 
 attendance," proceed in the following strain : 
 
 "Was there ever a generation of men so apostate, so false, and so perjured as 
 these ? Did ever men pretend a higher degree of hoHness, religion, and zeal to 
 God and their country than these.'' They preach, they fast, they pray, they have 
 nothing more frequent than the sentences of Sacred Scripture, the name of (iod and 
 of Christ in their mouths; you shall scarce speak to Cromwell about anything but 
 he will lay his hand on his breast, elevate his eyes, and call God to record; he will 
 weep, howl, and repent, even while he doth smite you under the first rib. O Crom- 
 well ! whither art thou aspiring.'' He that runs may read and foresee the intent, a 
 new regality." See 128th page. 
 
 The pamphlet was declared by the House to contain much false, 
 scandalous and reproachful matter, highly seditious, and destructive 
 to the present government, its authors and distributors guilty of high 
 treason, to be proceeded against as traitors ; and the Council of State 
 was enjoined to carry these resolutions into effect. At a council of 
 officers, held at Whitehall at the end of February, it was resolved to 
 take severe measures against all intrigues. Fairfax issued a general 
 order to the army, forbidding all meetings and deliberations as con- 
 trary to discipline ; but admitting the right of the soldiers to petition, 
 provided they first informed their officers of their intention to do so. 
 Five soldiers who presented a petition to complain of the obstacles 
 thrown in their way, were severely punished. Colonel Lilburne pe- 
 titioned against the Council of State and the High Court of Justice. 
 Obtaining no redress, he printed the petition, with the title, " Eng- 
 land's new chains discovered." He was committed to the Tower, on 
 suspicion of high treason, for being the author, contriver, framer, or 
 publisher of a seditious book. 
 
 Cromwell was openly charged with nepotism too. 
 
 Truly, if you knew what a large family the Lieutenant-General liath in the 
 army, you could not much blame him for Ix'ing so craving daily for money, whereof 
 honest John Lilburne hath given a perfect muster — 1°. Himself, Lieutenant-Gen 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 3J 
 
 er.il and Colonel of horse. 2°. One of his sons, Captain of the General's Life-guard. 
 3^. His other son, Cajjtain of a troop in Colonel Harrison's refjinient. 4°. His 
 hrothcr-in-law, Deshorough, Colonel of the (general's regiment of horse. 5°. His 
 son-in-law, Ireton, Commissary-dencral of the horse and Colonel of horse. 6''. His 
 brother, Ireton, Ouartermaster-C.eneral of the horse and Ca])tain of horse. 7°. His 
 cousin, Whaley, Colonel of horse. 8'^. And his brother, Whaley, lately made Judge 
 Advocate. And all these are the Lieutentant-General's creatures at command. 
 
 • 
 
 The flame of sedition spread rapidly through the ranks of the 
 army. A week later, news reached London that insurrections had 
 broken out in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire; that several troops 
 of Scroop's, Reynolds', and Ireton's regiments had revolted from com- 
 mand and driven away their officers, and the most of the men of 
 Harrison's, Ingoldsby's, and Horton's regiments were already in cor- 
 respondence with the mutineers and disposed to join them. A party 
 of two hundred men, under the command of one Captain Thompson, 
 left their quarters at Banbury; they demanded justice on the murder- 
 ers of Lockyear, and threatened that if a hair of Lilburne's were hurt 
 they would avenge it seventy-and-seven fold upon the tyrants ! Rey- 
 nolds was sent in pursuit of them. Some returned to the ranks, 
 others were taken prisoners. Thompson escaped with a few of his 
 companions. Meantime, at Salisbury, where the headquarters were, a 
 body of about a thousand strong, headed by Cornet Thompson, rose 
 in mutiny. The parliament left the generals to act as they thought 
 best. Fairfax and Cromwell reviewed the two regiments which tiiey 
 commanded in person. Both professed the utmost zeal in the cause 
 of the parliament. Colonel Whaley and his officers issued a " Decla- 
 ration," that divers had wickedly gone about to divide the army, to 
 persuade those soldiers to whose lot it was fallen to go for Ireland to 
 refuse that service. They disclaimed those traitorous plots and ac- 
 tions, and utterly abhorred them, and resolved to continue their due 
 allegiance to the parliament, the general, the lieutenant-general, and 
 others in authority, and engaged to stand or fall with them. 
 
 A few days after, the generals, Fairfax and Cromwell, came up 
 with the insurgents at Burford, in Oxfordshire. Cromwell entered 
 the place suddenly, in the night, with 2,000 men. Reynolds posted 
 himself with a strong party outside the town. The mutineers defended 
 themselves for a short time ; but soon losing all hope, about four 
 hundred of them surrendered ; the rest succeeded in making their 
 escape. Fairfax summoned a court-martial, which decided that they 
 should be decimated. Three were shot, the others were pardoned, 
 after having been reproached for having so wickedly imperilled the 
 cause of God and of their country. "They wept, they retired to 
 Devizes for a time, were then restored to their regiments, and marched 
 cheerfully for Ireland." 
 
 A new sedition broke out at Oxford in Colonel Ingoldsby's regi- 
 ment. The soldiers seized their officers and cast them into prison. 
 The Colonel himself, who had been sent down to repress the mutiny, 
 was not spared. They fortified themselves in the buildings of New 
 College, and from that stronghold renewed the demands of the Lev- 
 ellers. The revolt died away of itself ten days after it brc \e out. 
 
3;) CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 May 26th. — Lieutenant-General Cromwell being come post to town last night, 
 made a narrative this day to the House of tlie arni)'s proceedings against these 
 termed Levellers, and how they are suppressed, the discontents in the Isle of Wight, 
 Portsmouth, and other castles thereabout allayed, and all in quiet. The House 
 hereupon ordered that the thanks of the House sliould be given to Lieutenant- 
 ( General Cromwell for his great care and courage in this business against the Level- 
 L^rs. Mr. Speaker, according to.the said resolution, stood up and gave the hearty 
 tiianks of the House accordingly. 
 
 And that so great a deliverance may not easily be forgotten, the House ordered 
 that there should be a day of thanksgiving set a;:art for this great mercy, not only 
 for the city and suburbs, but likewise for the whole Commonwealth ; and therefore 
 ordered that Thursday come fortnight should be set apart for this duty in the -city 
 and suburbs, and late lines of communication ; and Thursday come three weeks for 
 all the nation. Mr. Thomas Goodwin and others were appointed to preach that day 
 before the parliament. 
 
 Lieutenant-(jeneral Cromwell has caused his tent to be put up, and it is 
 agoing; and he and his officers and forces are preparing for a sudden advance for 
 Ireland, they being much satisfied in the Act passed for their accounts. Colonel 
 Stubberds has mustered his regiment of foot designed for Ireland, on Hounslow 
 Heath, and read the Act for Accounts at the head of them ; they were full and all 
 unanimous. Colonel Phayre's regiment, Colonel VenaLles', and Colonel Huncks' 
 regiment of foot also are ready to march. Colonel Reynolds hath almost completed 
 his regiment of horse, and Major Shelburnc's regiment is nigh ready. Those reg- 
 iments taken out of the standing army, will be new moulded before they be sent, 
 but all will be ready for march about three weeks hence, for Ireland. 
 
 May 29th.— Report was made to the House by Lieutenant-General Cromwell, 
 of the readiness of the forces to go for Ireland, and, if money were in readiness, to 
 be shipped away presently; some already are far on their march. The House 
 hereupon made some further progress for the encouragement of such as shall ad- 
 vance money upon Dean and Chapters' lands ; and also passed further orders for 
 the advance of money and provisions for the service of Ireland. 
 
 May 31st. — The humble representation and resolutions of the officers and 
 soldiers in Lieutenant-General Cromwell's regiment ; — 
 
 " The manifold experiences we have of your Excellency's happy conduct ever 
 since the goodness of (3od has sent you over to us, and the many signal victories 
 He hath been pleased to make you instrument in, to the twice total subduing of a 
 powerful enemy, together with our sensibleness of God's love to this present parlia- 
 mei\t in carrying them through so great and glorious undertakings for the good of 
 the commonwealth, the benefit of which we hope all honest men will be sensible 
 of. In consideration of these things, we are at a loss within ourselves that any 
 generation of men amongst us (especially of such large professions), who have 
 lasted of the same mercy we have done, should now, through the pride and ambition 
 of their hearts, so manifestly disown Cjod, by such an unchristian and unheard of 
 rejection through pride and ambition, in casting off the authority of this present 
 ])arliament and your Excellency, as divers of late have endeavorecl. Therefore we, 
 the officers and soldiers of Lieutenant-General Cromwell's regiment, do in all humil- 
 ity represent to your Excellency that we have been and are sadly atllicted in our 
 sjMrits with the thoughts of that horrid and unnatural defection so lately made from 
 the parliament's and your Excellency's authority; and each of us in particular pro- 
 fess that we do from our hearts disavow tlie having any hand directly or indirectly 
 in advising or countenancing the revolt or cajntulation of any of the twelve troops 
 of your army, or any others lately or now opposing the parliament's or your P^xcel- 
 lency's authority. And that we neither did nor do own or countenance any of those 
 late papers which have scandalized the parliament, Council of State, or your Excel- 
 lency's authority derived from them. And we desire to bless God, who hath enabled 
 your Excellency so seasonably to reduce those who otherwise, by their destructive 
 principles, might have brought great confusion upon the nation. And for the man- 
 ifestation of our faithfulness and obedience we furtiier ])rofess that we shall, by the 
 grace of (jod, hazard our lives and all that is dear unto us for the preservation of 
 this parliament, the supreme authority of the nation, the just authority of the peo- 
 iMe, according to their late acts ar^d declarations ; and while we are soldiers, we 
 shall cheerfully submit unto your Excellency's authority over us, under them, and to 
 
CROMWELL I.y IRKLAXD. 37 
 
 tlic discii)linc of tlie army now ])ractiscd amongst lis, against any i)crson or i)crficr.s, 
 that, under any notion or jMetencc whatsoever, shall go about, to be obedient to 
 your Excellency in putting into execution your commands, according to the power 
 and authority given you by parliament ; withal resolving to use our utmost endeav- 
 ors to discover all such persons as shall, by way of agitators or otherwise, endeavor 
 disturbance amongst us, to break the present government and peace of the army. 
 And because it hath been rumored that this regiment had an intention to have 
 seized upon the person of the Lieutenant-General, in order to the carrying on that 
 rei)ellious design, we ])rofcss for our i^arts we never had tiic least knowledge of any 
 such thing; and if any person or persons lately amongst us, at any meetings in 
 London or elsewhpre, ha\e jiiomiscd or engageif in the name of the regiment any- 
 tliing tending thereunto, it halii ])i()ceeded from the treachery of their own hearts, 
 with wliom we leave it ; no doubt but (]od will, in due time, find out such deeds cf 
 darkness ; and as we hope our desire of avoidance of such from amongst us, whose 
 principles might lead them to such an action, will in some measure vindicate us, so 
 we further add that it could not but have been a detestable crime for any part of the 
 army to have attempted (much more to have done) such an act, so in us, by how 
 much the nearer we stand related to him as being our Colonel, and of whose fidelity 
 we have had such am])le testimony, it would have been most wicked and abominable. 
 
 Lieutenant-General Cromwell is to have a regiment of horse for Ireland, con- 
 sisting of fourteen troops, and a lieutenant-colonel and two majors to be designed 
 for the regiment.' 
 
 June 5th. — The Council of State gave orders for Flemish ships to transport 
 the horse into Ireland, and for the regiments to march to Chester and the other 
 ports, and not to stay al)Ove one night in a ])lace. Letters from Sir George 
 Ascough, that he had furnished Dublin with provisions, and sent others to Sir 
 Charles Coote, and had blocked up Prince Rupert's ships at Kinsale. 
 
 June 7th. — The general officers for Ireland, besides Lieutenant-General Crom- 
 well, are said to be Major-General Lambert, Major-General of tiie whole ; Colonel 
 Junes, Lieutenant-General of the horse ; Colonel llorton, Commissary-General of 
 the horse; and Colonel Monk, Major-(]eneral of the foot. 
 
 June 13th. — Mr. Whalley, agent at Chester, was ordered by the Council of 
 State to make stay of all shi])s that are now or shall come into a port of Cheshire, 
 Lancashire, or Wales, capable of transporting horse, that they may be ready and no 
 time lost. 
 
 June 15. — Upon a report from the Council of State, the House ajiproved ot 
 Commissionary-Gencral Ireton to go into Ireland next Commander-in-Chief unto 
 Lieutenant-General Cromwell. 
 
 Cromwell still delayed his departure under various pretexts. 
 The parliament began to feel anxious, for it was chiefly to get rid. 
 of Cromwell and to find employment for the army that the war 
 had been undertaken with such vigor and at so much cost. The 
 French Ambassador in London wrote to Mazarin : "They still say 
 that Cromwell will start at the end of tliis month, at the latest. The 
 opinion which I have to the contrary is so conformable to that of 
 many intelligent persons, that I cannot retract it ; and until I am con- 
 vinced by the news of his journey into that country, I shall persevere 
 in the opinion. It can hardly be possible that Cromwell, wlio, accord- 
 ing to the belief of man3', carries his ideas even beyond the suggestion 
 of the most undisciplined ambition, can resolve to abandon tliis king- 
 
 * Wliitelocke, p. 391. This was the day on which Cromwell's army was supi)osed to 
 have begun its march from London for the reduction of Irelaiul, and from it the soldiers' 
 service was afterward reckoned in the distribution of tlie forfeited lands of the Irish. 'Ihev 
 were the first tiiat were jiaid. CrotrnucL'iatt Setllcment, p. 187. The troops that had served 
 against the Irish before Cronnvell came over were called the old Protestants. See Life of 
 Ormonde, vol. ii. 11. 134. 
 
;8 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 dom to the mercy of the plots which may be formed in his absence, 
 and which his presence can prevent from being so much as under- 
 taken."! 
 
 June 19th. — An order from the Lord General to Lieutenant-General Cromwell 
 and the other officers designed for Ireland was issued, bidding all to take care that 
 from henceforth they entertain none who had left other regiments designed for the 
 service of Ireland, without taking a particular account of them, what troops they 
 came from, and what they received upon their discliarge as arrears ; and upon 
 mustering of any such, to set their names distinct in the muster rolls, with such 
 particular account as aforesaid concerning each man. 
 
 June 20th. — Ordered that the Commission should be brought into the House 
 tor Lieutenant-General Cromwell to go commander over the forces for Ireland on 
 the morrow. 
 
 June 22d. — A report this day made to the House from the Council of State, 
 that, according to the order of the House, they had prepared and drawn up the 
 Commission to be given to Lieutenant-General Cromwell as to his service of Ire- 
 land. The Commission was read in Latin and after in English; the House, approv- 
 ing thereof, ordered that tlie Lord Commissioners of the Great Seal of England 
 should be required and authorized to pass the said Commission under the Great 
 Seal unto the said Lieutenant-General Cromwell. The House spent some time in 
 debate how long this Commission should continue, and at last resolved it should be 
 in full force for three years. They then considered of settling the civil power of the 
 nation of Ireland, whether by commissions or otherwise. The House, after a short 
 debate, voted that Lieutenant-General Cromwell be Chief Governor of Ireland, and 
 likewise that the civil and military power of that nation be settled in him during the 
 time of his Commission. Instructions were ordered to be piepared for the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief by the Council of State, and reported to the House with all speed. 
 
 June 25th. — The extraordinary charges of Lieutenant-General Cromwell as 
 Chief Governor ana Commander-in-Chief of Ireland as to this preparatory expedi- 
 tion into that nation, referred to the consideration of a committee to consider thereof 
 and report. 
 
 July 2d. — The Commons ordered the Lord- Lieutenant's life-guard of 50 to be 
 made up to 70, and they paid according to the former establishment by the Commit- 
 tee of tlie Army, and Mr. Owen to go his chaplain, and ^100 per annum to be al- 
 lowed to his wife and children in his absence, to be paid quarterly, until the House 
 shall take further order; which was referred to a committee to consider how it may 
 be settled. The House then seriously debated concerning the speedy conduct of 
 the army for Ireland, under the command of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, for 
 relief of our friends there in necessity; and hereupon ordered Wednesday next, 
 July loth, should beset apart for solemn fasting and humiliation for the city and 
 suburbs, and all parts within the late lines of communication, to wait upon God for 
 his blessing and good success upon the said army against the Irish rebels ; the 
 same to be observed and kept in all churches and chapels on a more distant day 
 throughout all England. 
 
 Letters that Colonel Jones put all the Roman Catholics out of Dublin ; that 
 Sir George Ascough secured the harbor for the army to land from England. 
 
 July 5th. — The Lord Lieutenant, taking his leave this day, feasted many rlu'ef 
 friends, and intends to set out from London by Monday or Tuesday next. The tr lin 
 of artillery was shipped for Ireland. 
 
 July 6th. — The House ordered that Wednesday next should be set apart for a 
 day of humiliation for the city and suburbs, and all parts within the late lines of 
 communication, to wait upon God for his blessing and good success of the army 
 against the Irish rebels. The House then considered what ministers should be 
 appointed to preach on next Wednesday. 
 
 July 7th — The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, intending to advance on Tuesday 
 morning next from London towards the relief of our distressed brethren of Ireland, 
 
 ' The rebels seem to prepare to send forces into Ireland, and Cromwell gives forth he 
 will go wiih them, which few believe. Letter of Sir E. Nicholas to Ormonde, June 9th, 
 IJ49 ; in Carle's Collection, &.C., vol. i. p. 294. 
 
CROMWELL ly IRELAND. 39 
 
 clesited tlie House to j;ive liiin leave to offer some petitions to tlieir consideration, 
 on l)elialf of several of their friends, to whoni he enii;agcd himself to use his utmost 
 endeavors to promote their re(|uests to the House liefore his departure. The H.ouse 
 gave him favor lierein accordingl}-, and his Lordship presented several petitions, 
 which were read and debated. 
 
 Jul}' I2th. — In pursuance of an order of the House, the Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland is to be allowed from the date of his patent ^lo a day, as General of the 
 forces in Ireland, during his continuation in England ; from the time of his arrival 
 in Ireland, he is to receive, as (".eneral of the forces thereof, _;^2,ooo per quarter, which 
 is not to be understood as any of the salary which by his jiatent he is entitled to 
 receive as Lord Lieutenant ; ;^3,ooo to be immediately advanced to him for his 
 transportation and furnishing himself with provision.^ 
 
 On the clay of his departure hi.s friends assembled at Whitehall. 
 Three ministers invoked the blessing of God on the cause of the 
 saints ; and two ofBcers, Goff and Harrison, and the Lord Lieutenant 
 himself, expounded the Scriptures excellently well and pertinent to 
 the purpose. 2 
 
 ^ In March, 164S, a sum of _^i,68o a year was settled on Cromwell, and ;^5,ooo on 
 Fairfax, out of the Marquis of Worcester's estate. .Of this sum Cromwell forgave the State 
 ;^i,ooo per annum for si.K years towards the expenses of the war in Ireland, if it should 
 continue so long, to be employed as the parliament should be pleased to appoint. The 
 House accepted the free offer of Lieutenant-General Cromwell, testifying his zeal and good 
 affection. Mod. IntelL, March 23d, 164S ; in Cromwellinna^ p. 3S. 
 
 2 Heath, in his Flagelhim, says Ircton was absolutely the best prayermaker and j^reacher 
 in the army, though Oliver came little behind him. 
 
4U CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHArTER VI. 
 
 CROMWELL SETS OUT FOR IRELAND. 
 
 Departure from London — Journey to Bristol — The Rendezvous — Mutiny — Idolaters to 
 be extirpated — News of Jones' Victory — The Fleet sets sail — The Regiments and 
 their Commanders — Reception in Dublin — Proclamations — The . Buff Coat in the 
 Dublin pulpits. 
 
 Cromwell's departure was thus announced in The Aloderate Li- 
 telligoicer of July loth : This evening, about five of the clock, the 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland began his journey by way of Windsor 
 and so to Bristol. He went forth in that state and equipage as the 
 like hath hardly been seen ; himself in a coach with six gallant Flan- 
 ders mares, whitish grey ; divers coaches accompaiiying him, and very 
 many great officers of the army ; his life-guard consisting of eighty 
 gallant men, the meanest whereof was a Commander or Esquire, in 
 stately habit, with trumpets sounding almost to the shaking of Char- 
 ing Cross, had it been now standing. Of his life-guard riiany are 
 colonels ; and, believe me, it's such a guard as is hardly to be paralleled 
 in the world. And now have at you, my Lord of Ormonde ! You 
 will have men of gallantry to encounter, whom to overcome will be 
 honor sufficient ; and to be beaten by them will be no great blemish 
 to your reputation. If you say, " Ca;sar or nothing," they say, "A 
 Republic or nothing." The Lord Lieutenant's colors are white. Thus 
 he was conducted to Brentford, where the gentlemen who accompa- 
 nied him took their leave, wishing him a prosperous issue to his under- 
 taking, whom he answered again with great civility and respect. 
 From thence he posted directly for Bristol, by Windsor, Reading, 
 Newbury, Marlborough, and Bath. 
 
 On Saturday evening, July 14th, he entered Bristol, where he 
 was royally entertained by the soldiers and officers in arms and others 
 who held offices by order of Parliament. The citizens likewise ex- 
 pressed much joy at his coming, and entertained him with great 
 respect. The people thronged from the surrounding country to see 
 him. His wife and several other members of his family came to 
 pass some days with him. There, for reasons which it is not possible 
 to ascertain, he remained for a whole month, coming and going be- 
 tween the different places along the coast, and receiving numerous 
 visitors. He seemed still to hesitate, and to quit the soil of England 
 with great doubtfulness and effort. Thence, by way of Tenby, which 
 he reached on the 2nd of August, and Pembroke, he went to Mil- 
 ford Haven, He had already issued orders for the troops to ren- 
 
CROMWELL 7.V IRELAND. 41 
 
 dezvous there. ^ The parliament ordered transports to put into that 
 port, to 1)C ready for the conveyance of the troops. Twenty ships 
 were sent round the coast with a convoy. The Council of State issued 
 orders to James Powell, Bristol, to stay all ships in the ports of Bris- 
 tol, Minchcad, ]3arnstaple and Appledare, fit for transporting horse 
 and foot to Dublin, and to send them to Milford Haven. He had 
 sent a dispatch to Chester, directing Colonels Venablcs, Iluncks a'nd 
 Reynolds to embark. Their regiments, consisting of 1500 foot and- 
 600 lioise, well suj^plied with clothing and all other necessaries, set 
 sail witliout delay, and being favored with a prosperous wind, reached 
 Dublin on the 25th of July, the day before Ormonde sat about invest- 
 ing the city.^ Some of the troops were disheartened at the news of 
 Ormonde's approach to Dublin at the head of an army of 30,000 men, 
 and made no secret of their unwillingness to engage in so hazardous 
 an enterprise as the landing in Ireland under such disadvantages. 
 Colonel ITorton's regiment refused to embark, and disbanded them- 
 selves. Colonel Cook's regiment rose in mutiny at Minehead ; many 
 of the men deserted. With difficulty the officers appeased those who 
 remained and got them on board. At Bristol a whole battalion re- 
 fused to embark.^ Cromwell suddenly appeared among them, and 
 their complaints were hushed ; at the same time preachers labored 
 strenuously to work on their prejudices. They were compared to the 
 Israelites proceeding to extirpate the idolatrous inhabitants of Canaan, 
 and described as the chosen instruments by which heaven was to over- 
 throw the empire of ]^al)y]on and establish in its stead tlie New Jeru- 
 salem. Wednesday, August ist, was kept by Act of Parliament a 
 public fast throughout England and Wales, to call upon God for a 
 blessing upon the Lord Lieutenant Cromwell's forces against the 
 enemies of the parliament in England and in Ireland. 
 
 But the welcome tidings of Jones' success gave them courage ; 
 they loudly expressed their desire to proceed to Ireland. Cromwell 
 eml)arkcd the day after the good news reached him. From on board 
 the sldp John, at Milford, he wrote to his " loving brother," Richard 
 Mayor, whose daughter had just been married to his eldest son, Rich- 
 ard Cromwell, expressing to him his joy at Jones' victory. "This is 
 an astonishing mercy," he wrote, " so great and seasonable, that in- 
 deed we are like them that dreamed. What can we say } The Lord 
 fill our souls with thankfulness, that our mouths may be full of his 
 praise, and our lives too ; and grant we may never forget his goodness 
 to us. These things seem to strengthen our faith and love against 
 
 ' July 2 1 St. The Lord Lieutenant appointed Milford Haven the general rendezvous 
 of all the forces for Ireland. Whitelocke, p. 399. 
 
 ^ Reynolds and his party were detained by contrary winds for some time. This delay 
 caused a report to go abroad that it was intended to make a descent on Munster, which un- 
 happily divided Inchiquin and a good body of men from Ormonde, as he marched towards 
 Dublin. Clarendon's Nisi, of the Rebellion, vol. iii. p. 322. 
 
 3 Many of Colonel Tutliill's soldiers have manifested great disaffection, and threat- 
 ened to run to the enemy, when transported .... Colonel Levesy's regiment, designed for 
 Ireland, a great burden, by their disorderly carriage, expressing great disaffection to the 
 Commonwealth .... Some of Colonel Reynold's troopers disorderly, swearing they will 
 not go to Ireland. Colonel Horton's regiment refused to go to Iieland and disbanded 
 themselves Major Bethel and other officers refused to go. 
 
42 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 more difficult times. Sir, pray for me, that I may walk worthy of the 
 Lord in all that he hath called me to." 
 
 On Monday, August 13th, he sat sail with the van of his army in 
 thirty-two ships. Commissary-General Ireton,^ his son-in-law, followed 
 two days after, with the main body of the army in forty-two vessels. 
 His chaplain, Hugh Peters, ^ with twenty sail brought up the rear. 
 Three regiments were left behind for want of shipping. " There was 
 much seeking of God by prayer for a blessing upon them, and the 
 country people prayed heartily for a fair wind for them. The wind 
 proved favorable ; the second day following they landed at Ringsend, 
 near Dublin, Sir George Ascough^ having secured the harbor for them 
 with his ships. Cromwell's original design was, that a part of the 
 army, under Ireton, should effect a landing somewhere in Munster, 
 "for the Irish did account that province to be the key of the king- 
 dom, both by reason of the cities and walled towns (which are more 
 than all the little island besides), the fruitfulness of the country, being 
 reputed the garden of Ireland, and the commodious harbors lying 
 open both to France and Spain." Besides, he had secret assurances 
 from the friends of the parliament in the southern towns, that his 
 forces would be received there with favor.'* But Jones' success and 
 the necessity of recovering some garrisons near Dublin, for want of 
 which the forces within the city would soon be reduced to great ex- 
 tremity, made him alter his plan, and order that all should land at 
 Dublin. Inchiquin, too, was master of a great part of the south, and 
 for the moment he was on the King's side. 
 
 The invading army was made up of Ireton's, Scroop's, Horton's, 
 Lambert's, and Cromwell's own regiments of horse; of Abbott's, 
 Mercer's, Fletcher's, Garland's, and Bolton's troops of dragoons ; and 
 
 ' Ireton, two years before, had married Bridget, Cromwell's eldest daughter. This 
 connection and his own merits, for he had distinguished himself at Naseby, soon obtained 
 for him speedy promotion in the army. He was the chief cause of the King's death, having 
 intercepted a letter in which Charles declared his intention of putting Cromwell to deatli. 
 He was made jjresident of Munster in 1650, and later Lord Dejiuty. He died in the zenit 
 of his successes at Limerick, Nov. 15th, 1651. His body was taken to England and buried 
 with the English sovereigns in the chapel of Henry VH. at Westminster Abbe\. After 
 the Restoration it was exhumed and burned at Tyburn. Lingard's //:s/ of England, vol. 
 ix. p. 8. His widow married Fleetwood, who succeeded him as Lord Deputy. 
 
 ■•^ Peters, at the beginning of the troubles in Ireland, had a brigade against the rebels, 
 and came off with honor and victory, and the like was now expected of him. Whiielocke, 
 p. 410. He fell sick, and returned to Wales immediately after the capture of Wexford, and 
 there seems to have been emi)loyed looking to the shippmg of recruits, supplies, &c., while 
 Cromwell was in Ireland. 
 
 ^ Ascough had f(night against Van Tromp antl De Ruyter. When the fleet revolted 
 o the Prince of Wales, he declared for the parliament, and brought the Lion man-of-war, 
 which he commanded, into the Tliames. The following year the parliament ajipointed him 
 Vice- Admiral, and ordered that he should have the command of the Irish seas, giving him "a 
 ship pr()i:iortionable to that great honor, and at present greatest service." Perfect Diurnal, 
 March 2nd, 1649. ^^^ ^'^^ much towards reducing the whole island 10 the obedience of the 
 republic. Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, vol. v. p. 15S ; London, 1824. 
 
 * Ireton seems to have sailed for Munster, and to have been forced by stress of weather 
 to land at Dublin. " Major-CJeneral Ireton designed for Munster, hovering at Cabell Island, 
 near Youghal, some days, did r.ot see ground to put in ihere ; the loih day from his putting 
 out from Milforcl, he landed at Dublin with seventy sail ; after him the third scjuadron, 
 commanded by Colonel Horton, consisting of 18 sail; in all 113." 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. '43 
 
 of Ewer's, Cooke's, Hcwson's,^ Djane's, and Cromwell's regiments of 
 foot, and Colonel Phayre's Kentish regiment. The divisions of Jones 
 and Monk, already in Ireland for some time, were also under his com- 
 mand. The whole force at his disposal must have been over 17,000 
 men, most of them well trained to war, and in good heart on account 
 of their past successes. He had, besides, several pieces of artillery, 
 an abundant supply of military stores, and ^200,000 in money.^ 
 Among the officers were many whose names are familiar to the read- 
 ers of Irish history, Mcnry Cromwell, the Protector's second son, and 
 later Lord Deputy ; Jones, I^lakc, Sankey, Ingoldsby,'^ and others 
 equally prominent in bringing about the King's death and raising up 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 On his arrival in Dublin, " he was most heroically entertained 
 with the resounding echo of the great guns round about the city, and 
 a great concourse of people to see him." When nearly in the heart 
 of the city, where the concourse was greatest, he halted, and rising in 
 his carriage, with his hat in his hand, he made a very grateful speech 
 to the people. " He did not doubt," he said, "that as God had brought 
 him thither in safety, so he would be able, by divine Providence to 
 restore them all to their just liberties and properties. All those 
 persons whose hearts' affections were real for the carrying of the great 
 work against the barbarous and bloodthirsty Irish and all their adhe- 
 rents and confederates, for the propagating of the Gospel of Christ, 
 the establishing of truth and peace, and restoring of this bleeding 
 nation of Ireland to its former happiness and tranquility, should find 
 favor and protection from the parliament of England and from him- 
 self, and withal receive such rewards and gratuities as should be 
 answerable to their merits." This speech was received with great 
 applause by the people, who all cried out, " We will live with you and 
 die with you." 
 
 It must be borne in mmd that two years before this time, soon 
 after Dublin was surrendered by Ormonde to the parliament, the new 
 governor, Colonel Michael Jones, ordered all the "Papists" to quit; 
 they were forbidden to return under severe penalties ; under pain of 
 death no one should pass the night within the city walls. This order 
 was renewed by the parliament, with the additional clause, that any- 
 one giving shelter to a priest or Jesuit, even for a single hour, should 
 
 1 Ilewson, the one-eyed cobbler, who from a mender of old shoes became a reformer of 
 government and religion. His bravery in the field soon raised him to the rank of colonel. 
 Cromwell had such a high opinion of liim that he made him governor of Dublin. Later lie 
 became a member of the Barebones Parliament, a Lord of the Upper House, and a member 
 of the Council of Safety. After the Restoration he fled to Amsterdam, where he died in 
 obscurity. 
 
 2 Hill says he brought with him also an immense supply of Bd)les and a vast store 
 of scythes. McDoiinells of AnUini, p. 275; Belfast, 1873. "Last Monday, Colonel Hew- 
 so 1. with a consitlcrable body of horse, marched into Wicklow. He doih now intend to 
 make use of the scythes and sickles that were sent over in 1649, with which they intended to 
 cut down the growing corn in those parts, which the enemy is to live upon in winter time, 
 and thereby, for want of bread and cattle, the tories may be left destitute of provisions, and 
 so forced 10 submit and quit these places." Letter of the Commissioners for Ireland to the 
 parliamcni, Dublin. July ist, 1650; in The Croimvellian Settlement, p. 78. 
 
 3 " Dick Ingoldsby, who can neither pray nor preach ; I'll entrust him before ye all." 
 
44 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 lose his life and forfeit his property. At Ormonde's approach to the 
 city Jones again "put out all the men, Roman Catholics, out of Dub- 
 lin ;^ but their wives and children were allowed to stay." 
 
 On the 23d of August he published the following proclamation ; 
 it was dated from Dublin Castle : 
 
 "Whereas God Almighty, in the abundance of his mercy and goodnes.s, hath 
 been pleased from time to time to vouchsafe preservation and dehverance unto tliis 
 city from the rage and cruelty of a bloody enemy, and in a special manner to mani- 
 fest his . . . "^ numerous army of rebels encanijjed about this city; wliicli continur.l 
 mercies do justly call for a thankful acknowledgement of his gracious goodness, by a 
 sincere and earnest endeavor as well as to maintain the honor of his motit holy name 
 as to oppose and take away such offences, being contrary and displeasing to his divine 
 will. And yet notwithstanding, by the frequent practice of profane swearing, curs- 
 ing, and drunkenness, his holy name is daily dishonored and blasphemed to the 
 scandal and grief of all good men, although the said offences are prohibited by the 
 law of God, the known laws of the land, and the known ai tides of war; whereby 
 we have just cause to fear that, without a thorough reformation of such sins, he may 
 deservedly break off the continuance of his wonted kindness towards this place and 
 give us over to destruction. And forasmuch as it is a duty required at the hand of 
 the magistrate, who ought not to bear the sword in vain, but to improve the power 
 committed into his hand for llie ])unishment and prevention of offences, we therefore 
 sadly taking the premises into consideration, and resolving that the said offences be 
 strictly proceeded arainst and punished according to the utmost severity and rigor 
 of the law, do, by this our proclamation, strictly cliarge and command that as well 
 the mayor of this city and other officers and ministers of justice in the same city 
 whom the same shall concern, as also that all officers of tJie army, do respectively 
 cause the said laws and articles to be put in execution against all such persons as 
 shall offend against the same. And we do further charge and command all officers 
 of the army to be aiding and assisting to the said mayor of this city and other the 
 said otificers and ministers of justice therein, for the appehending of all and every 
 the said offenders which shall be members of the army, and for the bringing of 
 them before their proper officers, whereby they may be severely punished according 
 to the said articles of war. And we do hereby declare our full resolution to punish 
 the neglect and contempt of this our j)roclamation with the severest punishment 
 which by law may be inflicted upon the contemners thereof." 
 
 / The following day he issued another proclamation. The army 
 
 I was deeply imbued witli a horror and detestation of the Irish rebels, 
 
 1 the result of the continual reports of the atrocities alleged to have 
 
 1 been perpetrated on their Protestant brethren. Hence they were 
 
 1 ready to interpret most liberally the orders given them to treat the 
 
 ' Irish pople as the IsraeUtes in Joshua's time were bidden to treat the 
 Canaanites, to utterly destroy them, to show them no mercy.^ • 
 
 "Whereas I am informed that, upon th.e marching out of the armies heretofore 
 and of parties from garrisons, a liberty hath been taken by the soldiers to abuse, 
 rob, and pillage, and too often to exercise cruelties upon the country people ; being 
 resolved, by the grace of God, diligently and strictly to restrain such wickedness 
 
 1 An exception seems to have l)een made in favor. of Father Nicholas Netterville, S. J., 
 who was on terms of great intimacy with Cromwell, often dining at his table and playing 
 chess with him. Captain Foulkes having accused him of saving Mass, he replied : " I am 
 a priest, and the Lord General knows it. And tell all the town of it, and that I will say 
 Mass here every day." Gilbert's History of the City of Dublin, vol i. p. 56; Dublin, 1S61. 
 
 2 Some words are wanting in the original here. 
 
 8 Deuter. vii. 2. On Cromwell's arrival in Dublin he addressed his soldiers, and de 
 Glared no mercy should lie shown to the Iiish, and that they should be dealt with as the 
 Canaanites in Joshua's time. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRKLASD 45 
 
 for tlie fuUire, I do hereby warn and require all oflicers, soldiers, and others under 
 my command, henceforth to forbear all such evil practices as aforesaid, and not to 
 do any wrong or violence towards country people or persons whatsoever, unless they 
 be actually in arms or office with the enemy, and not to meddle with the goods of 
 such without special order. And I further declare that it shall be free and lawful 
 to and for all manner of persons dwelling in the country, as well gentlemen and 
 soldiers as farmers and other people, such as are in arms or office with or for the 
 enemy only exce'pted, to make their repair and bring any provisions unto the army, 
 while in march or camp, or unto any garrison under my command ; hereby assuring 
 all such that they shall not be troubled or molested in their persons or goods, but 
 shall have the benefit of a free market, and receive ready money for the goods and 
 commodities they shall so bring and sell. And that they, behaving themselves 
 peaceably and quietly, and paymg such contributions .proportionably with their 
 neighbors as have been, or shall be duly and orderly imposed upon them for main- 
 tenance of the parliament's forces and other public uses, shall have free leave .and 
 liberty to live at home with their families and goods, and shall be protected in their 
 persons and estates, by virtue hereof, until the ist day of January next, by or before 
 which time all such of them as are minded to reside and plough and sow in the 
 quarters, are to make their addresses for new and further protection to the attorney- 
 general, residing at Dublin, and to such other persons as shall be authori/.ed for 
 that ])ur])ose. And hereof I require all soldiers and others under my command, 
 diligently to take notice and observe the same, as they shall answer to the contrary 
 at their utmost perils ; strictly charging and commanding all officers and others in 
 their several places carefully to see to it, that no wrong or violence be done to 7iv\y 
 such person as aforesaid, contrary to the effect of the premises. Being resolved, 
 through the grace of God, to punish all that shall offend contrary thereunto, very 
 severely, according to law or articles of war; to displace and otherwise punish all 
 such officers as shall be found negligent in their places, and not see the cKie observ 
 ance hereof, and not to punish the offenders, under their respective commanders. 
 Given at ]3ublin, the 24th of August, 1649." 
 
 This last proclamation was a shrewd piece of policy. No previ- 
 ous invader had thought of conciliating the peasantry by promises of 
 justices and protection. The Royalist army, especially that portion 
 of it that was commanded by Inchiquin, had plundered friend and foe 
 alike without mercy ; even the Confederates had shown little scruple 
 in their dealings with the tillcrs-of the soil. The opinion spread 
 rapidly abroad, tliat Cromwell was more favorably disposed to the 
 native Irish than the Royalists under Inchic]uin or the descendants of 
 the original invaders who sat in the Council of Kilkenny. Nor were 
 his threats of punishment idle words. On his way to Drogheda he 
 oixlcrcd two of his private soldiers to be put to death in the face of 
 the whole army for stealing two hens from a poor Irishwoman. On 
 the strict observance of this proclamation, and on the positive assur- 
 ance given by his officers that they were for the liberties of the Com- 
 mons : that every one should enjoy the freedom of his religion, and 
 that those who served the market at the camp should pay no contribu- 
 tion, the country people flocked in with all kinds of provisions ; and 
 due payment being made for the same, his army was much better sup- 
 plied than even that of the Irish had ever been.^ 
 
 According to tradition, he occupied during his stay in Dublin, 
 
 ' When Cromwell possessed himself of Ireland, several merchants in Dublin and 
 other towns, to supply a scarcity of small change, coined pence and halfpence of copper and 
 brass, with their name and place of abod; on them, whicli they were obliged to make erood 
 afterwards. 
 
46 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 the old house which stood at the corner of Castle Street and Wer- 
 burgh Street.^ 
 
 " The buff coat, instead of the black gown, appeared in Dublin 
 pulpits, that being a furtherer of preferment if valor accompanied it ; 
 to use two swords well is meritorious. Not a word of St. Austin or 
 Thomas Aquinas, nor any such hard words ; only downright honesty 
 was now given forth." In spite of this display of religion, the troop- 
 ers' horses were stabled in St. Patrick's cathedral. 
 
 * This house was demolished in 1812 by order of the Commissioners of Wide Streets, 
 and the materials sold for ^^40. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 47 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE SEIGE AND CAPTURE OF DROGHEDA. -, 
 
 Muster of the Army — The March — Finglas Cross — Defences of Drogheda — The Garri- 
 son — Sir Arthur Aston — The Fortifications — Cromwell's Account of the Siege — 
 The .Assault — No Quarter — Death of Ashton — Official List of the Slain — The 
 Bloody Street — The Survivors. 
 
 After a few days' rest — for the men and horses had been so 
 so sick at sea that they could not march any sooner,^ — and a public 
 thanksgiving for their safe arrival, Cromwell determined to take the 
 field. His present plan of action was wholly different from that which 
 he professed to have in view while the expedition was in preparation. 
 He felt that the fiercest passions of the Protestants and Republicans 
 were roused against the Catholics and the Royalists, and could be 
 readily made to serve his purposes. The instructions which he now 
 received from the parliament were inspired by the news of Jones' 
 victory. The scheme to gain O'Neill over was at an end ; the nego- 
 tiations with the Catholics were broken off wholly. 
 
 Friday, August 31st, was appointed for a general muster of the 
 forces imdcr his command. They assembled to the number of 15,000 
 men. From these he chose twelve regiments, in all about 10,000 
 " stout, resolute men for the present service " ; at their head he crossed 
 the Liffey, and encamped about three miles to the north of Dublin 
 "in the field of Lord Barnwell."^ The next day he began the march 
 to Drogheda, probably by the high road passing through Swords and 
 Balbriggan ; in the evening he pitched his camp " at ]-5allygarth, 
 close to the Nannywater," twenty miles from Dublin. There is still 
 standing in the churchyard of Finglass an ancient cross ; it was held 
 in such veneration that two baronies of the county of Dublin, Upper 
 and Nether Cross, have had their names from it. The emblem of our 
 salvation was to the Puritans "the m.ark of the Beast," and they 
 directed against it their pious rage. It is said that a detachment of 
 the soldiers pulled it down, intending to break it in pieces. Fortun- 
 ately tlicy did not carry out their purpose wholly. The inhabitants 
 buried it, in order to save it from further desecration. On the return 
 of the army, a fortnight later, it could not be found.^ Baldungan 
 
 ' rcrfect Diurnal, Aug. 22d. " The Lord Lieutenant was as sick at sea as any man I 
 ever saw in my life." Letter of Peters from Milford, Aug. i6th. 
 
 ' Letter from Ireland in Crovnvelliana, p. 64 ; probably at Turvey ; the castle, for- 
 merly the residence of the Barnwells, i<s still standing. The proprietor then was Nicholas 
 Barnwell, created Viscount Barnwell of Turvey in 1645. 
 
 •'' Taylor's Ch'il Wars, vol. ii. p. 15. It was discovered by the Rev. Dr. Walsh, author 
 of the IliiUvy of Dublin, in 1816. It is of granite, and stands on a pedestal about eight 
 ieet high. 
 
 BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY 
 
48 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 castle was battered by the ships. ^ Coming to Gormanstown, Crom- 
 well attempted to get possession of the heir, then a child in arms. 
 The boy was saved by the exertions of the parish priest, who fled with 
 him to France, and later had him brought up in the Catholic religion.^ 
 As the enemy advanced, the Irish forces along the coast and in the 
 adjoining parts of Meath hastened to obstruct his passage. But owing 
 to the promptness of his movements, they could do no more than 
 make sudden onsets and retreat before him. 
 
 Drogheda^ is a seaport town, on the east coast, about twenty-three 
 miles due north of Dublin. Cromwell felt that the possession of this 
 place would be of the utmost importance to him. Being the passport 
 to the Northern parts of Ireland, it was essential to the security of 
 the metropolis and the keeping up of communication with those parts ; 
 as a seaport situated opposite the English coast, it afforded the most 
 direct means of intercourse with England. Hence, it was resolved 
 by the confederates in a council of war, consisting of fifteen members, 
 held August 23d, that " Drogheda was to be maintained." The gov- 
 ernor of the town gave orders to destroy the castles of Belgard, 
 Athcairne, Dardistown, and Bellewstown, and sent out a party for that 
 purpose. But the enemy had anticipated him, and coming up, got 
 possession of some and secured, by advancing with a great body of 
 horse, the rest of them. Ormonde, judging it would be the first place 
 attacked, applied his utmost industry to supply it with all things 
 that it needed. He ordered the fortifications to be repaired, and pro- 
 visions and ammunition to be thrown into it, as well as the shortness 
 of the time would allow. All suspected persons were forced to quit. 
 He hoped to put it in such a state of defence that it would occupy 
 the besiegers a considerable time and cause them some loss ; mean- 
 time he would employ himself in recruiting his shattered forces and 
 in preparing further means of resistance. He then withdrew to Trim 
 with his horse and a small body of foot, whence he sent orders to 
 Lord Inchiquin to bring up whatever forces he could muster, all tears 
 of Cromwell's landing in Munster being now at an end. He remained 
 in the town till the last moment, making arrangements for its defence. 
 
 ' Baldungaii castle, fourteen miles north of Dublin, formerly belonged to the Knighis 
 Templars. After thei> suppression it passed into the hands of the Barnwells, and through 
 them by the female line to the Berminghams and St. Laurences. In the war of 1651 it was 
 held by Thomas Fitzwilliam for the Confederates. D'A'ton's History of Drogheda, vol. i. p. 
 1 13 : Dublin, 1844. 
 
 - This must have been Jenico. 7th viscount Gormanstown. His father, Nicholas, the 
 6th viscount, took a leading part among the gentlcn\en of the Pale in the war of 1641 ; for 
 which he was outlawed and excepted from pardon for life or estate. In 16S8, the 7th viscount 
 took \\\^ siile of James II., and was in consccjuence outlawed. The outlawry was reversed 
 and the estates recovered, after a tedious suit by his r.ejihew. 
 
 8 Droched Atha, i., e. the Bridge of the Ford : it is Latinized Urbs Pontana and Vadi- 
 pontum ; by the English it was called Treoid and Tredagh. In \zz%, Henry III. granted to 
 the good men of Drogheda tolls for one year for the building of their bridge. In 1234, a 
 murage charter was gran ed to the town at both sides of the river. The part to the north 
 of the Boyne is called in ancient documents Drogheda towards Uriel, the southern part 
 Drogheda towards Meath. Great dissentions subsisted between the two parts, which were 
 often attended with bloodshed. By the exeriions of F. Philip Bennett, O. P., a reconcilia- 
 tion took i^lace in 1412 ; the result was a petition to Henry VI. to unite the town under one 
 mayor and form it into one special county. A burlesque used to take place yearly, on 
 Shrove Tuesday, in memory of this ancient feud. 
 
CROMWELL IX IRKLAND. 4? 
 
 Though anxious to share Ihc dangers with the garrison, lie could not ( 
 allow himself to be shut up there and thus prevented from issuing \ 
 orders to the rest of the forces. Some days later he weirt to Tecro- \ 
 ghan^ and thence to Portlcster,^ and awaited there Inchiquin's com- i 
 ing up before making any attack on the enemy. 
 
 Yet, in spite of the efforts, the town was but indifferently sup- 
 plied. Only a week before Cromwell appeared, the governor wrote 
 to Ormonde : "Yesternight there came from Dundalk.ten barrels of 
 powder, but very little match ; and that is a thing most wanting here ; 
 and for round shot not any at all. I beseech your E.xccllcncy to be 
 pleased to give speedy orders for same, as also for the sudden coming 
 of men and moneys. Bellyfood, I perceive, will prove scarce amongst 
 us, but my endeavors shall never be sparing to approve myself." He 
 was much embarrassed, too, by the movements of Lady Wilmot and 
 other ladies, his near relatives, then in Drogheda, whom he discovered 
 to be in communication with Colonel Jones and other officers of the 
 Parliamentary army in Dublin. 
 
 The town was garrisoned by 2,221 foot and 320 horse, nearly all 
 of whom were Irish, viz.,^ Ormonde's regiment of 400 men, under the 
 command of Sir Edward Verney ; Colonel Byrne's Colonel Wall's, 
 and Colonel Warren's regiments, amounting to about 2,000 men ; 
 Lord Westmeath's, 200 ; Sir James Dillon's, 200 foot and 200 horse ; 
 besides 500 foot sent in under Lieutenant-Colonel Griffin Cavenagh 
 while Cromwell lay before the town. The horse were divided into 
 five troops, commanded respectively by Major Butler, Captain Har- 
 pole, Sir John Dungan, Sir James Preston, Lieutenant-Colonel Dun- 
 gan. Captains Plunket, Fleming, and Finglas. The entire force of 
 artillery in the town consisted of one master-gunner, two gunners, 
 and three gunner's mates. The commander to whom this important 
 place was confided by Ormonde, with the full consent of the Com- 
 missioners of Trust, was Sir Arthur Aston, a Catholic,^ of an ancient 
 
 ^ Tecroghan, five miles north of Trim, belonged to .Sir Luke Filzgerald. As it guarded 
 the passage by the head waters of the Boyne, it was called " one of the pillars of Ireland." 
 See the " Declaration" of Jamestown. 
 
 2 Portlester, a great secure fastness, five miles west of Trim. It was one of the strong- 
 holds of .Silken Thomas, in 1556. The lordship of Portlester, which extended to Bellews- 
 to\yn, near Bective, passed to the earls of Kildare, by the marriage of Gerald, 8th earl, with 
 Alison, daughter and heiress of Sir Rowland FitzEustace, who" died in 1495. ^^^ Dean 
 Butler".^ Trim and Us Antiquities,-^. \-i^i,; Dublin, 1861. The castle has been demolished. 
 
 ^ Ludlow, Afctnoirs, p. 116, Bate, Elenchics, &c., vol. ii. p. 24, and others say the gar- 
 rison was composed almost wholly of English. Mr. Froude repeats this statement, perhaps 
 to extenuate Cromwell's cruelties to the Irish. The English in Ireland, vol. i. p. 123 ; Lon- 
 don. 1S72. But Ormonde expressly says the contrary in his answer to the 13th Article of 
 the Jamestown "Declaration"; "Drogheda was put into the hands of Sir Arthur Aston, a 
 Catholic ; and of the soldiers and officers of the garrison, the greater part were of that 
 religion." See the Appendix to The History of the Remonstrance, p. 117. In the Essex 
 MSS. at Stowc, too, it is stated that the majority of the officers and soldiers were Catholics. 
 D'Altou's Hist, of Drogheda, vol. ii. p. 162 ; from which we may fairly conclude they were 
 Irish. If the garrison consisted mainly of English, how could Cromwell say that "their 
 death was a righteous punishment for having imbrued their hands in innocent'blood ?" 
 
 ^ " Whom the Papists, notwithstanding, would not acknowledge for a Papist." Clar- 
 endon's Rebellion, vol. ii. p. 153. " He had the misfortune to be much esteemed where he 
 was not known, and very much detested where he was." Ibid., p. 527. 
 
>0 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 Cheshire family, allied to Viscount Moore, who had distinguishc i 
 himself both at home and abroad, lie had served in the army of 
 Sigismund, 'King of Poland, against the Turks. ^ When the civil war 
 broke out he returned to England and was appointed colonel-general 
 of dragoons ; with them he did good service at Edgehill. Later hj 
 was made governor of Reading and Oxford. Clarendon says there 
 was not in the King's army a man of greater reputation, or one of 
 wdiom the enemy had greater dread. So confident was he of the 
 strength of his position and of the courage of the garrison, that he 
 wrote to Ormonde, "he would find the enemy play, and that the gar 
 rison, being select men, was so strong that the town could not be 
 taken by assault ; that they were unanimous in their resolution to 
 perish rather than deliver up the place." Hence he advised to hazard 
 nothing by hastening to his relief. Ormonde, therefore, might fairly 
 reckon on a lengthened resistance ; and he well knew that a tedious 
 siege would be disastrous to the assailants, no matter how well dis- 
 ciplined and cared for, as it would of necessity expose them to all the 
 hardships of a winter campaign in a hostile country. 
 
 The fortifications of the town consisted of a wall more than a 
 mile and a half in length, enclosing an area of about sixty-four acres 
 Irish measure. Its height was at)out twenty feet, its thickness from 
 four to six, diminishing towards the summit so as to allow a space of 
 about two feet behind the embrasures for the soldiers to stand on. 
 In later times this space was widened by the addition of three or four 
 feet supported by columns and arches of stone, on which there was a 
 passage leading round the town, with doorways through the gates, 
 castles, and turrets. This wall exists still on the Louth side, running 
 fro^ the west gate to the .river, from St. Laurence's gate to the quay, 
 bounding Dominic Lane on the west side, and Scarlet Street and 
 Patrick Street to the south. On the Meath side the line can be traced 
 from the Butter Tower to the foot of the Millmount, and from Black- 
 but Lane to Priest's Lane ; it encloses the burial-ground of St. Mary's 
 parish to the south and east. There is a fragment also between St. 
 James Street and the Boyne. 
 
 The gates guarding the northern part of the town were, taken in 
 re^j-ular order, the West gate, near the end of West Street, composed 
 of two towers and a portcullis between ; Fair gate, adjoining the place 
 where fairs were held, no longer identified ; Sunday's gate, so called 
 from the Dominican or St. Sunday's friary near it ;2 this was also 
 
 1 In the Harleian MSS. 2149, there are various testimonies of foreign princes lauding 
 his conduct in the wars ; one is a record of a )cai ly ])ension of 700 florins by Sigismund. 
 D'Alton's //is/, of Dio^luda, vol. i. p. 26S. During ilie siege he resided in the old house at 
 the corner of Patrick's Well Lane, formerly belonging to the Elcock family, .as may be seen 
 by the arms and inscription on the slab let into the gable. James II. is said to have slept 
 in this house the night before he went to the camp at Donore. See Wild's Boytie and Black- 
 tvater, p. 30S ; Dublin> 1850. 
 
 '- S\M\Adiy,\. c, dies dorniiiica. The Dominican priory, founded in 1224 by Luke Net- 
 terville, Archbishop of Armagh from 1217 to 1227, was under the invocation of St. Mary 
 Magdalen. Here on March i6th, 1395, four of the Irish kmgs, O'Neill, O'Donnell, O'Han- 
 lon, and M'Mahon, made their solemn submission to Richard II. See Ware's Works, \o\. . 
 ii. p. 186. Thomas, 8th earl of Desmond, beheailed by the Lord Deputy Tiptoff, February 
 15th, 1467, was buried in this church. The stately monument erected over his grave was 
 
CROMWELL IX IHELAXD. 51 
 
 called the Cow gate ; the only fragment of it now existing.!^ the gable 
 of a forge ; it was a square castle, having near it two towers, the 
 Tooting and ]5oultcr's ; St. Laurence's, still standing ;' St. Catherine's, 
 somewhere at the edge of the river ; its site is not known. On the 
 Meath side were St. James' or the Dublin gate, at the end of St. 
 James' Street, where the stream that flows through the Dale falls 
 into the lioync ; the Blind gate ; Duleek gate, on the Duleek road ; 
 St. John's gate, the entrance to the old priory of St. John of Jerusa- 
 lem,^ which stood on the grounds of Ball's Grove ; and lastly, the 
 l^uttcr gate, an octagon perforated with an arched jiassagc.'^ 
 
 But Cromwell's activity and boldness soon frustrated Ormonde's 
 plans and put an end to his hopes. He was too well aware of the 
 evils that would result from a long delay before the town, and deter- 
 hiined to spend no time in the common forms of approaches and 
 turnings. Sir George Ascough's ships, which had attended his army 
 on the march from Dublin, blocked up the entrance to the harbor, 
 and prevented any aid from coming in by sea. Ormonde's hope of 
 succor from Inchiquin was vain ; for many of his horse were English 
 and did not care to fight against their countrymen ; whole squadrons 
 deserted. 
 
 We shall let the Lieutenant-General tell the history of his suc- 
 cesses, as he related them to the parliament, supplementing his nar- 
 rative from other sources : — 
 
 "For tlie Riglit Ilonorablc William Lcnthal/ ICsquirc, Speaker of the rarliainent 
 
 of England. These : 
 
 Dublin^ I 'jth of Sept., 1 649. 
 "Sir,- 
 
 " Your army being safely arrived at Dublin, and the enemy endeavoring to 
 draw all his forces al)out Trim and Tecrogan, as my intelligence gave me, from 
 whence endeavors were made by the Marquis of Ormonde to draw Owen Roe 
 O'Neill with his forces to his assistance, but with what success I cannot yet learn; 
 1 resolved, after some refreshment taken for our weather-beaten men and horses, 
 and accommodations for a march, to take the field. And accordingly upon Friday, 
 the- 30th of August last,* I rendezvoused with eight regiments of foot and six of 
 
 remiived to Christ Chorcli, Dublin, by order of Sir Henry Sidney, and placed in the room 
 of Karl Strongbow's, which had been wholly demolished by the fall of that part of' the 
 church. Archclall's Alonasiicoii, p. 457 ; Dublin, 17S6. 
 
 1 The priory of St( Laurence stood near the gate of tlie same name ; to it belonged 
 the Innial-ground called the Cord. 
 
 - This was made subject to the prior of St. Keenan's, Duleek, by Walter de Lacy ; 
 a portion of the funds for its support came from tolls on butter taken at the liutier gate. 
 aIi these gates existed up to 90 years ago. There were, besides, two castles on the Meath 
 side, built soon after the invasion ; the one called the Castle of Drogheda, the other Hlack- 
 agh. D' Alton's I/ist. of Drogheda, vol. i. pp. 42 and 91. 
 
 3 Drogeda was besieged by the Irish under Sir Phelim O'Neill in 1642. Sir Henry 
 Tichhorne was then governor, and Lord Moore was in command of the cavalry. An interest- 
 ing account of this siege is given in The Whole Proceedwgs of the Seige of Drogheda, by 
 Nicholas Bernard, Dean of Ardagh. Dublin, 1736. 
 
 •* On the 5th of November, 1640, the Commons chose him to be their Speaker, and 
 two days after presented him to the King with the usual ceremonies. Clarendon's Rebellion, 
 vol. i. p. 171. 
 
 ^ Should be 31st ; this error about the day of the month runs through the whole of 
 this letter. 
 
52 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 horse, and some troops of draj^joons, three miles on the north side of Dublin. The 
 design was to endeavor the regaining of Drogheda, or tempting the enemy upon 
 hazard of the losing of that place to fight." 
 
 On the night of September 2d, a body of horse encamped about 
 two miles from the town. Early the following morning Aston was 
 abroad with his horse ; but finding the enemy too strong to deal with, 
 he retiu-ned and left Captain Finglas on the field, with orders not to 
 engage but upon advantage, and only with small parties, to discover 
 their motions. In the afternoon news was brought him that about 
 500 of the enemy's horse were drawing towards the fort at Oldbridge. 
 In a letter written about two in the afternoon of the same day, he 
 apprised Ormonde that the enemy's army, or the greater part of it, 
 had appeared. "Their foot," he wrote, "being convoyed over by an 
 overawing power of horse, hath taken all the advantageous places 
 without the walls, insomuch that I am very confident this night they 
 will make their batteries, the which (all places being so serviceable 
 to them) we can hardly prevent. ... I have lost one captain of Col- 
 onel Warren's regiment, who was slain by a musket shot. Major 
 Butler hath lost two horses, the one of them shot under himself, the 
 other a trooper's, a soldier or two wounded ; and this is all hitherto." 
 
 "Your army came before the town upon Monday following,' where having 
 pitched, aspeedy course was taken as could be to fix our batteries, which took up 
 the more time because divers of the battering guns were on shipboard." 
 
 Tradition says the site of one battery was about 400 yards to the 
 east of St. Mary's church-yard, at a spot called Bevrack Mount, which 
 has been recently levelled. The place now goes by the name of 
 Cromwell's Mount. The position of the battery to the south cannot 
 be traced. Some interruption was caused from time to time by sal- 
 lies of the garrison, in which a few men were slain on both sides. 
 Sir Thomas Armstrong, at the head of 200 men, made a sortie ; "but 
 they were so well entertained, that every one of them was taken pris- 
 oner, except Sir Thomas, who escaped by the goodness of his horse." 
 On the 8th of September Aston reported he had made another strong 
 sally with both horse and foot on the enemy's camp. The position 
 of the town was ill suited to sallies. Besides his ammunition was 
 failing, as he had to spend four barrels every day. Provisions, too, 
 were growing short. He asked Ormonde " to attempt an assault on 
 the greater camp speedily, and he will, if he have notice, beat up those 
 upon St. John's Hill." 
 
 " Upon Monday, the 9th of this instant, the batteries began to play ; where- 
 upon I sent Sir Arthur Aston, the then governor, a summons to deliver the town 
 to the use of the parliament of England : — 
 
 1 Cromwell always looked on the 3d of Se] tember as his fortunate day. On two suc- 
 cessive anniversaries of that day he gained the victories of Dunbar and Worcester; on that 
 day, too, he died, as Waller says in his Panegyric to the Lord Protector : — 
 
 "In storms as loud as his immortal fame," 
 which Godolphin parodied thus : — 
 
 " In storms as loud as was his crying sin." 
 See Timbs' Curiosities of History, p. 139; London, 1862. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 53 
 
 " Scpteviber i o///, 1 649. 
 Sir, 
 
 Having brought the army belonging to the parliament of England before this 
 place, to reduce it to obedience, to the end effusion of blood may be prevented, I 
 thought fit to sunmion you to deliver the same into my hands to their use. If this 
 be refused, you will have no cause to blame me. I expect your answer and rest, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 O. Cromwell." 
 
 " To the which receiving no satisfactory an.swer, I proceeded that day to beat 
 down the steeple of the church ' on the south side of the town, and to beat down 
 the tower ^ not far from the same place, which you will discern by the chart en- 
 closed." 
 
 As this summons was disregarded, he immediately took down the 
 white flag which hung over his quarters, and put out a red ensign 
 instead. 
 
 "Our guns' not been able to do much that day, it was resolved to endeavor to 
 do our utmost the next day to make the breaches assaultable, and, by the help of 
 God, to storm them. The place pitched upon was that part of the town-wall near a 
 church called St. Mary's ;'' which was the rather chosen, because we did hope, if we 
 did enter and possess that church, we should be better able to keep it against their 
 horse and foot, until we could make way for the entrance of our horse ; and we did 
 not conceive that any part of the town would afford the like advantage for that 
 purpose with this." 
 
 The wall bounded a part of the church-yard of St. Mary's. It 
 was twenty feet high, and strengthened with towers, and pierced with 
 portholes. It seems strange that this spot, which was most difficult 
 of access and very strongly fprtificd, should have been the first 
 chosen for attack. Towards the east it runs along the brink of a deep, 
 precipitous valley, called the Dale, through which a stream flows. 
 On the south the approach was not so difficult, but the wall was as 
 high, protected by towers at intervals, and strengthened by buttresses 
 on the inside. In the church-yard there are still the remains of a 
 regular bastion and platform for cannon, the only vestiges of modern 
 fortifications in the entire circuit of the town-wall. Perhaps he 
 
 ^ This must have hceii St. Mary's, as it was tlie only church on that side of the river 
 that had a steeple. 
 
 2 This tower stood at the south-eastern angle of the wall, and was then a modern work 
 compared with tht rest of the defences. The ruins of it show that the ancient wall was de- 
 molished, and this tower and a bastion erected in its place. It was built on an arch, and 
 resembled the Magdalen tower in shape. In 1750 it was 50 feet high. 
 
 8 Said by Aston to be " eight pieces of battery, the least whereof shot twelve poimds, 
 and one of them a thirty-pounds" bullet." Letter to Ormonde in Aphor. Disc, vol. ii. p. 259, 
 appendix Ixi. 
 
 ■* This church, originally founded by the citizens of Drogheda for the Carmelite Order, 
 was called St. Mary's of Mount lai niel. Ii stood on the most elevaied part of the southern 
 division of Drogheda, and filled the southeastern angle of the town-wall ; its defences were 
 formed by nature and are exceedingly strong. D'Alton's Hist, of Drogheda, vol. i. j). 41. 
 The e.xtent of the friary may be judged from the broken walls at the east end of the present 
 building. The church of St. Mary, now standing, is the second erected on the spot since 
 Cromwell demolished the original one ; the only remains of which are the walls of a small 
 vestry, near the east end of the present building, and the foundations of an old tower about 
 150 feet distant. See Wild's Boyie unci Blachnhitir, p. 30S ; and The Diihliti Pcituy Jour- 
 nal, \o\. i. p. 2S4. This convent should not be confounded with St. Mary's de Urso, belong- 
 ing to the Crouched F'riars of St. Austin, on the Louth side of the river, between West 
 Street and the Boyne, the tower and church walls of which are still standing. 
 
54 CHOMWKLL IN IRELAND. 
 
 chose it because, if once taken, it afforded a more secure lodgment for 
 the first assailants than any other point within the fortifications.^ 
 The besieged had planted guns on the summit of the church-spire ; 
 these and some long fowling-pieces gave great annoyance to the 
 assailants. 
 
 " The batteries planted were two ; one was for that part of the wall against the 
 west end of the said church, the other against the wall on the south side. Being 
 somewhat long in battering, the enemy made six retrenchments, three of them from 
 the said church to Duleek gate ; and three of them from the east end of the church 
 to the town-wall, and s,o backward. The guns, after some two or three hundred 
 shot, beat down the corner tower, and opened two reasonable good breaches in the 
 east and south wall. 
 
 " Upon Tuesday, the loth of this instant, about five o'clock in the evening, we 
 began the storm;- and after some hot dispute we entered, about seven or eight 
 hundred men, the enemy disputing it very stifily with us. And indeed, through the 
 advantages of the place and the courage God was pleased to give the defenders, 
 our men were forced to retreat, quite out of breatli, not without some considerable 
 loss ; Colonel Castle,^ whose regiment was one of those that stormed, being there 
 shot in the head, whereof lie presently died: and divers officers and soldiers doing 
 theirTluty killed and wounded. There was a tenalia'' to flanker the south wall of 
 the town between Uuleek gate and the corner tower before mentionetl, which our men 
 entered, wherein they found some forty or fifty of the enemy, which they put to the 
 sword; and this tenalia they held ; but it being without the wall, and the sally-port 
 through the wall into that tenalia being choked up with some of the enemy who were 
 killed in it, proved of no use for an entrance into the town that way. Captain 
 Brandly did with forty or fifty of his men very valiantly storm it, for which he 
 deserves the thanks of the State. 
 
 "Although our men that stormed the oreaches were forced to recoil, as is 
 before expressed, yet, being encouraged to recover their loss, they made a second 
 attempt, whereni God was pleased so to animate them, that they got ground of the 
 enemy, and, by the goodness of God, forced him to quit his entrenchments.* And, 
 
 1 The town-wall at this point is still in the ruinous condition to which Cromwell re- 
 duced it, except that the breach on the eastern side has been partially filled up. The parapet 
 on that side is completely deuKjlished. The breach on the soutit side has been greatly en- 
 larged ; but the part ot" the wall still standing is about 20 feet high and 6 feet thick. The 
 range of buttresses, connected by circular arches on the inner side, is still standing. 
 
 * Our word was, " For Him that we shall find with us in Ireland, as well as we ditl in 
 England, our Lord God." The enemy's word was "Ormonde." Letter from Dublin, in 
 Crom~ocHii.\iui, p. 64. 
 
 ^ He is called by Wright and others Cossell. Hist, of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 77, He was 
 sent by the parliament with his regiment in the beginning of 1547, ^^ '-^^^ possession of the 
 garrisons surrendered by Ormonde. On the Sth of April, 1652, it was resolved by jjarlia- 
 nient, That it be referred to tlie Commissioners of parliament now in Ireland, to take pres- 
 ent care for the good education and maintenance of the two children of Colonel Castle 
 deceased, and to allow for that purjjose, out of the revenue of Ireland, such sum as they 
 shall think fit, not exceeding the sum of four score pounds a year, and to settle lands of 
 inheritance of the value of one hundred pounds a year of the lands forfeited to the Com- 
 monwealth, at the common value the same lands were in the \ ear 1640, upon the said 
 children and their heirs. — Henry Scobell, clerk of the parliament. MSS. in the Library 
 of the Royal Irish Academy. 
 
 * Tenalia, now called tenaille, by engineers, a kind of advanced defensive work, which 
 takes its name from its resemblance to the lips of a pair of pincers. It stood in the orchard 
 which now occupies the ground from the^outh-east angle of the wall to Duleek Street; there 
 was a small, arched doorway in the wall, now filled up, which ])erhaps was the sally-port 
 mentioned here. These tenalia were small towers, originally placed at regular distances 
 round the town-wall. Only one now remains, at the rear of the Millmount. Dublin Penny 
 Journal, vol. i. p. 286. 
 
 ^ "The besiegers loaded some of their guns with bullets of a half a pound, and fired 
 on the enemy's horse, drawn up somewhat in view ; this forced them to retire. The foot, 
 
UROMWKLL IN IRKLAND. 55 
 
 after a very hot dispute, the enemy having lost l^oth horse and foot, and we only 
 foot, within the wall, they gave ground, and our men became masters both of their 
 retrenchments and of the church ; which, indeed, although they made our entrance 
 more difficult, yet they ]iroved of excellent use to us; so that the enemy could not 
 now annoy us with their horse; but thereby we had advantage to make good the 
 ground, so that we might let in our own horse, which accordingly was done, though 
 with much difficult)-." 
 
 Sonic further details arc given by Whitclocke under the date 
 October ist, taken from " more letters of the particulars of the taking 
 of Drogheda." "That the breaches not being made low enough, the 
 horse could not go in with the foot, but the foot alone stormed and 
 entered the town ; but by reason of the numcrousness and stoutness 
 of the enemy, who maintained the breach as gallantly as ever men 
 die], and by the death of Colonel Castle, whose regiment was one of 
 those that stormed (and he was slain at the storm), our men were dis- 
 heartened and retreated, which my Lord Lieutenant seeing, went 
 himself to the breach,^ and after a little time a fresh reserve of 
 Colonel Ewer's men fell on with the rest very courageously, and 
 God abated the courage ot the enemy ; they fled before us till we 
 gained the town, and they all agreed in the not giving of quarter." 
 "The garrison," says Froude, "fought with extreme courage; twice, 
 after forcing their way into the town, the storming parties were 
 beaten back through the breach. The third time, as the light was 
 waning, Cromwell led them in person, forced Aston back upon his 
 inner lines, stormed these lines in turn, and before night was master 
 of the town." Colonel Wall who commanded the regiment stationed 
 nearest to the trenches, was killed by a shot in the breast ; his men 
 became confused and dispirited by the loss of their leader. 
 
 Then it was, probably, that quarter was offered and accepted. 
 "All the officers and soldiers," says Ormonde, "promised quarter to 
 such as would lay down their arms, and ^^crformed it as long as any 
 place held out ; which encouraged others to yield. But when they 
 had once all in their power and feared no hurt that could be done 
 them, then the word 'no quarter' went round, and the soldiers were 
 forced, many of them against their wills, to kill the prisoners." A 
 contemporary author says Cromwell could not take the town until its 
 defenders had received the promise of their lives from some persons 
 of high rank in his army.^ As soon as the town was in the assailant's 
 power, Jones, the governor of Dublin, who was second in command, 
 told Cromwell that now he had the flower of the Irish army in his 
 hands, and could deal with them as he pleased. He then issued an 
 order that the life of neither man, woman, nor child should be spared ; 
 
 deprived of their support, began to break and shift for themselves, when charged a second 
 lime." Ia\(^\o\\'s AIe7/ioirs, \^. ii6. 
 
 ' The Sword worn by Cromwell at Drogheda is preserved in the United Service Mu- 
 seum, London.. Marniion's Maritime Ports of Ireland, p. 256; London, 1S58. 
 
 ^ Cambrensis Eversns, vol. iii. p. 187 ; Dublin, 1851. Ludlow says, positive orders 
 had been given by Cromwell to give no quarter to any soldier. Afetnoirs, p. 117. "All 
 conclude that no man had quarter with Cromwell's leave." Letter of Inchuiuiii to Ormonde, 
 Sein. 15th, 1649; '" Aphor. Disr., vol. ii. preface xxviii. In November, 1649, the Irish, 
 under Inchiquin, laid siege to Carric-on-Suir. then held by Col. Revnolds. and used to cry 
 at the walls, that they would soon give them " Tredagh quarter.'' Crom. Sett., p. 189. 
 
56 CROMWKLL I.V IRELAyu. 
 
 and when one of his officers pleaded for mercy for the unresisting 
 victims, "he would sacrifice their souls," he said, "to theghosts of the 
 English whom they had massacred." 
 
 And thus a body of 3,000 men was totally destroyed and massa- 
 cred,^ with which, in respect of experience and courage, the Marquis 
 would have been glad to have found himself engaged in the field with 
 an enemy though upon some disadvantage. 
 
 "Divers of the enemy," continues Cromwell, "retreated to the Millmount,' 
 a place very strong and of difficult access, being exceeding high, having a good graft, 
 and strongly palisadoed. The Governor, Sir Arthur Aston, and divers considerable 
 officers being there, our men getting up to them, were ordered by me to put them all 
 to the sword. And, indeed, being in the heat of action, I forbade them to spare any 
 that were in arms in the town; and I think that night they put to the sword about 
 2,Qoo men." 
 
 It was manned with 250 of the best men ; when they saw their 
 companions retreat, they were so disheartened that they thought it 
 useless to make further resistance. " Lieutenant-Colonel Axtell of 
 Colonel Hewson's regiment, with some twelve of his men, went to the 
 top of the Mount and demanded of the Governor the surrender of it, 
 who was very stubborn, speaking high word^ ; but at length was 
 persuaded to go into the windmill at the top of the Mount, and many 
 of the chiefest as it could contain, where they were disarmed and 
 afterwards slain." 
 
 Sir Arthur Aston was among the first who fell ; he was killed 
 "after quarter given by the officer who first came there." "A great 
 dispute there was," says Ludlow in his Meuwirs,^ "among the soldiers 
 for his artificial leg, which was reputed to be of gold ; but it proved to be 
 but of wood, his girdle being found to be better booty, wherein 200 
 pieces of gold were found quilted." A. Wood says he was believed to 
 have hid away his gold for security in his wooden leg. This they 
 seized upon as a prize when he fell ; but finding nothing in it, they 
 knocked out his brains with it and hacked his body to pieces. Sir 
 Edward Verney, Colonels Warren, Fleming, Boyle, and Byrne, were 
 slain in cold blood.* 
 
 ^ Dr. F'Jeming, archbishop of DubMn, in a letter to the Propaganda, dated June 6th, 
 1650, sets down the ninnber of the slain at 4,000. See Sp'uil. Ossor., vol. i. p. 340. Belling 
 says that number of Catholic soldiers and citizens was killed. VindiciiE, &^c., p. 210. Bate 
 gives the same number. A/'hor.' Disc, vol. ii. p. 275, appendix Ixxiv. See also Castle- 
 haven's Manoirs, p. 1 14. The official list brings the numbers of officers and soldiers killed 
 up to nearly 3,000. 
 
 - The Millmount is close to the S. W. angle of the town-wall. It is an artificial mound, 
 said to have been erected over the grave of the 'I'uatha dc Danaan chief Colpa, who was 
 drowned at the mouth of the lioyne, or over the wife of Goban the smith. See Wilde's 
 Boyiie and Bhulnuater, ])p. 180 and 202. It has its present name from a windmill which was 
 on its summit. It formerly belonged to a family named Delahoyde ; they were said to liave 
 received a grant of it finm Cromwell in return for having supplied him with corn during 
 the seige. D' Alton's Iltst. of Drc;^^lu'da, vol. ii. p. 2S0. The hill is now occupied by a niar- 
 tello tower ; it is connected by a causeway with a hij^h bank rising abruptly from the l!oyne, 
 on which barracks for infantry and a hospital have been erected. 
 
 ^ p. 117, Clarendon says he was given to such an immoderate love of money, that he 
 cared not by what unrighteous ways he exacted it. Hist, of the Rebellion, vol. ii. p. 527. 
 
 * "Verney, Fingla's, Warren, and some other officers were alive in the hands of Crom- 
 well's officers twenty-four hours after the business was done." Inchiquin to Ormonde, ut 
 siiprit. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 57 
 
 As every part of the town was commanded from the Millmount, 
 further resistance was hoi)eless. The assailants in full force passed 
 through the two breaches, crossed the bridge, and were soon in pos- 
 session of the whole of the north side. There the work of slaughter 
 was continued. 
 
 " Then our horse and foot followed them so fast over the bridge, which goes 
 over abroad river; and being very long, and houses on both sides, yet they had not 
 time to pull up their drawbridge, and our men fell violently upon thcni, and I believe 
 there was 2,000 of them put to the sword." 
 
 The following is the official list of the principal officers slain at 
 Drogheda : 
 
 Sir Arthur Aston, governor ; Sir Edmund Verney,^ lieutenant- 
 colonel to the. Lord of Ormonde. 
 
 Of the horse commanded by Major Butler : Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Finglas, Captain Plunket, the Lord of Desme's (Dempsey's) son, and 
 Colonel Pleming slain. ^ 
 
 Of I-'oot : Colonel Warren, Colonel Wall, Captain Butler, Major 
 Tempest, Major Fitzgerald, Major Wilkins, Lieutenant-Colonel Gray, 
 — Stevens, Captain-Lieutenant Street, Captains Cooley and Bagnall ; 
 Colonel Byrne, Lieutenant-Colonel Boyle, ^ Major Doudle, Captains 
 Croker, Beuss, Fisher, Geffess, ]iirn.s. In all, 44 captains, all their 
 lieutenants and ensigns, 220 reformadoes^ and troopers, and 2,500 foot 
 soldiers.^ 
 
 Such was the fate of those who had surrendered because quarter 
 had been promised them. There were others who put no faith in 
 these promises, and, knowing the certain death that awaited them, 
 resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. 
 
 " Divers of the officers and soldiers being fled over the bridge Into the other 
 part of the town, where about a hundred of them possessed St. Peter's church- 
 steeple," some of the West gate, others a strong round tower ' next the gate called 
 St. Sunday's. These being summoned to yield to mercy, refused, whereupon I 
 ordered the steeple of the St. Peter's churcli to be fired, when one of tiiem was heard 
 •to say in the midst of the /lames, ' God damn me. Cod confound me, I burn, I burn.' " 
 
 ^ The son of the King's standard bearer who fell at Edgehill. 
 
 ' Colonel Fleming was the nephew of Dr. Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin. 
 
 2 Lieutenant-Color.el Richard Boyle was son of Richard Boyle, Protestant Archbishop 
 of Tuam, a relative of the Earl of Cork ; his brother Michael, who was later Archbishop o( 
 Armagh, was chapjain-gencal to the King's army in' Minister, during the rebellion. See 
 Records 0/ Cork, Cloyne, anJ Ross, by the Rev. l\!aziere Brady, vol. iii. p. 91 ; Dublin, 1S64. 
 
 * Reform.-ido, according to Webster, an obsolete word, was an officer, who for some dis- 
 grace was deprived of his command, but retained his rank, and perhaps his pay. 
 
 5 'I"he above list of officers who were slain, is taken from the Perfect Diurnal of Octo- 
 ber 2d, 1649. 
 
 6 In 154S, the steeple of this church, then said to be one of the highest in the world, 
 was thrown down by a violent tempest. It was rejilaced by one of wood. D" Alton's Hi^t. 
 of Drogheda, vol. i. p. 19. It had several chajicls and oratories, erected l>y the piety of the 
 inhal.iitanls of the town. In 17.(0, the old church was removed, and the present one erected 
 on the same site. 
 
 ■^ This tower stood to the east of the Sunday gate, not on the town wall, but a little 
 detached from it ; perhaps it was one of the Irish round towers. Dublin Penny Jour7iaL 
 vol. i. p. 286. 
 
58 CROMWELL IN- IRELAND. 
 
 His first intention was to blow it up, and for the purpose he had 
 put a quantity of powder in the subterranean passage ; but changing 
 his plan, he set fire to the steeple. Those who rushed out to avoid the 
 flames were slaughtered. Only one person escaped ; he leaped from 
 the tower, and received no other hurt than a broken leg. He had 
 quarter given him by the soldiers "for the extraordinariness of the 
 thing." 1 
 
 The street leading to St. Peter's church retained, even within 
 the memory of the present generation the name of " Bloody Street ; " 
 it is the tradition of the place that the blood of those slain in the 
 church formed a regular torrent in this street. 
 
 " The next day the two other towers ^ were summoned, in one of which was 
 about six or seven score, but they refused to yield themselves, and we knowing that 
 hunger must compel them, set only good guards to secure them from running away 
 until their stomachs were come down. From one of the said towers, notwithstand- 
 ing their condition, they killed and wounded some of our men. When they sub- 
 mitted, their officers were knocked on the head, and every tenth man of the soldiers 
 killed, and the rest shipped for the Barbadoes. The soldiers in the other tower were 
 all spared (as to their lives only), and shipped likewise for the Barbadoes." 
 
 Three or four oflEicers of name and good families, who had found 
 some way, by the humanity of some soldiers of the enemy, to conceal 
 themselves for four or five days, being afterwards discovered, were 
 butchered in cold blood. Captain Teige O'Connor, who was left 
 among the dead, at night returned to his home, and afterwards 
 recovered. Garrett, Dungan, and Lieutenant-Colonel Cavenagh also 
 escaped. Cromwell saved Dr. Bernard, dean of Kilmore and Ussher's 
 chaplain, and afterwards made him his almoner. 
 
 Excej^t these and some few others who during the assault escaped 
 at the other side of the town, and others who, mingling with the 
 rebels as their own men, disguised themselves so as not to be 
 discovered, there was not an officer, soldier, or religious person 
 belonging to that garrison left alive, and all this within the space of 
 nine days after the enemy appeared before the walls. 
 
 1 Bate's Elcnchiis, &c., vol. ii. \>. 25. l>ate was Cromwell's jiliysician. He got in with 
 the Royalists at the Restoration, by his friends' report that by a close given to Oliver he had 
 hastened him to his end. He was made chief physician to Cnarles II, and a member of the 
 Royal Society. Alhen. Oxon., vol. ill. col. 827; London, 1S17. 
 
 2 Bolton Tower and West Tower. 
 
CPOMWELL IN IRELAND. 59 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 -"HE SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF DROGHEDA (continued). 
 
 A. Wood's Account of the Massacre — Letter of Cromwell — Death of F. Taaffe, O. S. A. 
 and of FF. Bathe and Netterville, S. J. — Loss of the Assailants — Peters' Letter 
 — Thanksgiving — Hopes of tlie Royalists — Surrender of Dundalk — Cromwell 
 wounded — Surrender of Trim — Ormonde's Movements. 
 
 One of the English soldiers who was present at the siege and 
 took part in the assault, was Thomas, eldest brother of Anthony a 
 Wood, tlic well-known historian of Oxford. He was a Captain in 
 Colonel Ingoldsby's troop. The vivid description given by him of the 
 manner in which the Puritans carried on the war furnishes an excellent 
 commentary on the language of Cromwell. " tie returned," says 
 Anthony, "from Ireland to Oxford for a time to take up the arrears 
 of his studentship at Christ Church. It was the winter after the 
 siege. At which time, being often with his mother and brethren, he 
 would tell them of the most terrible assaulting and storming 
 of Drogheda, wherein he himself had been engaged. He told 
 them that three thousand at least, besides some women and chil- 
 dren, were, after the assailants had taken part, and afterwards all, 
 the town, put to the sword, on the i ith and 12th of September, 1649. 
 At which time Sir Arthur Aston, the governor, had his brains beat 
 out and his body hacked to pieces. He told them that when the 
 soldiers were to make their way up to the lofts and galleries in the 
 church, and up to the tower where the enemy had fled, each of the 
 assailants would take up a child, and use it as a buckler of defence 
 when they ascended the stc]:)!^, to keep themselves from being shot or 
 brained. After they had killed all in the church, they went into the 
 vaults underneath, where all the flower and choicest of the women 
 and ladies had hid themselves. One of these, a most handsome vir- 
 gin, arrayed in costly and gorgeous apparel, kneeled down to Thomas 
 a Wood, with tears and prayers, to save her life ; and being struck 
 with a profound pity, he took her under his arm, and went with her 
 out of the church, intending to put her over the works to shift for 
 herself. But a soldier, perceiving his intentions, ran his sword through 
 her body. Whereupon a Wood, seeing her gasping, took away her 
 money and jewels, and flung her down over the works." Mr. Froude 
 has been unlucky that he did not fall in with this detailed account 
 given by one "who was himself engaged in the storm." It proves his 
 assertion to be wholly false, that there is no evidence from an eye- 
 
CO CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 witness that women and children were killed otherwise than accident- 
 ally. ^ 
 
 " It is remarkable," says Cromwell, " that these people, at the first, set up the 
 Mass in some places of the town that had been monasteries, and afterwards grew 
 so insolent, that the last Lord's day before the storm, the Protestants were thrust 
 out of the great church called St. Peter's, and they had public Mass there,* and in 
 this very place near i,qoo of them were put to the sword, fleeing thither for safety." 
 
 The sight of the ruin which surroimaea nim does not seem to 
 have wrought any comuunction in his soul : 
 
 " I am persuaded," he says, " that this is a righteous judgment of God upon 
 these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent blood, 
 and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are the 
 satisfactory grounds of such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse and 
 regret. The officers and soldiers of this garrison were the flower of their army. 
 And their great expectation was, that our attempting this place would put fair to 
 ruin us, they being confident of the resolution of their men and the advantage of 
 the place ; if we had divided our force into two quarters, to have besieged the north 
 town and the south town, we could not have had such a correspondency between 
 the two parts of our army, but that they might have chosen to have brought their 
 army and have fought with what part they pleased, and at this same time have made 
 a sally with 2,000 men upon us, and have left their walls manned, they having in the 
 town the number hereinafter specified, some say near 4,000. 
 
 " And now give me leave to say how it comes to pass that this work was 
 wrought. It was set up in some of our hearts that a great thing should be done, 
 not by power or might, but by the spirit of God. And is it not so, clearly .'' That 
 which caused your men to storm so courageously, it was the spirit of God, who gave 
 your men courage and took it away again ; and gave the enemy courage and took 
 it away again; and gave your men courage again, and therewith this happy success. 
 And therefore it is good that God alone have all the glory ! " 
 
 And writing to the President of the Council of State, he says : 
 
 " This hath been a marvellous great mercy. ... I wish that all honest hearts 
 may give the glory to God alone, to whom, indeed, the praise of this mercy be- 
 longs." 
 
 What the fate of the ecclesiastics was who were found within the 
 walls, it is not hard to conjecture. 
 
 ■ " I believe all the friars were knocked oij the head promiscuously but two; 
 the one was Father Peter Taaffe, brother to Lord Taaffe, whom the soldiers took the 
 next day and made an end of.^ The other was taken in the round tower, under 
 
 1 " It is possible that in s-uch a scene women and children may have been accident- 
 ally killed ; but there is ud evidence of it from an eye-witness, and only general rumors and 
 reports at second hand." 7Vtt! Eiit^lish in Ireland, vol. i. p. 124. 
 
 2 " One thing is very remarkable and ouglit nut to be omitted, and that is, that though 
 there were several Proteslanls in the town, yet were the Papist soldiers so insolent and so 
 unjust to their Protestant conijianions, even in the midst of their adversity, that on Sunday, 
 the 8th of September, they thrust tlie Protestants out of St. Peter's church, and publicly 
 celebrated Mass there, though they had monasteries and other convenient places besides 
 for that purpose." Cox's Hib. Angl., Keign of Charles II., p. 8. 
 
 ^ This was Peter, a prior of the Order of St. Austin, sixth son of Sir John Taaffe, who 
 was made Baron of Ballymote and Viscount Taaffe of Corren, by patent bearing date Au- 
 gust ist, 1628, for services rendered to the English against (J'Donnell, and brother of 
 Major-General Lucas 'i'aaffe, governor of Ross, of whom more hereafter. Anhdall's Ptcr- 
 nxi', vol. iv. p. 293. liruodin i-ays lie was tempted by Cromwell to renounce his faith, but 
 refused. JVo/. I'id. Cath. p. 719. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. Gl 
 
 the repute of a lieutenant ; and when he understood tliat the officers in that tower 
 had no ([uarter, he confessed lie was a friar, but that did not save him." 
 
 A manuscript history of these events, written at the time by one 
 of the Jesuit Fathers employed on the Irish mission, and preserved 
 in the archives of the Irish College at Rome, gives some further 
 details of the cruelty exercised towards the priests that were seized. 
 
 "When the city was captured by the heretics, the blood of the 
 Catholics was mercilessly shed in the streets, in the dwelling-houses, 
 and in the open fields ; to none was mercy shown ; not to the women, 
 nor to the aged, nor to the young. The property of the citizens 
 became the prey of the parliamentary troops. Everything in our 
 residence was plundered : the library, the sacred chalices, of which 
 there were many of great value, as well as all the furniture, sacred 
 and profane, were destroyed. On the following day, when the sol- 
 diers were searching through the ruins of the city, they discovered one 
 of our P^athers, named John Bathe, ^ with his brother, a secular priest. 
 Suspecting they were religious, they examined them, and finding that 
 they were priests, and one of them, moreover, a Jesuit, they led them 
 off in triumph, and, accompanied by a tumultuous crowd, conducted 
 them to the market-place, and there, as if they were at length extin- 
 guishing the Catholic religion and our Society, they tied them both 
 to stakes fixed in the ground, and pierced their bodies with shots till 
 they expired. Father Robert Netterville,^ far advanced in years, was 
 confined to bed by his infirmities ; he was dragged thence by the 
 soldiers, and trailed along the ground, being violently knocked against 
 each obstacle that presented itself on the way ; then he was beaten 
 with clubs ; and when many of his bones were broken, he was cast 
 out on the highway. Some good Catholics came during the night, 
 bore him away, and hid him somewhere. Four days after, having 
 fought the good fight, he departed this life, to receive, as we hope, 
 the martyr's crown." ^ 
 
 Two Fathers of the Dominican Order, Dominick Dillon, prior of 
 the convent of Urlar, who had been appointed chaplain to the Con- 
 federate army by the Nuncio Rinuccini, and Richard Oveton, prior of 
 the convent of Athy, were seized and taken outside the walls of the 
 Puritan camp. There, in the presence of the whole army, they were 
 
 1 Father Tiatlie entered the College of Seville in 1630, and returned to Ireland in 1638, 
 where he was employed in missionary work up to his death. Ecclesiastical Record, vol. ix. 
 p. 219 ; Dublin, 1873. He was probably a native of Drogheda. The family mansion of the 
 ISatiics occujjied the angle formed by the junction of Laurence Street and Ship Street, the 
 princii^al front being towards the latter. A print of it is given in the Dublin renny Journal, 
 vol. i. [). 1 89. It was pulled down in 1824. Athcarne castle also belonged to the family. 
 D' Alton's Hist, of Drogheda, vol. i. p. 104. 
 
 - In Oliver's Collectanea S. J-, Exeter, 1830, F. Netterville is said to have been put to 
 death June 15th, and F. Bathe August i6th, both when Drogheda was taken by the heretics. 
 The MSS. History of Seville College gives the date of F. Bathe's death as August i6th. 
 Eccls. Record, ui supra. This difference of dates, taken with the fact that such cruelties 
 could not well have taken place when the Royalists captured the town in June, goes to show 
 that both were put to death by Cromwell's soldiers. 
 
 •'' MSS. in the Arundel Library, Stonyhurst. See, also, F. M. Tanner's So.ictas Jesu 
 usque ad sanguinem pro Cliristo militans ; Prague, 1675, ''"'^ Broudin's Propugnaculutn, &c., 
 p. 697. 
 
62 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 put to death through hatred of their religious calling and of the Cath- 
 olic faith. 
 
 The massacre continued for five whole days in succession. 
 "During all that time," says Clarendon, "the whole army executed 
 all manner of cruelty, and put every man that belonged to the garri- 
 son, and all the citizens who were Irish, man, woman, and child, to 
 the sword." Well might Ormonde say, that on "this occasion Crom- 
 well exceeded himself and anything he had ever heard of in breach 
 of faith and bloody inhumanity ; and that the cruelties exercised there 
 for five days after the town was taken, would make as many several 
 pictures of inhumanity as are to be found in T/ie Bool' of Martyrs 
 or in The Relation of Ainboyiiar 
 
 Ludlow calls it an "extraordinary severity." Of the inhabitants 
 only thirty survived, and these by a dubious mercy were shipped to 
 ^he West Indies, and sold as slaves to the planters. Richard Talbot, 
 who was later the famous Duke of Tyrconnell, was at Drogheda when 
 the town was taken. The sights he witnessed, though he was but a 
 child at the time, made a lasting impression on his mind, and inspired 
 him with a horror of the Puritans all his life long. According to a 
 tradition still current in Drogheda, the slaughter was stayed by a 
 touching incident which aroused the lingering spark of humanity in 
 Cromwell's breast. Walking through the streets, he noticed, stretched 
 in the pathway, the dead body of a newly-made mother, from whose 
 breast her miserable infant was striving to draw sustenance. 
 
 The number of those who fell in the assault was very small, if 
 we believe Cromwell's statement — 
 
 " A great deal of the loss in this business fell upon Colonel Hewson's, Colonel 
 Castle's, and Colonel Ewer's regiments ; Colonel Ewer having two field-officers of 
 his regiment shot, Colonel Castle and a captain of his regiment slain ; Colonel Hew- 
 son's captain-lieutenant slain. I do not think we lost loo men upon this place, 
 though many were wounded.' 
 
 " I humbly pray the parliament may be pleased that the army may be main- 
 tained, and that a consideration may be had of them and of the carrying on affairs 
 here, as may give a speedy issue to this work, to which there seems to be a mar- 
 vellous fair opportunity offered by God. And although it may seem very chargeable 
 to the state of England to maintain so great a force, yet surely to stretch a little for 
 the present in following God's providence, in the hope the charge will not be long, 
 I trust it will not be thought by any unfit for me to move for a constant sup})ly, 
 •which, in human probability as to outward things, is most likely to hasten and per- 
 fect this work; and indeed, if God please to finish it here as Me hath done in J'^ng- 
 land, the war is likely to pay itself. 
 
 " We keep the field much, our tents sheltering us from the wet and cold; but 
 yet the country sickness''' overtakes many, and therefore we desire recruits and 
 
 1 In another letter he gives the number killed as 20 or 30 ; of wounded as 40. Crom- 
 ■welliana, p. 64. 
 
 ■^ The country disease or country sickness, of which Cromwell so often complains, was 
 a kind of dysentery, " reigning in no country so e|)idemically as in this kingdom, not sparing 
 natives more than strangers." See Dineley's Tour in Ireland, in Kilk. Arch, jfoiirnal for 
 1S56, p. 17S. "Against this disease," says Peter Lombard, " they employ a remedy, which 
 is common and easy to be had, as is well known, viz., a certain most excellent liquor, which 
 they call usquebagh, so well nii.xcd tliat it has the power of drying up, and docs not inflame, 
 like that which is made in foreign countries." De Ilibernia Iiisuhi Siinctortnn, p. 3S ; Dublin, 
 186S. "They use, to aid digestion, a certain liery draught commonly called usquebagh," 
 Sian\h\XTSi's De A'ebus Iliberitiu:, p. 38; Antwerp, 1584. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 63 
 
 f;f)inc fresh regiments of foot may be sent us. For it is easily conceived by wliat 
 tiic garrisons already drink up, what our field army will come to if God shall give 
 more garrisons into our hands. Craving pardon for this great trouble, 
 " I rest, 
 
 "Your most obedient servant, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell." 
 
 Peters' letter, written from Dublin on the 15th September, and 
 received by the House on the 26th, was more laconic — 
 
 "The truth is, Droghcda is taken. 3,552 of the enemy slain, and 64 of our<? ; 
 Colonel Castle and Colonel Symonds of note. Aston, the governor, killed — none 
 spared. We have also Trim and Dundalk, and are marching to Kilkenny. I came 
 now from giving thanks in the great church. We have all our army well landed." 
 
 On the receipt of these letters, October 2d, the parliament or- 
 dered : 1°, that a letter of thanks should be sent to the Lord Lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland and communicated to the officers there, taking 
 notice tliat the House doth approve of the execution done at Droglieda, 
 as an act both of justice to them and mercy to others who maybe 
 warned by it ; and that the Council of State prepare a letter to be 
 signed by the Speaker ; 2"^, that it having pleased God to bless the 
 endeavors of the forces of the Commonwealth against the Irish rebels 
 and their adherents at Drogheda, v/hich was taken by storm, there 
 being in it a strong garrison of Ormonde's army, and 3,000 of the 
 enemy being slain, and only sixty-four privates and two officers of the 
 English ; all ministers in London, and within the lines of communi- 
 cation publish the same to-morrow, Sunday, the 30th instant, and stir 
 up the people to give thanks. This order to be printed and sent to 
 the Lord Mayor, who is to send a copy to all ministers within his 
 jurisdiction. It was further ordered in parliament, October iith, 
 that 12,000 of the Acts for a day of public thanksgiving be forthwith 
 printed and sent to the sheriffs of the several counties, to be dispersed 
 to all the ministers of the parishes in England and Wales and tlie 
 town of Berwick ; and that the Council of State give order accord- 
 ingly. In obedience to the order of the Council of State, the ministers 
 of London acquainted the people with the great successes of the Par- 
 liamentary forces in Ireland and' returned thanks to God for the same. 
 
 The first of November was observed as a general day of thanks- 
 giving throughout the whole kingdom, for the foregoing victory at 
 Drogheda, and others since obtained in Ireland. On the same day 
 an order was issued, "that ^loo be given to Captain Porter, who 
 brought the news of the great success in Iicland, for his pains and 
 travel therein, the Council of State to see to it." 
 
 The In's/i Monthly J\Tcrcury for December, 1649, printed at Cork, 
 thus unfeelingly triumphs over this defeat : 
 
 " Not long after the sally at Dublin, which the enemy out of modesty, call the 
 battle of Rathmines, the Lord Lieutenant landed at Dublin, with an army so nour- 
 isiied in victory that they never saw any defeat but those they gave their enemies. 
 The fust design we undertook was the gaining of Tredagh, in which Ormonde had 
 placed above 3,000 of his select men, and Sir Arthur Aston for commander, one as 
 un;.ble to stand to it as to run away; and it may be that's the reason he fell in the 
 service ; doubtless he was better for a retreat, since every step he would make a 
 
C4 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 halt. In a word, if the rule be true, of judging Hercules by his foot, we may con- 
 clude this a wooden governor ; yet he had made so good earthen fortifications, that, 
 by trusting to his works, he showed what religion he was of. Their first entrench- 
 ment against us was the church, out of which tliey were soon dislodged ; and I dare 
 say it was the first time they ever went from churcli unwillingly, this being done, 
 too, by some ordinances of Parliament, 'tis not unlikely the grave Presbyterians 
 (if ever the drowsy assembly come into play again) may question their proceeding, 
 and aver we have a mind our enemies should still continue Papists, by so frequently 
 evincing there was no salvation for them in our Church. At length, the breach 
 being found assaultable (more from the rent than the longness of it), our army were 
 so little courtiers as to enter the town without so much as knocking at the gate, 
 where all lost their lives but those that saved them. Of the first qualification there 
 were about 3,000, of the latter 30, be it more or less." 
 
 How little such a result was expected by the Royalist party in 
 England, is seen from the closing paragraph of the Mercm-his Prag- 
 matic us oi September 17th, 1649, where having said that "Lord Noll 
 had turned his nose^ towards Tredagh, thinking to fire the town ; but 
 the sea had formerly so cooled it that it looked as if he had wrapped 
 it in an indigo bag, to keep it from firing the gunroom " ; the writer 
 concludes : 
 
 " More certain news, that Cromwell hath now his ironsides banged to purpose, 
 and is, as one letter speaks, beat back into Dublin with a very great loss, at least 
 4,000 slain and 600 taken, himself wounded, but not mortal. The Junto (i. e., the 
 parliament) have caused proclamation to be made at all seaports for letters, that this 
 news should not be divulged : but, as secret as they carry it, it is sufficiently known 
 for truth. The King is said to be landed in Ireland, which adds new life and valor 
 in the commanders and common soldiers, that by the next year you will go near to 
 hear of Dublin being besieged, if not stormed, all their forces now drawing that 
 way. There is good store of money in the castle, which will make the soldiers 
 storm lustily." 
 
 Ormonde strove to ex.cuse himself for not aiding Drogheda, 
 though at the time he had over 3,000 men under his command. 
 " Many of them had come off from the rebels to us in the time of our 
 better fortune, as the Lord Moore's and Sir Thomas Armstrong's 
 horse, and of these our numbers diminished daily by the revolt of 
 some officers and many private soldiers, the rest showing much dejec- 
 tion of courage, and upon all occasions of want, which are very frequent 
 J with us, venting their discontent in such dangerous words, that it was 
 \. held unsafe to bring them within that distance of the enemy as was 
 necessary to haye kept them united, and consequently one side of the 
 town open to receive continual supplies. 
 
 Cromwell and his party did not err in their conjecture. The 
 speedy capture of Drogheda and the merciless massacre of its inhab- 
 itants had the effect which they desired. It spread abroad the terror 
 of his name ; it cut off the best body of the Irish troops, and dis- 
 heartened the rest to such a degree, that it was a greater loss in itself 
 and more fatal in its consequence than the rout at Rathmines. Or- 
 monde wrote to the King : " It is not to be imagined the terror that 
 
 ^ Cromwell's ruby nose was productive of much nonsense and buffoonery; "the blaz- 
 ing cf-his beacon nose," " the glowworm glistening in his beak," "Oliver is a bird of prey, 
 as you may know by liis bloody beak." Jesse's Co%trt of Englaiid iiiidir the Stuarts, vol. iii. 
 p. 30 ; London, 1840. 
 
CROMWELL 7.V IRELAND. G5 ' 
 
 these successes and the power of the rebels liave struck into the peo- 
 ple. They are so stupefied, that it is with great difficulty I can per- 
 suade them to act anything like men towards their own." When Owen 
 Roe O'Neill heard the sad news, he swore a great oath, that, as 
 Cromwell had taken Drogheda by storm, if he should storm hell he 
 would take it. Immediately after, i8o of Inchiquin's men deserted 
 and passed over to Cromwell's army. 
 
 According to jiopular tradition, Cromwell held a council of war in 
 the drawing-room of the large house with an oriel window, formerly 
 belonging to the Drumgoole family, and now forming part of Kirk's 
 hotel. 
 
 Two days after the fall of Drogheda, Cromwell dispatched Colo- 
 nel Chidley Coote with two regiments of horse, his own and Jones', 
 and Colonel Castle's regiment of foot, to take possession of Dundalk. 
 Ormonde had ordered this place and Trim to be abandoned and burnt 
 when Drogheda was taken ; but fear so possessed the garrison that 
 they did not carry out his orders. A messenger was sent forward 
 with the following summons to the Governor : 
 
 " For the Chief Officer commanding in Dundalk; These : 
 
 " \2fh Scptembei-, 1649. 
 " Sir, 
 
 " I offered mercy to tlie garrison at Tredagh, in sending the Governor a sum- 
 mons before I attempted the taking of it, which being refused brought their evil 
 upon them. 
 
 " If you, being warned thereby, shall surrender your garrison to the use of the 
 Parliament of England, which by this I summon you to do, you may thereby pre- 
 vent effusion of blood. If, upon refusing this offer, that wliich you like not befalls 
 you, you will know whom to blame. 
 
 " I rest, 
 
 " Your servant, 
 
 O. Cromwell-." 
 
 The enemy abandoned the place, and possession was taken of it. 
 There is a tradition that Cromwell came to Dundalk, and received 
 there a wound which marked his face. He was watering his horse at 
 the ford where the bridge was built afterwards. Lord Plunkett, ances- 
 tor of Lord Louth, one of the Royalist officers, who was in the neigh- 
 borhood enlisting men for the Confederates, was riding by, and his 
 horse, wishing to drink, stopped short at the same ford. Seeing the 
 reflection of Cromwell's star in- the water, Plunkett determined if pos- 
 sible, to kill him ; and, not being near enough to reach him with his 
 sword, he flung the naked blade at Oliver's head and gashed. his 
 prominent nose. A rush was instantly made by Cromwell's attend- 
 ants, but the Royalist officer escaped by a subterranean vault leading 
 into Lord Roden's demesne. A large reward was offered for his 
 apprehension. He was traced by a faithless servant named Taaffe 
 and betrayed. He was seized and brought captive to Castle Cumber- 
 land. Cromwell's wound was undergoing surgical treatment at the 
 moment. Several of the Parliamentary officers suggested a variety 
 of crtiel deaths, in order that the sufferer might select that which he 
 deemed most painful to the prisoner. But Cromwell would not adopt 
 
66 CROMWELL IN IRELiND. 
 
 any of their savage plans, and said he preferred to leave the selection 
 to Lord Plunkett himself. When the captive was asked how he wished 
 to die, he replied boldly : "With my good sword in my hand, and any 
 two of your officers before me ready to execute your orders." This 
 reply so gratified the General, that he spared the prisoner's life, on 
 condition that there should always be an Oliver in the family. The 
 name, however seems to have been common among the Plunketts 
 before the event here mentioned took place. 
 
 " A party of horse and dragoons was sent to a house within five miles of Trim, 
 there being then in Trim some Scots companies which the Lord of Ardes ' brought 
 to assist the Lord of Ormonde. But upon the news of Tredagh, they ran away, 
 leaving their great guns behind them, which we also possessed." 
 
 Major Ponsonby was left at Trim with a small garrison ; the rest 
 returned to the army. The " house " was the.castle of Trubly ; ^ here 
 Cromwell passed a night. He battered down a part of the Yellow 
 Steeple, and blew up a tower of the castle. Some years ago a number 
 of lead and iron bullets were found in the ruins. Dean Butler doubts 
 wdiether Cromwell visited Trim ; but there is a tradition that Scurlock 
 of Scurlockstovvn and his brother of the Rock had a skirmish with 
 him at a place since called Cromwell's Plill, near Grange ; and that 
 Rathmore Castle, then held by the Plunketts, was blown down by balls 
 from guns planted on the Hill of Ward. A stone over the door of 
 Ballinlough castle recorded that the estates were given back to the 
 owner by Cromwell in return for the good entertainment he received 
 there. There is in the keeping of the family an old document which 
 shows he visited the place. He passed a night in the old church of 
 Taghmon, when besieging the castle ; the Nugents, the owners of it, 
 escaped being massacred by flight during the night. ^ 
 
 Thus ended the hopes that Ormonde had placed on the long re- 
 sistance which he supposed would be offered by Drogheda. He left 
 his quarters at Trim and Tecroghan,'' and at the head of 5,000 men 
 retreated southwards, having given orders to the garrisons which he 
 left behind to set fire to the places committed to their keeping in 
 case the enemy should approach. But fear so possessed them that 
 
 1 Hugh Montgomery, second viscount Arties, was son of the si.xth laird of Braidstones, 
 one of the Scotch favorites of James I. His uncle, the fust viscount, was dean of Norwich ; 
 but seeing that a good fortune uiiglU be made iu Ireland, he got himself apiniinted to the 
 sees of Derry, Clogher, and Raphoe, which three dioceses comprising the chiefest part of 
 Ulster, were now united for one man's benefit. He was one of the Connuissioners a])pointed 
 by tlie King to seize on the lands of the Irish for the Church and the Crown. If the lauds 
 were found to belong to the sept, they were declared forfeited to the Crown, in consequence 
 of O'Neill's rebellion ; if they belonged to the Church, then the Bishop entered on the 
 possession of them. In either case the natives were plundered. See Rev. C. P. Meehan's 
 FUi^ht of the Earls, p. 56. 
 
 - Trubly was the property of the Cusack family from the time of Richard II. 
 8 The translator of Cumluensis Eva siis says the garrison and citizens of Moate sur- 
 rendered on terms to Cromwell himself, but nothing of the kind is s.tid in the original. 
 The passage clearly refers to the MiUmount near Drogheda. See Cdi/tb. Ever., vol. iii. p. 1S7. 
 * Tecroghan was surrendered to Col. Reynolds and Sir Theophilus Jones, June i6th, 
 1650, by its governor, Sir Robert Talbot. This castle belonged to Sir Luke Fitzgerald ; his 
 wite was called by the soldiers Colonel Mary. She was greatly misled by the coufrdence she 
 placed in Talbot. Aph. Disc. vol. ii p. 91. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 67 
 
 they did not execute these orders, nor destroy the fortifications as 
 they were directed ; the enemy thought it worth while to take pos- 
 session of them and garrison them. Cromwell deemed it wisest not 
 to pursue him through a hostile country, the roads of which he was 
 entirely ignorant of. His forces, too, were somewhat weakened by 
 the detachments left in the different strongholds which he had seized, 
 especially at Drogheda, which he tool^ special care to secure against 
 any sudden assault. He returned to Dublin, where, no doubt,. he was 
 wclcoo^ed with joy. 
 
68 CROMWELL lA IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE CROMWELLIANS IN THE NORTH, 
 
 Venables' Expedition — The Ulster Scots — Surrender of Carlingford and Newry — Defeat 
 of Tcevor — Surrender of Belfast and Coleraine — Further Successes — Cromwell's 
 Letter. 
 
 The capture of Dundalk opened up the road to the north and 
 enabled Cromwell to continue his successes in that quarter. When 
 leaving Dublin, he had despatched northwards by sea 1,000 foot, and 
 a plentiful supply of wheat and " other things necessary for their ac- 
 commodation ; " 500 horse were sent by land. Two large battering 
 guns were sent in a man of war ; this was to attend upon the party 
 during the expedition. Venables, who was in command, was ordered 
 to effect a junction with Sir Charles Coote, then shut up in Derry. 
 He was told also to sound the Scotch planters and, if possible, to gain 
 them over to the side of the Commonwealth. The Ulster Scots were 
 divided among themselves ; some still held out for the King ; a con- 
 siderable number sided with the Parliament. ' These had sent mes- 
 sengers to Cromwell when he lay before Drogheda, asking for aid. 
 Venables was soon in a position " to send information which promised 
 well towards the northern interest." He found these disciples of 
 Knox were but too ready to make common cause with the Puritan 
 party against the Catholic Confederates. 
 
 On the .i8th of September, the land force came before Carling- 
 ford. The same day the ship entered the harbor and passed the fort 
 at its mouth without being harmed in any way, though several shots 
 were fired at her as she sailed past. That night Venables encamped 
 in the open country to the south of the town. The next day prepar- 
 ations were made to land the cannon and erect the battery ; but before 
 either was done, the garrison beat a parley and surrendered upon 
 articles. He found in the three castles and in the fort commanding 
 the town forty barrels of powder, seven pieces of cannon, about a 
 thousand muskets, and nearly five hundred pikes. 
 
 The following day, with Jones' regiment he marched by the river 
 side under the mountain to Newry,^ and crossed the river at a ford, 
 a mile below the town ; the rest of the party was left with Coote on 
 the other side of the mountain. On Venables' approach, the governor 
 came out to treat with him. He allowed the horse to march through 
 the town, cross the bridge, and take up quarters on the Down side of 
 
 1 Newry, anciently called luhhar cinn Tragha, the ycw-trcc at the head of the strand, 
 said to have been planted by St. Patrick. See Annals of the Four Masters, ad ann. 1162 ; 
 DLil)iin, 1856. In after ages the name was shortened to lubhar, which, by prefixing the Irish 
 article, gave rise to the present form of the name. See Joyce' Irish Names of Places, pp. 23 
 and 52, first series ; Dublin, 1869. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 69 
 
 the river ; he tlien sunendered the castle upon articles. Venables 
 with his regiment rested there for three days ; he was then joined by 
 the rest of the troops. 
 
 Meantime word was brought him from Lisnagarvay (Lisburn) 
 by some deserters, that the town would surrender if he showed him- 
 self before it. Leaving an ensign and some few men in the castle of 
 Newry, he continued his march Northwards, and lay the first night 
 at Dromoic. lie encamped by the road side in a field to the south- 
 west of the town, well enclosed with hedges. He was not aware that 
 any of the enemy was in the neighborhood ; besides, both officers and 
 men had grown careless, owing to their constant success, and did not 
 think there was any danger to be feared from an enemy whom they 
 despised. About three hours after they had encamped, news was 
 brought from Dundalk that Colonel Mark Trevor, who had been sent 
 by Ormonde to intercept them, was advancing with a considerable 
 party of horse, intending to attack them unawares before morning. 
 Orders were immediately issued for the horse to draw off into the 
 enclosed field where the fort lay. But, owing to the carelessness of 
 the officer who gave the order, or of the messenger who delivered it, 
 little notice was taken of it; it did not reach half the horse; the 
 dragoons were totally ignorant of it. The omission was near proving 
 the utter ruin of the entire party. Trevor had followed them all day. 
 His scouts gave him certain intelligence of their movements. When 
 darkness set in, he sent some of his rnen to reconnoitre the camp and 
 to find out when an attack would be made. Before daybreak he fell 
 on them. The guards were surprised and ran off towards the camp, 
 closely pursued by the assailants. The sudden onset threw the main 
 body into confusion : they, too, fled in dismay. Fortunately for the 
 fugitives, the greater part of the encampment was surrounded by a 
 high hedge, behind which was a bog. Hence they could not readily 
 find a way of escape ; had they dispersed,- they would have been 
 knocked on the head by the peasantry or cut to pieces by the enemy. 
 Owing to the darkness of the morning, Trevor was not aware of the 
 advantage he had gained. With 500 horse he took up his position on 
 the neighboring hill. From the small resistance he had heard made, 
 he concluded that the enemy was totally defeated and could not rally ; 
 when daylight appeared, his cavalry would be ready to capture any 
 that survived the attack. As soon as day broke, Venables saw his 
 (Innger ; about fifty of his liorse rallied and dr(;w up on a mound within 
 IIk; field. 'I'liosc who h;ul concc'dcd 1 hcinsdves in Iiolcs :ii)d dit(li<;s 
 l<Mik ii|> their ai iiiM :i|^:iin ;ind joined (Mi lo liie horse ; so that hi-loit- 
 Trevor's men could see what the enemy was doing, there had got 
 together four or five bodies of horse and a party of 400 foot, all 
 ashamed of the confusion into which they had fallen and eager to 
 redeem their fault by a display of bravery. After a sharp skirmish 
 Trevor was forced to retire towards the Bann ; two officers, who had 
 been taken prisoners, and two standards were retaken. The same 
 day Venables advanced to Lisburn ; there he was joined by Major 
 Jiruffe with a troop of the county horse. They marched to Belfast, 
 which surrendered within four days upon articles. Eight hundred 
 
70 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 Scots were afterwards turned out of the town, whither they . had 
 brought their wives and children to plant themselves. About the 
 same time Colerain surrendered to Sir Charles Coote ; he imitated 
 the example of Cromwell at Drogheda in putting the garrison to the 
 sword. He entered the counties of Down and Antrim, and forced 
 Sir George Munroe to retire. By the end of September, every port 
 and every important place in the North — Carrickfergus alone ex- 
 cepted — was in the hands of the Parliament, There being no longer 
 any occasion for such a large body of horse in those parts, Jones' 
 regiment was sent back to reinforce the army in Dublin. When an- 
 nouncing these successes to the parliament, Cromwell ends his letter 
 thus : 
 
 " I have sent these things to be presented to the Council of State for their 
 consideration. I pray God, as these mercies flow in upon you, He will give you a 
 heart to improve them to His glory alone ; because He alone is the Author of them 
 and of all goodness, patience, and long suffering extended towards you. 
 
 "P. S.— I desire the supplies moved for maybe hastened. I am very per- 
 suaded though the burden be great, yet it is for your service. If the garrisons we 
 take swallow up your men, how shall we be able to keep the field ? Who knows but 
 the Lord may pity England's sufferings, and make a short work of this ? It is in 
 His hand to do it, and therein only your servants rejoice. I humbly present the 
 condition of Capt.' George Jenkins' widow. He died presently after Tredagh storm. 
 His widow is in great want." 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. ' 71 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE KING AND ORMONDE. 
 
 Ormonde tries to collect Supplies — The King's Journey to Ireland — Ills Character — In- 
 trigues of the Scotch Envoys — He decides to go to Scotland — Taaffe joins Ormonde — 
 Refusal of the Cities to contribute, * 
 
 Immediately after the capture of Drogeda Ormonde left Port- 
 lester with the remnant of his army and marched towards Kilkenny ; 
 here he expected to be joined by Inchiqiiin, who had still a consider- 
 able force of horse and foot in Munster, and by Lord Montgomery 
 of Ardes at the head of the Ulster troops. But lie had neither money 
 nor provisions to keep an army together even for a single day. The 
 Commissioners of Trust were dispersed ; the collectors employed by 
 them were not so diligent as they should have been in getting in either 
 corn or money. Ormonde issued warrants for raising both ; this the 
 Commissioners declared a breach of the articles of the treaty ; some 
 even spoke of making terms with the enemy. 
 
 Once more, in his perplexity, Ormonde turned to the King. 
 About the middle of June Charles had left the Hague and gone to St. 
 Germain's to visit . the Queen, his mother, intending after a stay of 
 eight days, to proceed on his journey to Ireland, "as a place where 
 he might conveniently unite the forces and interests of both kingdoms 
 against the common enemy." At this time the royal interest was 
 predominent in Ireland. The fleet under Prince Rupert road triumph- 
 ant along the coast ; the Parliamentary commanders, Jones in Dublin, 
 Monk in I^clfast, and Cook in Londonderry, were almost confined 
 within the limits of their garrisons. Inchiquin in Munster, the Scotch 
 regiments in Ulster, the great body of the Catholics throughout tlie 
 whole country had proclaimed the King, and acknowledged the au- 
 thority of his lieutenant. Just then Charles was asked by Ormonde 
 to come to Ireland ; he consented. But his own pleasures or the in- 
 trigues of his counsellors detained him for three whole months at St. 
 Germain's. Meantime news reached him of the defeat at Rathmines. 
 His first impulse on hearing of it was to set out for Ireland and bear 
 a share in the struggle. To those who reminded him of the dangers 
 he would encounter he replied, " Then must I go there to die, for it 
 is disgraceful to live anywhere else." But Charles was even then 
 essentially a man of pleasure ; his good purposes through life were 
 writ in water. One of his courtiers described his character to Or- 
 monde : Foreign princes begin to look on him as a person so lazy 
 and careless in his own business that they think it not safe, by con- 
 tributing anything to his assistance, to irritate so potent enemies as 
 they fear his rebellious subjects are likely to prove. Charles soon 
 felt that his presence was by no means desirable at St, Germain's. 
 
72 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 Mazarin gave liim plainly to understand that a longer residence there 
 would embarrass the court of France, which had no desire to quarrel 
 with the Commonwealth of England. Queen Henrietta Maria urged 
 him to take the Cardinal's hint. It was remarked that after he had 
 learned that Cromwell had assumed the government of Ireland, he 
 hesitated still more, lest he might meet such a formidable adversary. 
 He sent Colonel Warren and Mr. Henry Seymour, gentlemen of his 
 bedchamber, to obtain from Ormonde a true account of the state of 
 affairs in Ireland and his opinion concerning the expediency of the 
 journey. On the 27th of September Ormonde replied to the King 
 as follows : — ^ 
 
 " Your Majesty's commands in your letters and in the message by Colonel 
 Wancn, were to give you an account of the present state of affairs here and my 
 opinion touching your Majesty's coming into this kingdom. The first, Sir, is briefly 
 this : Tlie rebels are strong in their numbers, exalted with success, abundantly pro- 
 vided with all necessaries, likely to want for nothing that England can afford them; 
 and, in the pride of all this, are either marched out or ready to march out, to pursue 
 their victories. On the other side, to withstand them our numbers are inferior, 
 discouraged with misfortunes, hardly and uncertainly provided for, the people weary 
 of their burdens, wavering in their affections, through the advantages taken to per- 
 vert them by those disloyally inclined, and our towns defenceless against any con- 
 siderable attempt. After such a stating of our condition, your Majesty may wonder 
 that I, who, in my opinion concerning the hazarding of your person into this king- 
 dom, was doubtful, or rather plainly against it, only'upon fallil)le resolutions taken 
 of Cromwell's coming over, before the defeat near Dublin, which made easy the 
 better half of his work in this kingdom, and before the loss of Drogheda with above 
 two thousand of our best foot and above two hundred horse, should now change my 
 opinion, and hold it absolutely necessary for your Majesty to appear here in person. 
 
 "This seeming preposterous change proceeds not from a less care of your 
 Majesty's safety, but from a greater desire of your glory, consisting in your being 
 restored to your kingdoms Ijy the blessing of God upon your immediate conduct of 
 your affairs and armies ; for which by a special nrovidence they seem to be reserved, 
 and without which it is evident, not only to me, but to all that for faith or judgment 
 I hold capable of such a debate, that this kingdom will very shortly eject all signs 
 of obedience to your Majesty, and revert to the condition it was in when your Ma- 
 jesty commanded me hither, or rather to a much worse. For all such as have con- 
 tributed towards the restitution of your Majesty's government at the conclusion of 
 the last peace and would persevere to the end in their loyalty, will now infallibly, in 
 the first place, be singled and marked out for destruction. So that if your Majesty 
 conceive the preservation of any footing in this kingdom may be at any time neces- 
 sary towards the recovery of the other two, it can, reasonably speaking, be no other 
 way hoped for than by your presence ; and by that it may. When there was a pos- 
 sibility of reducing this kingdom without this or any ]iersonal hazard to your IMajest)', 
 and that by the reduction of it, your Majesty might have no more to do but to 
 command the transportation of an army hence for any design more worthy the ven- 
 ture of your person than this then seemed to be, and that I saw it was needful to 
 put something upon unequal trial rather than abide the threatened invasion, I held 
 it my duty to dissuade your Majesty to come in at the end of our success, when it 
 was to be feared the formidable forces then designed and since come against us 
 would give a check unto it. But now that the rebels are so exalted in their jMide, 
 even as high success and the lowest contempt of an enemy can raise them, and that 
 any check given by vour Majesty to them will hazard the ruin of their usurpation 
 and the restoring of your Majesty, it will be ruin to them if the jirogress of their 
 arms be now stopped, and to j our Majesty's infinite honor to have attempted it with 
 such disadvantage, whatever the event be. Yet I should not dare to advise the 
 purchase of if at so desperate a rate, nor your coming into this kingdom, if I did not 
 believe your Majesty may have as sale a residence here and retreat hence as I con- 
 ceive that in or from Jersey to be." 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 73 
 
 Meantime, about the middle of September, Charles had set out 
 for St. Germain's, by way of Normandy, for the island of Jersey, the 
 only part of his dominions of which he retained possession, in order 
 to be so much nearer to Ireland, in case he should be advised to go 
 there. Prince Rupert was at Kinsale with sixteen frigates of the 
 royal fleet, well equipped and ready to put to sea, awaiting orders to 
 set sail and escort the King to Ireland. 
 
 Ormonde's letter reached the King at Jersey. Owing to the 
 intrigues of the Scotch envoys and to the artful insinuations of some 
 of his counsellors, who secretly feared that if he was once at the 
 head of a Catholic army, he would listen to the demands of the 
 Catholic party for the re-establishment of their religion, and to a dis- 
 inclination on his own part to show himself to the Protestants of 
 England and Scotland surrounded by a Catholic people as his chief 
 supporters, he had already changed his mind and was now determined 
 to go to Scotland. All thoughts of the expedition to Ireland were at 
 an end. Ormonde had nothing left him but to strive to unite for a 
 common effort the various parties that still professed allegiance to 
 the Crown. He went to Graigue, in the county of Kilkenny, and 
 encamped there : here he was. joined by Major-General Luke Taaffe, 
 at the head of i,ooo foot and 300 horse, which the Marquis of Clan- 
 ricarde had sent to his assistance from Connaught. But he was 
 utterly deficient in supplies. The only course open to him was to 
 place these troops in garrisons, where they would be most likely to 
 hinder the advance of the enemy. Even for this the consent and 
 authority of the Commissioners of Trust were needed. Not only did 
 they refuse the necessary permission, but the very cities and towns 
 which were most likely to be attacked were those which were most 
 determined in refusing to admit any of his soldiers. Wexford, Water- 
 ford, and Limerick would make no terms with him ; they declared 
 they would not obey his orders further than they thought fit. 
 
74 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 OWEN ROE O NEILL. 
 
 Ormonde's Overtures to O'Neill — Terms of the Treaty — His Illness and Death — His 
 Character — Letter to Ormonde — Early Life of O'Neill — The School of Mars — 
 The Sword of Red Hugh — licnburb — His Forces join Ormonde. 
 
 Soon after Ormonde's defeat at Rathmines, he sent Daniel 
 O'Neill to his uncle Owen Roe, to make him offers of friendship and 
 to propose to him the same terms for the union of the parties which 
 he had offered before in vain ; for O'Neill would accept of none but 
 such as the nuncio Rinuccini had approved of. Ormonde was anxious 
 to gain him over to the King's side, tor, as Carte, no friend of O'Neill, 
 admits, " the Marquis had a very high and advantageous opinion as 
 well of his honor, constancy, and good sense, as of his military skill, 
 from v/hich he proposes as much advantage to the King's affairs as he 
 did from the force of his troops." The King, too, urged Ormonde, 
 " by all fair invitations to draw General O'Neill and his party to sub- 
 mit to their lawful sovereign." By this time O'Neill had found that 
 little reliance was to be put in the promises of the Puritans. Just 
 before the battle of Rathmines he had signified that he was anxious 
 to renew negotiations. Owing to the exertions of Heber MacMahon, 
 bishop of Clogher, a treaty was brought ' out between them, and as- 
 sented to by the officers of the northern army. O'Neill should have 
 the command of 3,000 foot and 800 horse, subject to the orders of the 
 Lord Lieutenant. lie and his party should enjoy the benefit of the 
 Articles of the Peace in their demands touching the Plantation in 
 Ulster, and all the other advantages derivable under these Articles ; 
 an act of oblivion was to be passed, to take effect from the 22d of 
 October, 1641. He agreed to join Ormonde at Carrickmacross in the 
 middle of December. So eager was he to show his-good will and his 
 entire forgetfulness of past injuries, that, even. before the treaty was 
 signed, he sent 3,000 men under Lieutenant-General Ferrall to Or- 
 monde's assistance. He strove to follow, himself, in all haste ; but 
 at this critical moment he was struck down by a fatal illness. None 
 of his biographers have given any detailed account of the symptoms 
 of his disease. According to Carte, "it was a defluxion in the knee, 
 which was so extremely painful, that he could neither ride nor endure 
 to be carried on a litter. By some it was imputed to poison from a 
 pair of russet boots sent him by a gentleman named Plunkett, in the 
 county of Louth, who afterwards boasted he had done the English 
 good service in dispatching O'Neill out of the world." Colonel Henry 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 75 
 
 Tully O'Neill, too, gives this as the cause of the illness.^ Others say- 
 he was poisoned by Coote, when entertaining him with a great parade 
 of hospitality and extraordinary plenty, Coote is said to have given 
 him at table some subtle poison, which paralyzed his energies so that 
 he could no longer mount his horse ; it was of a lingering operation, 
 weakening its victim gradually, giving him little pain, but causing his 
 hair and nails to fall off by degrees. During the first month of his 
 illness, O'Shiel,^ his physician, was absent ; the physician in attend- 
 ance on him, mistaking his malady, treated him for gout. For some 
 time he battled against tl-^e disease, hoping he might so far recover as 
 to be able to plate himself at the head of his army, a thing he was 
 infniitely fond of doing. From Derry, where he was first attacked 
 about the middle of August, he advanced slowly and painfully through 
 Tyrone and Monaghan into Cavan. From Ballyhaisc he was carried 
 to Cloughouter,^ the residence of liis brother-in-law, Philip Maelmora* 
 O'Reilly. The author of the ApJiorisjiial Discovery, his secretary, de- 
 scribes his last moments thus: "lie died in our Lord, the 6th of 
 November, 1649, a true child of the Catholic religion,^ in sense and 
 memory ; many of both secular' and regular clergy assisting him in 
 such a doubtful transit, behaving himself most penitently. Being 
 most devout unto all regular orders in his life, and specially to the 
 
 1 Dcsid. Cur. Hih., vol. ii. p. 520. Rev. C. P. Meeban, in his Franciscan Monasteries, 
 p. 346, says, "it is sad such a crime should have been attributed to a Pluiikett of Louth, 
 who, we presume was a Catholic." But he seems to forget that the old English of the Pale 
 showed themselves at all times to be the most inveterate enemies of O'Neill and his parly, 
 T,nrd Dunsany, a Plunkett, used to display his loyalty by cruelty to the Irish people. Crom. 
 Sett. p. 256. " Phe Anglo-Irish of four hundred years standing, especially those of the Pale, 
 were extremely averse to the rebellion, and offered tlieir service to the .State against the 
 rebels, remembering their own origin and choosing to adhere to the English Government, 
 which they were aiiiirehensive would be thrown off by the natives. They were afraid also 
 of losing a considerable jmrt of their estates, which were Church properly, if the old Irish 
 got the power of the nation into their hands." Kunziaiura, p. 391. The San Pietro, on 
 board of which Rinuccini came to Ireland, was pursued by a renegade called Plunkett and 
 obliged to put into Kenmare liay, though the Legate wished to land at Waterford. Ibid., p. 
 64. \\\ Lord Dunraven's Memorials of Adare, p. 48, O.xford, 1S64, there is an account of the 
 murder of F. Cornelius O'Connor and his com[ianion, F. Eugene Daly, Irishmen, of the Order 
 of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, who, a short time before, were seized 
 by the heretical pirate John Plunkett, and thrown into the sea. 
 
 ^ He had studied in the chief seats of learning abroad, and on account of his skill 
 was styled "the Eagle of Medicine" by his contemporaries. The nobles and gentry of 
 Limerick paid him an annual jiension, that they might have his services at call. He accom- 
 ])anicd Preston in his campaigns, but afterwards united liis fortunes to those of O'Neill. He 
 was slaii\ in the battle in which Henry O'Neill was taken prisoner. See an account of the 
 O'Shiels in Rev. C. P. Meehan's Franciscan Monasteries, p. 377 j and of Owen O'Shiel in 
 Aplior. Disc. vol. ii. j). 89. 
 
 8 Cloghouter, Cloch locha Uachtair, the stone fortress of the upper lake ; it is built on 
 a rock in the middle of a lake, about six miles to the west of the town of Cavan. The ruins 
 are still in existence, showing that the architectural details closely resemble those of Reg- 
 inald's Tower in Waterford. See Annals of the tour Masters, vol. ii. p. 646 ; Dublin, 1S56. 
 In the island there was an al)bey of Premonstratensians dedicated to the Blessed Trinity, 
 from which it has its i^resent name of Trinity Island. .See O'Cnrry's MSS. Miit-erials of 
 Irish History, p. 108; Dublin, 1S61. It was founded in 1251 by Claius O'Mulchonry, dean 
 of Elphin, 
 
 ■* This is a family name of the O'Reillys. O'Donovan translates it " Illustri(3us Chief.' 
 Irish Penny Journal, p. 415. 
 
 ^ "Owen Roe, the most cordial Roman Catholic in the world." Perfect Diurnal, Feb* 
 2Sth, 1 64s). 
 
76 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 order of St. Dominick, he wore his habit, ^ as a sure buckler against 
 the rigor of future judgment, but was interred in the monastery of 
 St. Francis of Cavan, to oblige both patriarchs. "^ 
 
 It may be that O'Neill's death at such a critical moment has been 
 the principal reason for the suspicion of poison ; the coincidence, at 
 least, is strange. This much is certain, that it was the greatest calam- 
 ity that could then Befall the Irish nation. Many of his clansmen did 
 not believe that he could die at a time when he was so much needed, 
 " some deeming that God, in his divine clemency, would not deal so 
 strait with this poor nation as to bereave them of this their only 
 champion ; but rather, the world being unworthy of so good a master- 
 piece, lulled him to sleep and snatched him away to some secret 
 corner of the world, as another Elias, to keep him there for future 
 better purposes." He had in truth all the qualities that constitute a 
 leader of men : a clear, sound judgment, chivalrous valor, bravery in 
 the field, skill in profiting of every advantage offered by the enemy, 
 caution which left nothing to chance, and earned for him from our 
 historians the title of the Irish Fabius. For seven years he kept to- 
 gether an army, created by his own genius, without a government at 
 his back, without regular supplies ; enforcing discipline and obedience, 
 gaining victories, and maintaining a native power even in the very 
 heart of the kingdom. Always intent on the welfare of his country, 
 he rose high above the petty jealousies and intrigues that surrounded 
 him. In nothing did he show more magnanimity than in the noble 
 self-denial that made him sink his own greatness and follow the lead- 
 ership of those whom he knew to be his inferiors. Early in 1648 he 
 wrote to Lord Muskerry : " I do protest, swear, and vow before 
 Almighty God, that I never harboured the least thought of ambition 
 in anything yet, but that which I assuredly thought and imagined to 
 redound to the freedom, preservation, and liberty of my King, country, 
 religion, and nation ; and that, during the remainder of my days, no 
 private interest of my own, neither love, hatred, inducement, nor sug- 
 gestion of any will persuade me to the contrary." When the news of 
 Ormonde's defeat at Rathmines reached him, instead of rejoicing at 
 the downfall of one who had ever been his bitterest foe, he called to- 
 gether his officers and asked them what they thought best to be done 
 as affairs then stood. They all submitted to his better judgment. 
 "Gentlemen," he replied, " to show to the world that I value the service 
 of my King and the welfare of my country, as I always did, I now for- 
 get and forgive the Supreme Council and my enemies their ill practices 
 and all the wrongs they did me from time to time ; and I will now 
 embrace that peace which I formerly denied out of good intention." 
 
 ' " Whereas in this province (Ireland) the pious practice has grown up, that tlie faitii- 
 ful of both sexes should wear the religious habit of the different orders, each one according 
 to his devotion, and desire to die wearing it, we grant to all those who shall wear our hahic 
 or scapular, that they shall be sharers in all the blessings (beneficia) and in the good works 
 done throughout the whole order." See Acts of the General Chapter of the Dominican 
 Order held in Rome in 1644, in /fib. Dom., p. 116. 
 
 - Aphor. Disc, vol. ii. p. 62. Colonel H. T. O'Neill says he was buried in the old Fran- 
 cisan monastery of Cavan. Desid.-Ciir. Hib. vol. ii. p. 521. There is a tradition in Cavan 
 that his burial-place was concealed lest it should be violated by the English. 
 
CROMnXLL ly IRELAND. IT 
 
 Only a few days before his death he wrote the following touching 
 letter to Ormonde : — 
 
 " May it please your Excellency, — 
 
 " Being now on my death-bed, without any great hope of my recovery, 
 I call my Saviour to witness that (as I hope for salvation) my resolution, ways, and 
 intentions, from first to last in these unhappy wars, tended to no particular aml)ition 
 or private interest of mine own (notwithstanding what was or may be thought of to 
 tiie contrary), but truly and sincerely to the jMcservation of my religion, the advance- 
 ment of ids i\Iajesty's service, and the just liberties of this nation; whereof, and' 
 i)f niv ]iar(icular reality and willingness to serve your Excellency above any other 
 in this kingdom, I hope that God will permit me to, give ample and sufficient testi- 
 mony in the view of the world ere it be long. However, if in the interim God 
 pleaseth to call me away, I do most seriously recommend to your Excellency's care 
 my son and heir, Colonel Henry O'Nei'll, praying and desiring that your Excellency 
 may be favorably pleased not only to prescribe a present course that he may partic- 
 ipate of the late peace, but also of the benefit of such conditions, concessions, and 
 creation as his Majesty intended for me and was assured for me by your Excellency 
 in his Majesty's name, by an instrument bearing date Kilkennv, the 29th of Sep- 
 temiier last. And that, in case of my death, your Excellency will not only assure 
 !iim thereof under hand and seal, but likewise by aiding and assisting him in the 
 timely prociu'cment thereof. And in so doing your Excellency will highly oblige 
 me, my said son, and the posterity of 
 
 " Your Excellency's most humble servant, 
 
 Owen O'Neill."' 
 
 Little is known of the earlier part of O'Neill's life. He seems 
 to have left Ireland in his infancy. An entry in the records of the 
 College of Salamanca shows he studied there ; it states also that 
 Eugenius Rufus O'Neill had been appointed to a sergeancy of hal- 
 berdiers, the foot-guards of the Spanish monarchs. He was trans- 
 ferred to the Netherlands, probably about 1625. In the State Paper 
 Office is a " List of Irishmen abroad," sent in by some one of the 
 numberless spies whom the English kept constantly employed in 
 foreign countries, "th^t might be dangerous to the peace of Ireland 
 in the event of a war with Spain ; they have been long providing of 
 arms for any attempt against Ireland, and have in readiness five or 
 six thousand arms laid up in Antwerp for that purpose, bought out of 
 the deduction of their monthly pay ; and it is thought they have now 
 doubled that proportion by this means," From internal evidence it is 
 jirobable that this list was made out about 1640.^ Among the names 
 we find that of Owen O'Neill, sergeant-major of the Irish regiment. 
 He learned the science of war in " that great school of Mars," the 
 Low Countries, and won the highest distinctions in the Spanish serv- 
 ice.3 He left rank and' station abroad at the call of his countrymen, 
 
 1 CarU MSS., vol. xxvi. p. 49. The promise alluded to above was that he should have 
 the title of ICarl of Tyrone. See Account of the Carte MSS., p. 121. 
 
 " This very curious document is given in the Nation of February 5th, 1S59. 
 
 ' An account of his gallant defence of Arras against the French, in 16,0, is ;;iven in 
 the appendix to O'Connor's History of the Irish Brigades, p. 437. The articles for the sur- 
 render of Arras, between the generals of Louis XIII. tnd Owen O'Neill, connnandcr of the 
 town for King Pliijip of Spain, are given in Afhor. Disc., vol. i. p. 352, appendix xvii. lie 
 landed at Castle Doe, on the coast of Donegal, July 13th, 1642, "having come by sea from 
 Dunkirk and taken on his way two prizes; he came with many commanders, c)ld beaten 
 soldiers of his own regiment in Flanders ; and for his security during his abode there did 
 man Castle Doe." Author. Disc. vol. i. p. 43. 
 
78 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 to aid them in the struggle for their rights. On his coming to Ire- 
 land he was welcomed with joy, and called on by the unanimous voice 
 of the people to be their leader : — 
 
 Owen Roe — our own O'Neill! 
 
 He treads once more our land ; 
 The sword in his hand is Spanish steel, 
 
 But the hand is an Irish hand. 
 
 When General Leslie expressed to him regret that a person of 
 his experience and reputation abroad should come to Ireland to second 
 so bad a cause, and besought him earnestly to return whence he had 
 come, he replied with scorn, that he had more reason to come to 
 relieve the deplorable state of Jiis country than he had to march at 
 the head of an army to England against his King, to force him to 
 give unreasonable conditions to himself and his countrymen at a time 
 when all Scotland was their own. Father Luke Wadding sent to him 
 from Rome the sword ^ of his ancestor, the great Red Hugh, that 
 spread terror among the foe at the Yellow Ford, and well and bravely 
 did he wield it for faith and fatherland. In the forty. battles which 
 he fought against the English, only once did he suffer defeat. No 
 treachery or inhumanity ever sullied his victories. At the battle of 
 Benburb, gained with far inferior numbers by his skill and gallantry, 
 3,000 Scots were left dead on the field, and many more were slain in 
 the pursuit. "The Lord hath rubbed shame on our faces, till we are 
 humbled," wrote their general, Monroe. On the side of the Irish 
 only seventy fell.^ The colors taken from the enemy, thirty-two in 
 number, were sent by F. Hartegan, S. J., to Rinuccini, then in Lim- 
 erick. They were borne in solemn procession to St. Mary's Cathedral, 
 where a Te Deum was sung in the Nuncio's presence in thanksgiving 
 for the success that the God of Hosts had granted to the Catholic 
 army. Had the confederate leaders united with him then, and allowed 
 him to follow up this victory ; or even now, had he been spared to 
 meet Cromwell under the walls of Drogheda, or to carry out the plan 
 of defence which he urged Ormonde to adopt, viz., to avoid an open 
 engagement unless at a great advantage, and to defend the mountain 
 passes of Wicklow and retard the enemy's advance until the winter 
 should set in ; ^ like his Roman model. 
 
 1 "This heirloom," says Rinuccini, "was accompanied with the papal blessing for 
 Don Eugenio, and so irritated Preston and his Anglo-Irish adherents, that they gave out 
 that his Holiness' next gift to Eugenio will be a crown." Ahtnziatitra, p. 309. It was brought 
 over by Massari, dean of Fermo, who came to Ireland in 1647. 
 
 2 June 5th, 1646. See an account of this battle in Aphor. Disc. vol. i. p. 113; 
 Transactions of the Ossory Archaol. Soc, vol. i. p. 307 ; Kilkenny, 1879, and Rinuccini's Em- 
 bassy, p. 173. Even his enemies said he was the best soldier and the wisest man among the 
 Irish rebels. Clarenden's Kebillion, vol. ii. p. 614. 
 
 8 " He would not have Cromwell fought with but upon great advantages, for he be- 
 lieves our men are much out pf heart, and that the passes and season must beat Cromwell 
 more than any forces we can bring against him." Letter of Daniel O'Neill to Inchiqum, 
 25th Sept., 1649, in Aphor. Disc, vol. iii. p. 277, appendix Ix.wi. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. H) 
 
 Wliose wise delay 
 
 Restored the fortunes of the day, 
 
 he migh*". have saved his country.^ But it was not to be. 
 
 He lived for Erin's weal, but died for Erin's woe. 
 
 Finding himself unable to advance, he ordered his favorite ofTicer, 
 Lieutenant-general Ferrall, to take 3,000 of his men and march with 
 all jiossible haste to the help of Ormonde. The country through 
 which they had to pass was full of marshes and lakes ; and supjDlics 
 were so difficult to be had, that the men were obliged to scatter far 
 and wdde. Their advance was, in consequence, so much retarded, 
 that it was only on the 25th of October they reached Kilkenny.^ Most 
 of those that remained in the north continued to serve under Heber 
 MacMahon and the officers who were in the confidence of their for- 
 mer leader ; but many of them dispersed soon after his death, and 
 never after reassembled.^ 
 
 1 All writers, even the sceptical Dr. O'Conor, of Stowe, admit that had Owen Roe 
 lived, he would have saved Ireland. Appendix to Davis' Poemi, p. 221 ; Dublin, 1859. 
 Here is a specimen of the way in which history is sometimes written : " Owen i oe O'Neill 
 is the only one of the Irish leaders of parties in Ireland then who, by his successful audacity 
 and his contiimal defections, has obtained any name in history. Guizot's Hist, of Oliver 
 Crotrrwcl/, p. 46. Et c'est ainsi qu'on ecrit Thistoire ! 
 
 - " A very considerable body of good foot and very cheerful in the service." Ormonde 
 to the King, in Aphor. Disc, vol. ii. p. 446, appendix 42. 
 
 ' Owing to the system of irregular warfare among the Irish and the want of supplies, 
 it was difficult to keep an army together for any time. After the battle of Benburb, Owen 
 Roe's army dispersed over Monaghan, Cavan, Leitrim, and Longford, until the crops should 
 be ripe. Journal of Sir Phelim O'Neill, in Haverty's Hist, of Ireland, p. 562. 
 
80 CROMWELL IN- IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE MARCH TO WEXFORD. 
 
 Cromwell's Plan — Capture of Killincarrick — Cromwell's Plot — Capture of Limbrick, 
 Ferns, and Enniscorthy — Wallop — lincampment before Wexford — Spirit of the Citi- 
 zens — The Garrison Reinforced — The Governor — Summons to Surrender — The 
 Reply; — The Batteries Planted — Propositions of the Governor — Cromwell's Answer. 
 
 Less than a fortnight after his return from Drogheda Cromwell 
 set out on his expedition to the south. Winter was fast approaching ; 
 no time could be lost if the southern part of the island was to be 
 subdued. Besides, it was of the utmost importance to follow up the 
 blow that had been so successfully struck at Drogheda, and to prevent 
 by a rapid advance the union of the scattered forces of the Irish, 
 which a sense of their common danger and the presence of so fierce 
 an enemy could not fail to bring about, as soon as they had recovered 
 from the panic wrought by the late atrocities. 
 
 Before he set out, " he caused many taxes to be taken off that 
 were laid upon the well-affected English Protestants about Dublin ; 
 whereupon he gained exceedingly upon the good affection of the 
 people ; and divers of the gentlemen of Ireland voluntarily tendered 
 their services to him, and at their own charge rode along with his life- 
 guard.^ Major Byrne reckoned that " he had four great pieces, the 
 one of 66 bullet, the second of 44 bullets, the other of 36 bullets apiece, 
 and two small pieces of 12 bullet apiece ; 4,000 effective foot, whereof 
 some are intended to be left at Wexford ; 1,200 horses and 400 dra- 
 goons." He chose Colonel Michael Jones to act as his lieutenant, 
 and left in his place, as governor of Dublin, Colonel Hewson. He took 
 the route along the coast, in order to secure direct communication at 
 all times with England by the capture and garrisoning of the seaports.^ 
 The fleet attended him and kept within sight of land, to support him 
 and allow him to embark in case he found it. expedient to do so. The 
 proclamation he had issued, forbidding the soldiers to take anything 
 from the inhabitants without payment under the pain of death, made 
 the country people bring to his camp an abundant supply of provisions. 
 He took care to have the report spread abroad that he had come to 
 check the arbitrary power of the nobility, and to restore to the people 
 the free exercise of their religion.^ Ormonde ordered Colonel Hugh 
 
 ^ Per/. Occur., Oct. 5th to 12th, in Croinwdliana, p. 65. 
 
 2 " No hope of our being quiet at sea unless the English army by land deprive the 
 Irish of all their harbors by taking the towns thereupon, as Wexford, Waterford, Kinsale, 
 Cork, Limerick, Galway." Letter from Ireland in Per/. Diurnal, April 3d to 9th, 1649. 
 
 8 " Wexford being his next design, he wrote to the inhabitants, and courted them to 
 submit to his authority and to quit the royal interest, and that they should enjoy all their 
 possessions and fortunes, and be as well used as any others under his power." Gale's His- 
 tory of C0rporations tn Ireland, appendix cxxv. ; London, 1834. 
 
CROMWELL /A IRELAND. 81 
 
 Byrne to :iiarch with the regiment of foot under his command to 
 I'owerscourt, in the county of Wicklow, in order to destroy all the 
 strongholds thereabouts of which the enemy might possess himself ; 
 and to distress him by preventing any one bringing supplies, either 
 to the army in the field or to the garrison in Dublin. The following 
 letter gives the details of the march to Wexford : 
 
 "For the Honorable William Lenthall, Esquire, Speaker of the Parliament of 
 
 England ; These : 
 
 ]]'cxfoyc!, \i,ih October, 1649. 
 Sni, 
 
 The army marched from Dublin about the 23d of September into the county 
 of Wic.'clow, where the enemy have a garrison about fourteen miles from Dublin, 
 called Killincarrick,' which they quitting, a company of the army was put therein. 
 From thence the army marched througli almost a desolate country until it came to 
 a passage of the river Doro," about a mile above the castle of Arklow, which was 
 the first scat and honor of tlie Marquis nf Ormonde's family, which he had strongly 
 fortified : br.t it was, upon the ajiproach of the army, quitted, wherein he left another 
 company of loot." 
 
 Arklow was taken on the 28th of September, the guns having 
 fired at it fiom the opposite side of the river. In the lower part 
 of the town there is a piece of ground still called Cromwell's Plot. 
 It is said that at this time it was held by a namesake of the Lord 
 Lieutenant. Hearing that one bearing the same name lived in the 
 town, Cromwell had him summoned to his presence, and asked him 
 what service he could do him. The other replied that he wished for 
 nothing more than to be left in the quiet possession of his plot. This 
 Oliver promised him, adding, "a poor man I find you, and a poor man 
 I leave you." Three months later the town was besieged by the 
 O'Tooles and O'Byrnes. Hewson set out from Dublin with 1,000 
 horse and foot to relieve it ; at his approach the besiegers retired. 
 When he had supplied it plentifully with provisions he returned to 
 Dublin. It was attacked a second time in the following January. 
 The garrison, commanded by Captain Harrington, made a sudden 
 sally, and slew many of the assailants ; the rest fled. 
 
 On his march through Wicklow he lost many of his horse in the 
 mountain passes ; they were eut off by Brian MacPhclim O'Byrne's 
 party. Cromwell's own horse and furniture were carried off from the 
 camp by Christopher Tuohill ; his father was sent by Cromwell to 
 offer him a sum of j[,\oo for the horse, "but for gold or silver he 
 would not give him back, but preferred to keep him as a monument." 
 
 " From thence the army marched towards Wexford ; wherein on the way was 
 a strong castle called Limbrick,^ the ancient seat of the Esmondes, where the enemy 
 had a strong garrison, which they burnt and quitted the day before our coming 
 
 ^ Five miles bevond l^ray, on the high road to the town of Wicklow. The castle is 
 now in ruins. In the Usurper's time, Captain Uarrington, garrisoned at Arklow, murdered 
 Donogh O'Doy of Killincarrick and above 500 men, protected by himself. Pamphlet pub- 
 lished in London in 1662, quoted by O'Connell in his Memoir of Ireland, p. 264; Dublin, 
 1S43. 
 
 2 The Uaragh joins the Avoca river four miles north-west of Arklow. 
 
 s In 1606 Sir Laurence Esnionde obtained from James I. a peerage and a grant of the 
 manor of Limbrick in return for his services to the Crown in Holland and Ireland. He ar.d 
 
82 
 
 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 thither. From thence we marched towards Ferns, an episcopal seai, where was a 
 castle,' to which I sent Colonel Keyiiolds with a party to summon it, wh.'ch accord- 
 ingly he did, and it was surrendered to Idni,'" where we, having put a con.^Many, ad- 
 vanced the army to a passage over the river Slaney, which runs down to W^wford ; 
 and that night we marched into the fields of a village called Enniscorthy, belonging 
 to Mr. Robert Wallop, where was a strong castle, very well manned and provided 
 for by the enemy ; and, close under it, a very fair house belonging to the s.ime 
 worthy person, a monastery of Franciscan friars, the considerablest in all Ireland : 
 they ran away the night before we came. We summoned the castle, and they re- 
 fused to yield at the first ; but upon better consideration they were willing to deli'/er 
 the place to us, which accordingly they did, leaving their great guns, arms, ammu- 
 nition and provisions behind them." 
 
 Enniscorthy was part of the territory given by Strongbovv to 
 Maurice de Prendergast, one of his companions in arms ; he bii'lt the 
 castle. The manor afterwards came into the possession of the Mac- 
 Morroughs, and was given by Donald Cavenagh, surnamed the Brown, 
 head of his sept, to the F"ranciscan monastery which he foi.inded for 
 Friars Minors of the Strict Observance, in 1460. After tlie dissolu- 
 tion of the religious houses, it was bestowed by Queen Elizabeth on 
 Sir Henry Wallop, knight, treasurer at war to the Queen in Ireland, 
 for his eminent services to the crown.'' The "worth)' person" who 
 at this time dwelt in the "fair house," was his grandson ; he had been 
 member for Andover, one of the judges presiding at the trial of Charles 
 I., and member of the Council of State. After the Restoration, he 
 was sentenced to be imprisoned for life in the tower of London, 
 where he died in 1667.* His great-grandson was created Earl of 
 Portsmouth in 1743.^ 
 
 This castle was retaken soon after by the following stratagem. 
 Some Irish gentlemen feasted the soldiers of the garrison, and sent 
 in women to sell them "strong water," of which they drank too much. 
 The Irish fell on them, took the garrison, and put all the officers and 
 Captain Todd, the governor, his wife, and all his men to the sword, 
 except four, who had betrayed the ])lace for a sum of ^7. Colonel 
 Cooke, the governor of Wexford, stormed it, and slew the whole of 
 the Irish garrison soon after. The Lord Lieutenant hearing of the 
 treachery of some of the garrisons, ordered that the Irish should be 
 put out of all those belonging to the Parliament. 
 
 Sir William Parsons plundered the O'Byrnes of a great part of their territory, " a case," 
 says Carte, "very e.xtraordiiiarv, containing such a scene of iniquity and cruelty, that, con 
 sidered in all its circumstances, is scarce to he ])arallcled in the iiistory of any country." 
 Lifi; 0/ Ormonde, vol. i. p. 27. Some part of the castle and bawn-wall are still standing. 
 
 ^ One of the finest of Anglo-Norman style now found in Ireland, supposed by O'Don 
 ovan to iiave been built by William FitzAdelin, ancestor of the de Hurgos. 
 
 ^ " The garrison left their arms, ammunition and jirovisions behind tliem," Letter c 
 Cromwell in Aplior. Disc, vol. ii. p. 283, appendi.x l.v.x.xvii. 
 
 ^ He came to Ireland in 1580. Later he was appointed one of the Lords Justices, 
 Commissioner of Forfeited Estates and of the Munsfer I'lantation. He obtained from Si 
 John Perrott " three little abbeys and a friary " in .A dare. See Memorials of Adarc, p. 59. 
 
 ■* He was sentenced to be drawn on a sledge under Tyburn gallows with a halter roun: 
 his neck. He owed his life very jirobably to the fact tliat he had not signed the warrant fc 
 the King's execution. Hall's IrfUind, &c., vol. ii. p. 171. 
 
 ^ His descendant Isaac Newton Wallop, fifth earl of Portsmouth, is at present ownf 
 of ...,198 acres in the county Wexford, the yearly valuation of which is ^^9,280. See Ti. 
 'Landed Projirietors of Ireland, by U. H. De Burgh j Dublin, 187S. 
 
CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 83 
 
 On Saturday, September 29th, the Parliamentary fleet appeared 
 off the harbor of Wexford ; and the second day after, October ist, 
 Cromwell with his army encamped before the walls. The possession 
 of this town was most impoitant to him. It was* through it princi- 
 pally that the Confederates obtained the necessary supplies of arms 
 and amunition, and commimicated with their friends in foreign 
 countries ; for its inhabitants, guided by their faithful bishop, Nich- 
 olas French, had never for a moment wavered in devotion to their 
 country and religion. There, too, he would find secure anchorage for 
 his fleet. The " intelligence he had in the town " made him hope that 
 its capture would be an easy task. " Hugh Rochfort," says Carte, 
 "a lawyer, recorder of the town, was now in correspondence with 
 Cromwell, through Mr. Nicholas Loftus, who was at this time a very 
 active instrument in c,. gaging all the inhabitants of the tL>wn to be 
 subservient to Cromwell's purposes. Rochfort carried on the same 
 work with still greater artifice, pretending to be zealous for the Irish 
 cause ; and having done all he could to intimidate the townsmen and 
 persuade them to capitulate, he c[uitted the place upon Cromwell's 
 approach and retired with his goods to the fort of Passage, letting 
 them see by that action his own terror, and inviting them to follow 
 his example."^ 
 
 Ormonde was aware of these intrigues, and had given timely 
 notice to the Commissioners of Trust of the approaching danger. 
 They relied on the mayor and townsmen ; but these had little time 
 to prepare for the defence. He was determined to leave no means 
 untried to save so important a place. His forces had been consider- 
 ably increased by the arrival of 1,000 foot and 300 horse, which the 
 Marquis of Clanricarde had sent to his assistance, under the command 
 of Major-General Lucas Taaffe. Two regiments of Inchiquin's horse 
 had also joined him ; but these he could put little faith in, as after the 
 capture of Drogheda they took every opportunity of deserting to the 
 enemy. Inchicpiin was hindered from coming by a conspiracy of his 
 officers. Besides, the townsmen distrusted Ormonde. They knew 
 that often before he had treated with the enemy ; that he had basely 
 surrendered the capital. Nor was their confidence in him increased 
 when they learned that he had lately made common cause with Inchi- 
 quin, who had sacked Cashel and slaughtered some hundreds of his 
 countrymen there. No wonder, then, that he did not wish to admit 
 his troops, and that they preferred to trust to their own arms and to 
 the justice of their cause. It was only when the fleet appeared be- 
 fore the town that they accepted David Sinnott, lieutenant-colonel of 
 I^xston's regiment, as governor ; "and if Sir Edmund Butler," says 
 Carte, " had not come himself, they would have opposed Sinnott's 
 entrance with his men, and delivered the town to the enemy at the 
 first summons." 
 
 "On Monday, being the ist of October," continues Cromwell, "we appeared 
 before Wexford, into which the enemy had put a garrison of their army, the town 
 
 1 This is Carte's account. Life of Ormoiia'c, vol. ii. p. 91. Rochford, like the Marquis 
 of Antrim and many others of the old Irish, was anxious to come to terms with CromvtU . 
 relying more on him than on Ormonde. See Hill's MaiDonuells of Antrim, p. 277. 
 
84 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 until tlien liaving been so confident of tlieir own strength that they would not at any- 
 time suffer a garrison to be imposed upon them. The commander that brought 
 these forces was David Sinnott, who took upon liim the command of the town." 
 
 The following lett(?i-s passed between the commanders \'^ 
 
 (i.) To the Commander-in-Chief of the Town of Wexford. 
 
 Before IVexford, ^^d October, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 Having brought the army belonging to the Parliament of England before 
 this place, to reduce it to its clue obedience, to the end effusion of blood may be 
 prevented and the town and country about jt preserved from ruin, I thought fit to 
 summon you to deliver the same to me, to the use of the State of England. By 
 this offer I hope it will clearly appear where the guilt will lie, if innocent persons 
 should come to suffer with the nocent. I expect your speedy answer and rest, 
 
 Siri your servant, 
 
 O. Cromwell, 
 
 (2.) For the Lord General Cromwell. These : — 
 
 Wexford, id October, 1649. 
 Snt, 
 
 I have received your letter of summons for the delivery of this town into 
 your hands. Which standetk not with my honor to do myself ; neither will I take 
 it upon me without the advice of the rest of the officers and Mayor of this corpora- 
 tion, this town being of so great conseciuence to all Ireland. Wliom I will call 
 together and confer with, and return my resolutions unto you to-morrow by twelve 
 of the clock. 
 
 In the meantime, if you be so pleased, I am content to forbear all acts of 
 hostility, so you permit no approach to be made. Expecting your answer in that 
 particular, I remain, 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Your Lordship's servant, 
 
 D. Sinnott. 
 
 The mayor and aldermen were so courteous, that in the interval 
 before they returned their positive answer, they sent Cromwell a pres- 
 ent of sack, strong waters, and strong beer. The next day about 
 twelve o'clock, the following answer was sent : — 
 
 (3.) To the Commander-in-Chief of the Town of Wexford, 
 Sir, 
 
 I have received yonr resolutions to return your answers by twelve of the 
 clock to-morrow morning, which I agree unto ; but for your other part of your letter 
 to forbear all acts of hostility, I consider that your houses are better than our tents, 
 and so shall not consent unto that. I rest. 
 
 Sir, your servant, 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 (4.) For the Lord General Cromwell. 
 
 Wexford, ^tlt October, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 I have advised with the Mayor and officers, as I promised; and I am con- 
 tent that four whom I shall employ may have a conference with four of yours, to 
 
 ^ The letters throughout this work are taken from Gary's memorials of the Civil War, 
 vol. ii. p. 168, &c,, who professes to give them exactly as they are found in the Tanner MSS, 
 (."ommoiily they are given as altered by the parliament to adapt them better fur public read' 
 ing. The order is the same as that followed by Carlyle. 
 
CROMWELL IN' IRELAND. 85 
 
 see if any agreement may he begot between us. To this purpose I desire you to 
 send mine a safe-conduct, as I do hereby promise to send to yours when you send 
 me their names. And I ])ray tliat the meeting may be had to-morrow at eight 
 o'clock in the forenoon, that they may liave sufficient time to confer together and 
 determine the matter; and that the meeting and j)Iace be agreed upon, and the safe- 
 conduct mutually sent for the said meeting this afternoon. Expecting your answer 
 hereto, I rest, My Lord, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 D. SiNNOTT. 
 
 Send me the names of your agents, their qualities and degrees. Those I fix 
 upon are : Major James Byrne-, Major Theobald Dillon, Alderman Nicholas Chev- 
 ers, Mr. William Stafford. 
 
 (5.) To the Commander-in-Chief of the Town of Wexford. 
 
 Before Wexford, ^ih October, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 Having summoned you to deliver the town of Wexford into my hands, I 
 might well expect the delivery thereof, and not a formal treaty ; which is seldom 
 granted ])ut where things stand upon a more equal foot. 
 
 If, therefore, yourself or the town have any desires to offer, upon which you 
 will surrender the place to me, I shall be able to judge of the reasonableness of 
 them when they are made known to me. To which end, if you shall think fit to 
 send tlie persons named in your last, intrusted by yourself and the town, by whom 
 I may untler.stand your desires, I shall give you a speedy and fitting answer, and I 
 do hereby engage myself that they sliall return in safety to you. 
 
 I expect your answer hereunto within an hour ; and rest your servant, 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 (6.) For the Lord General Cromwell. 
 
 Wexford, i,th October, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 I have returned you a civil answer to the best of my judgment ; and thereby 
 I find you undervalue me and tiiis place so much, that you thmk lo have it sur- 
 rendered without capitulation or honorable terms, as appears by the hour's limitation 
 in your last. 
 
 Sir, had I never a man in this town but the townsmen and the artillery here 
 jilantcd, I should conceive myself in a very Iicfitting condition to make honoraijle 
 conditions. And having a consideral>le party with them in the jjlace, I am resolved 
 to die honorably, or make such conditions as may secure my honor and life in the 
 eyes of my own party. 
 
 To wliich reasonable terms if you hearken not, or give me time to send my 
 agents till eight o'clock in the forenoon to-morrow with my propositions, with a 
 further safe-conduct, I leave you to your better judgment and myself to the assist- 
 ance of the Almighty ; and so conclude. Your servant, 
 
 D. SiNNOTT. 
 
 To this letter Cromwell returned no answer. The following day 
 the Governor again made overtures to him. 
 
 (7.) For the Lord General Cromwell. 
 
 Wexford, ^th October, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 My propositions being now prepared, I am ready to send my agents with 
 them to you ; and for their safe return, I pray you to send a safe-conduct by the 
 bearer to me, in the hope an honorable agreement may thereupon arise between 
 your Lordship and, my Lord, your Lordship's servant, 
 
 U. SiNNOTT. 
 
83 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 A permit was accordingly given, allowing the agents to come and 
 return in safety. 
 
 While these papers were passing between us," continues Cromwell, " I sent 
 the Lieutenant-Ceneral with a party of dragoons, horse and foot, to endeavor to 
 reduce their fort which lay at the mouth of their harbor, about ten miles distant from 
 us. To which he sent a troop of dragoons ; but the enemy quitted their fort, leaving 
 behind them about seven great guns, and betook themselves, bv help of their boats, 
 to a frigate of 12 guns lying in the harbor within cannon-shot of the fort. The dra- 
 goons possessed the fort ; and some seamen belonging to your fleet coming happily 
 in at the same lime, they bent their guns at the frigate, and siie immediately yielded 
 to mercy, both herself, the soldiers that had been in the fort, and the seamen that 
 manned her. And whilst our men were in her, the town, not knowing what had 
 happened, sent another small vessel to her, which our men also took." 
 
 Meanwhile he was investing the town closely on the south and 
 west. Alarmed at such formidable preparations, the townsmen asked 
 Ormonde to give them further reinforcements. The next day he sent 
 to their aid another Ulster regiment, under the command of Lord 
 Iveagh,^ in all 1,500 men. Lord Castlehaven, who knew the country, 
 escorted them with 200 horse. " Taking a great compass, he came 
 before day to the ferry near Sir Thomas Esmonde's house at Bally- 
 brenan. The foot crossed the arm of the sea in boats and entered 
 the town by the only side still open. Castlehaven returned with the 
 horse to Ormonde. After their arrival, Sinnott sent out the following 
 despatch : 
 
 (8.) For the Lord General Cromwell. 
 
 Wexford, ^th Ociobe?-, 1649. 
 My Lord, 
 
 Even as I was ready to send out my agents to you, the Lord General of the 
 horse came hither with relief. Unto whom I communicated the proceedings be- 
 tween your Lordship and me, and delivered to him the propositions I intended to 
 despatch unto your Lordship, who hath desired a small time to consider them and 
 to speed them unto me, which, my Lord, 1 could not deny, he having a command- 
 ing power over me. , 
 
 Pray, my Lord, believe that I do not do this to trifle out time, but for his 
 present content ; and if I find any long delay in his Lordship's returning them back 
 unto me, I will proceed of myself according to my first intention ; to which I be- 
 seech your Lordship give credit, at the request. 
 
 My Lord, of your Lordship's ready servant, 
 
 D. Sinnott. 
 
 (9.) To the Commander-in-Chief of the Town of We.xford. 
 
 Wexford, 6th October, 1649. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 You might have spared your trouble in the account you give me of your 
 transaction with the Lord General of your horse, and of your resolutions in case he 
 
 1 This was Arthur Viscount Magennis of Iveagh, who was attainted in 1642. In 
 Cromwell's self-denying ordinance he was excepted from pardon for life and estate ; he was 
 afterward restored. The territory of the Magennis tribe included the whole of Down ; it 
 was limited at a later period to Ilyveagh, a territory of Dalriada, in the county of Down, 
 now forming part of the baronies of Upper and Lower Iveagh, with some other parts of 
 the same county including Moy Innis, now the barony of Lecale. M'Geunhegan's Nisf^ry of 
 Ireland, \>\). 1 19 and 121 ; O'Callaghan's History of the Irish Biii;ades in the Service of F)a>ue, 
 p. 330 n. ; Glasgow, 1870. JJryan Viscount Iveagh was a colonel in the Irish army of James 
 II. ; at the end of the war he entered die Austrian service. He died without issue. Ibid, 
 
CROMWELL IN- IRELAND. 
 
 answered not your expectation in point of time. These are your own concernments, 
 and it behooves you to improve them, and tlie relief you mention to your best ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 All that I have to say is, to desire you to take notice, that I do hereby revoke 
 my safe conduct from the persons mentioned therein. When you shall see cause 
 to treat, you may send for another. I rest, Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 O. Croaiwell. 
 
 The same day Cromwell landed his artillery and stores, and 
 began to erect a battery that would command the ferry and prevent 
 all communication with the town. The position which he chose wa.'" 
 the rising ground to the south of the town, now occupied by th( 
 residence of Mr. Cormack and still known as Cromwell's Fort. / 
 battery of four guns was erected on the top of the Trcspan RocL 
 close by.^ The governor was in some apprehension for the safety of 
 the place, chiefly on account of the scarcity of supplies. But if a 
 body of five hundred men, well su]:)plied with i)rovisions, was sent 
 him, he made no question of defending it against the enemy, who 
 began already to suffer for want of forage. Ormonde resolved to 
 attempt the relief of the place in person. Leaving General Taaffe 
 with a Connaught regiment to garrison Ross, he set out with the rest 
 of his army, and crossing the Slaney, came on the evening of October 
 nth to the ferry on the north side of the town. He sent a message 
 to the mayor, that he had come to give the townsmen any further 
 help they pleased. Some of the aldermen came to express their 
 thanks, and declared they were willing to receive any number of men 
 he might wish to send. Sir Edmund Butler, governor of the county, 
 succeeded in entering the town with 300 foot and 100 horse ; on 
 account of his great experience and well-known bravery he was 
 appointed military governor of the town with the consent of the 
 townsmen. 
 
 The batteries were ready for action on the evening of the loth. 
 At an early hour the following morning they began to play on the 
 castle, which stood outside the walls on the south side of the town. 
 Against this the besiegers directed the whole force of their artillery, 
 seeing that if it was captured, the town would soon follow. By noon 
 the battlements of the castle were beaten down, and three great 
 breeches were made in two of the towers. When about a hundred 
 shots were fired, "the Governor's stomach came down." He de- 
 manded a parley, and asked that four persons chosen by him should 
 go out and propose certain terms of surrender. 
 
 (10.) For the Lord General Cromwell. 
 
 Wexford, 1 1 //• October, 1 649. 
 My Lord, — 
 
 In performance of my last, I desire your Lordship to send me a safe con- 
 duct for Major Theobald Dillon, Major James Byrne, Alderman Nicholas Chevers, 
 and Captain James Stafford, whom I will send to your Lordship instructed with 
 my desires. And so I rest. 
 
 My Lord, your servant, 
 
 D. SiNNOTT. 
 
 1 The breastwork of this battery was standing up to the year 1829. It has been 
 effaced since by the working of the quarry near. 
 
8b CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 "Which desire I condescending to," says Cromwell in the letter to the 
 Speaker of the parliament, "two lield officers with an alderman of the town and 
 the captain of the castle, brought out the following propositions, which for their 
 abominableness, manifesting also the impudence of the men, I thought fit to present 
 to your view, together with n\y answer :" 
 
 " T/ie propositions of Colonel David Sitinoit, Governor of tlie town and castle of 
 Wexford and on behalf of the officers, soldiers, and i'nhabitants in the ^aid 
 town and castle, to General Cromwell : — 
 
 " I. That all and every the inhabitants of the said town from time to time, 
 and at all times hereafter, shall have free and uninterrupted liberty publicly to use, 
 exercise, and profess the Roman Catholic religion, without restriction, mulct, or 
 penalty, any law or statue to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 " 2. That the regular and secular Roman Catholic clergy now possessed of 
 the churches, church-livings, monasteries, religious houses, and chapels in the said 
 town and in the suburbs and franchises thereof, and their successors, shall have, 
 hold, and enjoy to them and their successors for ever the said churches, &c., and 
 shall teach and preach in them publicly, without any molestation, any law or statute 
 to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 "3. That Nicholas, now Lord Bishop of Ferns, and his successors, shall use 
 and exercise such jurisdiction over the Catholics of his diocese as since his conse- 
 cration hitherto he used. 
 
 "4. That all the officers and soldiers of whatever quality and degree soever 
 in the said town and castle, and such of the inhabitants as are so pleased, shall 
 march with flying colors, and be conveyed safe with their lives, artillery, ordnance, 
 ammunition, arms, goods of all sorts, horses, moneys, and whatever else belongs to 
 them, to the town of Ross and there to be left safe with their own party ; allowing 
 each musketeer towards their march a pound of powder, four yards of match, and 
 twelve brace of bullets; and a strong convoy to be sent with the said soldiers, 
 within twenty-four hours after the yielding up of the said town. 
 
 " 5. That such of the inhabitants of the said town as will desire to leave the 
 same at any time hereafter, shall have free liberty to carry away out of the said 
 town all their frigates, artillery, arms, powder, corn, malt, ancf other provisions which 
 they have for their defence and sustenance, and all their goods and chattels, of 
 what quality or condition soever, without any manner of disturbance whatsoever, 
 and have passes and safe-conducts and convoys for their lives and said goods to 
 Ross, or where else they siiall think fit. 
 
 " 6. That the mayor, bailiffs, free burgesses, and commons of the said town may 
 have, hold, and enjoy the said town and suburbs, their commons, their franchises, 
 liberties and immunities, which hitherto they enjoyed; and that the mayor, bailiffs, 
 and free burgesses may have the government of the said town, as hitherto they 
 enjoyed the same from the realm of luigland, and that they have no other govern- 
 ment, they adhering to the State of England and observing their orders and the 
 orders of their governors in this realm for the time being. 
 
 "7. That all the burgesses and inhabitants, either native or strangers, of the 
 said town, who shall continue their abode therein, or come to live there within three 
 months, and their heirs shall have, hold, and enjoy their several 'castles, houses, 
 lands, tenements, and hereditaments within the land' of Ireland, and all their goods 
 and chattels, to them and their heirs to their own several uses for ever without 
 molestation. 
 
 " 8. That such burgess or burgesses, or other inhabitants of the said towns, 
 as shall at any time hereafter be desirous to leave the said town, shall have free 
 leave to dispose of their real and personal estates respectively to their best advan- 
 tage ; and further, have full liberty and a safe-conduct respectively to go into Eng- 
 land or elsewhere, according to their several pleasures who shall desire to depart 
 the same. 
 
 "9. That all and singular the inhabitants of the said town, either native or 
 strangers, from time to time, and at all times hereafter, shall have, reap, and enjoy 
 the full liberty of free-born English subjects, without the least incapacity or restric- 
 tion therein ; and that all the freemen of the said town shall be as free in all tlie 
 seaports, cities, and towns in England, as the freemen of all and every the said 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 89 
 
 cities and towns ; and all and every tlie said freemen of the said cities and towns 
 to be as free in their said town of Wexford as the freemen thereof, for their greater 
 encouragement to trade and commerce together on all hands. 
 
 " ID. That no memory remain of any hostility or distance, whicli was hitherto 
 between the said town and castle on the one part, and the Parliament or State of 
 England on the other part; but that all acts, transgressions, offences, depredattDns, 
 and other crimes of what nature and quality soever, be they ever so transcendent, 
 attem])ted or done, or supposed to be attempted or done, by the inhabitants of the 
 said town or any other, heretofore or at present adhering to the said town, either 
 native or stranger, and every of them, shall pass in oblivion, without chastisement, 
 challenge, recompense, demand, or questioning for them or any of them, now or at 
 any lime hereafter." 
 
 (ii.) For the Commander-in-Chief in the town of Wexford. 
 
 Before Wexford, wth October, 1649. 
 "Sir, 
 
 " I have had the patience to peruse your propositions ; to which I might 
 have returned an answer with some disdain. But, to be short, I shall give the 
 soldiers and non-commissioned officers quarter for life, and leave to go to their 
 several habitations, with their wearing clothes; they engaging themselves to take 
 up arms no more against the Parlia.ment of England ; and the commissioned officers 
 for their lives, but to render themselves prisoners. And as for the inhabitants, I 
 shall engage myself that no violence shall be offered to their goods, and that 
 I shall protect their town from plunder. 
 
 "I expect your positive answer instantly ; and if you will upon these terms 
 surrender and quit, and in one hour send to me four officers of the quality of field- 
 officers and two aldermen, for the performance thereof, I shall thereupon forbear all 
 acts of hostility. 
 
 " Your servant, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell." 
 
90 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE CAPTURE OF WEXFORD. 
 
 Courage of tlie Townsmen — Discoid — Treachery of Stafford — Surrender of the Castle — 
 Entrance of the Besiegers — Massacre of the Inhabitants — Contemporary Writers — 
 Letter of Dr. French — His Apologia — Massacre of the Franciscans — "They knelt 
 around the cross divine" — Terror of the Commissioners of Trust — Ormonde's Plans. 
 
 As soon as the inhabitants of Wexford learned the answer to the 
 terms of surrender proposed by the Governor, they prepared them- 
 selves for a stern resistance. To the soldiers, quarter and liberty ; 
 to the officers, quarter, but not liberty ; and to the inhabitants free- 
 dom from pillage : these were the conditions on which the town should 
 be surrendered within an hour. Yet matters were not so desperate 
 within the walls that such terms need be accepted. The town was, 
 according to Cromwell's description, " pleasantly seated and strong," 
 having a rampart of earth fifteen feet thick within the walls. -^ It was 
 garrisoned by over 2,000 men, commanded by an officer who had 
 given many proofs of his bravery and fidelity. In the fort and else- 
 where in and about the town there were near a hundred cannon ; in 
 the harbor, three vessels, one of them of thirty-four guns, another of 
 about twenty guns ; and a frigate of twenty guns on the stocks, built 
 up to the uppermost deck. Winter was setting in — it was the mid- 
 dle of October — and the "country sickness " would soon begin to 
 tell on troops encamped under the open sky. Ormonde's army was 
 at Ross, only twenty miles off, watching, no doubt, for a favorable 
 moment to fall on the rear of the besieging lines, whose numbers 
 were too few to keep up a complete investment and, at the same time, 
 to repel a sudden attack that might be made on any point either from 
 within or without. 
 
 Unhappily within the town there was that which marred many 
 of these advantages — discord, a want of mutual confidence be- 
 tween Ormonde and the inhabitants — and so far did it go, that 
 the townsmen seem to have tliought there was little room left them 
 for choice between those who called themselves their friends and 
 those whom they well knew to be their enemies. The day before 
 Cromwell encamped before the town, Sinnott, the governor, wrote to 
 Ormonde : 
 
 " I find no resolution in the townsmen to defend the town ; but to speak the 
 truth nakedly, I find and perceive them rather inclined to capitulate and take con- 
 
 ' Some portions of the town-wall with five of the towers, three square and two round, 
 are still in a sufficient state of preservation to sliow that the walls were 22 feet high, and 
 were supported on the inside by a rampart of earth 21 leet thick. 
 
CROMWELL nv IRELAND. 91 
 
 ditions of the enemy. In so niucli as I cannot as yet find admittance for those few 
 assigned liitiier for tlic defence of the place, nor a muster of tlie townsmen to know 
 what strengtii they liave for the defence thereof. In which respect seeing I am not 
 able to do iiis Majesty any service, I am resolved to leave the town without I find 
 out Ihcir undelayed conformity." 
 
 With difficulty he induced them to admit the reinforcements 
 from the Royalist army within the walls ; it was only at his urgent 
 request that they consented to receive a second bocfy of troops, though 
 these were much needed for the defence of the town. Some went so 
 far as to propose that Cromwell should be treated with, in the hope 
 that a peaceful surrender might sectire to them not only life and lib- 
 erty, but a part of their goods, and perhaps their homes. But worse 
 than this — they had in their midst a traitor. Such was the confi- 
 dence of the Council of the Confederate Catholics in Captain James 
 Stafford,^ that the government of the county of Kilkenny had been 
 entrusted to him jointly with Sir Thomas Esmonde,^ and when it was 
 known that Cromwell was m.arching on Wexford, he was sent to act 
 as governor of the castle there,^ a most important post, since the 
 possession of it insured the safety of the town. Sir Edward Butler 
 had good reason to suspect his fidelity, but he dared not displace him, 
 as he was himself too much under the control of the Commissioners 
 of Trust. 
 
 On the iith of October, about noon, some breaches having been 
 made in the walls of the castle, the Governor of the town asked for a 
 safe conduct for four persons to treat of surrender on honorable 
 terms. What these terms were we have already seen. One of the 
 four persons chosen on behalf of the townsmen was Stafford. 
 
 " While I was jneparing the answer to the propositions," says Cromwell, 
 "studying to preserve tiie town from plunder, that it might be of more use to you 
 and your army, the captain, who was one of the Commissioners, being fairly treated, 
 yielded up the castle to us." 
 
 It is obvious that the advantage taken by Cromwell of " treating" 
 Stafford and entering the town while the terms of surrender were 
 under discussion, was fraudulent and treacherous. The local tradi- 
 
 ' In the Jamestown "Declaration" the loss of Wexford is attributed to the " unskil- 
 fulness of the governor, a young man, vain and unadvised." Cox's //id. Aug/ic, ap]5endix 
 xlviii. The author of the Af/ior. Disc, calls Stafford "a vain, idle, young man, nothing 
 practiced in the art miUtary." Vol. ii. p. 54. 
 
 - lie was the son of Sir Laurence Esmonde. In tiie Civil War of 1641 he deserted 
 the King and held Duncannon for the parliament. The fort was taken by I'reston after a 
 siege of two months. Esmonde died of grief soon after. His first wife was sister of 
 O'Klaiierty. thief of lar Connaught. She fled with her son Thomas, in order to bring him 
 u|) a C^athnlic. Esmonde, in his anger, affected to consider the marriage invalid, on the ground 
 tliat his wile was "of the Irishry." Thomas uas brought up by his mother's relatives, and 
 through their influence obtained the rank of baronet. During the usurpation of Cromwell 
 his extensive estates were granted to Colonel Monk. He died while engaged in a lawsuit 
 for their recoverv, leaving a son, Sir Laurence, then a minor. The Duke of Huckingham, 
 as his next friend, succeeded in recovering a considerable part of them ; these are now in 
 the possession of Sir Thomas II. Esmonde. The recognition of the peerage did imt follow 
 that of the title to the projierty, for Sir Thomas though declared "an innocent pajMst," yet, 
 as sucli, labored at that time under jieculiar disadvantages. See Aintals of tlie Fmtr !\[asters, 
 ad. ann. 1597, note and appendix, and The Kilkenny Arch, yournallox 1856, 1862, and 1870. 
 
 " A portion of the outer wall of the castle is still standing. 
 
92 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 tion says that Cromwell and Stafford had a meeting at midnight by 
 the riverside. Carte's words leave no room for doubting of the Gov- 
 ernor's guilt: "The enemy entered the gates by th6 treachery of 
 Captain Stafford." And again: "Stafford having privately received 
 Cromwell's forces into the castle, which commanded the part of the 
 town which lay next it, they issued suddenly from thence, attacked 
 the wall and gate adjoining, and soon became masters of the place.'' 
 Clarendon is still more explicit: "Stafford gave up the place to 
 Cromwell, and took conditions under him, and thereby gave entrance 
 to him into the town." 
 
 The castle ^ was about three hundred paces outside the wall, so 
 close that the communication could not be cut off between them. 
 The gates were immediately thrown open to admit those who were 
 outside, and the whole army poured in. They entered so suddenly, 
 that the townsmen were first made aware of Stafford's treachery by 
 seeing the enemy's colors floating from the summit of the castle and 
 the guns turned against the walls. In great consternation they aban- 
 doned that portion of the works, and retreated into the town. The 
 assailants seeing the walls without defenders, rushed forward with 
 their scaling-ladders, and crossed over without hindrance. An at- 
 tempt was made to prevent the advance of the cavalry by placing 
 ropes and chains across the street. Meantime the garrison were 
 retreating to the market-place ; there the townspeople had already 
 gathered together. 
 
 Then the scenes that took place at Drogheda were renewed at 
 Wexford. 2 We have Cromwell's own account of these atrocities, in 
 his letter to the speaker of the parliament, from before Wexford, i ith 
 October. 
 
 "When they (the townsmen and the garrison) were come into the market- 
 place, making a stiff resistance, our forces broke them ; and then put all to the 
 sword that came in their way. Two boatfuls of the enemy, attempting to escape, 
 being overprest with numbers, sank, whereby were drowned near three hundred of 
 tht-m. T believe, in all, not less than two thousand ; and I believe not twenty of 
 yours from first to last of the siege. And indeed, it hath, not without cause, been 
 deeply set upon our hearts that we intending better to this place than so great a 
 ruin, hoping the town might be of more use to you and your army, yet God would 
 not have it so ; but by an unexpected providence, in his righteous justice, brought 
 a just judgment upon them, causing them to become a prey to the soldier, who in 
 their piracies had made preys of so many families, and made with their bloods to 
 answer the cruelties which they had exercised upon the lives of divers poor Protes- 
 tants ! Two (instances) of which I have been lately acquainted with. About seven 
 or eight score poor Protestants were by them put into an old vessel, which being, as 
 some say, bulged by them, the vessel sank, and they were all presently drowned in 
 
 1 Cox says the castle was surrendered within two hours after Sir Edward Butler and 
 the force s>ent with him had entered the town. 
 
 2 "Cromwell's forces entered and made almosf as great slaughter as at Droghedi." 
 Castlehaven's Memoirs, p. ii6. See also Warner's History of the Rebfllion^ \>. ^-jG. "For 
 an hour the fight continued in the market-place. Iwit on unetiual terms, for the sword of 
 Cromwell cut down nearly all the townspeople without regard for condition, age, or sex." 
 Bruodin's Propiig. p. 68o. " The enemy put to the sword all those that were found in arms, 
 with an execution as horribly deliberate as that of Drogheda." Leland vol. iii. p. 353. 
 " (ireat mortality did accompany that fury of both soldier and native; all sex and age in- 
 differently there perished." Ap/ior. Disc. \o\. ii. p. 54. "2,000 were slain of Ormonde's 
 soldiers in the town." Briff Chron. 0/ the Irish Wurs, p 5. 
 
CBOMWl-'J. IN IRELAND. 93 
 
 the harbor. The other was thus : They put clivers poor Protestants into a chapel 
 (which, since they have used for a Mass-house, and in wiiich one or more of their 
 priests were now i<illcd), where they were famisiied to death. 
 
 " The soldiers got a very good booty in this place ; and had not they (the 
 townspeople) had opportunity to carry their goods over the river while we besieged 
 it, it would have been much more. I could have wished for their own good and 
 the good of the garrison, they had been more moderate. Some things which were 
 not easily portable, we hope we shall make good use of to your behoof. There are 
 great quantities of iron, hides, tallow, salt, pipe and barrel staves, which arc under 
 the Commissioners' hands, to be secured. We believe there are near a hundred 
 cannon in the fort and elsewhere in and about the town. Here is likewise some 
 very good shipping; here are three vessels, one of them of thirty-four guns, which 
 a week's time would fit to sea: there is anftther of about twenty guns, very near 
 ready likewise, and one other frigate of twenty guns, upon the stocks, made for 
 sailing, which is built up to the uppermost deck; for her handsomeness' sake I have 
 appointed the workmen to finish her, here being materials to do it, if you or the 
 Council of State shall approve thereof. The frigate also, taken beside the fort, is 
 a most excellent vessel for sailing, besides divers other ships and vessels in the 
 harbor.' 
 
 "This town is now in your power, that of the former inhabitants, I believe,, 
 scarce one in twenty can challenge any property in their houses. Most of them are 
 run away, and many of them killed in this service. And it were to be wished that 
 an honest people would come and plant here, where are very good houses and other 
 accommodations fitted to their hands, which may by your favor be made of encour- 
 agement to them. As also a seat of good trade, both inward and outward, and of 
 marvellous great advantage in the point of the herring and other fishing. The town 
 is pleasantly seated and strong, having a rampart of earth within the wall near 
 fifteen feet thick." 
 
 And he concludes with the following pious utterance : — 
 
 " Thus it hath pleased God to give into your hands this other mercy " — ■ 
 Drogheda was the first — " for which, as for all, we pray God may have all the glory. 
 Indeed your instruments are poor and weak, and can do nothing but through believ- 
 ing — and that is the gift of God also. 
 
 " I humbly take leave, and rest, 
 
 " Your most humble servant, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell." 
 
 On the receipt of this letter, October 30th, orders were issued by 
 the parliament to the Council of State, to prepare a letter of thanks 
 to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and to the officers of the army ; 
 and to give one hundred pounds to Captain William Raby for bring- 
 ing the letters from the Lord Lieutenant. 
 
 There is abundant testimony of contemporary writers to prove 
 that the cruelties practiced at Wexford on the clergy and people were 
 as great as those of which Drogheda was the scene a month before. 
 Dr. Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin, writing to the Secretary of the 
 Propaganda at Rome, very soon after, says that many priests, some 
 religious, innumerable citizens, and two thousand soldiers were mas- 
 sacred. Father St. Leger, S. J., in a letter to his superiors in Rome, 
 in 1655, containing an account of the events of the preceding years, 
 states that when Wexford was taken, Cromwell exterminated the 
 citizens by the sword. Colonel Solomon Richards, too, says that the 
 
 1- A party of his Excellency's foot, by help of some vessels, took the Earl of Antrim's 
 frigate with 14 guns. Ilis Excellency took Wexford by storm, .Tiid in it 51 pieces of ord- 
 nance besides those in ships, forty vessels in the harbor, and great store of plunder. 
 
94 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 town of Wexford was much depopulated in its taking by Oliver Crom- 
 well. In "The Humble Petition of the Ancient Native Inhabitants 
 of the Town of Wexford, and of the Heirs, Orphans, and Widows of 
 such of them as are dead, to his Majesty Charles II., July 4th, 1660," 
 it is said of Cromwell : "The said usurper entered the town and put 
 man, woman, and child, to a very few, to the sword ; where, among 
 the rest, the Governor lost his life, and others of the soldiers and 
 inhabitants to the number of 1,500 persons." In the west side a great 
 slaughter was made. Fortunately we have a detailed account of 
 these events from one whose testimony is beyond all cavil. Dr. 
 Nicholas French, the Bishop of Ferns, was then lying ill in a neigh- 
 boring town. In a letter to the Papal Nuncio, written from Antwerp 
 in January, 1673, he thus describes what took place : ^ 
 
 "On that fatal day, October iith, 1649, I lost everything I had. Wexford, 
 my native town, then abounding in merchandise, ships and wealth, was taken at the 
 sword's point by that plague of England, Cromwell, and sacked by an infuriated 
 soldiery. Before God's altar fell sacred victims, holy priests of the Lord. Of those 
 who were seized outside the church, some were scourged, some thrown into chains 
 and imprisoned, while others were hangetl or put to death by cruel tortures. The 
 blood of the noblest of our citizens was shed so that it inundated the streets. There 
 was hardly a house that was not defiled with carnage and filled with wailing. In 
 my own palace, a boy hardly sixteen years of age, an amiable youth, and also mv 
 gardener and sacristan, were barbarously butchered ; and my chaplain, whom I had 
 left behind me at home, was pierced with six mortal wounds and left weltering in 
 his blood. And these abominable deeds were done in the open day by wicked 
 assassins ! Never since that day have I seen my native city, my flock, my native 
 land, or my kindred : and this it is that makes me the most wretched of men. After 
 the destruction of the town, I lived for live months in the woods, every moment 
 sought after that I might be put to death. There my drink was milk and water, 
 my food a little bread: on one occasion I did not taste food for five whole days. I 
 slept under the open sky, without any shelter or covering. At lenjjth, the wood in 
 which I lay concealed was surrounded by numerous bodies of the enemy, who came 
 to seize me and send me in chains to. England. But, thanks to my guardian angel, 
 I escaped their hands, owing to the speed and swiftness of my horse." 
 
 There is another letter of Dr. French, still extant in the library 
 of Trinity College ; it is entitled Apologia, and seems to be a defence 
 of his leaving Ireland and seeking safety in a foreign land : — 
 
 " You say nothing about my native city, Wexford, cruelly destroyed by the 
 sword on the nth of October, 1649; nothing of my palace that was plundered," and 
 of my domestics impiously slain ; nothing of my fellow-laborers, precious victims, 
 immolated by the impious sword of the heretic before the altar of God ; nothing of 
 the inhabitants weltering in their own blood and gore. The rumor of the direful 
 massacre reached me whilst I was ill in a neighboring town, suffering from a burn- 
 
 1 The original is given in S/^icil. Ossor., vol. i. ]■>. 347. Dr. French left Ireland in 1651, 
 having been seni by ihe Confederates to ask for aid and protection for the Irish Catholics 
 from the Duke of Lorraine. The laws made against Jesuits, priests, friars, monks, and 
 nuns, and rigidly ei\fi)r(:ed, prevented \\\* return to his native land. After some time lie went 
 to Spain, and there acteil as coadjutor to tlie bishoij.of St. lago ; these duties he performed 
 also at Paris and (Ihent. lie died in the latter place, August 23d, 167S. He is buried 
 opposite the high altar in the church of St. Nicholas. Over the spot there is a white marble 
 monument bearing ids arms and the motto : Virtue in angiistiis. The inscription on it will 
 be found in the Bishops of Ferns, by the Most Rev. Dr. M'Carthy, p. 21 ; Dublin. 1874. His 
 Siltletnent and Sale of Ireland and The Unkinde Deserter were reprinted by Duffy, Dublin, 
 in 1S56. 
 
 - The soldiers had the plunder of the town for two hours. Relation, &c. 
 
CROMWELL LN IHELANF). 95 
 
 ing fever. I cried and mourned and shed bitter tears and lamented: and turning 
 to heaven with a deeji sigh, cried out in the words of the prophet Jeremias, and all 
 wiio were present siiared in my tears. In that excessive iiitterness of my soul, a 
 tliousand times I wislied to bc'dissolved and to be witli Chiist, that thus I might 
 not witness tiie sufferings of my country. From that time I saw neither my city nor 
 my peoi)le ; but, like an outcast, 1 sought refuge in the wilderness. I wandered 
 liirougii woods and mountains, generally taking my rest and rejiose exposed to tlie 
 hoar frost, sometimes lying hid In tlie caves and caverns of the earth. In the woods 
 and groves I passed more than five months, that thus I miglit administer some con- 
 solation to the few survivers of my flock who had escaped from the merciless mas- 
 sacre, and dwelt there with the herds of cattle. I3ut neither woods nor caverns 
 could afford me a lasting refuge; for the heretical governor of Wexford, ("icorge 
 Cooke, well known for his barbarity, with several troops of cavalry and foot soldiers, 
 searching everv'wcere, anxious for my death, explored even the highest mountains 
 and most difficult recesses; the huts and habitations adjoining the wood, in which I 
 had sometimes offered the Holy Sacrifice, he destroyed by fire; and my hiding- 
 places, which were formed of branches of trees, were all thrown down. Among 
 those who were subject to much annoyance on my account was a nobleman, in whose 
 house he supposed me to be concealed. He searched the whole house with lighted 
 tapers, accomi)anied by soldiers holding their naked swords in their hands to slay 
 nio tlie nK)ment 1 should appear. Ihit in the midst of all these perils God jirotected 
 me, and mercifully delivered me from the hands of this blood-thirsty man." 
 
 The following account of the massacre of some Franciscan 
 Fathers of the convent of We.xford, is taken from A Brief History of 
 the Irish Province of the Friars Minor of the Regular Obscjvance, by 
 
 Father Francis Ward. 
 
 • 
 
 On the nth of October, 1649, the octave of our holy father, St. Francis, seven 
 religious of the Order of St. Francis, all men of great merit and natives of the 
 town, perished by the sword of the heretics in Wexford, viz. : Father Richard Syn- 
 ,nott, professor of theology, formerly guardian of the convent; F.John Esmonde, 
 preacher, who had singular power in relieving energumenes; F. Paulinus Synnott, 
 who had suffered much for the faith among the Turks, and had received from Pope 
 Urban VIII. full jurisdiction over all the Catholic captives ; F. Raymund Stafford, 
 who had left a considerable inheritance, and despising everything for Christ, had 
 chosen to imitate the poverty of Christ under the standard of St. Francis. Fifteen 
 months before his death he had retired to an island, and led there an austere 
 and mortified life, using only once each day lenten fare. F. Peter Stafford, too, 
 was much devoted to prayer. During the times of persecution, in the absence of 
 the secular clergy, he discharged for fifteen years the duties of parish priest with 
 great credit. Brother Uiclacus Chevers, over seventy years of age and blind ; 
 Ih'other James Rochford, both men of exemplary lives, and devoted to work. Some 
 of these were slain while kneeling before the altar, others while hearing confessions. 
 F. Raymond Stafford, holdin.2: in his hand a crucifix, came out of the church to en- 
 courage the citizens, and even preached with great zeal to the enemy, until he was 
 slain by them in the market-place. All these were men of most exemplary life, and 
 as they fell, tiie Lord ileigned to show how precious their death was in his sight. 
 
 1. When they were fired at, the balls fell close to some of them withoui^ doing 
 them any harm whatever. This I heard from a noble lady, Margaret Keating, to 
 whom the enemy related it in presence of her children and servants. 
 
 2. Whilst they were being put to death, it happened that a little of their blood 
 fell on the hand of one of the executioners ; this he could not wash off ever after, 
 or remove by any means whatever. J heard this from Mr. John French of Ballo- 
 lonie, who had himself seen the blood, and learned the circumstances from the 
 mouth of the wicked man after the capture of the city; he spoke of the crime with 
 great sorrow, saying that he bore about on his hand the token that he had slain the 
 religious "whose Wood you see," and would carry the mark with him to his grave. 
 
 3. Mrs. Margaret Keating, the wife of Captain I3oran, and daughter of Mr. 
 William Keating, an alderman of Wexford, told me she heard a soldier of the Eng- 
 lish army, named Weaver, say, that when the religious were mortally wounded and 
 
96 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 lay expiring in the streets, througli compassion for them and wishing to put an end 
 to their Bufferings, he fired at one of them twice. Though the balls touched h's 
 cowl, they did not penetrate it ; they fell gently near the cowl as if they had no 
 force. He then shot at his body, but tlie result was the same. Weaver was asked 
 to f^re again; he replied, "I have done so already as well as I could; hitherto I 
 have slain none of the Irish, nqr shall I do so in future." He left the army and 
 became a Catholic. I was sought for to reconcile him to the Church, but as I was 
 not found, I did not see him. But to a certainty he was reconciled by the Rev. 
 Patrick Hampton, chancellor of Ferns, of pious memory. 
 
 4. Some of the soldiers who put on the habits of the religious, died miserably. 
 Mr. William Hore, of Harperstown, told me that he warned in a friendly manner 
 one of the English soldiers who had the habit on, to lay it aside, as it was not right 
 to mock at St. Francis or the other saints. He replied, " that is all nonsense and 
 superstition." "Tell me, I beg you," said Mr. Hore, "to-morrow morning if you 
 have had any dream." He agreed to do so. After he had gone to rest he was 
 tortured by spectres all the night, thinking mad dogs were dragging him about. 
 He was so terrified at these sights that he tool< sick and died. 
 
 5. Francis Whitty, a man of noble birth, told me that he saw one of the Eng- 
 lish soldiers who had the habit on, die while uttering blasphemies. 
 
 6. It is commonly reported that a soldier fired at the crucifix which F. Ray- 
 mond held in his hand, and that the ball turned aside and killed the captain of the 
 company. This I heard from Sir Thomas Esmonde and from many others. 
 
 7. The Rev. John Turner, the parish priest of Maglass, declared that, on the 
 day when the religious and others were slain at Wexford, he saw a beautiful woman 
 ascending towards the sky. This he saw when he was five miles from Wexford, 
 before he heard anything whatever about its capture. 
 
 8. Divers mishaps befel those who were daring enough to dwell in the con- 
 venj that formerly belonged to the religious. Many of them, soon after they came 
 to the place, died, and were buried in the convent garden. Those who survived 
 were frequently troubled during the night by spectres; they told their neighbors 
 that they thought they had done wrong in killing the religious, and that they would 
 remain no longer in the convent, even though they should find no other place to 
 live in. This I heard from some of their neighbors who knew well of their death 
 and burial, and who had heard from these persons that they were tormented in this 
 way by spectres. 
 
 I, the undersigned, declare on the word of a priest, that I heard the above 
 facts related by the aforesaid persons, and have set them down in writing exactly 
 as they were told. 
 
 Father Francis Stafford, 
 
 Of the Co7tceptioii^ preacher and confessor, and ex-guardian of 
 the Convent of Wexford. 
 
 Any other priests who fell into the hands of the soldiers, no 
 doubt suffered the same fate as the Franciscans.^ About Easterti^'e, 
 1654, four Franciscans were arrested in Wexford by Cromwellian 
 officers, and hanged without formality of trial, in the neighborhood of 
 their former convent. 
 
 Sir Edmund Butler was killed by a shot that struck him on the 
 head as he was endeavoring to escape by swimming across the ferry. 
 
 A tradition, still ctirrent in Wexford, says, that 300 women were 
 
 ^ In the year 1649, there were in Ireland 23 l)isliops and 4 archbishops. In the riithe- 
 drals there were, as usual, canons and dig.iit.iries ; liie parishes had pastors, a great miinber 
 of priests, and numerous convents cf regulars. But r.lter Cron^well had attained to supreme 
 power, all were scattered. Over 300 were put to d^ath, 1,000 more driven iiUo exile. Four 
 bishops were slain, the others were obliged to fly to foreign countries, excejJt the Bishop of 
 Kilmore, who was too feeble to be removed. MS. in tlie Arundel Library, Stonyhurst. In 
 1641 thfre were in Ireland 43 houses of the Dominican Ordei and 600 religious. Ten years 
 after, there was not a single house in their possession, and th'-ee-fcurths '^f the religious 
 were dead or in exile. Hib, Dom. p. 286. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 97 
 
 put to death in the public square. They had flocked round the great 
 cross which stood there, in the hope that Christian soldiers would be 
 so far softened by the sight of that emblem of mercy as to spare the 
 lives of unresisting women. But the victors, enraged at such super- 
 stition, and perhaps regarding their presence there as a proof that 
 they were Catholics, and therefore fit objects for their zeal, rushed 
 upon them and put them all to death. 
 
 M'Geoghcgan, who published his history in 1758, was the first 
 writer who made special mention of this incident of the siege, ^ and 
 from the silence of contemporaries, some of our historians have in- 
 ferred that the tradition refers only to the general massacre of the 
 inhabitants in the market-place. In reply it may be said, that no one 
 of the contemporary writers, whose works have come down to us, 
 intended to give an exhaustive account of all that took place. Besides, 
 it must be borne in mind that M'Gheoghegan had special opportunities 
 of learning the traditions on such points ; he was chaplain to the 
 Irish Brigade in the service of France, at a time when probably it 
 had in its ranks the children and the grandchildren of those who were 
 eye-witnesses of what he relates. " Some have questioned the accu- 
 racy of the statement made by M'Geoghcgan and Lingard," writes 
 the Most Rev. Dr. Moran, "as to the massacre of these three hundred 
 females around the cross in Wexford : they say Dr. French and other 
 contemporary writers would not be silent in regard of this particular. 
 But these contemporary writers suflficiently describe the wholesale 
 massacre of the inhabitants, without mercy being shown to either 
 age or sex; and any particulars that are added have a special refer- 
 ence to themselves. The same writers, when describing the destruc- 
 tion of Drogheda, are silent as to the massacre in the crypts of. St. 
 Peter's church ; and were it not for the narrative of an officer who 
 was himself engaged in that barbarous work, some critics would prob- 
 ably now be found to reject it as fabulous. The constant tradition not 
 only of Wexford, but of the whole nation, attests the truth of the 
 statement of the above-named historians." 
 
 The following poem by Michael J. Barry, on this subject, may be 
 new to some of our readers : — 
 
 They knelt around the cross divine, 
 
 The matron and the maid ; 
 The}' bowed before redemption's sign, 
 
 And fervently they prayed — 
 Tiirce hundred fair and helpless ones, 
 
 Wiiosc crime was this alone — 
 Their valiant husbands, sire^ and sons 
 
 Had battled for cheir own. 
 
 Had battled bravely, bui in vain — 
 The Saxon won the fight, 
 • And Irish corpses screwed the plain 
 
 Where Valor slept with Right. 
 
 ^ History of Ireland, p. 574. He was born in 1701, and was sent at an early age to 
 France, where he entered the Church. For some time he was chaplain to the Irish Brigade. 
 During the latter part of his life he was attached to the church of St. Mery, in Paris. He 
 died in 1764. 
 
98 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 And now that man of demon guilt, 
 
 To fated Wexford flew — 
 The red blood reeking on his hilt 
 
 Of hearts to Erin true! 
 
 He found them there — the young, the old, 
 
 Tlie maiden, and the wife; 
 Their guardians brave in death were cold, 
 
 Who dared for the?n the strife. 
 They prayed for mercy — God on high! 
 
 Before i/iy cross they prayed. 
 And ruthless Cromwell bade them die 
 
 To glut the Saxon blade ! 
 
 Three hundred fell — the stifled prayer 
 
 Was quenched in women's blood; 
 Nor youth nor age could move to spare 
 
 From slaughter's crimson flood. 
 But nations keep a stern account 
 
 Of deeds that tyrants do ! 
 And guiltless blood to Heaven will mount, 
 
 And Heaven avenge it too ! 
 
 The murder of Irish women was nothing new to the Puritans, 
 Atter the battle of Naseby one hundred females, some of them of 
 distinguished rank, were put to the sword, under the pretext that they 
 were Irish Catholics. In one day eighty women and children, some 
 infants at the mother's breast, were precipitated over the bridge at 
 Linlithgow ; and if any struggled to the bank of the river, they were 
 knocked on the head or thrust in again by the soldiery. Their crime 
 was being the wives and children of Irish soldiers who had served 
 under Montrose. 
 
 It was not the inhabitants of the town alone that were slain. 
 Dr. Lynch states that there was throughout the country an indiscrim- 
 inate massacre of men, women, and children, by which not less than 
 four thousand persons, young and old, were atrociously butchered by 
 the order of Colonel Cooke, appointed governor of the town by Crom- 
 well. 
 
 The churches in Wexford and its neighborhood were profaned, 
 and some in part, some wholly demolished. Selskir,^ St. Patrick's, 
 St. Mary's, St. Bride's, St. John's, St. Peter's, St. Maud's at Maud- 
 lenstown were pulled down. The plate of Selskir was seized, and its 
 bells were taken and shipped to Chester. A few years after, they 
 were removed to the old church near River Street, Liverpool, where 
 they remain to this day. According to tradition, the freedom of the 
 town and exemption from the port duties of Liverpool were granted 
 to the freemen of Wexford in lieu of these bells. 
 
 Cromwell's cruelties at Drogheda, repeated at Wexford, spread 
 terror far and wide. Towns and strong places fifty miles off declared 
 for the parliament. Even the Commissioners of Trust were so terri- 
 
 1 Selskir was called SS. Peter and Paul's of Selskir, i. e., of the holy sepulchre. L 
 belonged to the Canons regular of St. Austin. The prior had a seat in parliament. Arch 
 dali"s Monas'.icoti, p. 755. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 99 
 
 ficd, that they were on the point of leaving Kilkenny and transferring 
 their sittings elsewhere. They sent one of their number, Dr. Fennell, 
 to consult Ormonde on the subject. He strove to dissuade them from 
 their purpose by assuring them there was no occasion for such alarm, 
 since Ross was not yet taken ; that if the place held out, the loss of 
 the besieging army would be so great, that for one year, at least, 
 Kilkenny would be secure from attack ; if it were lost, the time 
 needed to march to Kilkenny would be sufficient for them to secure 
 their departure ; that their removal could not but discourage others, 
 and make them think of entering into terms with, the enemy. By 
 these arguments they were reassured, and continued their sittings at 
 Kilkenny. 
 
 After Ormonde had thrown the second relief into Wexford, he 
 began his march back towards Ross, intending to cross the Slaney 
 near Enniscorthy. But Cromwell, having had intelligence of his 
 movements, sent Jones with a considerable detachment to intercept 
 him, Ormonde saw them drawn up on a hill ; though their numbers 
 were inferior to his own, he preferred to avoid an engagement, dis- 
 trusting many of Inchiquin's men. In the dusk of the evening he 
 set off in another direction, and fetching a compass over the nionu- 
 tains of Wicklow, he arrived, after two days' march, at Leighlinbridge. 
 There Colonel Butler, who had escaped by swimming across the ferry, 
 brought him news of the fall of Wexford. 
 
 To Ormonde the fall of Wexford was a severe shock ; it was 
 wnolly unexpected by him, and disconcerted all his plans, for he cal- 
 culated that the siege of so strong a place would have delayed Crom- 
 well's advance for several weeks, and that in the meantime he could 
 procure such aid from Ulster and Munster as would make him a match 
 for the Parliamentary army. This was not the only mortification he 
 experienced ; he learned almost at the same time of the successes of 
 Coote and Venables in the north, and of attempts at revolt made by • 
 the southern garrisons. All his plans were disarranged. In his 
 anger he reproached the Catholics with deserting the cause of the 
 King ; "They who stood so rigidly with the King upon religion, and, 
 as they called it, on the splendor of it, now could v/ith difficulty be 
 withheld from sending commissioners to Cromwell to entreat him to 
 make stables and hospitals of their churches." 
 
IQQ CROMWELL ly IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE ATTEMPT ON DUNCANNON. 
 
 Ireton sent to atteinpl Duncannon — Its Importance '- Roche tlie Governor — Wogan ap- 
 pointed in his Place — Plan of Defence — Its Success — Reinforcements from Dublin — 
 Inchiquin tries to intercept them — Fight at Glascarrig. 
 
 After the capture of Wexford, Cromwell sent Ireton to lay siege 
 to Duncannon. This fort is situated on a rock projecting from the 
 eastern side of the entrance to Waterford harbor, eleven miles south- 
 east of the city. On the face looking towards the sea it was defended 
 by three batteries ; on the land side it was protected by a deep ditch, 
 and behind there was a massive and precipitous rampart hollowed out 
 of the rock ; on this two watch towers were built. There were also 
 two sally-ports, and between them a draw-bridge. The whole covered 
 about four acres. It had been specially strengthened when the Span- 
 iards threatened a descent in 1558, The possession of it was of the 
 greatest importance to the Royalists, as it secured to them the only 
 approach by water to Waterford, and made them masters of the sur- 
 rounding country. 1 During the siege of Wexford Ormonde went to 
 take an exact survey of its condition. He distributed money among 
 the soldiers, and assured them that their welfare would be a constant 
 care to him, and that immediate relief v/ould be sent to them. Indeed, 
 so important did he consider the place that he resolved, in case Lieu- 
 tenant-General Ferrall arrived before its fall with the forces sent by 
 Owen Roc O'Neill, to venture a battle rather than lose it. He ap- 
 pointed Colonel Edward Wogan ^ governor, in place of Captain Thomas 
 Roach, who candidly declared himself unequal to the duties of such 
 a critical position. The Commissioners who had put him in command 
 there, resented the change as a breach of the Articles of the Peace 
 
 1 It was taken, after two months' siege, in March, 1645, osving to the valor and skill of 
 General Thomas Preston, who had learned the art of war in Flanders, "iliat far-famed 
 academy of Mars." Lord Esmonde held it at that time for the parliament. A detailed ac- 
 count of the siege, taken from the diary of Geoffrey Baron, who was present, is given by his 
 brodier, Father Bonaventure Baron, in his Sifge 0/ Duncannon. See Ware's W7iters of 
 Ireland, p. 253. 
 
 ^ Wogan, when a youth of fifteen, had been, by the corruption of his nearest friends, 
 engaged in the parliament service against the King, and had a command of a troop of 
 horse under Ireton; but he abjured that party upon the execution of Charles I., and was 
 appointed by Ormonde to the command of his own guards. He fought very bravely at the 
 battle of Rathmines. He left Ireland with Ormonde in December, 1650, On hearing that 
 the royal standard was set up in the Highlands of Scotland, he took leave of Charles II., 
 who was then at Paris, passed into England, assembled a body of cavaliers at Barnet near 
 London, and travcrstd the whole of England by marches conducted with so much skill, dex- 
 terity and spirit, that he safely united his handful of horsemen with the lliglilanilers then in 
 arms. After several months of desultory warfare, in which Wogan's skill and courage 
 gained him the highest reputation, he hail the misfortune to be wounded in a dangerous, 
 manner, and no surgical aid being at hand, he terminated his short but gloriou'r career. 
 See Scott's Waverly, chap 29, and Clarendon's Hisf. of the Rebellion , vol. iii. p. 507. 
 
CROMWELL /x\ IRELAND. 101 
 
 and an attempt to shake off their autliority. But Ormonde found 
 means to ehide their objections, and Wogan was permitted to remain. 
 One hundred and twenty English officers of Ormo;ide's life-guard, 
 whose fidelity had been well tried by long service on the King's side, 
 were sent to aid in the defence. From the citizens of VVaterford he 
 got forty barrels of powder and a sufficient quantity of provisions to 
 enable the besieged to make a lengthened resistance. Lord Castle- 
 haven was sent to consult with the Governor on the plan of defence 
 to j)e followed ; and seeing the situation of the besieging force, they 
 resolved on making a sally on a party of foot belonging to the enemy 
 that lay encamped in the neighborhood. 
 
 Castlehavcn gives the following account of this affair in his 
 Memoirs : 
 
 " The Marquis of Ormonde had returned over tlie bridge at Ross, and encamped 
 on the Kilkenny side. From thence he sent me to I'assage,' in tiie county of Water- 
 ford, over against Ballyliask, to look after tlie relieving of Duncannon, besieged by 
 some of Cromwell's people. I think Ircton commanded. And though there were 
 parliament ships before it, I ventured one morning with a boat, and got into the 
 place to the governor, a brave gentleman, one Colonel Wogan, whom the Lord 
 Lieutenant had sent some time before thither to command : and with him, besides 
 the Irish garrison, about a hundred English officers who had served the King in 
 the wars of England. This gentleman, from the highest part of the rampart, 
 showed me how the enemy lay. After I had well considered all, I offered to send 
 him that night, by sea, eighty horses with saddles and pistols, if he could mount 
 them with so many of his English officers, and before day, with them and some 
 foot, make a sharp sally upon the enemy. lie liked the proposal extremely, but 
 doubted much my performance, it being ainnit three miles by sea. I desired him to 
 leave that to me, and assured him he should shortly be satisfied of what I under- 
 took. Having thus concluded, I took my boat, returned, and immediately set myself 
 to my business that I might lose no time, because the tide served at the beginning 
 of the night; and having provided boats, I commanded eighty horse to go to the 
 sea-side. I caused them to be boated out of hand and sent them awav. They all 
 came to Duncannon safe and undiscovered: all was executed as designed, great 
 slaughter made and the cannon seized. For the confusion' among tlie enemy was 
 great, by reason that they judged it the falling in of an army from abroad, seeing 
 horses come against them, and knowing of none in the fort. Our people retiring 
 before day, the enemy raised the siege in the morning and marched off." 
 
 Cromwell's ai^my was already much weakened by the manning of 
 the garrisons in the towns and forts that had surrendered to his army. 
 The country sickness,. the effect of a climate especially injurious in 
 the winter season to strangers, was spreading rapidly through the 
 army. Colonel Morton, "a person of great integrity and courage," 
 who had rendered good service in the course of the previous summer 
 in quelling some of the Welsh mutineers, had fallen a victim to it. 
 It was found necessary to send for a reinforcement from Dublin, where 
 many of the soldiers that had been disabled by sickness and wounds 
 had been left behind. About 800 foot and 350 horse accordingly set 
 out, under the command of Major Nelson. They were supported by 
 two troops of Colonel Michael Jones' regiment, under Major Meredith 
 and Captain Otway. They reached Arklow on the first of November. 
 
 ^ Passage is on the Waterford side of the river, B.illyhack on the Wexford side, about 
 three miles above Duncannon. I]allyhack castle is still standing ; only a small part of the 
 castle of Passage is remaining ; both are close to the water's edge. 
 
102 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 A week before, Ormonde, who was then at Kilkenny, had got infor- 
 mation from Sir Luke Fitzgerald, that a party of 1,200 foot and 300 
 hors3was about to march towards Wexford to Cromwell's aid, and 
 might easily be captured. A council of war was held. With the con- 
 sent of the Commissioners of Trust, it was agreed that Inchiquin, 
 who then lay at Tinnehinch in the county of Carlow, should be 
 despatched through Scollagh Pass with 1,600 foot and 600 horse to 
 intercept them. He left Tinnehinch, and advanced southward through 
 the Pass. Cromwell was informed by his spies of Inchiquin's move- 
 ments, and sent a messenger to warn his friends of the danger ; he 
 bade them march in close order and make all possible haste to join 
 him at Wexford. 
 
 They rested, for two days at Arklow to recruit themselves and 
 make arrangements to have a strong detachment of horse from the 
 army sent to meet them at Glascarrig,^ midway between Arklow and 
 Wexford, where they intended to take up their quarters for the night. 
 The plan failed ; their friends did not meet them at the appointed 
 l^lace. Yet knowing that the enemy was not far off, they thought it 
 better, however weary they were, to march seven miles further towards 
 Wexford and pass the night there : in this way they hoped to deceive 
 the enemy, who they were told, was lying somewhere in the neighbor- 
 hood, intending to fall on their quarters early the next morning. 
 Inchiquin had information from his scouts of their movements. He 
 hurried off with all his horse and a few light foot in pursuit; the rest 
 of the foot were ordered to follow with all possible speed. Within 
 seven miles of Wexford the alarm of his approach was first given, one 
 of the enemy's offtcers, who rode some distance in front of his troop, 
 having caught sight of the cavalry marching after them. Inchiquin, 
 seeing he had overtaken them, slackened his pace and put his troops 
 in line. This gave them ample time to form. They drew up their 
 horse in six single divisions ; 160 musketeers were placed on the flanks 
 of the forward divisions of the horse, 80 on each flank ; the main 
 body of the foot was placed- in the rear. This order they were able 
 to keep for some time, as the strand was narrow, having on one side 
 a steep sand-bank and on the other the sea. Sut:h a position was 
 advantageous to them, since it prevented Inchiquin's horse from 
 attacking them in full force. The fight began by a volley from the 
 musketeers ; Meredith's horse charging immediately after. The first 
 division of Inchiquin's men held their ground for some time, and then 
 fell back in good order to the right and left. The second division, a' 
 fresh body of 150 horse next advanced against the enemy. These, 
 being somewhat thrown into disorder by the former charge, were 
 driven back ; most of them ran off till they came to the main body, 
 who, letting their own horse pass by, waited steadily until the assail- 
 ants were within pistol-shot, and opened on them a well-directed fire. 
 Several of the officers were killed. The rest retired in great confu- 
 sion. Lieutenant Warren, of Cromwell's regiment, who had been in 
 the midst of the enemy, coming up, cried out that Inchiquin's troops 
 
 1 Here "the force of Galls " landed with Dermot MacMorrough, in 1167. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 103 
 
 were in great disorder, and called on his men to charge. The horse 
 again advanced. Inchiquin received the charge, but his lines were 
 soon broken. Two of his standards were taken. The loss on both 
 sides was small ;^ yet trifling as this success was, it tended to keep 
 up the respect with which Cromwell had hitherto awed his enemies, 
 Inchiquin rejoined his foot, and returned to Ormonde at Thomas- 
 town. 
 
 1 "I do not hear that we have two men killed, and but one mortally wounded, anc 
 not five that are taken prisoners." Letter of Cromwell to Lenthal, from Ross, Nov. 14th. 
 
104 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 . CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF ROSS. 
 
 Cromwell encamps before Ross — Taaffe Governor — Summons to Surrender — The Three- 
 Bullet Gate — No Toleration — No Quarter for Irishmen — No Mercy for Priests — 
 Surrender of the Town — Terms of Surrender — Cromwell's Lodging at Ross. 
 
 Cromwell's soldiers were already weary of the hardships of the 
 winter's campaign, and frequently showed a disposition to mutiny.^ 
 He quieted them with the assurance that the expedition to Ross 
 should be the last service demanded of tliem for the year, and that, 
 after the capture of that town, they should go into winter quarters. 
 On the 15th of October he left Wexford. Ballyhaly castle,^ the res- 
 idence of the Cheevers family, was besieged ; it was destroyed with 
 the exception of the towers, of which there were formerly four. De- 
 tachments were sent to Tintern and Dunbrody, which reduced the 
 garrisons there.^ Two days later, he encamped before New Ross, a 
 walled town situated on the river Barrow, " a very pleasant and com- 
 modious river, bearing vessels of a heavy burden." He had with him 
 but three pieces of cannon. Ormonde sent Sir Lucas Taaffe.^ whose 
 abilities he oyerrated, with 1,500 foot to defend the place — there 
 were already 1,000 foot garrisoning the town — and hearing of Crom- 
 well's advance, he marched with his army towards Ross, and encamped 
 on the other side of the river, in view of the English army. The 
 enemy, being separated by the river, could offer no opposition to his 
 
 ^ " His army decays incredibly and will become very inconsiderable unless it be strongly 
 and timely recruited out of England, and had been already wasted, had not towns been 
 poorly given him, and the winter proved fairer than in man's memory any winter hath been." 
 State of Armies in Ireland, in Aphor. Disc, vol. ii. p. 466. 
 
 2 In the parish of Kilturk and barony of Bargy. It was given to Colonel Bunbury, 
 the Cheevers family being obliged to "transplant" to Killyan, in the county of Galway. 
 The castle and estates were sold by the Bunbury family early in the last century. Only one 
 of the towers remains. See Ktlk. Arch. Journal, for 1863, p. 319. 
 
 ■• Brief Chronicle, p. 5. These were both Cistercian abbeys. Tintern was founded by 
 William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, in 1200, in thanksgiving to the B. V. Mary for having 
 saved him from shipwreck. Hence it was called Sancta Maria de Voto. Dunbrody was 
 founded by Hervey de Monte Marisco in 1182; it was called Sancta Maria de Portu. Arch- 
 dall's Monasticon, pp. 752 and 736. 
 
 ^ He was the third son of Lord Taaffe; After Cromwell's reduction of the kingdom, 
 he submitted with his brother Francis, a Colonel of the Confederate army, and the fo'ces 
 under their command, upon articles concluded at Dunmore ; yet he was excepted from par- 
 don for life or estate. Being forced to leave Ireland, he served for some time as colonel in 
 Italy and Spain. He died in Ireland and was buried at Ballymote. ArchdaH's Peerage, 
 vol. iv. p. 293. By the author of the Aphor. Disc, he is called " a common, cogging gamester, 
 a routebanke, and temporiser fit for any stamp, a prime member of Ormonde's party and 
 faction." Vol. i. pp. 145 and 173. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND, 105 
 
 comins:^. Before taking over the command, Taaffe came to the camp' 
 and asked for an order under the Lord Lieutenant's hand for the de' 
 fence of the town as long as it was possible ; and for the surrender 
 when it should be decided by a council of the chief officers that it 
 could hold out no longer. 
 
 On his arrival before the town, Cromwell sent the following sum- 
 mons to the Governor : — 
 
 (i.) For the Commander-in-Chief in Ross. These: 
 
 Before Hoss, i jth October, 1 649. 
 Sir, 
 
 Since my coming into Ireland, I have this witness for myself, that I have 
 endeavored to avoid effusion of blood ; having been before no place to which such 
 terms have not been first sent as might have turned to the good and preservation 
 of those to whom they were offered ; this being my principle, that the people and 
 places where I come may not suffer, except through their own wilfulness. 
 
 To tlic end I may observe the like course with this place and the people therein, 
 I do hereby summon you to deliver the town of Ross into my hands, to the use of 
 the Parliament of England. Expecting your speedy answer, 
 
 I rest your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 The trumpeter who carried the summons was not allowed to 
 enter the town ; his message was received at the gates, and he was 
 told that an answer would be given in due time. The batteries ot 
 the besieging army were therefore got ready during the night, and 
 preparations made for storming the outworks. Early on the morning 
 of Friday, the 19th, the large guns began to play. Soon after the 
 Governor sent the following answer to the summons : — 
 
 (2.) For General Cromwell, or, in his absence, for the Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Army now encamped before Ross. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Ross, \^ih October, 1649. 
 
 I received a summons from you the first day you appeared before this place, 
 which should have been answered ere now, had not other occasions interrupted me. 
 And although I am now in far better condition to defend this place than 1 was at that 
 time, yet am I, upon the considerations offered in your summons, content to enter- 
 tain a treaty, and to receive from you those conditions that may be safe and honor- 
 able for me to accept of. Which, if you listen to, I desire that pledges on both sides 
 may be sent for performance of such articles as may be agreed upon ; and that all 
 act's of hostility may cease on both sides, and each party keep within their distance. 
 To this your immediate resolution is expected by, 
 
 Sir, your servant, 
 
 Lucas Taaffe. 
 
 To which Cromwell immediately replied : — 
 
 (3.) For the Governor in Ross. These : 
 
 Before Ross, 19M October, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 If you like to march away with those under your command, with their arms, 
 bag and baggage, and with drums and colors, and shall deliver up the town to me, 
 I shall give caution to perform these conditions, expecting the like from you. As 
 to the inhabitants, they shall be permitted to live peaceably, free from the injury and 
 violence of the soldier. 
 
lOT) CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 If you like hereof, you can tell how to let me know your mind, notwithstand" 
 ing my refusal of a cessation. By these you will see the reality of my intentions to 
 save blood, and preserve the place from ruin. 
 
 I rest your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 The batteries still continued to play, and a breach was soon made 
 in the wall, close by the Three Bullet gate. The men were drawn 
 out in line, ready to advance for the storm, Lieutenant-Colonel Ingolds- 
 by being chosen by lot to lead them. Taaff e, seeing how matters stood 
 sent the following reply : — 
 
 Sir, 
 
 (4.) For General Cromwell. These : 
 
 Ross, ic)th October, 1649. 
 
 men as have a desire to depart may have liberty within a convenient time to carry 
 away themselves and their goods ; and liberty of conscience to such as shall stay; 
 and that I may carry away such artillery and ammunition as I have in my command. 
 If you be inclined to this, I will send upon your honor, as a safe conduct, an officer 
 to conclude with you. To which your immediate answer is expected by, 
 
 Sir, your servant, 
 
 Lucas Taaffe.* 
 
 To understand the full meaning of Cromwell's answer to the 
 above letter, we must call to mind the spirit that animated the Puri- 
 tans, and the cruelties which they perpetrated on Catholics. Some 
 time before the rebellion broke out, it was confidently asserted that 
 Sir John Clotworthy, who well knew the designs of the faction that 
 governed the House of Commons in England, had declared in a speech, 
 that the conversion of the Papists was only to be effected by the 
 Bible in one hand and the sword in the other. Sir William Parsons 
 positively asserted that within a twelvemonth no Catholic should be 
 seen in Ireland. On the 8th of December, 1641, both Houses of the 
 English Parliament passed a joint declaration, in answer to the demand 
 of the Irish for the full exercise of their religion, that they would 
 born in Ireland out of all capitulations, agreements, and compositions 
 
 1 Bate says his spirit was cowed by tlie noise of six or seven shots. Elenc/uts, &c. pt. 
 2, p. 2S. The tradition in the town is, that he surrendered after the besiegers had fired only 
 three shots ; hence the name given to the gate. It was formerly called the " Ladies' Gate" ; 
 bv some it is thought to have been the same which was built to commemorate the generous 
 gifts of the ladies of Ross towards the building of the walls : 
 
 " Then they said a gate they'd make, 
 Called the Ladies' for their sake." 
 
 See Appendix vi. : " The Walling of Ross." This beautiful specimen of Early English 
 architecture was pulled down by the Corporation in 1845. ^ stone fixed in the wall of a 
 corn-store near the site bears the following inscription, recording the wit as well as the taste 
 of that body : — 
 
 This is the west side of 
 * Bewly Cate, taken down 
 
 In the year 1845, by consent 
 
 Of the Town Commissioners. 
 
 Lord Mountjoy, colonel of the Dublin militia, was killed on the same spot when the town 
 was attacked on the 5th of June, 179S. See A7//C'. Arch. Journal for 1858, p. 206. The 
 Market gate also was taken down some years ago. 
 
CROMWELL 7A IRELAND. 107 
 
 hereafter \.n l)c made with the enemy; and upon taking of every such 
 Irishman and Papist born in Ireland, forthwith to put such persons to 
 death. On the 23d December, 1646, the Scotch parliament ordained 
 that the Irish prisoners taken at and after the battle of Philipshaugh 
 in all the prisons of the kingdom, should be executed without any 
 assize or. process, conformably to the treaty between the two king- 
 never give their assent to any toleration of the Papist religion in Ire- 
 land, or in any other part of his Majesty's dominions. On the 24th 
 of October, 1644, the parliament of England made an ordinance 
 against giving of any quarter to any Irishman or to any Papist born 
 in Ireland, taken in hostility against the parliament by sea or land. 
 Strict orders were given to the Lord General, Lord Admiral, and all 
 other ofificers by sea and land, to except all Irishmen and all Papists 
 doms passed in act. " The Parliamentary party," says Clarendon, 
 "had grounded their own authority and strength upon such found- 
 ations as were inconsistent with any toleration of the Catholic religion, 
 and even with any humanity to the Irish nation, and more especially 
 to those of the old native extraction, the whole race whereof they had 
 upon the matter sworn to an utter extcrpation." "The orders of the 
 parliament," says Borlase, " were excellently well executed." Aeon- 
 temporary writer says, the Irish Puritans rioted in the promiscuous 
 slaughter of women, old men, and children, and the English auxiliaries 
 openly avowed that they would strain every nerve to extirpate with- 
 out mercy the Irish race. Some even talked, like Antiochus concern- 
 ing Jerusalem, of making Ireland the common burying-jdace of the 
 Irish people. Captain Swanly took a transport bound from Ireland 
 to England with 150 men on board, sent by Ormonde to the King. 
 He selected 70 of his captives and threw them overboard, because 
 they were Irish. In the journals of the House of Commons we find 
 that he was called into the House, and had thanks given him for his 
 good service, and a chain of gold to the value of ;i{^200. For priests, 
 above all, there was no mercy. The Lords Justices Borlase and Par- 
 sons, in the beginning of the rebellion, had forbidden any quarters to 
 be given to those Catholics whom they found in arms, and principally 
 all priests, as being known incendiaries 'of the rebellion and prime 
 actors in exemplary cruelty. When any forces surrendered, they were 
 always excepted ; they were thenceforth out of protection, to be 
 treated as enemies that had not surrendered. Pym boasted that not 
 a priest would be left in Ireland. " We have three beasts to destroy, 
 that lay burdens on us," said one of the party; " the first is a wolf, on 
 whom we lay five pounds a head ; the second beast is a priest, on 
 whose head we lay ten pounds ; if he be eminent, more ; the third 
 beast is a Tory." "Cromwell," says Lord Macaulay, "resolved to 
 put an end to that conflict of races and religions which had so long 
 distracted Ireland, by making the English and Protestant population 
 decidedly predominant. For this end he gave the rein to the fierce 
 enthusiasm of his followers, waged war resembling that which Israel 
 waged on the Canaanites, and smote the idolaters with the edge of the 
 sword." " During the ten years of Cromwell's government," says 
 Mr. Froude, "the priests and their works were at an end." 
 
108 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 (5.) For the Governor in Ross : These : 
 
 Before Ross, i ()th October, 1 649. 
 Sir, 
 
 To what I formerly offered, I shall make good. As for your carrj-ing away 
 any artillery or ammunition that you brought not in with you, or hath not come to you 
 since you had the command of that place, I must deny you that, expecting you to 
 leave it as you found it. 
 
 For that which you mention concerning liberty of conscience, I meddle not 
 with any man's conscience. But if by liberty of conscience you mean a liberty to 
 exercise the Mass, I judge it best to use plain dealing, and to let you know, where 
 the Parliament of England have power, that will not be allowed of. As for such 
 of the townsmen who desire to depart and carry away tliemselves and goods, as you 
 express, I engage myself, they shall have three months' time so to do; and in tlie' 
 meantime shall be protected from violence in their persons and goods, as others 
 under the obedience of the Parliament. 
 
 If you accept of this offer, I engage my honor for a punctual performance 
 hereof. I rest your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 (6.) For General Cromwell. 
 
 October ic)th, 1649. 
 Sir, 
 
 I am content to yield up this place upon the terms offered in your last and 
 first letters. And if you please to send your safe conduct to such as I shall appoint 
 to perfect these conditions, I shall, on receipt thereof, send them to you. In the 
 interval, to cease all acts of hostility, and that all parties keep their own ground, 
 until matters receive a full end. And so remains. 
 
 Sir, your servant, 
 
 Lucas Taaffe. 
 
 October \<)th, 1649. 
 
 (7.) For the Governor of Ross. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 You have my hand and honor engaged to perform what I offered in my 
 first and last letters; which I shall inviolably observe. I expect you to send me 
 immediately four persons of such quality as may be hostages for your performance; 
 for whom' you have this safe conduct enclosed, into which you may insert their 
 names. Without which I shall not cease acts of hostility. If anything happen by 
 your delay to your prejudice, it will not be my fault. Those you send may see the 
 conditions perfected. Whilst I forbear acts of hostility, I expect you forbear all 
 actings within. I rest, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 "This," says an old London newspaper, "was the last message 
 between them, the Governor sending out his four hostages to compose 
 and perfect the agreement, and hereupon the batteries ceased, and 
 our intentions to storm the town were disappointed. Thus, within 
 the space of three days, we had possession of this place, without the 
 effusion of blood ; it being a very considerable place, and very good 
 quarter for the refreshment of our soldiers. The enemy marched over 
 the river to the other side, and did -not come out on that side of the 
 town where we had encamped." Some five hundred English soldiers 
 that were in the town, most of them the Munster forces, entered the 
 services of the parliament : the rest, to the number of 1,500, followed 
 Taaffe over the river to Kilkenny. 
 
CROMWKLL IN IRELAND. 109 
 
 After garrisoning Ross, Ormonde set off for Kilkenny, to meet a 
 part of Owen Roe's army coming to join him under Hugh O'Neill. On 
 the way the next morning, October 19th, he heard the report of Crom- 
 well's cannon, but he had no notion that the town would surrender so 
 soon. 
 
 The following were the terms of surrender : — 
 
 Articles concluded and agreed upon by and bei7vee7t the Right Honorable the Lord 
 Lieutenant of Lreland of the one part^ and the Goverfior of Ross of the other 
 part, the 19/// October, 1649: — 
 
 I. It is concluded and agreed, That the Governor of Ross, with all his com- 
 mand, may march into Kilkenny or Leighlin bridge, with their arms, bag and bag- 
 gages, drums beating, colors flying, bullet in bouche, bandoliers full of powder, and 
 matches lighted at both. ends, provided they march thither in threp days, and that 
 no act of hostility be committed during the said time. 
 
 2. It is concluded and agreed. That such townsmen as desire to depart and to 
 carry away themselves and their goods, shall have three months' time so to do ; and 
 in the mean time shall be preserved from violence in tlieir persons and goods, as 
 others under the obedience of the Parliament of England ; and that a convoy may 
 be sent with them to secure them in their journeys. 
 
 3. It is concluded and agreed, That the inhabitants shall be permitted to live 
 peacefully, and enjoy their goods and estates free from the injury and violence of 
 the soldiers. 
 
 4. In consideration whereof, the Governor of Ross is to surrender into my 
 hands the town of Ross, artillery, arms, ammunition, and other utensils of war that 
 are therein, by three of the clock this present day, except such as were brouglit in 
 by the said Governor, or such as came in J^ince he had the command thereof; and 
 by two of tiie clock to permit the Lord Lieutenant to put three hundred men into 
 the block-house, gate-house near the breach, and the white tower near the same. 
 
 5. For the performance of the Articles on the said Governor's side, he is to 
 deliver four such hostages as I shall approve of. 
 
 James Crarford, ^ Commissioners 
 Math. Lynell, 1 and 
 
 Thomas Gaynan, | hostages for 
 Math. Dormer, J the Governor. 
 
 I do approve and conform these articles, 
 
 Lucas Taaffe. 
 
 An extension of these articles was afterwards granted : — 
 
 I do hereby grant and desire that the promises of protection and all other ben- 
 efits granted to the inhabitants of the town of Ross in the third article concluded 
 upon the surrender of the said town, shall be extended and continued to the said 
 inhabitants, as well after the three months mentioned in the second of the said 
 articles as during that space, they behaving themselves peaceably, and faithfully as 
 becometh persons under protection, submitting to the authority of the Parliament 
 of England. 
 
 Given at Ross the thirteenth day of November, 1649. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 While Cromwell did continue in Ross, he lodged in the house of 
 the sovereign, Francis Dormer, where did hang a picture of my Lord 
 of Ormonde. Cromwell gazing on it, asked who it was that it repre- 
 sented } Being told, he said, " The man whom the picture concerned 
 was more like a huntsman than any way a soldier ; " which was most 
 
110 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 true, and the very party so inclined by education and nature. Here, 
 too, the churches were plundered.^ VVhen leaving, he appointed Col- 
 onel Daniel Axtell governor of the town.'- 
 
 During the siege, or soon after, a party was sent to seize Bally- 
 cerogue castle, five miles south of Ross, then in the possession of the 
 Sutton family. The inmates refused to surrender, and when an attempt 
 was made to capture it, they olfered a successful resistance. 71ie 
 assailants, angered at their repulse, set fire to it ; twenty-three of the 
 family were consumed in the flames, only two escaped.^ 
 
 The following is Cromwell's official account to the speaker of the 
 parliament of England, dated Ross, October 25th, 1649: 
 
 " Since my last from Wexford we marched to Ross, a walled town situated 
 upon the Darrow, a port-town, up to which a ship of seven or eight hundred tons 
 may come. 
 
 " We came before it upon Wednesday, the 17th instant, with three pieces of 
 cannon. Tiiat evening I sent a summons ; !\h\jor-General Taaffe being governor, 
 refused to admit my trumpet within the town; but took the summons in, returning 
 me no answer. I did hear that near 1,000 foot had been put into this palace some 
 few da) s before my coming to it. The next day was spent in making preparations 
 for our battery; and in our view there were boated over from the otlier side of tlie 
 river, of English, Scotch, and Irish, 1,500 more; Ormonde, Castlehaven, and the 
 Lord of Ardes being on the other side of the water to cause it to be done. 
 
 " Tliat night we planted our battery, which began to play earl) the next morn- 
 ing. The governor immediately sent forth an answer to my summons; copies of 
 all which I make bold to trouble )ou witli ; the rather because you may see how 
 God pulls down proud stomachs. The governor desired commissioners might treat, 
 and that in the meantime there might be a ceasing of acts of hostility on both sides. 
 Which I refused ; sending in word, that if he would march away with arms, l)ag and 
 baggage, and give me hostages for performance, he should. Indeed, he might have 
 done it without my leave, by tlie advantage of the river. He insisted upon having 
 the cannon with him, which I would not yield unto, but required the leaving the 
 artillery and ammunition ; which he was content to do, and marched away, leaving 
 the great artillery and ammunition in the stores to me. When they marched away, at 
 least 500 English, many of them of the Rlunster forces, came to us. 
 
 " Ormonde is at Kilkenny, Inchiquin in Munster, Henry O'Neill, Owen Roe's 
 son, is come up to Kilkenny, with near 2,000 horse and foot, with whom and Ormonde 
 there is now a perfect conjunction. So that now I trust some angry friends will 
 think it high time to take off their jealousy from those to whom they ouglit to exer- 
 cise more charity. 
 
 " The rendition of this garrison was a seasonable mercy, as giving us an oppor- 
 tunity towards Munster; and is for the present a very good refreshment for our 
 men. We are able to say nothing as to all this, but that the Lord is still pleased 
 to own a company of poor, worthless creatures, for which we desire his name to be 
 
 1 The bell in the Town Hall to be given back to Father Anthony Mnlloy for tlie Fran- 
 ciscan Abbey of New Ko.^s, formerly deprived thereof by Oliver Cromwell. Council I'.ook 
 of New UobS Corporation, anno 16S7. 
 
 - Lieutenant Colonel Axtell, governor of Ross, hath marched from Ross into the 
 rebels' quarters so far as the county of. Kilkenny, and from thence into other parts, where he 
 hath been and done good service, and brought away both prisoners and good booty, /^v- 
 fifc^ Dhirnal, Jan. 9th, 1650. 
 
 ^ Annuary of the Kiik. Arch. Soc. for 1855, ]i 164. Ballycerogue castle was probably 
 built by Roger de Sutton, who came with Robert Fitzstephen to Ireland, and got a grant of 
 land in the barony of Shelburne. William Sutton of ballycerogue was one of the Commons' 
 represenatatives at the General Assembly of the Confederate Catholics held at Kilkenny in 
 1647. See Ledwich's Irishtmuu, (Sr'c., p. 471. A considerable portion of the castle is sti" 
 standing. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. Ill 
 
 magnified, and the hearts of all concerned may be provoked to walk worthy of such 
 continued favors. This is the earnest desire of 
 
 " Your most humble servant, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell." 
 
 On the 30th of October it was ordered by the parliament, " that 
 it be referred to the Lord Mayor of the city of London to take care 
 to disperse the said letters and transactions to all the ministers within 
 London and the Liberties, who are required respectively to read the 
 same in their respective congregations on Tluirsday next, and to take 
 notice of this great and wonderful mercy in giving in the fort and 
 town of Wexford, together with the haven there and the shipping in 
 It, as in addition to the former mercies, for which that day was set 
 apart, and to return all humble thanks to Almighty God for the 
 same." 
 
112 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 REVOLT OF THE MUNSTER GARRISONS. 
 
 Cromwell's uninterrupted successes brought about the revolt of 
 many of the English garrisons throughout the country, then under 
 the command of Inchiquin in the King's interest. The Parliament 
 had many adherents in the south, v/ith whom Cromwell was " in intel- 
 ligence," and on whose support he relied. We have already seen that 
 his original design was to land in Munster. The disaffection of the 
 southern towns was chiefly due to the contrivance of Lord Broghill,^ 
 afterwards Earl of Orrery, third son of Richard Boyle, first Earl of 
 Cork. He was born at Lismore in 1621 ; there he was brought up by 
 his father in the strictest principles of Puritanism. At the beginliing 
 of the rebellion he was placed at the head of the troops which his 
 father had raised among the English planters. ^ In the field he dis- 
 played both valor and ability. P"or some time he acted under the 
 Parliamentary commanders ; but the trial and execution of the King 
 made him abandon his new companions in arms. Besides, he was 
 disgusted at the legal toleration granted at the time to the Catholic 
 religion, which he believed to be both sinful against God and injuri- 
 ous to the state. He left Ireland, and withdrew to Marston Bigod, 
 his seat in Somersetshire. There he lived for some time in retirement. 
 He continued, however, to correspond with Ormonde, whose real sen- 
 timents accorded with his own. At length, growing weary of repose, 
 he determined to engage again in public life. Very soon after he 
 received a letter from the exiled King, informing him that he had 
 provided two small ships to accompany him to Ireland ; that he knew 
 what great influence the Boyle family had among the Protestants of the 
 south; and would much desire his company. Broghill was flattered 
 by the confidence shown him, and replied that he would soon pay a visit 
 to his Majesty. Some of his letters were intercepted by the vigiLance of 
 Cromwell, and copies of them laid before the Parliament, the originals 
 
 ' Tuaithe Brothail. i. e. district of IJroghill, the name of a manor and castle a little to 
 the west ot Charleville, In the county of Corlv, formerly belonging to the Fitzgeralds. See 
 Smith's History of Cork, vol. i. p. 305 ; Cork, 1S15. 
 
 2 He was made baron of Broghill in his eighth year. Tie was taken ])risoner at the 
 bittleof Liscarroll, Sept. 3d, 1642, but afterwards rescued by his ])arty. In the same battle 
 his second brother, Lord Kinaimeaky, was killed. His youngest brother was the philos- 
 opher, Robert Boyle Archdall's Peerat^e, vol. i. p. 163. He died in 1679, and is buried in 
 the tomb of the lioyle family in St. Mary's church, Youghal. 
 
CROMWELL IN' IRELAND. 113 
 
 having been forwarded to their addresses. Under pretence of ill health 
 he had obtained through the influence of his friend, the Earl of 
 Warwick, permission to pass beyond the seas, in order to visit the 
 German baths. His real intention was to go to Holland and obtain 
 from the King a commission to levy troops in Ireland, in the hope 
 that by displaying zeal in the royal cause, he might get back some part 
 of his estates which had been forfeited. ^ On his way he passed through 
 London. Cromwell, who was then making preparations for the Irish 
 expedition, heaid of his arrival, and being anxious to gain him over 
 to the Parliamentary party, sent an officer with a request to know at 
 what hour it would be convenient for his Lordship to receive a visit 
 from the General, as he wished much to converse with him. As Brog- 
 hill had no previous acquaintance with Cromwell, he was astonished 
 at receiving such a message, and declared that- there must be some 
 mistake ; he told the messenger to present his duty to his master, 
 adding tliat he would wait on him at whatever hour he might appoint. 
 A few minutes after Cromwell entered the room. He began by ex- 
 ]n-essing a great regard for Broghill, and assured him that the great 
 esteem he had for his Lordship was the sole motive for his coming. 
 His Lordship's designs, he said, were well known to the Council of 
 State, and they were fully aware that, instead of proceeding to Spa 
 for his recovery from the gout, he was on his way to Charles Stuart, 
 to obtain a commission to raise men and excite an insurrection in 
 Ireland. Broghill protested that he was innocent of such a crime 
 and incapable of playing so base a part ; he entreated the General to 
 give no heed to such idle reports. Cromwell, however, insisted that 
 he had ample proof of the truth of all he stated, and produced copies 
 of the letters which had been intercepted ; he added, that the Council 
 of State had actually given orders that he should be arrested on his 
 arrival 'in London and sent to the Tower ; that he had himself inter- 
 posed, and with some difficulty obtained permission to confer with 
 his Lordship, with a view of diverting him from his design. Broghill 
 found it impossible to dissemble any longer ; he thanked Cromwell for 
 his kindness, and asked his advice. Cromwell replied, that, though 
 till then unacquainted with him personally, he was no stranger to the 
 high reputation he had earned in the Irish wars ; that, as he was himself 
 now appointed commander in Ireland, he had obtained leave from the 
 Council to offer his Lordshp a general officer's command ; no oath cr 
 engagement should be pressed on him ; he should only be required to 
 fight against the native Irish. Broghill asked for a short time to 
 deliberate. He was plainly told that he must make up his mind on 
 the spot, for it was the purpose of the Council to imprison him should 
 he hesitate to accept these terms. He closed with the offer, and later 
 became the firm adherent and even a personal friend of the Protector.^ 
 
 1 "The earl of Cork saith he e.\pects his brother. T-ord Broghill, here every day, nnd 
 that he comes with intention to adhere to the King's friends in Ireland upon some inv ta on 
 from your excellency." Letter of Nicholas to Ormonde, from Caen, April 8th, 1649. 
 
 2 Morrice's Mcinoirs, prefixed to Lord Orrery's State Letter , j^. 9 ; London, 1742. 
 " Th'is carl," says King James in his Mciiioirs. " was famous for changing parties i-o ofti n, 
 and for making a speech to Cromwell to take the title of King ; his tongue was well hun^, 
 
11-4 CROMWELL IN IRELAXD. 
 
 He was told to hasten to Bristol where men should be sent him, and, 
 in due time, ships would call for his transportation ; the main body of 
 the army would follow him without delay. He kept his promise well, 
 for when Broghill's name occurs in Irish history, it seems ever a pre- 
 lude of woe to the Irish people. On his arrival in Ireland,^ he raised 
 a well-appointed body of 1,500 foot and a troop of horse, among- the 
 retainers of his family, English settlers, chiefly from Gloucester, 
 Somerset and Devon, whom his father had planted on the confiscated 
 lands of Gerald, the great Karl of Desmond, purchased by him from 
 Sir Walter Raleigh and other undertakers in Munster.^ Of th^se, 
 many having adopted Puritan principles, had been obliged to fly from 
 their homes in England, on account of the heavy penalties to which 
 all professing such opinions were subjected ; during the Civil War 
 they were the most decided enemies of the Stuarts. Through these 
 he soon opened a communication with the officers of the different gar- 
 risons in the south, who were ready to embrace the first opportunity 
 that offered of breaking what they termed an unholy alliance with the 
 Confederate Catholics.^ 
 
 Colonel Richard Townsend was the chief agent now employed to 
 corrupt the southern garrisons and to induce them to revolt.'^ A year 
 before, he had been found engaged in intrigues of the same nature, 
 and he was in consequence deprived of the command which he held.-J 
 When he heard of the expedition that was preparing for Ireland, he 
 professed a great hatred of the republican party ; in reality, he was a 
 spy sent over by Cromwell to corrupt the Munster army. In spite of 
 his previous misconduct he was restored to his command by Inchi- 
 
 he had some good parts, and he was reckoned so cunning a man, that nobody would visit 
 him or bf-lieve what he said." Macpherson's Original Papers, vol. i. p. 43, quoted in Curry's 
 Review, &c., voh ii. p. 102. 
 
 ' Carte says he landed at Wexford in October, 1649. 
 
 2 See O' Flanagan's Minister lUackivater, p. 8 ; J.oudon, 1844, "The county of Cork, 
 by the noble plantations made by the earl of that name, became the best inhabited with Eng- 
 lish of any county in that kingdom." Cox's Hib. Angl., Reign of Charles 1., p, 95. 
 
 3 " Upon this occasion I must needs say that, in the bringing in of divers garrisons, 
 his lordship hath been most emineiUly serviceable unto you ; and I do earnestly and humbly 
 desire he may be taken into consideration, his lortlship never having shruidc from your inter- 
 est, though under as great trials and necessities as any man, he having his whole fortune 
 under the power of the enemy, which was in Ireland, and that little in England so engaged 
 that I dare say his wants were scarce to be paralleled ; and as yet his estate lies in those 
 countries which are in the enemy's power. Sir. I take no pleasure to mention tliose things 
 of charge ; but where eminent services are done, and those enabling the .State to give marks 
 of their favor and good acceptance, I trust it will be accounteil no fault in me to represent 
 the merits of men to you." Cromwell to Lenthal, Dec. 19th, 1649, i'^ Apkor. Disc, vol. ii. 
 p. 467, appendix 44. 
 
 ■* See in A]3peudix vii. the depositions of each of the conspirators in reference to tin 
 part he took in the revolt and capture of the Munster garrisons. 
 
 ^ In November, 1648, Colonel To\ynsend and Colonel Doyley, in the name of th' 
 Munster army, sent projjositions to the parliament of England. Colonel Temple arrived ii 
 the harbor of Kinsale with two frigates, being sent by the Committee of Derby House tt, 
 treat with them. Ormonde intended to seize them and deprive them of their command 
 They did not care to stand a trial before a court martial, so cpiitted their employments and 
 departed for England Life of Onnomte, vol ii. p. 47. J.ater he ])assed patents for large 
 estates in the south west of the county of Cork. He was member for Baltimore in the Iris' 
 parliament of 1661, and high sheriff of tiie county in 1671. He was the ancestor of tl^ 
 Castletownsend family. V>\ii\<.€ -a Lari Jed Gentry, ]i. 1507; London, 1863. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRKLAND. 115 
 
 qr.in, who, constantly changing sides himself for the most trivial 
 reasons, thoiiglit that those under his command should be models of 
 fidelity and honor. About the end of September an attempt was made 
 by him and Colonels Gifford and Warden, to get hold of the town of 
 Youghal and to seize on Inchiquin. Sir Piercy Smith, the governor, 
 was also one of the conspirators. An officer to whom they had made 
 l;no\vn their plans in the hope of gaining him over, rode .off in all 
 haste to Castle Lyons, where Inchiquin then v/as, and told him of the 
 intended revolt. They were immediately seized and imj)risoned. 
 Sir ricrcy Smith, who had got timely notice of their capture, seized 
 on Colonel Wogan and some Royalists, who were then in the town, 
 and stood upon the defence. Inchiquin invested the place. Smith, 
 seeing that Cromwell could send him no aid, offered to submit upon 
 a piomise of indemnity for himself, of release of the officers, and the 
 removal of the Royalists. Either because he had not the means of 
 reducing tlie place by force, or because he preferred gaining them over 
 by fair means, Inchiquin agreed to these terms. 
 
 On the 1 6th of October the garrison and citizens of Cork threw off 
 their allegiance to the King. The garrison was composed entirely of 
 English ; Inchiquin having stipulated that he should have entire con- 
 trol over the garrisons, had refused to allow any Irish troops to remain 
 within the walled towns. They could not endure the thought of join- 
 ing with the Irish against their own countrymen ;i they declared that 
 the quarrel was no longer between the King and the parliament, but 
 rather a national one between the English and the Irish, which could 
 be brought to an end no other way than by seizing on the lands and 
 rechicing the people to the state of serfs. They thought they had as 
 good reason for surrendering now as they had for surrendering Dublin 
 two years before to the parliament. The following account of the 
 revolt is given in a letter of Colonel Deanc to the Speaker of the House 
 of Commons, written from Milford Haven, and dated November the 
 8th, 1649. The writer says he has had a clear narrative of it by one 
 who was an actor in the whole business : — 
 
 " The 1 6th of October, at ni^ht, Colonel Townsend, Colonel Warden, and 
 Colonel Giliord, being there prisoners for the business of Youghal, were ordered to 
 be disposed into three different castles. Next day some of the officers in the town 
 came to these gentlemen that night, and told them they were undone unless they 
 would stand by them, for they would else be slaves to the Irish. Upon which the 
 three colonels replied, that if they would fetch for each of them a sword and pistols, 
 they would live and die with them, which was done; and the guards perceiving 
 them coming down stairs armed, cried out, "We are fof you, too ; " and from thence 
 marched to the main guard, and they immediately declared with them, upon this 
 general consent, crying, " out with all the Irish." In which all the townsmen that 
 were English and the soldiers unanimously agreed, and put it presently into execu- 
 tion. They put out next morning their Major-General Starling, and these few that 
 dissented ; and since that Youghal has done the same. And those of Youghal had 
 sent to Colonel Gifford, the present governor of Cork, to send Colonel Warden, with 
 
 ^ "The county of Cork, being inhabited and garrisoned with Englishmen, could not 
 endure the thoughts of joining with the Irish against their countryman. They knew that the 
 Jrisli aimed at their destruction in the end. They remembered the reasons of stirrcnderinf, 
 Dublin to tlie Parliament two years before, and they thought they had the same motive to 
 submit now," Cox's I/ib Aftgi., Reign of Charles ii , p. 12. 
 
1113 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 a hundred horse, to their assistance, for tliey had seized on Sir Piercy Smith, their 
 governor, and Johnson, who liad betrayed ihcni formerly, and some others, and had 
 secured the castle." 
 
 A Cromwellian of the time describes the occurrence in the follow- 
 ing strain of quaint humor and malignant triumph : — 
 
 "Sir Robert Starling was governor there, who little dreamed of losing his 
 command, yet found he had lost it when he waked. One may truly say he was 
 taken napping; but I must acknowledge, to e.xtenuate his misfortune, that he was 
 divested of his government in the dark, and consequently could not see to prevent 
 it. Sure this major-general lost his way into that office, and was as much surprised 
 at having got that employment as we were to see him in it. His ignorance was so 
 great it passed for his religion, for never any that saw him draw up the army but 
 concluded he relied on I'rovidence for the victory, he made so little use of the 
 means of obtaining it. lie has now done that too which he never did to this reg- 
 iment, I mean exercised ; and the word of command is, 'as you are,' that is, reduced 
 to his primitive existence, which affords him the stoic's motto, ■ ouDiia iiiea inecitm 
 porto^ This makes me that I believe he vvill think these last eight years a dream, 
 and tiiat he was never really waked out of it but when these rude fellows at Cork 
 presumed to do it. 
 
 Lady Fanshawe, the wife of Sir Richard Fanshawe,^ gives soine 
 further details of what Carlyle calls "the universal hurly-burly" that 
 followed on the revolt : — 
 
 " I was lying ill in my bed," she writes in her Memoirs, " when Cork revolted. 
 It was in the beginning of November." At midnight I heard the great guns go off, 
 and thereupon 1 called upon my family to rise, which I did as well as 1 could in 
 that condition. Hearing lamental)Ie slirieks of men, women and children, 1 asked 
 at a window the cause. They told me they were all Irish, stripped and wounded, and 
 turned out of the town ; and that Colonel Jeffries,^ and some others had possessed 
 themselves of the town for Cromwell. Immediately I packed up my husband's 
 cabinet — by chance he was gone to Kinsale on busmess that day — with all his 
 writings, and near _^i.oco in gold and silver; and about tliree o'clock, by the light 
 of a taper, I treaded my way to the market-place, and sought out and found Colonel 
 Jeffries. I reminded him of the many civilities he had received from my husband. 
 Jeffries gave jne a pass for myself, family and goods. With this I returned through 
 thousaniis of naked swords to the Red Abbey. ■• I there hired a neighbor's cart, and 
 with my servants, my sister, and my little girl Nan, got safe to the garrison of Kin- 
 sale." 
 
 1 Memoir of Lady Fanshawe, p. 77 ; I ondon, 1S30. Sir Rich.ird was at this time pay- 
 master to the fleet of I'rince Rupert. At i\\<t Kestoration he jvas a[)point.cd ambassador to 
 the courts of Spain and Portugal. 
 
 2 The revolt took place October i6th, as may be seen by the depositions in Appendix 
 vii. 
 
 ^ He had command of "ye Watergate " ; it stood at the end of Castle Street, where 
 Daunt's Square now is. See History of Cork, a lecture by John G. NPCarthy, Esq., M. P., 
 p 44 ; Cork, 1869 Colonel Jeffries was ancestor of the Jeffrey family of IMarney, his son. 
 Sir James Jeffrey, having purchased, in 1701, this portion of the forfeited estate of the Earl 
 of Clancarty. Smith's Hist, of Cork, vol. i. p. 166. 
 
 * This was the Augustinian friary, founded by Patrick de Courcy. Baron of Kinsale. in 
 1420. The tower, 64 feet Mgb, and the walls of the church are still standing. It is in the 
 southern part of the city ; the present Cumberland Street runs over part of the ground. See 
 Windele's Historirnl Notices of Cork, &c., p. 64 ; Cork. 18-59 At the suppression of the 
 religious houses this priory, with its appurtenances, was granted to Cormac M'Carthy, son 
 of 'I'eigue Lord Muskery. At this time it was inhabited by Dean Boyle, a relative of the 
 first Lord Cork, who was then chaplain general of the Munster army, and later lord chan- 
 cellor and archbishop of Armagh. See Ware's Antiquities, vol, i. p. 130. 
 
CROMWELL 7A IRELAND. 117 
 
 A short time before the Irish inhabitants had lost ail they had, 
 having been plundered, by Inchiquin's soldiers. But bad as was their 
 condition then, it was far worse now, for during the space of twenty- 
 four houi-s they did not know one the miseries of the other, by which 
 means the poor inhabitants had a greater sense of the last than of the 
 former plunderers.-^ 
 
 The good news was made known to the parliament without delay. 
 The House being informed that Colonel Ryves, who brought the 
 letter, was at the door, he was called in, and being come to the bar, 
 gave the House an account of the wonderful providence of God in 
 bringing in several garrisons in Munster without striking a blow. The 
 relation was to this effect : — 
 
 "That the said Colonel Ryves, being in Cork, where there were only 120 
 English, and about 100 Scotch, 100 Irish and 60 fusees; and there being in the 
 town .the council of that province, the Major-General, and other chief officers, tiie 
 said colonel was put by his command by occasion of his opposition and protesting 
 against the jiacilication with tlie Irish ; yet it pleased God to make him instrumental 
 with others in reducing tliat garrison. 
 
 " And having some interest in the officers, who had been formerly under his 
 command, he communicated this design only to three in command, and to Colonel 
 Blunt, Lieutenant-Colonel Dowith, who had no command there, the officers, viz., 
 Captain Myhill, Captain Cary, and Captain Burnell, and to some few townsmen 
 whom he knew to be honest and faithful, viz., Colonel Hodder, Major I'ierce, Mr. 
 Boly. Mr. Cox. and some few others, holding it not safe to impart it to many, nor 
 any long time before, lest it might be discovered. 
 
 " That niglit intelligence was given of divers Irish that were to be brought into 
 that garrison, and there being 100 Scots, and but i8 English upon the guard, the 
 business was so ordered tiiat the captain tliat was to be on the guard that night ex- 
 changed with Captain Pjurnell, one of those who was privy to the design, who hav- 
 ing privately removed the main guard with two companies, procured an order to be 
 given to relieve the Scots at each post by small files at a time with English, by 
 which means the English were able to overbalance them. 
 
 " Captain Myhill was employed in surprising the gieat fort,^ he having formerly 
 wrought with the ensign and corporal who managed the business, and prevailed 
 with the English soldiers, who were very forward, that with forty men he sur];rised 
 that fort and the guard in it. Which being done, and some signal of it given bv 
 four pieces of ordnance and proclamation "for the Protestant Keligion," and "the 
 English interest," and so went on to secure the rest of the town. In this action 
 Colonel Gifford, Colonel Townsend, and Colonel Warden were released of impris- 
 onment, being formerly committed for an attempt upon Youghal, in which they well 
 behaved themselves. The soldiers were very nimble at it, and the townsmen, too, 
 when they saw the great fort was taken, though till tlien tliey were not very forward, 
 rather out of fear than wanting good affection. 
 
 "And having thus possessed themselves of all the guards and the town, they 
 chose a committee of safety to order and dispose of all business. And it was 
 strange to see how. it pleased God to bring in the horse to them. They began in 
 the morning with but six horse; within three days they had sixty; within little niore 
 than a week three hundred. When the Lord Broghill and Colonel Phayre came 
 thither, they were near six hundred, and are now near a thousand, the horse getting 
 
 ^ Croni. Sett., p. i()2. On the 22d of September, Philip Mortell, one of the bani.shcd 
 citizens of Cork, ])cing ju.st expelled, .is lic states, a second time by the revolt of *he Kn,u;lish 
 garrison to Cromwell, sets forth for Ins ]ietition, "that he and all those of his friends and 
 nation were stripped and plundered of all they ever had, in so much as for the s'lace of 
 twenty-four hours one did not know the miseries of the other ; by which means the said 
 poor inhabitants had a greater sense of the last than the former plundering"; i e., when 
 driven out by Inchiquin in 1644. Se". Accotiiit of the Carte MSS., p. So. 
 
 2 It stood on the site now occupied by the barracks in Cross's Green. ' 
 
118 CROM WELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 off from the enemy by 20, 30, 40, and 60 at a time, until almost all the English horse 
 were come into them^ and then none more eager than they to oppose the enemy. 
 
 " 15efi)re they had well settled Cork, Inciiiquin, hearing what Cork had done, 
 came down lliither, and endeavored to cast in bones, and to make division among 
 tiiem ; Lut that not prevailing, it was wrought about that, with the comiiliance of 
 the soldiers, they had declared Inchiquin an enemy. He seeing himself disappointed 
 of his stratagem, thought there was no other way hut force, and so resolved to blocK 
 up the town; and to that end he made four garrisons about it, viz., one at Ronon's 
 house, another at I\Iorrough's house, a third at the Blarney, and the fourth at Bally- 
 graham, all at about three or fuur miles distance, to block them up ; but it pleased 
 God in a short space to remove them. 
 
 " The forces of the town with Colonel Gifford, beat up one of the garrisons at 
 lionon's house, and took it without the loss of one man, tlieir powder being blown 
 up, and so being disabled to hold out. Those at Morrough's and Blarney seeing 
 that, deserted those two garrisons, and the fourth being English, were soon brought 
 to a compliance, and upon our settling down before it did surrender upon articles; 
 which was done colorably, having a design to march to Kinsale, and so to be a 
 means to get that fort and the town; and were a means to draw them to declare for 
 the same interest, and put the English in so good a condition there. 
 
 " These proceedings of Cork did also give encouragement to Youghal to declare 
 for the Parliament, and it was observable that about the time that those proceed- 
 i igs were at Cork, Inchif[uin, having seized ui)on the person of the mayor and some 
 other honest men of Youghal, intended to hang them for their former action, but at 
 that instant, hearing w!\at Cork had done, was deterred from executing them. And 
 af'er Cork and Youghal had thus declared, it was followed by divers other garrisons, 
 viz., Bandonbridge, Baltimore, Castlehaven, Mallow, MocoUop, Cappoquin, Droma- 
 nah, and Dungarvan. 
 
 " And thus in a short space that province, without bloodshed, was reduced, by 
 which means the army hath had a great refreshing, by having all these jjlaces for 
 their winter quarters, and the English interest is in a better condition in that prov- 
 ince now than it was when the pacification was made with the Irish. . . . And truly 
 this providence of God in delivering up Munster thus hath not only hindered the 
 Irish from their winter quarters, and given them to the army plentifully supplied, 
 but will in all probability save much blood and treasure, and quickly put a period 
 to that war." 
 
 The Council of State ordered that Cornelius Glover, who brought 
 the news of the rendition of Cork, should have ^30 paid him. 
 
 The English garrison of Cork wisely determined to obtain some 
 promise of security of their liberties from the Parliamentary party. 
 The following were 
 
 T/ie propositions scfit in by the English Inhahiiants of the city, suburbs and liberties 
 of Cork, to his Excellency General Cromwell : — 
 
 1. The said inhabitants out of a sense of the former good service and tender 
 care of the Lord Inchiquin to and for them, they desire that an act of oblivion pass 
 for any act committed which might redound to the prejudice of his' lordship or his 
 heirs: and that he may quietly enjoy his own estate; and that* satisfaction be made 
 for what arrears are due to him until the perfection of the last peace. 
 
 2. The said inhabitants for themselves desire that an act of indemnity be 
 passed for any former actions which they or any of them have done or might be 
 supposed to have committed, whereby they anci every of them may and shall as 
 quietly pass and freely enjoy their liberty and estates which now they are possessed 
 of, or shall be, in the same freedom as any of the people of England now do or 
 shall do ; and that all prize goods that have been bought by the said inhabitants, 
 they may and shall enjoy them from any that might claim them. 
 
 3. The said inhabitants desire that whereas the charter of the city of Cork 
 hath been forfeited by reason of non 'nadge, that there be a charter granted to the 
 now inhabitants in as large and ample manner as the former. 
 
CROMWELL JN IRELAND. Hi) 
 
 4. They can make appear l)y licket tlicy liavc in any way lent, disbursed, or 
 delivered for'tlie use of tlie army before tiie late peace, and likewise for what they 
 or any of them have or sliall disburse, either in money or goods, since liie time of 
 their present declaration ; and that one of the city be chosen to audify the said 
 account on wiiat debentures to issue for payment. 
 
 5. The said inhabitants desire that what they shall make appear is due unto 
 tlicm liy speciality or otherwise, from any person or persons whatsoever, before or 
 since tiie wars, satisfaction be made as to justice appertaineth. 
 
 ('). That all English garrisons and persons that will come in and submit to 
 tiiese ])roi 1 si lions shall have tiie Ijenelit of tiie same. 
 
 7. That all lands, messuages, and tenements within the said city and county 
 tliereof that was held in burgage, to be totally confirmed on the now inhabitants of 
 tiie said city ; and that the inhabitants of the said city and suburbs be regulated 
 into a regiment, under the command of Mr. John llodder, as colonel, to be in pay 
 when they pass on duty, not else." 
 
 To these demands Cromwell sent the following reply : — 
 
 By the Lord Lieutenant-General. 
 
 Ans7ucr to the several desires of the Inhabitants of Cork, sent by their Commis- 
 sioners, received A'ovember, i6j.g. 
 
 T. I shall forbear to answer. 
 
 2. The inhabitants of the city of Cork that have joined in the late declaring of 
 the parliament, shall be fully indemnified for anything that passed, as is desired, 
 so as to restore them to the same condition of freedom, privileges and safety that 
 they were in before the Lord of Inchiquin's defection; and as if the same, or any- 
 thing that had ensued thereupon had never been.; and particularly shall enjoy the 
 benefit of any prize goods they have bought, without being troubled or damnified for 
 the same. 
 
 3 That the charter of the city of Cork shall be renewed as is desired, and no 
 advantage taken of the forfeiture mentioned. 
 
 4. For what they have lent, disbursed, or delivered for the public service 
 since this declaration, or hereafter shall lend or rtdvance, it shall be satisfied with 
 all speed out of the revenue or income of these ports out of which it may be best 
 and safest done ; which I leave to themselves to think and dispose of ; and for any- 
 thing so due to them from the public before the Lord Inchiquin's defection, they 
 shall have the same right and be in the same capacity of satisfaction as before (he 
 said defection they were; and I shall endeavor it for them equally as to any others 
 to whom such debts from the public are due, by all ways and means in my power; 
 but for any thing lent, disbursed, or delivered as to the jiublic use since llie said 
 defection and before the said declaration, it cannot be otherwise considered but as 
 damage suffered by persons well-affected, living under the power of an enemy; and 
 in that nature, so far as anything shall appear to have been forcibly taken from such 
 persons, it shall be considered, examined, and represented to the parliament, to be 
 satisfied according to the damage of any other well-affected person in Ireland. 
 
 5 For any debts due from any private persons, they shall be left to their full 
 legal rights. 
 
 6. As all that is granted to the soldiers and inliabitants of Cork, Youghal, and 
 other neighboring places that have already corresponded or joined with them in 
 their late declarations, is most fully and heartily granted, because not bargained tor 
 before their declaring, and because to men's appearing by the carriage of the busi- 
 ness to have done what they have done therein really from a recommended sense of 
 an affection to the English Parliamentary and Protestant interests in this nation, so 
 to any odier places or persons that having been formerly of the Parliamentary partw 
 shall so come in as it appears to be from the said sense and affection, and not Irom 
 l^ilicy or necessity, I shall bear the same mind and have i*ie same readiness to do 
 them good and not hurt. 
 
 7. Not fully understanding the nature or extent of the thing desired, I can 
 give no present full resolution, but shall be ready to do them full right in all things, 
 and also to perform any such good office of respect within my power, unto the said 
 
 BOSTON COLLEGE LIBHAUY 
 
120 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 city of Cork, as may be a reward and memorial of their faithful and public office 
 which in these late occurrences I really think they have deserved. 
 
 Lastly, as to their desiring other papers concerning the militia of the city of 
 Cork, I am very willing that the inhabitants be formed into a regiment under tlie 
 command of Mr. John Hodder as Colonel, Mr. Maurice Cuffe as lieutenant-colonel, 
 Major Boreman, major ; and the regiment, or any part thereof, ivhen called on duty, 
 to have the State's pay. For other officers of the regiment, I leave it to the said 
 officers, or any two "of them, to nominate, and to the Lord of Broghill, Sir William 
 Fenton, Colonel Phayre, for approbation, to whom I refer it. 
 
 (Signed), 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND, 121 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 REVOLT OF THE MUNSTER GARRISONS {cofliinued.) 
 
 Revolt of Kinsale and Bandoa — Propositions of the Governor of Bandon — Revolt of 
 Yoiiglial — Surrender of Cappocjuin, lialtiniore, Castlchaven and Mallow — Act of 
 Iiuleniiiity — The Forty-nine Arrears — I'rivilcge of Kinsale and Youghal — Conse- 
 quences of the Revolt — The Royalist Fleet — Letter of Cromwell. 
 
 Before Cork revolted, Colonel Crosby was sent by Lord Inchi- 
 quin with 500 Irish soldiers, to secure the town and fort of Kinsale for 
 the King. The commonalty of the town shut the gates against him ; 
 but the sovereign and other chief men went out and agreed that he and 
 his party should be admitted into the town. He stayed there about 
 a week, and then retired to. the fort. During that time he oppressed 
 the town exceedingly ; not only dcinanding gifts, but also exacting 
 money and provisions from the inhabitants, which put the town upon 
 "declaring." Some of the English inhabitants met, and asked some 
 of the Irish, the sovereign in particular, to join them. At first he was 
 unwilling, and wept ; but he soon consented. They drew up a letter 
 and addressed it to Lord Broghill and Colonel Phayrc, acquainting 
 them of their purpose to surrender the town, and asking some aid of 
 horse and foot towards the taking of the fort. Captain Cuffc was sent 
 with a troop of horse into th(i barony of Courcies, to the side of the 
 town where the fort was. Colonel Gifford came soon after. The 
 townspeople planted a gun on Compass Hill, over against the fort. 
 After six or seven shots had been fired, the fort surrendered ; soon 
 after it was delivered on conditions to Lord Broghill. 
 
 Immediately after the declaration of Cork, Inchiquin, fearing that 
 Bandon might follow the example set it, sent Captain Constantine 
 with a troop of horse to take possession of the town and disarm all 
 the inhabitants. Two companies of Irish soldiers were sent into the 
 town at the same time. But seeing the disaffection of the townsmen 
 to the Irish, he made Colonel Francis Courtenay governor, and bade 
 him bring in his regiment of 500 foot and remove the Irish. The 
 townsmen came together frequently, and expressed their readiness to 
 attempt the seizure of the town, and the imprisonfnent of the officers 
 and guards for the parliament and Cromwell. A day or two before 
 Lord Broghill came. Captain Braly, Lieutenant Berry, and some others, 
 succeeded in seizing on the western gate and disarming the guards. 
 Those who had been appointed to seize on the two other guards were 
 discovered and imprisoned. Braly and his companions were besieged 
 in the guard by the soldiers and obliged to yield themselves prisoners. 
 The same night the inhabitants dispatched a messenger to Lord Brog- 
 
122 CROMWELL /A" IRELAND. 
 
 hill, informing him of the danger in which the prisoners were, and 
 asking him to come to their aid with some forces before the town ; 
 they engaged that if the governor did not deliver it up, they would 
 seize the sentinel, open the postern gate, and admit him. Two hun- 
 dred of the garrison, under the command of Major Harden, with the 
 provost at their head, took possession of two houses near the sally-port 
 at the north side of the town ; they then surrounded the guard-house 
 where the governor had shut himself up, and forced him and those with 
 him to surrender themselves prisoners of war. They told him plainly 
 that it was useless for him to oppose them, as they were determined to 
 deliver up the town to Lord Broghill. The governor asked them not 
 to deliver him up, but to give him one hour's time to make conditions 
 for himself and his party. This was granted, and he departed with 
 his men the second next day and the day following. 
 
 T/ie Propositions sent from Colottel Francis Conrtenay, Governor of Bandon, 
 to iJte Rii^lit lIo>iorable the Lord of Broghill, for the delivery of the said town this 
 Jjth day of jVove/nber, i6^q: — 
 
 Imprimis, that Colonel Francis Courtenay shall, without any molestation* 
 march with liis entire regiment, bag and baggage, drums beating, colors flying, matches 
 lighted, bullets in their mouths, to the Lord of Inchiquin's army or elsewhere where 
 they please, and that they may have one barrel of powder with bullets and match 
 proportionable. 
 
 2. That all officers, soldiers, and townsmen, and any other person or persons 
 that will, may live quietly without any molestation, hindrance, or prejudice, either in 
 body, goods, estate, or any other thing else that to them or either of them belonged, 
 in any of the English garrisons or country, provided they act nothing against the 
 Lord of Broghill or his party, now under command of the Parliament of England. 
 
 3. That Colonel Courtenay shall, with his entire regiment and all others that 
 will go with him, have two days' respite before they march, and in the meantime not 
 to receive any prejudice either for body, goods, or arms, by any of the Lord of 
 Broghill's party or his Lordship. 
 
 4. That Captain Condon shall, with his horses, arms, baj; and basfir^nfe, have the 
 benefit of the above articles. 
 
 5. That if any horses, cows, garrans, or any other manner of goods have been 
 seized on by the Lord Broghill's party within one mile round his town belonging to 
 the above officers, townsmen, or any of them since liis Lordsliip's coming before the 
 said town of Bandon, they shall be restored back to the owners. 
 
 6. That the money due unto Colonel Francis Courtenay, his officers, and soldiers, 
 before these propositions by assignments from Sir Robert Coppinger by virtue of 
 the Lord of Inchiquin's warrant to Sir Robert, may be suffered to be levied by dis- 
 tress or otherwise, according to the tenor and meaning of the said assignment. 
 Provided it be not charged upon any place under the protection of the Parliament of 
 England. 
 
 Upon the surrender of the within mentioned town of Bandon to me for the use 
 of Parliament of England, I do hereby promise and engage myself to make good and 
 perform the within Articles in every particular. 
 
 * Dated as aforesaid, 
 
 Broghill. 
 
 Mention has been already made of the unsuccessful attempt at 
 revolt of some of the Youghal garrison. Colonel Doane, in b.is letter, 
 speaks of " some officers who were imprisoned in Cork for that busi- 
 i.^ess." A fortnight after the revolt of Cork, hearing of the success of 
 
rR')M\\'KLL ly IRELAND. 123 
 
 his comrades there, Lieutenant-Colonel Widcnham,^ of the Youghal 
 garrison, invited a party of cavalry under the conmiand of Colonels 
 Gifford and Warden to seize on the tO;vn. The Governor, Sir Piercy 
 Smith, strove to prevent their entrance by drawing the chain of 
 the iron gate ; but Widen ham called to Ensign Dashwood and Town-' 
 Major Smith, wbo were within, to seize the governor and open the 
 gate. This they did, and Youghal, too, was given up to the Parlia- 
 ment. The reward of Widcnham's treachery was Castletow Roche, 
 the ancient seat of Lord Roche, who, with his four young daughters, 
 for years after, "lived destitute of all kinds of subsistence except what 
 alms some good Christians did in charity afford them." 
 
 The garrisons of the other walled towns in the south hastened to 
 send in their suljmission ; Timoleaguc, Cappoquin, Baltimore, Castle- 
 liaven. Mallow, "and some other places of hard names," all received 
 garrisons of the Parliamentary army. As these soldiers, being under 
 Inchicpiin's command since 1642, had revolted with him from the 
 King's service to the Parliament in 1644, and back again to the Royal- 
 ists in 1648, they forfeited the arrears of pay due to them for their 
 service from 1644 to 1648, even though they now submitted to Crom- 
 well. Their temporary revolt from the Parliament barred their claim 
 to the reward due to "constant good affection," and made them trans- 
 plantalile. An Act of indemnity, however, was, at the instance of 
 Cromwell, passed five years later, on the 7th of June, 1654, on behalf 
 of the officers and soldiers under Ormonde's and Inchiquin's command ; 
 and "in consideration of their voluntary rendition of Cork and the 
 adjacent garrisons, and at a time," says the Act, " when the army 
 under the command of his Highness, the Lord Protector, then Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, was at a great distance from them, and the 
 winter season rendered his access to them improbable"; it was en- 
 acted that such of them as could prove themselves active in the 
 rendition of these Munster garrisons should be allowed to state their 
 arrears accrued due since June, 1644, and before June 5th, 1649, and 
 received lands in satisfaction, as if they had never lapsed from their 
 obedience to the parliament. These were called tlie "Forty-nine 
 arrears." The rest of the army, much against their will, were obliged 
 to assign or give up to them the three counties of Donegal, Longford, 
 and Wicklow, to which Cromwell added Lcitrim, taken from what had 
 Ix'cn i^-eviously allotted to the transplanted Irish, and so much within 
 the mile line encircling Connaught as yet remained undisposed of. 
 I'"()r the purjKxse of enabling them to i)rove their share in the rendition 
 of these garrisons, a commission was issued by virtue of the Act of 
 Indemnity to take their depositions. It was the aim of each of them 
 to prove that he and his comrades had been active in the revolt. But 
 before the lands were set out to them, the Restoration took place. 
 The King returned from e.xile, and with him came many officers who 
 had been driven out of Ireland by Cromwell for their loyalty ; these 
 were styled "the Protestant Royalist officers who had served the 
 
 1 Widenbam afterwards settled at Court, near Pallaskcnry, in the county of Limerick : 
 liis grand-daupiitcr and heiress inairicd Valentine Quin, ancestor of the Earl of Dunravcn. 
 MeviorMls of Adare, p. 187. 
 
124 CROMWELL jy IRELAND. 
 
 King before June 5th, 1649," or " the '49 officers." By the Act of 
 Settlement they were granted the hinds that had been assigned by 
 the Commonwealth for the '49 arrears of the Cromwellian officers and 
 soldiers. The above mentioned depositions were now used to bar the 
 Munster revolters of their claims.^ 
 
 The ancient inhabitants of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, though 
 Catholics, as a reward for their loyalty to the English interest, had 
 this privilege granted them, that they were not forced to transplant 
 immediately like the rest of the Irish nation, but were permitted to 
 reside in the county of Cork until the Court of Commission should sit 
 at Mallow. * Yet the Court, on the 29th of August, 1656, refused to 
 adjudge constant good affection to any of them, and declared them 
 by law transplantable. 
 
 This revolt was not merely a loss of the strong places and of men 
 to the Royalists in Ireland : it dissolved all their hopes and designs ; 
 it introduced a spirit of jealousy and distrust betwen the Irish and 
 the English in the Royalist army, which Ormonde tried in vain to 
 allay. It decided the fate of Ireland, for it gave to Cromwell's army, 
 without the loss of a drop of blood or the striking of a blow, excellent 
 winter quarters, and oj^ened the means of holding direct communica- 
 tion at all times with England, just when his forces were reduced by 
 sickness and losses in the field from 12,000 to 6,000 men, and demor- 
 alized by the repulses they had met at Waterford and Duncannon.- 
 
 Three days after the revolt of Cork, Prince Rupert, whose Heet 
 had been blocked up by the Parliamentary ships in Kinsale harbor, 
 under the command of Admiral Blake, hearing of Cromwell's approach, 
 forced his way through the blockade with the loss of three of his ships, 
 and sailed for Lisbon.^ 
 
 Cromwell hastened to communicate the news of his successes to 
 some of his friends. The following was addressed to his " beloved 
 brother Richard Mayor, Esquire, Hurstlye in the County of Hamp- 
 ton," from Ross, November 13th : 
 
 ' Account of the Carfe MSS.,\i. \}^(). 'r!i<)Ui.;h the Act of Settlement preteiuled to ex- 
 clude the betrayers of the Minister garrisons, yet they were allowed to retain their debenture 
 lands, if they coidd prove that they made some reparation for their former faults by their 
 limely appearance for the King's restoration. Croin. Sett., p. 194. 
 
 2 Our great security, next to God's protection and the strength of our army, is the 
 approaching hard season of the year that will, in all likelihood, increase our advantages upon 
 passages, and, in so wasted a country as he must march through, expose his men to the endur- 
 ance of unusual hardships." Carte's Collection. &c., vol. ii. p. 399. The above mentioned 
 garrisons had been supplied by th'^ Irish during the whole preceding summer to their exces- 
 sive charge. Ibid., vol. i. p. 419. 
 
 8 Whitelocke. p. 413. There he was not only protected but caressed by the King of 
 rortu^al ; which so much dis[)leased Parliament, that they commenced a war with that 
 Prince, doing him great damages in the trade and navigation, wherein the riches of the 
 nation do consist. When he could neither by force nor entreaties be pursuaded to cast otf 
 Prince Rupert out of his |)rotection. the English admirals resolved with patience to await his 
 coming out, and a long time they kept him in there, till at last want of provisions made thein 
 retire, and give the Prince room, who immediate'y steered from thence to Malaga ; but in 
 the voyage, perplexed with extraordinary storms, he lost his brother Maurice, who, in the 
 Vice-Admiral, was never since heard of. Himself being again followed by the Parliament's 
 generals, lost all his shijjs but two, which his pursuers looking upon them as inconsiilerable 
 and not worthy their time and pains to hunt after, returned and left him sea-room to come 
 with them into France. Ibid., p. 414. 
 
CROM\rELL IN IRELAXD. 125 
 
 " It liatli pleased God to give us since the taking of Wexford and Ross a good 
 interest in Minister, by the access of Cork and Youghal, which are now both sub- 
 mitted. The Commissioners are now with me. Divers other lesser garrisons are 
 come in also. Tlie Lord is wonderful in all these things; it is His hand alone does 
 them. (Ml, that all the praise might be ascribed to Mini! I have been crazy in my 
 health, but the Lord is pleased to sustain me. I beg your prayers." 
 
 Some ftirthcr details regarding the event.s spoken of in tliis and 
 the preceding chapters, are given by Cromwell in his letter from Ross 
 to the Speaker of the House of Commons, dated November 14th, 1649. 
 
 " About a fortnight since I had some good assurances that Cork may return to 
 its obeflience, and had refused Inchiquin, who did strongly endeavor to redintegrate 
 himself there, but without success. I did hear also that Colonel Townsend was 
 coming to me with their submission and desires, but was interrupted by a fort at the 
 mouth of Cork harbor. ]]ut having sufficient grounds upon the former information, 
 and other confirmation (out of the enemy's cam])), that it was true, I desired (^.eneral 
 lUake, who was here with me, that he would repair thither in Captain Mildmay's 
 frigate, called the Nonsuch, who, when they came thither, received such an enter- 
 tainment as these enclosed will let you see. 
 
 " In the meantime, the Garland, one of your third-rate ships, coming happily 
 into Waterford I5ay, I ordered her and a great prize lately taken in that bay to trans- 
 port Colonel Pliayre' to Cork; witherward he went, having along with him near five 
 hundred foot, which I spared him out of this poor army, and ^1,500 in money; 
 giving him such instructions as were proper for the promoting of your interests 
 there. As they went with an intention for Cork, it pleased God, the wind coming 
 across, they were forced to ride off fron) Dungarvan where they met Captain Mild- 
 may returning with the Nonsuch frigate, with Colonel Townsend aboard, coming to 
 me; who advertised them that Youghal harl also declared for the I'arliamctit of I'.ng- 
 land. Whereupon they steered their course thither, and sent for Colonel Gifford, 
 Colonel Warden, Major rurden(who with Colonel Townsend, have been very active 
 instruments for the return both of Cork and Youghal to their obedience, having some 
 of them ventured their lives twice or thrice to effect it), and the Mayor of Youghal 
 aboard them; who, accordinglv, immediately came and made tender of some pro- 
 positions to be offered to me. But my Lord L'roghill being on board the ship, assuring 
 them that it would be more for their honor and advantage to desire no conditions, 
 they said they would submit, whereupon my Lord Broghill, Sir William Fenton, and 
 Colonel Phayre went to the town, and were received, — i shall give you niy Lord 
 Broghill's own words, — ' with all the real demonstrations of gladness an overjoyed 
 people were capable of.' 
 
 " Not long after. Colonel Phayre landed his foot. And by the endeavors of the 
 noble person aforementioned and the rest of the gentlemen, the garrison is put in 
 good order; .and the mounted officers and soldiers in that garrison in a way of set- 
 tlement. Colonel Phayre intends, as I hear, to leave two hundred men there, and to 
 march with the rest overland to Cork, I hear by Colonel Townsend and the rest of 
 the gentlemen that were employed to me that Baltimore, Castlehaven, Cappoquin, 
 and someotlier places of hard names are come in (I wish foot come over seasonably 
 to m?n them), as also there are hopes of other places. We lie with the army at Ross, 
 where we have been making a bridge over the Barrow, and hardly yet acconijilished 
 as we could wish. The enemy lies upon the Nore, on the land between the I?arrow 
 and it, having gathered together all the force they can get. Owen Roe's men, as 
 they report t)iem, are six thousand foot, and about four hundred horse, besides their 
 own army. And they give out they will have a day for it: which we hope the Lord 
 
 1 Phayre was one of those to whom the warrant for the execution of Charles J. was 
 directed. lie was governor of Cork from 1649 ^o 1660. On the i8th of July, 1660, he was 
 arrested at Cork, and sent to London. By the interest of Donald NPCarthy, Lord Cian- 
 carty, whose life he had saved, he obtained pardon and returned to Cork. He was again 
 arrested in r666, for taking part in a plot to seize Dublin Castle and the other Irish garri- 
 sons ; InU peace l)cing soon after proclaimed, the projectors were allowed to go unmolested, 
 lie died in Cork, and was buried in the Anabaptist burial ground there. Smith's History 
 0/ Coiky vol, ii. p. 178. 
 
126 CROMWELL IN" IRELAND. 
 
 in His Mercy, will enable us to give them in His own good time, in Whom we desire 
 our only trust and confidence may be. 
 
 "Whilst we have lain here, we have not been witiiout some sweet taste of the 
 goodness of God. Your ships have taken some good prizes. The last one thus ; 
 I'here came in a Dunkirk man-of-war with thirty-two guns, who brought in a Turkish 
 man-of war whom she had taken, and another ship of ten guns, laden with poor-john 
 and od. These two your ships took. But the man-of-war whose prizes these two were, 
 put herself under the fort of Duncannon, so that your ships could not come near her. 
 It pleased God we had two demi-cannon with the foot on the shore, which being planted 
 rak\ad her through, killing and wounding her men, so that after ten shots she weighed 
 anchor, and ran'inlo your tieet with a flag of submission, surrendering herself. She 
 was well manned, the prisoners taken being two hundred and thirty. I doubt the 
 taking prisoners of this sort will cause the wicked trade of piracy to be endless. 
 They were landed here before I was aware; and a hundred of them, as I hear, are 
 gotten into Duncannon, and have taken up arms there ; and I doubt the rest, that 
 are gone to Waterford, will do us no good. The seamen being so full of prizes and 
 unprovided of victual, know not how best otherwise to dispose of them. 
 
 " Sir, having given you this account, I shall not trouble you much with particular 
 desires. These I shall humbly present to the Council of State. Only in the general, 
 give me leave humbly to offer what in my judgment I conceive to be for your service, 
 with a full submission to you. 
 
 "We desire recruits may be speeded to us. It- is not fit to tell you how your 
 garrisons will be unsupj^lied, and no field marching army considerable, if three gar- 
 risons more were in our hands. 
 
 " It is not good not to follow Providence. Yourrecruitsand the forces desired will 
 not raise your charge. If your assignments already for the forces here do come to 
 our hands in time, I should not doubt, by the addition of assessments here, to have 
 your charge in some reasonable measure borne, and the soldiers upheld, without 
 much neglect or discouragement, which sickness in this country, so ill agreeing with 
 their bodies, puts ujjon them : and this winter's action, I believe not heretofore 
 known by English in tliis country, subjects them to. To the praise of God I speak 
 it, I scarce know one officer of forty amongst us that has not been sick. And how 
 many considerable ones we have lost is no little thought of heart to us. 
 
 " Wherefore I humbly beg that the moneys desired may be seasonably sent over, 
 and those other necessaries, clothes, shoes, stockings formerly desired, that so poor 
 creatures may be encouraged, and through the same blessed presence that has gone 
 along with us, I hope, before it be long, to see Ireland no burden to England, but a 
 profitable part of the Commonwealth. And certainly the extending your help in this 
 way at this time is the most profitable means speedily to effect it. And if I diil not 
 think it your best thrift, I would not trouble you at all with it. 
 
 " I have sent Sir Arthur Loftus' with these letters. He hath gone along with 
 us testifying a great deal of love to your service. I know his sufferings are very 
 great ; for he hath lost near all : his regiment was reduced to save your charge, not 
 out of any exception to his person. I humbly therefore present hini to your con- 
 sideration. 
 
 " Craving pardon for this trouble, I rest 
 
 " Your most humble and faithful servant, 
 
 " Oliver Cromwell." 
 
 1 Sir Arthur Loftus was the eldest son of Sir Adam Loftus of Rathfarnham, and great- 
 grandson of Adam Loftus, Protestant Archbishop of Armagh from 1562 to 1567. Sir Arthur 
 was the ancestor of that branch of the Loftus family which was afterwards ennobled under 
 the title of Viscount Lisburn. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 127 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF WATERFORD. 
 
 I'hc Bridge of Boats — The Ulster Men — Capture of Innistiogue — Ponsonby's Strata- 
 gem — Attempt to Surprise Carrick — Cromwell before Waterford — Conditions 
 offered to the City — Dr. Comerford — Defences — The Garrison — J'"arrell Cjov- 
 ernor — Summons to Surrender — Passage taken — Power of Faithlegg — Tlie Siege 
 raised — Attempt to surprise I'assage — Sankey. 
 
 Cromwell remained for some time at Ross after the surrender of 
 die town, "very sick and crazy in his health." While the siege was 
 :;oing on he had employed some of his troops in making a bridge of 
 l)oats across the Barrow, to enable his army to pass into the county of 
 Kilkenny. The Irish, it would seem, knew nothing of such bridges, 
 for in the Jamestown "Declaration " it is sj:)okcn of as "a wonder to 
 all men, but understood by no man." The bridge was almost com- 
 [)lctcd when the town surrendered. While this great work was carried 
 on, Ormonde had 13,000 foot and 4,000 horse only one day's march 
 off, yet he never offered the least interruption, though 1,000 musket- 
 eers and two culverins might hinder the same in spite of all the 
 enemy's forces. Later he sent Lord Taaffe ^ to destroy it, but the 
 attempt proved a failure. As soon as he was reinforced by the arrival 
 of Hugh O'Neill, who had come from Ulster with 1,500 foot, he sent 
 orders to Lichiquin to make all possible haste to join him with the 
 whole of his horse ; but these were so fatigued and disheartened after 
 the late unfortunate expedition that they could do little for a time. 
 Ilis army was then at Innistiogue. From this place he intended to 
 march the next day with his foot to fortify Rosbercan,^ opposite Ross, 
 and to hinder the passage of the river. On the arrival of the Ulster 
 men, he asked them whether they were ready to fight. They replied 
 that their object in coming to Leinster was to meet the enemy. They 
 asked that the Irish should fight by themselves, and that Ormonde's 
 and Inchiquin's men should form a division apart or merely look on ; 
 Ormonde made no answer. But his plans were again frustrated by the 
 activity of the enemy. When he was about to begin his march, he 
 heard that a large body of Cromwell's horse had already crossed the 
 
 1 Tlieohald, the second viscount. In the early part of this rebellion he was appointed 
 General nf the Province of Munster; at the iieace of 1646 he was deprived of this jjost, and 
 remained without employment until April. 1649, when, on the death of Sir 'I'honias Lucas, 
 he was made Master of the Ordnance. Me was one of the ambassadors sent !)y the Confed- 
 erates to solicit the protection and aid of the Duke of Lorraine ; hence he was excepted from 
 liardon for life and estate by Cromwell. After the Restoration he got back his property. 
 In 1661 he was created Earl of Carlingford. He died in 1677. Archdall's Prcnire, vol. iv. 
 p. 296. 
 
 - Rosbcrcan is so called from the tcrritorv of Ibcrcan, in which it is situated. Abo-.it 
 the year 1300 it was incorporated, and granted .ill the liberties and free customs granted V.> 
 the burgesses of Kilkenny by Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester. 
 
128 CROMWELL 7iV IRELAND. 
 
 river, seized on Rosbercan, and fortified it in such a way that the 
 bridge was safe from any attack on that side. A few days after, he 
 went to Thomastown,^ intending to remain there until he should be 
 joined by Inchiquin and the force under his command. Meantime the 
 report reached him that the greater part of Cromwell's army, under 
 the command of Ireton and Jones, had crossed the bridge and was in 
 full march towards Kilkenny. Soon after he was told that the enemy 
 had got as far as Bennett's bridge. Here he was joined by Lieutenant 
 General Ferrall, with the rest of the Ulster forces which Owen O'Neill 
 had sent on to his assistance. Taking with him seven days' provision 
 he set out, determined to give Cromwell battle and to risk his fortunes 
 on the issue. 
 
 Ireton despatched Colonel Abbot with a party of horse and dra- 
 goons in the dusk of the evening to seize on Innistiogue, a walled town 
 on the Barrow, ten miles above Ross, where there was a garrison of 
 three hnndred men. " At first they vapoured over the wall; but when 
 the assailants set fire to the gates, it so quashed them, that they took 
 to flight and escaped in boats across the Nore, leaving the townsmen to 
 be plundered and possessed by the plunderers." The heavy rains that 
 had fallen the day before did not allow the army to cross the ford ; they 
 marched therefore to Thomastown, but on arriving there, they found 
 the bridge broken down and a garrison left to defend the place. 
 
 "Whereupon, seeking God for direction, they took the road back 
 to Ross." Their stock of provisions was exhausted. On their way 
 they took the strong castle of Knocktopher,^ and put into it twenty 
 horse and thirty dragoons ; but these were soon recalled, being too far 
 into the enemy's country. Colonel Reynolds and Major Ponsonby 
 were sent with twelve troops of horse and three of dragoons to at- 
 tempt Carrick, in the hope of obtaining over the bridge there a pas- 
 sage into the county of Waterford. The town was garrisoned by a 
 regiment of foot and two or three troops of horse. Ponsonby seized 
 on some of the country people whom he met ; these he induced by 
 promises and threats to mount on horseback and advance in a body 
 with the soldiers to the walls, and there proclaim to the townsmen in 
 the Irish language that they were some of the Irish army sent by 
 Ormonde to reinforce the garrison. The townsmen readily opened the 
 gates.2 As soon as the soldiers entered they took possession of the 
 gates and walls. The garrison saw their mistake too late ; some of 
 
 ' Thomastown was called by the Irish Baile Mic Andaun, and in TAe Ilhierary of King 
 John, Boscus Terra; Filii Thoma; Filii Antonii. It was built by Tiiomas Fitz Anthony Den, 
 who died in 1229. In 1346 Edward III. granted the customs fur four years for the construction 
 and repairs of the bridge. Lynch's Feudal Dignitieu V- -.i- ! London, 1S30. In 1 374 he 
 made anothergrant of tlie tolls' for twenty years for the walling of the town. See Mnrrin's 
 Patent and Close Rolls, vol i. p. 78, note. The castle and some parts of the wall are still 
 standing. 
 
 " Knocktophcr is ten miles south of Kilkenny. The castle was the residence of the 
 Earls of Ormonde, James, the second earl, founded a Carmelite monastary here in 1536. 
 
 ^ See Duffy's Hibernian Magazine, vol. iii. p. 17 ; Dublin, 1S61. Ormonde said it was 
 betrayed hy the Protestant ward there. See his answer to the 9th Article of the " Declar- 
 ation " of Jamestown, in Cox's Hib. Angl. vol. ii., appendix xlviii. There is, however, a 
 tradition that the townspeople defended the wall bravely, and it was stormed after a breach 
 had been made at the spot now known as the Red Gap. Some cannon-balls and pikcheads 
 virere lately found near the wall. 
 
CROMWELL LN IRELAND. . 129 
 
 — — — — 
 
 them fled in terror across the bridge to the county of Waterford, • 
 others were massacred without mercy. About a hundred of them 
 sluit themselves up in the castle, "a fair house of the Lord Ormonde's ;''i 
 they surrendered, however, the following day, and were allowed to 
 march away to the nearest garrison town in the possession of the 
 Royalists ; eighty of them, who were Welshmen, joined the army of 
 the parliament. 
 
 The news of Reynolds' success gave fresh courage to Cromwell. 
 He was now quite recovered from his illness, and left Ross on the 21st 
 of November at the head of his army, intending to cross the Suir at 
 Carrick, to march on Waterford, and to lay seige to that city. On tha 
 23d he entered Carrick ; there he met Ponsonby^ and congratulated 
 him on the successful issue of his stratagem. Reynolds was left be- 
 hind as military governor of the town, to hold the bridge over the 
 Suir. He had his own regiment of horse, a troop of dragoons, and 
 two companies of foot. His first care was to put the place in a proper 
 state of defence — a wise precaution, for it was attacked a few days 
 after by a part of the Royalist army under Taaffe and Inchiquin, their 
 object being to secure communication with Ormonde's army, which 
 was advancing from Kilkenny to the support of Waterford. The 
 Ulster troops undertook to storm the place, under Major Charles 
 Geoghegan. For four hours they strove very resolutely to effect an 
 entrance. They set fire to the gates and sprung a mine under the 
 walls. But they were obliged to abandon the attempt after they had 
 suffered considerable loss, tor want of pickaxes and other implements 
 to make a breech, and of ladders to scale the wall. Though the garri- 
 son was composed of only 150 foot, six troops of horse, and a troop of 
 dragoons, and armed with swords and pistols, these did more execu- 
 tion with sticks and staves than with powder and bullets, as their am- 
 munition was soon exhausted.-'^ Want of provisions prevented the 
 
 1 Carrick castle was supposed to be the finest specimen of an Elizabethan house in 
 Ireland. An Irish poet of the sixteenth century, in a complimentary address to Thomas, 
 tentli carl of Ormonde, says: 
 
 " The court of Carrick is a court well fortified; 
 A court to wliicli nuinbers of nobility resort ; 
 A court noted for politeness; a court replete with pleasure; 
 A court thronged with heroes; 
 A court without torch-light, yet a court illumined; 
 A court of the lights of wax tapers; 
 A plentiful mansion, so artistically stuccoed, 
 With sunlit gables, and embroidery-covered walls. 
 
 It was, with its demesne and park of 16,000 acres, given to Sir John Reynolds. 
 
 2 Ponsonbv, on the reduction of Ireland, received the honor of knighthood. His 
 services were further awarded by the grant of a very considerable tract of land, including the 
 estate of Kildalton, which he called Ikssborough, in compliment, as Swift informs us, to 
 his wife Bess, the daughter of Lord Ffolliott. Mr. Dalton, the original proprietor, died in 
 his family mansion, after residing there for many years as the guest and companion of Sir 
 John Ponsonby. I5rcwcr"s Beauties of Ireland, vol. i. p. 48 ; London, 1S25. Tighe, in his 
 Survev of County of Kilkenny, savs that the present Bessborough estates were granted to 
 Daniel A.xtell, later governor of Kilkenny, and that Ballyraggct was given to Ponsonby. but 
 that they made an exchange, p. 372 ; Dublin, 1S02. It is said that Axtell used the lime- 
 tree still standing in the fair greeri of Ballyragget as a gallows. 
 
 ' This will perhaps explain the finding of the cannon-balls and pikeheads mentioned 
 above. 
 
130 CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 
 
 assailants from continuing the seige. Five hundred men and their 
 brave commander fell in the storm ; the survivors retired to Clonmel.^ 
 
 On his way to Carrick, Inchiquin summoned the garrison of a 
 small castle on the Suir, about a mile from the town. Only six or 
 seven dragoons had been left behind in it. None of them could either 
 read the summons or write an answer to it. They learned its contents 
 from the trumpter who had brought it. They returned their answer 
 in plain phrase and without compliment, telling him "to bid Inchiquin 
 go about his business and be hanged, for he had nothing to do with 
 them.." And thus, though they could not return an answer in writing, 
 they did so in resolution.^ 
 
 On the 24th, about noon, the army arrived before Waterford, 
 having crossed the Suir at Carrick and marched along the southern 
 bank of the river. They approached the town on the north-west ; 
 Cromwell was deterred by the fort on Thomas' Hill from occupying 
 the heights ot Bilberry rock, a commanding position.^ His army, ac- 
 cording to Ormonde's estimate, numbered then but 4,000 foot, 2,000 
 horse, and 500 dragoons. He supposed that the city would surrender 
 as soon as he appeared before it. Some of the more wealthy citizens 
 wished to submit without awaiting the assault, in the hope of saving 
 their property. The Mayor was so terrified, that he wrote to Ormonde 
 asking what terms he should insist on when delivering up the city. 
 But the greater number preferred to try the fortune of war, even 
 though later they were offered liberal conditions, together with the 
 privilege of the citizenship of London and the free exercise of their re- 
 ligion ; no doubt they were aware of the interpretation that had been 
 put upon the latter article at the surrender of Ross, when Cromwell 
 declared that it did not mean the open practice of the Catholic religion ; 
 hence they resolved on jesisting to the last. 
 
 Waterford had yielded to no other city in its devotion to religion 
 and to the cause of the King.* It was there the Nuncio Rinuccini had 
 intended to land before he was driven from his course by the renegade 
 Plunkett, who pursued him and made him put into the bay of 
 
 1 The repulse at Carrick was brought forward in the " Dechiration " of Jamestown, as 
 a proof of Ormonde's incapacity or treachery. '■ Our army appearing before the place, the 
 soldiers were commanded to fight against the walls and armed men, without great guns, 
 ladders, petards, shovels, spades, or other necessaries, there being killed about 500 soldiers 
 valiantly fighting." 
 
 * Probably this was Dovehill castle. 
 
 8 On the Kilkenny side of the river there is a spot called Cromwell's Fort ; but Crom- 
 well did not take up his position there. 
 
 * "The citie of Waterford hath continued to the Crown of England so loyally, that it 
 is not found registered since the Concinest to have been distained with the smallest spot, or 
 dusted with the least freckle of treason, notwithstanding the sundrie assaults of traitorous 
 attempts ; and therefore the citie arms are deckt with this golden word, Intacta maiift 
 VVaterfordia, a jiosie as well to be heartily followed as greatly admired of all true and loyal 
 towns " Holinshed's Chronicles, vol. ii. yi. 13 ; London, 1577. Sccimdas inter Hibernice nrhcs 
 fert Waterfordia, impritnis honesta et officiis fidclis civitas. Stuinlnirst de Reims I/il'., ]■>. 22. 
 Some more substantial marks of royal favor were granted to the citizens of Waterford for 
 their active opposition to Perkin Warbeck and his followers in 1497. Ryland's History 0/ 
 Waterford, p. 30 ; London, 1841. Henry VIII. sent William Wise with gracious letters and 
 a cap of maintenance, an honorable gift, to be borne before the mayor when he walked in 
 stale. He had sent before by the same messenger a gilt sword for their renowned fidclny, to 
 be also borne before the mayor. 
 
CROMWELL IiV IRELAND. 131 
 
 Kemnarc ;^ and when the intrigues of Ormonde and liis party forced 
 him to leave Kilkenny and threatened his liberty, he was sure of a 
 refuge in the fort of Duncannon. Patrick Comcrford, the bishop, was 
 ever the Nuncio's firm friend and the unyielding sup})ortcr of his 
 policy, in spite of the threats which the Ormondists held out that they 
 would deprive him of the temporalities of his see. To such threats 
 he used to reply : " Though I were to be stripped of all that the world 
 could give, for my submission to the decrees of Holy Church, I will, 
 nevertheless, persevere in my obedience, nor will I cease to pray God, 
 that He may guide faithfully the counsels of the Confederates of this 
 kingdom."^ 
 
 Strong defences and numerous batteries protected the city from 
 assault. The only hope of taking it lay in the tedious process of in- 
 vestment. Ormonde had encouraged the citizens to a vigorous resis- 
 tance ; he chid the cowards for their readiness to parley with an 
 enemy before even the batteries were erected, and assured them that 
 if they did their duty, Cromwell should be baffled before the place. 
 Leaving his quarters at Kilkenny, he advanced at the head of his army 
 to Carrick, in the hope of finding the enemy and giving him battle. 
 There he learned that Cromwell had marched on Waterford and was 
 investing it ; he determined to go forward and relieve the place. 
 Some time before he had sent Lord Castlehaven to provide for the 
 safety of the city and of the fort of Passage, which lay nearly opposite 
 Duncannon on the Waterford side of the river. Now he sent him 
 with 1,000 men to reinforce the garrison. But the citizens, through 
 distrust of Ormonde, would not allow them to enter the town. 
 "After several days' dispute " Castlehaven marched away. Alarmed 
 at Cromwell's successes, they requested that 200 men, under the com- 
 mand of Major Cavenagh might be sent to their aid. A fortnight 
 later, Ormonde sent them another reinforcement of 1,500 Ulstermen, 
 a ]iart of Owen Roc O'Neill's army. These they received. Their 
 commander, Lieutenant-General Ferrall, who had been in the confi- 
 dence of the Nuncio, was appointed military governor. The same 
 night, Ormonde left the city, and crossing the Suir, marched till mid- 
 night with his life-guard to Dunkitt. The next day he set out for 
 Carrick, sure of finding his army in possession of that place. When 
 he came within a few miles of the town, he met Colonel Milo Power, 
 who was sent by Lord Inchiquin to inform him of the failure of his 
 attempt. 
 
 During the progress of the siege, Cromwell sent Ireton with a 
 regiment of horse and three troops of dragoons towards the fort of 
 Passage, six miles below Waterford. Its capture was of the greatest 
 importance to him, as it commanded the entrance to Waterford harbor 
 even better than Duncannon; the possession of it would also enable 
 him to I'cducc both the city and the fort by preventing supplies being 
 brought to them by water. "The dragoons fell presently upon the 
 storm, and in a short time set fire to the gate, whereupon the enemy 
 
 1 Sir Richard Belling regretted that the Nuncio could not land at Waterford, ^VIlere 
 he would have been received '' con frepararte difiiostraiioni c con sparameuto tit tutli U l>om- 
 Lanie." 
 
132 CROMWELL IN JliELAND. 
 
 within called out for quarter; and upon assurance given by the Lord 
 Lieutenant that they should have quarter for their lives and their 
 wearing apparel, they surrendered the fort to him. Six pieces of ord- 
 nance were found in the fort." About 200 of the garrison were slain 
 in the assault. One hundred men were left behind by the captors to 
 garrison it. 
 
 At Faithlegg, in the neighborhood of Passage, there dwelt at that 
 time a family named Aylward. Cromwell had known the proprietor 
 in London, and now, in remembrance of their former friendship, was 
 anxious to secure him in the possession of his property. He was 
 aware that his friend was a Catholic, that he was opposed to the Par- 
 liamentary party, and he had resolved that such should be dis- 
 possessed. But in this particular instance he relaxed from his usual 
 severity, and required what .to him seemed an easy thing, that 
 Aylward should conceal his faith. There was some hesitation be- 
 tween the love of relii^ion and the attachment to worldly wealth. At 
 length, owing in great measure to the advice of his wife, Aylward 
 chose the better part, and prepared to defend his property, or to lose 
 it and his life together. Irritated at what he considered foolish obsti- 
 nacy, Cromwell resolved to punish his presumption, and sent some of 
 his troops and a piece of ordnance, under the command of Captain 
 Bolton, to take possession of the estate. The ruins of the castle, 
 round which a moat can still be traced, mark the spot where the con- 
 test took place. The result is easily anticipated. Captain Bolton, 
 was successful, and his descendants, up to a few years since, con- 
 tinued to enjoy the fruits of the conquest. 
 
 The citizens of Waterford were so affrighted at the loss of 
 Passage, that they told the Commissioners of Trust they would sur- 
 render the city unless aid was sent to them immediately. In reply to 
 their demand, Ormonde declared that his army could no longer be 
 kept together for want of supplies ; if these were procured, he would 
 march without delay to their relief. But he found it impossible to 
 procure them. He set out and marched all night along the northern 
 bank of the Suir, conducting Brian O'Neill's horse and some foot to 
 reinforce the garrison. Early the next day, he encamped on a hill 
 opposite the town. 
 
 On arriving before the city, Cromwell had sent a trumpeter to 
 summon the garrison to yield upon quarter. " Ferrall would give way 
 to none to answer other than himself ; he requested the trumpeter to 
 return to his master with this result, that he was Lieutenant-General 
 Ferrall, governor of that place, at present having 2,000 of his Ulster 
 force there ; that as long as any of them did survive, he would not 
 yield the town." The sudden appearance of the reinforcements made 
 Cromwell change his plans. 
 
 Having failed to corrupt the Governor, and being disheartened at 
 the prospect of a tedious siege in midwinter, he thought his wisest 
 course was to retire from before the place, and to seek winter-quarters 
 elsewhere. He had already lost over 1,000 men by sickness during 
 the' short time the siege had lasted, among them his kinsmen, Major 
 Cromwell. " Poinding the indisposition in point of health increasing, 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 133 
 
 and his foot falling sick near ten of a company every night they were 
 on duty, and his numbers not above 3,000 healthful foot in the field, 
 being necessitated to put so many into garrison, the enemy mustering 
 about 12,000 horse and foot, having well near as many in the town as 
 he without, bread and other necessaries not coming to- them, and the 
 dripping weather having made the ground so moist that it would not 
 bear the guns, the council of war, in consequence, advised him to rise 
 from before Waterford, and to retire into winter-quarters to refresh the 
 sick and weak soldiers." Such was his haste that he left behind two 
 large guns which he had brought with him. Ormonde besought the 
 magistrates to supply him with boats to ferry his men over, that they 
 might fall on the rear of the retreating army. But now that the 
 danger was gone by, they feigned excuses for delay until the oppor- 
 tunity had passed ; they were afraid that the Royalist army, if once 
 ■ admitted within the walls, would take up its quarters permanently 
 there. They would admit only a body of Ulster troops under Brian 
 O'Neill ; even these they soon complained of as an intolerable griev- 
 ance, urging their withdrawal in order to save the citizens from being 
 starved. The same night Ormonde set off and joined the army at 
 Clonmel. 
 
 A few days later an attempt was made to surprise Passage. 
 Lieutenant-General Ferrall sallied out from Waterford. It was ar- 
 ranged that he should be joined by Colonel Wogan, the governor of 
 Duncannon, who was to advance to the attack from the opposite side 
 of the river. Cromwell had got information of the proposed attempt, 
 and ordered Colonel Sankcy,^ who lay on the north side of the Black- 
 water, to march in haste with a regiment of horse, and two troops of 
 dragoons, in all about 350 men, to the relief of the place. Ormonde, 
 who was then in the neighborhood, sent for the Mayor, and, pointing 
 out to him the exposed position of the assailants, besought him to 
 supply boats to transport a regiment or two of horse from the north 
 side of the river to their rescue. But the Corporation refused to allow 
 any of his troops to march through the town. With fifty of his atten- 
 dants he took horse, and went in haste towards Passage. Meantime 
 Sankey, finding the fort closely invested by O'Neill and Wogan, 
 resolved to attack them before they were reinforced by Ferrall's 
 Ulstermen. O'Neill's men resisted bravely for a time, but the horse, 
 
 ' Sankey (the name is also written Zanchy) had been a proctor in the University of 
 Oxford. He came to Ireland with Henry Cromwell. Of him Taylor says, " that he seemed 
 to revel in slaughter, and openly professed that no faith should be kept with the Papists." 
 Civil IVcirs, vol. ii. p. 17. While he was military governor of the county of Tippcrary, one 
 of his soldiers was killed; all efforts to find the murderer were in vaiii. JIc sunmioned to 
 Fcthard all the inhabitants of the parish in which the murder had taken place, and having 
 compelled them to cast lots, hanged five of them on whom the lots fell. //uW , vol. ii. p. 49. 
 Though nobody e.xclaimcd more against otheis, particularly against Sir William I'etty, ytt 
 none had greater complaints made against them for ill treatment of their own men, for he 
 got several of the lots that fell to hi.-^ share to be left out of his patent, to oblige the Irish, 
 who paid him well for it, and put in other lands which were not given them in satisfaction 
 of their arrears. And thus he wronged many innocent Irish as well as his own jicople. He 
 was reproached liy Sir William Petty " for his unhandsome dealings with the soldiers in the 
 matter of Lismalin Park," the estate of Lord Ikerrin, in south Tipperary. An account of 
 the cpiarrel betwcn Petty and Sankey is given in 7'^e History of the Down Survey, edited by 
 Sir 'i'homas Larcom for the Irish Arch. Soc. p. 290 and 345 ; Dublin, 1S51. 
 
134 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 pressing on them, broke their lines. About lOO were killed, and 350 
 taken prisoners ; among the latter were Wogan^ and O'Neill. Ferrall 
 came up soon after, but seeing his party utterly defeated, he retreated 
 towards Waterford, hotly pursued by the enemy. Ormonde's numbers 
 were too few to meet them. He drerw up his men on the side of a hill 
 in such a way that they seemed more numerous than they really were, 
 and by this stratagem covered the retreat of the fugitives until they 
 reached the town. The citizens were much disheartened at the failure 
 of this attempt, for Passage was a constant danger to them. To pro- 
 tect the city, Ormonde again proposed to ferry his troops across the 
 river, and to quarter them in huts outside the walls, where they should 
 be in no way burdensome. But the citizens would not consent to this 
 proposal ; some of them even thought to seize on Ormonde and to fall 
 on his followers as enemies. Irritated at what he conceived to be 
 blind obstinacy on their part, he again withdrew to Clonmel, where 
 the main body of his army lay.^ 
 
 1 February 22d. Letters from Ireland, that Wogan, that perfidious, revolted fellow, 
 had escaped out of prison, and Colonel Phayre's marshal, in whose custody he was, being 
 corrupted, fled with him. Whitelocke, p. 426. Cromwell would seem to have had a high 
 opinion of Wogan, for in treating of an exchange of prisoners with Hugh O'Neill, he says : 
 " In case you insist upon Wogan, I expect Captain Caulfield and his officers and soldiers for 
 him." Carf£ A/SS., vol. xxvi. p. 510. 
 
 * Waterford surrendered to Ireton August loth, 1650, and Duncannon four days 
 after. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 135 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE MARCH TO YOUGHAL. 
 
 Capture of Butlerstown, Kilmeaden, Curraghmore, Granno, and Duiihill — Surrender of 
 Dungarvan — Letter of Brogliill — Tlie Revolters — Cromwell enters Youghal — Sick- 
 ness of the Troo]is — Death of Colonel Jones — His Ciiaracter — Irish Army in 
 Winter-Quarters — Ormonde asks Leave to Quit Ireland — Dean Boyle — Causes of 
 Distrust. 
 
 Cromwell's army began its march from Waterford towards 
 Dungarvan on the 2d of December, "it being so terrible a day," 
 says Cromwell, "as I never marched in all my life." Butlerstown 
 castle,^ outside the liberties of the city, was seized and l)lown up. 
 Kilmeaden, on the Suir, was destroyed, and its owner, one of the Le 
 I'oer family, seized and hanged on a tree close by. His property, 
 extending from Kilmeaden to Tramore, was afterwards confiscated.^ 
 A similar fate awaited Curraghmore. It chanced that the owner had 
 a shrewd daughter, who knowing her father was a stanch Royalist,, 
 devised a plan to save hirfi, and cleverly put it into execution. She 
 contrived to entice the old man into one of the dungeons of the castle, 
 and there she safely bolted and barred him in. She then received 
 Cromwell at the door, and placed the keys of the castle in his hands. 
 She assured him that, although her father had thought it prudent to 
 remove for a time out of the way, he was not only well disposed 
 towards the ruling powers, but willing to give any proof of his allegi- 
 ance that might be required. The consequence was that Curragh- 
 more remained in possession of its lord. The garrisons of Ballydoyne^ 
 and Granno* fled at" the enemy's approach, leaving their arms behind. 
 The castle of Dunhill,^ situated on the sea-coast beyond Tramore, 
 
 1 Butlerstown castle, three miles nojthwest of Waterford, belonged to Sir Thomas 
 Sherhjck. It was taken in 1644 by Lord Mountgarrett, then in command of the Irish forces. 
 Sir Thomas was turned out of doors almost naked. He escaped to Dublin, and w.as there 
 leceived by the English as their " constant friend." Yet neither Cromwell nor the King 
 restored him to his estates. He died in 1663, worn out by poverty and despair. The Coun- 
 cil granted the sum of ;^50 to bury him. 
 
 2 It was purchased from the adventurers by John Ottrington His granddaughter 
 married into the St. Leger family, and brought the property to Viscount Doneraile. Arch- 
 dall's Peerage, vol. vi. p. 121. Kilmeaden House is built on the spot where the castle 
 stood. 
 
 ^ Four miles west of Carrick. 
 
 ■• Granno or Granny castle is on the Kilkenny side of the Suir, three miles above 
 Waterford. 
 
 5 Dunhill, i. e., the Port of the Cliff. In 1317 Arnold le Powere, Baron of Dunoile, 
 with the Lord Justice, the Earl of Kildare, and Richard de Clare, furnished and armed 
 thirty thousand men to oppose Robert and Edward Bruce. Cam|>ion's //h/otv of Ireland, 
 p. 122; Dublin, 1S09. In 1324 John le P(jer of Dunoyle was one of the witnesses to the 
 
13G CROMWKLL IN IRELAND. 
 
 was bravely defended by a lady. It was biiilf. on a rock almost inac- 
 cessib.^, and judging from the ruins still remaining, it must have been 
 a place oi proaigious strength. For a long time it resisted the attack, 
 though artillery was used to make a breach in its outworks. At 
 length it yielded. The Countess was the life and soul of the defend- 
 ers. Day and night she was on the ramparts, animating by her 
 presence and energy the spirits of the garrison. She had, it seems, 
 a skilful engineer, who defeated all the plans of the besiegers. One 
 day she retired to rest, but she neglected to provide for the wants of 
 her weary soldiers. Her engineer sent to demand refreshm.ent for 
 himself and his comrades ; he received in return the unwarlike meed 
 'of a drink of buttermilk. Irritated at the insult, he made signals to 
 the foe, who actually had raised the siege and were marching off, and 
 surrendered to them the castle. It was forthwith blown up with 
 gunpowder. The Countess perished among the ruins. 
 
 The first day's march of the army was to Kilmacthomas. The 
 whole of the next day was spent in crossing the river Mahon, which 
 was swollen by a land-flood. During the night the soldiers were 
 quartered in the neighboring villages. On the evening of the 4th the 
 army reached Dungarvan,^ and proceeded without delay to invest the 
 town. It had submitted to Lord Broghill a few days before, as we 
 learn from one of his letters, dated December 19th : 
 
 "The 2cl of this month, with a jiarty of 600 liorse and 8co foot, I advanced to 
 Dungarvan, where the Lord so ruled their liearts that on the 3d it was delivered up 
 to me by Colonel Kinsale, who was in it with his regiment and troop, both which 
 have since taken up arms with us. There was in the town six ordnance, sixteen 
 barrels of powder, with bullet and match jiroportionable." 
 
 The townsmen would seem to have repented of their hasty sub- 
 mission to Lord Broghill ; perhaps they were not satisfied with the 
 conditions imposed on them. But now, terrified at the near approach 
 of danger, they again surrendered at discretion. An order was issued 
 to put the inhabitants to the sword, in punishment for their treachery. 
 Cromwell rode into the town at the head of the troops. As they were 
 about to execute the merciless command, tradition says a woman 
 named Nagle forced her way through the crowd with a flagon of beer 
 in her hand, and drank to the General's health, calling on him to 
 pledge her in turn. It is added that Cromwell was so pleased with 
 her courage and courtesy, that he accepted the pledge and permitted 
 his soldiers to partake of the liquor, which they, thirsty and heated, 
 
 compact entered into between the King of England and the nobles of English descent for 
 the capture of felons, robbers, and thieves of their family and sirname. Hardiman's ShUnte 
 0/ A'ltJi-eiiiiy, \t. bG, \w\t, published by the Irish Arch. Soc. in 1843. ^" ij^S, on Sunday, 
 the<lay after tlie feast of .St. Agnes, died John le I'oer, Baron of Dunhille. Clynn's Arnuils, 
 p. 20; Dublin, 1849. 
 
 1 In 1643 the town of Dungarvan was incorporated bv Act of Parliament, which re- 
 cites that as the seignory of Dungarvan was the most great and ancient honor belonging to 
 the King in Ireland, which through war was, for the most part, destroyed, it is provided 
 that the Portreeve and commons of the said town, their heirs, &c., may enjoy all manner of 
 free gifts and customs, as tlie inhabitants of the honorable manor of Clare in England have 
 nsed and enjoyed, and as the mayor and commcins of Bristol have done, the ])rotUs to go to 
 the reparation of the walls under the survey of the Earls of Desmond. Ryland's History 
 of Waterford, p. 23. 
 
CRO.VWELL 7.V IRELAXD. 137 
 
 found very refreshing, and which the servants of the woman al)imdantly 
 supplied. He revoked the order, and not only spared the lives of the 
 people, but saved the town, the church and the castle excepted, from 
 being plundered by the soldiers. Here he met Lord Broghill, to 
 whose services he was so much indebted for his recent successes. 
 
 At Whitechurch, about five miles west of Dungarvan, he was met 
 by 2,500 men of the southern garrisons that had lately revolted. 
 They assured him that the towns throughout Munster, which had 
 lately gone over to the parliament, would gladly receive garrisons and 
 afford them winter quarters. 
 
 On the 5th he entered Youghal, where fresh supplies awaited 
 hirn. Here he established himself and a part of his army in winter- 
 quarters ; the-rest he distributed through the towns that had lately 
 submitted to the parliament. Winter had set in, and sickness was 
 beginning to spread. "I scarcely know an officer of forty amongst 
 us," he writes, "that hath not been sick, and how many considerable 
 ones we h ive lost is no little thought of heart to us. The noble 
 Licutenant-General (Jones), whose finger, to my knowledge, never 
 ached in all these expeditions, fell sick, we doubt not, upon a cold 
 taken upon our late wet march and ill accommodation. He went to 
 Dungarvan, where, struggling for some four or five days with a fever, he 
 died ; having run his course with so much honor, courage, and fidelity, 
 as his actions better speak than my pen. What England lost hereby, 
 is above me to speak. I am sure I lost a noble friend and companion 
 in labors." ^ 
 
 The news of Jones' death reached the House of Commons on the 
 5th of January, 1650, in a letter written by a Cromwellian soldier. 
 "We had a very sore and stormy march hither ; and that which added 
 to the bitterness of it was the sickness of the truly noble and ever 
 honored Lieutenant-General Jones, He was a gentleman very useful 
 in the army, and was very much liked and lamented. His approved 
 constancy and fidelity to the English interests was such as to manifest 
 that he will very much shine and be famous for it to posterity. His 
 straits, hazards, difficulties, and necessities were very many, and I 
 might add, temptations, too. Yet he broke through all with unmoved 
 • gallantry, steadfastness, and resolution. His temper and disposition 
 was very sweet and amiable, and obliging to all. And he had very 
 much love and respect to all that came lately over."^ His body was 
 brought to Youghal, and buried with great solemnity in the chapel 
 belonging to the Earl of Cork, in St, Mary's church. 
 
 ' Letter to Lcnthal from Cork, Dec 19th, 1649, Cox snys : " lie was a man of dear 
 valor, and excellent as well as fortnnate conduct, and not inferior to anybody in a sincere 
 passion for the good of liis country." Il>i(f. Yet in spile of this panegyric, it is certain that 
 great enmity and distrust existed between Jones and Cromwell. A strict surveillance was 
 maintained by liim and Ireton over Jones' movements, who, shortly before his dt-aih, wps 
 engaged in devising projects to beat Cromwell out of Ireland! Morrice's Ahntcir of Lord 
 Orrery, p. 16. We are told also that one Mrs. Chaplain, daughter of the minister "f Dn > 
 garvaii under the Cromwellians, who lived in the hf)nse in which Jones died, often said ili it 
 it was confidently believed that Cromwell had lound means to poison Jones, ymith s 
 History of Vi^ateiford, ji. 65. 
 
 - Letter from Cork, in Whitelocke, p. 421. Ireton w.ts appointed in his ]-,Irice. 
 *' Major General Ireton cannot well endure the yoke of his new honors, such' is his modesty ; 
 
138 CROMWET.L ly IREL.IXD. 
 
 Here also died two other persons eminently faithful, goodly, and 
 true to the parliament, Lieutenant-Colonel Wolfe and Scoutmaster- 
 General Rowe.^ 
 
 Ormonde, too, was anxious to find winter-quarters for his army, 
 whence it might be ready to issue forth without delay, to meet the 
 enemy when he should take the field in spring. He had neither 
 money to pay his men nor provisions to support them for twenty-four 
 hours together. He suggested to the Commissioners of Trust that 
 the troops should be distributed through the towns of Munster which 
 still continued faithful to the king. Both Limerick and Waterford, 
 the most important places now in the hands of the Royalists, persis- 
 tently refused to receive them. To add to his mortification, his men 
 began to desert in considerable numbers. He kept some of his forces 
 together hovering between Clonmel and Waterford ; the rest were 
 obliged to scatter over the country and seek quarters where they 
 could find them. Many of them never reassembled. He took up his 
 own quarters at Kilkenny. Thence he wrote in disgust to the King, 
 who was at Jersey, to acquaint his Majesty " how his authority was 
 disputed by those great pretenders to royalty." About this time, he 
 seems to have asked the King's permission to withdraw both himself 
 and the King's authority from Ireland, shoidd occasion require it. 
 His friend Dean Boyle had even procured a pass for him from Crom- 
 well. He was well aware of the people's distrust of himself and of 
 their aversion to his government. Believing themselves betrayed by 
 him, they could not be brought into a course of action that would 
 put an end to all hope of obtaining favorable terms from the enemy. 
 Besides, he was forced to confess that " it appeared every day more 
 evidently than other, and would soon be visible to the shortest fore- 
 sight, that upon anything that Ireland could afford, it would not be 
 possible to make any resistance against the rebels, who had the whole 
 coast towards England, Waterford excepted, ready to receive their 
 forces, commodious harbors for their shipping, and garrisons from 
 whence they could immediately be in the heart of his best countries 
 and at the walls of his remaining towns. No supplies were arriving 
 from abroad, no diversion was made by the Royalist Party in England, 
 though Cromwell and Ireton, the supposed heads of the rebels, were • 
 removed from them." 
 
 Taaffe and the Connaught troojis returned to their own province. 
 Lord Dillon went to Westmeath, Major-General Hugh O'Neill, with 
 1, 600 Ulster men was admitted into Clonmel, — the Mayor having 
 asked that a considerable part of the army should be sent to garrison 
 that town ; that 300 men should march immediately into the town, 
 
 indeed he is a gcaod soul." Letter from Pembroke, January 6'h, in fer/. Ditirnal. He 
 was soon aficr appointed President of Munsier.. 'January loih, 1650 — The Attorney- 
 General was ordered by the House to prepare a patent to be passed under the Great .Seal 
 of England, ai)pninting Major General Ireton to be President of Munster." Tonson's 
 Debates, vol. xix. p. 46. 
 
 ^ Cromwell to Lentlial, February i6th, 1650, in Aphor. Disc, vol. ii. p 468, Appendix 
 44: " Our condition for w.int of Ph)!>iciaas is s.ul, bciuf^ lain to trust our lives in tlie Papist 
 doctors' hands, when we fall sick, which is much, if not more, than our adventures in the 
 field." Letter of W. A., in Perfect Diunuil, January Sth, 1650. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 139 
 
 and tliat the rest niif;ht be in some garrisons near, to be brought inii 
 necessity required it. 
 
 Inchiquin went towards Limerick ; with 400 horse he took pos. 
 session of Kihriallock, against the will of the inhabitants. Daniel 
 O'Neill, who as an Ulsterman and a nephew of Owen Roe, was accept- 
 able to the gentlemen and officers of the North, and as a Protestant, 
 was not objected to by the Scots, was sent with 2,000 Ulster foot, and 
 Colonel Trevor with 400 horse, to assist Lord Montgomery of Arcies 
 and Sir George Munroe, in recovering the places lost in the* counties 
 of Down and Antrim ; when, after a long and weary march, they 
 arrived there, they found these commanders had been routed by Sir 
 Charles Coote, at Lisburn. Carrickfergus surrendered a week after, 
 "the town and castle being of the greatest importance of anyplace 
 of the province ; " and thus all the North, except Charlemont and 
 Enniskillen, was in the hands of the Parliamentary forces, while in 
 the South, Broghill could boast that " there was no English garrison 
 in Munster but was theirs." 
 
140 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 IN WINTER QUARTERS. 
 
 Hcad-Quarters at Youghal — Cromwell visits Cork and Kinsale — Stubber — Visits Bandon 
 and Skibbereen — Cromwell's Bridge — His Recall — Sufferings of the People oi 
 Cork — Their Constancy — Bramhall — The Church Bells — Coppinger of Ballyvo- 
 lane — The Clonmacnoise Decrees. 
 
 While the army was enjoying its well-earned repose, Cromwell 
 was busy making excursions from his head-quarters at Youghal.^ 
 About the middle of December, in company with Lord Broghill, who 
 had joined him at Dungarvan, he went to Cork; as we learn from a 
 letter of Thomas Herbert to an " Honorable Member of the Council," 
 dated Cork, December i8th, 1649: "Yesterday my Lord Lieutenant 
 came from Youghal, the head-quarters, my Lord Broghill, Sir William 
 Fenton,^ and divers other gentlemen and commanders attending His 
 Excellency, who has received here a very hearty and noble entertain- 
 ment. The well-affected of the city entertained him with much 
 heartiness and freeness. To-morrow the Major General (Ireton) is 
 expected here ; both in good health, God be praised. This week, I 
 believe, they will visit Kinsale, Bandonbridge, and other places in this 
 province that have lately declared for us, and expect a return of his 
 affection and presence, which joys many. Colonel Deane and Colonel 
 Blake, our sea-generals, are both riding in Cork harbor."^ 
 
 I'Vom Cork he went to Kinsale, to view the several forts there. 
 He found it " ragged and without heat." The Mayor, as usual, came 
 out to meet him, and delivered to him the town-mace and the keys of 
 the gates. Instead of returning them, as was his practice, to the 
 Chief Magistrate, he handed them over to the governor of the tovvn, 
 Colonel Stubber. He said he had been told that the Mayor was an 
 Irishman and a Papist, and that he judged it inconvenient to entrust 
 
 1 While at Youghal he is said to have lived in one of the old castles adjoining St. 
 John's house of the Benedictines, in the Main Street. During the Protectorate it was known 
 by the name of. the Magazine. It was pulled down in 1835. The front room on the first 
 floor was his council chamber. See A'l/k. Anh Journal for 1S56, p. 15. "He lay at Lady 
 Corke's house at the college ; he was about to tal<e M rs. Semmes' house to live in this winter, 
 yet some say he will go to Cork." Letter in Per/. Diurnal, January 2d, 1650. 
 
 2 Ills father, Sir Geoffrey, came to Ireland in 1579. as needy as his fellow-adventurer 
 Boyle. Having obtained the place of Survesor General, he helpeil Boyle, to whom he gave 
 his daughter in marriage, in his extortions. In the course of one year he managed to amass 
 a great fortune. Wallo]^ sjjoke of him as "a most apparent bribe-taker." See Ftli^lit of the 
 Earls, p 223. Sir William married Margaret, the daughter and heiress of Maurice Y'nz 
 j-ibbon, who inherited the estates of the While Knight ; their daughter and heiress married 
 Sir John' King, who was created Lord Kingston by Charles II. in 1660. See Archdall's 
 J'eerage, vol. iii. p. 228. 
 
 3 Brief Relation. &c., January ist to Sth. in Cromwelliana, p. 73. These, with Sir 
 '.V'Miam l'V;nton and ("olnnel Phavre, were appointed temporary commissioners for the man- 
 agement of aff.iirs in Cork. Gary's Memorials, &c., vol. ii. p. 1S8. 
 
CTiOMi'<'ELL IX IRELAND. 141 
 
 a place of such importance to one of that creed. It was wliispcicd to 
 Cromwell that Stubber was not over strict in his religious chitics. 
 "May be not," he replied; "but as he is a soldier he has honoi, and 
 therefore we will let his religion alone this timc."^ 
 
 Revisited Bandonbridge, too, and found there much hcaitincss, 
 "a fine sweet town, and an entire English plantation, without any ad- 
 mixture of Irish." He was greatly pleased with the strength of this 
 plantation and the devotion of the people to the cause of England ; 
 and speaking of the exertions of Richard Boyle, first Earl of Cork, 
 founder of the colony, he declared that if there were an Earl of Cork 
 in every province of Ireland, it would have been impossible for the 
 Irish to raise a rebellion.^ Tradition says he went on to the west, by 
 Dunmanway and Skibbereen ; and that his army took up its quarters 
 for one night, at least, in the church of Abbey Strewry, on the north- 
 ern bank of the river Hen, about a mile to the west of the latter place. 
 The territory of the O'Donovans was wasted, the troops destroying 
 all that came in their way.^ Two of their castles were blown u[) with 
 gunpowder. There is a bridge over the Glcngariff river bearing 
 Cromwell's name, an ancient structure, shorn of its parapets and long 
 disused. It is said that, on Cromwell's approach, the natives broke 
 down this bridge, in order to hinder his advance ; but he forced them 
 to rebuild it, threatening to hang any who refused ; since then it has 
 borne his name, as also the ford, Ath Cromwell, over which the bridge 
 is erected. 
 
 On the 19th of December, Cromwell wrote from Cork to Lenthal, 
 giving an account of the attempt made by Ferrall and O'Neill to sur- 
 prise the fort of Passage, and of the repulse they met with. This 
 letter did not reach the House of Commons until the 8th of Januaiy. 
 On that day a resolution was passed by the House, that the Lord 
 Lieutenant should be desired to come over and give his attendance 
 in parliament ; and the speaker was ordered to write to him to that 
 effect. A report had spread abroad that the King had left Jersey and 
 was g(uic to Scotland, and that he was raising forces there to invade 
 England. Some of the members proposed to muster an army in all 
 haste and send it across the border. But Fairfax, who then held the 
 supreme military command, did not seem willing to comply with their 
 wish ; by many he was said to be too favorably disposed to the Scotch, 
 
 ' Wiiglit's History of Ireland, vol. ii. \i. 85 Stul)her was aficr wards governor of Gal- 
 way. Unclcr ])ieience of taking up vagrants and idle i)ersons, he made frequent excursions 
 liy nii^ht with aimed troops into the country, and seized upwards of a thousand people, ofien 
 without discrimination of raidc or condition, whom he transported to the West Indies, and 
 there ha I sold as slaves. Hardiman's Htsfo'-y 0/ Gulway, p 134. It was suspected that 
 Stuhhcr was tiie executioner of Charles I. fdiii , p. 12. 
 
 '^ liennetl's Hist, of Bandon, p. 154. He came to Bandon several times afterwards, 
 and always ])ut up at a little two storied house that occupied the site on which the house of 
 Mr. F. I>ennett now stands, in the South Main Street. About the beginning of ihis century 
 I he house was taken down; but the boards of the bedroom occupieti by Cromwell, in the 
 western end of the house, were carefully removed, and relaid in the new building. Ibid. 
 
 ' Daniel O'Donovan, chief of Clancahill, in 1649, was reduced to great extremity h^ 
 I 'roniwell's forces, who seized all his estates, burning, killing, and destroying all tliat came 
 \\\ their way. He surrendered his castle to the Commonwealth, Colonel F'hayre, governor 
 of Cork, having engaged to him some satisfaction. Annals of the Four Mailers, ad nn. 
 1600. 
 
1 ^2 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 being influenced by his wife, who was a strict Presbyterian. As the 
 Irish army was in winter-quarters, and the Parliamentary party was 
 in possession of nearly all the strongholds, it was thought that the 
 Lord Lieutenant's presence, so much needed elsewhere, might well be 
 spared in Ireland. Cromwell at first showed a readiness to return to 
 Lngland and assume the chief command of the expedition ; but, on 
 reflection, as the danger from the side of Scotland did not seem very 
 urgent, he decided "to settle Ireland in a safe posture first." By 
 another letter, written from Cork by Cromwell to his "dear friend 
 Lord Wharton," we find that he had returned to Cork, and was stay- 
 ing there on the first of January. 
 
 A detailed account of the sufferings of the people of Cork about 
 this time is fortunately preserved in the archives of the Irish College, 
 Rome ; it bears the date of 165 1, and was written by a Jesuit P'ather 
 then on the Irish mission : — 
 
 "The hatred of the lieretics towards our holy religion increasing every day, an 
 order was published prohibiting the citizens to carry swords or to have in their 
 houses any arms whatever. This order was carried out, and soon anotiier ])rocla- 
 mation was issued by the President of the Council of War, commanding all Cath- 
 olics either to abjure their religion or to depart from the city without delay. Should 
 they consent to embrace the religion of the Parliament, they were allowed to remain 
 and keep their goods and property. Should they, however, adhere pertinaciously to 
 popery, all, without excejilion, were to depart immediately from the citv. Three 
 cannon-shots were to be fired as signals at stated intervals before nightfall, and any 
 Catiiolic found in the city after the third signal was to be massacred without mercy. 
 Then it was that the constancy of the citizens in the faith was seen, Tiierc was 
 not even one found in the city who would accept the impious conditions offered, or 
 try to keep his property and goods with the loss of his faith. Before the third sig- 
 nal all went forth from the city walls, the men and women, yea, even the children 
 and the infirm ; and it was a sight truly worthy of heaven to see so many thousands 
 thus abandoning their homes, so many venerable matrons with their tender children 
 wandering through the fields, or overcome with fatigue lying on the ground, in 
 ditches, or on the highways ; so many aged men, some of whom had held high 
 offices in the State and belonged to the nobility, with their wives and families, 
 wandering to and fro, knowing not where to find a place of refugee so many mer- 
 chants, who on that morning abounded in wealth, now without a home in which to 
 rest their weary limbs. Yet all went forth with joy to their destruction, abandoning 
 their houses and goods, their revenues and property and weaitli, choosing rather to 
 be afilictcd with tlie people of God on the mountain-tops and in caverns, in hunger 
 and thirst, in cold and nakedness, than to enjoy momentary pleasure and temi^oral 
 prosperity with sin." 
 
 Bramhall, the Protestant bishop of Dcrry, happened to be in 
 Cork about this time ; with difficulty he contrived to evade the Puri- 
 tan spies. Cromwell was much displeased at his escape ; he declared 
 that he would have given a good siuri of money for that " Irish Can- 
 terbury," as he callccl him. Prelacy in any form was hateful to him. 
 Ussher pleaded in vain with Cromwell for Bramhall and his brother- 
 bishops of the Protestant church.^ 
 
 ^ See Parr's Life of Archhiskop Ussher, p. 75. He was afterwards decl.ired incapahle 
 of pardon for life or estate, and banished. Ciom. Sat. p. 97. He fled to the Continent, 
 and remained the-e until the Restoration. In 1660 he was translated from Derry to Ar- 
 magh. He died in 1663. Ussher was the head of the Puritan party among the Protestant 
 clergy in Ireland. Leiand's History of JrehuiJ, vol. iii. p. 2S. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 143 
 
 Being very much in want of artillery, he had the bells of the Cork 
 churches melted down. When remonstrated with for the sacrilege, 
 he replied that as gunpowder was invented by a priest, he thought it 
 not amiss to turn the bells into cannons. 
 
 During his stay in Cork he is said to have made the house of 
 Mr. Coppinger, at Ballyvolane, his head-quarters, and to have passed 
 the Christmas there.i The family tradition is, that Mr. Coppinger 
 was travelling in Holland some years before, and was placed in cir- 
 cumstances n\ which he became security for a young Englishman, a 
 brewer, for a debt, for which he was arrested. The bills, which were 
 drawn in Mr. Coppinger's favor in liquidation upon England, were dis- 
 honored, and there the matter rested — Mr. Coppinger having to 
 make good the payment. In 1649, at the Court of Claims in Cork, he 
 was recognized by Cromwell, who sent a message to him that he could 
 not decide about the forfeiture of his property without seeing him. 
 Mr. Coppinger accordingly waited upon his Excellency, when Crom- 
 well inquired, "Is not your name Coppinger.?" "Yes." "Were you not 
 
 at .? " mentioning the town and the year. " Yes." " Did you not 
 
 become security for a young man whose bills were neyer honored, and 
 you had to pay.?" "Yes"" "Then," said Cromwell, "I am that 
 man, and you will receive your estate without further question, in 
 compensation of these bills." ^ 
 
 On the 4th of December, the Irish prelates, to the number of 
 twenty, met at Clonmacnoise. For nearly three weeks they sat in 
 council, seeking some remedy for the dire evils that had fallen on the 
 country. The task they set themselves was nearly a hopeless one : 
 to unite the various discordant parties into which the country was 
 split ; to assemble an army scattered throughout the provinces, and 
 demoralized by the treachery and incapacity of its leaders ; to raise 
 money for the public wants from a people that had been plundered 
 by friend and foe alike ; in a word, to make one last effort for their 
 country and for their religion, both of which were- now threatened 
 with utter extinction. The result of their deliberations was embodied 
 in an address to the clergy and the laity of Ireland, calling on them 
 in the name of their country and of their faith, to forget their past 
 feuds and join in resisting with all their might the new enemy that 
 had invaded their native land. "The whole Irish party," says Le- 
 land, "was anxious for the event of this self-appointed council, and 
 looked for nothing less important than a violent protestation against 
 
 1 The house is still standing, between Mayfield and Dublin Hill, to the north east of 
 the city. 
 
 " Wright, in his I/isl. of Ireland, vol. ii. p. S6, gives the anecdote as communicated to 
 him by Mr. Crofton Croker. "August 19th, 1841, Mr. Coppinger called on me at the Ad- 
 miralty. He told me that liis property at Dodge's Glynn, near Cork, \v,as a forfeiture of 
 King William's time, the possessor having been killed in the battle under Sir James 
 Cotter. . . . He furtlier says that Cromwell took up his residence there while at Cork," 
 &c. Another version, which we have from a number of the Coppinger family, (■•'^ys that 
 Cromwell gave the owner a ]irntection, which saved the property fro'n confiscation, and th it 
 he w^rote it on the pommel of his saddle, seated on horseback, before the door. This is 
 more probable, for the Court of Claims was not e<5tablished until 1654; its fir^t sittings 
 at Mallow, where the cases of the inhabitants of Cork were heard, took jilacc in July, 1656, 
 t'roin. Sett., p. 61. 
 
144 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 the government of Ormonde. Happily the temper of one of their 
 bishops, Heber McMahon, bishop of Clogher, disappointed their ex- 
 pectations. P'rom the time of the accommodation between Ormonde 
 and O'Neill, in which MacMahon had been instrumental, the Marquis 
 frequently conversed with him on public affairs, and inspired him with 
 a high opinion of his taJents for government and his zeal for the in- 
 terests of religion. With these sentiments he entered the assembly 
 of his brethren, where he had the consequence naturally derived from 
 superior abilities. He silenced the factious, encouraged the moderate ; 
 he defeated all tiie practices of Antrim, and, at length, with difficulty 
 prevailed on the prelates to declare, by a formal instrument, that no 
 security for life, fortune, or religion, could be expected from Crom- 
 well ; to express their detestation of all odious distinctions and 
 animosities between old Irish, English, and Scottish Royalists, and 
 their resolution of punishing all the clergy who should be found to 
 encourage them." ^ 
 
 "It cannot be denied," says Borlase, repeating the words of 
 Clarendon, " that the conclusions which were then made were full of 
 respect to the King's service and of wholesome advice and counsel to 
 the people." Even Ormonde admitted that "in the assembly there 
 were divers speeches made, tending to the satisfaction of the people, 
 and to incline them to obedience to his Majesty and unity among 
 themselves, in opposition to the rebels." 
 
 It is not easy to see what there is in these decrees to excite the 
 anger of Mr. Carlyle, or to make him descend to the use of hard 
 names. Can it be that it was a great crime on their part not to accept 
 with gladness "the true message brought them," not to recognize in 
 his hero, " the veritable heaven's messenger clad in thunder"? He 
 admits, indeed, that there was "some glow of Irish patriotism, some 
 light of real human valor in those old hearts ; though it had parted 
 company with facts, and came forth in a huge embodiment of headlong 
 ferocity and general unveracity." How far this latter statement is 
 borne out by history, our readers know from the results of a recent 
 controversy. 
 
 Immediately after the publication of the bishops' decrees, Crom- 
 well published a reply to them under the title : " A Declaration of 
 the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland for the undeceiving of deluded and 
 seduced people, which may be satisfactory to all that do not shut their 
 eyes against the light: In answer to certain late Declarations and 
 Acts, framed by. the Irish Popish Prelates and Clergy in a Conventi- 
 cle at Clonmacnoise." This Mr. Carlyle styles "the remarkablest 
 state paper ever issued by any Lord Lieutenant." Though it is by 
 no means so rare as the Declarations of the Bishops, it may be new 
 to some of our readers. 
 
 1 History of JrcLind, vol. iii. p. 359. The Declarations and Decrees of tlie Bishops 
 made at Clonmacnoise December 4th and 13th, 1649, will be found in Appendi.K viii. to this 
 work. They are taken from Spicil. Ossor., vol ii. p. 38, &c. 
 
CROMWELL IiV IRELAND. 145 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 OPENING OF THE SPRING CAMPAIGN. 
 
 Cromwell takes the Field — A Day of Humiliation — March on Kilkenny — Letter of Crom- 
 well — Conna, &c., taken — Fethard summoned — Ludicrous Account of the Sur- 
 render — Privileges — Surrender of Cashel — 'Forty-nine (Jfificers — Thurles Garri- 
 soned — Lady Thurles. 
 
 Impatient of all delay, Cromwell took the field once more on 
 the 29th of January, the weather being unusually favorable for his 
 purposes. 1 Hitherto his course had been along- the coast ; now he 
 would venture inland, and try whether fortune would favor him there 
 as it had done elsewhere.^ His forces were considerably less in num- 
 ber than when he had landed in Dublin six months before, though 
 they were largely recruited from the garrisons that had revolted to 
 the parliament, and from the English that were made prisoners in the 
 captured fortresses. They had profited of the rest afforded them in 
 their winter quarters ; for, in his letter to the House of Commons 
 from Cork, dated December 20th, he says : " The army is in so good 
 health, that regiments which lately had marched only 400 men, now 
 march 800 or 900." From .England he had received plentiful sup- 
 plies of men and provisions. And so he found himself at the head of 
 "a healthy and gallant army, full longing to be abroad against the 
 enemy, all new-clothed and money in their pockets." His friends, too, 
 gave him the help of their pious. prayers, for "the ofificers of the army 
 kept the i6th of February a day of humiliation, grounded on the 
 dealings of God with their brethren in Ireland, Who, though He had 
 made them a glorious testimony against the bloody enemies, yet had 
 afillicted them by the death of many worthies ; which chastening of 
 the Lord they did desire to lay to heart, as also that aflfliction in the 
 miscarriage of some vessels sailing from Minehead."^ 
 
 Ormonde, with a portion of the Confederate army, was in winter- 
 quarters at Kilkenny. If he could be taken unawares, before he 
 had time to get his scattered forces together and make the necessary 
 preparations for the siege, the war would be at an end. Besides, Kil- 
 kenny and its inhabitants were special objects of dislike to the 
 Puritans, for it was the nursery of the late rebellion, and the head- 
 quarters of the Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics. To- 
 wards Kilkenny, therefore, Cromwell led his army with all speed. 
 
 ^ The winter had proved fairer than in man's memory any winter hath been. 
 
 2 "Though God hath blessed you with a great longitude of land alongst the shore, 
 yet it hath but little depth into the country." Cromwell to Lenthal, Dec. 19th, 1649. 
 
 ^ February Sth — Letters received from Cork, that five ships with soldiers were all 
 cast away coming from Linehead for Ireland — only 20 or 30 swam on shore — 80 horse and 
 150 foot, and all the seamen except 20 or So. 
 
H6 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 The history of this part of the spring campaign is given in such 
 graphic detail in one of 'his letters to the Speaker of the House of 
 Commons that we cannot do better than set it before our readers, sup- 
 plementing it, when possible, from other sources. It was written from 
 Castletown,^ which was a seat of the Archbishop of Cashel, and dated 
 February nth, 1650: 
 
 " Having refreshed our men for some short time in our winter-quarters, and 
 health beins pretty well recovered, we thought fit to take the field, and to attempt 
 such things as God by His providence should lead us to upon the enemy. Our 
 resolution was to fall upon the enemy's quarters two ways. The one party, being 
 about fifteen or sixteen troops of horse and dragoons and about two thousand foot, 
 were ordered to go up, by way of Carrick, into the county of Kilkenny, under the 
 command of Colonel Reynolds, whom Major-General Ireton was to follow with a 
 reserve. I myself was to go by the way of Mallow, over the Blackwater, towards 
 the county Limerick and the county Tipperary, with about twelve troops of horse 
 and three troops of dragoons, and between two and three hundred foot. I began 
 my march upon Tuesday, "the nine-and-twentieth of January, from Youghal." 
 
 Lord Broghill was left with a flying camp in South Munstcr. 
 Colonel Ingoklsby was sent towards, Limerick. 
 
 He passed by Conna, five miles north-west of Tallow. To the 
 west of the castle^ is Gallows Hill. Here he is said to have halted 
 with his army, and held council about executing the garrison. From 
 this point he battered the castle with his guns, but apparently with 
 little effect. He sent out parties which captured the castles of Mo- 
 collop, Cappoquin and Dromanah. 
 
 Castletown Roche was heroically defended for some days by 
 Lady Roche against a detachment of the army. She was at length 
 forced to surrender by the heavy fire from a battery erected in a field 
 on the opposite side of the river Awbeg, Spencer's "Gentle Mulla," 
 which is still called " the camp."^ 
 
 " On Thursday, the one-and-thirtieth, I possessed a castle called Kilbcnny,'* 
 upon the edge of the county Limerick, where I left thirty foot. Frort thence I 
 marched to a strong house called Clogheen,^ belonging to Sir Richard Everard, who 
 is one of the Supreme Council, where I left a troop of horse and some dragoons. 
 From thence I marched to Roghill castle," which was possessed by some Ulster 
 foot and a party of the enemy's horse; which upon summons, I having taken the 
 captain of the horse prisoner before, was rendered to me. These places being thus 
 
 1 Four miles nortli of Carrick. 
 
 ^ A large, square tower, built on a steep hill on the south side of the river Bride ; it 
 was the residence o'f Thomas Fitzgerald, elder brother of Gerald, the great I'^arl of Des- 
 mond, and failier of the famous Sugan Earl. 
 
 3 In T/ie Cromwelliiiit Sittlcment it said that Cromwell ]3assed it bv, not caring to 
 assault a place so well fortilied; p. 183. Lady Ruche was hanged four years after in Cork, 
 having been falsely accused of murder by a certain ungrateful English maid-servant, whom 
 she had taken into her house. Morison's Tlircnodia, p. 72. 
 
 ■* Kilbenny, midway between Mitchelstosvn and Clogheen. 
 
 ^ Twelve miles south west of Clonmel. The Everards were owners of large estates 
 near Fethard. The barrack in that town was formerly their residence. Sir Richard 
 played an important part in the rebellion of 164 1. When Limerick surrendered in 1651 his 
 life and estates were declared forfeited, because he was '"one of those who opposeii and re- 
 strained the deluded people from accepting the conditions offered to them." Lenihan's 
 History cf Limerick, p. 183 ; Dublin, 1S66. 
 
 ^ Now Rehill, nine miles south-west of Cahir. ■ •■ ■ 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 147 
 
 possessed ,c;ave us mucli cominnnd, tn<:;ctlier witli some otlicr stiongholds we have 
 of the Wiiilc KniLjIU,' at>d J\oclic's country,'' and of all tlie land from Mallow to tlie 
 Suir side, especially by another old castle, taken by my Lord of liroghill, called 
 Old Castletown,'' since my march, which I sent his lordship to endeavor." 
 
 When Castletown was captured, Broghill " gave quarter for life 
 and their wearing apparel to the private soldiers, and the officers to 
 be at his discretion, Thereupon, by advice, he caused all these to be 
 shot to death, to affright those little castles for so persistently holding 
 out." 
 
 " Also a castle of Sir Edward Fitzharris,* over the mountains in the county of 
 Limerick; I having left his lordship at Mallow with about six or seven hundred 
 horse, and four or five hundred foot to protect these parts and your interest in Mun- 
 ster, lest while we were abroad, Inchiquin, whose forces lay about Limerick and the 
 county Kerry, should fall in behind us. Llis lordship drew two cannon to the fore- 
 said castle, which having summoned they refused. His lordship having bestowed 
 upon it about ten shot made their stomachs come down. He gave all the soldiers 
 quarter for life, and shot all the officers being six in number. Since the taking of 
 these garrisons the Irish have sent their commissioners to compound for their con- 
 tributions as far as the walls of Limerick." 
 
 He sent a detachment to Newcastle, a stronghold on the southern 
 bank of the Suir, the seat of the Prendergasts. The castle was sur- 
 rendered by the owner ; but it was immediately restored to him on con- 
 dition that the defences should be taken down. A few soldiers were 
 left to see the order carried out. The rest of the detachment had not 
 proceeded far when they heard confused noises behind ; they hurried 
 Ixick, thinking that tlie tenants of the castle were min-dcring their 
 comrades. It was only the noise of a pack of buck-hounds kept in 
 the bawn. The owner and his hounds were led off to Cromwell. 
 The dogs seem to have been successful mediators for their master, for 
 he ol)taincd the General's favor. There is a letter of Cromwell's still 
 extant rec]uesting that this gentleman and his family might be spared 
 from transplantation. The request, however, was not complied with ; 
 his estates passed to the Adventurers, and his children beCanie exiles.'^ 
 
 He crossed the Suir at Rochestown, three miles south of Cahir. 
 
 "From thence," he continues, "we marched to Fcthard, almost in the heart of 
 the county Ti])perary, where was a garrison of the enemy. The town i? most 
 pleasantly seated, having a very good wall with round and square bulwarks, alter 
 
 ' John Fitzgerald, called John of Callan, because he was slain there by the M'Carthys 
 in 1261, was married twice. By his first marriage he had a son Maurice, the ancestor of the 
 Kiitlare Fitzgeralds; by the second he had four sons, on whom, as Count Palatine, he con- 
 ferred kniglitliood ; these were tlie ancestors of the Munster Fitzgcralds. 'J'he eldest was 
 (;ill)crt or Gilibon ; hence his descendants were called the Clan Cibbon. The two last who 
 bore the title of White Knight, made themselves infamous by their treachery towards their 
 kinsmen, the great Earl of Desmond and the Sugan Earl. Their territory lay about Mitch- 
 elstown, in the county of Cork. An interesting account of the fate and fortunes of the last 
 of this family who was owner of the ca tie, is given in Mr. A. M. Sullivan's A'^eiu Ireland^ p. 
 129 ; London, 1S78. 
 
 ^ The disl'ilct about Fermoy. 
 
 8 Near Kildorrery, in the county of Cork ; it belonged to the Fitzgibbons. 
 
 * Castlehaven speaks of " Cloughnosty, a house of Sir Edward Fitiharris, seated in 
 the moimtains between the counties of Cork and Limerick." 
 
 '» Cmm. Sftf., Introd. xxv., and A7//'. Arch. Journal for 1S76, p. 51. Only a scanty 
 remnant of the castle is standing. It is about seven miles south of Cloniiiel. 
 
148 CROMWELL IN- IRELAND. 
 
 the old manner of fortifications. We came thitlicr in the niglit, and indeed were 
 very much distressed by sore and tempestuous wind and rain. After a long march 
 we knew not well how to dispose of ourselves; but finding an old abbey in the 
 suburbs, and some cabins and poor houses, we got into them, and had opportunity 
 to send the garrison a summons. They shot at my trumpet, and would not hsten 
 to him for an hour's space. But having some officers in our party whom they knew, 
 I sent them to let them know I was there with a good part of the army. We shot 
 not a shot at them ; but they were very angry, and fired very earnestly on us, telling 
 us it was not a time of night to send a summons. But yet in the end the governor 
 was willing to send out two commissioners; I think rather to see whether there was 
 a force sufficient to force him than to any other end. After almost a whole night 
 spent in treaty, the town was delivered to me the next morning, upon terms which 
 we usually call honorable, which I was the more willing to give, because I had little 
 above two hundred foot, and neither ladders, nor guns, nor anything else to force 
 them." 
 
 In T/ic Jrisli MontJiIy Mercury^ a newspaper of the time, a ludi- 
 crous account is given by one of Cromwell's soldiers of the terror of 
 the town authorities when called on to surrender : 
 
 "From Rahill his Excellency went to Rochestown, where he got over the 
 river Suir in such a nick of time that the least protraction had metamorphosed the 
 ford into a ferry. The same night, in a hideous tempest, he came late before 
 the town of Fethard, where the governor, little dreaming of any storm but that of 
 the weather, was summoned by his Excellency. The gentleman at first thought it 
 was in jest; but the corporation swearing and trembling it was in earnest, he con- 
 cluded from the last as much as from the first, that it was so ; and by the same 
 action evidencing he was of the same faith, like one well versed in his trade, called 
 a council of Shakers to know whether it was consonant to the rules of war to summon 
 a town by candle-light.'' After a small debate, either for the time or for the sense, 
 they concluded that whether it were or no — for the thing was left amphibious — it 
 was consonant to the rules of safety to surrender the place ; which he did, modestly 
 saying that he had lost his government in a storm and not tamely, as other governors 
 had done, and that by his then surrendering he had satisfied his engagement to the 
 Supreme Council, which was that none of them should live to see the day in which 
 he should lose Fethard; no, nor the sun neither, though it shine on all the world 
 but Wood Street. We were more troubled to come to than to come by this town, 
 which my Lor(i Lieutenant entered by the same light in which he had summoned 
 it, the late Governor entertaining him with a file of health ; but sure he had so much 
 care of his own that he did not drink it, so that his modesty or circumspection 
 lessened him of one cup, but he had drunk of another had he wanted the latter." 
 
 Iludlow, whose account of all that took place before his arrival 
 in Ireland, is singularly inaccurate, says the Corporation of Fethard 
 sent deputies to surrender the town before Cromwell thought of ap- 
 proaching it. The towns-people, with a pardonable vanity, believe 
 that the town was surrendered only after an obstinate resistance. 
 Both these statements are false, as may be seen from the following 
 document. Cromwell arrived before the town late at night, and on 
 his arrival sent a trumpeter with a summons, calling on the garrison 
 to surrender. To this summons he received the following reply : — 
 
 For Oliver Cromwell, General of the Parliament forces now in Ireland; 
 
 May it please your Lordship, — 
 
 I have received your letter about nine of the clock this night, 
 which hour I conceive unreasonable for me to treat with you. Yet if your Lordship 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 149 
 
 pleases to send sufficient hostac;es in for such as I will employ to treat with you, I 
 will be ready to entrust some in that business. Having no more at present, 
 I remain, 
 
 Your honor's friend and servant, 
 
 Pierce Butler. 
 
 From the Garrison at Fethard, Feb. 2d, 1650, 
 hcilf an hour of nine o'clock of the night. 
 
 The following articles of surrender were signed the next morn- 
 ing before six o'clock ; the Parliamentary garrison was admitted 
 before eight : 
 
 AriicUi of agreement inade and concluded on tJic 3d day of February^ 1650, between 
 the Most Hon. Olwcr Cromwell, Lord Licuienant-General of Ireland, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Pierce Butler, Goi'ernor of the Town of Fethard, concerning 
 the surrender of the said town, as follows :. 
 
 1. That all the officers and soldiers shall march freely with their horses and 
 arms and all other goods, l^ag and baggage, colors flying, matches lighted, ball in 
 bouche, into any place within his Majesty's quarters or garrisons, except such as 
 are now besieged, safely conveyed thither, free from violence from any of the Par- 
 liament's party. 
 
 2. That all the country families and inhabitants, as also any of the ofTficers 
 may freely live and enjoy their goods either in town or abroad; if they or any of 
 them be disposed to betake themselves to their former habitations in the countrv, 
 that they have respite of time for that, arid admittance to enjoy tiieir holdings, pay- 
 ing contribution, as others in the country do, and carry with them safely sucli goods 
 as they have within this garrison. 
 
 3. That all clergymen and captains of (he soldiers, both town and county now 
 in this garrison, may freely march bag and baggage without any annoyance or preju- 
 dice in body or goods. 
 
 4. That all and every the inhabitants of the said town, and their wives, 
 children and servants, with all their goods and chattels, both witiiin the town and 
 abroad in the country, shall be protected from time to time, and at all times; and 
 sliall quietly and peaceably enjoy their estates, both real and personal, in as free 
 and good condition as any English or Irish shall hold his or their estates in this 
 kingdom, they and every of them paying such contribution as the rest of (he inhab- 
 itants of the county of Tipperary pay proportionably to their estates, and no more. 
 
 In consideration whereof the said Governor doth hereby engage himself that 
 he will deliver up the said town with all things therein, except such things as are 
 before agreed upon, to be taken away with them by eight of the o'clock this morning. 
 
 (Signed), 
 
 O. CaOiMWELL.' 
 
 By reason of their timely surrender, not only the people but even 
 the priests were then spared, and allowed to enjoy their liberties and 
 properties in security ; and later they escaped, being transplanted to 
 Connaught. On the 26th of October, 16.53, ii"' reply to their petition 
 to be secured in the possession of their lands, the Standing Com- 
 mittee of Officers for References were ordered by the Commissioners 
 of the Commonwealth of England for the affairs of Ireland, to con- 
 sider of their petition and the articles annexed, and to testify their 
 opinion therein to the said Commissioners of the Commonwealth. To 
 which they sent in the following answer, Nov. 2d, 1653 : 
 
 ' MS. in the Royal Irish Academy. In Hall's Ireland, vol. i. p. 231, there is mention 
 of a certain gate of the town through which no corpse was ever carried, because it was by it 
 that Cromweil entered the town. This gate was taken down about ten years since. 
 
150 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 "In obedience to your Honor's reference, having taken into consideration the 
 Articles of Fethard, and the testimony of the good affection of tlie inhabitants of 
 the said town to the EngHsh interest in the beginning of the rebelHon, and the con- 
 stant manifestation of their good affection since the said Articles, and the several 
 expressions of the Lord Lieutenant and the late Lord Deputy upon consideration 
 of their Articles, that they were a people to be differenced from the rest of the 
 whole nation ; we humbly offer that the said inhabitants may enjoy the benefit of 
 their Articles in the place where they now live, and not be transplanted into 
 Connaught or elsewhere. 
 
 " Signed in the name and by appointment of the said Committee. 
 
 " Charles Coote." 
 
 When the Royalist officers, after the restoration of Charles II., 
 who were to divide between them all the houses of the Irish in the 
 towns as not yet set out to the Adventurers or soldiers, sent surveyors 
 there, as to all other towns, to measure and value the houses, the 
 Sovereign and Commons of ' the town opposed them, and prevented 
 them by force from so doing. 
 
 " The night we entered Fethard," continues Cromwell, " there being about 
 seventeen companies of the Ulster foot in Cashel, about twenty-five miles from 
 thence, they quit it in some disorder. The Sovereign and aldermen since sent to 
 me a petition that I would protect them ; which I have also. made a quarter." 
 
 Hearing the favorable conditions which their neighbors at Fethard 
 had received, they hastened to offer the keys of the town to Crom- 
 well and to throw themselves on his mercy. They too were promised, 
 at least such of them as were not in the rebel army, and were actually 
 inhabiting the town at the time of the surrender, that they should be 
 dispensed from transplanting.^ Such mercy was not acceptable to 
 those who, four years later, laid claim to the town ;2 any delay allowed 
 they thought displeasing to God : and when on the 23d of May, 1654, 
 the whole town, except some few houses that the English lived in, was 
 burnt to the ground in little more than a quarter of an hour, the dis-- 
 aster was attributed to the wrath of God against the iniquity of the 
 people, not the least of their crimes being their unwillingness to depart 
 from their homes and transplant to Connaught. 
 
 A regiment was sent from Fethard to garrison Thurles, which 
 some of the Royalists threatened. In a " Letter of the Commissioners 
 to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland, from Mallow, August 
 13th, 1656, on behalf of Lady Thurles,^ the daughter of Sir John 
 Poyntz, of Acton, in Gloucestershire, who sought to be excused from 
 
 1 JbiJ. p. 114. In reply to their petition, an order was issued dispensing them from 
 transplanting till May ist, 1655. 
 
 2 These were called the 'forty-nine officers ; they had been in the standing army of 
 Charles L in Ireland before June 5th, 1649; as these got no lands from Cromwell, there 
 was granted to them at the Restoration all that portion of the forfeited property of the Irish 
 which had not been given already to the Adventurers and soldiers, viz , the houses in the 
 corporate towns and the mortgaged lands. The distribution was intrusted to a body of 
 trustees, sitting in the Green Chamber in the Custom House, Dublin. See The Calendar of 
 State Papers (1603-1606), edited by Rev. C. W. Russell ind J. P. Prendergast, Esq., preface 
 Ixxxiii. ; London, 1S72. 
 
 * She was the mother of the Marquis of Ormonde, and wife of Thomas, eldest son o 
 
 Walter Butler of Kilcash, who by courtesy was styled during his grandfather's lifetime Lord 
 
 . Thurles. After his death she married George Mathews of Thurles, founder of the Llandaff 
 
CROMWELL m IRELAND. 151 
 
 tran.splantinr:^, on the r^round of constant good affection to the English 
 Government," it is stated that — 
 
 "When his Highness sat hefore Fethard, Lieutenant-Colonel Brian O'Neill, 
 with about 1,500 of the Irish army well appointed, came to Lady Thurles' town of 
 Thurles, and desired admission with his party, to garrison her house, which she 
 refused: and immediately sent advertisement to his Highness thereof, and prayed 
 he would be pleased to send a garrison of his army. Whereupon Major Bolton, 
 with a regiment of horse and foot, was immediately commanded away to her house. 
 A certificate of Major ]5olton's was produced declaring the same, and likewise that 
 tlie said lady was instrumental in the rendition of Cahir." 
 
 family. She was "a Popish recusant," and, as such, transplantable, though she had ad- 
 vanced considerable sums of money towards the relief of the English army, and entertained 
 at hei house for many weeks Major Peisley and some of his company, who were wounded 
 at the capture of Archerstown by the Irish. From time to time she was dispensed from 
 transplanting, and dwelt, perhaps, with the Countess of Ormonde (who retained her own 
 property, though the estates of the Earl, her husband, were confiscated), till her son returned 
 with increased honors and power at the Restoration. Crorn. Sclt. p. 245, and the A'ilk. 
 Arch. "Jourtial for 1S63, p. 282. 
 
152 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 •IHE CAPTURE Of CALLAN. 
 
 March on Callan — Fanning of Ballingarry — "A Country worth fighting for" — Defence 
 of Callcn — The Assault — Geoghegan of Frevanagli — Skerry's Castle — Butler's 
 Castle — Return to Cashel — Ardfinan — Cost of the War i.i Ireland — Thanks of 
 the House — The Cockpit. 
 
 From Fethard, where some of the sick were left behind, the 
 army took the road towards Callan. Fanning, who had a strong 
 castle near the village of Ballingarry, visited Cromwell on his way. 
 He represented himself as the constant friend of the Parliamentary 
 party, and in consequence hated by the peasantry. He invited the 
 General to his house. On their way a blaze appeared in the distance. 
 Fanning declared that his enemies had set fire to his castle. A huge 
 heap of furze had been gathered together by his order, and fired at 
 their approach. The trick succeeded for a while j Fanning was 
 assured that he should be left in full possession of his property. 
 But it was soon found out, and he was put to death. 
 
 Somewhere here Cromwell is said to have stood on a hill, and 
 gazing on the country that lay at his feet, to have exclaimed, " This, 
 indeed, is a country well worth fighting for."^ Perhaps it was the 
 sight that made him " set apart a good and great part of Tipperary 
 for himself as a demesne, as he called it, for the State, in which no 
 adventurer or soldier should demand his lot to be assigned, and no 
 doubt intended both the State and it for the making great his own 
 family." 
 
 Tradition says that Cromwell came to Callen by way of Kells, 
 and that as he was passing Castle Eve, then belonging to the Sweet- 
 man family,^ a shot was fired at him from one of the windows. He 
 continued his march, merely remarking that it was not worth while 
 losing precious time to look after the person who was silly enough 
 to fire the shot. The family had abandoned the place, leaving behind 
 a simpleton ; he had fired the shot. When Cromwell was passing by 
 soon after, he plundered the castle, and compelled the simpleton, a 
 man of prodigious strength, to take to the highroad a curiously 
 wrought gate with brass fittings. His life was spared, and he lived 
 for many years after. 
 
 1 William of Orange is said to have uttered the same exclamation when, on his march 
 to Carrick, he gained the summit of a hill overlooking Tijiperary, and beheld the Golden 
 Vale for ilie f.rst t'.me. 
 
 - The Sweetman arms are still to be seen at Newtown on the tomb of Walter Sweet- 
 man, 15.iron of \ir\y, which bears the date of 1553. In the neighoring church yard of Kclls 
 is buried Milo Sweetman, who was archbishop ot Armagh from ij6i to 13S0. 
 
CliOMWKLL jy JRKLAXD. 153 
 
 Callan had been appointcfl the rendezvous for Reynolds, Ircton 
 and Sankey. This was tlien a jilacc of considerable strength ; it was 
 surrounded by a strong wall and defended by three castles.^ Crom- 
 well, in order to batter down the gate and wall, planted his cannon 
 on a hill at the southern end of the fair green, afterwards called 
 Cromwell's Moat, which stood about two hundred yards south of the 
 gate or fosse. In this place soon after he erected a gallows to hang 
 his prisoners. Here probably suffered "my Lord of Ossory's captain- 
 lieutenant of horse." Some years ago the remains of weapons, and 
 the bones of horses and men were found in this fosse. The mound 
 was removed about thirty-five years since by order of the Sovereign of 
 Callan, when the fair-green was levelled. 
 
 The author of the Apliorisvial Discovery gives the following account 
 of the capture of this town : 
 
 " 111 tliis time Ormonde diJ appoint a garrison in Callan, 1,500 men in tlic great 
 castle, an impregnant "piece cf work, under the command cf Sir Robert Talbot. 
 Among the rest was one Captain Ceoghegan, cf Frevanaglr, in the Ijarony cf Moy- 
 casiiel, with his company, in a petty castle, a kind of gate-house, thatclied with straw. 
 The enemy marching iiome, Captain Geoghegan advising with Sir Robert Tailiot, 
 that they were best to demolish the said petty castle, as not defensible, and 
 he and his company to come to the great caslle, and did undertake to defend the 
 same. Though this motion was so reasonable that no true-hearted martialist in siich 
 an extremity could ever deny it ; notwithstanding, Talbot would not admit it, as not 
 suiting to his former treachery. The Captain's motion rejected, must now stick to 
 liis gate-house for proper security or perish ; whereupon (he) did resolve either to 
 die or make good the place. The enemy now approaching thought all to be safe; 
 but, contrary to his expectation, was opposed at the said gate-house with a bloody 
 volley of shot, laying down dead at least a do7.cn. The enemy observing that fatal 
 beginning, did march in a full body towards the said gate. The assault was mighty 
 r.crce and bloody, the defence extraordinary; the enemy was three several times re- 
 pulsed and beaten back, with mighty great loss, and the defendants lost many of 
 their men ; quarter they would not accept, though several times offered ; the 
 Governor never yet relieved them with one man. The enemy now marched with 
 main force, the defendants (though the best they could be), now by the multitude 
 overswayed, were all to the last man put to the sword ; never a man escaped the 
 fury, and none killed but iu action and who well deserved death. Three hundred at 
 least of the enemy was killed in the same place, and many deadly wounded. Captain 
 Geoghegan was killed, and was truly reported by the very enemy that he never saw 
 such feats done by one man as was acted by the Captain. Twenty at least he killed 
 with his proper sword; nay, his wife and the rest that survived him, and the rest 
 during the assault, did kill eight men with stones and other weajwns that fell from 
 the perishing soldiers, as was given out ; wjio was tyrannically butchered, and left for 
 dead among her comrades, though now living. My Lord Cromwell's party, since he 
 came to Irelnnd, never received such a fire and by so weak an instrument. 
 
 " The Governor observing all the former passages, cajialilc to relieve the one 
 and highly annoy the other, did neither of both, his castle being impregnable against 
 any running army. The enemy . . . having now gone so far as to possess them- 
 selves of the gate, marched towards the great castle, who without one shot in oppo- 
 sition, presently embraced a parly for surrender which out of hand they did, upm 
 quarter only of tlieir lives which granted, the Governor did yield this brave castle to 
 the enemy."' 
 
 1 Callan received a charter, with very extensive privileges, from William, Earl Mar- 
 shal, in 1 217. 
 
 2 Aplior. Disc, vol. ii. p. 64. Talbot was a partisan of Ormonde's. After the loss of 
 Callan he got the coiiunand of Rilkea castle, ia the county of Kildare, and later of Tecro- 
 ghan, both of which he surrendered in an equally cowardly way. 
 
15-!: CROMWELL ly IRELAND. 
 
 In the West Street there is an old building still standing, called 
 in ancient documents Skerry's Castle. It is said that after the sur- 
 render of the town this castle still held out, and that it was reduced 
 by scalding to death the soldiers who defended it. Some of the 
 towns-people who took refuge in the lower rooms perished in the 
 same way. This tradition seems to be confirmed by the fact that in 
 1830, when the castle was undergoing some alterations, the workmen 
 engaged in levelling the garden at the. rear came on an immense 
 quantity of bones a little below the surface, which were estimated to 
 be the remains of over one hundred and fifty human beings.^ A woman 
 named Kate Haherney threw herself from one of the windows, to 
 escape punishment for refusing to give some secret information. The 
 garrison of Butler's castle, a short distance from the town, were so 
 terrified at the fate that had befallen those who had offered any resist- 
 ance, that they surrendered at the first summons, and asked permis- 
 sion to go to Kilkenny, which was given them by Cromwell. 
 
 Cromwell's account of the capture of Callan is as follows : 
 
 " From thence (Fethard) I marched to Callan, hearing that Colonel Reynolds 
 was there with the party before mentioned. When I came hither, I found he had 
 fallen on the enemy's horse, and routed tliem, being about a hundred, with his for- 
 lorn ; he took my Lord of Ossory's captain-lieutenant and another lieutenant of horse 
 prisoners ; and one . of those who betrayed our garrison of Enniscorthy, whom we 
 hanged. The enemy had possessed three castles in the town, one of them, belong- 
 ing to one Butler, very considerable; the other two had about a hundred or a 
 hundred and twenty men in them, which he attempted ; and they refusing conditions, 
 reasonably offered, were put all to the sword. Indeed, some of your soldiers did 
 attempt very notably in this service. I do not hear there was six men of ours lost. 
 Butler's castle was delivered upon conditions for all to march away, leaving their 
 arms behind them, wherein I have placed a company of foot and a troop of horse, 
 under the command of my Lord Colvill, the place being six miles from Kilkenny. 
 From thence Colonel Iveynolds was sent with his regiment to remove a garrison of 
 the enemy's from Kncjcktopher,'-' being the way of our communication with Ross, 
 which accordingly he did. We marched back with the rest of the body to I'^ethard 
 and Cashel, where we are now quartered, having good plenty both of horse meat and 
 men's n-.eat for a time, and being indeed, as we may say,, even almost in the heart 
 and bowels of the enemy, ready to attempt what God shall next direct. And blessed 
 be His name only for this good success ; and for this that we do not find our men 
 are at all considerably sick upon this expedition, though indeed it hath been very 
 blustering weather." 
 
 At Cashel he established his head-quarters, and froin thence sent 
 detachments to reduce the chief garrisons in the surrounding country. 
 While here, he levied monthly contributions on the counties of Tip- 
 perary and Limerick. 
 
 " I had almost forgot one business. The Major-General (Ireton) was very 
 desirous to gain a pass over the Suir, where indeed we had none but by boat, or 
 when the weather served. Wherefore, on .Saturday, in the evening, he marched with 
 
 1 Callan held out but one day, and paid dear for that sliort resistance, all persons there 
 being put to the sword except Butler's troops, which surrendered before tlie town was fired. 
 Echard's Ilistury of Eni^Liiid, p. 667. 15rui)diii says Cromwell ordered all the citizens to be 
 1 ut to death : Cives omues ad unum . . . triicidiiri jussit. 
 
 ^ Mention has been made already of the capture of this castle. 
 
VR(>M\VKLL jy IRELAND. 155- 
 
 a party of horse and foot to Arsinom,' where was a bridge, and at tlie foot of it a 
 strong castle, whicli he about four o'clock tlie next morning attempted, killed about 
 thirteen of the enemy's outguard, lost but two men, and eiglit or ten wounded. The 
 enemy yielded the place to him, and we are possessed of it, being a very consid- 
 eralilc pass, and nearest to our pass at Caiipocpiin over the Blackwater, whither we 
 can bring guns, ammunition, or other things from "V'oughal by water, and then over 
 this pass to the army. The county of Tipperary have submitted to £i,Soo a month 
 contribution, although they have six or seven of the enemy's garrisons still upon 
 them. 
 
 " Sir, I desire the charge of England as to this war may be abated as 
 much as may be, and as we know you do desire, out of your care to the Common- 
 wealth. But if you expect your work to be done, if the marching army be not con- 
 stantly paid, and the course taken that hath been constantly represented, indeed it 
 will not be for the thrift of England, as far as England is concerned, in the speedy 
 reduction of Ireland. The money we raise upon the counties maintains the garrison 
 forces, and hardly that. If the active force be not maintained, and all contingencies 
 defrayed, how can you expect but to have a lingering business of it.'' Surely we 
 desire not to spend a shilling of your treasury wherein our consciences do notpromi:it 
 us to serve you. We are willing to be out of our trade of war, and shall hasten (by 
 God's assistance and grace) to the end of our work, as the laborer cloth to be at his 
 rest. This makes us bold to be in earnest with you for the necessary supplies ; that 
 of money is one.^ And there be some other things which indeed I do not think for 
 vour service to speak of publicly, which I sliall humbly represent to the Council of 
 State, wherewith I desire we may be accommodated. 
 
 " Sir, the Lord, who doth all these things, gives hopes of a speedy issue to this 
 business, and, I am persuaded, will graciously appear in it. And truly there is no 
 fear of the strength and combination of enemies round about, nor of slanderous 
 tongues at home. God hath hitherto fenced you against all those, to wonder and 
 amazement; they are tokens of your prosperity and success ; only it will be good 
 for you and us that serve you to fear the Lord ; to fear unbelief, self-seeking, con- 
 fidence in an arm of flesh, and opinion of any instruments that they are other than 
 as dry bones. 
 
 " That God be merciful in these things, and bless you, is the humble prayer of, 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 "Your most humble servant, 
 
 " O. Cromwell." 
 
 The Commons' Journals, under the date of P^cbruary 25th, state 
 that "A letter from the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, from Castletown, 
 dated February 15th, was this day read, and ordered to be forthwith 
 printed and published. Ordered, that a letter of thanks be sent to 
 the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ; and that the speaker do sign the 
 
 1 The strong castle of Ardfinan was taken, well victualled and manned ; it yielded after 
 about eight o.' nine shots had been fired, upon condition to march to Limerick. Perfect 
 Diurnal, February 5th. This castle is on the Suir, seven miles south-west of Clonmel. A 
 round tower rt the north-west angle, a gateway, and a scpiare tower at the south-west angle, 
 and the remains of tlie connecting, walls, constitute all that is left of this celebrated fortress. 
 Hemphill's lUustraiiotis of Clonmel, p. 52 ; Dublin, 1S60. 
 
 " It appears from an entry in "A Booke conteyniitg the Chardge of the Cominon-ivealth 
 of England for the Warre of Ireland, and other Disbursements depoidittg thereupon,^'' that 
 from the ist of March, 1649, *" '''^ '6th of February, 1650, the sum of ^535,590 7J. %d. was 
 paid out. Of this sum f.xoo.xz'i \s. i\d. was for arrears due, besides meal, beeves, wheat, 
 winter-quarters, King's customs, and enemies' estates. 
 
156 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 same. Resolved, that the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland should have the 
 • use of the lodgings named the Cockpit,^ of the Spring Garden, and 
 St. James's House, and the command of St. James's Park." 
 
 1 Henry VIII. added the Cockpit to Whitehall Palace. Hatton describes it as "be- 
 tween the gate into King's Street, AVestminster, and the gate by the Banqueting House"; 
 the former was known as Cockpit Gate. James I. went there twice a week to see the sport 
 of cockfighting. At tliis time, and long after, it was a suni])tuous royal dwelling. Monk, 
 duke of Albemarle, died there in 1670. After the fire of 1697 it was altered into the Privy 
 Council Office. It retained its original name long after the change in its uses. The Treas- 
 ury minutes, so late as 1780, were headed " The Cockpit." Its site is occupied by the pres- 
 ent Privy Council Office. Even in 1830 the place where the Court of Appeal if the Privy 
 Council sat was commoi\ly spoken of as the Cockpit, because it set on the site of the old 
 cockpit at Whitehall. 
 
CRoMrVKLL IN IRELAND. 157 
 
 CFIAPTER XXIIL 
 
 THE CAmrRE OF CAHIR CASTLE. 
 
 Caliir Summoned — Its Defences — Articles of Surrender — Kiltcnan — Dundrum — Gold- 
 enhridge and 15allinakill Taketi ■ — ■ The Commissioners of Trust Adjourn to Ennis — 
 Ormonde goes to J.imcricii — I'roposals of the Jiishops — Mis Reply — Distrust of the 
 Citizens — Dismissal of tiie English Protestant Forces — Declaration of the Bisho]is — 
 State of Cromwell's Army. 
 
 On the 24th of February the army appeared before Cahir. Hugh 
 O'Neill had been ordered by Ormonde to proceed to Clonmel with 
 1,500 Ulster men, and to act as governor of the town and the sur- 
 rounding country. He took care to strengthen not only Clonmel but 
 the neighboring towns of Cahir and Fethard, as he knew the enemy 
 purposed marching on Kilkenny as soon as he could take the field in 
 spring. Cahir Castle^ was secured with strong gates and a drawbridge ; 
 and the court-yard was surrounded by a high wall. It was well sup- 
 plied with provisions and ammunition of every kind. Mr. Mathews, a 
 uterine brother of Lord Ormonde, was the governor ; he welcomed 
 tlic reinforcement, 80 in number, and set about the preparations 
 necessary for a vigorous defence. He ordered the Ulster troops to 
 defend the court-yard, promising at the same titne to admit them 
 within the castle walls in case they were overpowered by superior 
 numbers, or the works could be held no longer. Cromwell, as was 
 his custom, sent forward a messenger calling on the Governor to sur- 
 render : 
 
 For the Covernor of Cahir Castle. These : 
 Sir, Before Cahir, 24/// Fcb7-uary, 1650. 
 
 Having brought the army and my cannon near this place, according to my 
 usual manner in summoning places, I thought fit to offer you terms honorable for 
 soldiers: That you may march away with your baggage, arms, and colors, free from 
 injury or violence. But if I be, notwithstanding, necessitated to bend my cannon 
 upon you, you must expect the extremity usual in such cases. To avoid blood, this 
 is offered to you by 
 
 Your servant 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Very soon Cromwell's army came up and strove to scale the 
 outer wall ; they were gallantly repulsed by the Ulstermen, who 
 bravely held their ground until they saw the heavy ordnance planted 
 against tlie walls. Knowing that certain death awaited them if they 
 
 1 The Earl of Essex, at his being with tlie army in Ireland (1^99), made a journey 
 into Munster, in the hope to coni]iosc the troubles ; all that he performed at the time wa? 
 the taking of Cahir castle. It was retaken almost inunediately after by James Butler, lirothel 
 of the Earl of Cahir ; but he gave it up within a short time to the President of Munster. 
 
 BOSTON COT.LRGE TJHKAKY 
 
158 CROMWELL IN IHELAXD. 
 
 remained any longer in the courtyard, their officer went to Mathews 
 and asked him to admit the men within the castle, as he had promised. 
 jNIathews refused. On his return to his men the officer found a 
 trumpeter from Cromwell demanding a parley ; this was granted. A 
 capitulation followed, Mathews stipulating for the security of his wife's 
 jointure and of his own private property. The garrison was allowed 
 to march out with banners displayed in body and posture of fight, 
 with all their arms, bag and baggage. A pass was given to the 
 Ulstermen to continue in the English quarters for a month, if they 
 pleased ; this they accepted, and they marched towards Clonmel. 
 Cromwell made much "of them, and told the captain that if he would 
 continue with them in his army, he would use him well and give him 
 a month's pay before hand. The captain gallantly answered, to Crom- 
 well's admiration, that for a world he would not change places, but he 
 would rather undergo any penalty, nay, the basest death that could be 
 invented, rather than give a stroke against his religion or swerve from 
 his principles. He and his party went to join their countrymen who 
 were garrisoned at Clonmel. 
 
 Articles made and agreed on the zi^th day of February, 1650, between his Excel- 
 lency the Lord Lieutena?it of Ireland on the one part, and Captain George 
 Mathews, Governor of Cahir Castle oj the other part, concerning the surrender 
 of the same Castle, viz. : 
 
 Imprimis, that the Governor and all the officers, soldiers, and clergymen, and 
 servants may march out with their horses, and arms, and bag and baggage. The 
 En,"-lish soldiers willing to serve his Excellency may be entertained. Those that 
 wilf not, either English or Irish, to have liberty to live quietly in the country, laying 
 down tlieir arms, or passes to go elsewhere. 
 
 That the Governor may enjoy his estate which he hath, as his wife's jointure or 
 wardship of the heiress of Cahir. 
 
 -That he may have his goods and chattels, and liberty for a week to carry them 
 away; and have the possession of the castle of Roghill for his habitation, and his 
 corn yet remaining there, his Excellency keeping two tiles of musketeers there. 
 
 That the goods he hath in the castle belonging toothers maybe delivered to the 
 several proprietors. 
 
 That in consideration hereof, the Governor is to deliver up the same castle to 
 his Excellency upon signing these Articles. 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 February ^i,th, 1650. 
 
 Kiltenan,^ "a very large and strong castle of Lord Dunboyne's," 
 was next captured "with the cannon without the loss of one man." 
 Dundrum was taken by a detachment sent to seize it under the com- 
 mand of Colonel Sankey, though it was well provisioned for a siege 
 and manned by two troops of horse and some foot. Sankey's horse 
 attacked the outer wall, while his foot stormed the town ; the defend- 
 ers were soon driven into the castle. Seeing that resistance was 
 hopeless, they made terms with the assailants and delivered up the 
 town and castle, leaving their arms and horses behind. During the 
 
 1 Six miles north of Cloinnel. Three of the four round towers at the angles of the 
 bawn are standing ; the breaches made in them by CroinweU's cannon are still visible. 
 Hemphill's Clonmel. &c., p n6. 
 
CROMWELL IN JRELAXD. 159 
 
 assault, Sankey received a wound in the right hand. Goldenbridge^ 
 and BallynakilP were also taken ; in the latter a strong garrison was 
 left. "We have also divers garrisons in the locality of Limerick," 
 wrote Cromwell, " and by these we take away the enemy's subsistence 
 and diminish their contributions, by which in time I hope they will 
 sink." 
 
 The Commissioners of Trust, with Ormonde's consent, issued 
 circular letters asking deputies from all parts of the kingdom to come 
 m and represent the grievances of which the people complained, "that 
 by their joint advice and assistance, life might be conserved in this 
 gasping kingdom, the only means to attain to that end being for them 
 to remove such causeless distrust, which, being maliciously infused 
 into the people's minds, did slacken, if not wholly withdraw, their 
 obedience from his Majesty's authority, rendering it impossible with • 
 honor or hope of success to contend against a ]3owerful, absolutely 
 obeyed, and plentifully supplied enemy." About the end of January 
 they assembled at Kilkenny ; but being alarmed at Cromwell's ap- 
 proach, they adjourned to Ennis, the capital of Clare. The sole 
 result of their conference was, that they seemed to be only more con- 
 firmed in their distrust of Ormonde and of his policy. 
 
 Ormonde left to Castlehaven the government of Kilkenny, and 
 want to Limerick, in the hope of obtaining contributions towards the 
 raising and support of an army. On the 27th of February, he issued 
 letters of invitation to the archbishops, bishops, and other persons of 
 quality of the kingdom, to repair to Limerick, and meet him there on 
 the 8th of March, "that by their advice and assistance, the best and 
 speediest way of advancement of his Majesty's service and preservation 
 of his people may be resolved upon." They came at the appointed time. 
 Ormonde told them that " unless the people were brought to have 
 full confidence in him, and yield him perfect obedience ; and unless 
 the city of Limerick, in particular, would receive a garrison and obey 
 orders, there was no hope of making any considerable opposition to 
 the enemy ; and desired them to deal freely, if they had any mistrust 
 of him or dislike of his government, since he was ready to do any- 
 thing for the people's preservation that was consistent w^th his honor 
 and his duty to the King. And since it was manifest that the name 
 without the power of Lord Lieutenant could bring nothing but ruin 
 upon the nation and dishonor upon him, they should either procure 
 entire obedience to his authority or propose how the kingdom might 
 be preserved by quitting it." To all which they answered with many 
 expressions of respect and affection. They presented the following 
 considerations to his Excellency : 
 
 I. That a privy council should be appointed of the peers spiritual and temporal 
 and other natives of tlie counlr}', to sit witli liis Excellency daily, and determine .all 
 weiglity affairs of the country by their counsel, the Commissioners of Trust being 
 onlv charged with the care of the due observation of the Articles of Peace. 2. That 
 an exact establishment of the forces forthwith be agreed on, directing what should' 
 
 ' Five miles west of Casiiel. This castie is siill stniuling. 
 
 - In tlic (Queen's County, five miles south east of Abl)cyieix. A part of this castle is 
 Still standing. 
 
160 CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 
 
 be the number of horse and foot ; no payments to be made except for the forces ready 
 for service ; all care to be taken to avoid tlie burdening of the people with free quarters. 
 3. That care be taken in the enrolling of the army and in the garrisoning of the 
 places, that n; ne who could not be confided in should be in the number of the forces 
 or continue in garrison. 4. That the forces be withdrawn from the several places 
 already garrisoned without the concurrence of the Commissioners of Trust, and 
 these not again garrisoned without the consent of the Commissioners. 5. That 
 great mistrust and jealousy having arisen on account of Catholics having been re- 
 moved from some of the greatest employments of trust in the army, those so removed 
 to be forthwith restored. 6. That for the satisfaction of the people, who, in the many 
 disorders of the times, saw no face of justice among them, judges be appointed to go 
 circuit twice a year, and justices of the peace in quarter sessions, to whom the people 
 might ap])ly for redress against oppression and extortion. 7. That an account be 
 taken of all the moneys received since the signing of the peace, that due satisfaction 
 may be given to the people in the knowledge of the right disposal thereof ; in future 
 all payments of public moneys to be made only with the consent of the Commis- 
 sioners of Trust. 8. I'hat any oppressions or extortions of any of the officers or 
 others of the army hitherto, or the surrender of castles or towns to the enemy, be 
 strictly examined and punished by the lord lieutenant, the Privy Council, and a 
 council of war. g. That all acts and orders be recalled whereby any public revenue 
 was in any way diminished ; and those profiting thereby to account in full for the 
 profits that accrued to them. ic. That no charge be imposed on the people by ap- 
 plotment, free quarters, or otherwise, but by the Commissioners of Trust. 
 
 To these demands Ormonde replied that the appointment of 
 Privy Councillors was reserved exclusively to the King ; but if those 
 formerly in power had abused their trust, he would appoint in their 
 place others free from all just exception. The second point he would 
 immediately put in execution, reserving, however, to himself the right 
 of nominating such officers as he should think suited to the posts. 
 The other recommendations he promised to carry out to the best of 
 his power, pleading as an excuse for the violations of the terms of the 
 peace, the straits to which he had been reduced in his efforts .to keep 
 the army on foot. To many his answers seemed unsatisfactory, leav- 
 ing him means of escape when it suited his purposes. But the chief 
 reason of their suspicion was owing to the particular favor and friend- 
 ship which he showed to his partisans. The bishops seemed satisfied 
 with his answer, and soon after presented him with the following 
 Declaration, in which they vindicated their conduct in the past, and 
 set before him their plans for the welfare of the country in the future : 
 
 T/ie Declai-ation of the tindernafned Bishops, tji the name of tliemselves and the rest 
 of the Bishops convoked at Limerick, as deputed by tiiein, presented to the Lord 
 Marquis of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant for his Majesty, etc. 
 
 May it please your Excellency to be informed that we are very sensible of the 
 jealousies and suspicions conceived of us( as was intimated unto us), that we believe 
 arising from some disaffected and misunderstanding persons that spare not to give 
 ill cliaracters of us; as if in these deplorable times, wherein our religion, king, and 
 country are come to the vertical point of their total ruin and destruction, it should 
 be imagined by any that we behave ourselves like sleeping pastors, in no ways con- 
 tributing oi.r best endeavors for the preservation of the people, which ought to be 
 more dear unto us than any worldly thing that may be thought of. Wherefore as 
 well for the just vindication of our own reputation against such undeserved asper- 
 sions, as for future testimony of our sincerity and integrity to endeavor always the 
 safety of the people and to manifest to your Excellency, as the King's Majesty's 
 lieutenant and chief governor of this kingdom,- that no labor or care of ours hath 
 
CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 101 
 
 been, or sliall he wanting to proceed effectually to any proposals you will please to make 
 known unto us that may conduce to tliose ends ; we tliouglit it therefore fit to present 
 this Declaration of our real intentions, in tlie name of ourselves and tiie rest of our 
 l^rethren, the Archbishops and llisliops of this kingdom, whereby wc avow, testify, 
 declare and protest before God and tlie world, that since our annual meeting at Clon- 
 macnoisc or here, we have omitted nothing that did occur unto us, tending to the 
 advancement of his Majesty's interest and the good of the kingdom generally; but 
 have there and then ordered and decreed all unto us appertaining, or which was 
 in our power, necessarily conducting to the ])ublic conservation of his Majesty and 
 his subjects' interests. And also do, and have endeavored to root out of men's hearts 
 all jealousies and sinister opinions, conceived either against your Excellency or the 
 present Government, as by our acts then conceived may appear; and after our 
 l)arting from thence, in pursuance of our unanimous resolution taken in that place, 
 we have accordingly declared to our respective flocks our happv agreement amongst 
 ourselves, and our earnest desire to labor with them to those ends, and made use of 
 (uir best persuasions for the purchasing of their alacrity and cheerful concurrence to 
 the advantage of that service ; so that if anything was wanting of due correspondence 
 sought by your Excellency, we conceive it cannot be attributed to any want of care 
 or diligence in us. 
 
 And for further intimation of our hearty desires on all occasions to serve our 
 king and country, we declare that we are not yet deterred for want of good success 
 in the affairs of the kingdom, but rather animated to give further onsets and trv all 
 other possible ways. Wherefore we most humbly entreat your Excellency to give 
 us some particular instructions, and to prescribe some remedies for and touching the 
 grievances presented by us to your Excellency for pacifying of discontented minds, 
 and put us in a way how to labor further in so good a cause. And we do faidifully 
 piromisc that no industry or care shall be wanting in us to receive and execute your 
 conditions. 
 
 And in conclusion, we leave to all impartial, judicious persons sad and serious 
 considerations to think how incredible it is, that we should fail to oppose, to the 
 uttermost of our power, the fearful and increasing potency of a rebellious and 
 malignant murderer of our late Sovereign King Charles ; to which enemy also noth- 
 ing scemeth more odious than the names of Kings and Bishojis, and who aims at 
 nothing so much as the dethroning our now gracious King Charles the Second, and 
 the final extirpation of our natives, in case (as God forbid) events and successes 
 would fall suitable to his most wicked designs. So far we thought necessary to 
 declare to your Excellency from ourselves, as the sense likewise and true meaning 
 of the rest of our brethren, other Bishops of this kingdom. 
 
 Dated at Loughrea the 28th of March, Anno Domini, 1650. 
 Jo. Archicpiscopus Tuamensis. 
 VVal. Episcopus Clonfert. 
 Franc. Allad. 
 
 Rob. Corcag. et Cluanensls. 
 Fr. Hugo Episcopus Duacensis. 
 
 " Some of the principal persons among the confederates," says 
 Cox, " and with them some of the bishops, under show of great con- 
 fidence and trust, repaired to the Lord Lieutenant at Limerick, and 
 declared unto him, that all the waywardness and indisposition of the 
 people proceeded from the prejudice they had against Lord Inchiquin, 
 who had always, they said, prosecuted the war against them with the 
 utmost rigor and animosity ; and the places and persons which had 
 been most at his devotion having treacherously revolted to the Parlia- 
 ment, the people were not too confident of him, and jealous that the 
 Marquis had too great confidence in him ; so that, if he would dismiss 
 that Lord and discharge the troops that yet remained under his com- 
 mand, of which some frequently ran away to the Parliament, not only 
 that city (Limerick) but the whole nation, as one man would be at his 
 
1G2 CROMWELL ly IRELAXD. 
 
 disposal." ^ Other leading men of the city came to Inchiquin and 
 assured him that they expected no success under Ormonde, because 
 he was not of their nation, and was so indulgent to luiglish interests 
 and Englishmen, that he regarded little them or theirs. But if his 
 Lordship, who was of the most ancient and noble extraction of Ire- 
 land, had the supreme command, then all would be well. 
 
 From this time forward Ormonde had so small hopes of the Irish, 
 that he employed Bramhall, bishop of Derry, to treat with some for- 
 eign prince about transporting five or six thousand men and employ- 
 ing them in his service. The Commissioners of Trust, about the end 
 of March, issued a manifesto, declaring that their fellow-countrymen, 
 the Irish, had been very jealous of the English regiments associated 
 with them under Ormonde's command, since the betrayal by their 
 comrades of the garrisons of Cork, Youghal, Kinsale, and Bandon to 
 Cromwell. They now found those that remained praising Cromwell ; 
 and they reminded Ormonde that Inchiquin had admitted in his pres- 
 ence, that the m.en under his command were not to be trusted. 
 Accordingly they requested his Excellency to dismiss his English 
 forces. The earnest wish of these was to obtain liberty, if possible, 
 to lay down their arms and retire to their homes. They sent commis- 
 sioners to Cromwell, then at Fethard ; and by articles signed there, 
 April 26th, 1650, by Sir Robert Sterling, Michael Boyle, and Colonel 
 John Daniel, as agents for Ormonde's Protestant forces, to such of 
 these officers and soldiers, and gentlemen and clergymen, being Eng- 
 lish or Scotch and Protestants, as desired to come off from the Irish 
 Popish party, protection would be given for six months, to dispose of 
 their goods ; and on giving in such engagement of fidelity as should 
 be required, and submitting to such fine and composition as parlia- 
 ment might impose on them, they should be allowed their estates as 
 other people not obnoxious to any delinquency, until the pleasure of 
 the parliament should be known ; all others willing to give such en- 
 gagements should have passes given them to transport themselves 
 and their families beyond the seas : the benefit of these conditions 
 extending, however, to such only as should come in within thirty days. 
 Vice-Admiral Penn, who had command of the Irish Sea, was ordered 
 to allow them a passage over the Shannon, where his ships then rode, 
 and to offer them what countenance and assistance they needed for 
 the furthering of their purpose. Those of Colonel Daniel's party 
 were to present themselves at Doneraile, Lord Montgomery of Ardes 
 at Enniskillcn, and Sir Thomas Armstrong at Trim. Inchiquin's 
 forces too disbande:!, except Colonel Butler's regiment, which went 
 towards Galway.^ 
 
 * I confess the Lord Lieutenant had his faction at Limerick, though the major and 
 honester part were against him 
 
 2 CroinwfU's Articles for the Protestant p.irty of Ireland are given in full in Aphor. 
 Disc, vol. ii. p. 393, appendix cl.x.x.w. Dean IJoyle obtained a pass froni Cromwell for 
 Ormonde ; this Ormonde indignantly rejected. In a letter to Cromwell he says : '• I had no 
 intention to treat with you lor a pass or any other thing. I have by this trumpeter returned 
 you your paper; and for your unsought courtesy do assure you, when you sh.-vll desire a jjass 
 Irom me, I shall n^t make usi of it to corrupt any that commands under you." 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 163 
 
 .The conduct of the people of Limerick would seem to have irri 
 tatcd Ormonde very much. They did not show him any of that 
 outward respect which was due to his exalted jiosition. No one iiad 
 access to him without the special permission of the mayor, and this 
 was given very unwillingly. Lord Kilmallock, wlio had quartered a 
 troop of horse within the liberties by his Excellency's order, was cast 
 into prison. Unwilling to bear such affronts any longer, he went to 
 Loughrea, in the county of Galway, and there issued his re})ly to the 
 demands of the Commissioners already mentioned. 
 
 Of the Parliamentary army, on the other hand, a letter from 
 Cork reported, " Our foot are in gallant posture, well armed, well 
 clothed ; and for bread, corn, and other things, by the State plentifully 
 provided for. The army's diligence, courage, thankfulness, and be- 
 liavior is such, through the strict care and providence of our General 
 and chief officers, that never did men obey orders more cheerfully, nor 
 go upon all duty more courageously ; never did greater iiarmoiiy 
 appear, or resolution to prosecute this cause of God than in this army, 
 such a consent of hearts and hands, such a sympathy of affection not 
 only in a carnal but spiritual bond, which lies faster than chains of 
 adamant. I have often observed, especially in that time and those 
 actions, a wonderful consent of the officers and soldiers, and indeed 
 of all the parliamentary forces, upon the ground of doing service for 
 God, and how miraculously they were in all their actions successful. 
 The mind of man being satisfied and fixed upon God, and that his 
 undertaking is for God's glory, it gives the greatest courage to these 
 men and prosperity to their actions. Our musters are strict ; here is 
 no free quarter allowed or practised ; either they pay or give ticket, 
 whicli being demanded by the poorest Irish is not,.durst not be denied 
 by any officer. Our horse have in many places wanted hay, but by 
 the supply of oats from England have made good shift with straw. 
 We have 7,000 horse, and our foot trebles that number, yet are Eng- 
 lish recruits of moneys and necessaries to be continued." 
 
104 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 HEWSON JOINS CROMWELL. 
 
 llewson advances from Dublin — Takes castles in Co. Kildare — Siege and Surrender of 
 Ballysonan — Harristown, Lea, and Dunamaise taken — Massacre at Timahoe — Capture 
 of Castledermot — Surrender of Leiglilin — Castlehaven takes Athy — Rendezvous at 
 Gowran. 
 
 Every place of importance was now subdued except Waterford, 
 Limerick, Clonmel, Galway, and Kilkenny, all towns of considerable 
 strength and needing much time to take. Cromwell, who had just 
 captured Cahir, determined to make a more formidable demonstration 
 against Kilkenny. But fearing that he had not a sufficient force to 
 carry out his purpose, he despatched orders to Colonel Hewson, 
 Governor of Dublin, to join him at Gowran with all the troops he 
 could draw off out of that and the other lesser garrisons on the way. 
 Hewson had not been idle during the winter. He had made frequent 
 incursions into the county of Kildare, and reduced several of the 
 strong places there ; by this means he had kept the line of communi- 
 cation with the capital open, and rendered his advance to Kilkenny a 
 comparatively easy matter. The following letter gives an account of 
 these excursions ; it is dated Dublin, January loth. 
 
 "I sent a party three weeks a.^o to quarter at the Naas, and from thence to take 
 in Ballysonan or the Black Ditch ' by surprise, which by storm was unfeasible. 
 The latter was effected upon a stormy night, a place that twenty men might 
 easily keep against twenty thousand. I have placed twenty-four of my men there 
 i;n:Ier Lieutenant IMoore ; and the same party took Castlemartin,'^a considerable place. 
 Also last week I marched into tiie Island of Allen ^ with one hundred horse and six 
 hundred foot, summoned the castle of Kilmore,'' but found it unseasonable to take 
 by storm without artillery ; marched over at Black Ditch, and took Rathdred ' and 
 Panser's Grange." two garrisons beyond the Liffey, in the Co. Kildare. I have 
 placed one hundred foot and twenty horse there; and as soon as the weather will 
 permit artillery to march, I shall be ready to prosecute what is begun in order to the 
 reducement of the Bog of Allen and the county of Kildare. 
 
 1 Probably Nurney, near Black Ditch, 4 miles south of the town of Kildare. 
 
 ''■ Castlemartin, on the southern bank of the Liffey, belonged to the Fitz-Eustaces. 
 Different branches of this family were ennobled, having the titles of Portlester, Harristown, 
 and Baltinglass. Five of the name were chancellors. A great part of the family estates 
 was confiscated in consequence of James, third Viscount Baltinglass, having taken a lead- 
 ing part in the rebellion of Gerald, Earl of Desmond. D'AIton's Army List, vol. ii. p. 444. 
 
 2 The district about the Hill of Allen, being then entirely surrounded by bogs and 
 marshes, was called the Island. 
 
 ^ Kilmeac;ue, six miles north of Kildare. 
 
 5 Rathbride, three miles northeast of Kildare. It belonged to a junior branch of 
 the Fitz'^era'ds. 
 
 ^ i. e., Punch's Grange, five miles north of the town of Kildare. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 1G5 
 
 On the 24th of February Hevvson marched out of Dublin with 
 2,000 foot and 1,000 horse, and two small field-pieces. Among his 
 men were some whom Cromwell had left behind when going to Wex- 
 ford. The next day he reached Naas, which had been fortified a year 
 before by the party of Owen Roe O'Neill. The day following he 
 came before the strong fort of Ballysonan^ We have Hewson's own 
 despatch, giving full details of the siege and capture of this important 
 place : — 
 
 "To the Honorable William Lenthal, Esq., Speaker of the Parliament of England. 
 
 Sui, 
 
 When his Excellency marched from Dublin towards Munster, he left me 
 entrusted with the garrison, myself and those left with me at that time being sick. 
 The first party that recovered were sent after the army, to wit, about 800 foot and 
 200 horse, which fought and beat the enemy upon their march. Some more of those 
 sick men that were left recovering, and some recruits coming over, after I had sur- 
 )>rised the strong fort ujion tlie IJogof Allen and taken Castlemartin, in the county of 
 Kildare, and placed agarrison therein, about the latter end of December, marched with 
 a party of 1,000 horse and foot into the Island of Allen, and summoned Kilmagog 
 therein ; but finding it not feasible to storm without guns, I marched to Rathbride 
 and Ponser's Grange, and took them, and placed two strong garrisons there, which 
 did give me good footing in the county of Kildare. Then sent a party and took 
 Kildare, Hertvvell,'' and Cotlingstowne,^ three useful garrisons in the said county; 
 and provisions being spent, returned back to Duljlin, there endeavoring to get 
 guns, mortar-pieces, and other necessaries, ready to draw forth again with all possible 
 speed. In the interim I received propositions from the governor and officers in the 
 strong garrison and fort of Ballysonan, the original whereof I here enclosed present 
 you withal under their own hands. 
 
 "Which being by me utterly rejected, I marched upon Tuesday, the 26th of 
 February, with a party of 2,000 foot and 1,000 horse, towards the county of Kildare, 
 and took with me one culverin, and one demi-culverin, and one mortar-piece. The 
 enemy fired tiieir garrison of Lease, ^ lUackreath,'* and the forementioned Kilmagog, 
 in the Island of Allen; but I shall easily make it tenable again, it being very useful 
 for your service. They did also blow up the castle of Athy, where they had a strong 
 garrison, and broke up the bridge, 
 
 " Upon the 28th February I marched from the Naas, and about foiu- o'clock 
 with the van of the party, I came to Peliisonan, a stronggarrison, double works, and 
 double-moated, full of water, one within another, and a mount with a fort upon it. 
 Most of the officers with me esteeming the taking of it to be unfeasible, it being 
 late, and I unwilling to lose time, did send in a summons, a copy whereof is here 
 enclosed, and the enclosed answer under the Governor's hand, was presently re- 
 turned, and the town, which was without his works, by him burned that night. I 
 
 1 Now IJallyshannon, four miles south-west of Kilcullenbriclge. It belonged at this 
 time to Pierce Fitzgerald, descended from the Kildare family. lie look a leading part in 
 the Catholic Confederation. He was Colonel of a regiment, and later bcrgeant-major of the 
 Feinster horse. See JVie Earls of Kildare^ by the Mar(|uis of Kildare, p. 257 ; Dublin, 
 1864. In 1642 he was declared a rebel and an outlaw by the Fords Justices; any one bring- 
 ing in his head would receive a reward of ;^400 Porlase's Rebi-llion, Appendix, p. 31. 
 ballysonan castle was pulled down a few years ago by the Annesly family, to build a castel- 
 lated mansion close by. 
 
 ^ Rev. J. Graves says Hertwell still exhibits the remains of a strong fortress ; but he 
 does not give its site. 
 
 3 Now Cotlandstown, in the barony of Naas, between Kilcullenbriclge and I!allymore 
 Eustace. 
 
 * Maryborough, in the Queen's County, where the castle is still standing. 
 
 ^ Blackrath, on the old coach-road between old Kilcullen and Castledermot, five miles 
 south of Kilcullen. 
 
1G6 
 
 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 caused a battery to be made, and planted the artillery, and made a fort for the 
 security thereof, having intelligence that the Lord of Castlehaven, with 4,000 horse 
 and foot, would come to raise me within two days, in which fort I could secure the 
 guns and batter their works, whilst I drew off to fight the enemy, if need were. We 
 played our guns and mortar-piece at the fort upon the mount, intending before night 
 to storm it, having ladders and all the necessaries ready. But before any breach 
 was made, the Governor did send me a paper, which is here enclosed, whereunto the 
 enclosed answer was returned, and he treated with me about the surrender, which 
 was concluded accordingly. The Articles signed with both our hands herewith is 
 represented unto you. 
 
 " And now, sir, you have without the loss of one man this strong place, and 
 thereby most of the county of Kildare. Those garrisons in this county yet remain- 
 ing, as Castle Dormount ' and Kilkenny, with others, I hope you shall have a good 
 account thereof speedily from 
 
 " Your humble servant, 
 
 "JoH. Hewson. 
 
 '■'■ Bally so nan, March yd, 1650." 
 
 [enclosures.] 
 Sir. 
 
 I am now marching the army to reduce the place you possess unto the 
 obedience of the Parliament of England, and it being apparent to the world that 
 God is making inquisition in Ireland for innocent blood, how fa^ you and those with 
 you may be concerned therein, I shall observe by your answer hereunto. 
 
 These are to require you to deliver the place that you now possess unto me for 
 the end aforesaid ; whatsoever your return hereunto may be, and the effect thereof, 
 my summons will justify the future proceedings of 
 
 Your servant, 
 28M Feb., 1650. J. Hewson. 
 
 For the Governor of Bellisonan. 
 Sir, 
 
 I am now in possession in this place by authority from my King; how 
 you may demand it by authority from the Parliament of England I know not. 
 England denying their King, therefore your power I disobey. And for God, my 
 King, and country, will defend this place to the uttermost of my power. 
 
 Sir, your servant, 
 2S/A Fel)., 1650. DoNNO Kelly. 
 
 For Colonel Hewson, Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentary Party now 
 in the field of Ballysonan. 
 
 Propositions made by the Garrison, which were rejected. 
 
 We do hereby employ Governor Donno O'Kelly for the delivery of the here- 
 under propositions to the General of the Parliament's forces in Ireland : — 
 
 Imprimis. That the party commanding this garrison and fort of Ballysonan, and 
 b11 other that will adhere to them, are really and willingly to join to the Parliament 
 forces, upon such terms as are hereunder written. 
 
 2d. That a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and a major, besides captains and 
 under-ofFicers, be employed of the said i)arty constantly in the standing army of the 
 Parliament's forces in this kingdom. 
 
 1 Castledermot, called in ancient times Diseart Dhiarmuda and Tristle Dermot. a 
 walled town, seven miles south-east of Atliy. It was the chief residence of the O'Tooles. 
 After the Knglish invasion it was held by do Kiddlcsford, who erected the castle and a monas- 
 tary for Crouched Friars, the toWcr of which is still standing close to the town. ' In 1302 a 
 Franciscan monastery was founded here by Thomas Lord Offaly. Parliaments were held 
 here at different times. 
 
CROMWELL 7.V IRELAyD. 
 
 Vol 
 
 '>,([. That in case any such officers do come in, that they may iiave free liberty 
 of tlieir religion, and two priests admitted and employed for to serve the said regi- 
 ment now intended. 
 
 4lh. That neither Taaffe nor Dillon shall be accepted of in the parliament's 
 party. 
 
 5th. That their estates, wrongfully detained and enjoyed by the said Dillon, 
 Browne, and Taaffe, may be allowed unto them by the State of Parliament. 
 
 6fh. That their arrears sinre May last may be allowed to them. This and 
 aforesaid jiropositions may be granted by the (jeneral, Lieutenant-tieneral, Major 
 (■eneral, and Commissioners-(ieneral of the Parliament forces of this kingdom, that 
 what those countries assigned to them for their pay are in arrear since their coming 
 to Pallysonan, may be forthwith caused to be paid. 
 
 7th. That this granted, they shall obey any deriving power from the State of 
 Parliament. 
 
 J. Gordon, Connor Kellv, 
 Ch. Kellv, M. Donnogh. 
 
 Colonel Hcwsoti's last s2iininons. 
 Sir, 
 
 Blood I do not thirst after ; yet so far a soldier as not to neglect present 
 opportunity, I shall, for the end in your letter mentioned, send Captain Ilewson, 
 according to your desire, provided you send one or two fully authorized to treat and 
 conclude, and all to be concluded within half an hour, provided also you do not work 
 at all to repair what my guns and mortar-pieces have demolished ; and to that end 
 that Captain Hewson may remain in the Mount during that half-hour. Sir, I shall 
 be glad if your wisdom prevent what otherwise unavoidably will fall out, though not 
 desired by 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 March \st, 1650. J. Hewson. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 To avoid the confusion of Christian blood, we sent out a drum to demand 
 a parley. My desire, for the reasons aforesaid, is that you send in a captain of yours 
 to treat with us, and we will send forth a captain of ours, who shall demand no more 
 but what is honorable and jtist ; and so, sir, I conclude, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 DoNNO Kelly. 
 Jifarch \st, 1650. 
 
 Articles agreed npoji bct^veen the Hon. Colonel John Hewson of the one part, and 
 Captain Donnogh Kelly, Governor of Ballysonatt, in the connty of Kildare, on 
 the other part, \ si March, 1650. . 
 
 Imprimis. That the said garrison and fort of Ballysonan shall be immediately 
 delivered, with all the ammunition and provisions therein, except as in the. ensuing 
 article is agreed upon. 
 
 2d. 'i'hat the said Governor, officers, and soldiers shall continue in the castle 
 until to-morrow morning at ten of the clock, if they please ; and then they are to 
 march out of the said castle and fort with a trumpeter for convov ten miles, if they 
 desire it. and to any of the next Irish garrisons within ten miles, as aforesaid, the 
 trumpeter returning without any prejudice. And the said officers are to march with 
 their horses and pistols, and with their colors flying and drums beating, and the 
 soldiers with their arms and matches lighted, and each musketeer one pound of 
 powder with bullet and match proportionable. 
 
 . 3d. Whatsoever oats and pease shall appear in the castle belonging to 
 Mis[tress] Fitzgerald shall be restored to her. 
 
 And lastly, for the due performance of the aforesaid articles, we do hereunto 
 set our hands the day and year first above written. 
 
 John Hewson, 
 Donno Kelly. 
 
168 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 The taking of Ballysonan had a most important effect on the 
 campaign. " In Leinster," says Carte, "there was scarce a castle or 
 strong house wliich the husband or wife were not for giving up and 
 receiving conditions from the enemy. Thus Ballysonan and other 
 castles were delivered up to Hewson, who was thereby enabled to 
 march with a party from Dublin into the county of Kilkenny. . , . 
 These successes encouraged Cromwell to lay seige to Kilkenny." 
 
 From Ballysonan Hewson took the road to Caslledermot. 
 Diverging somewhat from the straight road, he took Harristovvn, 
 lying between Naas and Kilcullenbridge. Then Lea, near Portar- 
 lington, was dismantled. The confused masses of towers and broken 
 arches show the merciless havoc then made. Dunamaise ^ was next 
 taken and blown up. Tradition points out the site of the old corn- 
 mill, at the corner of the mill-fiekl, as the s})ot where the battery was 
 erected. The monastery of Timahoe was seized, and the friars found 
 there massacred. The place where they were put to death is still 
 called "the road of murder." ^ When he reached Castledermot he 
 found his provisions exhausted, and was obliged to return to Dublin. 
 
 After three days' rest, he set out again for Castledermot and 
 Kilkea,^ taking with him provisions for fourteen days. When he came 
 before the former place, he found that the enemy had burnt down a 
 great part of the town, pulled down the walls, and betaken themselves 
 to a strong tower. He caused a great quantity of straw and other 
 combustible materials to be put to the door an 1 set on fire, which 
 forced those within to cry out for mercy. In the tower were taken 
 Captain Shirlock, "a bloody Tory,""* three friars, and divers others. 
 Shirlock had received a shot through the breast with a brace of 
 bullets before he yielded. Shirlock and the friars were taken prison- 
 ers ; the others were saved or executed as was thought fit. 
 
 Lord Castlehaven, who a short time before had been appointed to 
 the chief command in the province of Leinster, was ordered by 
 Ormonde to take the field. After providing as best he could for the 
 safety of Kilkenny, he set out for Carlow, hoping to meet there the 
 troops he had ordered to assemble from all parts of the province. 
 
 1 Dunamaise was the residence of the chief of the O'Mores before the English invasion. 
 In 1325 it was retaken by Lysagh O'More. For the next two centuries it changed hands 
 frequently. Some parts of the castle and walls are still standing. See T/u Irish Fumy 
 Alii'^azine, p. iS. 
 
 * Notes oil Irish Architecture, by the Earl of Dunraven, vol. ii. p. -53; London, 1875. 
 From the Ordnance Survey letters, (^>ueen's County. Timahoe, i. c., Teach Mochoe, St, 
 M(jchua's house. A round tower antl an ancient door-way of singular beauty are still re 
 maiiiing. It is four miles south-we^t of Stradbally. 
 
 8 Kilkea castle is two miles nonh-west of Athy. It was built in 1180 by Walter l^e 
 Lacy; the greater part of the present birtlding tlates from 1426. It jjassed into the hands 
 of the Fitzgerald family by the marriage of ^laurice, third IJaron of Offaiy, with Emelina, 
 daughter of Sir Stephen de Longespee by his niarji.ige with ihe only daughter and heire^s 
 of Walter de Riddlesford, 15aron of lirav, to whom O'Murthy, in which Kilke:. and Castle 
 dermot are situated, was grantcci by King John. See The Earls of Kildare. by the Marquis 
 of Kildare, p. 17. In 1634 Elizabeth, daughter of the second Lord Delvin and widow of 
 Gerald, fourteenth Earl of Kildare, bequeathed Kilkea to her cousin, Father Nugent, S. J., 
 for a novitiate of the order. Riiiuccini and liis suit were entertained there for twenty days, 
 when he was o-i his way to besiege Dublin. 
 
 ■* Borlase s.iys Captain Shirlock was the head of the Waterford rebels in 1642. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. ]C9 
 
 Lord Dillon's division of 3,000 men did not conic. Castlchaven put 
 himself at the head of a force of 3,000 men, 800 from Leinster, an 
 Ulster regiment, and Sir Thomas Armstrong's and Ormonde's horse. 
 But not finding his numbers at all equal to those of the enemy, he 
 could do no more than watch their movements. 
 
 " I'poii my march," says Ilewson, " I received a letter from my Lord President 
 of Munster to haste up and join unto Colonel Reynolds near Lei'ghlinbridge, and 
 either to take in some passage over the I5arrow or prosecute Castleliaven. The 
 latter was prevented by the enemy's withdrawal. Tlie former (to wit, Leighlin- 
 bridge) I attempted, and I obtained it without the loss of one man. The Articles on 
 surrender thereof is herewith presented to you. This garrison gave a pass over the 
 Barrow, and indeed the benefit you have thereby is very great, and the time about the 
 taking of it was one day. When I came hither, my Lord President was gone back 
 to my Lord-Lieutenant about Thomastown, whither I despatched a letter to his 
 Excellency, intimating the taking of Leighlinbridge and my purpose to march towards 
 him next morning and to stay at Gowran, except I received other command from his 
 Excellency, after I had settled the garrison of Leighlinbridge, where I found 800 
 bushels of corn and 200 arms." 
 
 Articles agreed on., between the Honorable John liewson, Governor 0/ Dublin, of the 
 one party, and JJeut. Laurence Dcmpsey and Lieut. William Drcreton, Com- 
 missioners appointed and authorised by Captain Pierey Brercton, Commander 
 of tlie Castle and Garrison of Leighlinbridge, for the surrendering of the said 
 Castle and Garrison of Leighlinbridge,'^ of the other party, this \()th of 
 A f arch, 1650. 
 
 1. The said Captain Brereton is to deliver the castle and garrison^of Leighlin- 
 bridge unto the Honorable Colonel John Ilewson for the use of the Parliament of 
 England by three of the clock this afternoon, and all ammunition and provisions 
 therein, without any embezzlement, except what is hereafter excepted. 
 
 2. The said Captain Brereton, with all the officers and soldiers witiiin the said 
 garrison, are to march away with their arms, muskets laden, bandoleers filled, drums 
 beating, and matches lighted, and bag and baggage which is to them belonging, 
 which they can carry away on their backs. 
 
 3. The said Ca])tain pjrercton, with all the officers and soldiers within the said 
 garrison, shall have free liberty to march to Kilkenny, and shall have a sale-conduct 
 to that effect. 
 
 4. The full benefit of the aforesaid articles is to extend to all and every the 
 officers and soldiers in the said garrison without exception. 
 
 Lastly, for the full performance of all and singular the premises, the parties 
 hereunto have to these presents interchangeably put their hands the day and year 
 first above written. 
 
 J. IIeWSON, LAUr<ENCE Demt'sky, 
 
 Will. Bi^ereton. 
 Confirmed by Pierce Brereton. 
 
 ^ This bridge was built by Maurice Jakes, canon of Kildare, in 1320. See Ware's An- 
 nals, ad anil. It was for a long time the only passage over ihe Barrow to tiic south. In 
 "A Note for the Winning of Leinster," A. D. 1536, the (J'Tooles, IJyrncs, and Kavanaghs 
 are said to have exiled the King's law from Munster by preventing the judges from riding 
 circuit past Leighlinbridge. See State Papers, Henry VI H. (Ireland), vol. i. p. 411 ; Lon- 
 don, 1825. Hence the byword used by the Irish, " tlicy dwelt by we^it the law, which 
 dwelt beyond the river Barrow." Irue Causes IV/ty Ireland IVai A'e7>er Siibditcd, by Sir 
 John Davis, p. 50 ; Dublin, T704. Aliout 1250 a Carmelite monastery was founded here 
 l)y one of the Carcws ; it stood near the Blacic Castle, on the eastern bank of the river. 
 iXrchdall's Afoitastiton, p. 38. In consideration of the great labor, burthen, and expense 
 wliich the friars of Lciglilin did sustain in supporting their house and the bridge contiguous 
 thereunto against the King's enemies, Richard II. gave them an annual pension of 80 marks. 
 R)zn's //istory of Carlo7a, ]i. S4 ; Dublin, 1S33. 
 
170 CROMWELL 7.V IRELAND. 
 
 Castlehavcn succeeded in taking Athy by storm, where Hew^on 
 had a magazine. The garrison, 700 in number, were taken prisoners 
 at discretion. " Not knowing what to do with my prisoners," says 
 Castlehaven, " I made a present of them to Cromwell, desiring him by 
 letter to do the like to me, if any of mine should fall into his power. 
 But he little valued my civility, for he caused Hammond, with some 
 English officers, to be shot to death." 
 
 Cromwell and Ireton met at Thomastown. 
 
 "Ourmen,"says Crom\veIl,"attempting to take the town, the enemy made no great 
 resistance ; but by the advantage of the bridge quitted the town, and fled to a castle 
 about half a mile distant off,' which they had formerly possessed. That night tlie 
 President of Munster and myself came up to the party. We summoned the castle, 
 and after two days it was surrendered to us, the enemy leaving their arms, drums, 
 colors, and ammunition behind them, and engaging never to bear arms more against 
 the Parliament of England." 
 
 Cromwell remained at Thomastown for three days. He sent 
 Ireton back to Fetbard to bring up some large guns, which were 
 wanted for the attack on Granny and some other castles thereabouts, 
 for the better blocking up of Waterford. The general rendezvous was 
 Gowran.^ seven miles south-east of Kilkenny. 
 
 " We met," continues Cromwell, " near by Gowran, a populous town, where the 
 enemy had a very strong castle,^ under the command of Colonel Hammond, a 
 Kentish man, who was a principal actor in the Kentish insurrection and did manage 
 the Lord Capel's business at his trial.* I sent him a civil invitation to deliver up 
 the castle unto me, to which he returned to me a very resolute answer and full of 
 height. We planted our artillery, and before we had made a breach considerable, 
 the enemy beat a parley for a treaty, which I, having offered so fairly to him, refused ; 
 but sent him in positive conditions that the soldiers should have their lives, and the 
 commissioned officers to be disposed of as should be thought fit, which in tlic end 
 was submitted to. 
 
 "The next day the colonel, the major, and the rest of commissioned officers, 
 were shot to death, all but one, who being a very earnest instrument to have the 
 castle delivered, was pardoned. In the same castle also we took a Popish priest, 
 who was chaplain to the Catholics in this regiment, who was caused to be hanged.* 
 I trouble you with this the rather because the regiment was the Lord of Ormonde's 
 own regiment. In this castle vras a good store of provisions for the army." 
 
 1 Probably Grenan castle ; this is still standing. 
 
 2 In 1414 a grant of tolls was made to Ballygaveran for 40 years, to enable the burg- 
 esses to pave and wall tlie town, whicli liad been lately burned ami the lieges there destroyed 
 by the Irish enemy, by whom it was surrounded, and who threatened to do it again. 
 
 2 Gowran cattle was built by James, third Earl of Ormonde, in 1392. It was his chief 
 residence after he was driven from Nenagh by the O'Kennedys, who rooted out all the 
 English Gentlemen and freeholders that dwelt in Ormonde, and razed the town of Nenagh, 
 except the castle. MSS. in Kilkenny castle, quoted in Kilk. Arch. Journal, vol. i. p. 392. 
 Gowran castle was rebuilt by Margaret, the great Countess of Ormonde, about 1500 Arch- 
 dall's Peerage, vol. iv. p. 21. No trace remains of it now; it was razed to the ground 
 within the present century by the Viscount Clifden of the day. It was outside the town- 
 wall, near where Clifden House now stands. 
 
 * Lord Capel was executed in March, 1649. An account of his trial is given in Clar- 
 endon's History of the Rebellion, vol. iii. p. 272. 
 
 ^ The common soldiers delivered up their officers that they might have quarter them 
 selves, viz., Colonel Hammond, Major Townley, two captains. Lieutenant Donnella. a 
 quartermaster, and a Popish priest ; all which officers were shot to death the next day, save 
 only the lieutenant, who was spared because he complied with the soldiers fur delivering up 
 their officers ; and the priest was hanged. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 171 
 
 CROMWELL LN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF KILKENNY. 
 
 Cromwell returns to Cashel — Tickle's Treachery — The Garrison of Kilkenny — The 
 Plague — Castel Hovvel — Summons to Surrender — The Batteries — Capture of be. 
 Canice's and of the Irishtown — Repulse at the Breach — The Mayor's Letter — 
 Proposals of the Governor — Cromwell's Answer — Breach in the Wall — Surrender — 
 The Articles — Want of Supplies. 
 
 Our readers will remember that after the capture of Cashel 
 Cromwell marched on Kilkenny,^ and that when he had got within a 
 few miles of the city, he returned once more to Cashel and fixed his 
 headquarters there. The causes of his hurried retreat were these. 
 Ha had advanced on Kilkenny without any of the materials necessary 
 for a siege, relying on the promises of Tickle, an officer of the garri- 
 son, whom he had gained over, to secure a- gate or two of the city and 
 to betray the Lord Lieutenant (Ormonde) and some others whom he 
 should think fit. "If your Excellency," wrote Tickle to him, "will 
 draw before this town, I shall send a messenger unto you upon your 
 first approach, and shall give you an account of the weakest part of 
 the town and the force within exactly, and what else I shall find, or 
 you may direct me to be most necessary for you."^ Some of Tickle's 
 letters were intercepted, and though written in cipher, fully revealed 
 his treachery. The plot was thus discovered in time, and the traitor 
 executed. Ormonde, too, who had established his headquarters in 
 Kilkenny during the winter, hearing of the rapid approach of the 
 Puritan army, got together about 700 foot and 100 horse ; with these 
 and some of the townsmen, who seemed eager to aid him, he pre- 
 sented such a formidable appearance, that Cromwell thought it wiser 
 to retire and wait for the arrival of the other corps which he had 
 ordered to come to his assistance. Ormonde was well aware that the 
 advance would not be long delayed ; he prepared for the attack by 
 stengthening the defences as well as circumstances would permit. 
 Giving the chief command of Leinster to Lord Castlehaven, he went 
 to Clare with the Commissioners of Trust, to raise an army there and 
 in the adjoining counties, that would offer some resistance to Crom- 
 well's progress. Castlehaven appointed James Walsh gf ernor of the 
 castle, and Sir Walter Butler governor of the city. 
 
 ^ " Kilkenny, the =cat of the Supreme Council, the springhead of an execrable rebel- 
 lion, the centre from which all the treasons and danmable counsels against the king, country, 
 and religion were so many lines drawn." 
 
 2 Car^e MSS., vol. xxvi. The bribe offered to him was ^"4,000, a high command in 
 Cromwell's army, and the governorship of Kilkenny: a fact beyond all doubt, since Tickle 
 confessed it. 
 
172 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 Yet in spite of the measures taken for its safety, Kilkenny was 
 but ill fitted to resist the attack of a well-disciplined army, or to sus- 
 tain the hardships of a siege. A plague, which had appeared a few 
 months before in Galway — brought, it was said, by a Spanish ship 
 that had put in there — and had spread with amazing rapidity through- 
 out the country, was then raging within the walls. "A small party 
 of ours," says a Cromwellian soldier, " by way of affront, went to the 
 gates of Kilkenny to ask who was there ; where they learned, since 
 the plague of the Supreme Council was gone, that the sickaess supplied 
 their room. And truly it is so briskly there, that what is their dan- 
 ger is their security, and what fortifies besieges them. So that his 
 Excellency, thinking he ought not to meddle with what the Lord 
 has so visibly taken into his hands, has declined taking Kilkenny into 
 his o\vn."i Castlehaven had sent a force of i,ooo foot and 200 
 horse to garrison the city. In a short time their number was so re- 
 duced by disease that their effective strength did not exceed 300 
 men.^ He had ordered Lord Dillon, with the forces under his com- 
 mand, amounting to 2,500 foot and 600 horse, to meet him at Carlow, 
 that they might combine and march towards Kilkenny. Lord Dillon's 
 men refused to go to the aid of the doomed city ; they marched away 
 to their own country, declaring that they were ready to fight against 
 men but not against God. Sir Walter Butler urged the garrison of 
 Cantwell Castle^ to abandon that place and to come in all haste to 
 his aid. But the officers, being English, Welsh, and Scotch, sent 
 some of their number to Cromwell, offering him possession of the 
 castle, and asking money and passes to go beyond the sea to serve in 
 the armies of foreign states. He accepted their terms, ** on condition 
 that they should do nothing to the prejudice of the Parliament of 
 England." 
 
 From Gowran Cromwell and his army advanced on Kilkenny by 
 Bennett's bridge. On the way he took Castle Hovvel, between Bally- 
 hale and Castlemorris, belonging to the Walshes. Some of the 
 family had taken up arms in self-defence ; a detachment was sent 
 against them, which totally defeated them. The inhabitants of the 
 castle were all slaughtered ; their bodies were thrown into a hole at 
 the foot of the hill on which the castle stood.'* 
 
 He approached the city by the old road still known by the name 
 of Boher na thoundish.^ He halted about a mile outside the city, 
 
 1 Irish Penny A/ai^azinf, \). 114. Borlase says 17,0x30 persons died of it during the 
 summer of 1650 in Dublin. Kdbellion, p. 2S2. During tiie three years it lasted, it is reck- 
 oned that 30,000 perished of it in that city alone. See O'Connell's Memoir of Inland,'^. 
 329, It abated in the winter of 1651. 
 
 ^ Cox says the garrison consisted of 600 foot and 50 horse. 
 
 3 Now Sandfort's Court, near Kilkenny. 
 
 * A large quantity of bones was found there about the end of last century, when the 
 road was making. from Castlemorris to Kilmaganny. See Tighe's Surdey of Kilkenny, p. 
 334, and Kilk. Arch. Journal for 18S1, p. 3S0. 
 
 o The Road of the Infirm or Aged. The old road ran parallel with the city wall. The 
 present Upper Patrick Street is a modern entrance, at which the ancient road was turned 
 from its original course and led into the High Town through St. Patrick's gate, the direct 
 continuation of the old way being through New Street, Flood Street, and Blackmill Street. 
 Kilk. Arch. Journal for 186 1, p. 366. 
 
CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 173 
 
 near the Black Quarry, and planted his guns on a neighboring hill, 
 still known by the name of "Cromwell's Hill."^ From there he sent 
 forwn.rd a troop of cavalry to rcconnoiter the defences. 
 
 On Friday, March 22d, he appeared at the head of his army 
 before the walls. In the evening he sent the following summons : — 
 
 (i.) To the Governor, Mayor, and Aldermen of the City of Kilkenny. 
 
 These : 
 
 Before Kilkenny, zzd lifarch, 1650. 
 Genti.hmkn, 
 
 My ecming hither is to endeavor, if God so please to bless me, the reduc- 
 tion of the city of Kilkenny to tlicir obedience to the State of England, from which, 
 by an unheard-of massacre of the innocent English, you have endeavored to rend 
 yourselves; and as (iod liatii begun to judge you with flis sore plagues, so will He 
 follow you until He hath destroyed you if you repent not. Your cause hath been 
 already judged in England upon them who did abet your evils ; what may the princi- 
 pals then expect? 
 
 15y this free dealing you see I entice you not to a compliance. You may have 
 terms such as may save you in your lives, liberties, and estates, according to what 
 will be fitting for me to grant and you to receive. If you choose for the worst, blame 
 yourselves. In confidence of tlie gracious blessing and presence of God witli His 
 own cause, which by many testimonies this is, I shall hope for a good issue upon 
 my endeavors. Expecting a return from you, I rest 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Immediately after the governor, Sir Walter Butler, sent the fol- 
 lowing reply : 
 
 (2.) For General Cromwell. 
 
 Kilkemiy, lid Ma7-cJi, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 Your letter I have received ; and in answer thereof, I am commanded to main- 
 tain this city for his Majesty, which, by the power of God, I am resolved to do. So 
 I rest, Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Walter Butler. 
 
 Early the next day he invested the place, and planted the bat- 
 teries. , In the evening he attempted to possess himself of the Irish- 
 town ; but he was repulsed. He seized on St. Patrick's church, ^ and 
 planted on the tower three pieces of ordnance, two demi-cannon and 
 one culverin. Again he wrote to the governor, asking him to treat 
 about terms of surrender. The letter has been lost, but we have the 
 Governor's answer : 
 
 (3.) For General Cromwell. 
 
 Kt'kentty, March 25///, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 Your last letter I received, and in answer, I have such confidence to maintain 
 
 1 Such is the tradition; but the battery could hardly have been planted here, the dis- 
 tance lieing too great for the puns to act from it on any ])art of the town. 
 
 2 It was outside tlie walls, on the brow of the Hoher na thoundish, near its modern 
 entrance through St. Patrick's gate into the High Town. 
 
174 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 this place as I will not lose it upon such terms as you offer, but will sooner lose my 
 life and the lives of all that are here, rather than submit to such dishonorable condi-- 
 tions. So I rest, Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Walter Butler. 
 
 Between five and six, on the morning of the 25th, the battery 
 began to play on the town-wall, beneath the Marquis of Ormonde's 
 stables, which lay between the castle gate and the rampart. The 
 firing continued till noon. By this time a breach was made in the 
 town-wall. But the governor erected two works within the walls with 
 ]>alisadocs ; he had engines also laid in the way to hinder an entry. 
 The soldiers were posted behind in full body to receive the enemy if 
 they attempted to enter. Lieutenant-Colonel Axtell had the com- 
 mand of the storming party ; Colonel Hewson led on the reserve very 
 gallantly. St. Canice's church being observed to command the town 
 in some parts. Colonel Evers, with a party of 1,000 foot, was sent to 
 storm and take possession of it. The attack was made in both places 
 simultaneously, to distract the attention of the garrison. The Irish- 
 town ^ had been entrusted to the keeping of the townsmen, the 
 garrison being employed in defending the portions of the town-wall that 
 were assailed, and in securing the breach against another attack. The 
 townsmen, at the first onset of the enemy, deserted their post almost 
 without striking a blow,^ and allowed the assailants to enter through 
 the Dean's gate, and take possession of the cathedral and of the 
 Irishtown. Twice the storming party at the breach strove to enter ; 
 each time they were repulsed ; they lost Captain Higly and thirty or 
 forty men.^ Hewson was slightly wounded : he received a shot in the 
 back, which " penetrated his buff coat, and a little bruised the flesh." 
 Each time the breach was immediately repaired by the garrison. A 
 third time the assailants were ordered to advance, but they would not 
 obey. They saw that an entrance could not be effected there, as the 
 counter-works raised within the walls were strongly palisadocd and 
 commanded the breach. " It was a mercy to us," says Cromwell, 
 " that we did not further contend for an entrance there, it being prob- 
 able if we had, it would have cost us very dear." "^ 
 
 ' The inland-walled towns were so strictly English that the Irish could not lawfully 
 dwell therein. Sir Henry Sidney considered them "the Queen's unpaid garrisons." Out- 
 side the principal gate there was commonly a suburb inhabited by the Irish, who supplied 
 the townsmen with provisions, or worked for them as tradesmen, laborers, &c. Crom. Set/., 
 p 295. In Dublin, Limerick, Kilkenny, Clonmel, Bandon, and New Ross there is a district 
 still called by this name. 
 
 " However, in "The Petition sent to the Marcpiis of Ormonde by the Irish inhabitants 
 Kilkenny, June iSth, 1661, asking to be restored to their homes," they say, " The siege of 
 Kilkenny having endured for six or seven days, ytnir petitioners having not sntricient forces 
 to defend the same nor hope of relief, by reason of the plague and great sickness then raging 
 in the same city, after suffering in a high degree all the extremities of the plague, fire ami 
 sword, and four several storms in several parts of the city, which were repulsed, and after a 
 great breach made in the walls by cannon shot of above fifty great bullets ; at last, by direc- 
 tion or allowance of Sir Walter Butler, governor of the city and castle, yicklctl upon 
 quarter." 
 
 8 Bruodin says 600 of the assailants fell at the breach. Propug., p. 6S4._ The more 
 probable accounts represent the garrison as fighting with all the energy of despair. 
 
 * Cromwell to Lcnthal, from Carrick, April 2d, in Carlyle's Letters, &c. 
 
CROMWELL I.y IRELAND. 175 
 
 Another letter from Cromwell followed on the same day, there 
 bcinf; no cessation during the correspondence in reference to the sur- 
 render. 
 
 (4.) For the Governor of Kilkenny. 
 
 Before Kilke7tiiy, 25M March, 1650. 
 "ir, 
 
 If ynu liad been as clear as I was in my last, I might, perhaps, have understont! 
 
 on so as to j^ive you some further answer. But you expressing nothing particularly 
 
 .vhat you have to expect against mine, I have nothing more to return save this — 
 
 that for some reasons I cannot let your trumpeter suddenly come back, but have 
 
 •;cnt you this by a drummer of my own. I rest 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 And this reply from the Governor : — 
 
 (5.) For General Cromwell. 
 
 Kilkeniiy, 2c,ih March, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 Yours of this instant I received ; the particulars you would have me express 
 are these : — 
 
 That the Ma3^or and citizens, and all the other inhabitants, and others now 
 resident in the city and the liberties thereof, with their .servants, shall be secured of 
 their lives, liberties, estates, and goods, and live in their own liabitatious with all 
 freetlom. 7\nd that our clergymen and all others here residing, of what degree, con- 
 dition, or quality soever, that shall l)c minded to depart, shall be permitted to depart 
 safely hence, with their goods and whatever they have, to what place soever they 
 ]4ease with this realm, and in their departure shall be safely conveyed. And that 
 the said inhabitants shall have free trade and traffic with all i)laces under the parlia- 
 ment of England's command and elsewhere; and that the aforesaid inhabitants shall 
 have their arms, ammunition, and artillery for their own defence, the town and 
 liberties thereof paying such reasonable contribution as shall be agreed on, and not 
 to be otherwise charged. And that the governors, commanders, officers, and 
 soldiers, both horse and foot, now garrisoned as well in the castle as in the city, 
 without exception of anv of them, shall safely march hence, whither they list, with 
 their arms, ammunition, artillery, bag and baggage, and whatsoever else belongs to 
 them, with their drums beating, colors flying, matches burning, and bullet in bouche; 
 and that they shall have a competent time for their departure and carrying away 
 their goods, with a sufficient and safe convey; and that Major Nicholas Wall, and 
 all other commanders, officers, and soldiers, who came out of the English quarters, 
 now residing liere, shall have the benefit of this agreement. Without which, I am 
 resolved to maintain the place, with God's help. 
 
 Thus expecting your answer to this letter, and that during this treaty tiiere 
 sb.al] be a cessation of arms and all other acts of hostility on both sides, I rest. Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Walter Butler. 
 
 Cromwell was on the point of raising the siege when the Mayor 
 and townsmen invited him to stay, promising to obtain admittance 
 for his forces into the city. The conditions are set down in the fol- 
 lowing letter of the Mayor : 
 
17G CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 (6.) For the Right Honorable the Lord Cromwell. 
 Right Honorable, 
 
 We know by experience, and have it by your Honor's letters, that 
 you desire not the spilling of blood nor the spoiling of cities and towns; and tlioii^^h 
 I doubt not but your Honor would easily agree to good and profitable conditions for 
 Uie city and citizens, yet we having a Governor of the city, and another cl the castle, 
 who commands us also, if befitting honorable conditions be not given unto the mili- 
 tary part, the city and citizens do stand in danger of ruin as well from our own party 
 as that of your Honor's. This, in the name of the city, and citizens, I humbly offer 
 to your Honor's gracious, wise consideration, and desire your favorable remedy 
 therein, and rest. Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 James Archdakin, 
 
 Mayor of Kilkenny. 
 
 To v/hich Cromwell sent the following answer : 
 
 (7.) For the Mayor of Kilkenny. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 zGth March, 1650. 
 
 Though I could have wished you and tiie citizens had been indeed more sensi- 
 ble of your own interest and concernments, yet, since you are minded to involve it 
 so much with that of the soldiers, I am glad to understand you, which will be some 
 direction to me what to think and what to do. I rest 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 The Mayor replied : 
 
 (8.) For the Right Honorable General Cromwell. 
 
 ^^ Kilkoiny, zCiih March, 1650. 
 
 Right Honorable, 
 
 I received your Honor's letter in answer to mine, which I wrote unto 
 your Honor in pursuance of the propositions sent by our Governor unto your Honor 
 for obtaining of the said conditions, which seemed unto us almost befitting to be 
 granted, the military part having exj^osed themselves for our defence; which obligeth 
 us not to accept of any conditions but sucli as may be befitting to them. I desire 
 your Honor to grant a cessation of arms, and that hostages on both sides be sent, 
 and commissioners appointed to treat of the conditions. I rest 
 
 Your Honor's servant, 
 
 James Archdakin, 
 
 Mayor of Kilkenny. 
 
 Cromwell, in consequence of his success, partial though it was, 
 could now insist upon conditions more favorable to himself. What 
 these were we learn from the following letters : — 
 
 (9.) For the Mayor of Kilkenny. 
 
 Before Kilkenny, zGth March, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 Those whom God hath brought to a sense of His hand upon them and to 
 amend, submitting themselves thereto and to the power to which He hath subjected 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 1 
 
 them, I cannot but pity and tender, and so far as that effect appears in you and your 
 fellow-citizens, I shall be ready, without cai)itulalion, to do more and better forjou and 
 them upon that ground, than upon the h.igh demands of your Governor or ids caj)itu- 
 lations for you. 
 
 I suppose he hath acquainted you with what I briefly offered yesterday in rela- 
 tion to yourself and the inhabitants; otherwise he hath done you the more to answer 
 forte God and man. And notwithstanding the advantages, as to the commanding and 
 entering the town, which God had given us since that offer, more than we were i)os- 
 sessed of before, yet I am still willing, upon surrender, to make good the same to 
 the city, and that with advantage. 
 
 Now, in regard of that temper which appears among you by your letter, tliough 
 I shall not engage for more upon the Governor's demands for you, whose power. I 
 conceive, is now greater to prejudice and pndangcr the city than to protect it; to 
 save it from plunder and pillage, I have promised the soldiery that, if we should 
 take it by storm, the inhabitants shall give them a reasonable gratuity in n oney, in 
 lieu of the pillages; and so made it death for any man to plunder. Which I shall 
 still keep them to, by God's help, although w-e should be put to make an entry by 
 force, unless I shall find the inhabitants engaging still with the Governor and 
 soldiery to make resistance. You may see, also, the way I chose for reducing the 
 place was such as tended most to save the inhabitants from jiillage, and from perish- 
 ing promiscuously, the innocent with the guilty: to wit, by attempting places which 
 being possessed might bring it to a surrender, rather than enter the city itself by 
 force. 
 
 If what is here expressed may beget resolution in you, which wotdd occasion 
 your safety and be consistent with the end 'of my coming hither, I sliall be glad, and 
 rest 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 OLrvER Cromwell. 
 
 (lo.) For the Governor of I^ilkenny. 
 
 Bcfo7 e Kilkenny^ 2Gih March, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 Except the conditions were much bettered, and we in a worse posture and 
 capacity to reduce you than before the last letters I sent you, I cannot imagine 
 whence these high demands of yours arise. I hope in God, before it be long you 
 may have occasion to think-other thoughts; to which I leave you. 
 
 I shall not so much as treat with you on those propositions. You desire some 
 articles for honor's sake; which out of honesty I do deny, viz. : that of marching m 
 the equipage )Ou mention, "muskets loaded, matches burning,'' &c. I tell you my 
 Inisiness is to reduce you from arms, and the country to quietness and due subjec- 
 tion ; to put an end to the war, and not to lengthen it ; wishing, if it may stand with 
 the will of God, this people may live as hapi^ily as they did before the bloody massa- 
 cre, and better, too. If you and the company with you be of those who resolve to 
 continue to hinder this, we know who is able to reach you, and, I believe, will. 
 
 For the inhabitants of the town, of whom you seem to have a care, you know 
 your retreat to be better than theirs ; and, therefore, it is not impolitically done to 
 speak for them, and lo engage them to keep us as long from you as they can. If 
 they be willing to expose themselves to ruin for you, yo\i are much beholding unto 
 them. 
 
 As for your " clergymen," as you call them, in case you agree for a surrender, 
 they shall march safely away, with their goods and what belongs to them ; but if they 
 fall otherwise into my hands, I believe they know what to expect from me. If upon 
 what I proposed formerly, with this addition concerning them, you expect things to 
 be cleared, I am content to have Commissioners for that purpose. I rest, Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cro.mwell. 
 
 The Governor seeing the temper of the townsmen, and wel/ 
 aware of tlie weakness of the force under his command, knew that t'i 
 
178 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 resistance he could offer would be worse than useless. The example 
 of Drogheda and Wexford taught him "what to expect" if the city 
 was taken by assault. On the receipt of the above he wrote to pro- 
 pose a conference. It was readily accepted by Cromwell. 
 
 (ii.) P^or General Cromwell. 
 
 Kilkoiny, 26th March, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 In answer of your letter, if you be pleased to appoint officers for a treaty 
 for the surrender of the castle and city upon soldier-like conditions, I will also ap- 
 point officers of such quality as are in the garrison, provided that hostages of 
 equality be sent on both sides, and a cessation of arms be also granted during the 
 treaty. Assuring a performance, on mv side, of all that will be agreed upon, I rest, 
 Sir, 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Walter Butler. 
 
 P. S. — I desire to know what's become of my trumpeter whom I employed two 
 days ago. W. B. 
 
 (12.) To the Governor of Kilkenny. 
 
 Before Kilkenny, 26th AfarcJi, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 That no extremity may happen for want of a right understanding, I am 
 content that commissioners on each side do meet in the leaguer at the south side of 
 the city, authorized to treat and conclude. For which purpose, if you sliall speedily 
 send me the names and qualities of the commissioners you will send out, I shall 
 appoint the like number on my part, authorized as aforesaid, to meet witli them; and 
 shall send in a safe-conduct for the cominj; out and return of yours. As for 
 hostages, I conceive it needless and dilatory. I expect that the treaty will begin by 
 eight of the clock this evening and end by twelve; during which time only will I 
 grant a cessation. Expecting your speedy answer, I rest 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 The trumpeter by whom the message was sent was at first re- 
 fused admittance ; it was nine o'clock when the despatch reached the 
 Governor. His reply was given immediately. 
 
 (13.) For General Cromwell. 
 
 Kilkenny, zGtJi A f arch, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 Yours of this instant I received, and do hold the time appointed for the 
 treaty and cessation of arms to be too short. Major John Comerford, Capt. David 
 Turnball, James Cowley, Fscj., Recorder of this city, and Edward Rotlie, Merchant, 
 are the commissioners ap}jointed by me, wiio will meet such commissioners as you 
 fix on at the place by you appointed by six of the clock to-morrow morning, or sooner, 
 if you please, so as hostages be sent to me for their safe return; for without hos- 
 tages the gentlemen will not go. The reason that I conceive the time to be short is 
 because your trumpeter came not hither till nine of the clock this night; so, as I 
 conceive, the business cannot be ended in so short a time. I have commanded mine 
 to forbear acts of hostility during this treaty, and I desire tliat you do the like. I 
 rest, Sir, Your servant, 
 
 Walter Butler. 
 
CROMWELL hV IRELAND. 179. 
 
 (14.) To the Governor of Kilkenny. 
 
 27//; Jfart/t, 1650. 
 Sir, 
 
 The reason of the so late coming of my answer to you was because my 
 trumpet was refused to be received at tlie nortli end of the town ; and where he was 
 achnitted, was kept long upon the guard. 
 
 I liave sent you a safe-conduct for tlie four commissioners named l)y you ; and 
 if tliey be such as are unwilling to take my word, 1 sliali not, to luimor tliem, agree 
 to liostages. I am willing to a treaty for four hours, provided it begin by twelve of 
 tlic clock this morning; but for a cessation, the time last appointed being past, I 
 shall not agree unto it to hinder my own proceedings. 
 
 Your servant, 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 The Commissioners were sent out soon after from the city, with 
 a warrant for a treaty, signed by both the governors of the city and 
 castle of Kilkenny, " appointing and authorizing Major John Comer- 
 ford, Captain David Turnball, James Cowley, Recorder of Kilkenny, 
 and Edward Rothe, Merchant, to treat and agree with the Lord Gen- 
 eral Cromwell, or such as he shall appoint, touching the yielding up 
 to the said Lord General the city and castle of Kilkenny, and the 
 conditions whereupon they shall be given up." ^ 
 
 The same day, March 27th, a breach was made with the pickaxes, 
 in the wall adjoining the Franciscan monastery, to make a way for the 
 horse and foot to enter. There is a piece of comparatively modern 
 work in the old town-wall, at the angle where the Brcgagh joins the 
 Nore ; probably this was the spot where the breach was affected. 
 The townsmen, who were guarding this part of the city, also began to 
 forsake their posts. Fortunately the governor at the head of a troop 
 of horse, came up, and beat off the enemy, killing most of those that 
 w(^e near the spot. 
 
 That night a party, consisting of eight companies of foot under 
 Colonel Gifford, was sent across the river to take possession of that 
 part of the town. The attempt proved successful. They next tried to 
 cross St. John's bridge, fire the gate, and thus effect an entrance into 
 the city. Though they advanced resolutely, yet they lay so open to 
 the enemy's shot that they were repulsed, with the loss of forty or 
 fifty men. 
 
 Cromwell, in the meantime, was preparing to erect a second bat- 
 tery. The governor, seeing the weakness of the garrison, fe\v in 
 number, and exhausted by continual watching at their posts, and- 
 dcspairing of further aid, determined to carry out Lord Castlchaven's 
 orders, viz : — That if he was not relieved by seven o'clock on the 
 evening of the 27th inst., he should not, through any false notion of 
 honor, expose the inhabitants to be massacred, but rather make as 
 good conditions as he could by a timely surrender. A parley was 
 beaten, a cessation of hostilities was agreed on, and at noon next day, 
 March 28th, the town and castle were delivered up. The same day, 
 Ireton arrived with 1,500 men to aid the besiegers. The following 
 were the conditions of surrender : — 
 
 1 Captain Frewen was unhappily killed during the treaty, there being no cessation. 
 
180 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 Articles of ai^reeiiient betiveen the Commissioners appoijited by his ExceHency, Lord 
 Cromwell, Lord Lieutenant General of Lreland. for and on behalf of his 
 Excellency, of the one part, and those appointed Commissioners by the respcciiTe 
 Governors of the City and Castle of Kilkenny^ of the other party. March 
 2jth, 1650. 
 
 1. That the respective Governors of the city and castle of Kilkenny sliall 
 deliver to his Excellency, the Lord Cromwell, the Lord Lieutenant (General of 
 Ireland, for the use of the State of England, the said city and castle, witli all arms, 
 ammunition, and provisions of public stores therein, without embezzlement, except 
 what is hereafter excepted, at or before nine of tlie clock to-morrow morning. 
 
 2. Tliat all the inhabitants of the said city of Kilkenny, and all others therein, 
 shall be defended in their persons, goods, and estates, from the violence of the 
 soldiery, and that such as shall desire to remove thence elsewhere, none excepted, 
 shall have liberty so to do, with their goods, within three months after the date of 
 these articles. 
 
 3. That the said Governors, with all the officers and soldiers under their respec- 
 tive commands in the said city and castle, and all others who shall be so pleased, 
 shall march away at or before nine of the clock to-morrow morning, witli their bag 
 and baggage; the otilicers wuh their attendants, their arms, and with their horses 
 not exceeding the number of one hundred and fifty horses ; and their foot soldiers to 
 march out of the town, two miles distant, with their arms, and with drums beating, 
 colors flying, matches lighted, and ball in bouche ; and then and there to deliver up 
 the said arms to such as shall be appointed for receiving them, excepting one hun- 
 dred muskets and a hundred pikes allowed them for their defence against ihe 
 Tories.' 
 
 4. That the said officers and soldiers shall have from his Excellency a safe- 
 conduct six miles from the city of Kilkenny; and from thenceforward a pass for 
 their security out of his Excellency's quarters ; the said pass to be in force for six 
 days from the date of these presents, they marching, at least, ten miles each day, and 
 doing no prejudice to quarters. 
 
 5. That the city of Kilkenny shall pay ;^2,ooo as a gratuity to his Excellency's 
 army ; whereof /i.ooo to be paid on the 30th of this month, and the other on the 
 first day of May next following, to such as shall be by his Excellency hereunto 
 appointed. ' # 
 
 6. That Major John Comerford and Mr. Edward Rothe shall remain hostages, 
 under the power of his Excellency, for the performance of the said articles, on the 
 part of said city and garrison of Kilkenny. 
 
 7. Lastly, for the performance of all and singular the premises the parties have 
 hereunto interchangeably put their hands, the day and year first above written. 
 
 James Cowlev. John Cumerford, ^ ^ 
 Edward Rothe, David Turnball, ^' <"'^omwell. 
 
 The author of the Aphorismal Discovery says, " The stirrender 
 was entirely owing to the conduct of the citizens ; if the governor 
 were pleased, and the citizens loyal, he might have kept the town for 
 
 ^ During the rehellion of 164 1 the name of Tories was given to Such persons as at 
 tirst preferred to remain neutral, but who ultimately — perhaps urged by their loss of prop- 
 erty and conse([uent distress — took up arms witli a view of reprisal or revenge on those by 
 whom they had been reduced to alisolute ruin. English and Irish, Protestant and Catholic, 
 Republican and Royalist, were alike their common enemies ; and, being joined by men of 
 desperate foitunes, they united themselves in bodies and became formidable gangs of free- 
 booters, who harassed the regular troops of all j^arties without distinction. Croker's Hist. 
 Researches, p. 52 ; London, 1824. It was applied by the opponents of Charles I. to his 
 party, under the idea that he favored the Irish rebels. By an easy transition it liecame the 
 distinctive appellation of the party who wished for the widest extension of the royal prerog- 
 ative. Some derive it from Tar a A'it^h, Come, O King, a cry used by the Irish adherents 
 of Charles I. Titus Gates used to call any one who opposed him a Tory. 
 
CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 181 
 
 a twelvemonth, if a straitcr siege were not laid unto. But the base 
 cowardice and disloyal townsmen betrayed both the gentlemen and 
 the city, and did capitulate with the enemy. Which agreed upon, the 
 gates were opened for him, and all unknown to the governor. No 
 mention made in the said capitulation either of him or any of his party, 
 all his now remedy was, seeing the enemy had the city, to defend the 
 castle, thereby to force a quarter for himself and his soldiers, which 
 being put in execution until the enemy thought the last of evils to 
 grant him and his an honorable quarter of both lives and arms ; which 
 projected, both city and castle were yielded." 
 
 Cromwell found "the castle exceedingly well fortified by the in- 
 dustry of the enemy ; being also very capacious, so that if we had taken 
 the town, we must have had a new work for the castle, which might 
 have caused much blood and time." 
 
 After describing his successes in detail, he concludes his letter 
 by a demand for supplies : — 
 
 " I may not be wanting to tell you, as to renew it again, tliat our hardships are 
 not a few ; tliat I think in my conscience, if moneys be not supplied, we shall not be 
 able to carry on your work. I would not say this to you if I did not reckon it 
 my duty so to do. But if it be supplied, and that speedily, I hope, tlirough the good 
 hand of the Lord, it will not be long before England will be at an end of this 
 charge; for the saving of which I beseech you help as soon as you can. Sir, our 
 horse have not had one month's pay of five. We strain what we can, that the foot 
 may be paid, or else tliey would starve. Those towns that are to be reduced, es- 
 pecially one or two of tliem, if we should proceed by the rules of other states, would 
 cost you more money than this army hath liad since we came over. I hope, through 
 the blessing of God, they will come chca])er to you; but how we should be able to 
 proceed in our attempts without reasonable supply, is humbly submitted and repre- 
 sented to you. I think I need not say that a speedy period ]nit to this work will 
 break the cxiicctation of all your enemies. And, seeing the Lord is not wanting to 
 you, I most humbly beg it, that you would not be wanting to yourselves. 
 
 " In the last place, it cannot be thought but the taking of these places, and the 
 keeping but what is necessary of them, it must needs swallow up our foot; and I 
 may humbly repeat it again, that I do not know of much above two thousand of 
 your five thousand recruits come to us." 
 
182 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 r SURRENDER OF KILKENNY. 
 
 .Bravery of the Garrison — Dr. Rothe — Churches profaned — Ecclesiatics put to death — 
 The Market Cross — St. Canice's Cathedral — The Windows — The Ormonde Mon- 
 ument — F. Lea, S. J. — Ormonde and the Bishop of Clogher. 
 
 Kilkenny surrendered on the 28th of March, 1650. As the 
 ■garrison marched out of the town, with their commander, Sir Walter 
 Butler, at their head, they were complimented by Cromwell for their 
 bravery : he said that they were gallant fellows ; that he had lost 
 more men storming that place than at Drogheda, and that he should 
 have gone without it were it not for the treachery of the townsmen. 
 Writing from Carrick, April 2d, he expresses "to his loving brother, 
 Richard Mayor, Esquire," his great satisfaction at the success of his 
 arms. "The taking of the city of Kilkenny hath been one of our 
 last works ; which indeed, I believe, hath been a great decomposing of 
 the enemy; it's so much into their bowels." 
 
 The inhabitants who remained behind, owing to the timely 
 surrender, escaped many of the calamities that befell the other places 
 captured by the Puritan army, though "for the securing of their lives, 
 estates, and goods from the violence of the soldiery, they were forced 
 to pay ;!^2,ooo to Cromwell for the making good of that quarter." ^ 
 Dr. Rothe,^ the bishop, availing himself of the terms of the treaty, 
 that the clergy should have liberty to go elsewhere, quitted the city 
 with the garrison. Not that he feared danger or cared for his own 
 life — he had often given proof of his readiness to run any risk for 
 the welfare of the flock. ^ When the plague appeared in the city, he 
 rose from his bed, to which he had been confined for more than a 
 year by .excruciating painsj and he had himself borne, on a litter from 
 door to door, in order to minister with his own hands the consolations 
 of religion to those of his flock who stood in need of them. He had 
 not gone more than a mile outside the walls, when he was seized by 
 some stragglers from the victorious army and robbed of all he pos- 
 sessed. The news of Rothe's capture was at once despatched to 
 
 1 Petition of the Irish inhabitants of Kilkenny ; see p. 306, antea. 
 
 T/ie 
 and 
 
 made by 
 Dublin, 1857. 
 
 3 Messingham savs he was well versed in all sorts of learnmg, an eU)quent orator, a 
 subtle philosopher, a profound divine, an enunent historian, and a sharp re]irover of vice. 
 FloriUf^inn Jnsuhe Sanctoruyn, p. 87; Paris, 1624. A list of his works is given in Ware's 
 Writers 0/ Ireland, p. 122. 
 
CROM ^VE/ L T.V 7EFLA .^ D. 1 83 
 
 Cromwell. lie gave permission to have the a^^cd prelate^ brought 
 back to the city and handed over to his kinsfolk, that he might pass the 
 brief remainder of his life among them.^ Another and a more probable 
 account is that given by Dr. Fleming, then archbishop of Dublin, 
 when announcing Rothe's death officially a few months later. He 
 says that he was dragged from the carriage in which he sat, a tattered 
 cloak covered with vermin was given him, and he was cast into a 
 loathsome dungeon, where he expired after a prolonged martyrdom.'^ 
 He died on the 20th of April, in the seventy-eighth year of his age 
 and the thirty-second of his episcopate.'* His remains were laid in 
 the family vault in St. Mary's church, after the usual obsequies had 
 been performed without any hindrance. Some years before, in more 
 peaceful times, he had erected a tomb in the cathedral of St. Can ice, 
 where he hoped his bones might be laid after his course was run ; '^ 
 here his friends strove hard to have him interred ; but owing very 
 probably to the fact that Colonel Axtcll's regiment was quartered in 
 the sacred edifice, they could not carry out their })ious intentions. 
 Strange to say, this monument escaped the fury of the Puritans, 
 though they destroyed the s mptuous tomb of the Ormondes. It 
 was partly demolished later by the ill-judged zeal of John Parry, the 
 Protestant bishop of Ossory.^ 
 
 Catholicity was flourishing in the city of Kilkenny, when the 
 Puritan army, like a devastating torrent, overturning everything in 
 its course, appeared before the walls. As soon as they got i:)osscssion 
 of the city, they impiously profaned the churches, overthiew the 
 altars, destroyed the jmintings and crosses, and showed their contempt 
 for everything sacred. The vestments, which had been for the most 
 part concealed, were discovered and plundered by the soldiery. The 
 books and paintings were cast into the streets, and either burnt or 
 taken away as booty. Dr. Patrick Lynch, of Galway, writing on the 
 1st of May, 1650, to the Secretary of the Congregation of the 
 Propaganda, says that a report had reached him oi cruelties that had 
 taken place in the city of Kilkenny, and of a number of i^ricsls, 
 religious, nobles, and merchants, who had been ])ut to death there.' 
 
 There is a tradition still current in Kilkenny, that after the 
 surrender of the town, some distinguished ecclesiastics took refuge 
 
 1 In his "Petition to the Confederate Council," August ist, 1649, he speak.5 of him- 
 self as "old and bedrid." See Account of the Carte A/SS , p. S3. 
 
 2 The family mansion of the Rothes was in the Coal Market, Kilkenny ; the entrance 
 to it was by Wolf's Arch, A'/t/c. Arch, youriial for 1S49, PP- 45 •*"<^1 ^hZ- 
 
 '^ In Spicil. Ossory, vol, i, p. 340. Dr. Fleming's letter is dated June 5th, 1650. 
 
 * He was promoted to the see of Kilkenny in 161S. in his forty-fifth year. For many 
 years previous he had been Vicar-General of Armagh. 1 lis name appears in a list of students 
 at Douya, m 1613. .See Calendar of the Carew A/SS. (1603-24), p. 2S6 ; London, 1S73. 
 
 ^ Robert Rothe in his will, e.vecuted in 1619, directs that he should be buried "in vc 
 Chapel of the 1?. V. Mary and St. Michael, Kilkenny, where his father and grandfather are 
 interred." 
 
 ** He held the see from 1672 to 1677. lie was succeeded by his brother, Benjamin 
 Parry, who held it only nine months. See Ware's Antiquutes, vol. i. p. 429. 
 
 ^ The ecclesiastics who survived were banished, for in the Langton Memorials it is 
 sa'd : " Bishop Phelati was our first Catholic bishop in the diocese of Ossory since the year 
 T 540 ; at which time all our clergy were expelled by the Parliament and the usurper Crom- 
 well,'' 
 
184 CROMWl LL I}f IRELAND. 
 
 from the violence of the soldiery in a secret chamber of the Dominican 
 friary attached to the Black Abbey. None knew of their place of 
 concealment except a few trusted friends, among whom was a woman 
 named Thornton, who engaged to supply them every night with milk. 
 This woman, for a bribe, betrayed the secret, and indicated to the 
 Cromwellian soldiers where their victims could be found by spilling 
 the milk along the road from the outer gate to the spot where the 
 entrance to the secret chamber should be sought. The consequence 
 was that the ecclesiastics were dragged from their concealment and 
 put to death. Their betrayer received a gj-ant of land as her reward. * 
 
 F. Archdeacon, S. J.,'-^ in his Thcologia Tripartita, a work pub- 
 lished in 1678, describes the manner in which the soldiers displayed 
 their fanaticism : "There stood, and still stands, in the market-place 
 of Kilkenny, 2 a magnificent structure of stone, of elegant workman- 
 ship, rising aloft after the nianner of an obelisk. It is supported by 
 four lofty columns, which bear the weight of the whole superstructure. 
 You ascend it on the four sides by flights of stone steps ; and above 
 all, on the highest point, \yas placed a sculptured figure of the Cruci- 
 fixioi\.'* After the occupation of the city by Cromwell's soldiers, 
 some of them, who were particularly remarkable for their impiety, 
 assembled in the market-place, armed with their muskets, and directed 
 niany shots against the symbol of the Crucifixion, in order that they 
 might fully complete their irreligious triumph ; this their persecuting 
 fury. at length accomplished. But behold ! the wrath of an avenging 
 God quickly pursued the authors of this sacrilege. A mysterious 
 malady seized on them, and effected them so, that none survived 
 beyond a fe\vdays." Another writer, whose name has not comedown 
 to us, says, " Seven soldiers of the Parliamentary army, like seven 
 unclean spirits, set on it. After firing at it for some time, they broke 
 off the ligher portion of it, and returned in triumph to their dwellings. 
 But behold ! of the number, six died immediately after, three on that 
 same day, and three on the day following. The seventh was on the 
 point of death ; I know not whether he escaped. These facts became 
 known to the whole city, and served to confirni the Catholics in their 
 veneration for the cross, and to terrify, in no small degree, the heretics, 
 its enemies." 
 
 The church of St. Canice was the special object of their pious 
 
 1 A family named Tliornton .still resides within a few miles of the cit)-, and to this 
 day they are frequently upbraided with the alleged treachery of their ancestors. 
 
 '' He was born in Kilkenny, in 1619. At the age of twenty Uirce he entered the Jesuit 
 novitiate at Mechlin. For many years lie taught philosophy, theology and Scripture at Lou- 
 vain and Antwerp. He died in the latter ])lace in 1690. Besides the above work, which 
 has been frecpiently reprinted, he wrote a Treatise on Mtracles and an Epitotiie of the Ltfe of 
 St. Patrick. 
 
 ? Between the Butter Slip and the Tholsel, in the middle of High Street, and in the 
 centre of the market. It was erected in 1335. 
 
 * A drawing of this cross is given in the Duhlin Penny yoiirnal; vol. i. p. 92 ; and in 
 the A'ilk. Arik. Journal for 1S53, p. 219, the latter taken from an old drawing in the collec- 
 tion of the late \V. Robertson, Esq. Here, in 1335, many were marked on the naked Hesh 
 in the sign of the cross with a red hot iron, that they might go to the Holy Land. Clynn's 
 Annals ad ann. Rinuccini, too. speaks of it in his Niinziatnra, p. 82. An address in Laini 
 was read to him by a youth in front of it as he was entering the city. It was taken dowii Ly 
 order of the Coporation in 1771. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 185 
 
 wrath. We have already seen that, in the earlier part of the siege, 
 the assailants had attacked the quarter of the city where it was 
 situated, and had succeeded in effecting- an entrance there and estab- 
 lishing themselves within its walls. After the surrender, the aisles 
 were converted into stabling for the troopers' horses. Colonel 
 Axtell's ^ regiment was quartered in it for a considerable time. 
 Eight years before it had been taken possession of by the Catholics, 
 Dr. Griffith Williams,^ the Protestant bishop, having fled at the break- 
 ing out of the rebellion. It was then solemnly reconciled for the 
 Catholic service by Dr. Rothe, in presence of the members of the 
 Supreme Council and of the prelates assembled in the city. Bale, 
 whom Rothe calls "an image-breaking debauchee " ^ {icouoclastcs gauco), 
 had sold the gold and silver vessels, and demolished the altars and 
 statues of the saints. Rothe devoted all his energies to repair these 
 injuries, and succeeded so well that he merited the eulogy of the 
 legate Ivinuccini. An inscrijition still extant in the cathedral records 
 the gratitude of the people for his zeal.* Williams thus laments over 
 the disasters that had befallen the noble edifice: "The great and 
 famous and most beautiful cathedral church of St. Keney (Canice) 
 they have utterly defaced and ruined. They have thrown down the 
 great roof of it, taken away five great and goodly bells, broken down 
 all the windows, and carried away every bit of glass, which, they say, 
 was worth a very great deal ; and all the doors of it, that hogs might 
 come and root, and the dogs gnaw the bones of the dead ; and they 
 broke down a most exquisite marble font, wherein the Christians' 
 children were regenerated, all to pieces, aiid threw down many goodly 
 marble monuments that were therein, and especially that stately and 
 co"5tly monument of the most honorable and noble family of the 
 House of Ormonde,^ and divers others of most rare and excellent 
 work, not much inferior, if I be not much mistaken, to most of the 
 best, excepting the Kings', that are in St. Paul's Church or the Abbey 
 of Westminster. Rothe says of the painted glass, put up by Bishop 
 Ledrede : ^ " The choir of the cathedral of St. Canice is ornamented 
 with colored glass, in which the whole life, passion, ressurection, and 
 ascension of our Lord are most skilfully depicted. Such is its beauty 
 
 1 Axtell was one of those who signed the warrent for the King's death. Cromwell 
 made him governor of Wexford, and later of Kilkenny. In 1660 he was condemned to 
 death with the other regicides siill surviving, "for being commander of that black guard, that 
 cruel and bloody guard, as the Attorney-General called it. that surrounded the High Court 
 of InjustiLC which condemned the King to die." See the Indicnncitt cf tlie Regicides, p. i8r , 
 London, 1724. 
 
 2 Williams was Protestant Bishop of Ossory from 1641 to 1672. 
 
 ^ An interesting account of Bale's "godly career " in Ireland is given in the Irish 
 Ecclesiastical Record, vol. i. p. 569 ; Dublin, 1865. 
 
 •* The inscription is given in Gxa.xts' Hisfory of St. Canice^ Cathedral, p. 293; it is 
 set on an clabo:ate Renaissance monument, bearing the arms of the Rothe family, or a stag 
 tripp nt gales, by an oak tree vert, with the motto, " Virluti non aitdaaa.'' 
 
 ^' It was erected in memory of Thomas Butler, surnanied the Black, tenth Earl of 
 Ormonde, who died in 1614. He was buried in the choir of St. Canice's cathedral. 
 
 " Clynn (Ainials, p. 13) says he was consecrated on the 8th of the kelands of May, 
 A. D.. at Avignon, where the Pope then dwelt. About 1334 he began the repairs of the 
 cathedral, which had been much injured by the falling in of the belfry in 1322. He died 
 m 1360. 
 
 BOSTON COLLEGE LIBKAHY 
 
180 CROMWELL LY IRELAND. 
 
 and splendor, that when the iconoclasts of modern times, in the reigns' 
 of Kdward and Elizabeth, destroyed the sacred pictures, and though' 
 that unclean drunkard, Bale, broke and profaned all the statues of the 
 saints which he could lay hands on, yet neither he nor the two other 
 intruding bishops who succeeded him touched these windows." Yet 
 these, too, were demolished by the bigots. 
 
 In the account of the Jesuit Mission from 1641 to 1650, some 
 further details are given of the state of the city during the siege : — 
 
 " Fatlier Patrick Lea, a man hekl to be a saint by all who knew him, was em- 
 ployed in the service o£ those who v\eie struck down by liie phigue. He was well 
 versed in all kinds of learning, even in the knowledge of medicine; for this reason 
 lie was asked by the citizens to undertake that duty. But owing to his aident tem- 
 perament and his zeal for the salvation of souls, his life was not a long one. Not 
 only did he continuously hear the confessions of the plague-stricken, give them Holy 
 Communion and Extreme Unction, and bestow on them all the spiritual aid they 
 needed, but, besides, he was unceasing in attending to their bodily wants, suppl)ing 
 them with medicines and food and cleansing their sores. It happened that a poor 
 man, whom he was attending, died. The body was sjjreading contagion all around. 
 Father Lea took up the corpse in his arms and carried it to a neighboring cemetery, 
 and, making a grave, buried it there. Owing to the heated state in which he was, 
 and to the contact with the corpse, he was stricken down by the fatal disease on the 
 24th of March, 1650, to the great grief of the cititens. 
 
 "A few days after his death the city was taken. Our Fathers sought to avoid 
 the danger in various ways. One of them took up a weapon, and passed out with 
 the soldiers who were leaving the town. Another acted as servant in the house of a 
 certain nobleman, and when waiting at table, often poured out wine and ale to the 
 enemy. A third, in the disguise of a merchant, remained behind in the cit), and em- 
 ployed himself in consoling the Catholics. 
 
 "Meantime the army of the heretics entering the town, overturned the altars 
 and profaned the images, crosses, and all the other sacred things. They destroyed 
 our house and oratory, sparing nothing that they believed belonged to a Jesuit. The 
 sacred furniture had l>een hidden away ; yet it was found and plundered. The books 
 were thrown out into the street and burned. The soldiers who were struck down by 
 the plague were put into our house, which was turned into a hospital, and profaned 
 everything." 
 
 After the capture of Kilkenny, Ormonde, Castlehaven, and the 
 Bishop of Clogher met in Wcstmeath to consult with the gentleman 
 of that county about the King's interests. Ormonde set before thcni 
 the following queries : ist. Whether they were able to raise such 
 forces as would be sufficient to engage Cromwell ? 2d. In case they 
 were not able to fight, whether it were not necessary with all the force 
 they could muster to fall on the English quarters, and there bmn and 
 destroy all they could, that the enemy might not be able to subsist.' 
 3d. If this was not feasible, whether it was not most convenient for 
 them to join in some proposals of p-jace for the whole kingdom, or 
 every one for himself, to make his own particular application ? The 
 last expedient was much approved by some ; but most of them, 
 knowing they had little claim to good conditions, preferred to attack 
 the English in their quarters, and thus protract time until they sliould 
 have an opportunity of escaping. 
 
CROMWKI.L JN IRELAND. 187 
 
 CROMWELL LN LRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 THE DATTLE OF MACROOM. 
 
 Sadlier's successes — Enuisiiag, Pulkcny, Ballydoine, Granny, and Dunkill taken — 
 Henry Cionnvcll arrives in Ireland — Defeat of Inchi(|uin — The Munster Army — 
 Confederate Standards — IJattie of Macrooni — The Bisliop of Ross hanged — Sur- 
 render of Carrigadrohid — liroghill's Account. 
 
 The main body of CromwcH's army remained but a short time 
 at Kilkenny, perhaps tlirough fear of the plague. Within a week 
 after the surrender he set out for Carrick, as is shown by a letter of 
 his written from there to his friend Richard Mayor. The headquarters 
 were at Burntchurch, four miles south-west of Kilkenny. 
 
 Parties were sent out to seize on the various strongholds in the 
 neighborhood. " Colonel Abbot attempted Ennisnag,^ where were 
 gotten a company of rogues, which revolted from Colonel Jones. The 
 soldiers capitulated for life, and their two officers were hanged for 
 revolting. Adjutant-General Sadlier was commanded, with two guns, 
 to attempt some castles in the counties of Ti]:)perary and Kilkenny, 
 which being reduced would exceedingly tend to the blocking up two 
 considerable towns. Me summoned rulkerry,^ a garrison under 
 Clonmel, and battered it. They refusing to come out, he stormed it, 
 put thirty or forty of them to the sword, and the rest, remaining 
 obstinate, were fired in the castle. He took Ballojwin,^ the enemy 
 marching away, leaving their arms behind them He took also the 
 Granny and Donhill,'* two very considerable places to Waterford, 
 upon the same terms. 
 
 A month before, Henry Cromwell ^ had arrived at Youghal from 
 England with a regiment of foot and about two hundred horse. H6 
 and Lord l^roghill, having united their forces, defeated Lord Inchiquin 
 in the neighborhood of Limerick, killing i6o of his men, and taking 
 over loo prisoners. Among those captured were three officers. They 
 were tried by court-martial for betraying their trust, having been 
 formerly in the service of the I'arliament. They were sentenced to 
 
 ' In the county of Kilkenny, between Kells and Gowran ; the castle is in ruins, only 
 some parts of the east and south walls remaniing. 
 
 2 In the county of Tipperary, five miles east of Clonmel. 
 
 ^ Ballydoine, midway between Carrick and Clonmel. 
 
 * Four mil°.s north of Waterford, on the Thomastown road. 
 
 ^ Another of the name, Thomas Cromwell, a descendant of " the destroyer of mor.as- 
 teries," under Henry VIH , came to Ireland in the reign of James I., and, in' exchange for 
 an estate in Devonshire, g(_)t from Lord Mountjuy the abbey lands of I'lown, Innis, and Saul, 
 granted to thai nobleman for his services to the Crown, lie was governor of Lecalc, His 
 son Thomas became Viscount Lecalc and Larl of Ardglas. 
 
188 CROMWELL LN' IRELAND. 
 
 die. Two of them were shot; the third, Colonel Claydon, was 
 pardoned. The country people were so terrified that they fled with 
 their goods and cattle across the Shannon into Clare, having first set 
 fire to their houses and castles, that the enemy might not find 
 shelter. Th.'s success kept in check those who might have fallen on 
 Cromwell's rear. Broghill, on his way to join the niain body of the 
 army, received urgent orders from Cromwell to hasten to Clonmel. 
 But meantime he had secret information from his brother, who was then 
 at Castlelyons, that David Roche had got together a body of 700 men 
 in Kerry with the design of relieving that town. With him was 
 Boetius Egan,^ who had been consecrated bishop of Ross the year 
 before. He- hc^d been obliged to fly from his diocese and take refuge 
 in the fastnesses of Kerry. Broghill took horse and })osted in all 
 haste to Clonmel. Having obtained from Cromwell some reinforce- 
 ments, at the head of 1,600 foot and 200 horse, he set off for Cork, 
 which he reached on the 8th of April. ^ There \\c learned that the 
 rendezvous of the enemy was at Macroom. The next day he reached 
 Kilcrea. On the morning of the loth he came before the castle of 
 Carrigadrohid,^ about three miles from Macroom. He found it 
 garrisoned by some of Roche's troops. Leaving his foot behind to 
 keep the garrison in check, he hurried with his horse to IMacroom. 
 At his approach the garrison set fire \q the castle and joined the 
 main body, which lay encamped in the park. Broghill immediately 
 charged them. Surprised by the suddenness of the attack, they gave 
 way and fled, leaving many of their number on the fiejd. According 
 to Whitelocke, the loss amounted to 700 slain ; many prisoners were 
 taken, among them 20 captains, lieutenants, and other officer^ of the 
 army ; the standard of the church ^ of Munster was also captured, it 
 
 ^ He \yas a native of Diihallow, county Cork He entered (he Franciscan Order, and 
 studied at Loiivain with Colgan and Fleming. On the rccnnnncndatinn of Rinuccini he 
 Was a[)pointed to the see of Ross. Tlie Ornujndists strove to exclude him from the assem- 
 bly of the Confederates. ]5ut Rnuiccini and the other bisho|)s supported his claim and 
 obtained his admission. See T/ie Franciscan Jl/onastencs, j). 22S. 
 
 2 Ware gives May lotli as tlie date of the battle of Macroom. From Broghill's letter 
 it is clear that the battle took place April loth. 
 
 ^ Carrigadrohid castle is built on a steep rock jutting out into the river Lee. This 
 romantic site was the choice orihe wife of M'Carthy, l)y whom it was built. 
 
 ^ The Christian symbols which the Catholic soldiers use on their military standards 
 are — ist. On the white banners decked witli chops of blood, the image of Christ crucified ; 
 motto: " A""()uum est i)ro Christo mori " (It is right to die for Christ). 2d. On the green 
 Ijanners, an image of our Saviour bearing the cross ; motto: " I'atior ut vincam " (I suffer 
 that I may concjuer). 3d. On the cloth of gold banners, ( hrist rising from the tomb ; motto. 
 " Exsurgat Deus et dissi[)entur iuiuiici ejus" (let God arise and his enemies be scattered). 
 4lh On the red banners, the name of Jesus ; motto : " In nomine Jesu oinne geiui lleciatur " 
 ("In the name of Jesus every knee shall bend) 5th. On the sky-blue banners, the image 
 (if the B. V. Mary, bearing in her arms the child Jesus, and crushing with her foot the 
 serpent's liead ; motto: "Solvit vincula Dcus" (God hath broken our chains). 6th. On 
 the crimson banners, an arm argent, armoured, issuing from a cloud, holdirg a lance of the 
 same color: motto: " Fortitudo niea desuper " (my strength is from above). 7th. On the 
 
 sanic n)ior: motto: rortuucuj mea iiesuper |uiy sireugiu is iiuui auuve;. /in. v^-u mc 
 banners of the cloth-of-silver, a knight armed cap-a pie. setting fire to the Institutes of Cal- 
 vin ; motto : " .So may all heresies perish." 8th. On the jnnple banners, an image of our 
 Savioiu- delivering the souls of the fathers from Limbo ; motto : " Victor redit de barathro " 
 (he returns victorious from hell); or, the image of Judith, holding a golden hilled sword, 
 and deahng Holdferues the fatal blow ; nn)tto : "Dorninus viiulicat jiopuhnn suum " (the 
 Lord avengeth his people). On the dexter .'ide of each of the above banners ther^ was an 
 Irish cross within a red circle on a green field. Under the cross the ntotto : " Vivat CaroJ 
 
ht I \ -EL L J.V IR EL A NIJ. 189 
 
 being a church army. The Bisliop of Ross, the High Sheriff of 
 Kerry, and several other persons of distinction were taken prisoners.^ 
 The High Sheriff was condemned to be shot, l^roghill ordered the 
 Bishop to be led to the castle of Carrigadrohid, and offered him 
 pardon if he would use his efforts to make the garrison surrender. 
 When he was brought within hearing of those within, instead of 
 urging them to yield, he exhorted them to maintain their post 
 resolutely against the enemies of their religion and country. A true 
 soldier wouki have honoicd such heroism, even in an enemy. ]5ut 
 not so Broghill ; by his order the brave Bishop was abandoned to the 
 fury of the soldiers. His arms were first severed from his body; he 
 was then dragged along the ground to a tree close by, and hanged fi'om 
 one of its branches with the reins of his own horse.^ Roche's men had 
 meanwhile fled into the woods ; he tried to rally them about Killarney, 
 and sent to Inehiquin for a reinforcement of horse from Clare, in 
 order to make a second attempt to relieve Clonmel. But Broghill 
 advancing to Brisbane, near Millstreet, prevented their uniting. The 
 castle was afterwards taken by a silly stratagem. The assailants 
 yoked teams of o.xen to large beams of timber. The garrison 
 supposed these were cannon, and thought it better to make terms than 
 to continue a resistance that would certainly end in their destruction. 
 They surrendered on articles, by which they were allowed to march 
 out without arms, the Governor being " allowed sixteen arms to 
 defend his soldiers from the Tories." 
 
 A letter from tlie Lord Brogliill, dated at Cork the r6th of April, 1650, was this 
 day read, wherein was the enclosed relation : 
 
 " iMy Loid Lieutenant understanding by several ways that the enemy was 
 gathenng a considerable body of an army in the county of Kerry, which, by its ad- 
 vancing into these parts, was like to put them into arms, also, sent me back from 
 the army before Clonmel to draw together 14 troops of horse and dragoons and 12 
 foot companies ; and with these forces to take all advantages upon the enemy. 
 
 " On my arrival in this town, the Sth of this inst., I found they had prevented 
 our expectation, and were come within twelve miles of it to ALacroom, a town and 
 castle of the Lord Muskerry, where their army daily increased, and was like to do 
 so, unless immediately defeated. This pressing necessity made me draw out Captain 
 Deane's and Captain Jenning's troops, newly landed, my own, Colonel Warden's, 
 Major Powel'Sjand Captain Bishop's troop, all mine own regiment, to which I added 
 about 800 foot of Sir Hardress Waller's, Colonel Phayre's, and Colonel Ryves' regi- 
 ment, with his party. The 9th instant, I advanced seven miles towards the rebels, 
 and the roth, learning they still ke))t their ground, w^e resolved, by the help of the 
 Lord, to engage them; but one of the carriages with ammunition breaking, 1 was 
 
 et Rex " (long live Knig Charles), and over it the letters C. R. and a regal crown. A por- 
 tion of one of these banners is in the possession oi the Dominicans at Tallaght, in the county 
 of Dublin. 
 
 ' /■/^<? Bn'i/ Ch'onicU says Ijctwecn 500 and Goo were slain, whereof some of good 
 quality ; and almost i,ooo arms, and good store of ricii plunder was taken. 
 
 ^ De Burgo gives a list of the Irish bishops residing in their sees in 1649, ^vhich Dr. 
 French, bisho]) of F'erns, j)resentcd to Clement IX. in i''^/. Dr. Egan is set down among 
 those who were slain through hatred of the faith, "■ tuterfecti in oditivi fidciy Hib. Dojii.^ 
 ]). 489. The Lonvain Record of the Franciscan Order says he was a zealous champion and 
 apostle of the faith, and that he crowned his life by the glorious death of a martyr. Ortho 
 do.\a2 fidei strenuus defensor ct asserto, pro qua glorioso martyrio vit.x finem et coronidem 
 iniposuit." He was buried in the cemetery of Aghina. See The Franciscan Monasteries, p. 
 228, and O'Reilly's Sufferers for the Faith in Ireland, p; 22S. 
 
190 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 resolved to leave a good part of the foot and some liorse with it, and to advance with 
 all the rest of our horse to engage them till our foot came up. 
 
 " Thus it pleased God we did, and after a third rallying of their foot, gave them 
 a total rout, though in a place, the worst for horse ever I saw, and where one 
 lundred musketeers might have kepfoff all the horse of Ireland. By our most 
 noderate computation we killed between five and six hundred on the place, whereof 
 :;ome of good quality. Our prisoners, which are but few, because I gave orders to 
 knock all on the head, were the bishop of Ross, their general, though he tells me 
 but a joint commissioner with my Lord Roche's son, the Ifigh Sheriff of the county 
 Kerry, with about twenty captains, lieutenants, and other officers, and gentlemen. 
 
 " Amongst other colors that were taken, there fell into our hands the standard of 
 the church of Munster (as I am informed), for this was a clergy army. 
 
 "Our men got in the camp and in the pursuit good store of rich plunder, and I 
 verily believe the enemy carried not away with him 300 arms. Had it been possible 
 for our foot to come up, in human probability there had not escaped 100 of the 
 rebels ; but I hope they are so well dispersed that it will not be in any man's power 
 to call them together a good while, especially if some new commands hinder us 
 from prosecuting the success. I found some papers of singular consequence in 
 the bishop's pocket, which, I hope, shall not want improving. 
 
 "The night after we received this mercy, wiiich, if any longer protracted, had I 
 find, cast all these countries into arms, I sent Major Nelson with 200 foot and 70 
 horse to summon Carrigadrohid castle, a place the enemy had surprised in our 
 quarters, and of great consequence for the strength and situation of it. I gave 
 orders that if the garrison in it delivered it not up, we should hang the bishop before 
 it. The former not being done, the latter was; and 'tis observable that immediatelv 
 after the bishop was hanged, I came up and persuaded -the governor af;;er the ex- 
 ecution to surrender me the castle almost upon the same terms he had refused to 
 save the bisiiop's life, the only difference being that I gave him 16 arms to defend 
 his soldiers from the Tories. 
 
 " The bishop was wont to say there was no way to secure the English but by 
 hanging them. That which was his cruelty became his justice. 
 
 " This is the exactest account I can give of the late mercy, wherein the Lord was 
 as visible as the mercy itself." • 
 
CnO^nVELL IN IRKLAjXD. 101 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 THE SIF.GK OF CLONMEL, 
 
 Conduct of (he Inhabitants — The Garrison — Summons to Surrender — O'Neill's Answer — 
 Fennell's Treachery — BrogliilTs Arrival — Tlie Assault — Langlcy of the Iron 
 Hand — Want of Annnunilion — Surrender — Account by an I'^ye- Witness — Letter 
 of S.Dillingham — The Articles of Surrender — FF. O'Reilly and Magrath, O P. 
 
 On the 27th of April ^ Cromwell came before Clonmel. This 
 town was one of the first places seized on by the Lords of the 
 Pale when they resolved on making common cause with the Ulster 
 Irish. The citizens strongly insisted on their allegiance to the King, 
 averring that their purpose was to defend themselves against a parlia- 
 ment equally hostile to the sovereign and to themselves. They granted 
 a safe-conduct to those Protestants who were unwilling to join their 
 side ; and when the Commissioners subsequently made inquisition into 
 the Irish massacres, they found that no murder had been perpetrated 
 in its vicinity. 
 
 Hugh O'Neill, 2 the nephew of Owen Roc, had been sent in the. 
 month of December preceding with 1,500 foot under Colonel Turlogh 
 Oge O'Neill MacIIcnry of the Fews, and about 100 horse under 
 Major Fcnnell, to garrison the town.*^ It was well protected on the 
 south side by the Suir. The other parts were surrounded by a wall. 
 But even during the first days of the siege the garrison was in want 
 of provisions. "O'Neill and the mayor had joined by a solemn prot- 
 estation and oath in union for God, king, and country, and defence of 
 the town to the uttermost of their power." They told Ormonde that 
 " the garrison was of good courage and resolution, and that on Clomncl 
 the safety of the kingdom chiefly depended. Ph^y besought him to 
 prevent any bloody tragedy to be acted there as in other places, for 
 want of timely relief ; that the army should march night and day to 
 their succor, and, in the mean time, that the promised relief might 
 
 1 " Mr. Lloyd, chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, came to London with 
 letters fiom his lordship. He informs that on Saturday seven-night the Lord Lieutenant 
 came before Clonmel, and the Tuesday following the great guns were brought before it." 
 Perfect Diurnal, May 6:h to 13th. The army must have marched to Clomnel immediately 
 af'er the surrender of Kilkenny ; otherwise how could it be said that the siege lasted for 
 two months? The lV,ir of Ire/a/Kf s.:y\s, "Cromwell sent two or three regiments of horse 
 before him to block up Clonmel at distance. 
 
 2 M'Genghegan says he had served under his uncle in foreign countries, and was 
 deemed an able captain and proved himself such at Clonmel and Limerick. T/isL 0/ Jreiand, 
 P- 574. 
 
 ^ The muster-roll of the Ulster horse and foot at Clonmel in January, 1650, is given 
 in the Aph. Disc, vol. ii. ji. 502, Apjiendix ''Military List"; from wliich it appears that 
 the foot numbered about 1,200, and the horse about 50, but a small l.andful in comj^arison 
 with the multitude of horse and fjot under Cromwell, who was sup[iortcd by heavy artillery. 
 lOiii., p. 78. 
 
102 CROMWELL IX I HI LAND. 
 
 be sent them, accommodated with provisions for themselves and the 
 garrison." Ormonde directed Lord Castleconnell and the sheriff to 
 raise the county of Limerick. They met, and agreed to provide i,oco 
 foot and 300 horse; but the Commisioners of Trust declared such a 
 proceeding contrary to etiquette. Lord Castleconnell appointed 
 another day for the meeting, and wrote to the Commissioners for in- 
 structions ; they did not even vouchsafe an answer. The gentlemen 
 of Limerick, not knowing how to proceed, separated, and Clonmel was 
 left to Its fate. Here, too, the plague was raging; "it was reported to 
 be -very hot in the Irish quarters." 
 
 On arriving before the town, Cromwell sent a summons to O'Neill 
 to surrender, offering him favorable terms. "He answered that he 
 was of another resolution than to give up the town on quarters and 
 conditions, till he was reduced to a lower station, and so wished him 
 to do his best." Cromwell then fell to his work and planted his can- 
 non.^ He sent Colonel Reynolds and Sir Theophilus Jones, Vvdth a 
 detachment of 2,500 horse and dragocJns, to i:)revent Ormonde's design 
 of falling on the Parliamentary quarters. During all this time several 
 sallies were made out, sometimes with good success, sometimes with- 
 out. "O'Neill," says the author of the Aporisinal Discovery, "always 
 behaved hmiself both wise, courageous, and fortunate against Crcm- 
 well and his party, not only in a defensive but offensive way, with 
 many valiant sallies and martial stratagems, to the enemy's mighty pre- 
 judice, who did lose some days 200, and other days 300, other 4CO, 
 other 500 men ; this loss was so often and so common, that n:y Lord 
 Cromwell was weary of the place, that if his honor did not impede, 
 his lordship would quit the place and raise the siege ; resolving this 
 and many other thing.'? in his breast, and among the rest tl.at l.o was 
 confident of no relief to come to this town, and therefore a strain in 
 his honor to C[uit such a place, being for the conquest of a whole king- 
 dom, having men enough at a call, after so much loss to raise the 
 siege would discourage his own and alien men joining with him, 
 thought by these and other such motives to tire this brave warrior, 
 losing daily men and ammunition, without the least expectation to Le 
 either supplied, though all this while severally promised by Lreston 
 from Waterford : notwithstanding that my Lord Cromwell ol^scrvcd 
 these conceptions to be sufficient ground to wear out the invincible 
 courage of Major O'Neill, nevertheless was most desirous to know 
 some other stratagem to abbreviate the business. Studying all de- 
 vices, none came to any purpose, the dexterity and vigilance of the 
 Major was such, crossing each of his attempts. At length, by the 
 information of some of Jnchiquin's party or other proper surmises, he 
 lighted upon a fit instrument of treachery." 
 
 Among the defenders of the town there was a major of horse 
 named F'ennell, with whom Cromwell contrived to enter into a secret 
 correspondence. Tempted by an offer of ;i^500 and of full pardon 
 for the crime of taking up arms against the jDarliament, he ])n)mised 
 to open one of the gates on the north side of the town the next night, 
 
 ' "This relation," says the autlior, "I had not only from some of the olficers and 
 soldiers of the besieged, but also from the besieged themselves." 
 
CROMWELL IX IRELAND. 193 
 
 at twelve o'clock, and to allow five hundred of the besieging force to 
 enter by it. A party of Ulster men were on guard there; these he 
 drew off, and in their place he put some men of his own regiment ; 
 as he knew they would not offer such a stubborn resistance as the brave 
 men of the north. It so happened that, on the same night, Hugh 
 O'Neill went to visit the post and see with his own eyes how they 
 were kept. He was told that Fennell was more busy than usual. 
 When he reached the gate, he found it guarded by Fennell's men 
 only, though he had given the strictest orders, shortly before, that 
 two-thirds, at least, of the number who watched the gates should be 
 Ulster men. Sus]:)ccting that treachery was at work, he called for 
 the officer in command, and having questioned him and found his 
 answers unsatisfactory, he had him taken into custody. Fennell could 
 not conceal his guilt ; he promised to reveal the conspiracy in all its 
 details on condition that he should receive a full pardon for his crime. 
 As soon as O'NciU was made aware of the plot, he secured the vari- 
 ous posts by means of strong reinforcements. In addition to the 
 ordinary guard, he placed a body of five hundred men at the gate by 
 which the enemy would be admitted. All this was done so noiselessly 
 that no suspicion was e.xcited of the discovery just made. "Advising 
 with the rest what was best to do in that extremity, they resolved to 
 open the gate, according to the former covenant. The enemy was 
 watching his opportunity, and observing the signal, marched towards 
 the gate ; ^\vq hundred did enter, tlic rest nolens volcns were kept out ; 
 all that entered were put to the sword." 
 
 This was not the first time Fennell had played false. At the 
 battle of Portlester, in May, 1643, when serving under Lord Castle- 
 haven, he showed great inactivity wdiile some of O'Neill's kinsmen 
 were cut down before his face, though he had a strong brigade of 
 horse under his command at the time. O'Neill, who had been ill 
 during the battle, on learning how his men had been sacrificed, called 
 Castlehaven's officers cowards. And when their commander resented 
 bitterly the charge, O'Neill replied: "I must confess, gentlemen, I 
 did say so to a gentleman here, Lieutenant-Colonel Fennell, with the 
 feather, a cowardly cock, for seeing my kinsmen overpowered by some 
 of the enemy, and some of them hacked to pieces before his face, he 
 never offered to relieve them. To the Supreme Council, who em- 
 ployed us both, he shall answer for this." Unhappily, in spite of his 
 cowardice and treachery, he seems to have been allowed to continue 
 in positions of trust. He surrendered Cappoquin without striking 
 a blow. He abandoned the pass at Killaloe, and allowed Ireton to 
 cross the Shannon there and invest Limerick from the Clare side. 
 During the siege of that city he conspired with some of the oflficers, 
 and seizing on St. John's gate, threatened to admit the enemy unless 
 the garrison capitulated.^ 
 
 ' The authi)r of the Aph. Disc, throws the whole Ijlame of the surrender of Limerick 
 on him. Castlehaven says he was hanged in Limerick soon after, by Ireton's order, "with 
 more than ordinary justice." Memoirs, p. 128. Others say he was taken to Cork and ex- 
 ecuted tliere, though he pleaded in defence his services in betraving not only the garrison of 
 Limerick, but also Lord Castlehaven before Youghal. Lcnihan's Ifistrry of LivKrick,-^. 181. 
 The Fennell family seem to iiave been dependents of the Ormondes. 
 
lO-t CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 " My Lord Cromwell certified of the preposterous issue of his 
 late bargain with Fennell, was mighty troubled in mind, and therefore 
 did send for other armies and great ordnance " He despatched mes- 
 sengers to Lord Broghill, informing him that his army was in a 
 jMtiable condition, suffering much from disease, and sorely distressed 
 at the many repulses it had met with, and that he must raise the 
 siege and retire with disgrace, if not immediately relieved ; he con- 
 jured him, by all the ties of duty and friendship, to desist from all 
 fiirther designs in that quarter, and to come without delay to his 
 assistance. The message reached Broghill after he had defeated 
 Roche, and while he was putting the country under contribution and 
 taking measures to prevent any muster of forces there. So urgent an 
 order could not be disregarded ; he immediately despatched a messen- 
 ger to tell Cromwell that, by the blessing of God, he had just defeated 
 the enemy, and would not fail to join him on the evening of the third 
 day following. Cromwell was delighted at the news of his successes 
 and of his speedy arrival, as his army was greatly reduced in numbers 
 and enfeebled by sickness. The author of the Mcvioir of Lord Onrry 
 says that he was transported with joy at Broghill's arrival ; that he 
 embraced him and congratulated him on his bravery, and that the 
 whole army cried — a Broghill ! a Broghill ! 
 
 But Broghill's force was composed mainly of Protestant gentle- 
 men, whose fathers had come over fifty years before, to take ]:)OSsession 
 of the confiscated estates of the Earl of Desmond. These were all 
 favorable to the royal interests. Plence they could not be induced to 
 return the greetmg and to cry out : a Cromwell ! a Cromwell ! This 
 circumstance, trifling as it may seem, made a deep impression on 
 Cromwell's mind. 
 
 As soon as his additional force came up, Cromwell renewed the 
 siege with increased vigor and industry. At length " with continual 
 thunderings a long breach was made near one of the gates, but it 
 proved not level enough when night fell." The spot where this breach 
 was made is near the west wall, about twenty yards south of the 
 tower called the magazine, where a j)ortion of the wall is still stand 
 ing. From Ludlow's description of the place, it would seem that 
 houses abutted on that part of the wall, and that it was not far from 
 the church. 
 
 " Within two hours after, the Majpr-General sent two hundred 
 chosen men and officers, with a good guide, through by-ways from a 
 place at the wall ne.\t the river that was neglected by the besiegers, 
 and fell on the backs of those in a fort not fully finished behind them, 
 and cut them off before any relief came. On which immediately \.\\t 
 next gate was opened for them, and they got in safe, with the loss of 
 half-a-dozen. The number killed in the fort was about sixty, being 
 one of their companies." 
 
 O'Neill was not idle within the town. " He did set all men and 
 maids to work, townsmen and soldiers (only those on duty attending 
 the breach and the walls) to draw dunghills, mortar, stones, and 
 timber, and make a long lane a man's height and about eighty yards 
 length, on both sides up from the breach, with a foot bank at the back 
 
CROMWELL /.V IRELAXD. 105 
 
 of it; and he caused to be placed engines on l)oth sides of the lane, 
 and two guns at the end of it invisible, opposite to the breach, and so 
 ordered all things against a storm." lie entrusted the defence of 
 this to a body of volunteers, armed with swords, scythes and pikes. 
 In the adjoining houses he placed a pickctl body of musketeers, and 
 ordered them to keep up a steady fire on all ajtijroaching the breach. 
 
 The storm began about eight o'clock in the morning.^ The 
 Puritans advanced to the assault singing one of their Scrij^ture hymns. 
 " They entered without any opposition ; and but few were to be seen 
 in the town till they so entered that the lane was crammed full with 
 horsemen, armed with helmets, backs, breasts, swords, musquetootis, 
 and pistols, on which those in the front, seeing themselves in a pound, 
 and could not make their way further, cried out, 'Halt! Halt!' On 
 which those entering behind at the breach, thought by those words 
 that all those of the garrison were running away, and cried out, 
 'Advance !• Advance ! ' as fast as those before cried, 'Halt! Halt!' 
 and so advanced till they thrust forward t'lose before them, till that 
 pound or lane was full and could hold no more. Then suddenly rushes 
 a resolute party of pikes and musketeers to the breach, and scoured 
 otf and knocked back those entering. At which instance Hugh 
 Duff's men within fell on those in the pound with shots, pikes, scythes, 
 stones, and casting of great long pieces of timber with the engines 
 amongst them ; and then two guns firing at them from the end of the 
 l^ound, slaughtering them by the middle or knees with chained bullets, 
 that in less than an hour's time about a thousand men were killed in 
 that pound, being a top one anotlicr. Aljout this time Cromwell was 
 on horseback at the gate, with his guard, expecting the gates to be, 
 opened by those entered, until he saw those in the breach beaten back 
 and heard the cannons going off within. Then he fell off, as much 
 vexed as ever he was since he first put on a helmet against the King, 
 for such a repulse he did not usually meet with." 
 
 So great was the slaughter that thj infantry refused to advance a 
 second time. Cromwell ai:)pealed to the cavalry. Amongst the fust 
 who responded to his call was Lieutenant Charles Langley. He was 
 followed by Colonel Sankey, and one of the sons of John Cooke, 
 whose services in pleading againt Charles I. had been rewarded with 
 the chief justiceship of Munster. The troopers imitated the conduct 
 of their officers, and in this way a second storming party was formed, 
 under the command of Colonel Culin. Langley put himself at the 
 head of the dismounted cavalry. Sankey seems to have directed the 
 assault. Cromwell's soldiers displayed an energy and bravery worthy 
 of their former fame. Their onset was so fierce that the Irish w^ere 
 driven from the breach. The assailants made their way to the east- 
 ern breastwork, op])osite the breach ; but there they were exposed to 
 the galling cross-fire from the neighboring houses. Colonel Culin 
 and several of his officers fell. Langley strove to mount the wall. 
 His left hand was cut off by a blow of a scythe.^ Determined at all 
 
 ' Lingard says the storming took place May 9th. 
 
 ' Hall's rrclaiid, vol. ii. \>. 90; Taylor's Civil Wars, vol. ii. p. 3S. He liad afterwards 
 an iron hand made, into which he used to thrust the stump to hold ihc bridle. Hence the 
 
19G 
 
 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 hazards to gain the i)lacc, Cromwell continued to pour masses of 
 troops into the breach, the hinder ranks pushing on those before 
 them. For four hours the sLiughter continued. By that time the 
 o-reater part of the assailants were killed or wounded. The survivors 
 were forced to retreat, leaving 2,odo of their companions dead.^ Of 
 the officers Colonel Culham, Captains Jordan and Humphries, and 
 some others were slain ; Lieutenant-Colonels Grey and Lee, and many, 
 more wounded. With much entreaty he persuaded them to lodge 
 that night under the walls, that the siege might be believed not abso- 
 lutely to be quitted. Their seconds and comrades, seeing what 
 happened, retired ; neither the threats of the General nor the bloody 
 sword of the inferior officers was sufficient to keep them from turning 
 tail to the assault. Unable to conceal his admiration of the defenders' 
 gallant conduct, he declared they were invincible. Knowing that any 
 further attempt would so weaken his army that it might be annihilated 
 by a sally of the garrison, he ordered a retreat to be sounded, and 
 withdrew to his camp, leaving O'Neill in full possession of the breach. 
 It is even said that he had ordered the army to march away and 
 abandon the place, when he espied something in the grass, which he 
 took up and found to be a silver bullet. This incident suggested to 
 him the straits to which the garrison was reduced. He determined 
 to return and call in the detachments of his, army from the neighbor- 
 ing garrisons, though a reinforcement had just reached him from 
 England of a regiment of foot and 260 horse, and by changing the 
 siege into a blockade to try what famine could do. 
 
 Ormonde was much delighted at the news of O'Neill's successful 
 defence. Fortune seemed, at length, inclined to favor the royal cause. 
 But a message soon after reached him that the ammunition of the 
 garrison was nearly spent. In truth O'Neill could resist no longer. 
 For nearly two months he had held out. His provisions were now 
 exhausted ; his ammunition was now failing.^ " The siege at distance 
 and close being about five or six weeks, and by several sallies out and 
 on the walls several of these within were lost, but many wounded 
 and sick ; on which the Major-General consulted with his officers ; 
 and seeing that their ammunition was gone, concluded to leave the 
 town without Cromwell's leave. And so at nightfall he imparted the 
 same to the mayor, one White, and advised him, after he was gone 
 half a dozen miles off, as he might guess, to send privately out to 
 Cromwell for leave to speak to him about conditions for the town, but 
 not to make mention of himself on any account till he had done. After 
 
 sobriquet given him of "Langley of the Iron Hand." It is said that a silver hand was 
 buried with him. The iron hand is still in tlie possession of George Langley, Es(|., of Coal- 
 brook, county Tipperary. He has also ihc jeu tVesprit given in Appendix x. The author 
 is not known ; from the style of the handwriting it must be at least a century old. 
 
 ' According to M'Geoghegan's Hist, of Ireland, p. 574, and ISorlase's Rcl<f!lwn, p. 240, 
 his losses amounted to 2,500. Carte gives 2,000 of his best men as the number slain at the 
 storming. Life 0/ Ormo?ide, vol. ii. p. 115. Ware gives the same number. Antiq., Gest. 
 Ilib., p. 183. The " Relatio " says " he lost more than 2,000 men before Clonmel, a greater 
 number than he had lost by al' 'he towns which he had stormed and taken since he came to 
 Ireland. 
 
 2 Preston, who commanaed at Waterford, had promised to send him ammunition, 
 but had failed to do so. 
 
CROMWELL ly IRELAND. 107 
 
 which advice to the mayor, he marches away with Iiis men, ahout two 
 hours after nightfall, and passed over the river undiscovered by the 
 guard of horse that lay at the other side of the bridge ; and he made 
 no great halt till he reached to a town called Ballynasack, twelve 
 miles from Clonmel, where he refreshed his men. 
 
 Then the Mayor, according as he was advised, about twelve o'clock 
 at night sent out to Cromwell, very privately for a conduct to wait 
 upon his Excellency ; which forthwith was sent to him, and an officer 
 to conduct him from the wall to CronnveH's tent ; who, after some 
 compliments, was not long capitulating, when he got good conditions 
 for the town : such, in a manner as they desired. 
 
 After which Cromwell asked him if Hugh O'Neill knew of his 
 coming out ; to which he answered he did not, for that he was gone 
 two hours after nightfall with all his men, at which Cromwell stared 
 and frowned at him, and said : "You knave, have you served me so, 
 and did not tell me so before 1 " To which the Mayor replied : "If 
 his Excellency had demanded the question, he would tell him." Then 
 he asked him what that Duff O'Neill was ; to which the mayor an- 
 swered, that he was an over-the-sea soldier, born in Spain. On which 
 Cromwell said, " G — d d — n you and your over-sea ! " and desired the 
 Mayor to give the paper back again. To which the other answered, 
 that he hoped his fixccllency would not break his conditions or take 
 them from him, which was not the repute his Excellency had, but to 
 perform whatsoever he had promised. On which Cromwell was 
 
 somewhat calm, but said in a fury, " By G above, he would follow 
 
 that Hugh Duff O'Neill wheresoever he went." 
 
 Then the Mayor delivered the keys of the gates to Cromwell, 
 who immediately commanded guards on them, and next morning him- 
 self entered, where he saw his men killed in the pound ; notwithstand- 
 ing which and his fury that Hugh Duff went off as he did, he kept 
 his conditions with the town." ^ 
 
 Some of his officers strove to persuade him that O'Neill's escape 
 was a breach of the articles ; and that being overreached he v.'as not 
 bound to grant such favorable terms to the town. Cromwell rebuked 
 them and declared the townsmen deserved to be highly commended 
 for their gallantry. Other writers, however, say that Cromwell dis- 
 covering the trick in the morning, was vexed, and sent some troops 
 to pursue the garrison in the rear. They had got out of reach, having 
 in the night passed the hills and most difficult ways ; but the Crom- 
 wellians overtaking many straggling, who, by reason of their wounds 
 and other hindrances, stayed behind, among whom there were not a 
 few women, put them all without mercy to the sword. ^ "They had 
 like to bring my nobles to nine pence," he exclaimed. ■'' " Cromwell,'' 
 
 ' T/ie War of Jrelatid, p. 109. The author of the Aphcr, Disc, however, says "the 
 inlial)itaiits were rifled, pillaged and plundered without respect of i)ersons or mercy of 
 degree." 
 
 * Bate's Ehnchus, ^'c, vol. ii. p. 38. "After the signing of the conditions we dis- 
 covered the enemy to be gone, and very early the next morning pur.sucd them and fell upon 
 th ir rear of stragglers, and killed about two hundred of them." Letter of an eye-witness 
 and hand-actor from Clonmel. May 10th, 1650, in Cromwelliatia, p. 81. 
 
 •'' This jiroverb owes its existence in great part to its alliteration. Some coins of these 
 denominations were struck during the Usurpation, but long before the base testoons of 
 
198 CROMWELL IX I RELAX!). 
 
 says Whitelocke, " found at Clonmel the stoutest enemy his army had 
 ever met with in Ireland ; and never was seen so hot a storm of so 
 long continuance and so gallantly defended, neither in England nor in 
 Ireland." From thence O'Neill and his party marched to Waterford, 
 hoping to obtain admittance there ; but Preston, who had command 
 of that city, refused them permission. Besides, the plague was within 
 the town. He remained in the neighborhood for some time ; but the 
 plague having shown itself among his men, and his forces decreasing 
 daily, he advised his foot to look to themselves as best they could. 
 He and Major Fennell took the shortest route they could to Limerick.^ 
 Some further details are given in a letter of S. Dillingham to Mr. 
 Bancroft. 
 
 " In the taking of Clonmel you may think we paid dear. Having lain longbefoie 
 it, and in the meantime taken Kilkenny, much loss by sallies being sustained, an on- 
 slaught was resolved. It was done with much loss and the town carried. But the 
 inner intrenchments, devised by the governor, a kinsman of O'Neill's, cost far 
 dearer gaining. After all which, they were by main force cast out of all, and with 
 much entreaty of Cromwell, persuaded to lodge that night under the walls, that their 
 siege might be believed not absolutely to be quitted. In the night, little powder left 
 tt> aefend, all was drawn away, persons and things worth anything. 
 
 "Cromwell himself says he doubted of getting on the soldiers ne.xt day to afresh 
 assault. Towards morning a parley beat, and was gladly received; so that con- 
 ditions were granted to their desires, not being above eighty defendants in all, of two 
 thousand five hundred. They were mad when they came in, and sending to pursue, 
 cut off two hundred women and children Since a review of their force, which con- 
 sisted of all the strength they could make, their troopers dismounted to boot, near 
 all the officers of Ireton's regiment are wanting ; and you may guess shrewdly at 
 Hercules by his foot ; and the business is at this pass, that he that undertook to 
 have Ireland at his command so by last Michaelmas as a child should keep it under 
 with a rod, can't now assure his soldiers two miles from home and promise them a 
 safe return. 
 
 T/ie Articles made between the Lot d Ltentena7it and the inltabiianfs of Clonmel 
 iojiching i/ie rendition thereof, May \Zth, 1650. 
 
 It is granted and agreed by and betwixt the Lord Lieutenant, General Cromwell, 
 on the one part, and Mr. Michael White and Mr. Nicholas 15etts, Commissioners 
 entrusted in the behalf of the town and garrison of Clonmel, on the other part, as 
 follows : — 
 
 1st. Tlie said town and garrison of Clonmel, with the arms, anmiunition, and 
 other furniture of war that are now therein, shall be surrendered and delivered up 
 into the hands of his Excellency, the Lord Lieutenant, by eight of the clock this 
 morning. 
 
 2d. That, in consideration thereof, the inhabitants of the said town shall be pro- 
 tected, their lives and estates, from all plunder and violence of the soldiery, and 
 siiall have the same right, liberty, and protection as other subjects, under the 
 authority of the Parliament of England, have, or ought to have, and enjoy within the 
 dominion of Ireland. 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 Henry VIII. and Edward VI., by proclamation of July 9th, ir5i, were maile to pass for 
 nine pence, their original value being twelve pence. 
 
 • ' The soldiers who were in Clonmel fled to Waterford, and were there denied admit- 
 tance. Only Hugh Duff O'NeiU and two or three other commanders were admitted. i 
 
C ROM WELL IV ] RELAX!). 199 
 
 The townsmen strove to make conditions for Ormonde and Inchi- 
 quin, but they were refused. Passes, however, were offered them to 
 go beyond the sea, which they would not take ; but the Lord of Ardes 
 and others of quality took them.^ Sankey was made governor of the 
 town and of the county of Tipperary. 
 
 Details are wanting of the events that followed the surrender. 
 The history of the preceding sieges will help our readers to fill up 
 the void without much difficulty, and to conjecture what took place. 
 The learned author of liibcrnia Doiniiiicaua gives the following ac- 
 count of the death of two holy priests of the order at this time. 
 
 " Father James O'Reilly was a learned theologian, an eloquent preacher, and a 
 famous poet. He had been sent a short time before from Waterford to Clonmel, to 
 train the youth of the town in polite learning and in tlie Christian doctrine. 
 When the garrison abandoned tlie town, he, too, s^ought safety in flight. Not know' 
 ing whither the road led, he wandered about and fell in with a troop of Puritan 
 cavalry. Tliey asked him who he was. He replied fearlessly : ' I ani a jiriesl and a 
 rcligicux, albeit an unworthy one, of the Order of .St. Dominic. I have lost my 
 way, and while trying to escape you, I have fallen into your hands. I am a mem]:ier 
 of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church. .So have I lived, and so will I die. May 
 C.od's willbe done." Tiic soldiers fell on him and covered him with wounds. I-^or 
 a whole hour he lay weltering in liis blood ; he did not cease to invoke the holy 
 names of Jesus and Mary, and to beseech his patron saints to aid him in his last 
 struggle. _ At length, exhausted by his numerous wounds, the holy martyr gave up 1 
 his soul."' 
 
 " I'ather Myler Magrath was put to death after the capture of the town. He 
 came to Clonmel to give the consolations of religion to those who should need 
 them. He was seized, while engaged in his holy work, by the bedside of a sick man. 
 The Governor's satellites hurried him off to their master's presence. His trial was 
 a brief one. He was condemned to death, and hanged immediately after." 
 
 During the siege F. Nicholas Mulcahy, Parish Priest of . Ard- 
 finan, in the county of Tipperary, was seized by a troop of Cromwell's 
 cavalry, that had been sent out to reconnoitre. Immediately on his 
 arrest he was put in irons, conveyed to the camp of the besiegers 
 and offered his pardon, if he would only consent to use his influence 
 with the inhabitants of Clonmel and induce them to give up the 
 town. But he steadily refused, and was, in consequence, led out in 
 view of the besieged city, and there beheaded wdtilst he knelt in 
 prayer for his faithful people, and asked forgiveness for his enemies. 
 
 About this time Richard Magner, who had joined the party of 
 the Catholic Confederates, went to Clonmel to make his submission 
 to the Parliament. Cromwell had been duly informed of his previ- 
 ous conduct ; yet he received him with much kindness, and promising 
 him protection, gave him a letter to Colonel Phayre, the governor of 
 Cork. The letter contained an order to execute the bearer. Magner, 
 distrusting this show of friendship, opened the letter. As soon as 
 he had read it, he closed it and sealed it carefully. He set off to 
 Mallow without delay and handed it to the governor of the town, 
 against whotti he bore a grudge, informing him that Cromwell wished 
 
 ' Whitelockc, p. 439. In April the Lord of Ardcs, Lord Moore, and Colonel Trevor, 
 came from the Irish cjuariers to Cromwell at Clonmel, soon after he had taken that town, to 
 render themselves to him, as being persons of great note and eminence in the kingdom, and 
 the front of quality of all the Protestant party that came from the Irish army unto them. 
 
200 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 him to be the bearer of the letter to Phayre. Not suspecting any 
 deceit, this officer presented the letter in due time. He was saved 
 from deatii, however, Phayre having made the facts known to Crom- 
 well before carrying out the order. Magner's lands were given to 
 Bretridge, and from him they passed through the Hartstonges into 
 the possession of the present Earl of Limerick. The ruins of the 
 old family residence are still to be seen about six miles to- the west of 
 Mallow. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 20] 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 CROMWELL LEAVES IRELAND, 
 
 His last Pul)lic Act in Ireland — Pass to Lord ^To^le — Recall of Cromwell — Troubles in 
 Scotland — Fairfax — -Cronnvell Sails fron\ Youghal — Reception in London — His 
 Speech in Parliament. 
 
 The last public act of Cromwell, of which an account has reached 
 us, was the indicting of the following letter of protection to the Gov- 
 ernor of Dublin. It was dated May 22d :^ 
 
 The Lord Viscount ?iIoore •' having bad passes from me to repair to Mellifont, in 
 llie county of Louth, and there to reside during the space of six months next ensu- 
 ing, I desire you tliat the said Lord Moore, during bis stay at Mellifont, and if he 
 siiall during tlie said time have occasion to repair to Dublin to the Commission 
 there, maybe fairly and civilly treated, and that no incivility or abuse be offered 
 unto him bv any of the soldiery, either by restraining of his liberty or otherwise, it 
 being a thing which I altogether disapprove and dislike that the soldiers should in- 
 termeddle in civil affairs farther than they are lawfully called upon. A'our care 
 herein will oblige the said Lord, in relation to his present condition, and will be ac- 
 cepted by 
 
 Your loving friend, 
 
 O. Cromwell. 
 
 The danger on the side of Scotland was growing greater each 
 day, and the demands of the Parliament for Cromwell's return became 
 more urgent. His successes in Ireland pointed him out as the one 
 man who could meet the enemy in the held and crush every attempt 
 at rebellion. On the 8th of January preceding, the Parliament had 
 ordered " that the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland be desired to come 
 over and give his attendance, and that the Council of State prepare 
 a letter, to be signed by the Speaker and sent to the Lord Lieuten- 
 ant for that purpose, as also to thank him for his great services and 
 faithfulness to the Commonwealth." " The ground of this resolution 
 was," adds Whitelocke, "that the news of the King's coming to Scot- 
 land became more probable than formerly, and the Scots' proceedings 
 in the rising of new forces gave an alarm to the parliament ; and some 
 
 ' This letter was formerly in the possession of Dean Swift. 
 
 2 This was Henry, third Viscount Drogheda. His father, Charles, the second Vis- 
 count, took a leading ]iart in rai-ing forces to oppose the Irish in 1641, and had the com- 
 mand of the hcrse when Drogheda was besieged by Sir Phelim O'Neill. He was killed by 
 a cannon-shot at Portlester, in 1643 ; his death gave rise to the following y>» cf esprit . 
 Contra Ronianos mores, res mira, dynasta 
 Moms ah Eugenio canonisatus erat. 
 His son Henry took the King's side in the Civil War ; but in 1647. on the surrender of the 
 government by Ormonde, he left the Royalists and got the command of a regiment from 
 the parliament. For two years he continued in the service of this party; but immediately 
 before Cromwell's arrival he "ran off to the enemy." Perfect Diurnal, July 6th, 1649. ■'" 
 iVpril he surrendered to Cromwell. He was restored to his estate in 1653. After the 
 Restoration he was was made an earl. 
 
200 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 of their members who had discoursed with the late General (Fairfax) 
 on these matters, and argued how requisite it would be to send an 
 army into Scotland, found the General wholly averse to any such 
 thing ; and, by the means of his lady, a strict Presbyterian, to be 
 more a friend to the Scots than they; that, therefore, they thought 
 this a fitting time to send for the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the 
 rather, his army being now drawn into winter quarters." 
 
 In a letter to the Speaker of the parliament from Carrick, dated 
 April 2d, he says : — "I have received divers private intimations of 
 your pleasure to have me come in person to wait on you in England ; 
 as also copies of the votes of parliament to that purpose. But, consid- 
 ering the way they came to me was but by private intimations, and the 
 votes did refer to a letter to be signed by the Speaker, I thought it would 
 have been too much forwardness in me to have left my charge here 
 until the said letter came, it being not fit for me to prophesy whether 
 the letter would be an absolute command, or having limitations with 
 a liberty left by the parliament to me to consider in what way to yield 
 my obedience. Your letter came to my hands upon the 22d of March, 
 the same day that I came before the city of Kilkenny, and when I 
 was near the same. And I understood by Dr. Cartwright, who de- 
 livered it to me, that reason of cross-winds and the want of shipping 
 in the West of England, where he' was, hindered him from coming 
 with it sooner, it bearing date the 8th of January, and not coming 
 to my hands till the 22d of March. The letter supposed your army 
 in winter quarters and the time of year not suitable for present 
 action ; making this as the reason for your command. And your 
 forces have been in action ever since the 29th of January ; and your 
 letter, which was to be the rule of my obedience, coming to my hands 
 after our having been so long in action, with respects had to the 
 reasons you were pleased to use therein, I knew not what to do. And 
 having received a letter signed by yourself of the 26th of February, 
 which mentions not a word of the continuance of your pleasure con- 
 cerning my coming over, I did humbly conceive it much consisting 
 with my duty, humbly to beg a positive signification what your will is, 
 professing (as before the Lord) that I am most ready to obey your 
 commands herein with all alacrity, rejoicing only to be about that 
 work which I am called to by those whom God hath set over me, 
 which I acknowledge you to be, and fearing only in obeying you to 
 disobey you. I most humbly and earnestly beseech you to judge for 
 me, whether your letter doth not naturally allow me the liberty of 
 begging a more clear expression of your" comm.and and pleasure, 
 which, when vouchsafed unto me, will find most ready acceptance and 
 cheerful observance." 
 
 On the 2ist of April, Hugh Peters wrote from Pembroke; 
 " Yesternight the President frigate set sail from Milford towards Ire- 
 land, to attend his Excellency's pleasure, being sent to fetch the Lord 
 Lieutenant Cromwell over unto England, if he thinks fit to come. 
 The letters from the Council of State were carried over in her, 
 directed to his Excellency, with Mr. Jenkin Loyd, his chaplain. God 
 send them a safe arrival. Captain Evans went over from hence last 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 203 
 
 nic;ht, and about thirty horse with him for Ireland. Watcrford, Lim- 
 eriek and Galway were still in the hands of the Irish rebels ; and ht 
 would fain try whether the same good luck that had accompanied 
 him hitherto might not attend him for a few months more. But the 
 affairs of Scotland had become more pressing, and the new letters 
 from the parliament left no room now to doubt what was its supreme 
 will. He surrendered the command of the army to Ireton, his major- 
 general, who already held the appointment of President of Munstcr, 
 and on the 29th of May he set sail from Youghal to England.^ He 
 had been little more than nine months in Ireland, having landed in 
 Dublin on the 15th of August. 
 
 He landed at Bristol after a boisterous voyage. " There he was 
 received with all honors and acclamations, the great guns firing 
 thrice." On the 31st he reached London. As soon as it was known 
 that he was aj^proaching, the Lord General Fairfax, many members 
 of parliament and officers of the army, and a multitude of ]")cople 
 went out to Ilounslow Heath to meet him, and to see him who had 
 made himself so famous and acquired such high renown by his great 
 and valorous actions. As he approached the city, the whole of the 
 inhabitants turned out to give him a hearty welcome. At Hyde Park 
 the Lord Mayor and the train-bands were waiting for him. He was 
 saluted with great guns and a volley of shot from Colonel Barkstcad's 
 regiment, which was drawn up for the jiurpose. As he was passing 
 by Tyburn, some .sycophant near having said, " What a crowd has 
 come out to see your Lordship's triumph ! " " Yes," he replied, with 
 a smile, "but if it were to see me hanged, how many more would 
 there comc.''"^ From thence to St. James's Palace, where he was 
 to lodge. Being conducted to the Cockpit, which had been prepared 
 for his reception, the Lord Mayor and aldermen of London visited 
 him and complimented him ; most of the persons of quality, the 
 members of parliament, and officers of the army about the town paid 
 their visits to him, and congratulated him on his safe arrival, after so 
 many dangers by sea and by land, wherein God had preserved him, 
 and the wonderful successes He had given him.^ 
 
 In the record of the proceedings of parliament, under the date 
 of June 4th, we read: "This day Cromwell, the parliamentary victo- 
 rious General and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, took his seat in the 
 House, when the Speaker did, by order of the House, give thanks in 
 an eloquent oration for his great and faithful services unto the parlia- 
 ment and commonwealth, setting forth the great providence of God in 
 
 1 The autlior of the A/'hor. Disc, s.iys that after jnitting a garrison to liold Clonniel, 
 he marched with ail ex|)edition to Waterford, to recover lliere wliat by Hugh O'Neill he 
 had lost at Clonmel. On arriving there he encamped l)efore the town ; but he had scarce 
 encamped there when he receivecl commands from England to appear there on sight. Vol. 
 ii. p. 79. 
 
 '^ On Cromwell s expedition to Scotland, when followed by the acclamations of the 
 assembled ])opulace, Lambert turned to him and expressed his gratification that the nation 
 was so evidently on their side. " Dcin't trust them." said Cromwell; " these very persons 
 would shout as much if we were going to be hanged." 
 
 8 Cromwell returned to London in the month of May, and was received by the parlia- 
 ment and the jieople, as a soldier who had gained more laurels, and done more wonders, in 
 nine months than any age of history could parallel. 
 
20-i CROMWELL IK IRELAND. 
 
 those great and strange works which God had wrought by him as the 
 instrument." After which the Lord Lieutenant gave them a full and 
 particular account of the present state and condition of the kingdom. 
 And on the nth of June : "All the members of the Flouse having 
 been required to give their attendance this day by nine in the morn- 
 ing, General Cromwell, standing up in his place in the House, made a 
 narrative of the state of the garrisons and forces of the enemy in 
 Ireland and their interest there, and likewise of the parliament's forces 
 in garrison and in the field and their condition ; in what employment 
 they were, and under what commands ; at the end of which it was 
 resolved — That it be referred to the Council of State to take care of 
 sending such speedy supplies of money for Ireland as shall be neces- 
 sary for the carrying out of that work, and to see what money there 
 is in the present view that can be made effectual for that service, and 
 how the obstructions against bringing it may be removed ; also to con- 
 sider by what means the reduction and settlement of Ireland may be 
 perfected to the best advantage and the futurage of the charge of this 
 commonwealth." 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 205 
 
 CROMWELL IN IRELAND: 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF SCARIFFMOLLIS. 
 
 Meeting of the Officers of the Ulster Army — Ileber McMahon General — March north- 
 wards — Plan of the Campaign — Coote and Venablcs — The Battle — Defeat of the 
 Irish — Bravery of ITenry O'Neill — Flight of McMahon — His Death — Death of 
 Henry and Colonel Phelim O'Neill. 
 
 Owen Roe O'Neill died November 6th, 1649. On the 8th of 
 March following, the officers of the Ulster army and the nobility and 
 gentry of Ulster. " mourning the death of their General, feeling his 
 now want, and not to be as a flock without a pastor, their dispersed 
 soldiers and cominanders flocking home by degrees," met at Bclturbet 
 to elect a commander in his place. In the articles of the treaty made 
 between him and Ormonde it was provided that, in case of O'Neill's 
 death or removal by advancement or otherwise before any settlement 
 in parliament, the nobility and gentry of the Province of Ulster 
 should have power to name to the Lord Lieutenant, and the command 
 was to be given according to the person so named. 
 
 The candidates for the post were the Marquis of Antrim, Sir 
 Phelim O'Neill, Lieutenant-General Ferrall, Owen Roe's son Henrv, 
 and Heber Mac Mahon, bishop of Clogher. Ormonde, from whom 
 the person elected should receive his commission, protested against 
 Antrim, as being known to favor Cromwell. The nobility and 
 gentry, as well as Ormonde, favored Daniel O'Neill ; but he, consid- 
 ering himself disqualified from the fact of his being a Protestant, had 
 gone a short time before to Kilkenny, and expressed a wish that the 
 choice might fall on Major-General Hugh O'Neill, then absent in 
 Clonmel, as " being a man who knew the ways Owen Roe O'Neill 
 took to manage the people, and one not unacceptable to the Scots, and 
 who would do nothing contrary to Ormonde's command." The Bishop 
 of Kilmore presided. He had the articles of the treaty between 
 Ormonde and Owen Roe read over. " Many competitors did appear," 
 says the author of the Apliorisuial Discovery; "everyone thought 
 himself worthy of that place. The Marquis of Antrim was an earnest 
 suitor in proper behalf. The O'Neills thought their claims for the 
 chiefry and command of Ulster to be hereditary. Lieutenant-General 
 Ferrall, by the law of arms, was confident of his title, as next in com- 
 mand to the defunct ; Hugh O'Neill, as of that sept and Major-General, 
 and the better soldier of both name and province ; Sir Phelim 
 O'Neill, by the numcrosity of his followers, and with pregnant hopes 
 of being seconded by the Leinster Ormondian faction ; Con Mac 
 Cormac O'Neill, heretofore lieutenant-general for the same province. 
 
20G CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 and of the oldest descent of that family ; and Philip MacHugh 
 O Reilly, a good Commonwealth's man, of great respect, and by the 
 plurality of his name and followers was thought to carry a main stroke 
 on the election. The assembly, wisely considering the danger that 
 vas likely to ensue by the choosing any of the former (nor the late 
 general's son, Henry Roe O'Neill), though each worthy of honor and of 
 jetter hopes to be so promoted than any other not here specified, unan- 
 imously chose Heber Mac Mahon for the post." ^ Though not deficient 
 in personal courage or in zeal for the cause of his country, Mac 
 Mahon was not equal to the heavy burden laid on him. The training 
 of a churchman is hardly a fit school in which to learn the science of 
 war ; yet, on the whole, perhaps no better choice could be made. 
 Jealousy and intrigue were at work, and it was hoped that these 
 would cease, and that all would follow the leadership of one who was 
 known to have had the confidence of O'Neill ^ and to be heart and 
 soul devoted to the good cause. The appointment was sanctioned by 
 Ormonde, who issued a commission " nominating and appointing his 
 trusty and well-beloved Bishop Heber MacMahon General of all his 
 Majesty's forces of horse and foot of the Province of Ulster." " It 
 must be acknowledged," says Borlase, " that MacMahon performed 
 the agreement made with the Marquis and observed it very justly." 
 Ferrall was at the same time confirmed as lieutenant-general. Soon 
 after Mac Mahon put himself at the head of his troops, numbering 
 about 5,000 foot and 600 horse. Recruits flocked to his standard; 
 and in a short time, owing to Ferrall's exertions, the whole army was 
 disciplined and ready to take the field. The plan of the campaign 
 was communicated to Ormonde and Clanrickarde. They promised to 
 raise forces in Connaught, and to send a plentiful supply of artillery 
 and provisions ; " they would give him all possible assistance, and if 
 he brought his army towards Tyrconnell they would send a consider- 
 able army, both of horse and foot, with ordnance and other engines 
 fit for the winning of a town or fort." Relying on these promises, 
 the army set out from Monaghan and marched to Charlemont ; there 
 the Commander issued a manifesto, inviting the Scots, who were serv- 
 ing under Coote and Venables, to make common cause with the Irish 
 and enroll themselves under the royal standard. His appeal brought 
 over only a few ; the majority preferred to adhere to their old com- 
 manders, though these refused to acluiowlcdge the newly proclaimed 
 King, Mac Mahon knew that the Irish army was more than a match 
 for either Coote's or Venable's forces ; he determined, therefore, to 
 prevent their union and to crush them in detail. Some time was 
 spent in skirmishing and in the taking of the strongholds garrisoned 
 by Coote. Marching northwards along the Bann, he crossed the 
 Foyle near Lifford, in order to keep open the communication through 
 
 ^ As for the ])isliop, tlioiigh a good politician, he was no more a soldier fit to be a gen- 
 eral than one of Rome's cardinals. lie had been Vicar Apostolic of Clogher for four 
 years ; in 1642 he was appointed to the united sees of Down and Connor ; a year after lie 
 was transferred to Clogher, to enable him to take part in the important business concerning 
 the kingdom of Ireland with thfe other prelates and lords. 
 
 2 The Bishop of Clogher, Owen Roe's great counsellor. Borlase says he was Owen 
 Roe's chief confident. 
 
CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 207 
 
 Ballysliannon with Connaught for the supplies promised by Ormonde. 
 This fatal movement allowed Coote and Venablcs to unite their forces 
 near Lctterkenny. Mac Mahon, contrary to tlie advice of his officers, 
 resolved to risk a battle. In vain their spokesman, young Henry 
 O'Neill, who seemed to have inherited not only the bravery but the 
 •prudence of his father Owen Roe, pointed out to him that the Irish 
 roops, owing to the nature of tlie ground, were unfavorably placed, 
 nd that they were weakened by the absence of a large body that had 
 heen detached to seize Castle Doe ; a few days delay would ensure 
 their return, and oblige the enemy to retire from their position, as 
 provisions were already beginning to fail them. Mac Mahon replied 
 by taunts, telling them that such arguments were not suited to brave 
 eoldiers, but rather to dastards who feared the sight of their own or 
 of others' blood. The ill-merited rebuke had the fate which he de- 
 sired. "His language did so distemper the. warlike deportment of 
 these heroes that, beyond the limits of reason transported, oblivious of 
 all military advantage and indifference of either ground or elements, 
 putting themselves in a distracted posture of battle, where horse 
 could scare relieve the foot, both wind and weather not their 
 friends, they bade their men prepare for battle." 
 
 ICarly the next day, June 2ist, the fight began. The fierce onset 
 of the Irish at first produced a panic among the enemy. Unhappily, 
 owing to the rugged nature of the ground, they could not advance in 
 compact masses, nor be supported by the cavalry. The enemy were, 
 therefore, able to recover from their terror ; a charge of their cavalry 
 drove back the Irish and restored confidence to their whole army. 
 The battle continued until mid-day, when a combined attack, made 
 by the whole of Coote's forces on flank and rear, obliged Mac Mahon 
 to retreat. Tlie infantry, led by Ferrall. fought with great bravery. 
 Henry O'Neill won the admiration even of the enemy, " dashing 
 among them like a merlin hawk among a multitude of sparrows." 
 Before sunset the Irish were utterly defeated. " This was," says 
 Borlase, "a most happy victory for the parliament; in that three 
 tliousand of the rebels were there slain, all mere Irish ; out of an 
 opinion they could not prosper as long as they had any English 
 joined with them, and for that end had thoroughly purged their army, 
 which was styled by them the confident, victorious army of the 
 North." The Brief Chronicle gives the following list of those killed, 
 and of the prisoners : — 
 
 " In this fight was taken the Bishop of Clogher, General. Killed — 
 The Lord of Enniskillen, Colonel ; the Bishop of Down, Shane. 
 O'Cane, Major-General Henry Roe O'Neill, General O'Neill's son, 
 Colonel of the Horse ; Nice MacCollekelagh, Colonel ; Hugh Mac 
 Guier, Colonel ; Phelim MacTool O'Neill, Colonel; Hugh MacHahan, 
 Colonel ; Lieutenant-Colonels Torlogh O'Boyle, Shane MacDonnell, 
 James O'Donnelly, Phelemy O'Neal, 'Adjutant-General ; Torlogh 
 O'Neill, Adjutant-General. Taken prisoners — Shane O'Haggan, 
 Henry O'Neill, Quarter-Master-General Saxton. Majors killed — 
 Phelemy O'Neal, "Don O'Neal, Emer MacOuillan, John MacGuier, 
 Captain of Horse ; Art Oge O'Neal, ColoTicl ; MacMaghan, Mull 
 
208 
 
 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. 
 
 Holland O'Ouine, Ferrall, Captain of Foot ; Stewart, Fergus Farrell, 
 Bryan O'Neal, Owen O'Ouine, George Russell, James MacCartain, 
 Patrick O'Connally, Donnel MacGuier Gollagher, Bryan MacGil, 
 Tiege O'MacHugh, MacOge O'Ouine, Cormache O'Mullen, Hen. 
 Kannalds, 'Conagher. Three priests and friars are killed ; 3,000 slain 
 in all." 
 
 Only a few were made prisoners, those taken being for the niost 
 part put to the sword, even after quarter was promised them. Major- 
 General O'Cahan, Colonels Maguire and MacMahon, Art Oge O'Neill, 
 and Colonel Phelim O'Neill perished on the field. The Bishop fled 
 with a party of horse, "going night and day for twenty-four hours, 
 without meat, drink or rest." Information of his movements having 
 been given to Major King, governor of Enniskillen, a party of horse 
 was despatched from that garrison to capture him and his compan- 
 ions. The party was too strong for the Bishop, who, however, de- 
 fended himself with notable courage ; but, after hediad received many 
 wounds, he was forced to become prisoner, upon promise first that he 
 should have fair quarter ; contrary to which Sir Charles Coote, as 
 soon as he knew he was prisoner, caused him to be hanged, with all 
 the circumstances of contumely, reproach and cruelty he could devise. 
 And thus, in less than a year after he had brought Owen O'Neill to 
 relieve Sir Charles Coote in Derry, who must otherwise in a few days 
 have delivered it up to the King, his army was defeated by the same 
 Sir Charles Coote, and himself, after quarter and life promised, ex- 
 ecuted two months after, by the positive order and command of him 
 whom he had thus preserved.^ His head was set over the gate of 
 Derry. Ferrall and a few more who survived sought safety in llight, 
 and hid themselves in the mountains and woods, to avoid the certain 
 death that awaited them if they were taken. 
 
 Henry Tully O'Neill describes the death of young Henry: — 
 " Quarter had been given to several of the Irish officers, and in particu- 
 lar to Colonel Phelim O'Neill,^ for which he agreed to give one hundred 
 beeves to Sir Charles Coote. Whilst the articles were drawing, the 
 day after the action, a sergeant came into Coote's tent with the news 
 that he had brought in Colonel Henry Roe O'Neill, General Owen 
 O'Neill's son, prisoner. Without more ado, Coote reprimanded the 
 sergeant for not bringing his head, and commanded him to go and 
 despatch him immediately. Colonel Phelim pleaded on behalf of his 
 relative, that he was a Spaniard born, and that he had come to Ire- 
 land as a soldier of fortune. The order, however, was executed ; ^ he 
 
 ^ Nor is ic amiss to observe the variety and vicissitude of Irish affairs ; for this very 
 bishop and those oflicers, whose heads were now jilaced on the walls of Uerry, were, within 
 less than a year before, confederate with Sir Charles Coote, and raised the siege of that 
 city, and were jovially merry at his table, in the quality of friends. The author of the 
 Memoir of Ow'en Roe says Mac Mahon was executed at Enniskillen. 
 
 2 He was the grandfather of Colonel Henry, the autlior of the "Relation." lie was 
 lieutenant-colonel of General O'Neill's regiment, in the Ulster army, in 1645. and com- 
 manded a party of horse and musketeers at the battle of Iknburb. In 1649 he was ap- 
 pointed colonel, and in the ensuing year he defeated a party of the troopj of Coote and 
 Venables in Ulster. The author of the Aphor. Disj. speaks of him as a courageous hu- 
 mane and successful commander. 
 
 * Morison says a promise had been made to Colonel Henry that his life would be 
 
CROMWELL LV IRELAND. 
 
 209 
 
 was beheaded by the unchristian and tigrish doom of the thrice-cruel 
 butcher and human blood-sucker, Sir Charles Coote." Colonel 
 Phelim was told that if he began to prate he should be served the 
 same way. He replied that he would rather be served so than owe 
 his life to such a monstrous villain as he was. Whereupon he was 
 carried out and knocked on the head with tent-poles by Coote's men. 
 This being observed by one of Coote's officers, he asked what they 
 meant by using the gentleman so. They replied it was by the Gen- 
 eral's orders. The officer, in compassion and to put him out of pain, 
 drew his sword and ran .him through the heart. Sir Phelim, who 
 acted as the Bishop's lieutenant-general, escaped from the battle-field. 
 Me was arrested in Roughan Island by one of the Caulfields, tried at 
 the High Court of Justice before Judge Lowther, and hanged, drawn 
 and quartered. 
 
 And so perished at the pass of Scariffhollis the Ulster army which 
 had so often followed Owen Roe to victory. 
 
 spared. Tlimwdia, p. 66. It was reputed that for a certain sum of money he would be 
 ransomed. Mis wife made herself ready, having tlie said sum, to go and ransom her beloved 
 husband. But alas ! he was, notwiihstanding his quarter, beheaded, and the rest of his 
 companions executed, in disrespect of all human. and divine law. She was the daughter of 
 Sir Luke iMtzgerald. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 211 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 THE GREAT DUKE OF ORMONDE. 
 
 Theobald FitzWalter, the founder 
 '[ the Butler family, came to Ireland with 
 lenry II. in 1 171. Large estates were 
 ranted to him as a reward for his ser- 
 iccs. Mis chief seat was Arklow castle. 
 ii 1 177 he was made Chief Butler of Ire- 
 ind, Pincerna Regis, with a perquisite of 
 wo tuns of wine out of every cargo of 
 ii;l\tecn tuns or upwards, a right rcpur- 
 liased by the Crown from the Ormonde 
 imily in 1810 for ^216,000. Hence tiie 
 \mily name of Butler, and the addition of 
 iie three cups or to tlie original arms, 
 Mpaz, a chief indented, sapphire. James, 
 he 1st Earl, who married Eleanor de 
 '.olnin, grand-daughter of Edward I., in 
 iinsideration of his valuable services, as 
 Iso of the consanguinity existing be- 
 ween him and his Majesty, obtained a 
 rant of the regalities, liberties, and other 
 oval privileges of the county of Tip- 
 erar\', and the rights of a palatine in that 
 ounty for life; these privileges were 
 I terwards granted to his heirs male and 
 nntinued to be enjoyed by them up to 
 lie year 1716. lie built the castle of 
 ,'cnagh ; but the English power having 
 dien very low in Ireland during the Wars 
 f the Roses, the O'Carrolls, O'Kennedys, 
 nd other tribes of North Munster, rose 
 ■ \ arms and drove out the English set- 
 lers. James, the 3d Earl, built the 
 astle of Gowi-an, and resided there for 
 ome time. In 1391 he purchased the 
 states of le Despenser in the county of 
 vilkcnny, derived from the heirs of Wil- 
 ,\m Earl Marshal; the castle became 
 henceforth the chief seat of the family. 
 
 The Butlers at all times adhered laitli- 
 illy to the English interest in Ireland, 
 nd, as a consccpicnce, were well rc- 
 arded by the ruling powers. James, the 
 ih Earl, was one of those "who engaged 
 ' resist the usurpations of the bisliop of 
 '.ome," and in return he received vast 
 rants of ecclesiastical property through- 
 
 out Ireland. At the end of his life, 
 indeed, he lamented the part he had 
 taken against liis religion and country. 
 But the spoils of the church were not re- 
 stored to their rightful owners. His son 
 Thomas, surnamed the Black, was closely 
 connected with the royal family by blood, 
 Margaret, the daughter of the 7th Earl, 
 being the grandmother of Anne 15(jlcyn. 
 He was brought up with " the royal iinp," 
 Edward VI., and such was the regard 
 shown him bv Elizabetli, that he incurred 
 the lasting jealousy of the Earl of Leices- 
 ter. He was succeeded by his nephew. 
 Sir Walter Butler of Kilcash. This 
 branch of the family had continued to 
 adhere to the Catholic -faith ; Sir Walter 
 was known by the sobriquet of " Walter 
 of the Beads." His eldest son. Viscount 
 Thurles, was drowned while on his way 
 to England. The care of his son. then 
 only twelve years of age, later the Great 
 Duke of Ormonde, devolved on his 
 mother, the daughter of Sir John Poyntz, 
 of Acton, in the county of Gloucester. 
 By her he was placed at a school kept by 
 a Catholic at Barnet, near London. But 
 James I. soon interposed. He was bent 
 on effecting the reform of reliL'ion in Ire- 
 land t])rough the leading families. J?y 
 the manoeuvres of Sir William Parsons, 
 the Crown obtained the wardship of the 
 young nobleman, though he inherited no 
 lands the tenure of which involved any 
 sucli consequence. His grandfather was 
 cast into prison, and the boy was handed 
 over to the care of Alibot, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and brougiit up a Protestant. 
 During life he adheretl to that creed. In 
 a letter to Sir Robert Southwell he says 
 he is the only Protestant of his family. 
 There is a curious letter of Father Peter 
 Walsh addressed to him a few months 
 previous to the death of both, in which 
 the fidelity of the Ormonde family to the 
 Catholic Church is strongly tirged as a 
 motive to induce him to return to the 
 faith of his fathers. He anticipates the 
 grace of conversion for him through the 
 daily prayers poured out for him by an 
 
212 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 infinite number of his Roman Catholic 
 friends and relations, amongst which he 
 has had and still has advocates which, 
 like shining stars of the greatest magni- 
 tude, are admired in the brightness and 
 lustre of the pious and virtuous, Colonel 
 Butler of Kilcash, his brother, and Lady 
 Thurles, his mother. Ormonde replies 
 that heiis "surprised a friend so zealous 
 as Walsh should have delayed to the very 
 close of life an exhortation of such vital 
 import." By his marriage with his 
 cousin, Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of 
 Sir Richard Preston, he got back the es- 
 tates of which his grandfather had been 
 deprived by James I., to enrich that royal 
 favorite. 
 
 At the breaking out of the rebellion 
 of 1641 he was appointed Lieutenant- 
 General of the English army, and two 
 years later Lord Lieutenant. Though at 
 the head of the Royalist army, he was 
 little inferior to Inchiquin in cruelty to 
 his countrymen. His conduct is de- 
 scribed at length in the works of his con- 
 temporary, Dr. French, bishop of Ferns, 
 especially in his Uiikinde Deserter of 
 Loyal Men. The author of Tlie Aphoris- 
 vial Discovery says of him : " What hath 
 been the cause of the now destruction of 
 Ireland other than the arbitrary covetous- 
 ness, treason, and faction of Ormonde 
 and his accomplices, a man of small de- 
 serving in martial affairs, weak in his di- 
 rections, cold in his resolutions, and un- 
 fortunate in his actions, in whom nothing 
 was great or noble but his blood?" V)x. 
 O'Conor, who wrote under the pseudonym 
 of Columbanus, is almost the only Irish 
 writer who has attempted a defence of 
 his conduct, in his strictures on Plow- 
 den's Historical Review of the State of 
 Ireland. To these strictures Plowden re- 
 plied at some length in his Historical 
 Letter to Colitmbaniis. 
 
 The surrender of Dublin and the other 
 strong places to the parliament in June, 
 1647, is perhaps the greatest stain on his 
 character as a public man. Carte, his 
 biographer, defends his conduct in this 
 matter, ancl says he had received private 
 instructions from Charles I. to make this 
 surrender. But Ormonde's own letters 
 state that he did it "on the presumption 
 that it was more for his Majesty's honor 
 and service, and consequently more 
 agreeable to his pleasure, which he had 
 neither the means nor the time to con- 
 suit." Even his apologists admit tliat the 
 possession of these strongholds paved the 
 way not only for the complete conquest 
 of Ireland, but even for the murder of the 
 
 King. It must be borne in mind that he 
 got, in return for his treachery, the sum 
 of £Sy'^oo in hand, a promise of ;^2,oooa 
 year, and a complete release from all 
 debts which encumbered his estates 
 before the breaking out of the rebellion. 
 After the Restoration he received vast 
 grants of lands, not only getting back all 
 his own estates which were leased or 
 mortgaged, but other men's estates too, 
 most of these belonging to persons of his 
 own name. A list of these grants with 
 the names of the original owners will be 
 found in Plowden"s Historical Letter ?im\ 
 in Carte's Life of Or»toiide. The annual 
 rents of his estates before the rebellion 
 amounted to ^40,000, but they were re- 
 duced by annuities and leases to _^7,ooo. 
 In 1674 they amounted to /8o,ooo. The 
 Earl of Anglesey says Ormonde and his 
 family were the greatest gainers of the 
 kingdom, and had added to their inheri 
 tance vast scopes of land, a revenue three 
 times greater than what his paternal es 
 tate was, and most of his increase was 
 out of the estates of those who adhered 
 to the peace of 1646 and 1648, or served 
 under his Majesty's ensigns abroad. 
 Petty sets down at 130,000 acres thi 
 lands he got by the Act of Settlement 
 and the Court of Claims. 
 
 His hatred to the Catholic Church wa- 
 almost that of a renegade. As early as 
 1646 Rinuccini writing to Rome, said ol 
 him that all the broils arose from oni 
 source alone, the faction of the Marquis 
 of Ormonde. We have already s] okeii 
 of the charge made against him of show 
 ing too much kindness 10 the Catholics 
 His answer was that " his object was tc. 
 work division among the Romish clergy, 
 and he believed he had compassed it, to 
 the great security of government and 
 Protestants and against tlie opposition ol 
 the Pope and his creatures, and Nuncio, 
 if he had not been removed from the gov- 
 ernment. Some asciibed his opposition 
 to the clergy and Irish party who counte 
 nanced them, to the fact that he feared 
 the church-lands which his ancestors had 
 got, should, in part at least, be restored 
 His brother-in-law. Lord Muskerry, de 
 clared on his death-bed that the heaviest 
 fear that possessed his soul, then going 
 into eternity, was for having confided so 
 much to his Grace, who had deceived 
 them all, and ruined his poor country and 
 countrymen. 
 
 A list of the honors which he received 
 from Charles II. after the Restoration, 
 will be found in Archdall's Peerage. He 
 died in 1688, at the age of "]"]. 
 
Ar PEN nix. 213 
 
 J, by the j.coplc, a.ul (.) liiat v/cll-founded 
 distrust wc'ie clue in a great measure tlic: 
 
 MORROUGII O'BRIEN, LORD rapidity and completeness of Crnmweirs 
 
 INCHIOUIN. successes in Ids Irish campaign. One thing 
 
 ~ only Inchiquin was constant in, Ids hatred 
 
 The O'Briens were among tlie fust of of his countrymen — Ids fierce and unrc- 
 tlic Irisli cldcfs wlio subnutted to Henry lentiiig enemity towards the Catholic 
 II. Donald surrended Limerick to tiie Churcli. His cruelties have earned for 
 Lnglisli, but he soon tluew off the yoke, him the sobriquet of I\Iorro\igh of the 
 and burnt the city, " lest it sliould become Burnings, and are not vet forgotten, for 
 a nest for foreigners." Idis descendant, even to this day throughout tlie whole of 
 Morrough, offered to support Henry VIII. Munstcr tliere is a saying applied to one 
 i:: his contest with the Pope, provided his who looks frightened: "He has seen 
 estates were confirmed to him. The King Morrough or some of his companions.'" 
 acce]-)ted his offer. He should utterly Ludlow, the Cromwellian general, in his 
 forsake and refuse the name of O'Brien, yl/tv;/fl//-j-, says tliat he did not sjiare even 
 aid use such name only as it should his own kindred; but if he found them 
 ] lease the King to give him, adopt the faulty, hanged them up withoutdistinction. 
 Ilnglish habit and language, and bring up The massacre of Cashcl is one of the sid- 
 his children in the same. In return for dest images of Irish history ; and that was 
 his submission he was created Earlof Tho- only one of his many cruel deeds — ■ Cork 
 mond for life, and Baron of Inchiquin; and Kilmallock could tell tales of woe 
 t!ie latter title to pass to his heirs male, almost as jjitiful. ' 
 1 1's nephew Donogh was created Baron After the surrender of thestrong places 
 of Ibrickan with remainder to his male in Ireland he went to France, where he 
 i.i;sue, and Earl of Thomond after his was advanced to the rank of lieutenant- 
 uncle's death. The latter title was con- general. On the conquest of Catalonia 
 f-rred on him and his heirs male by he was made viceroy there. He continued 
 Edward VI. for many years in the French service in 
 
 Morrough was born about i6iS. His Si)ain and tiie Netherlands. On one oc- 
 
 career was one of the strangest adven- casion he and his family were taken by 
 
 tire. In early life he was a soldier of Algerinc corsairs. They were set free on 
 
 f rtune: he went to Italy, and served in payment of a large sum. 
 
 i^ie Sjianish army there. Soon after we After the Restoration he came to Eng- 
 
 f:nd him one of the most zealous suppor- land. Bv the Act of Settlement he was 
 
 tcrs of Strafford in his attempt to rob the restored to his estate, and a sum of ^8,000 
 
 .•\nglo-Irish and Irish alike, and to estab- Avas granted him as a compensation for 
 
 I'sh in the south and west of Ireland such the losses he had sustained. Towards 
 
 a "plantation " as Chichester, in the time the end of his life he seems to have ro- 
 
 nf James L, bad established in the north, turned to the Catholic faith. He did not 
 
 Some years later he was ajipointed Vice- revisit Ireland ; Charles 1 1, feared that his 
 
 President of Munster, under Sir William excessive zeal on behalf of Catholics 
 
 St. Leger, whose daughter he had married, would cause commotions among the new 
 
 On the breaking out of the rebellion he settlers there. He lived in London, and 
 
 took the side of the King, and afforded there, it would seem, devoted himself to 
 
 valuable aid in opposing the rebels in the the practice of religion. In the Memoirs 
 
 counties of Cork and Waterford. At the written by F. Gamache, one of the French 
 
 death of St. Leger he was a]")i)ointed to the Capuchin priests who came to England 
 
 chief military command in the province of with Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I., 
 
 Munster, and soon after the whole civil mention is made of the conversion of a 
 
 administration of that province was en- Monsieur Inchiquin, and of the ])eniten- 
 
 trusted to him. Offended at the cold re- t!al juactices which he followetl ; and of 
 
 ception he met with from the King at the sufferings lie endured at the hands of 
 
 Oxford, and at the refusal to grant 1dm his wife, a Dutch Calvinist, "who kep her 
 
 the presidentship of Munster, he joined husband in a state of continual jjcnance." 
 
 the party of the Parliament, and for some He died in 1674, at the age of 56. By his 
 
 \ears continued to devote his great military will he left _2^20 to the Franciscan monas- 
 
 ■^kill and bravery to the service of the tery of Ennis, also a sum of money "for 
 
 i'uritans. Again he changed sides, but the performance of the usual duties of the 
 
 his zeal was not so active on behalf of the Roman Catholic clergy, and for other 
 
 King as on that of his formerfriends. In pious uses." There is a tradition current 
 
 'act both he and Ormonde were distrusted in Limerick that he was buried in St 
 
214 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Mary's Cathedral. Certain it is that in 
 his will he ordered that his body should 
 be buried tliere. Some years ago, wliile 
 repairs were going on, and a part of the 
 floor in the north aisle was ripped up, a 
 coffin was found covered with Irish freize. 
 The covering was quite fresh, the coffin 
 sound, but on opening it no remains were 
 found within. Tradition further says, 
 that though tlie burial took place, the 
 people of Limerick, indignant that the old 
 churcli should be ])rofaned by the pres- 
 ence of the bones of one who during life 
 was the enemy of their country and their 
 faith, took up the corpse during the night 
 and threw it into the Shannon. Morrough, 
 too, was one of those who were brought 
 up as king's wards, and well did he repay 
 the price of his nurture. 
 
 At the death of James, third marquis, 
 seventh earl, and twelfth baron, in 1855, 
 the earldom became extinct; but the 
 barony of Inchiquin devolved on Sir 
 Lucius O'Brien of Dromoland, descended 
 from a younger son of the first baron.- 
 
 in. 
 
 .SUPPLIES SENT TO CROMWELL 
 DURING THE IRISH CAMPAIGN. 
 
 1649, Sept. i5lh. An order of the 
 Council of State for supplies of horse- 
 saddles, &.C , 'for the Lord Lieutenant, Oct. 
 i6th. Captain Long, of Colonel Venables' 
 regiment, was sent to recruit 200 men. 
 The Council of State promised'him six- 
 pence a day for each man not exceeding 
 that number he should bringon board, for 
 their marching money. They were to be 
 transported to Ireland at the charge of the 
 state. An agreement was made between 
 the Council of State and Richard Downes, 
 for furnishing 16,000 coats and breeches 
 for the soldiers in Ireland, the coats to be 
 made of Gloucester or Coventry cloth 
 of Venice, color red, shrunk ; the breeches 
 to be made of gray or other good colors, 
 of Reading or good cloth ; 2,500 of each 
 to be delivered within a fortnight, and 
 2,500 more every week after, until the 16,- 
 oco are delivered; and that 17^. be paid for 
 each coat and breeches. The 16,000 cas- 
 socks and breeches were not sufficient for 
 the foot forces. 1,900 in the Tower to be 
 sent to Sir Charles Coote for his own and 
 Colonel Venables' men. 19th. The Coun- 
 cil of State ordered 5,000 recruits to be 
 raised, and to be divided into five regi- 
 ments, and a sum of ^6,939 *o ^^ given to 
 the ofiicers that raised and conducted the 
 men, for the payment of quarters' victuals. 
 
 &c., on board ship, and for transplantation. 
 30th. Contract of the Irish Committei 
 with Richard Thorowgood for i6,oof 
 shirts approved ; with John Harvey and 
 Thomas Hayes for 16,000 pairs of stoc! 
 ings ; with James Graves and others fci 
 16,000 pairs of shoes. Nov. 2d. Con 
 tract for 15,000 yards of broadcloth fci 
 the horsemen in Ireland, at \s. 3^^. pci 
 yard. 9th. The general officers of tht 
 army met this day, with a committee cl 
 the Council of State, a!)Out the raising ol 
 800 horse out of the army for recruits fi.i 
 Ireland, wliich, with the 5,000 foot volun 
 teers, will be very considerable for thai 
 service. 15th. Report of the Irish Com 
 mittee approved by the Council of Stati. 
 as to sending recruits of horse to Ireland 
 20 out of each troop of 10 regiments: 
 ships are to be provided and pressed al 
 the several ports for their transport ; ti. 
 land at Wexford, unless prevented b\ 
 contrary winds, in which case they are tu 
 land at any safe port they can make in 
 Ireland. 20th. The Council is satisfied 
 with Sir Hardress Waller's acceptance ol 
 the employment in Ireland ; he is to usl 
 all speed in raising his men. 26th. Ordci 
 given to Colonel Fleetwood and Coloml 
 Whalley to march i,ooo recruits of foo: 
 raised by them to Chester. Colonc; 
 Henry Cromwell's men are to have tiieii 
 entertainment (hiring their stay for a wind 
 and until they are shipped for Ireland, ami 
 also one month's pay in advance wher 
 they ship for Ireland. Dec. 7th. Sii 
 Hardress Waller and his company read\ 
 to go to Ireland. loth. Last week theri 
 was shipped at Liverpool and Chester 501 
 men of Colonel Pride's party, 5570! Majoi 
 Pitson's, 366 of Colonel Massey's, o* 
 Colonel Fenwick's 220. In Novembei 
 there were transported 8 companies con 
 sistingof 700 men; in all of late, 2,708 
 14th. About 7,000 soldiers shipjxxl fron 
 Liverpool for Ireland. About this tim> 
 1,500 recruits landed at Dublin fron 
 Cliester and Liverpool. Dec. 15th. Si 
 Hardress W^aller, with his five companich 
 viz : the Colonel's, Lieutenant Colom 
 .Smyth's, Captains Smyth's, Hodden's, am 
 Wilson's, took shipping at Plymoutli, an. 
 200 recruits besides. iSth. Letters froi. 
 York, that there was a rendezvous o 
 Colonel Lilbourne's party that are march 
 ing for Ireland — about 1 00 old blades 
 stout men, and ready for service. 191!. 
 From Chester, an account of soldiers [> 
 be shipped there for Ireland. Fror, 
 Plymouth, an account of recruits to b 
 shipped for Ireland. Letters from Dur 
 ster Castle, that recruits were raising ther 
 
2 r TEX nix. 
 
 215 
 
 for Ireland. 2ist. Letters from Pymoutli, 
 an account of the shipping there of Sir 
 Hardress Waller with his company and 
 other recruits for Ireland,all which go with 
 great willingness. 24th. From Portland, 
 that Colonel Cox and his men sail for 
 Ireland with a fair wind. 1650, Jan. 4th. 
 An account of recruits for Ireland. 5th. 
 Captain Harrington's troop of Colonel 
 Oky's regiment, designed for Ireland, are 
 marched towards the sea-side. 8th. Sev- 
 eral orders and references to the Council 
 of State and the Committee of the Army 
 concerning recruits, and for supplies of 
 ])rovisions, ammunition, and money for 
 the forces in Ireland. This day a gallant 
 troop of 80 horse, commanded by Captain 
 Theophilus Sandford, set sail from Liver- 
 pool for Wexford. 12th. About 140 foot 
 under Captain Whiting, and about 20 re- 
 cruits under Captain Owen. 15th. Some 
 of Colonel Desborougli's men shipped 
 for Ireland. From Liverpool : Tiiere 
 is now shii)])ing here a troop of Major- 
 General Lambert's. 19th. Account of 
 recruits for Ireland. 23d. A ship with 
 30 horse and 120 foot, bound for Ireland, 
 was cast away, and all drowned. Feb. 
 4th. Mr. Whalley is preparing ship- 
 ping to transport three troops of horse 
 for Ireland about Chester and Liver- 
 pool. Captain Crofton, with the horse 
 drawn out of Colonel Riche's regiment 
 and 80 foot, are ready in the west to be 
 joined with Colonel Desborougli's recruits 
 for Ireland. Mr. Peters' 1,000 foot are 
 near ready at Milford, were the wind sea- 
 sonable. 6th. Account of troops and re- 
 cruits marching towards Chester for 
 Ireland. 8th. Account of recruits for 
 Ireland. Letters from Cork, that five 
 ships with soldiers were all cast away 
 coming from Minehead for Ireland; only 
 twenty or thirty men swam ashore. Cap- 
 tain Ensor, Captain Whiting, with 80 
 horse and 150 foot, and all tlie seamen 
 drowned except 20 or 30. 15th. An ac- 
 count from Chester, that, after too long a 
 stay, ships are at length ready to carry 
 the money ordered by the Council of 
 state to Leinster and the north of Ireland. 
 23d. Letters from Milford, that there 
 were 400 horse of Colonel Cromwell's, the 
 Lord Lieutenant's son, to be transported 
 to Ireland. 27th. Letters from Pem- 
 broke, that Colonel Cromwell and Colonel 
 Venables were there waiting for a wind 
 for Ireland. March ist. Divers ships 
 gone from Liverpool with supplies for 
 Irelan'd. 6th. Letters from Chester, that 
 £\ 1,000 was put on board for Dublin, and 
 ^6,000 for Carrickfergus. 9th. Several 
 
 orders conveying supplies of money, pro- 
 visions, and recruits for Ireland. i6lh- 
 Twelve ships or barks from Milford laden 
 with oats, beans, and pease, and several 
 sorts of grain. 22d. Account of forces 
 supplied for Ireland. 27th. Colonel Henry 
 Cromwell arrived at Youghal from Mil- 
 ford Haven with a regiment of foot and 
 aI)out 200 horse. April 5th. That eight 
 ships were come in from England and 
 Whales, laden with oats, and 1,500 yards 
 of cloth, and 200 pairs of boots. There 
 came from Milford Haven to Youghal 
 13 ships laden with oats, beans, and pease 
 for the supply of the army. Cfh. Ac- 
 count of the shipping of some troops 
 for Ireland, ioth. Account of the trans- 
 l)orting of forces for Ireland. Clothes, 
 monies, and necessary recruits came to 
 Sir Charles Coote for his army in the 
 north of Ireland. May 6th. From 
 Taunton, many volunteers listed for Ire- 
 land. Colonel Reeves' recruits landed 
 safe at Cork. 
 
 IV. 
 
 GENEALOGY OF OWEN ROE 
 O'NEILL, 
 
 According to O'Donovan, the Ui 
 Neill, or descendants of King Nial of the 
 Nine Hostages, were divided into two 
 great branches, the northern and the 
 southern. The latter were kings of 
 Mcath, and many of them were monarchs 
 of Ireland also. The northern branch, 
 too, produced many monarchs. Of this 
 branch tliere were two great families-— 
 the race of Eof^han, ]3rinces of Tyron, and 
 the race of Conell, jirinces of Tvrconnell. 
 The descendants of Eojdian were the 
 most celebrated of all the Milesian clans. 
 These took the name of O'Neill in the 
 loth century from Nial Glan Dubh(I51ack 
 Knee), who was slain by the Danes in 
 battle in 919, The elder branch took the 
 name of O'Lochlainn and MacLoughlin, 
 from one of their chiefs. The O'Neills 
 had their chief seat at Duncannon, and 
 were inaugurated as chieftains at Tulla- 
 hogue. Con O'Neill, surnamed Bocagii 
 (the Lame), head of his clan, accepted tlie 
 title of Earl of Tyrone, from Henry VIII. 
 in 1542, renouncing at the same time the 
 name of O'Neill, and engaging that him- 
 self and his heirs should adopt the Eng- 
 lish dress and language, obey the King's 
 laws, assist the Deputy in his hostings, 
 and refuse all succor to any of the King's 
 enemies. It is obvious that though Con 
 could accept for himself any title from tlie 
 King of England, he, acting as chief of his 
 
2ir> 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 217 
 
 tribe, liad no shadow of right to take 
 upon himself to give away all tlie tribal 
 lands. In the eyes of his clan such a 
 grant was simply a nullity. He had soon 
 good reason to regret his submission, and 
 cursed any of his posterity who should 
 Icarn to speak English, sow wheat, or 
 build caslles. On the death ot his eldest 
 son Shane, in 1567, than whom none of 
 the Irish chiefs during the 15th century 
 was more feared or hated by the English, 
 an Act of I'arl lament was passed for "the 
 extinguishment of the name O'Neill, and 
 the entitling of the Queen of England, 
 her heirs and successors to the county of 
 Tyrone and two other counties and terri- 
 tories in Ulster." " The name of O'Neill," 
 says the Act, "in the judgments of the 
 universal people of this realm doth carry 
 in itself so great a sovereignity, as they 
 supi)ose that all the lords and people of 
 Ulster should rather live in servitude to 
 that name than in subjection to tlie Crown 
 of England. 
 
 Matthew, surnamed Feardorcha (the 
 Swarthy ), an illegitimate son of Con, was 
 created Baron of Dungannon at the same 
 time that his father was made Earl of 
 Tyrone. His second son, Hugh, was 
 perhajis tlie ablest of the Irish chieftains, 
 either in the council or the field. In his 
 )outh he was taken to the court, to be 
 taught English manners. But the rapa- 
 city of the English adventurers soon 
 roused him to resistance. At thehicad of 
 the Edster chieftains, lie carried on a war 
 for eight years. The defeat which he in- 
 flicted on Bagnall at the Yellow Ford was 
 admitted by their own historians to have 
 been the greatest which the English ever 
 eceivcd since their arrival in Ireland. 
 Through want of supplies he was at length 
 obliged to submit. I'ut even after his 
 submission he was looked on as one whom 
 it would be dangerous to provoke. A 
 consjjiracy was set on foot to bring about 
 his ruin. With O'Donnell lie sailed from 
 Lough Swilly, Sept. 14th, 1607. " Woe to 
 the heart that meditated, to the mind that 
 conceived, to the council that decided on 
 the project of their setting out on this 
 voyage without knowing whether they 
 should ever return to their native princi- 
 palities, to tlie end of the world. Both 
 died soon afterward in exile. They are 
 buried side by side in front of the high 
 altar, in the church of San Pietro in Mon- 
 torio, Rome. 
 
 Matthew's third son was Art M'Baron. 
 In his old age he removed from his own 
 territory of O'Neilan and got in exchange 
 an estate of 2,000 acres during the lives 
 
 of himself and his ■wife. Art's second 
 son was Owen Roe. 
 
 It is said that F. Wadding sent to 
 Owen Roe the two-handed sword of the 
 great Earl of Tyrone. Massari, dean of 
 Fermo, who brought it to Ireland in 1647, 
 writing to Rinuccini, says : " f\ecupe_ravi 
 illius Celebris bellatoris Tyronhe Comitis 
 Ultoniensis ex (J'Neillorum familia glad- 
 iumduarum manuum, queni General! Don 
 Eugenio destinavi." One of O'Neill's 
 enemies vented his spleen in the follow- 
 ing verses : — 
 
 "The sanguine hands of the O'Neillian 
 
 sept. 
 Have now received the papal gifts long 
 
 kept, 
 EarFllugh, to whom the phoenix plume 
 
 was sent, 
 Among the birds on earth most eminent; 
 And to his nephew Owen a sword is 
 
 come, 
 That Hercules of both the world and 
 
 Rome. 
 And now expect a further present ! — 
 
 What ? 
 The imperial sceptre of O'Neill's lost 
 
 state 
 Left with the Pope to keep; — with rea- 
 son, then, 
 The Pope should not restore the same 
 
 again." 
 
 Rancati, the Cistercian abbot of Santa 
 Croce in Rome, sent him a cross made of 
 the wood of the True Cross, as "a pro- 
 tection to body and soul against even in- 
 visible enemies." " Receive this," he 
 adds, "from a poor monk, and in this 
 sign conquer, and give back Ireland to 
 God.': 
 
 The following Indult was given by 
 Urban ^TI1. to " Owen O'Neill, that very 
 brave and noble Irish chieftain, and to 
 the other Catholics who would stir up and 
 carry on the war in Ireland against the 
 English heretics :" it is dated October 
 8th, 1642: — 
 
 Dilccio Filio Umicnio O' Ncillo. 
 
 Dilecte fill safutem. Nullahi pra^ter- 
 mittere soles occasionem, qua non ma- 
 jorum tuorum vestigiis insistens eximium 
 zelum et propaganda? ecclesi;r studium 
 pcrspectum facis, idque luculenter in prjE- 
 sentia prn2stitisti in Hiberniam jiroficisci 
 cogitans, ut Catholicorum rationibus 
 prnssto sis. Quam ob rem pergratae nobis 
 advenerunt literx quibus hu)usniodi itine- 
 ris dcliberationem declaras et rei feliciter 
 gerendas principiuma coclesti ope auspica- 
 
218 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 tus, non minus humiliter qiiam religiose 
 Apostolicambenedictionem a nobis postu- 
 las. Praiclarum bunc in te ardorem et 
 constaniam adversus hx-reticos et vems 
 fidei animum non pariim laudamus, tua;- 
 que jam pridem pietatis conscii a te ex- 
 pectamus in hac opportunitate strenui 
 atque excelsi roboris documenta quas an- 
 teliac singularem nominis famam tibi 
 compararunt. Illorum pariter commenda- 
 miis consilium quos tu e.xcitans exem- 
 plo significasti. Speramus autcm fore ut 
 Altissimus tu;e causiu pr;esto sit, ut notam 
 facial populis virtutem suam. Interim, 
 ut confidentius cuncta aggrediamini, nos 
 div'inam clementiam indesinenter orantes, 
 ut adversariorum conatus in nihil redigat, 
 libi ceterisque Catholicorum rem in nrx- 
 dicto regno curaturis nostram libenterim- 
 pertimur benedictionem, universisque et 
 singulis, si vere poenitentes confessi fuer- 
 int, et sacra communione (si fieri possit) 
 debite refecti, plenariam suorum peccato- 
 rum veniam et remissionem, atque in 
 mortis articulo indulgentiam etiam plena- 
 riam elargimur. Datum Romas sub Annulo 
 Piscatoris die 8 octobris, 1642, Pontifica- 
 tus nostri anno 20. 
 
 The following is the " Lament " of 
 O'Neill's secretary. 
 
 I lament the death of a brave warrior, 
 the choice champion of his Holiness, 
 Urban VIII., requiring his repair into 
 Ireland, chief commander, immediately 
 from himself for the Catholic war, as hav- 
 ing pregnant testimonies of his fidelity 
 and uberant fortune in such affairs. A 
 soldier since a boy in the only martial 
 academy of Christendom, Flanders ; never 
 drew his sword unto his dying day other- 
 wise than in Catholic religion's defence, 
 as witness Bohemia, .Sweden, Norway, 
 Denmark, and now Ireland. This bul- 
 wark of holy religion and Pope's Scander- 
 berg, Don Eugenius O'Neill, severally 
 impeded in this his godly design by fac- 
 tious and treacherous members of this 
 same kingdom, as a tall cedar,placed on the 
 mountain-top of fame and reputation, was 
 terribly shaken, and overturned by the 
 lofty blasts and thundering winds of emu- 
 lation and self-envy, Ireland's fortune in 
 his time was favorable; the Church of 
 God flourished; the militia, in emulation 
 of his virtues, warlike ; the enemy weak 
 and declining; the country plentiful. But 
 now by his death the enemy is grown 
 strong and cruel; no city, fort, or town to 
 oppose him; no church, monastery, or re- 
 ligious house inhabited; the militia dis- 
 couraged, disheartened,and grown coward; 
 
 none to show his face in the field, for now 
 the enemy doth not fear the naming of 
 General (Jwen O'Neill, which not long be- 
 fore did sound like a thunderbolt in his 
 ears. This it is that I lament the death 
 of so well deserving a man, whose now 
 want is the cause of all the woe and evil 
 happening unto us, whose only name (if 
 but like an echo uttered, and, his corpse in 
 a cradle or chariot carried) would keep 
 life and breath in the decayed affairs of 
 Ireland. What will the jxjor northern 
 people do now? Your father, your gen- 
 eral, your ruler, your steerer is now 
 wanting! 
 
 Lainoit fo7- tlie Death of Eoghan Riiadli 
 O'Neill. 
 
 "Did they dare, did they dare, to slay 
 
 Owen Roe O'Neill ?" 
 "Yes they slew with poison him they 
 
 feared to meet with steel." 
 "May God wither up their hearts I may 
 
 their blood cease to flow! 
 May they walk in living death, who 
 
 poisoned Owen Roe! 
 
 II, 
 
 "Though it break my heart to hear, say 
 
 again the bitter words !" 
 "From Derry against Cromwell he 
 
 marched, to measure swords ; 
 But the weapon of the .Sacsanach met 
 
 iiim on his way. 
 And he died at Clogh Uachtair, upon St. 
 
 Leonard's Day." 
 
 III. 
 
 "Wail, wail ye for the mighty one ! Wail, 
 
 wail ye for the dead ! 
 Ouench the hearth, and hold the breath — 
 ~ with ashes strew the liead ! 
 How tenderly we loved him ! How deeply 
 
 we dejjlore ! 
 Holy Saviour! but to think we shall never 
 
 see him more ! 
 
 IV. 
 
 Sa"-est in the council was he, kindest in 
 the hall ; 
 
 Sure we never won a battle — 'twas Owen 
 won them all. 
 
 Had he lived, had he lived, our dear coun- 
 try had been free ; 
 
 But he's dead, but he's dead, and 'tis 
 slaves we'll ever be. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 210 
 
 V. 
 
 O'Farrell and Clanricarde, Preston and 
 Red Hugh, 
 
 Audley and MacMalion, ye are valiant, 
 wise, and true ; 
 
 But what, what are ye all to our darling 
 who is gone ? 
 
 The rudder of our ship was he — our cas- 
 tle's corner-stone. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Wail, wail hi n through the island ! Weep 
 
 for our pride ! 
 Would that on tlie battle-field our gallant 
 
 chief had died ! 
 Weep the victor of licin-Burb ! Weep him, 
 
 young men and old ! 
 Weep for liim, ye women — your Beautiful 
 
 lies cold ! 
 
 VII. 
 
 We thought you would not die — we were 
 sure you would not go, 
 
 And leave us in our inmost need to Crom- 
 well's cruel blow. 
 
 Sheep without a shepherd, when the 
 snow slnits out the sky — 
 
 Oh ! why did you leave us,Owen ? why did 
 _\ou die .'' 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Soft as woman's was your voice, O'Neill ! 
 
 Bright was your eye ! 
 Oh ! why did you leave us, Owen ? why did 
 
 you die .^ 
 Your troubles are all over — your're at 
 
 with God on high ; 
 But we're slaves, and we're orphans, 
 
 Owen — why did you die .'' 
 
 EPITAPH OF OWEN ROE O'iNEILL. 
 
 Eugeiiii OWelH, copim-um ultouiensiinn 
 pycTfecli gencralis, cpitopJiiuin. 
 
 Hie jacpt ille ingens patrire defensor 
 O'Nellus, 
 Nobilis ingenio, sanguine, Martc, fide. 
 Qui genus etmagni mensuram stemmatis 
 imi)lcns. 
 Per sua Catholicos arma jjrobavit avos. 
 Quern neque vis dubii potuit perfringere 
 belli, 
 Nee mutare boni spesve timorve mali. 
 Quern tria conjuncto petierunt agmine 
 regna, 
 In caput unius tot coiere manus. 
 Celsus in immota mentis scd constitit 
 arce, 
 Et cceptum in fracto pectore duxit iter, 
 
 Spcm contra liumanam, coelum tamen 
 adfuit ausis, 
 Cumquc suo Christus milite miles 
 erat. 
 Impia Catholicorum seu strinxit in 
 agmina ferrum. 
 Discolor ha^retica ca:de madebat hu- 
 .11 us. 
 Sive fugam simulat, simulando com- 
 primit hostem. 
 Nee minus arma viri quam metuenda 
 fuga. 
 Hoc tamen, hoc urgens et inexpugnabile 
 Marti, 
 Pectus iiumi positum spicula mortis 
 habent. 
 /Emula nam crebris Parca invidiosa 
 triumph is, 
 Vincendi et vitae sit tibi finis, ait. 
 Fata sed Eugenium nequeunt itaslcrnere 
 servent 
 Postuma Romanam quominus arma 
 fideni. 
 Hanc lapis et cineres, sed et ipsa cadavera 
 spirant, 
 Et Petrum litui, tela, tuba^que so- 
 nant. 
 Magna viri merces, tot palmas astra coro- 
 nant. 
 Sic jira^stant mcrilum terra polusque 
 decus. 
 
 Hugh O'Neill was born in the Spanish 
 Netherlands. He was the son of Art 
 Oge, brother of Owen Roe, whence he 
 was called Hugh MacArt Oge. He went 
 by the name of Hugh Dubh or Buidhe, 
 epithets used by the Irish to designate 
 persons of swarthy or sallow complexion. 
 He is mentioned as one of the "brave 
 warriors and ]:)rime captains who, out of 
 the martial theatre of Flanders, enlisted 
 under the banner of Owen Roe O'Neill, 
 and came to Ireland in 1642." He was 
 taken prisoner at the battle of Clones in 
 1643, and did not regain his liberty till 
 released by exchange after the battle of 
 Benburb in 1646. In that year he was ap- 
 pointed major-general of the Ulster army. 
 The author of the Aplioris7nal Dis- 
 covery speaks of him as a tried, wise, 
 faithful, successful officer, unsurpassed 
 in courage, vigilant, industrious, zealous, 
 for religion, loyal to the king, faithful to 
 his country, constant in his princi])les. 
 During the illness of his uncle, Owen 
 Roe, he commanded the Ulster army, and 
 was with i'errall despatched in October, 
 1649, to the Marquis of Ormonde with a 
 body of 2,000 men. After Owen Roe's 
 death, he was anxious to succeed him as 
 commander of the Ulster army. Plis 
 
220 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 qualifications were strongly urged by 
 Daniel O'Neill, as being a "man who 
 knew the ways Owen Roe O'Neill took 
 to ninnage the people, and one not un- 
 acceptable to the Scots, and one who 
 would do nothing contrary to Ormonde's 
 commands." 
 
 We have already given an account of 
 his successful defence of Clonmel. After 
 retiring from that place, he was appoint- 
 ed to act as military governor of Limerick 
 by Ormonde, and to defend that city 
 against the Parliamentarians. In reply to 
 the demand of Sir Hardress Waller to sur- 
 render the city, September, 1650, he de- 
 clared "he was determined to maintain 
 it for the use of his Majesty Charles II., 
 even to the effusion of the last drop of 
 his blood." The author of the Aphoris- 
 inal Discovery states that Ireton made 
 him offers cf great preferment, to induce 
 him ti) surrender; but lie would not be- 
 tray the trust reposed in him. In his re- 
 ply he is stated I0 have said that he had 
 promised to hold Limerick for a year, 
 and that period liaving expired, he intend- 
 ed to hold it, even without assistance, for 
 another year. At the surrender, finding 
 that his name was not included in the 
 treaty, "he rode up to encounter Deputy 
 Ireton, and offered him the pommel of 
 his sword. Ireton receiving the same, 
 asked him who he was, who answered 
 that he was Hugh O'Neill, and desired 
 the benefit of the l.TW of arms in the be- 
 half of a soldier of fortune, voluntarily 
 yielding himself and "the lives of other 
 such soldiers as served under his com- 
 mand to his lordship's mercy and favor. 
 Ireton embraced him. gently, and bad Iiim 
 be of good cheer, and that he would re- 
 ceive no prejudice. Commanding his 
 men to ride forward, he was alone and 
 in private discourse with O'Neill, which 
 one of his chief commanders perceiving, 
 turned his horse in a fury, telling him 
 it was now no time for such business. 
 Notwithstanding all which Ireton was so 
 tender of O'Neill's safety, that before he 
 parted him he did command his own 
 guard under pain of death to attend only 
 that gentleman and bring him to a place 
 of safety, where he did not receive the 
 least prejudice." 
 
 "A few days after the taking of the 
 city Ireton was infected and died, and at 
 the point of his death was so nobly 
 mmded that he commanded his lieu- 
 tenant-general, Edmund Ludlow and the 
 rest of Ills officers to use all good be- 
 havior towards O'Neill, and to send 
 him with his own corpse into England, 
 
 and bestow on him tlirec horses, one for 
 himself and two for two servants, and 
 means to defray their charges. He also 
 wrote a letter to the parliament, humbly 
 desiring to use that brave warrior with 
 rdl civility and humanity, all which was 
 actually performed. 
 
 Another account says that " a court- 
 martial was held, in which the Governor 
 (O'Neill) having been condemned to die, 
 the Deputy (Ireton) asked what he had to 
 say for himself. He replied that the war 
 had been long on foot before he came 
 over, that he had been guilty of no base 
 or dishonorable act, having only dis- 
 charged the duty of a soldier as became 
 a man subject to a superior power, to 
 which he must be accountable. But the 
 blood formerly shed at Clonmel, where 
 O'Neill had been governor, made such an 
 impression on the Deputy, that his judg- 
 ment, which was of great weight with the 
 court, moved them a second time to vote 
 him to die, though some of the court 
 earnestly opposed it, for the reason he 
 had mentioned himself, and because 
 whatever he had been guilty of before 
 had no relation to these articles. The 
 Deputy, finding some of the officers to bo 
 unsatisfied with the judgment, referred it 
 again to the consideration of the court, 
 who by their vote consented to save his 
 life." It would seem that Ireton had 
 persuaded the court to pronounce the 
 sentence of death ; but Ludlow and some 
 other officers interfered, representing to 
 him the odium which such an execution 
 would bring on the I'^nglish name abroad, 
 where O'Neill was well known. 
 
 On O'Neill's arrival in London, Janu- 
 ary loth, 1652, he was committed a close 
 prisoner to the Tower, for being in arms 
 against the Parliament. Twenty shillings 
 a week was allowed for his support. Don 
 Alonzo Cardenas, the Spanish Ambassa- 
 dor, proposed to the Council of State in 
 July, 1650, to give permission to the Irish 
 troops to pass into Spain, especially to 
 Don Hugo O'Neill, since he was born in 
 Flanders, and consequently a Spanish 
 subject, having besides borne no part in 
 the first insurrection in Ireland, nor in 
 the excesses which took place there. He 
 seems to have gone to Spain, for there 
 is a letter of his to Charles 1 1., dated from 
 Madrid, October 27th, 1660, in which he 
 solicits the restoration of his family to 
 the royal favor. He assumed there the 
 title of Earl of Tyrone. 
 
 The name of Daniel O'Neill occurs 
 frequently in this work. He. too, was a 
 nephew of Owen Roe. Frpm a petition 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 which he presented to tlie House of 
 Lords, in i64'» we learn that liis grand- 
 father and fatlier were owners of all the 
 Upper Clandebo3S 'and Great Ardcs, in 
 the province of Ulster, and had served 
 the Knglish in the war against tiieir own 
 kindred, and that his father had been in- 
 duced by undue influence to transfer 
 these lands, amounting to 66,000 acres, 
 to Sir Hugh Montgomery and James 
 Hamilton for the sum of ;|/^6o and a yearly 
 rcntcf^i6o. He spent his early life in 
 Holland, in the army of the Prince of 
 Orange. Later he entered tiie English 
 service, and was known as an officer of 
 name and repute. At the beginning of 
 the Irish rebellion he was accused 
 cf high treason, and imprisoned in the 
 Tower. He escaped in disguise after a 
 confinement c,i six months. Soon after 
 we find him lieutenant-general of Prince 
 Rupert's horse. Clarendon says of him 
 that "in subtlety and understanding he 
 v.as much superior to the whole nation of 
 the old Irish, a great discoverer of men's 
 talents and humors, of good experience 
 in the most active armies of that time, 
 and of a courage very notorious, and that 
 Ormonde loved him very much, and had 
 much esteem for him." One of the 
 charges lirought against Ormonde in the 
 " Declaration " of Jamestown was his too 
 great partiality for Daniel O'Neill, shown 
 by his giving him a command of wiiich 
 he had deprived Major-General Purcell. 
 Ormonde's answer was : " The manner of 
 Daniel O'Neill's coming into the com- 
 mand was this: he had taken-great pains 
 in bringing his uncle General Owen 
 O'Neill to submit to the peace and his 
 Majesty's government, and he did effectu- 
 ally labor after that work was effected to 
 bring the Ulster army to his assistance, 
 when Cromwell was on his march from 
 Dublin to Wexford. Owen O'Neill 
 being sick, the army was conducted by 
 Lieutenant-General Ferrall and Major- 
 General Hugh O'Neill. But when it 
 joined with the Leinster, Munster, and 
 Connauglit forces, and some English and 
 Scotch horse and foot, he found great 
 difficulty how to distribute orders with 
 satisfaction to all these parties, the Ulster 
 partv being unwilling to receive these 
 from Major-General Hugh O'Neill. But 
 all parties were content to receive them 
 from Daniel O'Neill, and by him they 
 were distributed; and Major-General 
 Ferrall was sent into Munster, where he 
 had and exercised a cominand-in-chief in 
 the absence of superior officers. Nor 
 was his commission annulled, nor any 
 
 new place given to any other to this day." 
 He was sent l)y Ormonde to make pro- 
 posals to Owen Roc, and it was mainly 
 owing to his exertions that the treaty was 
 brougiit about between them. Ormonde 
 was anxious that he should be appointed 
 to the cliiif command of the Ulster army 
 after Owen Roe's death. But his religion 
 stood in the way, for, strange to say, he 
 was a Protestant. In 1650 he left Ire- 
 land, having obtained permission from 
 Ireton to transport 5,000 men for service 
 to Spain or Holland. On the Continent 
 he was one of the most active ]\artisans 
 of Charles II. After the Restoration he 
 v/as made Postmaster-General. He died 
 in 1664. On the occasion of his death, 
 Charles II. wrote to the Duchess of 
 Orleans, " This morning poor O'Neill 
 died of an ulcer in his guts. He was as 
 honest a man as ever lived. I am sure I 
 have lost a good servant by it." 
 
 V. 
 
 THE SACK OF CASIIEL BY 
 
 INCHI(2UIN, SEPTEMBER 
 
 13x11, 1647. 
 
 Narraih'c by Father Andrciu Sail in a 
 Letter to Fatlier John Yonng. 
 
 TiiR year 1647 was a disastrous one 
 for the whole of Ireland, and the times 
 fell most heavily on Cashel, the Metro- 
 politan sec of the province of Munster. 
 Lord Inchiquin, who was rightly called 
 the scourge of God, after reducing and 
 burning nearly the whole of this district, 
 moved his Parliamentary army upon 
 Cashel. The garrison of the city num- 
 bered only four hundred men, and (he 
 citizens were thrown into the utmost con- 
 fusion by the difficulties of their situation 
 and the sudden approach of the enemy. 
 The garrison deserted the walls, and re- 
 tired to St. Patrick's Rock, while a great 
 part cf the inhabitants, taking wilhthem 
 a supply of provisions and most of their 
 household effects, followed the soldiers 
 thither. The remainder, not trusting to 
 the protection of the rock, concealed 
 themselves in the outlying country, just 
 in time to escape the fast advancing 
 enemy. The Puritan troops entered the 
 citv without resistance, and after making 
 merry on the food and drink left behind 
 by the citizens, lay down to sleep. '1 lie 
 next day, which was the feast of the Ex- 
 altation of the Holy Cross, the enemy le- 
 connuitred the rock and its defences for 
 the space of an hour, although informa- 
 
222 APPENDIX. 
 
 tion about its state had already been given dicrs. Unable to effect an entrance in 
 
 by some traitors, Catholics only in name, this direction, the Puritans plant their 
 
 \\\\o, after having lived on our bounty for ladders against tiie walls of the church, 
 
 a long time, were terror-stricken at tl.e and leap tlnough the windows. Hemmed 
 
 enemy's ravages, and had disappeared, in on all sides, nevertheless our brave 
 
 We believe that God appointed that day defenders fight with the energy of de- 
 
 to be the witness, not indeed of our de- spair, and nothing could be heard in that 
 
 struction, but of our glory, and it was ''3st edifice but the clash of arms and the 
 
 meet that those who wished to taste the shouts of the combatants. For upwards 
 
 delight of the Cross must first share its of half an hour the contest raged in the 
 
 ignominy. When the reconnoitring was veiy nave of the cathedral with equal 
 
 over, the hostile army divided into three valor on both sides, but unequal forces, 
 
 parlies, whose points of attack were the the fanatical enemy polluting the very 
 
 three weaker portions of our fortifica- sanctuary, and dyeing its stones with 
 
 lions. Before attacking, a messenger blood consecrated to God and His 
 
 left their lines and came up to the rock to Church. At length our defenders, now 
 
 treat about a surrender on these terms : reduced to sixty, turn and ascend the 
 
 that the garrison should be allowed to steps of the bell-tower, followed by the 
 
 depart with their muskets and with bul- enemy, who call on them to surrender, 
 
 lets in bouche, but that the clergy and With the alternative before them of death 
 
 citizens should be left to llie mercy of by starvation or by the enemy's sword, 
 
 their commander. Here the bravery of they give themselves up on condition of 
 
 the Catholic soldiers shone out, and they their lives being spared. The deceitful 
 
 replied that they would risk their lives in commander gave his word, but as soon 
 
 defence of those whom they had vowed as their swords were collected he gave 
 
 to protect rather than break their word, the order to kill all without exception, 
 
 and that they preferred to dye with their Many are at once cut down, some of the 
 
 hearts' blood that holy ground to allow- richer citizens arc spared in hope of ran- 
 
 ing it to be desecrated by heretical mis- som, others run to hide themselves in 
 
 creants. The Puritan leader was stung the crypts and vaults, of which there was 
 
 to the quick by this generous answer, a great number about. All, however, with 
 
 and ordered the charge to be sounded, the exception of one or two, are either 
 
 On they come with lightning speed, at dispatched by the sword or retained as 
 
 the same time throwing fire-brands into prisoners. The Bishop, together with 
 
 the air, one of which, happening to fall the Mayor and his son, and a few others, 
 
 into the vestibule of the monastery of the conceal themselves in a more secure ami 
 
 P'riars Minor, set the hall on fire, and secret hiding-place, but do not stir there - 
 
 burned it to the ground. They slack not from until assured of their safety. 
 their speed until under cover of the walls, Thus ended that cruel butchery ami 
 
 where they are safe out of range, for the the most disgraceful sacrilege that waj 
 
 turrets and embrasures were too high to ever seen in Ireland. We lost about one 
 
 admit of aim being taken at the enemy as thousand men, the enemy at least five 
 
 they lay at close quarters. The beseiged, luindred. Of these latter twelve, or as 
 
 therefore, throw away their guns, and some say sixteen, were descendants cf 
 
 climbing up the steep bastions, hurl the same family, and bore about them 
 
 down the foe as they appear above the the marks of that disgrace which had 
 
 scaling-ladders, until overcome by the befallen their ancestors on account of the 
 
 numbers that swarmed up the north wall, injury done to the horses of St. Thomas 
 
 the least defensible portion of the fort, of Canterbury. Three of the secular 
 
 they fall back slowly, intending to take clergy, the Prior of the I3ominicans, an J 
 
 up a position in the church. Scarcely one of our Society, fell in the perfoi- 
 
 have they begun to retreat when the mance of their sacred duties. Old men 
 
 eiiemy press round them on all sides with on tlie verge of the grave, whose weapons 
 
 renewed energy. The very cemetery were their rosaries, defenceless women 
 
 itself is disputed inch by inch, until of and children, were struck at the very altars 
 
 those that remained outside the church without regard to age or sex. Women, 
 
 not one survived. The issue of the day whom the sword had spared, were 
 
 depends on the capture of the main build- stripped and sent away, yet not daring to 
 
 ing, which therefore the enemy make the expose their nakedness to the liglit of 
 
 centre of attack. They charge the north day, slunk into the corners of the temple 
 
 and south doors, but are- driven back and covered themselves with blood. The 
 
 with no less determination by our sol- mind sickens at the thought ; but what 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 was more horrible tlian the desecration of moving tlie iron bars from the window of 
 tlie sacred objects! In one word, tiie a honse, a stone dropped from the top- 
 enemy, exulting over their prey, hew in most story, and falling on his head broke 
 pieces and burn all the statues, over- in his sku'll. Lord Inchiquin himself put 
 throw the altars, and pollute the sacred on the Archbishoi)'s mitre, boasting aloud 
 vessels. The large crucifix that towered that he was the Governor of Munster and 
 above the entrance to the choir had its the Mayor and Archbishop of Cashel. 
 head,hands, and feet struck off, the organ Not only the goods of the citizens and 
 was broken, and the bells, whose chimes the church ornaments suffered from the 
 cheered our soldiers as they fought, were ravages of the soldiers, but also the dwell- 
 deprived of their clappers and their beau- ings in the city and the houses consc- 
 tiful tone. Nothing escaped the ruthless crated to Cod. Already the burning 
 hand of the spoiler. The Puritans load brands were applied to the wooden i)arti- 
 themselves with the goods of the citizens, tions, wdien some of the chief men stepped 
 with which the church was filled ; they ex- forward, and by the promise of a large 
 cavate the very crypts, and break open sum of money, to be contributed by all tlie 
 the marble tombs in hope of ]ilunder. citizens, saved the city from a deluge of 
 To gain credit for the story that was fire. Yet the conflagration could not be 
 afterwards circulated,' that only six or got under, and the most ancient city of 
 seven of their own soldiers were slain, Cashel, that had seen so long a succession 
 they strip the clothing off their dead, and of kings and archbishops, was bumt to 
 drag them into the cliurch and cemetery, the ground. That city, I say, which be- 
 that they may not be distinguished from cause it had received the light of the 
 our own people. All the passages, even faith from Patrick, suffered it never to be 
 the altars, chapels, sacristies, bell-tower extinguished or obscured, endured such 
 steps, and seats were so thickly covered a change that for a longtime no priest or 
 with corpses, that one could not walk a sacred'rite was seen there. Craced by 
 step without treading on a dead body, the trophies of so many victories for the 
 Those who remember the splendor of faith, strengthened by the protection of 
 the cathedral in the celebration of the so many patron saints, the city contains a 
 sacred ceremonies on holidays and feast Puritan enemy in itsmidst. ^ Hallowed by 
 days, and the sumptuous workmanship of the presence of so many religious orders, 
 thealtars and monuments, could notbring tlie home of so many families that wor- 
 themsclves to view the scene of horror, shipped God in fear and love, in one hour 
 or, if they did look upon it, they shed the devoted city pays the penalty of tlie 
 abundant tears the while. Here the sinsof Ireland. And the cause of wonder 
 course of cruelty and sacrilege, did not to all is, that heaven looks upon it and is 
 end, but rather increased in fury. The silent, and does not yet avenge the death 
 soldiers sold the property of the citizens, of its saints. Has the confidence of the 
 the church furniture, and the sacred people been a Vi'.in one.? Truly we should 
 vessels to the iieojjle of the neighboring rather admire than question the judgments 
 villages, who came flocking together as if of Cod; we should rather weep for our 
 to a fair. What they cannot sell is either sins than besiege heaven to turn aside its 
 torn in pieces or thrown into the dung-pits, wrath. What we hope for is that Cashel 
 Some dress themselves in the precious will not become a by-word among men, and 
 vestments, and with birrettas on their will acquire greater glory by its losses for 
 heads invite the rest to Mass. Others dash the faith than by its triumphs. While we 
 the holy images against the walls, and mourn that loved ones are no more, we 
 others again bear aloft in solemn proces- rejoice that they are crovyncd with the 
 sion a headless statue of the Immaculate martyr's crown above, and it is not wrong 
 Virgin, exquisitely wrought with golden to think that their souls are in bliss. For 
 tracerv. The pictures of St. Patrick and on the nights preceding the destruction 
 St. Ignatius, together with those of other of the city, when we went to the soldiers 
 saints, deaf and dumb idols as they called of the garrison and exhorted them to ab- 
 them,wereturnedintohorse-cloths'orused stain from swearing and other practices 
 as sacks. One man there was, who on of the camp, we found them compliant 
 catching sight of the smaller statue of beyond measure, and prepared to .shed 
 the Blessed Virgin at our house, scoffed their blood for the faith. Before they en- 
 atit.saying: " Hownow, Maryof Ireland, gaged the enemy most of them several 
 how now? Eat some peas." But his times, all at least once, cleansed their 
 mockery was the cause of his death, for consciences by confession, and received 
 for a little time after, while he was re- the Bread of Life. But if they are de- 
 
22 1 
 
 APPENmX. 
 
 tained \\\ the clearisin<^ fire of purijatory, 
 I recommend lliem most earnestly to tlie 
 sacrifices and prayers of your Reverence 
 and tlie rest of the Fathers on this day, 
 the Commemoration of tlie Souls of the 
 Faitliful Departed. 
 
 VL 
 
 THE WALLINCx OF ROSS. 
 
 New Ross was formerly styled Nova 
 Villa Pontis W'ilelmi Marescalli, liaving 
 been built by William Earl Marshal, who 
 married the grantl-daughter of Dermot 
 McMorroiih, near the monastery of Ross- 
 mic-truin, founded in the sixth century 
 by St. Abban. Holinshed says, " It was 
 also called Rosse Nova or Rosse Ponte, 
 by reason of the bridge, that which they 
 call old Ross bearing east three miles into 
 t!ie countrie of Wexford." The same 
 author gives the following curious account 
 of the building of the walls ; "The towne is 
 binlded in a barren sovle, and planted 
 among a crew of naughtie and prowlyng 
 neighbours. And in olde tyme when it 
 tiourished, albeit the towne were suf- 
 ficiently peopled, yet as long as it was not 
 compassed with walles, they were formed 
 with watche and warde, to keep it 
 from the greedy snatchyng of the 
 Irishe enemies. With whome as they 
 were generally molested, so the pri- 
 vat consenyng of one peasaunt on a 
 sodayne incensed them to inviron their 
 towne with strong and substantial walls. 
 There repayred one of the Irishe to this 
 towne on horsebacke, and espying a piece 
 of clothe on a merchant's stall', tooke hold 
 thereof, and bet the clothe to the lowest 
 pryce he could. As the merchant and he 
 stood dodging one wyth the other in 
 cheaping the ware, the horseman consider- 
 ing that he was well-mounted, and that the 
 merchant and he had growen to a pryce, 
 made wyse as though he woulde have 
 drawen to his purse to have defrayed the 
 money. The clothe in the meane while 
 being tuckte up and placed before him, 
 hegave tliespurre to his hoi sse, and ranne 
 away with the cloth, being not imbard 
 from his posting pase, by reason the 
 towne was not perrlosed eyther wyth ditch 
 or wall. The townesmen being pincht at 
 the heart that one rascall in such scornful 
 wise should give them the stampaine, not 
 so much weighing the sclendernesse of the 
 losse as the shamefulnesse of the foyle, 
 they put their heads together, consulting 
 how to prevent eyther the sudden rushing 
 or the posthast flying of any such adven- 
 
 turous rakehell hereafter. In which con- 
 sultation a famous Dido, a chaste wydowe, 
 a politike dame, a bountiful woman called 
 Rose, who representing in sinceritie of life 
 the sweetnesse of that herbe whose name 
 she bore, unfolded the devise how any 
 such future mischaunce shoulde be pre- 
 vented ; and withall opened her coffers 
 liberally to have it furthered, two good pro- 
 perties, in acounsaylour. Her devise was, 
 that the towne shoulde incontintently be 
 inclosed with walles, and therewythal 
 promised to discharge the charges, so that 
 they would not sticke to finde out labour- 
 ers. The devise of tl.'s worthie matrone 
 being wise, and the offer liberall, the 
 townesmen agreed to follow the one and 
 to put their helping hande.s to the achiev- 
 ing of the other. The woike was begunne, 
 which through the multitude of handes 
 seemed light. For the whole towne was 
 assemblecl tagge and ragge, cutte and long 
 tayle ; none exempted except such as 
 were bedrid and impotent. Some were 
 tasked to delve, others appointed with 
 mattockes to digge, divers allotted to the 
 unheaping of rubbishe, many bestowed to 
 the caryage of stones, sundry occupied in 
 tempering of morter, the better sort 
 busied in overseeing the workemen, cche 
 one according to hys vocation employed, 
 as though the citie of Carthage were a 
 freshe in building, as it is featlye verified 
 by the golden Poet Virgil. The laberours 
 were so many, the worke, by reason of 
 round and exchequer payment, so well 
 apnlyed, the quary of fayre marble so 
 neere at hand, that these walles with 
 diverse brave turrets were sodainly 
 mounted, and in manner sooner finished, 
 than to the Irishe enemies notified. 
 These walles in circuit are equal to 
 London walles. It hath three gorgious 
 gates, Bishop his gate, on the east side ; 
 Allegate, on the east-south-east side ; and 
 South gate, on the south porte." 
 
 This bountiful gentlewoman was proba- 
 bly the widow of Sir Ralph Meyler, who 
 obtained a grant of freedom for the port 
 from Edward III. But an Anglo-Nor- 
 man poem, "Rithmus facture ville de 
 Rosse," an old manuscript copy of which, 
 supposed to be in the handwriting of the 
 author, Friar Michael Bernaril of Kildare, 
 now among the Harleian MSS. in the 
 British Museum, says Ross was fortified 
 in 1265, in consequence of the feud then 
 existing between Maurice Fitzgerald, 
 Baron of Offaly, and Walter de Burgo, 
 Earl of Ulster, " whose deadly wars 
 wrought bloodshed and trouble through- 
 out the realm of Ireland." The citizens, 
 
ArPKiVDIX. 
 
 22^ 
 
 fearing they should suffer in consequence, 
 enclosed the town. Tliis old poem was in- 
 serted by vSir Frederick Madden, in vol. 
 x.Kii. of the A>-cIi(Tologia. The spirited 
 translation which we give is by L. E. L. 
 (.Mrs. Mac Lean) : it is taken from Crof- 
 ton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland, 
 who gives the original side by side with 
 it. This ballad is the basis of Sir .S. Fer- 
 guson's " l\osabel of Ross " in the Diihliii 
 (Jniversity AfagaziiK: : — " 
 
 I have a whim to speak in verse, 
 Jf you will list what I rehearse, 
 For an unheeded tale, I wisse, 
 Not worth a clove of garlic is. 
 Please you, then, to understand, 
 'Tis of a town in Ireland; 
 For its size the one most fair 
 That I know of anywhere. 
 I5ut the town had cause of dread 
 In the feud two barons spread; 
 Sir Maurice — and Sir Walter, see, 
 Mere their names shall written be; 
 Also that fair city's name — 
 Ross they then did call the same. 
 'Tis the new bridge-town of I^oss. 
 Which no walls did then enclose : 
 It therefore feaied a stranger's blows. 
 Commons both, and leading men, 
 Gathered in the Council then, 
 What for safety to devise, 
 In shortest time and lowest price ; 
 'Twas that round the town be thrown 
 Walls of mortar and of stone. 
 For this war filled them with fear ; 
 Much they dreaded broil so near. 
 Candlemas, it was the day 
 They began to delve in clay, 
 Marking out a foss, to show 
 Where the future wall should go. 
 Soon 'twas traced, and then were hired 
 Workmen; all the task desired. 
 More than a hundred workmen ply 
 Daily 'neath the townsmen's eye; 
 Yet small advance these fellows made, 
 Though to labor they were paid. 
 So the Council met again ; 
 Such a law as they passed then ! 
 Such a law might not l)e found, 
 Nor on P'rench nor English ground. 
 Next day a summons read aloud, 
 Gathered speedily a crowd ; 
 When the law proclaimed they hear, 
 'Twas received with many a cheer. 
 Then a good man did advance. 
 And explained the ordinance ; 
 Vintners, drapers, merchants, all 
 Were to labor at the wall, 
 From the early morning time, 
 Till the day was in its prime. 
 More than a thousand men, I say, 
 Went to the goodly work each day. 
 
 .Monday they began their labors, 
 
 Gay with banners, IJutes and tabours; 
 
 Soon as the noon hour was come, 
 
 'I'hcse good people hastened home. 
 
 With tlieir banners proudly borne. 
 
 Then the youth advanced in turn, 
 
 And the town they made it ring 
 
 With their merry carrolling; 
 
 Singing loud and full of mirth, 
 
 /\way tlicy go to shovel earth. 
 
 And the jMiests, when Mass was changed, 
 
 In the foss they dug and panted : 
 
 Quicker, harder, worked each brothei-. 
 
 Harder far than any other; 
 
 For both old and young did feel 
 
 Great and strong with holy zeal. 
 
 Mariners came next, and they 
 
 Pass'd along in fair array. 
 
 With their banner borne before, 
 
 Which a painted vessel bore. 
 
 Full six lunulred were they then; 
 
 l')Ut full eleven hundred men 
 
 Would have gathered by the wall. 
 
 If they had attended all. 
 
 Tuesday came — coatmakers, tailors. 
 Fullers, cloth-dyers, and "sellers ; " 
 Right good hands, these jolly blades, 
 Were they counted at their trades. 
 Away they worked like those before. 
 Though the others numbered more; 
 Scarce four hundred did they stand, 
 l'>ut they were a worthy band. 
 
 Wednesday following down there came 
 
 Other bands who worked the same; 
 
 Butchers, cordwainers, and tanners. 
 
 Hearing each their separate banners. 
 
 Tainted as might appertain 
 
 To their craft, and, 'mid the train 
 
 Many a brave bachelor; 
 
 .Small and great were numbered o'er, 
 
 Singing, as they worked, their song, 
 
 Just three hundred were they strong. 
 
 Thursday came, the fishermen 
 And the hucksters followed then. 
 Who sell corn and fish : they bear 
 Divers banners, for they were 
 Full four hundred; and the crowd 
 CarroUtd and sung aloud ; 
 And the wainwrights, they came too — 
 Thev were only thirty-two; 
 A single banner went before, 
 Whicii a fish and platter bore. 
 
 But on Saturday the stir 
 Of blacksmitli, mason, carpenter. 
 Hundreds three with fifty told. 
 Many were they, true and bold ; 
 And thev toiled with main and might 
 Needful knew thev 'twas and right. 
 
22() 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Then on Sunday there came down 
 All the dames of that brave town ; 
 Know, good laborers were they, 
 liut their numbers none may say. 
 On the ramparts there were'thrown 
 By their fair hands many a stone; 
 Who had there a gazer been, 
 Many a beauty miglit have seen. 
 Many a scarlet mantle too, 
 Or of green or russet hue ; 
 Many a fair cloak had they, 
 And robes dight witii colors gay. 
 In all lands where I have been, 
 Such fair dames working, I've not seen. 
 He who had to choose the power. 
 Had been born in lucky hour. 
 Many a banner was displayed, 
 
 While the work the ladies aid; 
 
 When their gentle hands had done 
 
 Piling up rude heaps of stone. 
 
 Then they walked the foss -along, 
 
 Singing sweet a cheerful song; 
 
 And returning to the town 
 
 All these rich dames there sat down ; 
 
 Where, with mirth and wine and song. 
 
 Passed the pleasant hours along. 
 
 Then they said a gate they'd make. 
 
 Called the Ladies', for their sake, 
 
 And their prison there should be; 
 
 Whoso entered, straightway he 
 
 Should forgo his liberty. 
 
 Lucky doom, I ween, is his 
 
 Who a lady's prisoner is ; 
 
 Light the fetters are to wear 
 
 Of a lady kind and fair; 
 
 But of them enough is said, 
 
 Turn we to the foss instead. 
 
 Twenty feet that foss is deep. 
 And a league in length doth creep, 
 When the noble work is done, 
 Watchmen then there needeth none ; 
 All may sleep in peace and quiet 
 Without fear of evil riot. 
 Fifty thousand might attack. 
 And yet turn them bootless back. 
 Warlike stores there are enou'di. 
 Bold assailant to rebuff. 
 We have hauberks many a one, 
 Savage, garcon, haubergeon ; 
 Doublets too, and coats of mail, 
 Yew bows good withouten fail. 
 In no city have I seen 
 So many good glaives, I ween. 
 Crossbows hanging on the wall, 
 Arrows too, to shoot withal; 
 Every house is full of maces, 
 And good shields and talevaces. 
 Crossl)ow men, when numbered o'er. 
 Are three hundred and three score; 
 And three hundred archers show. 
 Ready with a gallant bow ; 
 
 And three thousand men advance. 
 Armed with battle a.ve and lance ; 
 AbovQ a hundred knights who wield 
 Arms aye ready for the field. 
 I warrant you the town's prepared 
 'Cainst all enemies to guard. 
 Here I deem it meet to say. 
 No desire for war have they. 
 But to keep their city free. 
 Blamed of no man can they be. 
 When the wall is carried round, 
 None in Ireland will be found 
 Bold enough to dare to hglu. 
 Let a foeman come in sight. 
 If the city horn twice sound, 
 ICvery burgess will be found 
 Eager in the warlike labor. 
 Striving to outdo his neighbor ; 
 God give them the victory; 
 Say amen for charity. 
 In no otiier isle is known 
 Such a hospitable town ; 
 Joyously the people greet 
 Every stranger in their street. 
 Free is he to sell and buy, 
 And sustain no tax thereby. 
 Town and people once again 
 I commend to Cod. Amen. 
 
 VII. 
 
 REVOLT OF THE MUNSTER GAR- 
 RISONS TO CROMWELL. 
 
 The following are the depositions made 
 by the leading "Revolters " in each of the 
 garrisons. 
 
 Cork. 
 
 Colonel Richard Townsend, now resi- 
 dent in Castlehaven, English Protestant, 
 at tlie declaring of Cork for the Parlia- 
 ment of England, October i6th, 1649, a 
 prisoner in said city, being duly sworn, 
 saith : That about three days before the 
 declaring of Cork, Captain Robert Myhill 
 came to this E.x-aminant's chambers where 
 he was committed, and informed him that 
 Colonel Sterling, then governor of Cork, 
 commanded him to acquaint this E. that 
 the Lord Inchiquin had ordered Colonel 
 jefford should be sent to Bandon Bridge, 
 and Colonel Wanlen, to the fort of Cork, 
 and this E. to the fort of Kinsale the next 
 morning: upon which tidings the IC. with 
 his partners were very much troubled, and 
 did believe their separation was with in- 
 tent to have them speedily executed. 
 Whereupon Captain Myhill took E. aside, 
 and advised him to endeavor their con- 
 tinuance in the place where they were, 
 and he did believe it would be much to 
 their security, and thereupon acquainted 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 227 
 
 him of an intention of several persons to 
 secure tlie city and fort of Corkand castle 
 of Shandon for the Parliament of Eng- 
 land and the then Lord Lieutenant of Ire- 
 land. He well remembered that the 
 same night of the declarmg lie saw 
 Colone John Jefford, William Warden, 
 Cliarles Blunt, John Hodder, Lieutenant- 
 Colonels William Reeves and Thomas 
 Dowdridge, Captains Robert I\l3hill, 
 i'eter Carew, C.eorge Bell, Captain-Lieu- 
 tenant Richard Burnell, Lieutenants 
 Tliomas Hewett and John Thomas, En- 
 signs Roland Langford, Samuel Pomeroy, 
 Thomas Benger, Capt. Thomas Dethick, 
 Thomas Powell, Captain Henry Rogers, 
 and Thomas Boles, to be very active in 
 securing said city, fort, and castle for the 
 English interest. 
 
 Colonel Charles Blunt, now resident at 
 Clonmcl, English Protestant, at the de- 
 claring of Cork commanding a regiment 
 of foot in Lord Inchiquin's army. That 
 night he saw Jefford, ^ Townsend, and 
 Warden at first drawing of the men to- 
 gether at the mainguard, very active in 
 liromoting said work; and particularly 
 that Colonel Jefford secured Colonel Ster- 
 ling, then governor of Cork. 
 
 Captain Peter Carew,' now resident at 
 Rosscarbery, at the declaring of Cork, a 
 captain of foot in that city. Two months 
 before the declaring of the city, E. and 
 Captain Myhill had several meetings to 
 contrive the surrender of Cork, which, by 
 the bless'ing of God, was effected with 
 the assistance of Colonels Townsend, 
 Gifford, and Warden, then imprisonerl for 
 Inchi([uin; and also one sergeant Hugh 
 Buckiand, then in the fort of Cork, under 
 the command of Colonel Agmondisham 
 Muschamp, tlien governor thereof, was 
 of the council four days before, and did 
 assist by removing a sentinel and giving 
 an opportunity by placing of a laddeiand 
 entrance by a port-hole which was ef- 
 fected by the industry of Captain Robert 
 Myhill, with a small party of men, said 
 Muschamp being absent, who took the 
 lieutenant, ensign, and about twenty more 
 that kept the same. 
 
 Captain Robert Myhill, a captain in 
 Colonel Sterling's regiment. About six 
 weeks before the declaring of Cork, consid- 
 ering with himself the sad condition the 
 
 ^ The name is written, Carew, Gary, and 
 Carey; the latter is the form used in the 
 signature. His widow and son obtained a 
 grant under the Act of Settlement of lands in 
 the county of Cork, on the Blackwater. two 
 miles east of Fernioy, where his desceitJants 
 still reside. 
 
 English interest was then brought into, he 
 cast about in his own thoughts what was 
 best for him and the other English Protes- 
 tants to do, in order to freeing himself and 
 them. So went into the shop of one Cap- 
 tain Thomas Bowles, to whom he opened 
 his mind, and told P)Owles he thought 
 it advisable to use some means for deliver- 
 ing himself and others from the bondage 
 they were in (the Lord Incliiquin having 
 joined with the Irish) ; and thus having 
 a great influence on him, told him that he 
 had about eight good men of his own com- 
 pany who, he was sure, would stand by 
 him. 
 
 Bowles promised to influence the towns- 
 people also. When several officers had 
 secured the mainguard, the two ports of 
 the city, and placed a guard upon Colonel 
 Sterling and others wiiom they durst not 
 trust, E. with fourteen private soldiers, 
 about twelve o'clock the same night, went 
 to surprise the fort, which he soon effected 
 by going in at a port-hole where a senti- 
 nel "was wont to be set, one Sergeant 
 Buckiand being promised /50 to remove 
 said sentinel, and also he surprised in the 
 fort a lieutenant and thirty-four soldiers, 
 the governor Muschamp being that night 
 at his farm, and having no knowledge of 
 Ids design. Nor durst they inform him, 
 being looked upon as a great enemy to the 
 English interest. 
 
 William Sexton, mason, now resident 
 at Cork, saw Thomas Hooper, and others, 
 about eleven o'clock, making barricadoes 
 at the mainguard with butcher's blocks 
 and other materials, for better securing 
 the same in case any rising should be in 
 the town. 
 
 Colonel Robert Phayre, now governor 
 of Cork, about the end of August, 1649, 
 knew divers persons of his old acquain- 
 tance who were in Lord Inchiquin's army, 
 and taken at the rout before Dublin, 
 which he knew to be .honest-hearted 
 toward the English interests ; and some 
 of these stayed by his advice in Inchi- 
 quin's army to serve said interest ; and 
 therefore E. made it his request to Lord- 
 Lieutenant Cromwell and Lord Iretonthat \ 
 such of said persons as he might choose \ 
 might have paroles to come down to 
 Munster, to procure their ransom and 
 exchange, which was only a disguise for 
 their employment thither in the county of 
 Cork, and had instructions to several well- 
 affected i)ersons to inform them of the 
 Lord Lieutenant's design to redeem the 
 luiglish inhabitants, and said county and 
 t!ie ports atljacent, from the bondage 
 Inchiquin had brought them under. 
 
228 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 YOUGHAL. 
 
 Ensign Nicholas Monkton, English 
 Protestant, now resident at Ballingarry — 
 in the county of Limerick, at the securing 
 of Youghal for the parliament, an ensign 
 in the town. A few days before the first 
 declaring of Youghal, Captain Henry 
 Smithick, acquainted E. with a resolution 
 of several officers in Youghal to secure 
 the town for the Parliament of England. 
 
 The same nigiit on which they did de- 
 clare, Captain John Widenham and others 
 did meet to consider the best way for the 
 prosecuting of the design, and to inform 
 themselves what their expectations might 
 be of Colonel Warden, who had promised 
 to come with a party of horse to their 
 assistance. Notwithstanding thev had 
 certain information that Colonel Warden, 
 with others, were taken prisoners by the 
 Lord of Incliiquin, yet they prosecuted 
 their former resolution. The next morn- 
 ing after the declaring, the Lord of Inchi- 
 quin came before the town with a party of 
 horse, and sent a messenger to desire that 
 some might be sent to treat with him; 
 and both Captain Widenham and Captain 
 Thomas Graham went forth, and on the 
 second and third day after there were con- 
 ditions made between tiiem ; but what they 
 were E. knoweth not, only that .Sir Piercy 
 Smyth, formerly governor by the Lord 
 Inchiquin'sappointment, was then restored 
 to his command. And about a fortnight 
 after Cork had declared for the English 
 interest. Colonels Gifford and Warden 
 came with a party of horse to secure the 
 garrison of Youghal for the Parliament of 
 England. About seven o'clock at night 
 E. and others were drinking a pint of wine 
 at the White Hart. There came in a little 
 boy or maid and told them that Colonels 
 Warden and Gifford were come with a 
 party of horse. Whereupon they immedi- 
 ately ran down to the iron gate, where they 
 found Sir Piercy Smyth, then governor, 
 and Colonel ALinhood, with some of their 
 servants, having drawn the chain of the 
 iron gate witli an intent, as he conceives, 
 to secure it till they had made some condi- 
 tions. But E. with Dashwood and Smyth, 
 observing Ca])tain Widenham to be come 
 with his company to the other side of the 
 gate and calling to have the gate open, 
 sent away Sir Piercy .Smyth and Colonel 
 Manhood to their homes (where they were 
 secured), and immediately opened the gate. 
 
 Major Jasper Farmer, English Protes- 
 tant, then resident at Garmore, in the 
 county of Cork, was told by Major 
 Foulkethat his brother Lieutenant Foulke 
 
 was sent by Colonel Phayre from Dublin 
 to him, that he might engage as manv 
 English then of Inciiiquin's army to do 
 their utmost in securing the chief garri- 
 sons of Munster for the then Parliament. 
 And among the rest Foulke engaged him 
 to use his endeavors in the work. Where- 
 upon he accjuainted Colonel Richard 
 Townsend and several others, who were 
 ready to yield their assistance. Major 
 Foulke told him that he would go to 
 Youghal to engage the officers there, which 
 he did ; and some small time after there 
 was a day appointed by Major Foulke, 
 Colonels Townsend, Warden, and himself, 
 to meet at Tallow, and there to make what 
 party of horse they could, and intended 
 from thence to have marched to Youghal. 
 in order to have joined themselves with 
 those who had engaged to secure the town. 
 Put so it was that one Johnson, who had 
 taken his oath to be faith ful in tlie business, 
 discovered the same to the Lord of Inchi- 
 quin, and by thi^t means Inchiquin sent a 
 party toTallow and apprehended Colonels 
 Warden and Gifford, and so prevented 
 the bringing of the horse to Youghal. 
 Townsend made his escape into the coun- 
 try ; but the next morning he was appre- 
 hended in his own house. But by this 
 time the town of Youghal had actually de- 
 clared for the Parliament, which he and 
 Major Foulke hearing of, took a cott and 
 went down by water to Youghal, and 
 having joined themselves with the officers 
 there, at a council of war resolved to 
 maintain the town for the English interest. 
 The next day after the town declared, 
 Inchiquin came with force and encamped 
 before the town, and it was by the counciJ 
 resolved that the town should be defended 
 against him. The soldiers upon the walls 
 cried out that the town might be defended 
 against Inchiquin and the Irish; but after 
 some jealousy of Captains Widenham and 
 Graham, articles were agreed upon by con- 
 sent of the officers for the redelivering of 
 the said garrison to Inchiquin, upon con- 
 ditions that none of the English might be 
 drawn out of the said town nor Irish put 
 in. 
 
 Colonel John Widenham, English Prot- 
 estant, now residing at Adare, in the 
 county of Limerick, and at the time of se- 
 curing of Youghal for the Parliament of 
 England and the Lord Lieutenant of Ire- 
 land a captain in the said town. At the 
 first declaring of Youghal he and Cap- 
 tain Smithick had frequent consultations 
 about the securing of the town ; and that 
 which moved the discourse and action was 
 the sense that Captain S. had of the danger 
 
APPESDIX. 
 
 220 
 
 tlie town was then in, and the English 
 interest, for that tiie Lord Inchiquin had 
 not only joined with the Irish, but also 
 intended to place an Irish garrison in the 
 town and to draw out the I^nglish then in 
 the town. Knsign Nicholas Monkton was 
 within the iron gate when the gate was 
 opened to let hini in with his company, and 
 some of the party of horse that came from 
 Cork. 
 
 KlXSALE. 
 
 Mr. Robert Southwell, at the rendition 
 of Kinsale to the Parliament, Nov. 12th, 
 1649, an inhabitant of Kinsale, remem- 
 bers that a few days before, i\Iajor 
 Woodliff came to Kinsale with about 60 
 soldiers, who were received into th'e town, 
 being reputed a friend ; being Englishmen 
 made them to be joyfully received. They 
 maintained the guard of the Englishtown. 
 Near 100 of the Irish soldiers that came 
 into the town from the fort were taken, 
 disarmed, and secured in the magazine. 
 At the time of Cork's declaring for the 
 Parliament, the town of Kinsale was se- 
 cured by the English and Irish inhabitants 
 of the same, and not by the soldiers of the 
 army in pay ; and before the declaring of 
 Cork Colonel Crosby, with about 500 men, 
 was sent by Lord Inchicjuin to secure the 
 fort and town for the King, which it could 
 not oppose, though very fearful to receive 
 them being Irish. About a fortnight 
 before the town declared, Crosby drew all 
 his soldiers out of ihe town into the fort. 
 About Nov. I2lh, 1649, the inhabitants 
 convened themselves together, viz., the 
 chief of both Irish and English, and agreed 
 to declare for the Commonwealth, in order 
 to which they drew up a letter, which they 
 subscribed, and directed to Lord Proghill 
 and Colonel I'hayre, acquainting them, 
 and desiring some assistance of horse and 
 foot for the taking of the fort, to which 
 work the inhabitants did yield their best 
 endeavors. An answer was returned with 
 assurance that said inhabitants should be 
 reckoned under the same care with their 
 own jiarty, and jMoiiised assistance, which 
 was sent next day ; and Captain Cuffe was 
 sent with a troop of horse into the Iwrony 
 of Coursies, on the fort side, to besiege 
 it; and Colonel Gifford with some others 
 came to Kinsale, where the towns-peojile 
 planted a gun upon Compass Hill over 
 against the fort, from whence were made 
 about si.x or seven shot, and soon after it 
 was delivered to Lord liroghill upon con- 
 ditions. 
 
 William Wolf, of Cork, at the rendition 
 of Cork an inhabitant of the town. At the 
 
 time of Cork's declaring, the town of 
 Kinsale was wholly secured by the Eng- 
 lish and Irish inhabitants for Lord Inchi- 
 quin ; and at the arrival of Colonel Crosby 
 with about 600 men, the commonalty of 
 the town shut the gates against him; but 
 the sovereign and other chief men of the 
 town went out to Crosby and agreed that 
 he and his party should come into the 
 town, where he stayed about a week, and 
 then drew into the fort. He did exceed- 
 ingly oppress the town, demanding not 
 only cadows, but also exacting money, 
 from the inhabitants and meat from several 
 merchants, which did put the town upon 
 declaring, and which he believes was the 
 only reason for so doing. On Tuesday 
 niglit being resolved to declare, they sent 
 for some of the Irish inhabitants, in par- 
 ticular the sovereign, to come and join 
 with them; but at first he was unwilling 
 and wept, but at length consented, ancl 
 sent a letter to Cork to Lord Broghill. 
 
 TiMOLEAGUE. 
 
 John Godfrey, minister of Timoleague, 
 at the time of the rendition of Timoleague 
 castle for the Parliament, November, 1649, 
 an inhabitant of Timoleague. Remembers 
 that Captain Swete acquainted him of his 
 purpose to secure the castle for the Eng- 
 lish interest, and that he had despatched 
 letters into England intimating so much, 
 and likewise for the coming of shipping 
 into the bay. ' That afterwards Swete ac- 
 quainted him that he had received orders 
 from Lord Inchiquin to march with his 
 company from the castle, and desired E. 
 to frame a petition in the name of the 
 gentlemen and other inhabitants of the 
 country and present it to Lieutenant 
 General I5arry, that Swete and his com- 
 pany might be continued among them. 
 
 John Barnes, of Clonakilty, English 
 Protestant, at the rendition of the castle 
 of Timoleague sergeant in the castle. 
 Remembers Captain Swete, thengovernor 
 and captain of the castle, did acquaint him 
 of his intention of securing the castle for 
 Parliament, and willed de])onent to dis- 
 course his comj^an)-, which consisted of 
 about 32 men in the castle, and try 
 whether they would join in the design. 
 He did discourse with them, and finding 
 them ready to join, acquainted Swete, who 
 directed E. to bring them two or three, at 
 a time to himself, which was done. E. 
 was sent to Randon to inform Lord 
 Hroghill that they had secured the castle 
 for the Parliament, and had seven Irish 
 [jrisoncrs. He found Lord Progliill had 
 marched from Randon, and left Colonel 
 
230 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Warden governor, who ordered tl\e pris- 
 oners to be brought to Bandon. 
 
 Bandoxijridge. 
 
 Abraham Savage, now resident at Ban- 
 donbridge and at the time of the rendition. 
 Suddenly after the declaration of Cork for 
 the Parliament, Lord Inchiquin, being 
 jealous of the town following the exam- 
 ple of Cork, ordered Captain Constantine 
 with a troop of horse to possess himself 
 of said town, and disarm all townsmen ; 
 and Inchiquin ordered a company or two 
 of Irish into the town, but soon after ob- 
 serving the disaffection of the town 
 towards the Irish soldiers, ordered one 
 Colonel Francis Courtenay to be governor, 
 who brought in his own company, and soon 
 after all the Irish were removed ; and the 
 townsmen came several times to E., ex- 
 pressing their readiness to attempt the 
 seizing of the governor, officers, and 
 guards then in the town, and secure it for 
 the Parliament, but could not effect their 
 purpose ; and also Captain Braly and some 
 others, a day or two before Broghill came 
 with a force against the town, secured the 
 west guard of the town, and disarmed the 
 soldiers, turning them out ; but it being 
 so sudden a business, such as were ap- 
 pointed to seize on the other guards were 
 prevented, the design being discovered. 
 And so those persons were beseiged in 
 the said guard by the soldiers then in 
 town, and several shots made at them, so 
 they were constrained to yield themselves 
 prisoners; and that night the inhabitants 
 dispatched William Bull to Lord Broghill, 
 informing him of the danger of the persons 
 taken prisoners, and desiring him with 
 some forces to come before the town, the 
 inhabitants engaging that if the governor 
 did not deliver up the town, they havinj^ 
 his countenance would open the postern 
 gate by seizing on the sentinel, and receive 
 them into the town; but when Lord 
 Broghill came, hostages were sent forth, 
 and the town suddenly delivered by the 
 Governor on conditions only made for 
 himself and his soldiers. 
 
 Nathaniel Cleere, of Bandonbridge, 
 merchant. Remembers the inhabitants 
 of the town, about Nov. i6th, in tiie fore- 
 noon, did endeavor to surprise the guard 
 of the west gate, at which time other jjer- 
 sons were appointed to sur.prisetwo other 
 guards, but were discovered and im- 
 prisoned. Next day Lord Broghill came 
 against the town with a ])arty of horse 
 and foot, when these persons told the 
 governor, Colonel Courtenay, that it was 
 in vain for him to oppose them, for they 
 
 were resolved to deliver up said town to 
 Lord Broghill: thereupon Colonel Courte- 
 nay desired them not to deliver him up 
 before he had one hour's time to make 
 conditions for himself and party, which 
 was granted; and that time expired, Mr. 
 Savage and an officer belonging to the . 
 said colonel were sent forth to treat with 
 Lord Broghill, to whose pleasure the town 
 wholly referred itself. And there was 
 only one gun fired from a flanker by one 
 of Courtenay's gunners, who with his 
 men departed second next day, and some 
 the day following; and the inhabitants 
 live since quietly without giving any as- 
 sistance to the Irish or other enemies of 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 Hallbowline. 
 
 Edward Ilohvell, in October, 1649, a 
 sergeant employed in the fort. The sec- 
 oncf day after the rendition of Cork, being 
 in the fort, and having with him T"liomas 
 Davis, Sergeant Richard Estcourt, gun- 
 ner, and some private soldiers, said Davis 
 and E. conferred, and speedily resolved 
 to deliver the fort, and thereupon called 
 the gunner, captain, and soldiers, and ac- 
 quainted them with their resolution, who 
 were ready and gave their assistance, 
 first in securing Captain Whitcraft, gov- 
 ernor there, and his lieutenant, and set- 
 ting the guards for keeping said fort for 
 the Commonwealth, and sent away the 
 captain and lieutenant prisoners to Cork. 
 
 Richard Estcourt, gunner. Two days 
 after the declaring of Cork, the governor 
 sent his lieutenant to Lord Inchiquin, to 
 obtain more forces for securing of Hall- 
 bowline. The next morning Sergeant. 
 Travis came to E. and consulted how they 
 might secure the governor and deliver up 
 the garrison for the use of the Parliament, 
 which was done. And the same boat 
 which carried up the captain to Cork 
 brought down relief both of men and 
 provisions' for the garrison, and the day- 
 following more relief was sent from Cork. 
 
 VIII 
 
 TIIE CLONMACNOISE DECREES. 
 
 Declaration of the Bishops and Clergy 
 
 assembled at Clonnuicnoise, 4th 
 
 December, i6^g. 
 
 By the Eeclesiastical Congregation of 
 the Kingdom of Ireland, we, the Arch- 
 bishops, Bishops, and other Ordinaries 
 and Prelates of this Kingdom of Ireland, 
 having met at C\om-w;xcno\s,t proprio jnotu 
 on the 4th day of December in the year 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 231 
 
 of our Lord God, 1649, taking into our that merciless enemy. And, conse- 
 consideration amon- other tl,c affairs quently, we beseech the gentry and m- 
 thcn ^a-ilated and determinated for the liabitants, for (..od s glory and thcit own 
 preservlition of the Kingdom, that many, safety, to the uttermost of their power to 
 of our flock are misled with a vain contribute with patience to the support of 
 opinion of hoi.cs that the Commander-in- tlie war against that enemy, in hope that 
 chief of the rebel forces, commonly called by the blessing of God they may be res- 
 Parliamentarians, would afford them good cued from the threatened evils and m 
 conditions, and that relying thereon, they time be permitted to serve God in heir 
 suffer utter destruction of religion, lives, native country, and enjoy the.r estates 
 and fortunes, if not prevented. To un- and the fruits of their labors, free from 
 d-ceive them in this their ungrounded such heavy levies or any other such taxes 
 expectation, we do hereby declare as a as they bear at present; admonishing also 
 most certain truth that the enemy's reso- those that are enlisted of the army to 
 lution is to extirpate the Catholic'religion prosecute constantly, according _ to each 
 out of all his Majesty's dominions, as by man's charge, the trust reposed in them, 
 their several covenants doth appear, and the opposition of the common enemy m 
 the practice wherever their power doth so just a war as is that they have under- 
 extend, as is manifested by Cromwell's taken for their religion, king, and 
 letter of the 19th of October, 1649, to the country, as they expect the blessing ot 
 then Governor of Ross; his words are: God to fall on their actions. And that to 
 "for that which you mention concerning avoid God's heavy judgment and the in- 
 liberty of religion, I meddle not with any digriation of their native country, they 
 man's conscience; but if by liberty of neither plunder nor oppress the people, 
 conscience you mean a liberty to exercise nor suffer any under their charge to com- 
 the Mass, I judge it best to use plain mit any extortion or oppression, so tar as 
 dealing and to let you know, where the shall lie in their power to prevent. 
 Parliament have power, that will not be j^^^i^^j.^^/j,,,, ,,/ fji^ Bishops and others 
 allowed of." This tyrannical resolution assembled 'at Clonmacnoise, JJ/h 
 they have put in execution in Wexford, December, id^g. 
 
 Drogheda, l^oss, and elsewhere ; and it 
 
 is notoriously known that bv the Acts of Whereas heretofore many of the clergy 
 Parliament called the Acts 'of Subscrip- and laity did in their actions and proceed- 
 tion, the estates of the inhabitants of this ings express much discontent and divi- 
 Kingdom are sold, so there remaineth sions of mind, grounding the same on the 
 now" no more but to put the purchasers late difference of opinion which happened 
 in possession by the power of forces amongst the prelates and the laity, by 
 drawn out of England. And for the com- which the nation was not so well united 
 mon sort of people, towards whom if they as was necessary in this time of great 
 show any more moderate usage at the danger, wherein all as with one heart and 
 present, it is to no other end bul: for their hand ought to oppose the common 
 private advantage and for the better sup- enemy. We, the Archl)ishoi)S, ]5ishops, 
 port of their army, intending at the close and Prelates of this Kingdom met, motn 
 of their conquest (if they can effect the //v7/;7V;,.at Clonmacnoise, 4th Decembei, 
 same, as God forbid) to root out the 1649, having removed all difference among 
 commons also, and plant this land with us, not entering into the merits of diver- 
 colonies to be brought hither out of Eng- sities of former opinions, thought good 
 land, iis witness the number they have for the removing of all jealousies 
 already sent hence for the Tobacco Island, from our own thoughts, hearts, and reso- 
 and i)Ut enemies in their places. lutions, and from others who had relation 
 
 And in effect, this banishment and or were adherent to the former diversity 
 other destructions of the common people of opinion, to manifest hereby to all the 
 must follow the resolution of extirpating world that the said divisions and jeal- 
 the Catholic religion, which is not to be ousies grounded thereupon are now for. 
 effected without the massacring or ban- gotten and forgiven among us on all sides 
 ishment of the Catholic inhabitants. as aforesaid. And that all and every of 
 
 We cannot, therefore, in our duty to us, the above Archbishops, Bishops, and 
 God and in discharge of the care we are Prelates, are now by the blessing of God 
 obliged to have for the preservation of as one body united, and that we will, as 
 our flocks, but admonish them not to becometh charity and our pastoral charge, 
 delude and lose themselves with the vain stand all of us as one entire body, for the 
 expectation of conditions to be had from interest and immunities of the Church, 
 
232 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 and of every the Prelates aiul Bishops 
 thereof, and for the honor and dignity, es- 
 tate, right, and possession of all and every 
 the said Archbishops, Bishops, and other 
 Prelates. And we will, as one entire and 
 united body, forward by our counsel, 
 action, and devices, the advancement of 
 his Majesty's rights and the good of this 
 nation in general and in particular occa- 
 sions according to our power, and that 
 none of us, in any occasion whatsoever 
 concerning the Catholic religion or the 
 good of this Kingdom of Ireland, will in 
 any respect single himself, or be, or seem 
 opposite to the rest of us, but will hold 
 firm and entire in one sense, as aforesaid, 
 hereby detesting the actions, thoughts, 
 and discourses of any that shall renew the 
 least memory of the differences past, or 
 give any ground of future differences 
 among us, and do in the name of Jesus 
 Christ exliort all our flock to the like 
 brotherly affection and union, and to the 
 like detestation of all past differences or 
 jealousies as aforesaid, arising hitherto 
 among them. And we desire that this 
 our declaration be printed and published 
 in each parish, by command of the re- 
 spective Ordinaries, ut videant opera 
 vestra bona et glorificent Patrem vestrum 
 qui in coslis est. 
 
 Datum apud Clonmacnoise, 13 De- 
 cembris, 1649. 
 
 Hugo, Ardmachanus. 
 
 Fr. Thomas, Dubliniensis. 
 
 Thomas, Casselensis. 
 
 Joannes, Archiep. Tuamensis. 
 
 Fr. Boetius, Elphinensis. 
 
 -Fr. Eumundus, Laghlinensis et 
 Procurator Waterfordien&is. 
 
 Emeuus, Clogherensis. 
 
 RoBERTUS, Corcagiensis et Clu- 
 anensis. 
 
 -Nicolaus, Fernensis. 
 
 Edmundus, Lymericen. et Procu- 
 rator Episcopi Ossorien. 
 
 Franciscus, Aladensis. 
 
 Andreas, Fenaborensis. 
 
 Joannes, Laonensis. 
 
 P'r. Oliverius, Dromorensis. 
 
 Fr. Antonius, Clonmacnoisensis. 
 
 Fr. Hugo, Duacensis. 
 
 Fr. Arthurus, Dunensis et Con- 
 norensis. 
 
 Fr. Terentius, Imolacensis. 
 
 Fr. Patritius, Ardachadensis. 
 
 Oliverius Deise, Procurator 
 Episcopi Midensis. 
 
 Dr. Joannes Hussei, Procurator 
 Ep. Ardfertensis. 
 
 Fr. Joannes Cantwell, Abbas 
 
 S. Crucis. 
 Dr. Thadeus Clerv, Procusator 
 
 Episcopi Rapotensis. 
 Fr. Gregorius O'Ficrrall, Pro- 
 
 vincialis fratrum min. 
 Walterus, Ep. Clonfertensis, 
 
 Congregationis Secretarius. 
 
 Decrees of the Bis/iops, dr^c, assembled at 
 Clounacnoise, ijth December, id^g. 
 
 We, the Archbishops, Bishops, and 
 other Ordinaries and Prelates of the 
 Kingdom of Ireland, having met at Clon- 
 macnoise, propria viotii, the 4th day of 
 December, in the year of our Lord 1649, 
 to consider of the best means to unite our 
 flocks for averting God's wrath fallen on 
 this nation, now bleeding under the evils 
 that famine, plague, and war bring after 
 them, for effecting a present union, decreed 
 the ensuing acts : — 
 
 1. We order and decree as an Act of 
 this Congregation, that all Archbishops 
 and other Ordinaries within their respec- 
 tive dioceses shall enjoin public prayers, 
 fasting, general confessions, and receiving, 
 and other works of piety, ioties quoties, to 
 withdraw from this nation God's anger and 
 to render them capable of his mercies. 
 
 2. We order and decree as an Act of 
 this Congregation, that a Declaration be 
 issued from us, letting the people know 
 how vain it is for them to expect from the 
 common enemy commanded by Cromwell, 
 by authority from the rebels of England, 
 any assurance of their religion, lives, or 
 fortunes. 
 
 3. We order, and decree as an Act of 
 this Congregation, that all the pastors and 
 preachers be enjoined to preach unity. 
 And for inducing the peoj^le thereunto, 
 to declare unto them the absolute neces- 
 sity that is for the same, and as the chief 
 means to preserve the nation against the 
 extirpation and destruction of their relig- 
 ion and fortunes resolved on by the 
 Enemy. And we hereby do manifest our 
 detestation against all such divisions be- 
 tween either provinces or families, or 
 between old English and old Irish, or any 
 of the iMiglish or Scots adhering to his 
 Majesty. And we decree and order, that 
 all ecclesiastical persons fomenting such 
 dissensions or unnatural divisions be 
 punished by their respective prelates and 
 superiors, juxta gravitatem excesses, ct 
 (si opus fuerit) suspendantur beneficiati 
 et pastores a beneficio et officio ad certum 
 tempus, religiosi autem a divinis juxta 
 circumstantias delicti. Leaving the laity 
 offending in this kind to be corrected by 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 233 
 
 the civil mngistiate by im]")risonment, fine, 
 i)anishinent, or ol.hcrwisc, as to tliem 
 sliall seem best for pliickino; by the roots 
 so odious a crime ; the execution wlicreof 
 we most earnestly recommend to all those 
 having jwwer and that are concerned 
 therein, as they will answer to God for the 
 evils that thereout may ensue. 
 
 4. We decree and declare excommuni- 
 cated those highway robbers commonly 
 called the Idle IJoys, that take away the 
 goods of honest men or force men to pay 
 them contribution ; and we likewise de- 
 clare excommunicated all such as succour 
 or harbor them, or bestow or sell any 
 victualling, or buy cattle or any other thing 
 else wittingly from them ; likewise all 
 ecclesiastical persons ministering sacra- 
 ments to such robbers or Idle Boys, or 
 burying them in holy grave, to be sus- 
 pended ab oflicio et bcneficio si quod 
 habcnt, by their respective superiors juxta 
 gravitatem delicti. Th-s our decree is to 
 oblige within fifteen days after the publica- 
 tion thereof in the respective dioceses. 
 
 Datum apud Clonmacnoise, 13 De- 
 cembris, 1 649. (Here follow the same 
 signatures as before.) ■ 
 
 IX. 
 
 A Declaration of tlic Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ire/and, For the Undeeeiving of De- 
 luded and Seduced People : whic/i may 
 he satisfactory to all that do not shi'it 
 their eyes against the light : In ansiver 
 to certain late Declarations and Acts 
 framed by the Irish Popish Prelates 
 and Clergy in a Conventicle at Clon- 
 macnoise. ' 
 
 Having lately i^erused a Book printed 
 at Kilkenny in the year 1649, containing 
 divers Declarations' and Acts of the 
 Popish Prelates and Clergy framed in a 
 late Conventicle at Clonmacnoise, the 4th 
 day of December, in the year aforesaid, I 
 thought (it to give a brief Answer unto the 
 same. 
 
 ^ Carlyle's Z^Z/^rj, &c., vol. ii. p. 120, &c. 
 We give this " Declaration " in full, as it con- 
 tains a complete statement of the policv, civil 
 and religious, pursued by Cromwell and his 
 party in dealing with Ireland. We beg to 
 refer the reader who wishes to see howthat 
 policy was carried out, to Mr. Prendergast's 
 work. The Croi/i-nellinn Sett ement of Ireland. 
 which John Mitchel. no mean authority on 
 such a matter, has declared to be " the most 
 perfect monograph of one special and Cardinal 
 point of our Irish history." Reply to Froude, 
 
 p. 21. 
 
 And first to the first ; — which is a Dec- 
 laration wherein (having premised the 
 reconciliation of some differences among 
 themselves), Ihcy come to state their War, 
 upon the interest of their Cliurch, of his 
 Majesty, and the Nation, and their reso- 
 lution to prosecute the same with unity. 
 y\ll which will deserve a particular survey. 
 The Meeting of the Archbishops, 
 Bishops, and other Prelates at Clonmac- 
 noise is by them said to ho. propria motJi. 
 By which term they would have the world 
 believe that the Secular Power hath noth- 
 ing to do to appoint or superintend their 
 spiritual Conventions, as they call them ; — 
 altliough in the said meetings they take 
 upon them to intermeddle in all secular 
 affairs ; as by the sequel appears. But 
 first for their "Union" they so much 
 boast of. If any wise man shall seriously 
 consider what they pretend the grounds 
 of their "differences " to have been, and 
 the way and course they have taken to 
 reconcile the same; and their expressions 
 thereabout, and the ends for which, and 
 their resolutions how. to carry on their 
 great design declared for; he must needs 
 think slightly of their said union. And 
 also for this. That they resolve all other 
 men's consent into their own, without con- 
 sulting them at all ! 
 
 The subject of this reconciliation was, 
 as they saj', " the Clergy and Laity," The 
 discontent and division itself was grounded 
 on the late difference of opinion, hapjjen- 
 ing amongst tlie " Prelates and Laity." I 
 wonder not at differences of opinion, at 
 discontents and divisions, where so Anti- 
 clirisiian and dividing a term as " Clergy 
 and Laity " is given aiid received. Ajerm 
 unknown to any save the Antichristian 
 Church, and such as derive themselves 
 from her : ab initio non fuit sic. The 
 most pure and primitive times, as they 
 best know what true union was, so in all 
 addresses to the several churches they 
 wrote unto, not one word of this. Ths 
 members of the Church are styled 
 " Brethren and Saints of the same house- 
 hold of Faith ;" although they had orders 
 and distinctions among tliem for adminis- 
 tration of ordinances — of a far different 
 use and character from yours, — yet it no 
 where occasioned them to sa\-, conteinptim 
 and by way of lessening in contradis- 
 tinguishing " Laity and Clergy." It was 
 your pride that begat this expression. 
 And it is for filthy lucre's sake that you 
 keep it up, that by making the people 
 believe that they are not so holy as your- 
 selves, they might for their penny pur- 
 chase some sanctity from you, and that 
 
234 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 you might bridle, saddle, and ride them at 
 vour pltiasiire ; and do, as is most true 
 of you, as the Scribes and Pharisees of 
 old did by their Laity, — keep the knowl- 
 edge of the law from tliem, and then be 
 able in all their pride to say, " This people, 
 that know not the Law, are cursed." 
 
 And no wonder, — to speak more nearly 
 to your " differences " and " union," — if 
 it lie in the Prelates' power to make the 
 Clergy and Laity go together by the ears 
 when they please, but that tiiey may as 
 easily make a simple and senseless recon- 
 ciliation ! Which will last until the next 
 Nuncio comes from Rome with super- 
 mandatory advices, and then this Gordian 
 knot must be cut, and the poor Laity 
 forced to dance to a new tune. 
 
 I say not this as being troubled at your 
 " union." By the grace of God, we fear 
 not, we care not for it. Your covenant 
 is with Death and Hell ; your union is 
 like that of Simeon and Levi : " Associate 
 yourselves, and ye shall be broken in 
 pieces ; take counsel together, and it shall 
 come to naught !" -For, though it becomes 
 us to be humble in respect of ourselves, 
 yet we can say to you : God is not with 
 you. You say, your union is "against a 
 common enemy ;" and to this if you will 
 be talking, of "union," I will give you 
 some wormwood to bite on, by which it 
 will appear God is not with you. 
 
 Who was it that created this "common 
 enemy "(I suppose you mean English- 
 men) ? The English ? Remember, ye 
 hypocrites, Ireland was once united to Eng- 
 land. Englishmen had good inheritances 
 which many of them purchased with their 
 mon^, they and their ancestors, from you 
 and your ancestors. They had good 
 Leases from Irishmen, for long times to 
 come ; great stocks thereupon ; houses and 
 plantations erected at their own cost and 
 charge. They lived peaceably and honestly 
 amongst you. You had generally equal 
 benefit of the protection of England with 
 them ; and equal justice from the Laws, 
 saving what was necessary for the State, 
 out of reasons of State, to put upon 
 some few people, apt to rebel upon the 
 instigation of such as you. You broke 
 this "union." You, unprovoked, put the 
 English to the most unheard-of and most 
 barbarous Massacre (without respect of 
 age or sex), that the sun ever beheld ;and 
 at a time when Ireland was in perfect 
 Peace. And when, through the example 
 of English Industry, tlirough commerce 
 and traffic, that which was in the Natives' 
 liands was better to them than if all Ire- 
 land had been in their possession, and not 
 
 an Englishman in it. And yet then, I say, 
 was this unheard-of villainy perpetrated, — 
 by your instigation, who boast of "peace- 
 making " and " union against this common 
 enemy." What think you : by this time, 
 is not my assertion true ? Is God, will 
 God, be with you ? 
 
 I ani confident lie will not ! And 
 though you will comprehend Old English, 
 New English, Scotcn or whom else you 
 will, in the bosom of your Catholic charity, 
 yet shall not this save you from breaking. 
 I tell you anil ihem, you will fare the 
 worse for their sakes. Because I cannot 
 but believe some of them go against, 
 some stitfe, their consciences. And it is 
 not the fig-leaf of pretence that " they 
 fight for their King," will serve their turn; 
 when really they fight in protection 
 of men of so ijiuch prodigious of 
 blood ; and with men who. have de- 
 clared the ground of their " union " 
 and fighting, as you have stated it in this 
 your Declaration, to be Belliu/i Frcelati- 
 cum et Religiosiu/i, in tiie first and pri- 
 mary intention of it. Esi)ecia!ly when 
 they shall consider your principles : that 
 except what fear makes you comply with, 
 viz., that alone without their concurrence 
 you are not able to carry on your work of 
 War, — you are ready, wlienever you shall 
 get the power into your hands, to kick 
 them off, too, as some late experiences 
 have sufficiently manifested ! And thus 
 we come to the Design, you being thus 
 wholesomely " united," which is intended 
 to be prosecuted by you. 
 
 Your words are these : " That all and 
 every of us, the above Archbishops, Bish- 
 ops, and Prelates, are now, by the blessing 
 of God, as one body united. And that 
 we will, as becometh charity and our pas- 
 toral charge, stand all of us, as one entire 
 body, for the interest and immunities of 
 our Church and of every the Bishops and 
 Prelates thereof ; and for the honor, 
 dignity, estate, right, and possessions of 
 all and every of the said Archbishops, 
 Bishops, and other Prelates. And we 
 will, as one entire and united body, for- 
 ward by our counsels, actions, and devices 
 the advancement of his Majesty's rights 
 and the good of this Nation, in general 
 and in particular occasions, to our power. 
 And that none of us in any occasion what- 
 soever concerning the Catholic religion or 
 the good of this Kingdom of Ireland, will 
 in any respect single himself ; or be or 
 seem op])osite to the rest of us; but will 
 hold firm and entire in one sense, as 
 aforesaid, &c." 
 
 And now, if there were no other quarrel 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 235 
 
 against you Ijut this, which you make to 
 be the principal and first ground o£ your 
 Quarrel ; to wit, As so standing for tlie 
 rights of your" Ciiurch," falsely so called, 
 and for the rights of your "Archbishops, 
 Bishops, and I'relates," as to engage 
 People and Nations into blood therefor : — 
 this alone would be your confusion. I 
 ask you, Is it for the " lay-fee," as you 
 call it, or for the Revenue belonging to 
 your Church, that you will after this man- 
 ner contend? Oris it your jurisdiction, 
 or the exercise of your Ecclesiastical Au- 
 thority ? Or is it the Faith of your 
 Church ? Let me tell you. Not for all or 
 any of these is it lawful for the ministers 
 of Christ, as you would be thought to be, 
 thus to contend. And therefore we will 
 consider them apart. 
 
 For the first, if it were " St. Peter's 
 Patrimony," as you term it, that would be 
 somewhat that you lawfully came by 1 
 But I must tell you. Your predecessors 
 cheated poor seduced men in their weak- 
 ness on their death-beds; or otherwise 
 unlawfully came by most of this you pre- 
 tend to. And Peter, though he was 
 somewhat too forward to draw the sword 
 in a better cause, yet if that weapon, not 
 being proper to the business on hands, 
 was to i)e put up in the case, he must not, 
 or would he, have drawn it in this. And 
 that blessed Apostle i'aul, who said, 
 "the laborer was worthy of his hire," 
 chose rather to make tents than be bur- 
 thensome to the Churches. I would you 
 had either of these Good Men's spirits ; 
 on condition your Revenues were doubled 
 to what the best times ever made them to 
 your predecessors! The same answer 
 may be given to that of your " Power and 
 Jurisdiction," and to that pre-eminence 
 of Prelacy you so dearly love. Only con- 
 sider what the Master of these same 
 Apostles said to them: "So it shall not 
 be amongst you. Whoever will be chief 
 shall be servant of all." For He Him- 
 self came not to be ministered unto, but 
 to minister. And by this he that runs 
 may read of what tribe you are. 
 
 And surely if these, that are outward 
 things, may not thus be contended for, 
 how much less may the doctrines of 
 Faith, which are the works of Grace and 
 the Spirit, be endeavoured by so unsuita- 
 ble means ! He that bids us " contend 
 for the Faith once delivered to the 
 Saints," tells us that we should do it by 
 "avoiding the spirit of Cain, Corah, and 
 Balaam; " and by "building up ourselves 
 in the most holy Faith," not pinning it 
 
 upon other men's sleeves. Praying "in 
 the Holy Ghost;" not muml)ling over 
 Matins. Keeping " ourselves in tlic love 
 of God;" not destroying men because 
 they will not be of our Faith. "Waiting 
 for the m.ercy of Jesus Christ; " not cruel, 
 but merciful ! But, alas, why is this said ? 
 Why are these pearls cast before you? 
 You are resolved not to be charmed from 
 " using the instrument of a foolish shep- 
 herd." You are a part of Anti-Christ," 
 whose Kingdom the Scripture so ex- 
 pressly says should be " laid in blood;" 
 )ea, "in the blood of the Saints." You 
 iiave shed great store of that already; and 
 ere it be long, you must all of you have 
 blood to drink, "even the dregs of the 
 .fury and the wrath of God, which will be 
 poured out unto you." 
 
 In the ne.\t place, you state the "inter- 
 est of his Majesty," as you say. And 
 this you hope will draw some English and 
 Scotch to your party. But what " Maj- 
 esty " is it you mean ? Is it F" ranee, or 
 Spain, or Scotland ? Speak plainly You 
 have, some of you lately, been harping, 
 or else we are misinformed, upon his 
 Majesty of Spain to be your Protector. 
 Was it because his Majesty of Scotland 
 was too little a Majesty for your purpose? 
 We know you love great Majesties. Or 
 is it because he is not fully come over to 
 you in point of religion ? If he be short 
 in that, you will quickly find out, upon 
 that score, another " Majesty." His 
 P^ather, who complied with you too much, 
 you rejected ; and now you would make 
 the world believe that you make the Son's 
 interest a great part of your Quarrel. 
 
 How can we but think there is some re- 
 serve in this? And that the Son has 
 agreed to do somewhat more for you than 
 ever his Father did? Or else tell us: 
 Whence this new zeal is ? That the 
 Father did too much for you, in all Prot- 
 estant judgments, instead of many in- 
 stanced let this be considered : What one 
 of your own Doctors, Dr. Enos, of Dublin, 
 who writing against the Agreement made 
 between the I.ord of Ormonde and the 
 Irish Catholics, finds fault with it and says 
 it was "nothing so good as that the Earl 
 of (jjamorgan liad warrant from the King 
 to make; but exceeding far short of what 
 Lord George Digby had warrant to agree 
 with the Pope him.self at Rome, in favour 
 of the Irish Catholics." I intend not this 
 to vou ; but to such Protestants as may 
 incline to you, and to join with you upon 
 this single account, which is the only ap- 
 pearing inducement to them ; seeing there 
 
236 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 is so much probability of ill in this ab- 
 stracted. And so much certainty of ill in 
 fighting for tiie Romish Religion against 
 the Protestant; and fighting with men 
 under the guilt of so horrid a Massacre. 
 From participating in which Guilt, whilst 
 they take part with them, they will never 
 be able to assoil themselves, either before 
 God or good men. 
 
 In the last place, you are pleased, 
 having, after your usual manner, remem- 
 bered yourselves first and "his Majesty," 
 as you call him, next, like a man of your 
 tribe, with his Et^o et Rex mens., you are 
 pleased to take the people into considera- 
 tion. Lest they should seem to be for- 
 gotten : or rather you would make me 
 believe they are much in your thoughts. 
 Indeed I think they are ! Alas, poor 
 " Laity!" That you and your Kingmight 
 ride them and jade them, as your Church 
 hath done, and as your King hath done 
 by your means, almost in all ages ! But it 
 would not be hard to prophesy. That the 
 beasts being stung and kicking, this world 
 will not last always. Arbitrary power 
 men begin to be weary of in Kings and 
 Churchmen ; their juggle between them 
 materially to uphold Civil and Ecclesiasti- 
 cal Tyranny begins to be transparent. 
 Some have cast off both, and hope by the 
 grace of God to keep so. Others are at 
 it ! Many thoughts are laid about it, which 
 will have their issue and vent. This 
 principle. That People are for Kings and 
 Churches, and Saints are for the Pope or 
 Churchmen, as you call them, begins to 
 be exploded ; and therefore I wonder not 
 to see the Fraternity so much enraged. 
 I wish " the People " wiser than to be 
 troubled at you ; or solicitous for what 
 you say or do. 
 
 But it seems, notwithstanding all this, 
 you would fain have them believe it is 
 their good you seek. And to cozen them, 
 in deed and in truth, is the scope of your 
 whole Declaration, and of your Acts and 
 Decrees in your foresaid I'rinted Book. 
 Therefore to discover and unveil those 
 falsities, and to let them know what they 
 are to trust to, from me, is the principal 
 end of this my Declaration. That if I be 
 not able to do good upon them, which I 
 most desire, — and yet in that 1 shall not 
 seek to gain them by flattery : l)ut tell them 
 the worst, in plainness, and that which I 
 am sure will not be acceptable to you, and 
 if I cannot gain them, I sliall have comfort 
 in this, that I have freed my own soul 
 from the guilt of ^he evil that shall ensue, 
 and on this subject 1 hope to leave noth- 
 
 ing unanswered in your said Declarations 
 and Decrees, at Clonmacnoise. 
 
 And because you carry on your matter 
 somewhat confusedly, I shall therefore 
 bring all that you have said into some 
 order ; that so we may the better discern 
 what every thing signifies, and give 
 answer thereunto. 
 
 You forewarn the People of their 
 danger, which you make to consist : First, 
 "in tlie extirpation of the Catholic Re- 
 ligion ; " Secondly, " in the destruction of 
 their lives;" Thirdly, "in the ruin of 
 their Fortunes," to avoid all which you 
 forewarn them; First, that they be not 
 deceived by the Commander-in-Chief of 
 the Parliament Forces; and in the next 
 place, having stated your War, as afore- 
 said, you give them your positive advice 
 and counsel to engage in blood. And 
 lastly, bestow upon them a collation in 
 Four Ecclesiastical Decrees or Orders, 
 which will signify as little, being per- 
 formed by your spirit, as if you had said 
 nothing. And the obligation to all this 
 you make to be your Pastoral relation to 
 them, " over your Flocks." 
 
 To which last a word or two. I 
 wonder how this relation was brought 
 about ! If they be Flocks, and you ambi- 
 tious of the relative term .? You are 
 Pastors; but it is by an antiphrasis, a 
 minitne pascendo! You either teach the 
 People not at all; or else you do it, as 
 some of you came to this Conventicle who 
 were sent by others, tanquain Procjira- 
 tores, as your manner is, by sending a 
 company of silly, ignorant Priests, who 
 can but say the Mass, and scarcely that 
 intelligibly: or with such stuff as these 
 your senseless Declarations and Edicts ! 
 But how dare you assume to call these 
 men your " Flocks," whom you have 
 plunged into so horrid a Rebellion, by 
 which you have made them and their 
 country almost a ruinous heap .-' And 
 whom you have fleeced, and polled, and 
 peeled hitherto, and make it quite your 
 business to do so still. You cannot feed 
 them ! You poison them with your false, 
 abominable, and Antichristian doctrine 
 and practices. You keep the Word of 
 God from them; and instead thereof give 
 them your senseless Orders and Tradi- 
 tions. You teach them " implicit belief ; " 
 he that goes amongst them may find many 
 that do not understand anything in the 
 matters of your Religion. I have had 
 few better answers from any since I came 
 into Ireland that are of your Flocks than 
 this, "That indeed they did not trouble 
 
APT END IX. 
 
 237 
 
 themselves about matters of religion, but 
 left that to the Church." Thus are your 
 " Flocks " fed; ami such credit have you 
 of them. Ikit they must take heed of 
 "losing their religion." Alas! poor 
 creatures, what have they to lose? 
 
 Concerning this is your grand caveat. 
 And to backUiis, you tell them of " Reso- 
 lutions and Covenants to extirpate the 
 Catholic JKcligion out of all his Majesty's 
 Dominions." ' And you instance in 
 "Cromwell's Letter of the 19th of Octo- 
 ber, 1649, to the then Governor of Ross," 
 repeating his words, which are as follows, 
 viz: " P^or that which you mention con- 
 cerning liberty of conscience, I meddle 
 not with any man's conscience. But if by 
 liberty of conscience you mean a liberty 
 to exercise the Mass, I judge it best to 
 use plain dealing, and to let you know. 
 Where the Parliament of England have 
 power, that will not be allowed of." And 
 this you call a " tyrannical Resolution ; " 
 which vou say hath been put in execution 
 in Wexford, Ross, and Tredah. 
 
 Now let us consider. First, you sav. 
 The design is, to extirpate the Catholic 
 Religion. Let us see your honesty 
 herein. Your word " extiruate " is as ill- 
 collected from these grounds, and as 
 senseless as the word " Catholic," 
 ordinarily used by you when you mention 
 the Roman Catholic Church. The word 
 " extirjiate " means a thing already rooted 
 and established ; which word is made 
 good by the proof of " Covenants," by 
 that Letter expressing the non-toleration 
 of the Mass (wherein, it seems; you place 
 all the " Catholic Religion," and there 
 you show some ingenuity), and your in- 
 stance of what was jiracticed in the three 
 Towns afore-mentioned : do these ]iio\'e, 
 either considered apart or all together, 
 the "extirpation of the Catholic Re- 
 ligion.'' " 
 
 By what law was the Mass exercised in 
 these i:)laces, or in any of the Dominions 
 of England or Ireland, or Kingdom of 
 vScotlantl? You were intruders herein: 
 you were open violators of the known 
 Laws ! And yet you call the " Covenant," 
 and that in the Letter, and these i)ractices 
 " Extirpation " of the Catholic Religion 
 — thus again set on foot by you by the 
 advantage of your Rebellion and shaking 
 off the just Authority of the State of 
 England over you ! Whereas, I dare be 
 confident to you, you durst not own the 
 saying of one Mass above these eighty 
 years in Ireland. And through the 
 troubles you made, and through the 
 
 miseries you brought on this Nation and 
 the poor People thereof, your numbers, 
 which is very ominous, increasing with 
 the evolves, through the desolations you 
 made in the Country, did you recover 
 again the exercise of your Mass .'' And 
 for the maintenance of this, thus gained, 
 you -'Ould make the poor People believe 
 that it is ghostly counsel, and given in love 
 lo^lhcmas your "Flocks," That they 
 should run into Wars, and venture lives, 
 and all upon such a ground as this ! But - 
 if God be pleased to unveil you of your 
 sheep's-clothing, that they may see how 
 they have been deluded, and by whom, I 
 shall exceedingly rejoice ; and indeed, for ^ 
 their sakes only have I given you these 
 competent characters, for (heir good, if 
 God shall so bless it. 
 
 And now for them, I do particularly de- 
 clare what they may expect at my hands 
 in this jjoint. Wherein you will easily 
 perceive that, as I neither have, nor shall 
 flatter you, so neither shall I go about to 
 delude them with specious pretences, as 
 you have ever done. 
 
 First, therefore : I shall not, where I 
 have pov,-er, and the Lord is pleased to 
 bless me, suffer the exercise of the Mass 
 where I can take notice of it. Nor suffer 
 you that are Papists, where I can find you 
 seducing the People, or by any overt act 
 violating the Laws that are established ; 
 but if you come into my hands, I shah 
 cause to be inflicted the punishments ap- 
 pointed by the Laws, to use your own 
 term, " seciindtun gravitatem delicti^'' 
 upon you; and to reduce things to their 
 former state on this behalf. As for the 
 People, what thoughts they have in the 
 matter of Religion in their own breasts I 
 cannot reach : l)ut shall think it my duty, 
 if they walk lionestly and peaceably, Not 
 to cause them in the least to suffer for the 
 same. And shall endeavor to walk 
 patiently and in love towards them, to see 
 if at any time it shall please God to give 
 them another or a better mind. And all 
 men under the power of England, within 
 this Dominion, are hereby required and 
 enjoined strictly and religiously to do the 
 same. 
 
 To \\-\z second,\\\\\z\\ is " the destruction 
 of the Lives of the Inhabitants of this 
 Nation :" to make it good that this is de- 
 signed, they give not one reason. Which 
 is either because they have none to give ; 
 or else for that they believe the People 
 will receive everything for truth they say ; 
 which they have too well taught them, and 
 God knows the People are too apt, to do. 
 
•238 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 But I will a little help them. They speak, 
 indeed, of " rooting out the common 
 People ;" and also, by way of consequent, 
 that the extirpating the Catholic Religion 
 is not to be effected without the "massa- 
 cring, destroying, or banishing the Cath- 
 olic Inhabitants." Which how analogical 
 an argument this is, I shall easily make 
 appear by and by. 
 
 Alas ! the generality of "the Inhabi- 
 tants " are poor " Laity," as you call them, 
 and ignorant of the grounds of the "Cath- 
 olic Religion." Are they then so inter- 
 woven with your Church Interest as that 
 the absence of tfift/i makes your Catholic 
 Religion fall to the ground ? We know 
 vou think not so. You reckon yourselves, 
 and yourselves only, the pillars and sup- 
 porters thereof; and the Common People, 
 as far as they have the exercise of the 
 club-law, and like the ass you ride on, obey 
 your commands. But concerning these 
 relations of your Religion, enough has 
 been spoken in another place; only you 
 love to mix things for your advantage. • 
 
 But to your logic. Here is your argu- 
 ment: The design is to extirpate the Catho- 
 lic Religion ; but this is not to be done but 
 by the massacring, banishing, or otherwise 
 destroying the Catholic Inhabitants: efgo, 
 it is designed to massacre, banish, and 
 destroy the Catholic Inhabitants. To try 
 this no-concluding argument, but yet well 
 enough agreeing with your learning, I give 
 you this dilemma ; by which it will appear 
 that whether your religion be true or false, 
 this will not follow : If your Religion be 
 the true Religion, yet if a Nation may 
 degenerate from the true Religion and 
 apostatise, as too many have done 
 (through the seducements of your Roman 
 Church), then it will not follow that men 
 must be " massacred, banished, or other- 
 wise destroyed," necessarily ; no, not as 
 to the change of the trjie Religion in a 
 Nation or Country ! . Only the argument 
 doth wonderfully well agree with your 
 principles and practice, you having chiefly 
 made use of fire and sword, in all the 
 changes in Religion that you have made 
 in the world. If it be c'lange of your 
 Catholic Religion so-called, it will not 
 follow, because there may be found out 
 another means than " massacring, destruc- 
 tion, and banishing," to wit, the Word of 
 God ; which is able to convert. A means 
 which you as little know as practise, which, 
 indeed, you deprive the People of ! To- 
 gether with humanity, good life, equal and 
 honest dealing with men of a different 
 opinion ; which we desire to exercise 
 
 towards this poor People, if you, by your 
 wicked counsel, make them not incapable 
 to receive it, by putting them into blood! 
 
 And therefore, by this also, your false 
 and twisted dealing may be a little dis- 
 covered. Well, your words are, "Massa- 
 cre, destroy, and banish." Good now. 
 Give us an instance of one man since my 
 coming into Ireland, not in arms, massa- 
 cred, destroyed, or banished ; concerning 
 the massacre or the destruction of whc m 
 justice hath not been done, or endeavored 
 to be done. And as for the other of 
 banishment, I must now speak unto the 
 People, whom you would delude, and 
 whom this most concerns ; that they may 
 know in this also what to expect at my 
 hands. 
 
 The question is of the destruction of 
 life; or of that which is little inferior to 
 it, to wit, of banishment. I shall not 
 willingly take, or suffer to be taken away, 
 the life of any man not in arms, but by 
 the trial to which the People of this 
 Nation are subject by Law, for offences 
 against the same. And as for the banish- 
 ment, it hath not hitherto been inflicted 
 upon any but such who, being in arms, 
 might justly, upon the terms they were 
 taken, and put to death : as those who 
 are instanced in your Declaration to be 
 "sent to the Tobacco Islands." And, 
 therefore, I do declare, That if the Peojjle 
 be ready to run to arms by the instigation 
 of their Clergy or otherwise, such as God 
 by Mis providence shall give into my 
 hands mav expect that or worse measure 
 from me ; but not otherwise. 
 
 TJiirdly, as to that of " the ruin of their 
 fortune." You instance the Act of Sub- 
 scription, " whereby the estates of the 
 Inhabitants of this Nation are sold, so 
 as there remaineth now no more but to 
 put the Purchasers in possession ; and that 
 tor this cause are the Forces drawn out of 
 England." And that you might carry the 
 Interest far, to engage the Common sort 
 of People with you, you further say to 
 them, That " the moderate usage exercised 
 to them is to no other end but to our 
 private advantage, and for the better sup- 
 port of our Army: intending at the.close 
 of our conquest, as you term it, to root 
 out the Common People also, and to plant 
 the land with Colonies to be brought 
 hither out of Enj^land." This, consisting 
 of divers parts, will ask distinct answers. 
 
 And first, to the Act of Subscription. 
 It's true there is such an Act ; and it was 
 a just one. For when, by your execrable 
 Massacre and Rebellion, you had not only 
 
ATPENDIX. 239 
 
 raised a bloody War to justify tlie same ; with Englishmen, if they keep out of arms, 
 and thereby occasioned the exhausting y\nd now, having said this to you, I have 
 the Treasury of England in the prosecu- a word to them ; that in this point, which 
 tion of so just a War against you, was it concerns them in their estates and for- 
 not a wise and just act in the State to tunes, they may know what _ to trust to. 
 raise money by escheating the Lanils of Such as have formerly been inarms, may, 
 those who had a hand in the Rebellion.? submitting themselves, have their cases 
 Was it not fit to make their Estates defray presented to the State of England ; where, 
 the cliarge, who had caused the trouble'.? no doubt, the State will be ready to take 
 The bes?, therefore, tliat lies in the argu- into consideration the nature and quality 
 mcnt is this, and that only reaching to of their actings, and deal mercifully with 
 them who have been in arms, for further them. And as for those now in arms, 
 it o-oes not : " You have forfeited your who shall come in and submit, and give 
 Estates, and it is likely they will be es- engagements for their future quiet and 
 cheated to make satisfaction; and there- honest carriage and- submission to the 
 fore you had better fight it out than repent State of England, I doubt not but they 
 or give off now; or see what mercy you will find like merciful consideration, ex- 
 may find from the State of England. And cepting only the Leading persons and 
 see'ing holy Church is engaged in it, we Principal Contrivers of this Rebellion, 
 will, by one means or another, hook in the whon-i I am confident they will reserve 
 Commons, and make them sensible that to make examples of Justice, whatever 
 they are as much concerned as you, though hazards they incur thereby. And as for 
 they were never in arms, or came quickly such I'rivate Soldiers as lay down their 
 off!" yVnd for this cause doubtless are arms, and shall live peaceably and hon- 
 thcse two coupled together; by which estly at their several homes, they shall be 
 your honest dealing is manifest enough. permitted so to do. And, for the first two 
 But what? Was the English Army sorts, I shall humbly and effectually repre- 
 brought over for this purpose, as you sent their cases to the Parliament, as far 
 allege? Do you think that the State of as becomes the duty and place I bear. 
 England will be at five or six Millions But as for those who, notwithstanding 
 charge merely to procure Purchasers to this, persist and continue in arms, they 
 be invested in that for which they did dis- must expect what the Providence of God, 
 burse little above a Quarter of a M'illion ? in that which is falsely called the Chance 
 Although tliere be a~justice in that also, of War, will cast upon them, 
 which ought, and, I trust, will, be season- Eor such of the Nobility, Gentry, and 
 ably performed towards them. No, I can Commons of Ireland, as have not been 
 give you a better reason for the Army actors in this Rebellion, they shall and 
 coming over tlian this, j^ngland hath had may expect the protection on their Goods, 
 experience of the blessing of God in Liberties, and Lives which the Law gives 
 prosecuting just and righteous Causes, them; and in their husbandry, merchan- 
 whatevcr the cost and hazard be ! And dising, manufactures, and other trading 
 if ever men were engaged in a righteous whatsoever, the same. They behaving 
 Cause in the world, this will scarce be a themselves as becomes honest and peace- 
 second to it. We are come to ask an ac- able men; testifying their good affections, 
 countof the innocent blood that hath been upon all occasions, to the service of the 
 shed, and to endeavor to bring to an ac- State of England, equal justice shall be 
 count, by the blessing and presence of the done them with the English. They shall 
 Almighty, in whom alone is our hope and bear proportionately with them in taxes. 
 strengtli,all who, by appearing in arms. And if the soldiery be insolentupon them, 
 seek to justify the same. We come to upon complaint and proof, it shall be 
 break the power of lawless rebels, who punished with utmost severity, and they 
 having cast off the authority of England, protected equally with Englishmen, 
 live as enemies to Human Society; whose And having said this, and purposing 
 principles, the world hath experience, are, honestly to perform it, if this People shall 
 To destroy and subjugate all men not com- hcadily nui on after the counsels of their 
 plyingwith them. We come by the assis- Prelates and Clergy and other Leaders, I 
 taiice of God, to hold forth, and maintain hope to be free from the misery and dcso- 
 the lustre and glory of English Liberty in lation, blood and ruin, that shall befall 
 a Nation where we have an undoubted them; and shall rejoice to exercise utmost 
 right to do it; wherein the People of Ire- severity against them, 
 land (if they listen not to such seducers as q^ j,^.,,,, Cromwell. 
 
 you are), may equally participate in all 
 benefits; to use liberty and fortune equally Given at You s,hal, January, 1650. 
 
2-10 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 X. 
 
 LANGLEY OF THE IRON HAND. 
 
 When Erin before Clonmel fell, 
 
 A man of whom I'll tell you 
 As they advanced to storm Clonmel 
 
 Was foremost in the melee. 
 
 Charles Langley hight, a man of power, 
 
 Of all the troops the best, 
 For when they stormed the western 
 tower. 
 
 He towered above the rest. 
 
 A mower standing in the breach, 
 With scythe to guard the pass. 
 His hand cut off, as if to teach 
 That flesh is still but grass. 
 
 But yet a gallant warrior's boast, 
 Might to his wounds bring balm; 
 
 For though his hand the hero lost, 
 He bore away the palm. 
 
 He could aver that in the fray 
 
 Where balls and bullets fly. 
 He had on that eventful day 
 
 A finger in the pie. 
 
 And what a wondrous change took place 
 
 When of his limb bereft ! 
 He found, when thinking o'er his case, 
 
 His right hand was the left ! 
 
 The furious foe, in joyous glee, 
 
 The bleeding hero scanned, 
 And bade him then in irony 
 
 To get an iron hand. 
 
 But Langley, with his sabre bright. 
 Struck at the boasting clown. 
 
 To crown the labors of the fight. 
 He cut him through the crown. 
 
 His iron hand henceforth he wore, 
 
 His various works to settle, 
 Thus proving then just as before, 
 
 Himself a man of mettle. 
 
 The following curious will was made by 
 a namesake, jsrobably a relative of his, 
 who also fought at Clonmel : — 
 
 I, John Langley, born at Wincannon, 
 in Somersetshire, and settled in Ireland 
 in the year i65i,now in my right mind 
 and wits,' do make my will in my own 
 handwriting: 
 
 I do leave all my house, goods, and 
 farm of Blackkettle of 253 acres to my 
 son commonly called Stubborn Jack, to 
 him and his heirs for ever, provided he 
 marries a Protestant, but not Alice Ken- 
 drick, who called me " Oliver's whelp." 
 My new buckskin breeches and my silver 
 tobacco-stopper, with J. L. on the top, I 
 give to Richard Richards, my comrade 
 who helped me off at the storming of 
 Clonmel, when I was shot through the leg. 
 My said son John shall keep my body 
 aboveground six days and six nights after 
 I am dead ; and Grace Kendrick shall lay 
 me out, who shall have for so doing five 
 shillings. My body shall be put upon the 
 oak table in the brown room, and fifty 
 Irishmen shall be invited to my wake, 
 and everyone shall have two quarts of the 
 best aquavitit, and each a skein, dirk, or 
 knife laid before him; and when their 
 liquor is out, nail up my coffin and com- 
 mit me to earth whence I came. 
 
 This is my will. Witness my hand this 
 3rd day of March, 1674. 
 
 John Langley. 
 
 Some of his friends asked him why he 
 would be at such a charge to treat the 
 Irish at his funeral, a people whom he 
 never loved. " Why for that reason," 
 replied he, "for they will get so drunk at 
 my wake that they will kill one another, 
 and so we will get rid of the breed. And 
 if every one would follow my example in 
 their wills, in time we should get rid of 
 them alL" 
 
 ^H% 
 
 3 
 
This book is a preservation photocopy 
 
 produced on Weyerhaeuser acid free 
 
 Cougar Opaque 50# book weight paper, 
 
 which meets the requirements of 
 
 ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper) 
 
 Preservation photocopying and binding 
 
 by 
 
 Acme Bookbinding 
 
 Charlestown, Massachusetts 
 
 1994 
 

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