PARALLEL GRAMMAR SERIES A THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER C. M .X, BY M.A. (Oxon.) ASSISTANT MASTER IN THE ORATORY SCHOOL, EDGBASTON WITH A PREFACE BY E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, M.A. (Oxon.) V u “ Ordinis haec virtus erit et venus, aut ego fallor, Ut jam n unc dicat ja m nunc dcbcntia dici, Pleraque differat et pracsens in tcmpus omittat .”— Horace. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY CHESTNUT HILL, MASS, LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1892 U.traUr! CKramroar “ Almost every grammatical system has its rationale , capable of being comprehended by the mind, if the mind is kept steadily to it, and of serving as a clue to the facts; but . . . every one of the grammars following a different system, the student masters the rationale of none of them ; and in consequence, after all his labour, he often ends by possessing of the science of grammar nothing but a heap of terms jumbled together in inextricable confusion.”—M atthew Arnold. LATIN GRAMMAR, by E. A. Sonnenschein, M.A. (Oxon.), Professor of Classics in the Mason College, Birmingham. FIRST LATIN READER AND WRITER, by C. M. Dix, M.A. (Oxon.), Assistant Master in the Oratory School, Birmingham. [This book contains the essential rules of elementary Syntax, and thus forms, together xcith the Latin Accidence (xohich may be had separately from the Syntax) a Complete Course for Beginners .] SECOND LATIN READER AND WRITER, by C. M. Dix. THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER, by C. M. Dix. LIVY LESSONS, being a FOURTH LATIN READER AND WRITER, by J. C. Nicol, B.A., Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and the Rev. J. Hunter Smith, M.A. (Oxon.), First Assistant Master in King Edward’s School, Birmingham. GREEK GRAMMAR, by E. A. Sonnenschein. (Accidence ready Christmas, 1891 ; Syntax, Midsummer, 1892.) FRENCH GRAMMAR, by L. M. Moriarty, M.A. (Oxon.), Assistant Master at Harrow, late Professor of French in King’s College, London, Taylorian Scholar in French. PREPARATORY FRENCH COURSE, by Mademoiselle Zweifel, Modern Language Mistress in the Edgbaston High School. FIRST FRENCH READER AND WRITER, by R. J. Morich, Chief Modern Language Master in the Manchester Grammar School, and W. S. Lyon, M.A. (Oxon.), late Assistant Master in Manchester Grammar School. SECOND FRENCH READER AND WRITER, by P. E. E. Barbier, Lecturer in French in the University College of South Wales. (Christmas, 1891.) THIRD FRENCH READER AND WRITER, by Louis Barbe, Chief Modern Language Master in the Glasgow Academy. (In preparation.) GERMAN GRAMMAR, by Kuno Meyer, Ph.D., Lecturer in German in University College, Liverpool. FIRST GERMAN READER AND WRITER, by E. A. Sonnenschein. SECOND GERMAN READER AND WRITER, by W. S. Macgowan, M.A., Ll.M. (Cantab.), Modern Language Master in Cheltenham College. THIRD GERMAN READER AND WRITER, by Georg Fiedler, Ph.D., Professor of German in Mason College, Birmingham." (In preparation.) ENGLISH GRAMMAR, by J. Hall, M.A., Head Master of the Hulme Grammar School, Manchester; A. J. Cooper*, Head Mistress of the Edgbaston High School; and the Editor of the Series. ENGLISH EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES. Part I., by M.A. Woods, late Head Mistress of the Clifton High School. Part II. by A. J. Cooper, F.C.P., Head Mistress of the Edgbaston High School. SPANISH GRAMMAR, by H. B. Clarke, B.A. (Oxon.), Taylorian Scholar and Teacher of Spanish in the University of Oxford. FIRST SPANISH READER AND WRITER, by H. B. Clarke. Other “ READERS and WRITERS ” to follow the above will be shortly produced. SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. 3U1 6 ! hr PREFACE. The present work takes up the study of Grammar at the point reached in the Second Latin Leader and Writer in this Series. The First Latin Reader and Writer dealt with the regular Accidence, the Second with the most important anomalies of Accidence and some of the most characteristic features of Syntax ; but the Syntax introduced was designed rather to familiarise the pupil with certain prominent forms of sentence construction, in some of which Latin is strikingly different from English, than to give him a systematic view of Syntax as a whole. The present work contains practice on the various kinds of sentence and clause arranged systematically, in close connexion with the Latin Syntax in the Parallel Grammar Series. The importance of such a general survey of the whole field can hardly be exaggerated, and it is best attained through practising the various rules in the form of exercises. The passages for translation into Latin given in the Writer are con- tinuous, and each is based upon the vocabulary and subject matter of the corresponding Latin passage in the Reader ; yet they do not involve miscellaneous grammatical constructions. On the contrary, each passage is on a particular rule, use being made of such constructions as are already familiar to the pupil through Readers and Writers I. and II . 1 It is hoped that, in this way, the fundamental principle of this Series of Readers and Writers is carried out; the method of giving vitality to the exercise of writing by basing it upon passages previously read is here combined with abundant syste¬ matic practice in the rules of syntax. Dialogues have been introduced, as in the previous courses, not only because they add liveliness and interest to reading and writing and bring home to the pupil the fact that Latin was 1 The chief rules of syntax presupposed are those dealing with simple cases of agreement, dependent statement, dependent command, dependent question, use of participles, some impersonal verbs, gerund amd gerundive. These are, however, all recapitulated m their proper plac IxiliS ^ vi PREFACE. once a living language in which men and women conversed about the ordinary affairs of life, but also because they give admirable opportunity for practice in special points of grammar. On each rule of syntax there are two passages for practice, lettered A and B; sometimes a third is added, C. The object of this arrangement is (i.) to provide plenty of work for pupils who have time to do two passages a-week (one of them perhaps viva voce), (ii.) to enable pupils who have not time for both to omit either the easier passage (A) or the more difficult (J3), without missing any important feature of the systematic course of grammar. Some will find matter in this book for two years’ work ; in such cases it is probably better to take the A passages first and to reserve the B passages for the next year. A complete English-Latin Vocabulary is provided, so that it is possible to use the Writer independently of the Reader, if time cannot be found for the latter. At the same time it is recommended that, wherever possible, the passages of the Reader be studied before the corresponding passages of the Writer are taken up, in order that the pupil may have the encouragement and interest of a model to work upon. The Reader has been purposely made short, in order that too great demands may not be made upon the time of pupils who will be devoting their main attention to reading some author. It may be suggested that the viva voce translation of a passage in the Reader may, in some cases, form part of the composition lesson, in preparation for the work of the next lesson ; in other cases the Reader may be used for unseen work. It is presumed that at this stage pupils will have in their hands a Latin-English Dictionary. Most of the passages in this book have been put to the test of actual use in the Mason College, Birmingham, during the past two years, in the course of which many improvements in details have been introduced. E. A. SONNEN SCHEIN. Mason College, Bikmingham, September, 1891 . CONTENTS. READER. WRITER. PAGE PAGE >*-' - ,-> i I. The Horatii and the Curiatii. g II. The same, continued.... g III. The Crime of Horatius. io IV. The Treachery of Fuf- fetius. n Tenses. V. Lucius Tarquinius Pris- cus. II . VI. Assassination of Tar¬ quinius. 12 VII. A Letter of Cicero. 13 VIII. Aristides the Just. 13 IX. Life of Themistocles.... 14 X. Themistocles, continued 14 XI. Themistocles, continued 15 XII. Themistocles, continued 16 XIII. Themistocles,continued 16 XIV. Themistocles, continued 17 XV. Themistocles, continued 18 XVI. Themistocles, continued 18 XVII. Themistocles, continued ig XVIII. Themistocles, continued 20 XIX. Themistocles, continued 20 XX. Themistocles, concluded 21 XXL Hannibal. 22 XXII. Hannibal, continued.... 23 XXIII. Hannibal, continued.... 24 Subject and Predicate.?.... 41 Impersonal Passive Construction. 42 Compound Subject. 42 Predicate Adjective (or Noun). 43 45 Predicate Genitive and Dative.... 46 English Verbs with a fixed Pre¬ position . 47 Verbs taking Genitive. 48 Cui-Verbs. 4g Cui-Verbs. 4g Verbs taking Ablative. 50 Verbs taking Infinitive. 51 Verbs taking two Accusatives. 52 Verbs taking Accusative and Dative. 53 Verbs taking Object and Predicate Adjective (or Noun). 54 Attributes. 55 Genitive and Ablative of Price.... 56 Verbs of Acquitting, Accusing, &c. 57 The Dative Case. 5g The Ablative Case. 60 Place, Space, Time. 62 Impersonal Verbs. 63 Kinds of Sentences. 64 Gerund and Gerundive. 66 - Vlll CONTENTS. READER. WRITER. PAGE PAGE XXIV. An Incident in the Second Punic War. 24 Temporal Clauses. .... 67 XXV. Fabius advises Caution 25 Temporal and Local Clauses.. .... 68 XXVI. TheHeroism of Mucius 26 Causal Clauses. .... 70 XXVII. Mucius, continued. 26 Final Clauses.. .... 71 XXVIII. Anecdotes about Arria 27 Consecutive Clauses. .... 72 XXIX. Arria, continued. 27 If-Clauses..... •••• 73 XXX. The Eruption of Vesu- vius. 28 Concessive Clauses. .... 74 XXXI. Vesuvius, continued... 29 Comparative Clauses. ■••• 75 XX£II. Vesuvius, continued... 29 Comparative Clauses.. .... 77 XXXIII. Vesuvius, continued... 30 Ablative Absolute. 78 XXXIV. Vesuvius, continued... 3 i Adjective Clauses. .... 79 XXXV. Hannibal at Capua.... 3 i Dependent Statements. XXXVI. Pacuvius summons the Senate. 32 Dependent Statements. ... 81 XXXVII. Pacuvius addresses the Townsfolk. 33 Dependent Statements.. .... 82 XXXVIII. Speech of Pacuvius, continued. 33 Dependent Statements. .... 83 XXXIX. Action of the Towns- folk. 33 Dependent Statements. ... 84 XL. The Senate is saved.. 34 Dependent Statements. ... 85 XLI. The Demands of the Capuans. 35 Dependent Commands. ... 87 XLII. Terms made with Hannibal. 35 Dependent Commands. .... 88 XLIII. Opposition of Magius. 36 Dependent Commands. ... 89 XLIV. Hannibal enters Capua 36 Dependent Questions. .... 90 XLV. Perolla, an uncon- vivial guest. 37 Reported Speech. ... 91 XLVI. Perolla’s Scheme. 37 Reported Speech. XLVII. Calavius dissuades.... 38 Reported Speech. ... 93 XLVIII. Perolla relents. 38 Reported Speech. ... 94 XLIX. Perolla returns to the Banquet. 39 Reported Speech. • •• 95 L. News brought to Car- thage of Hannibal’s victories . 39 Reported Speech. ... 96 READER. i. The Story of the Horatii and the Curiatii. Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostllius rex creatus est. Hie non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed etiam Romuld ferocior fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostllio et Fuffetio placuit paucorum manibus fata utriusque popull committi. Erant apud Romanos trigemini Horatii, trigemini quoque apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut unde victoria, ibi quoque imperium esset. Itaque trigemini arma capiunt, et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestisque armis terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum animds gerentes, concurrunt. Ut primo concursu increpuere arma, horror ingens spectantes perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani, alius super alium exspirantes, ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romandrum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Ro¬ manos jam spes tota deserebat. II. The Horatii and the Curiatii (continued). Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant: is, quamvis integer, quia tribus impar erat, fugam simulavit, ut singulos, per intervalla secuturos, separatim aggrederetur. Jam aliquantum IO THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, quum respiciens videt unum Curiatium haud procul ab se abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, et, dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis lit opem ferant fratri, jam Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset consequi, interfecit. Jam singull supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alterlus erat intactum ferro corpus, et geminata victoria ferox animus; alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male sustinentem arma conficit, jacentemque spoliat. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, et domum deducunt. III. The Crime of Horatius. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, Here et crines solvere coepit. Movit feroci juveni animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio publico ; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul earn verbis increpans : “ Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum, oblita patriae. Sic eat quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.” Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique: quare raptus est in jus Horatius et apud judices condemnatus. Jam accesserat lictor, injiciebatque laqueum. Turn Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex proclamabat filiam suam jure caesam fuisse; et juvenem amplexus, spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris Jacrimas, juvenemque absolvit, magis admiratione virtutis quam jure causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater, quibusdam sacrificiis peractis, transmisit per viam tigillum, et filium, capite adoperto, velut sub jugum misit: quod tigillum Sororium appellatum est. READER. ii IV. Treachery and Punishment of Fuffetius—The Growth of Rome. Non diu pax Albana mansit: nam Fuffetius, dux Albanorum, Veientes adversus Romanos concitavit. Ipse a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem subduxit, ut fortunam belli experlretur ac sequeretur. Qua re Tullus intellects, dixit clara voce suo illud jussu Fuffetium facere, ut hostes a tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito, hostes territi victique sunt. Postero die Fuffetius, quum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, jussu illlus quadrigls religatus est, et in diversa distractus. Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam dlruit, et Albanos Romam transire jussit. Roma interim crevit Albae rulnis ; duplicatus est clvium numerus; mons Coelius urbi additus, et, quo frequentius habitaretur, earn sedem Tullus regiae cepit, ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum vlrium fiducia elatus, bellum Sabinls indixit; pestilentia insecuta est: nulla tamen ab armls quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora mllitiae quam doml esse juvenum corpora; sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est implicitus: tunc fractl simul cum corpore sunt splritus ill! feroces, nulllque rel deinceps nisi sacrls operam dedit. Memorant Tullum, fulmine ictum, cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et trlginta. V. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Anco regnante, Lucius Tarquinius cum conjuge et fortunls omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec fabula : scilicet el advenientl aquila pilleum sustulit, et super carpentum, ubi Tar- . quinius sedebat, cum magno clangore volitans, rursus capitl apte reposuit; inde subllmis abiit. Tanaquil conjux, auguriorum 12 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. perita, regnum ei portend! intellexit: itaque, virum complexa, jussit eum alta sperare. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes, urbem ingress! sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato, Tarquinius pecunia et industria dignitatem atque etiam Anc! regis familiari- tatem consecutus est, a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercept, et ita administravit quasi jure adeptus fuisset. Tarquinius Priscus bellum cum Sabinis gessit, in quo bello equitum centurias numero auxit; nomen mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Att! Navi! auctoritate. Attus, ea tem- pestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex, in experimentum artis, eum interrogavit fierine posset quod ipse mente conceperat; Attus, augilrio acto, fieri posse respondit. “Atqu! hoc,” inquit rex, “agitabam, an cotem illam secare novacula possem.” “ Potes ergo,” inquit augur; et secuisse dicitur. VI. Assassination of Tarquinius. Servius becomes King BY THE HELP OF TANAQUIL. ✓ Supererant duo Anc! filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno fraudatos esse, reg! paraverunt insidias. Ex pastoribus duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ii, simulata rixa, in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quum eorum clamor penitus in regianTi pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque simul vociferar! coepit, et certatim alter alter! obstrepere. Quum vero juss! essent invicem dicere, unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus averteret, alter elatam securim in ejus caput dejecit, et, relicto telo, ambo foras se proripiunt. Sed Tanaquil, celata regis morte, populum ex superiore parte aedium allocuta, ait regem, gravi quidem sed non letali vulnere accepto, petere ut interim, dum convalescit, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Servius Tullius quasi precario . regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. READER. 13 VII. A Letter of Cicero in praise of his Friend’s Daughter who had just died. Tristissimus haec tibi scribo FundanI nostrl filia, minore defuncta. Qua puella nihil umquam festlvius, amabilius, nec modo longiore vita sed prope immortalitate dignius vldl. Non- dum annos quattuordecim impleverat, et jam ill! anllis prudentia, matronalis gravitas erat, et tamen suavitas puellaris cum virginal! verecundia. Ut ilia patris cervlcibus inhaerebat! Ut nos amicds paternos et amanter et modeste complectebatur! Ut nutrlces, ut paedagogos, ut praeceptores pro suo quernque officio dlligebat! Quam studiose, quam intelligenter lectitabat! Ut parce cus- toditeque ludebat! Qua ilia temperantia, qua patientia, qua etiam constantia novissimam valetudinem tulit! Medicls ob- sequebatur, sororem, patrem adhortabatur, ipsamque se destitutam corporis vlribus vigore animi sustinebat. Duravit hie ill! usque ad extremum, nec aut spatio valetudinis aut metu mortis infractus est, quo plures gravioresque nobis causas relinqueret et deslderil et doloris. VIII. Aristides the Just (b.c. 514-468). _ • Aristides, Lysimachl fllius, Atheniensis aequalis fere fuit ThemistoclI. Itaque cum eo de principatu contendit; namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his autem cognitum est quanto antestaret eloquentia innocentiae. Quamquam enim adeo ex- cellebat Aristides abstinentia, ut unus post hominum memoriam, quod quidem nos audierimus, cognomine Justus sit appellatus, tamen a Themistocle collabefactus testula ilia exilio decern annorum multatus est. QuI quidem quum intellegeret repriml concitatam multitudinem non posse, cedensque animadvertisset THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. 14 quendam scribentem, ut patria pelleretur, quaesisse ab eo dlcitur, quare id faceret aut quid Aristides commisisset, cur tanta poena dignus duceretur. Cui ille respondit se ignorare Aristidem, sed sibi non placere, quod ita cupide elaborasset, ut praeter ceteros Justus appellaretur.— Nepos. IX. Life of Themistocles (b.c. 512-464), by Nepos. Themistocles Neocli filius, Atheniensis. Hujus vitia ineuntis adulescentiae magnis sunt emendata virtutibus, adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. Sed ab initio est ordiendum. Pater ejus Neocles generosus fuit. Is uxorem Acharnanam clvem duxit, ex qua natus est Themistocles. Qui quum minus esset probatus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familiarem neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam quum judicasset sine summa industria non posse earn exstingui, totum se dedit rel publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens. Multum in judiciis privatis versabatur, saepe in contionem populi prodibat, nulla res major sine illo gerebatur ; celeriter, quae opus erant, reperiebat, facile eadem oratione explicabat. Neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus, quam excogitandls erat, quod et de instantibus (ut ait Thucydides) verissime judicabat et de futuris callidissime conjiciebat. Quo factum est, ut brevi tempore illustraretur. X. Themistocles ( continued ). Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei publicae bello Corcyraeo, ad quod gerendum praetor a populo factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tempore, ferociorem reddidit READER. 15 civitatem. Nam quum pecunia publica, quae ex metallls redibat;, largitione magistratuum quotannis interiret, ille persuasit populo, ut ea pecunia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta, prlmum Corcyraeos fregit, deinde maritimos praedones consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo quum dlvitiis ornavit turn etiam peritissimos belli navalis fecit Athenienses. Id quantae saluti fuerit universae Graeciae bello cognitum est Persico, quum Xerxes et mari et terra bellum universae inferret Europae cum tantis copiis, quantas neque ante neque postea habuit quisquam. Hujus enim classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit, quam duo milia onerariarum sequebantur; terrestres autem exercitus septingentorum milium peditum, equitum quadringen- torum milium fuerunt. XI. Themistocles { continued ). Cujus de adventu quum fama in Graeciam esset perlata, et maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur propter pugnam Maratboniam, miserunt Delphos consultum, quidnam facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut moenibus ligneis se munirent. Id responsum quo valeret 1 quum intellegeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit consilium esse Apollinis, ut in naves se suaque conferrent; eum enim a deo significari murum ligneum. Tali consilio probato, addunt ad superiores totidem naves triremes, suaque omnia, quae mover!' poterant, partim Salamina partim Troezena deportant; arcem sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ac sacra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt. Hujus consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat, et terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque missi sunt delecti cum Leonida duce, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Thermopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros progredi non paterentur. Hi vim hostium non sustinuerunt eoque loco omnes interierunt. 1 “ To what that answer pointed.” i6 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XII. Themistocles ( continued ). At classis communis Graeciae trecentarum navium, in qua ducentae erant Atheniensium, prlmum apud Artemisium, inter Euboeam continentemque terram, cum classiariis Regis conflixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine circuiretur. Hie etsi pari proelio discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam superasset, ancipitl premerentur periculo. Quo factum est, ut ab Artemisio discederent et exadversum Athenas apud Salamlna classem suam constituerent. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit astu , 1 idque, nullis defendentibus, interfectls sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cujus flamma perterritl classiarii quum manere non auderent et pluriml hortarentur, ut domos suas discederent moenibusque se defenderent, Themistocles unus restitit et universos pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos testabatur perituros, idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui turn summae imperil praeerat, fore affirmabat. XIII. Themistocles ( continued ). Quern quum minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis quern habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret suis verbis , 2 adversaries ejus in fuga esse: qui si discessissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore bellum confecturum, quum singulos consectari cogeretur: quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. Hoc eo valebat , 3 ut ingratis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita, barbarus, nihil doll subesse credens, postridie alienissimo sibi loco, contra 1 Astu = &crrv, town (here Athens). 2 “ In his {i.e ., Themistocles’) name.” 3 “ Had the following effect.” READER. i7 opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto marl confiixit, ut ejus multitudd navium explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio Themistocli , 1 quam armls Graeciae. Hie etsl male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias copiarum, ut etiam cum his opprimere posset hostes. Iterum ab eodem 2 gradu depulsus est . 3 Nam Themistocles verens, ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem eum fecit, id agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur, idque ei persuasit. XIV. Themistocles ( continued ). Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia libe- rata est, Europaeque succubuit Asia. Haec altera victoria, quae cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari modo apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima post hominum memoriam classis est devicta. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor in pace. Quum enim Phalerico portu neque magno neque bond Athenienses uterentur, hujus consilio triplex Piraei * portus constitutus est, isque moenibus circumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequi- pararet, utilitate superaret. Idem muros Atheniensium restituit praecipuo suo periculo. Namque Lacedaemonii causam idoneam nacti propter barbarorum excursiones, qua negarent, oportere extra Peloponnesum ullam urbem muros habere, ne essent loca munita, quae hostes possiderent , 4 Athenienses aedificantes pro- hibere sunt conati. ^ A 1 Genitive. 2 “ By the same person,” i.e., by Themistocles. 3 “ Was dislodged from his (advantageous) position,” a gladiatorial expression. 4 From possldo. 2 i8 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XV. Themistocles ( continued ). Hoc longe alio spectabat atque viderl volebant. Athenienses enim duabus victorils, Marathonia et Salamlnia, tantam gloriam apud omnes gentes erant consecutl, ut intellegerent Lacedaemonil de principatu sibi cum his certamen fore; quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem audierunt muros instrui, legatos Athenas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. His praesentibus desierunt, ac se de ea re legatos ad eos missuros dixerunt. Hanc legationem suscepit Themistocles et solus primo profectus est. Reliqui legati ut turn exirent, quum satis alti muri exstructi esse viderentur, praecepit: interim omnes, servi atque liberi, opus facerent neque ulli loco parcerent, sive sacer esset sive privatus sive publicus, et undique, quod idoneum ad muniendum putarent, congererent. Quo factum est, ut Atheniensium muri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. Themistocles autem ut Lacedaemonem venit, adire ad magis- tratus noluit, et dedit operam ut quam longissime tempus duceret, causam interponens se collegas exspectare. Quum Lacedaemonil quererentur opus nihilominus fieri eumque in ea re conari fallere, interim reliqui legati sunt consecutl. XVI. Themistocles { continued ). A quibus quum audiisset non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephoros Lacedaemoniorum accessit, penes quos summum erat imperium, atque apud eos contendit falsa iis esse delata: quare aequum esse illos viros bonos nobilesque mittere, quibus fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent: interea se obsidem retinerent. Gestus est ei mos, tresque legati functi summis honoribus READER. 19 Athenas miss! sunt. Cum his collegas suos Themistocles jussit proficisci hlsque praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitterent, quam ipse esset remissus. Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magistratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit, et apud eos llberrime professus est Athenienses suo consilio, quod communl jure gentium facere possent, deosque publicos suosque patrios ac penates, quo facilius ab hoste possent defendere, murls saepsisse, neque in eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse: nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum op- positum 1 esse barbaris, apud quam jam bis classes regias fecisse naufragium ; Lacedaemonios autem male et injuste facere, qui id potius intuerentur quod ipsorum domination!, quam quod universae Graeciae utile esset: quare si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas mlserant, se remitterent. XVII. Themistocles ( continued ). Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. Namque ob eundem timorem, quo damnatus erat Militiades, testularum suffragils e civitate ejectus Argos habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter multas ejus virtutes magna cum dignitate vlveret, Lacedaemonil legatos Athenas mlserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam fecisset. Hoc crlmine absens proditionis dam¬ natus est. Id ut audlvit, quod non satis tutum se Argls videbat, Corcyram demigravit. Ibi quum ejus principes clvitatis anim- advertisset timere, ne propter se 2 bellum ils Lacedaemonil et Athenienses indicerent, ad Admetum Molossorum regem, cum quo el hospitium erat, confugit. Hue quum venisset et in 1 The Participle agrees with propugnaculum, instead of with urbem as might have been expected. 2 § 563. 20 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. praesentia rex abesset, quo majore religione se receptum tueretur , 1 filiam ejus parvulam arripuit et cum ea se in sacrarium, quod summa colebatur caerimonia, conjecit. Inde non prius egressus est, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem reciperet; quam praestitit. XVIII. Themistocles ( continued ). Nam quum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemonils exposceretur publice, supplicem non prodidit, monuitque, ut consuleret sibi; difficile enim esse in tarn propinquo loco tuto eum versarl. Itaque Pydnam eum deduct jussit et quod satis esset praesidii dedit. Hie navem, omnibus ignotus nautls, conscendit; quae quum tempestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi turn Atheniensium erat exercitus, sensit Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coactus domino navis quis sit aperit, multa pollicens, si se conservasset. At ille, clarissiml virl captus misericordia, diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit in ancorls, neque quemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde Ephesum pervenit ibique Themistoclem exponit; cui ille pro meritls postea gratiam rettulit. Scio plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistoclem Xerxe regnante in Asiam transiisse. Sed ego potissimum Thucydidi credo, quod aetate proximus de ils, qul illorum temporum historiam rellque- runt, et ejusdem civitatis fuit. XIX. Themistocles ( continued ). Is autem ait ad Artaxerxem eum venisse atque his verbis epistulam mlsisse :—“Themistocles venl ad te, qul plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intull, quamdiu mihi necesse 1 The subject is rex: se refers to Themistocles (§ 563). This clause quo . . . tueretur is subordinate to arripuit (p. 20). READER. 21 fuit adversus patrem tuum bellare patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona feci, postquam in tuto ipse, et ille in periculo esse coepit. Nam quum in Asiam revert! vellet proelio apud Salamina facto, litteris eum certiorem feci, id agi ut pons, quern in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur atque ab hostibus circumiretur. Quo nuntio ille periculo est liberatus. Nunc autem ad te confugi exagitatus a cun eta Graecia, tuam petens amicitiam : quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille expertus est. Te autem rogo, ut de iis rebus, de quibus tecum colloqui void, annuum mihi tempus des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris.” Hujus rex animi magnitudinem admirans, cupiensque talem virum sibi conciliar!, veniam dedit. XX. Themistocles ( concluded ). Ille omne illud tempus litteris sermonique Persarum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam ii poterant, qui in Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa regi esset pollicitus gratissimumque illud, si suis uti consiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam bello oppressurum, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Magnesiae sibi constituit. Namque hanc urbem ei Rex donarat, quae ei panem praeberet (ex qua regione quinquaginta talenta quotannis redibant); Lampsacum autem, unde vinum sumeret; Myunta, ex qua obsonium haberet. De hujus morte multis modis apud plerosque scriptum est; sed nos eundem potissimum Thucy- didem auctorem probamus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae morbo mor- tuum neque negat fuisse famam, venenum sua sponte sumpsisse, quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, prae- stare posse desperaret. Idem ossa ejus clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus, memoriae prodidit. 22 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XXI. ' Hannibal. Omnium, ut omittam Philippum , 1 ils temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus 2 fuit. Hunc Hannibal tanta cupiditate incendit bellandi, ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. Ad quern quum legati venissent Romani, qui darent operam ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regl adducerent, idque Hannibal com- perisset, seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari vidisset, tempore dato adiit ad regem, et “Pater meus,” inquit “Hamilcar, pueruld me, utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator proficiscens Carthagine, Jovi Optimo Maximo hostias immolavit. Quae divina res dum conficiebatur, quaesivit a me, vellemne secum in castra proficiscl. Id quum libenter accepissem, atque ab eo petere coepissem, ne dubitaret ducere, turn ille, Faciam, inquit, si fidem mihi, quam postulo, dederis. Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem jurare jussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego jusjurandum patri datum usque ad banc aetatem ita conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, non im- prudenter feceris, si me celaris. Quum quidem 3 bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis, si non me in eo principem posueris.” Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in Hispaniam pro- fectus est, ciijus post obitum, Hasdrubale imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc quoque interfecto, exercitus sum- mam imperii ad eum detulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum est. Sic Hannibal, minor quinque et viginti annis natus, imperator factus proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit; Saguntum, foederatam civitatem, vi expugnavit; tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex his unum in Africam misit, 1 Philip the Fifth, king of Macedon (b.c. 220-179). 2 Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. 3 Quidem here marks contrast : almost = sed. READER. 23 alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam secum duxit. Saltum Pyrenaeum transiit. Quacumque iter fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit; neminem nisi victum dimisit. Ad Alpes postquam venit, quae Italiam ab Gallia sejungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu ante eum praeter Herculem transierat, Alpicos conantes prohibere transitu concldit; loca patefecit, itinera muniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset, qua antea unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac copias traduxit, in Italiamque pervenit.— Nepos. XXII. The Romans demand the Surrender of Hannibal. Post proelium apud Zamam 1 factum Carthaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt. Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit, resque in Africa gessit, itemque Mago, frater ejus? usque ad Publium Sulpicium et Gaium Aurelium Consules . 2 His enim magistratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent, quod cum iis 3 pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos donarent, simulque peterent, ut obsides eorum 3 Fregellis essent captivique redderentur. His ex senatus consulto responsum est : Munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futuros; captivos non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cujus opera susceptum bellum foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, etiam nunc cum imperio apud exercitum haberent, itemque fratrem ejus Magonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses cognito Hanni¬ balem domum et Magonem revocarunt. Hue ut rediit, rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat, anno secundo et vicesimo. Ut enim Romae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis annul bini reges creabantur. —Nepos. 1 B.c. 202 (end of 2nd Punic War). 2 b . c . 200. 3 We should have expected the Reflexives {secum and sul). 24 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XXIII. How Hannibal secured his Money. Deinde anno post praeturam, Roma legati Carthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui deposcendi gratia missos, priusquam iis senatus daretur, navem ascendit clam, atque in Syriam ad Antiochum profugit. Hac re palam facta Poeni naves duas, quae eum comprehenderent, si possent consequi, miserunt, bona ejus publicarunt, domum a fundamentis dis- jecerunt, ipsum exsulem judicarunt. Haud multo post Cretam ad Gortynios venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, consideraret. Vidit autem vir omnium callidissimus magno se fore periculo , 1 nisi quid providisset propter avaritiam Cretensium. Magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de qua sciebat exiisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium. Amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro et argento. Has praesentibus principibus deponit in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei credere. His in errorem inductis statuas aeneas, quas secum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet, easque in propatulo domus abjicit. Gortynii templum magna cura custodiunt non tarn a ceteris, quam ab Hannibale, ne ille inscientibus iis tolleret 2 secumque duceret. Sic conservatis suis rebus omnibus Poenus, illusis Cretensibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit.— Nepos. XXIV. An Incident in the Second Punic War (b.c. 217). Dum haec geruntur in Italia, Cn. Servilius Geminus consul cum classe centum viginti navium, circumvectus 3 Sardiniae et Corsicae dram et obsidibus utrimque acceptis , 3 in Africam trans- 1 For in magno periculo. 2 Supply the Object. 3 Note the alternative translation by means of a Temporal Clause. READER. 25 misit, et, priusquam in continentem escensionem faceret, 1 Menige 2 insula vastata et ab incolentibus Cercinam, 2 ne et ipsorum ureretur diripereturque ager, decern talentls argent! acceptls, ad litora Africae accessit copiasque exposuit. Inde ad populandum agrum duct! milites navalesque socii juxta effusi, ac si in insulis cultorum egentibus praedarentur. Itaque in insidias temere illati, quum a frequentibus palantes, ab locorum gnaris ignari circum- venirentur, 3 cum multa caede ac foeda fuga retro ad naves com- puls! sunt.— Livy (XXII. 31). XXV. Speech of Q. Fabius Maximus to L. Aemilius Paullus urging Cautious Measures (b.c. 216). Erras enim, L. Paule, si tibi minus certaminis cum C. Terentio Varrone quam cum Hannibale futurum censes. Cum illo in acie tantum, cum hoc omnibus locis ac temporibus certa- turus es; adversus Hannibalem legionesque ejus tuis equitibus ac peditibus pugnandum tibi est, Varro dux tuis militibus te est oppugnaturus. Ominis etiam tibi causa absit C. Flaminii memoria. Tamen ille consul demum et in provincia et ad exercitum coepit furere ; hie priusquam peteret 1 consulatum, deinde in petendo con- sulatu, nunc quoque consul, priusquam castra videat 1 aut hostem, insanit . . . Ita res se habet: una ratio belli gerendi adversus Hannibalem est, qua ego gessi. Nec eventus modo hoc docet— stultorum iste magister est—sed eadem ratio, quae fuit futuraque, donee res eaedem manebunt, immutabilis est.— Livy (XXII. 39 )- 1 The Subjunctive marks the action as merely contemplated or in pro¬ spect (Gram., § 347, pp. 136, 137). 2 Islands near the Lesser Syrtis (off the coast of Africa). 3 Note the alternative translation by means of the Present Participle. 26 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XXVI. The Heroism of Mucius (b.c. 508). Obsidio erat nihilo minus et frumenti cum summa caritate inopia, sedendoque expugnaturum se urbem spem Porsenna habe- bat, quum C. Mucius, adulescens nobilis, cui indignum videbatur, populum Romanum ab ilsdem Etruscls obsideri, quorum saepe exercitus fuderit, senatum adit. “Transire Tiberim” inquit, “patres, et intrare, si possim, castra hostium void, non praedo nec populatidnum in vicem ultor; majus, si di juvant, in animo est facinus.” Approbant patres; abdito intra vestem ferro pro- ficiscitur. Ubi eo venit, in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit. Ibi quum stipendium militibus forte daretur, et scriba cum rege sedens pari fere ornatu multa ageret, eum mllites vulgo adirent, timens sciscitari, uter Porsenna esset, ne ignorando regem semet ipse aperiret, quis esset, scribam pro rege obtruncat. — Livy (II. 12). XXVII. The Heroism of Mucius ( continued ). Quum comprehensum regii satellites retraxissent, “ Romanus sum” inquit “ civis; C. Mucium vocant. Hostis hostem occldere volui, nec ad mortem minus animi est, quam fuit ad caedem; et facere et pati fortia Romanum est. Nec unus in te ego hos animos gessi; longus post me ordo est idem petentium decus.” Quum rex simul ira incensus periculoque conterritus circumdari ignes minitabundus juberet, nisi expromeret propere, quas insidi- arum sibi minas per ambages jaceret, “ En tibi ” 1 inquit, “ ut sentias, quam vile corpus sit iis, qui magnam gloriam vident,” 1 The so-called Ethical Dative (Gram. § 414). READER. 27 dextramque accenso ad sacrificium foculo injicit. Quam quum velut alienato ab sensu torreret animo, prope attonitus rex, quum ab sede sua prosiluisset, amoverlque ab altaribus juvenem jussisset, “Tu vero abl” inquit, “in te magis quam in me hostilia ausus. Juberem macte virtute esse, si pro mea patria ista virtus staret; nunc jure belli liberum te, intactum inviola- tumque hinc dimitto.”— Livy. XXVIII. Pliny relates some Anecdotes about Arria. C. Plinius Nepotl suo Salutem. Adnotasse videor, facta dictaque virorum feminarumque illus- trium alia clariora esse, alia majora. Confirmata est opinio mea hesterno Fanniae sermone. Neptis haec Arriae illius, quae marlto et solatium mortis et exemplum fuit. Multa referebat aviae suae, quae tibi existimo tarn mlrabilia legentl fore, quam mihi audientl fuerunt. Aegrotabat Caecina Paetus, marltus ejus ; aegrotabat et fllius, uterque mortifere, ut videbatur: filius decessit parentibus non minus ob alia earns, quam quod fllius erat. Huic ilia ita funus paravit, ita duxit exsequias, ut ignoraret marltus. Quin immo, quoties cubiculum ejus intrarat, vlvere fllium, atque etiam commodiorem 1 esse simulabat, ac persaepe interrogantl, quid ageret puer, respondebat: Bene quievit, libenter cibum sumpsit. Deinde, quum diu cohibitae lacrimae vincerent prorumperentque, egrediebatur. XXIX. Arria { continued ). Scribonianus arma in Illyrico contra Claudium 2 moverat: fuerat Paetus in partibus; occiso Scrlboniano, Romam trahebatur. 1 “ Getting better.” 2 The Emperor Claudius. 28 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. Erat ascensurus navem. Arria milites orabat, ut simul impo- neretur. “Nempe enim ” inquit, “ daturl estis consular! viro servulos aliquos, quorum e manu cibum capiat, a quibus vestiatur, a quibus calceetur: omnia sola praestabo.” Non impetravit. Conduxit piscatoriam nauculam, ingensque navigium minimo 1 secuta est. Quin etiam, cum Thrasea, gener ejus, deprecaretur, ne morl pergeret, interque alia dixisset: “Vis ergo flliam tuam, si mihi pereundum fuerit, morl mecum ? ” respondit: “Si tarn diu tantaque concordia vixerit tecum, quam ego cum Paeto, void.” Auxerat hoc responso curam suorum : attentius cus- todiebatur: sensit, et: “Nihil agitis” inquit “potestis enim efficere, ut male moriar ; ut non moriar non potestis.” Dum haec dlcit, exsiluit cathedra, adversoque parietl caput ingentl impetu impegit, et corruit.— Pliny. XXX. The Eruption of Vesuvius (Aug. 24, a.d. 79) De¬ scribed by Pliny in a Letter to Tacitus. C. Pllnius Tacito suo Salutem. Petis ut tibi avuncull mei exitum scrlbam, quo verius tradere a posteris possls. Gratias ago ; nam video, mortl ejus, si celebretur a te, immortalem gloriam esse propositam. Quamvls enim pulcherrimarum clade terrarum, memorabili casu, 2 occiderit; quamvls ipse plurima opera et mansura condiderit; multum tamen perpetuitatl ejus scriptorum tuorum aeternitas addet. Equidem beatos puto, quibus deorum munere datum est aut facere scrlbenda, aut scrlbere legenda; beatissimos vero, quibus utrum- que. Horum in numero avunculus meus et suls librls et tuls erit. Quo libentius suscipio, deposed etiam, quod injungis. 1 Supply navigio. 2 In apposition with clade: “ a memorable catastrophe which destroyed,” &c. READER. 29 XXXI. Eruption of Vesuvius ( continued ). Erat Misenl, classemque imperio praesens 1 regebat. Nonum Kal. Septembres, 2 bora fere septima, mater mea indicat el, r — apparere nubem inusitata et magnitudine et specie. Usus ille sole, mox frlgida 3 lavatus, gustaverat 4 jacens, 5 studebatque. Poscit soleas, ascendit locum, ex quo maxime mlraculum illud conspicl poterat. Nubes—incertum procul intuentibus, ex quo monte; Vesuvium fuisse postea cognitum est—oriebatur, cujus simili- tudinem et formam non alia magis arbor, quam plnus, expresserit. Nam longissimo velut trunco elata in altum, quibusdam ramis diffundebatur: credo, quia recentl splritu evecta, deinde senescente eo destituta, aut etiam pondere suo victa, in latitudinem vanescebat: 6 Candida interdum, interdum sordida et maculosa, prout terram cineremve sustulerat. XXXII. Eruption of Vesuvius (continued). Magnum propiusque noscendum, ut eruditissimo viro, visum. Jubet liburnicam 7 aptari: mihi, si venire una vellem, facit copiam. Respond!, studere me malle: et forte ipse, quod scrlberem, dederat. Egrediebatur domo : accipit codicillos Rectlnae 8 CaesI 1 “ In person.” 2 This is short for ante diem nonum Kalendas Septembres (see Gram, p. 215). 3 Supply aqua. 4 Cf. French gouter (“ lunch ”). 5 “ Reclining,” i.e., not hurriedly. 6 “ Was dissolving breadthwise.” 7 “ A cutter.” 8 “ He receives a note from Rectina, the wife of Caesius Bassus.” 3 ° THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. BassI, imminent! perlculo exterritae: nam villa ejus subjacebat, neque ulla nisi navibus fuga: ut se 1 tanto discriminl eriperet, orabat. Vertit ille consilium et quod studioso animo inchoaverat, obit maximo. 2 Deducit quadriremes ; ascendit ipse non Rectinae modo, sed multls—erat enim frequens amoenitas orae—laturus auxilium. Properat illiic, unde alii fugiunt; rectumque cursum, recta gubernacula in periculum tenet, adeo solutus metu, ut omnes illlus mall motus, omnes figuras, 8 ut deprehenderat oculis, dictaret enotaretque. XXXIII. Eruption of Vesuvius {continued). Cunctatus paulum, an retro iter flecteret, mox gubernatori, ut ita faceret monenti, “Fortes” inquit “fortuna juvat: Pomponianum 4 pete”. Stabils erat, diremtus sinu medio. Nam sensim cir- cumactis curvatisque litoribus mare infunditur. Ibi, quamquam nondum perlculo appropinquante, conspicuo tamen, et, cum cresceret, proximo, sarcinas contulerat in naves, certus fugae, si contrarius ventus resedisset: quo tunc avunculus meus secundis- simo invectus, complectitur trepidantem, consolatur, hortatur: utque timorem ejus sua securitate leniret, deferri se in balneum jubet; lavatus accubat, cenat, atque hilaris, aut, quod est aeque magnum, similis hilar!. Interim e Vesuvio monte pluribus locis latissimae flammae altaque incendia relucebant, quorum fulgor et claritas tenebris noctis excitabatur. 5 Ille se quiet! dedit, et quievit verissimo quidem somno. Nam meatus animae, 6 qu! ill! propter amplitudinem corporis gravior et sonantior erat, ab iis, qu! limin! obversabantur, audiebatur. Excitatus procedit, seque Pomponiano ceterisque, qu! pervigilaverant, reddit. 1 “ Her”—refers to the subject of orabat (Gram. § 563). 2 would conquer. I hear that the day was hotly contested. The question used to be discussed whether the three Roman brothers were the Horatii or the Curiatii. At the present day there is no longer any debate on this matter. No 7 doubt is entertained concerning the victory of the Romans. II. Compound Subject (§§ 319-323). A. 1. One of the Curiatii thus addressed 8 his two brothers: “ If you and I surround 9 Horatius we shall easily overcome him”. 2. “ Do you think that one man, though unwounded, will dare to attack three ? ” 3. Patriotism, desire for fame, (and) a certain soldierly instinct impelled 8 Horatius in this supreme crisis to play the man. 4. Having feigned flight, he saw that one of the brothers was pursuing him 10 hotly. 5. “He and I,” he said, shall fight it out first; it is better to attack them separately.” 6. 1 Say “ with doubled forces ”, - Ablative. 3 “ And not” = “ nor 4 Use utcrque. 5 Cf. quisque dimicent (Reader No. I.). 6 § 169. 7 Say it “ is not doubted ”. 8 Historic Present (§467). 9 Tense ? (§ 493). 10 se : § 563. WRITER. 43 Having slain this one, he thus addressed 1 the second brother, who was following at no long interval: “ Since it is all over with your brother, you and I shall join battle 8. When I have slain 2 you, your remaining brother and I shall decide whether 3 the Albans or 3 the Romans are to be masters.” B. Seeing 4 their brother wounded, weary, (and) dejected, though themselves not unwounded, they tried to encourage him : “Behold!” they say, “only one of three brothers remains alive ; if you and we attack him 5 * together, we shall'certainly kill (him), and so victory and dominion will alike 3 belong to the Albans”. Instead, 7 however, of attacking Horatius all together, they pursued him at considerable intervals; and so Horatius no longer feigned flight, but, turning round, made a fierce onslaught on the nearest Curiatius. “ Neither you, nor your second, nor your third brother,” he cried, “shall find that I am unwilling to face you, though you and they are three and I but one.” Horatius at length slew Curiatius, who in vain implored his brothers to bring him 8 succour. Straightway the second brother comes up : “Go to the Underworld,” cries 9 Horatius, “ thou and thy brother, and say that your third brother will follow soon ”. So saying, 10 he slew the second brother, and not 11 long after, as he had said, the third brother likewise. III. Agreement of Predicate Adjective or Noun (§§ 324-325 f). A. 1. Livy tells us that Horatius marched first, bearing the threefold spoils. 2. They say that Horatius’ sister began to 1 Historic Present (§ 467). 6 ct . . . ct. 2 Tense ? (§ 493.) 7 Say “ they did not attack . . . but,” &c. 3 Dependent Questions. 8 § 563. 4 Use quiitn with Subjunctive. 9 inquit. 5 Say “whom if you,” &c, 10 § 554. 11 Say “nor”. 44 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. weep bitterly when she saw her brother return home exultant, wearing the military-cloak of her betrothed. 3. They say that his sister’s grief seemed unseasonable to the young man. 4. He said that tears and groans and lamentation, at a time when every¬ body else was rejoicing, 1 were disgraceful. 5. Saying 2 this, 3 he slew his sister. 6. “ I am sure,” said he, “ you will not be unwilling to go 4 to him whom you have preferred to your country. 7. Your name will become hateful to the whole Roman people. 8. To your betrothed you will seem wise; but to all good Romans 5 (you will seem) foolish.” 9. For this monstrous crime Horatius was justly condemned to death. 10. “Ought my son,” cries the old man, “ to be deemed worthy of death or bonds ? 11. Ought not high spirit and endurance to be deemed virtues?” B. It happened that 0 Horatius’ sister, having met her brother (as he was) bearing the spoils of her betrothed and of his two brothers, began to weep bitterly and to bewail the untimely death of the young men, but especially his to whom she had been betrothed. “Alas,” she cried, “he to whom I was betrothed went forth to battle stalwart and in the very prime of life : he has come back to me—ah ! how changed from that Curiatius who alone of mortals seemed to me worthy of the sweet name of husband. 7 And thou, brother—if brother thou oughtest to be called—who returnest home clad in the spoils of my betrothed, dost thou ask what is 8 the cause of these tears? Thou biddest me, forsooth ! remember my brothers gloriously slain for our fatherland, and to forget my betrothed. What to me, pray, are glory and kinsfolk and fatherland ? Can these give back the dead ? ” 1 Subjunctive. 2 § 554 - 3 Use the Relative. 4 Say “that you will go not unwilling ”. 5 Say “ each best citizen 6 Accidit ut with Subjunctive. 7 § 4 °°- 8 Mood ? WRITER. 45 IV. Tenses (§§ 465, 468-473)- A. 1. Charles. Hullo, Frederick! you here ? 1 How do you do? How long have you been living in London? 2. Frederick. I have been living here two years 2 and five months. 3. C. Tell me why you have been living here so long. 4. F. I came here 3 to learn Latin and Greek. 5. C. Aha ! I ought, as one of the profane herd, to keep my distance; but how long, pray, have you been initiated into these mysteries? 6 . F. I have now been learning Latin five years; for I had been studying both languages for more 4 than two years before my father sent me here. 3 7. C. What were you reading when I came in ? 8. A! I was reading about the treachery of Fuf- fetius, and how Tullus punished him. 9. C. I for my part have not been studyingthe Classics so long, and so I have neverread aboutthat “bold bad man 10. F. The story is told in the book which is lying on the table. Please take it and read it. You used to be fond of read¬ ing. 11. C. True. 5 I used to devote myself to literature, but the times are changed. Good-bye. Remember me to Fuffetius 0 and Tullus. B. Not long after the men-of-Veii, at the instigation of Fuf- fetius, declared war against Rome. Fuffetius had for some time been aware that he was unpopular with his fellow-citizens. Nevertheless, he hoped, by stirring up war against Rome, to win 7 the heart of the commons. During the battle 8 Fuffetius, whom Tullus had posted on the right wing, slowly withdrew to the hills, as though doubtful to which-of-the-two armies he should attach himself. On the defeat of the Veientes 9 Fuffetius did not hesitate to congratulate Tullus, hoping doubtless that he should receive a considerable reward. The reward, however, was far different from what he expected. “ I have long been suspecting,” said Tullus, “that you are a coward: yesterday I saw that you are also a traitor. You will learn too-late that (it is) brave men (and) not cowards (that) fortune favours.” 1 § 475 - 2 Case ? (§ 441). 3 Why not hlc ? 4 § 360 f. 5 Say “ you speak true things ”. 6 Say “ greet,” and see § 479. 7 Say “ that he should win ” (Accusative with Future Infinitive). 8 Say “ while it is being fought ”. 9 Use Abl. Abs. 4 6 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. V. Predicate Genitive (§ 389): Predicate Dative (§ 420). A. 1. In the story related above Tanaquil is said to have exhorted her husband to entertain lofty aspirations {say to hope lofty-things). 2. It is characteristic of good wives to encourage their husbands not to despair of success. 3. Such wives as Tanaquil are an ornament, a help, and not unfrequently even a source-of-gain to their husbands. 4. “ Be of good cheer/’ she said; “what has happened is a proof that you will some-day become king. 5. I for-my-part do not deem that it is either the sign of a weak mind or disgraceful 1 to credit auguries. 6. Let us therefore go to Rome with the utmost speed: let nothing delay 2 or hinder us : what is dear to heaven is accomplished with ease. 7. I feel sure that what has happened is a proof that you will become king. 8. I know that this depends on your own decision ; yet a wise man will 3 follow wherever fortune leads.” 4 B. The story you have just heard is a proof how 5 useful a wife can be to her husband; for if Tanaquil had not encouraged her husband to entertain great expectations, he would perhaps not have tried to gain the sovereignty. Tarquin, having on the death of Ancus become king, was preparing to surround .the city with a stone wall, when a war with the Sabines delayed 0 the undertaking. Perceiving that he was unable to reduce the enemy to subjection with the few cavalry soldiers that he had, 7 he thought it would be both a protection and a distinction to the State to add new centuries to those which Romulus had enrolled. “The lack of cavalry soldiers,” he said, “will prove detrimental, or rather fatal, to the State. Now it is the duty of men to whom their country is dear to strengthen it in every possible way.” 8 1 Say “ (for) a disgrace ”. 2 Say “ be (for) a delay or hindrance ”. 3 Say “ it is the part of a wise man to,” &c. 4 Future. 5 Use quantus with a noun. 0 Say “ was a delay ”. 7 Say “ in such a paucity of cavalry soldiers ”, 8 Say “ in whatever way they can ”, WRITER. 47 VI. English Verbs constructed with a fixed Preposition (§§ 326 f and 376). A. 1. We are informed that king Tarquin brought up 1 Servius Tullius as his own son. 2. Servius, having been brought up 1 as the king’s son, became king after Tarquin’s death. 3. For Tanaquil had spoken to 1 the crowd and told them that the king was not dead. 4. “ He has only been stunned,” she said, “ and I do not despair of 1 (his) recovery. 5. I have wiped away the blood 2 and looked at 1 the wound: everything is going on well. 3 6. There is no remedy that I have not had recourse 4 to. 1 ” 7. I trust you will soon see (the king) himself. 8. Meanwhile take no notice of 1 idle reports, but obey Servius Tullius, and wait for the issue; he will attend to 1 all the king’s duties. 9. I am not surprised at your grief; I am not ignorant of your loyalty, (and) I know you will listen to 1 what I say. 10. In this way she appealed to their feelings. 11. And by this crafty speech she broke up 1 the crowd. B. Those standing by 5 took up 6 the dying king, and the lictors seized 7 the murderers 8 while 9 escaping. Then a crowd of people began to collect together, wondering at the uproar. In the midst of the din Tanaquil ordered the palace to be shut and all witnesses to be turned out. At the same time she diligently attended to the king’s wounds, as if some hope of life still remained. Then hastily sending 10 for Servius, and pointing 6 to her husband, now almost lifeless, she appealed to him, taking hold of his right hand, not to suffer the death of his father-in-law to be unavenged, nor his mother-in-law to be mocked at by her foes. “Servius,” she cried, “the kingdom is yours if you will 1 Use a verb which takes the Accusative. 2 Use Ablative Absolute. 3 Say “ is healthy ”. 4 Subjunctive (§ 364). 5 § 555 * . 6 Use a “when” clause and omit “ and”. 7 Use the Historic Present (§ 467) throughout this exercise. 8 Use illc. 9 Beware of (him with Pres. Participle. 10 § 554. 4 8 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. rouse yourself and follow the guidance 1 of heaven.” Then she spoke to the crowd and told them that the king had only been stunned by the sudden blow; that the weapon had not penetrated far into the body; and that recovery was by no means to be despaired of. Meanwhile (she said) Servius would perform all the duties of royalty. 2 Hearing 3 this the crowd broke up. VII. Verbs taking the Genitive (§ 327*). A. 1. Which of us will ever forget Fundanius’s little daughter ? 2. I, for my part, shall remember to the last hour of my life the day on which she died. 3. She urged us not to pity her, but to comfort her father. 4. “ I am not anxious to live,” she said, “I am ready to die when it is the will of Heaven 4 do not pity me ; pity my father.” 5. How winsome, how modest she was ! Assuredly the maiden will never be forgotten by those who knew her. 6. She prayed me especially to remember her father and sister, whom she was leaving behind. 7. “Ido not ask you,” she said, “ to remember me. I know you will not forget me ; but, pray, remember my dearest father and the rest of my kinsfolk.” 8. Saying this, she embraced me affectionately. 9. I shall often think of the day on which my friend Fundanius’s little daughter died. B. Cicero sends much love, and hopes that his Terentia, his little Tullia, and his little Cicero are all well. I learn by the letters of several people, and the talk of everybody, that your courage and endurance are simply wonderful, and that amid so many troubles of body or mind you do not forget your duty. How I pity you, when I remember that with 4 all your courage and devotion, your virtues and gentleness, you have fallen into such misfortunes for my sake ! And my sweet Tullia, too, is never forgotten by me for 1 Say “ the gods (as) guides ”. 2 Latin is often concrete where English is abstract. 3 § 554. 4 Say “ endowed with such courage,” &c, WRITER. 49 a single moment, nor'can I forget the troubles which she, who was so proud of her father, has undergone all for him ! How I pity you all ! How often do I think of my dear Terentia and of my children ! Night and day you are always before my eyes. Since you prefer it, I will not move any further from here, but I hope you will write to me as often as possible. Good-bye, my darlings, good-bye. Forget not your unhappy father. VIII. Cui Verbs (§§ 328, 328*, 329). 1. Which-of-the-two pleased the Athenian people most, Aristides or Themistocles ? 2. Themistocles was favoured by the Athenians rather than Aristides. 3. It often happens that eloquence pleases men, but integrity offends them. 4. Yet we ought (use debed ) to trust a man of integrity, 1 and distrust one who is eloquent but dishonest. 5. Tell me, my friend, why you are angry 2 with Aristides. 6. I, for my part, don’t know Aristides. I admit that he has never injured me ; but he displeases me, and 3 I cannot pardon him for trying 4 to persuade us that he is juster than the rest-of-mankind. 7. It unfortunately happens that indulgence is more easily shown to those who flatter their fellow-citizens than to those who are compelled occasionally to resist them. IX. Cui Verbs (§§ 328, 328*, 329, 418). 1. A woman named 5 Abroton—or Euterpe, as some say—is said to have married Neocles, the father of Themistocles. 2. In his youth 6 Themistocles gave way to unbridled excesses, and refused to listen to the advice of his parents and teachers. 3. 1 Use an Adjective. 4 Say “ because he tries ”. 2 Mood ? 5 Say “ ta whom was the name . 3 Say “ nor can I 6 Say “ (as) a youth 4 50 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. This 1 so displeased Neocles that he disinherited him. 4. Before he was disinherited he could not be persuaded to 2 live simply and attend 3 to his business. 5. In vain would 4 his father threaten him: he still continued to live riotously. 6. It is well known, how¬ ever, that Themistocles afterwards applied himself 5 most diligently to public affairs and gradually learnt how to govern those desires to which he had formerly been a slave. 7. The consequence was' 5 that the disgrace which had been inflicted on him, instead 7 of injuring him, actually benefited him. 8. In the year 480 b.c. he was at the head of the Athenian republic, and came-to-the- rescue-of his country in the hour of need. X. Verbs taking the Ablative (§ 329*). 1. Themistocles discharged 8 the office of commander in the war with Corcyra. 2. At that time the Athenians were-without 8 a navy, and Themistocles saw clearly that they needed a powerful fleet in order to overcome yEgina. 3. Moreover Themistocles exercised 8 no less 9 foresight than 9 patriotism; for he well knew on the one hand that Persia desired to obtain 8 dominion over the whole of Greece, and on the other that a powerful fleet would be a great protection 10 to Athens. 4. “I will persuade my fellow-countrymen,” he said, “to use the money which comes from the mines at Laurium to 11 build a fleet of two hundred ships.” 5. Nepos tells us that Themi¬ stocles, having 8 shattered the enemy by means of this fleet, pro¬ ceeded to clear the sea of pirates. 6. We know that the policy of Themistocles proved the salvation 10 not only of the Athenians, but also of all the other States of Greece. 7. He who lacks wisdom is not only not useful to the State but even destructive 10 to it. 1 Use the Relative. 2 Ut with Subjunctive. 3 Use operant dare. 4 Imperf. Indie. 5 Studeo. 6 Say “ by which it was effected ”. 7 Say “ not only did not injure but even benefited him ”. 8 Use a Verb taking the Ablative. 9 Say “both . . . and”. 10 § 420. 11 Ad with Gerundive. WRITER. 5i XI. Verbs taking the Infinitive (§ 330, and Caution). A. 1. “Report says that the king of the Persians has resolved to attack us. 2. Let us hasten to send men to Delphi to enquire of the god what we are to do; 1 meanwhile let us not cease to hope for a favourable issue. 3. The oracle bids (us) to fortify ourselves with wooden walls. What can be meant by this ? 4. If you do not yourselves know how to interpret the answer of the oracle, you ought to listen to me. 5. It seems to me that Apollo desires to exhort (us) to' 2 betake ourselves to our ships. 6. If you approve of this advice, you will begin to build more ships.” 7. The Athenians did not hesitate to follow the advice of Themistocles. 8. Leonidas, with three hundred Spartans, attempted to seize Thermopylae, and prevent the Persians from 3 advancing farther. 9. But they were unable to withstand the enormous forces of the enemy. B. The Athenians, hearing 4 that Xerxes had resolved to attack Greece, hastened to send men to consult the oracle. When the oracle advised them not to 5 hesitate to use wooden walls, no one save Themistocles perceived that Apollo was trying by means of this answer to persuade the Athenians to 0 increase their navy and to make themselves a maritime power. 7 The Athenians accordingly built a second fleet of 200 triremes and conveyed themselves and their wives and children to the ships. Had not a few old men remained behind to defend the Acropolis, Athens would have been entirely depopulated. The Spartans, however, did not approve of this plan of Themistocles, but preferred to fight on land rather than on sea; so they sent their king to Thermopylae to try to oppose the enemy’s advance. 8 1 Say “what is to be done ” (Gerundive). 2 Use ut with the Subjunctive. 3 Use quominus with the Subjunctive. 4 § 554. 5 Use ne with the Subjunctive. 6 Use ut with the Subjunctive. 7 Say “ make themselves skilled in naval warfare ”. 8 Say “ the enemy from advancing ” ( quominus with Subjunctive). 52 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER . XII. Doceo, Celo (§ 330*), Verbs of asking (§ 330**). A. 1. Edivard. Who is teaching you Greek and Latin [literature] ? 2. Charles. I am being instructed in Greek and Latin by a man who is learned in both tongues. 3. E. Wait a bit, please. Don’t hide from me the name of the illustrious man who (being) “ learned in both tongues ” himself, is kind enough 1 to teach those tongues to you. 4. C. As you ask me this so earnestly, you shall no longer be kept in the dark about it. It is my father *- 5. E. And my uncle! Why have you hitherto kept this dark from us all? May 2 I ask you what you are reading at present? 6. C. We are reading about Themistocles, who taught the Athenians naval science, and who, when Athens was being de¬ stroyed by Xerxes, persuaded his fellow-citizens not to 3 abandon the ships for the sake of defending their homes. B. A few days ago I happened to meet a boy coming out of school. I asked him his age, 4 his name, 4 his master’s name, 4 and his opinion 4 of his master. In a word, I asked him not to con¬ ceal anything from me. “ My name,” he said—“for why should I conceal this from you? —is Mark; I am nearly ten. Our master is called Orbilius by the boys, because he is somewhat hasty in temper; nevertheless he is very learned. He teaches us Latin and Greek, and his wife teaches us singing and dancing.” I asked him what his master had taught him that day. “ We read in Livy,” he said, “about the Sibyl who asked Tarquin to buy nine books. She demanded an immense sum of the king. But he laughed at her, so she burnt three, and then asked the king to buy the six remaining books at the same price. 5 The king laughed louder, and asked her whether she was mad. The woman then burnt three more 6 books, and quietly asked the king the same ques¬ tion. 7 At last he bought the books at the price she had asked.” 1 Say “ so kind that he teaches ”. 2 Say “is it allowed to ask you ?” 3 ne. 4 Use Dependent Questions : “ how old he was,” &c. 5 Ablative. 6 Say “ other ”. 7 Say “ the same thing ”, WRITER. 53 XIII. I ' ' ” , Verbs taking Accusative and Dative (§§ 331, 418). A. 1. Themistocles gave good advice to the Athenians. 2. They had sent ambassadors to 1 Delphi to consult the oracle. 3. The ambassadors had brought them news of 2 the answer of the Pythia. 4. Themistocles showed them the real purpose of the Pythia. 5. When this had been pointed out to them, they did not hesitate to entrust themselves and their belongings to wooden walls, as 3 the oracle had bidden them to do. 6. They handed over the charge of the citadel of Athens—to which men have given the name “Acropolis”—to certain priests and elders. 7. A chosen band of Spartans betook themselves to Thermopylae. 8. The Spartans put Leonidas, their king, in command of this band. 9. These brave men devoted themselves to death in order to save their country. 10. Not only their own fellow-countrymen, but also all 4 the Greeks felt gratitude to them for 5 this glorious 6 victory. n. The whole world concedes to them and to the Athenians who fought at Salamis the glory of having saved Greece 7 a second time. 12. And this 8 glory can never be taken from them. B. Xerxes having 9 made war upon the Greeks in the 480th year before Christ, the Athenians put Themistocles at the head of the navy. If Darius had lived, he would have declared war against Greece much earlier. Themistocles, not being 10 able to win-the-approval-of 11 the other commanders for his policy, deter¬ mined to have recourse to stratagem. He entrusted one of his slaves, named Sicinnus—a man to whom the Persian tongue was well known—with a letter, at the same time threatening 11 him with 1 Consider carefully the meaning of “ to,” wherever it occurs in this exercise. 2 Say “ announced the answer to them ”. 3 id quod. 4 univcrsi. 5 “ For ” here means “ on account of”. 6 Say “ this so glorious victory ”. 7 Say “of Greece a second time saved” (Perf. Participle). 8 Say “ which glory ”. 9 Say “ when he had made war ”. 10 Say “ when he was not able ”, 11 Use a verb taking Accusative and Dative- 54 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. death if he should lose 1 it. “Let no one,” he said, “take this letter from you; give it to no one, show it to no one, save to the Persian king. Tell him that I sent you.” The letter ran as follows : “ I, Themistocles, send 2 greeting to Xerxes. Do not allow the Greeks time for 3 flight. I promise you victory if you trust your fortunes to me. I give you (my) word that I am your friend.” Xerxes was foolish enough to 4 have confidence in the promises of Themistocles, and paid a very heavy penalty to the Greeks for his folly. Afterwards Themistocles was audacious enough to tell Artaxerxes, the son of Xerxes, that he had given good advice to his father. XIV. Verbs taking Object and Predicate Adjective or Noun (§§ 334"5> 420). A. 1. Who has ever proved himself wiser in the conduct of a war than Themistocles? 2. Nepos tells us that the Athenians elected Themistocles as their general, and that he showed himself f # great in the Persian war and no less great in peace. 3. We read that Themistocles informed the Persian king that it would be fatal 5 to his army if he did not return 6 home quickly. 4. It is clear that Xerxes thought this advice sound. 5. We know that he considered Themistocles no less friendly than wise. 6. All historians have called Themistocles great. 7. It is not surprising that the Athenians did not make this a reproach 5 to their leader; for it proved 7 their salvation. 5 8. Two years 8 after the battle of Salamis the Athenians rebuilt their city, and, following the advice of Themistocles, fortified it so effectually that they rendered it impregnable. 9. Then, thinking the Piraeus a larger and better harbour than that-at-Phalerum, 9 they surrounded it with walls, which they made much higher and thicker than (those) of the city itself. 1 Pluperf. Subj. 2 Use died. 3 Use the Genitive. 4 Say “was so foolish that he ”. 5 § 420. 6 Imperf. Subj. 7 Use the Perfect of sum. 8 Ablative (§ 445). 9 Use an Adjective. WRITER. 55 Napoleon Bonaparte. B. There are some who refuse 1 to style Napoleon great on account of his unscrupulousness. There are others again who consider him a second Alexander or Caesar. But, however that may be, it cannot be denied that he showed himself so able and energetic that he soon changed the face of Europe. Napoleon was born in the island of Corsica, 15th August, 2 a.d. 1769. He received a military education at Brienne, where he stayed more than 3 five years, and was appointed lieutenant in 1785. Afterwards he showed himself so brave and skilful an officer that he was chosen Consul by the French on his return to Paris from Syria. On the 2nd of August, 1802, the French Senate created him Consul for life. In the following year Napoleon threatened to invade 4 England. He seems to have thought that people would welcome him as their deliverer and take him as their king. In the month of February, a.d. 1806, after capturing 5 Naples, he made his brother Joseph king of that district. XV. Attributes (§§ 336-7, 387-400, 434). A. 1. The Spartans allege that there ought to be no fortified cities in Attica for 0 the enemy to seize. 2. It was not fear of the Persians but jealousy of the Athenians that influenced the Spartans. 3. At that time most of the H£ginetans also held the same views 7 about the fortification of Athens as 7 the Spartans. 4. “ Love for Greece,” they say, “the common mother of us all, 8 (is the) only (motive that) prompts us.” 5. Then Themistocles, a man of the greatest subtlety, begged the Athenians to allow him 9 1 Subjunctive (§ 504). 2 See Grammar, p. 215. 3 Amplius, with Accus. (§ 360 +). 4 Accusative with Future Infinitive. 5 Say “ after he had captured ”, 6 Use Relative (“ which the enemy may seize ”). 7 Say ‘'thought ( scntio ) the same things . . . which”. 8 § 559- 9 se (§ 563). 56 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. to set out for Sparta as ambassador. 6. “ Bid me go,” he said, “ unaccompanied at first; afterwards, when a sufficient amount of the fortification has been built, 1 let the rest of the ambassadors follow. 7. Meanwhile order the whole of the population, freemen and slaves, to labour day and night, 2 so that the work may be completed as quickly as possible.” B. The Spartans and the eEginetans, pretending that they were influenced solely by fear of the Persians, tried to persuade the Athenians not to fortify their city. They begged them to believe that they were actuated by a genuine concern for the safety of the whole of Greece and not by jealousy of Athens. Themistocles was at that time at the head of the State. He was a man of about thirty-eight years (of age), of conspicuous abilities, but of unprincipled character. He saw clearly that Sparta really desired nothing else than to keep 3 Athens weak. When, therefore, the Spartan envoys forbade the Athenians to finish the walls, he said to his fellow-citizens: “Let us stop building while the envoys are here, and let us inform them that an embassy will be despatched to Sparta to confer with them on the matter: mean¬ while let all of us, young and old, devote ourselves to completing the fortifications ”. XVI. Genitive and Albative of Price (§§ 401, 402, 429). A. 1. The Spartans cared nothing for the interests of Athens: what they valued most highly was their own supremacy. 2. Being asked how much it cost to build the city walls, he replied: “ Money 4 and labour, but above all patriotism 3. Hearing that the Spartans were very angry that the Athenians had not stopped building the walls, he is said to have remarked in public somewhat oracularly : “ Anger is a brief madness: no pestilence ever cost mankind more 4 than anger ”. 4. But in the presence of his friends 1 § 493 - 2 Say “ days and nights”. 3 Use ut with Subj. 4 The only genitives used with verbs of “buying,” “selling,” &c. (§ 402), as distinct from verbs of “valuing” (§ 401), are tanti , quanti, pliiris, and mindris. WRITER. 57 he said: “A fig for their anger! 5. I, for my part, value the safety of the State more than their anger. 6. Their estimate of me 1 is of no great consequence. 7. How gladly would the Spartans see those walls demolished which have cost so much labour, so many thousands of minae.” 8. Then he went to the ephors and spoke as follows: 9. “ Let us not exchange peace for war: send to Athens men in whom you have confidence to examine into the matter: meanwhile keep me as a hostage. 10. The friendship of Sparta is of more value to us than that of all other States besides.” B. When the rest of the envoys arrived Themistocles en¬ quired of them how much of the fortification remained unfinished. When they replied that very little was unfinished, he said he was sure the Spartans would be very indignant, but he did not care a straw for their anger : what he valued more highly was the safety of Athens. Then he went to the Spartans, and begged them to send the most trustworthy messengers they had, to find out how the matter really stood. “You will discover,” he said, “when they return, that we ceased to build from the time when you forbade the walls to be finished. You will accordingly learn to set very little value on vague rumours, but the highest value on our friend¬ ship and alliance.” Having said this, he returned to his fellow- envoys, and said: “Set out for Athens with the utmost haste: instruct the authorities not to let the Spartan ambassadors depart till I have returned safely. The supremacy we are aiming at is to be bought by diplomacy rather than by arms.” XVII. Verbs of “ Acquitting-,” “Accusing,” &c. (§ 408). A. 1. Although Themistocles had served his country with re¬ markable zeal and conspicuous ability, he was nevertheless accused 1 Say “at how much they value ( facio) me ” (Dependent Question). 5 » THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. of treachery. 2. Nepos relates that the Athenians, at the instiga¬ tion 1 of the Spartans, condemned him in his absence for high treason. 3. If Themistocles had been at that time at Athens, he would have been arraigned for betraying Greece, and would per¬ haps have been condemned to death. 4. Anyhow he would have been condemned to exile and (to pay) a heavy fine; for the Athenians did not allow anyone to benefit them with impunity. 5. It seems strange that he who had freed his country from the Persians’ dominion was accused of betraying his country to the Persians. 6. Yet many historians even nowadays not only accuse him of ambition, but also think that he cannot be acquitted of treason towards his country. 7. A recent historian thinks that Themistocles cannot be justly taxed with treason. B. It was characteristic of the Athenians to arraign for bribery or sacrilege or high treason those citizens who had deserved well of the State. They used to condemn various men on various charges. It is not surprising, then, that a people 2 who had con¬ demned Aristides for being, as they said, too just, 3 should have taxed Themistocles with treachery. While the latter was at Argos, whither he had betaken himself after being condemned to exile, certain envoys came from Sparta to Athens to say that Pausanias had been convicted of high treason, and had been con¬ demned to death for having conspired 4 against Athens and Sparta, and that Themistocles was his accomplice in that crime. The Athenians readily believed his accusers, and found him guilty of treachery. When Themistocles was told this, he said : “My enemies would not have dared to arraign me for high treason except in my absence. Can anyone be so foolish as to think that I, who many years ago saved Greece from being enslaved, have 1 Abl. Abs. 2 Accusative with Infinitive (§ 368 b). 3 Say “ because he was (Subjunctive) too just,” and omit “ as they said” (§ 509 )- 4 Say “because he had conspired” (Subjunctive) (§ 509). WRITER. 59 now made an alliance with the Persian king in order to enslave Greece ? Arraign me for arrogance they may, 1 acquit me of treason they must.” 2 XVIII. The Dative Case (§§410-418). A. 1. The Spartans and Athenians would perhaps have de¬ clared war against the Corcyraeans if Themistocles had not fled to Ajdmetus. 2. There seems to have been a friendship between 8 Themistocles and Admetus. 3. Themistocles, learning 4 that the king was away, snatched his little girl from her nurse, and fled to a temple. 4. “I will not come out,” said he, till you have 5 taken me under your protection.” The king said : “ You must look after yourself; I cannot prefer your interests to mine, and thereby ex¬ pose myself to serious danger. 6. It is clear to me, therefore, that you must 5 go away from here.” 7. Themistocles was then persuaded 7 to 8 go to Pydna. 8. He promised the owner of the vessel that if he stood 9 by him he would some day show (his) grati¬ tude (to him) for his kindness. 9. The owner of the vessel, think¬ ing 4 that so illustrious a man ought to be protected, 10 promised not 11 .0 fail him at such a crisis. B. Fearing for his safety at Corcyra, he thought he would best secure his own interests if he betook 12 himself to Molossis.- Arriving here, he fled to a shrine and swore that he would not quit it till theking promised 12 him 18 help. At first Admetuspromised 1 § 45 °- 5 Tense ? 7 § 329. 3 Say “to Them, with Ad.”. 2 § 452 . 4 § 554 - c Use the Gerund (§ 535). 8 Beware of using the Infinitive. 9 Plupf.Subj. (“should have stood”). 10 Use the Gerundive (§ 535). 11 Say “ denied that he would ”. 12 Pluperfect Subjunctive (= “ should have betaken ”). 13 Use the Reflexive (§ 563). 6o THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. that he would succour him ; but when the Athenians and Spartans demanded the surrender of Themistocles he told him that he could not safely remain with him ; 1 for otherwise, not only would Athens and Sparta make war upon him, 1 but Themistocles himself would also be exposed to imminent peril. The latter, therefore, perceiving that the king was speaking the truth, and that he 1 was bound-to-lose-his-life 2 if he remained 3 there, determined to sail to Pydna. The ship, however, in which he had embarked was carried to Naxos, an island which the Athenians had subjected to their authority. So Themistocles, fearing lest if- he landed 4 at Naxos, the authorities should put him in chains and order him to be taken to Athens, told the owner of the ship that his name was Themistocles and begged him not to land him 1 there. XIX. The Ablative Case (§§422-432). A. 1. Did Themistocles cross over into Asia during the reign of Xerxes, or must 5 Thucydides be believed, 6 who was nearly a contemporary 7 of Themistocles, and who says that he arrived there 8 during the reign of Xerxes’ son ? 2. “I will show you,” 9 said he, “ how by my counsel I delivered your most honourable father 10 from imminent peril; and thus you will understand why I have come here, relying on your help. 3. I have been driven from my native land through the jealousy of my fellow-country¬ men, and am bereft of all friends, unless you are willing to support me. 4. After the battle of 11 Salamis, I informed your father by a letter that the Greeks had determined to cut down the bridge over 11 the Hellespont. 5. Xerxes, being informed of this matter 1 Use the Reflexive (§ 563). 2 Gerund. 3 Imperfect Subjunctive (= “should remain”). 4 Pluperfect Subjunctive ( = “ should have betaken ”). 5 Use the Gerund (§ 535). 6 § 329. 7 Say “ very near in age to Thim.”. 8 Why not ibi ? 9 Case ? 10 Say “ your father, a man worthy of the highest honour ”. 11 § 455. WRITER. 6r by a messenger, returned home with the utmost speed. 6. He returned to Asia considerably quicker than he had come. 7. The favour which I conferred upon him was the 1 greater in proportion as 2 it was unexpected.” 8. By means of this letter Themistocles won the favour of Artaxerxes. 9. The cunning of Themistocles was greater than his love of truth. 10. The Greeks rejoiced in wiles. 11. They knew how 3 to fight bravely 4 and plead cunningly. 4 B. If we are to believe Thucydides, it was in the reign of Artaxerxes that the celebrated Themistocles was driven, through the envy of his fellow citizens, from his native land. At the bidding of Themistocles, the owner of the ship in which he had embarked speedily 5 landed him at Ephesus. Thus, by the kind¬ ness of a perfect stranger, Themistocles was relieved of all anxiety. Having by this means arrived at Ephesus, he sent to Artaxerxes a letter to the following effect: “ Though I who write to you am by nationality a Greek, and by name Themistocles, and though I fought with the utmost energy at the battle of Salamis in order to defend my country against your father, yet you will admit, when you have read this letter, that your family has received considerably more advantage 6 than injury from me. For after the battle I informed your father, by a messenger that certain men had determined to prevent his return. 7 Thus it was by my instrumentality that he was forced from this great peril and returned home in safety. I now ask you with many entreaties to protect me. Do not drive me from Asia. Do not imitate my countrymen, whose ingratitude is only equalled by the benefits they have received.” 8 3 What part of speech is “ the ” ? 2 Say “the more unexpected (it was) 3 § 330. 4 Use the Abl. of Manner (§ 427). 5 Use the Abl. of Manner (§ 427). 6 Say “ more of advantage ” (§ 391). 7 Say “ him from return ”, 8 Say “the more benefits they have received the less gratitude they repay ”. 62 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XX. Expressions of Place, Space, and Time (§§ 435-445). A. 1. While Themistocles was living in Persia, he is said to have been so well instructed in the Persian language and litera¬ ture that he spoke much better than some of the Persians them¬ selves. 2. Eleven or twelve months after he came to Susa, he departed from Persia and betook himself to the ancient city of Magnesia, which is about 1200 miles from Susa. 3. Nepos does not say by what route Themistocles came to Magnesia. 4. It is not quite certain whether he died of a disease or committed suicide by poison : what 1 is pretty clear is that he died in the city of Magnesia. 5. Themistocles is said to have died at the age of sixty-five, in the third year of the 82nd Olympiad, that is to say, in the 449th year before the birth' 2 * of Christ. 6. Aristides is said to have died four years after the banishment 6 of Themistocles from Athens in the first year of the 78th Olympiad, but whether in the spring or summer I cannot say. 7. These two remarkable men died nearly 2400 years ago. B. To 4 run over the life of Themistocles : He was born in the 66th Olympiad. In his early youth he is said to have been dis¬ inherited by his father. Upon the invasion 5 of Greece by Xerxes, the Athenians put Themistocles, who was at that time about 34 years old, in command of the fleet. A little while before 6 the king approached 1 Athens the Athenians, by the advice of Themistocles, abandoned their city, and removed their women, children, and 7 infirm to Salamis, Higina, and 7 Troezen. Salamis is only a few miles distant from Athens. In the year 480 b.c., as has been said above, Xerxes was defeated at Salamis, and 1 Say “ it is pretty clear that ”. 2 Use a Participle. 3 Say “after Themistocles was banished,” or “after Themistocles banished” (Perf. Part.). 4 Say “ that we may — 6 § 445 - >> 5 Say “ when X. lead his army into ”. 7 § 578 . WRITER. 63 hastily returned home from Greece. Themistocles seems to have been accused of peculation nine years before ; it is certain that he was afterwards driven from Athens, and retired to Argos. Hear¬ ing 1 that he had been accused of high treason, and that the Athenians had sent certain persons to arrest him, 2 he fled from Argus to Corcyra, and thence to Epirus, where he remained for a few days in the house of Admetus, and finally reached Asia in safety. Having arrived 3 here, he sent a letter to the king at 4 Susa, asking him to allow him 2 to come to Susa at the beginning of the next year in order that he might converse with him on certain very important matters. XXI. Impersonal Verbs (§§ 446-454). A. 1. It was (a matter) of great interest to Hannibal to urge Antiochus to wage war with the Romans. 2. “You will repent of your want-of-enterprise” he said, “if you let slip this oppor¬ tunity of making war on Rome.” 3. The Romans believed it to be no little to their interest to arouse the king’s suspicions against Hannibal, for they needed a powerful ally. 4. “ We ought to send ambassadors to Antiochus for that purpose,” they said. 5. “We may no longer put off what we ought to have done before.” 6. It did not escape Hannibal’s notice that his influence with the king was less than formerly. 7. Having discovered this, he went to the king, and spoke as follows: “You must know that from a boy I have always been an enemy of the Roman people. 8. I shall never repent the oath which I swore to my father. 9. Let others be ashamed of their hostility, I have never felt either remorse or shame at having kept my oath up to this day. 10. And I think that both you and the State are more con¬ cerned to prepare for war than I am. 11. Have no pity for an arrogant and faithless people. 12. It is clear that you have both the men and the money which you need for this war.” 1 § 554 - 2 § 563- § 552. 4 Say “ sent to the king to Susa ”. s 64 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. B. Henry. Hallo! Uncle, you there? I am delighted 1 to see you. I need 1 a friend to talk to. 2 Uncle. Sit down, and tell me what it is your pleasure that I should do. Whatever concerns you will always greatly concern me. H. You will pity me when you hear 3 that I have been working the whole day, and that I have not yet finished my work. U Do you then repent of your industry? H. No; but I am sick of Latin and Greek and English and Mathematics, and a thousand 4 other subjects, to say 5 nothing about colloquial 6 French and German. U. But you ought to learn all this in' order that you may turn out a “good all-round man,” to quote 5 Horace. H. Horace ought to have been a schoolmaster. U. ( ignoring the interruption ) Our country nowadays needs men skilled in the arts and sciences—men who have had a liberal education. H. And yet ought we to neglect the body? U. By no means. The bodily faculties must be cultivated too. H. Well then, Philosophy ought long ago to have given place to Tennis. Is it your pleasure to play? U. I am always pleased to play when I am allowed. Let us begin then. H. Uncle, you are a brick ! XXII. Kinds of Sentences (§§ 338-344+). A. 1. When will hostilities with Rome be terminated? Are ambassadors to be despatched from Carthage to Rome or not? 2. Would that envoys had been sent before! May the Romans receive them favourably! 3. What answer 7 do you think the Romans will give ? 4. Will not Carthage recall Hannibal if Rome demands 8 it? . 5. Are we to thank the Remans because 1 Use an Impersonal Verb. 2 Say “ with whom I may converse”. 3 Tense ? 4 Say “ six hundred 5 Ut with Subjunctive (“that I may omit”). 6 Say “ the daily speech of the F.,” &c. 7 Use a Verb. 8 Tense ? WRITER. 65 they have made peace with us? 6. Yes, thank them and present them with gifts; but do not forget to ask them the following question : 7. May 1 we remove our hostages to Fregellae, and restore the prisoners? 8. Will you refuse to grant so slight a boon? 9. Let Hannibal be recalled: let not the prisoners be re¬ leased: don’t be cajoled by lying ambassadors. 10. Do you not know that ambassadors are men who are’ 2 sent to lie abroad for the good of their country? 11. I am inclined to say that Hannibal ought not to be recalled. 12. One might have thought that Hannibal would be recalled. 13. Iam inclined to hope that you will share my views 3 on this point. B. Imaginary Speech of a Ro?nan Senator, b.c. 195. “ But someone may perhaps remind us that the war has come to an end, and that the triumphant Romans ought not to fear the vanquished Carthaginians. Would that this were true! Would that our deadliest foe were not at this hour ruling Carthage! Do not suppose that he has been made praetor for nothing. What kind of man has he shown himself since 4 he has returned home ? Has he not displayed as much earnestness and zeal in that office as he did in the war against us? Has he not managed not only to pay the tribute due to us in accordance with the treaty, but also to leave money in the treasury ? Let us not forget that, in proportion 5 to his excellence as a Carthaginian praetor, he is dangerous to us as an enemy. Let us not then hesitate to de¬ mand his surrender. Would, indeed, that we had done so before! For are we to sit still with folded hands, as the saying is, while he is amassing money to equip a fleet and to recommence hostilities ? Granted that he has been once conquered, are we to despise him now ? ” 1 § 450. 2 Subjunctive. 3 Say “ think (sentio) the same things which I (think)”. 4 Say “after ”. 5 Say “the better he is ( Subjunctive) . . . the more dangerous he is” (§ 43 °)- 5 66 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XXIII. Gerund and Gerundive (§§ 534-541). A. 1. Hannibal was desirous of paying as soon as possible. 2. Hannibal was very desirous of paying the money which Carthage owed to Rome. 3, Accordingly he devoted himself to economising. 4. He devoted himself to administering the State with the utmost economy. 5. He devoted himself to laying up money for the sake of renewing hostilities against the Romans, a people 1 he hated most intensely. 6. “The tribute must 2 first be paid,” he said; “afterwards men, money, and arms must be got together, in order to carry on this war against the enemy.” 7. Ambassadors were sent by the Romans to Carthage to demand the surrender of 3 Hannibal. 8. Hannibal saw that he must either fly or perish. 9. “ My native country must be abandoned,” he said, “if I am desirous of saving my life. I'cannot save my life without 4 escaping to Syria. I must embark without 4 accomplishing my purpose.” 10. After Hannibal had 5 fled from Carthage, the authorities had 6 his goods confiscated and his house razed to the ground and himself proclaimed an outlaw. B. If the envoys came to Carthage for the sake of demanding the surrender of 7 Hannibal (to be delivered up), they had to depart 8 without 9 accomplishing their purpose; for Hannibal, having 10 secretly embarked, had gone to King Antiochus in 11 Syria. The consequence was that 12 men were sent to seize him and bring him back, and that his property was confiscated and himself outlawed. 1 Say “ which people (nation) ”. 2 Translate “must-” by the Gerundive or Gerund throughout this exercise. 3 Use the Gerundive. 4 § 539. 5 § 495. 6 § 540. 7 Do this in two ways, using (1) ad with Gerundive, (2) causa or gratia with Gerundive. 8 Use the Gerund. 9 § 539. 10 Use quum. 11 Say “to”. 12 Use ut with Subjunctive (§ 368 c). WRITER. 67 Having afterwards betaken himself to Crete with a large sum of money, he devised the following scheme for preserving it; for he saw that he must use 1 craft to outwit the Cretans. He had some jars filled 2 with lead and placed in one of the temples. These he handed over to the magistrates to be preserved, 2 declaring that he was desirous of entrusting this money to men who should guard 3 it carefully, and that he was convinced that no men were more worthy of his confidence than the Cretans, whose scrupulous fidelity 4 was 3 so notorious. XXIV. Temporal Clauses (§ 347)- A. 1. While sailing round the island they were observed by the enemy. 2. The enemy having advanced, our general with¬ drew. 3. As long as we were besieging the town the inhabitants suffered from want of provisions. 4. After they had 5 held out for many months, after they had 5 suffered intolerable hardships and had lost so many thousands of men, the inhabitants were forced to surrender. 6 5. The town having surrendered, the general punished some of the citizens and pardoned others. 6. Did we raise the siege of Burgos before the French advanced? 7. No; we raised the siege of the city after we saw the French advancing. 7 8. They hoped to arrive before the town should be taken. 9. “ Are we to waste time here,” cried someone, “ till the fortress be taken ? ” 10. “ I intend to wait here,” our general replied, “or to waste time—to quote your own words—till the army of our allies come to our aid.” n. The general’s object was to take the town before the citizens should have been informed of the arrival of the French. 12. While these things were going on in Spain Napoleon was fighting hard in Germany. 1 § 538. 2 § 540. , 3 Imperfect Subjunctive. 4 Say “ loyalty and scrupulousness” 3 For tense see § 495. 6 Intransitive : see § 376 (b). 7 § 334, Obs. 2. 68 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. Napoleon and Wellington . B. Three days before Napoleon crossed the Niemen to attack Moscow, Wellington, 1 after taking two towns by storm, led his forces across 2 the Agueda, while marching upon Salamanca. This town he captured after completely routing the French army. While Napoleon was still pushing slowly over the vast plains of Poland, Wellington 1 made his entry into Madrid, and 3 began the siege 4 of Burgos. Nor did he raise the siege till in October 5 the two French armies advanced, and 3 forced him to retreat 6 hastily towards the Portuguese frontier. As the English troops were falling back from Burgos Napoleon, in command of the Grand Army, began his retreat 4 from Moscow. Napoleon, having attacked 7 the Russians on the 12th of September near Borodino, where an obstinate and bloody 8 battle was fought, 9 had entered Moscow in triumph, and 3 was waiting till he should receive pro¬ posals of peace from the Czar, 10 when a fire, kindled by its own 11 inhabitants, reduced the city to ashes. XXV. Temporal and Local Clauses. A. 1. Varro despises the enemy before seeing them. 2. He ought not to despise the enemy before seeing them. 3. He ought not to have despised the enemy before seeing a camp and serving as a soldier. 4. Don’t boast till you have defeated the enemy. 5. Let him wait till he win ; then let him boast. 6. As long as I Say “our General”. 2 § 377. 3 Turn the two Co-ordinate Clauses into a Complex Sentence, using a quum Clause followed by a Principal Clause. 4 Use a Verb. 5 Say “in the month October,’’or “autumn beginning”. 6 Ut with Subjunctive. 7 Use the Perfect Participle of a Deponent Verb. 8 See Reader No. XXIV (end). 9 § 316*^*. 10 Say “till the Emperor of the Russians should be willing to treat with him ( secuni) about peace ”. II § 5 6 4 - WRITER . 69 we fought, our countrymen helped us with men and provisions. 7. Whenever we demanded 1 provisions, they used to supply them to us. 8. As long as you showed yourself firm against idle rumour, you had nothing to fear. 9. Wherever you advance, your men will follow you; whenever you bid them charge the enemy, they will obey you. 10. As long as circumstances remained unchanged, I gave the same advice. n. Where Varro is, there danger threatens. 12. Where Varro was, there danger threatened. 13. It is in Italy that we are fighting; wherever we go, we shall see countrymen and allies. Napoleon a?id Wellington. B. By this time the appearance of the war had changed. The Emperor 2 had himself hastened back to Paris, after the conflagration of Moscow, while his ruined and broken army struggled home, worn out with the discouragement that-comes- from repeated disasters. 3 After fierce engagements had taken place 4 at Lutzen, Bautzen, and Dresden, where he was victorious, he was defeated at Leipzig on October 19, 1813. Not long afterwards Napoleon abdicated and withdrew to Elba, where he intended to remain until he should meet with a convenient op¬ portunity for again trying the fortune of war. While Napoleon was in Elba the Emperor of Russia, the King of Prussia, and representatives from the other countries of Europe betook them¬ selves to Vienna to arrange a peace. Wellington himself was at Vienna, and had not completed his work 5 there when the news arrived that Napoleon had left Elba, and that Wellington must immediately depart in order to take command of the army in Belgium. 6 It happened, however, that the best regiments of the English were in America, and so Wellington had to wait until he should be able to gather together an adequate force. 1 For the Tense see § 494. 2 Say “Napoleon”. 3 Say “the irksomeness of so many disasters”. 4 §3 I 6*C|s|i D . 5 Say “what was to-be-done”. 6 Say “Belgian army”. 70 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XXVI. Causal Clauses (§§ 349* 349 *)- A. 2. There was scarcity of corn, accompanied with high prices, because the blockade continued. 2. Porsenna continued to besiege the city, because he hoped to take it by storm. 3. Mucius, thinking 1 it a disgrace that Rome should be besieged by Etrurians, wished to penetrate into the enemy’s camp. 4. This he desired to do, not because he was arrogant, but because he was patriotic. 5. He wished to cross the Tiber, and enter the enemy’s camp, not because he wanted to plunder, but because he intended to slay Porsenna with his own hand. 6. This being 1 so, he urgently 2 entreated the Senate to let him 3 set out. 7. Ar¬ riving 4 at the camp, he happened to see the king and his secretary sitting together. So, since he was afraid to ask which of-the-two was Porsenna, he slew the secretary by mistake for the king. 8. Being seized and asked why he had tried to slay a man who had done him 3 no harm, he replied: “I tried to slay Porsenna, not because he has done me any harm, but because I am a Roman citizen, and he is an enemy to the Roman people. 9. Alas! I have not accomplished my purpose!” 5 B. But Mucius, being indignant because his countrymen suf¬ fered their city to be besieged by a foreign foe—a foe, too, whose armies they had routed on many a field — approached the Senate, and spoke as follows: “(It is) only because the case is so urgent (that) I venture to address you. We see our city blockaded 6 and our supplies running-short; 6 yet we sit here with folded hands, not because we cannot, but because we will not, avenge the insults offered to the Roman people. This being the case, I wish to enter the enemy’s camp and to slay Porsenna with my own hand, 1 Use a Causal Clause. 4 § 454. 2 Say “prayed and entreated”. 5 Use a Verb (“what I wanted”). 3 § 563- 6 § 334. Obs. 2. WRITER. 7 1 because he has dared to lay waste our territory and besiege even Rome itself.” The Senators, desiring nothing more than the death of Porsenna, gave their consent, and Mucius, arming 1 himself with a dagger, set out, resolved to take vengeance on the Etruscan king. On his arrival 2 he saw the king and his secretary sitting together, for the soldiers happened to be receiving their pay. 3 So, because he did not know which of the two was Porsenna, he slew the secretary instead of the king. XXVII. Final Clauses (§ 350). A. 1. “ Senators,” he said, “I want to cross the Tiber, in order that I may enter the enemy’s camp and avenge our wrongs.” 2. He departed at nightfall, in order that he might more easily escape detection. 3. He entered the enemy’s camp to avenge his country’s wrongs; he did not go there 4 to plunder. 4. He said he would slay Porsenna, in order that no one might ever after¬ wards injure the Romans with impunity. 5. He did not ask which of the two was Porsenna, lest they should discover that he was a Roman. 6. In order more quickly to compel him to reveal the plot which he had darkly hinted at, the king ordered a fire to be kindled. 7. Then, to show the king that a true Roman did not fear physical pain, he thrust his right hand into 5 the flames. 8. There were many others w T ho were ready to follow his example, in order that Rome might never be subjected to a foreign invader. B. Thereupon he was seized by those standing around, 6 and brought before the king. Yet, notwithstanding 7 his dangerous position, he was the only 8 person who preserved an unruffled de¬ meanour. “I am a Roman,” he cried; “I came hither as a foe- 1 § 554. 2 Use ubi with a Verb. 3 Say “since by chance pay was being given,” &c. 4 Why not ibi ? 5 § 418. 6 §§ 555, 567. 2, p. 204. 7 Use in. 8 Say “ he alone preserved”. 72 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. man to slay a foeman ; not that I am not 1 ready to encounter death myself, if need be. Nor am I the only one who has formed this resolution. An immense number of youths have resolved on your death, 2 in order the more speedily to free their country. And that you and all here present may see what small value we set upon our lives, 3 and that none of you may think me a braggart, lo ! I thrust this right hand into the flames.” The king, being filled with admiration at such great contempt of pain, ordered the heroic youth to be released. “Return to your camp in safety,” said the king, “ in order that you may understand that I admire your bravery, and may not fancy that the Etruscans are unable to show mercy.” XXVIII. Consecutive Clauses (§ 352). A. 1. Mucius was so brave that he entered the camp of the Etruscans for the sake of liberating his country. 2. So great was the power of his courage that the Etruscan king admired it even in a foe. 3. Porsenna was so generous as to admire the courage of Mucius. 4. He pardoned the Roman, so that he returned un¬ harmed to his own camp. 5. Women, too, have often shown themselves so brave that no more sublime examples of courage have ever been shown even by men. 6. Arria was brave enough to 4 bear her son’s death in silence. 7. She could not tell her husband that the boy was dead without endangering the life of Paetus. 8. She controlled her feelings so well that Paetus did not suspect that she was dissembling. 9. But at length her tears began to burst forth, so that she left the room. 10. In our own days, too, women sometimes do such heroic deeds that they are deemed worthy of the highest distinctions which the State can bestow. 11. The whole world' 5 admires them so deeply that they will never be forgotten. 6 1 § 349* (last example). 2 Say “to put you to death”. 3 Say “ at how small a price (§ 401) we value”. 4 Say “so brave as to”. 5 What does “world” mean here? 6 § 3 2 7* (Passive Construction). WRITER. 73 B. Martial and Pliny, and many other ancient writers, have celebrated the heroism of Arria, the wife of Psetus, who was a woman of 1 such courage, that she plunged a dagger into her breast in order to encourage her husband not to hesitate to slay himself rather than fall into the executioner’s hands. Such a noble scorn of pain and death did she display that she plucked the dagger from her breast, presented it to her husband, and uttered that ever-memorable saying: “Paetus, it does not hurt”. Pliny tells us that Fannia, Arria’s grand-daughter, narrated to him several sayings and doings of her grandmother not inferior to the above, though less well known. On one occasion it happened that Paetus and his son were so ill that they seemed likely to die. At length the disease became so malignant that the son was carried off. The boy was of 1 such extraordinary beauty and of such singular modesty that he was no less dear to his friends than to his parents themselves. But the mother checked her tears, and concealed 2 his death from her husband, so that he knew nothing of it until he recovered from his sickness. XXIX. If-Clauses (§§ 353 355 )- A. i. If he took up arms against the State, he was not only a criminal, but also a madman. 2. If you take up arms against the Queen, you will be justly condemned to death, for if a man does wrong he is justly punished. 3. If you had taken up arms against your fellow-citizens, you would have been immediately crushed, and would not be alive to-day. 4. If my father were here, he would give you the same advice that I do. 5. If my father knew your views 3 on this subject, he would not think so highly of you. 6. If Arria had been taken-on-board, she would have gladly per¬ formed the office of servant 4 to her husband. 7. “If he does not 1 § 434- 2 § 330*, p. 127. 3 Say “what you think” (Imperfect Subjunctive : § 521). 4 Use an Adjective. 74 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER . receive food,” she said, “ from my hand, yet he will receive it from some slave; if he is not clothed by me, he will surely be clothed by others. 8. It would be an unheard-of thing—a monstrous outrage— if the captain were not to allot servants to a man of consular rank.” 9. “Paetus,” she cried, “if you are condemned to death, I will die with you ” 10. If you were to die, I should be unable to live any longer. 11. If you had died, I should not have survived you a single day. 12. If you were to be cast into prison, I should wish to be cast into prison too. B. If that celebrated saying, “ Paetus, it does not hurt,” is glorious, how much more glorious was it to restrain her tears, to conceal her grief, (and) still to act the mother when a mother no longer. 1 On another occasion, when Paetus had been taken prisoner by the soldiers of Claudius, and was about to be con¬ veyed to Rome, Arria begged not to be left behind. “If you will permit me to embark,” she said, “I will perform the office of servant to him.” Not obtaining permission, 2 she followed the ship in a hired boat. “Had I not done so,” she said, “ I should not have deserved the name of wife. 3 What wife would act dif¬ ferently, if her husband’s life were to be at stake? What woman, worthy of the name of wife, would be willing to live at ease if her husband were to get into danger? What wife would refuse to suffer hardships or do brave deeds, if by doing or suffering she could help her husband?” XXX. Concessive Clauses (§ 358). A. 1. Though you scarcely ever write to me, and though when you do write you tell me no news, I will not return like for like, but will write you a long letter. 2. However busy you may have 1 Say “(her) son having been lost”. 2 § 554. 3 § 400. WRITER. 75 been, you ought to have found an opportunity to write. 1 3. Troublesome as it may be 2 to you to do what I ask of you, yet you should remember the saying of Cicero: There are many things that good men do simply 3 because they are seemly, even though they see that no advantage will ensue. 4. Very different (from you) was your excellent 4 father and your uncle! For although the former was a keen politician, and the latter an enthusiastic student, yet they always found time 5 for the affairs of their de¬ pendants, not to speak 6 (of those) of their relatives and friends. 5. However angry you may be with me, I will say what I think. B. Although I am not an adept at writing, I will proceed to give you as accurate an account as possible of my uncle’s death, in order that posterity may learn how cities and men were de¬ stroyed by that terrible disaster. And though I am sure that immortality is in store for my uncle on account of his deeds and writings, yet, if you make mention of him in your narrative, you will doubtless enhance his reputation. For, though they are blessed who have done great deeds or who have written works that will endure, how much more blessed are they who have done both? So agreeable then is my task, that even if 7 you had not 7 enjoined it, I should have cheerfully undertaken it. 8 XXXI. Comparative Clauses (§ 359). A. My uncle happened 9 at that time to be at Misenum. On the 24th of August my mother pointed out to him a cloud which seemed much larger than clouds are wont to be. He had just 1 Say “ of writing ”. 2 Say “Although,” &c. 3 Say “ for that reason ”. 4 Say “your father, an excellent man”. 5 Say “had leisure” (§ 328 B). 6 Say “that I may not say”. 7 Si non. 8 Fut. Participle with/wmra (§ 357 + 2). 9 Say “was by chance”. 76 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. taken a cold bath, 1 as his custom was, and was reading. He immediately got up, and made his way to a rising ground, in order that he might get a better view of the phenomenon than he could from the house. A mountain—Vesuvius, as was afterwards dis¬ covered—was pouring forth a sort of cloud, such as had never been seen before; it branched out like a tree, and resembled no tree more than a pine. The gust of wind by which the cloud had been driven upward seemed not to be so great as it had been; for the higher the cloud rose, the more it expanded, 2 exactly as I have described. B. Charles. Did you lunch to-day at two o’clock, 3 as your custom is ? Henry. Yes; but I did not afterwards dine at five, as you usually do. C. I, for my part, eat as much as I can ; I confess it. H. And as often as an opportunity offers. 4 C. Come, let us be as polite as we can. Nothing is pleasanter than courtesy and good-humour. H. Anyhow, I am as polite as-. C. As you are modest and learned, and endowed with all the virtues. H. I own that I am blunter than you; 5 but I am.such as my life and character have made me. C. At anyrate, you do not speak otherwise than you think. H. A man’s moral excellence is proportionate to his truthfulness. 6 C. True; but in my judg¬ ment a man is not wont to be dearer to his friends in proportion to his outspokenness. H You are wiser than I am. Would that I were as well versed in the precepts of the philosophers as you ! C. The end of our conversation is certainly very different from the beginning. H. It is as you say. But come now, as it is nearly midnight, let us go to bed as quickly as possible. Good¬ night. C. Good-night, Henry. 1 Say “having just bathed in cold water . . . he was reading”. 2 Say “became broader”. 3 Say “at the eighth hour”. 4 § 494 - 5 § 359 ) Rule 2, Obs. 6 Say “the more truthful each is, the more moral he is”. Similarly with the next sentence WRITER. 77 XXXII. Comparative Clauses (§§ 360-360 t). A. This fact seemed to so 1 scientific a man as 1 my uncle too remarkable to be overlooked. A cutter having been equipped, he asked me to accompany him. 2 But I refused, as I preferred finishing my work to going with him. He had no sooner 3 left the house than a messenger met him and said that Rectina, whose villa was not more than two miles off, had sent him 2 to implore help from my uncle. Hearing this, he set out as quickly as he could to Rectina and the other inhabitants of that' lovely coast, than which no more lovely district can be found on earth. And so he hurried to the spot as quickly as others were leaving it, as though he were positively anxious to court danger. Moreover, he was not too excited to be able to make accurate observa¬ tions 4 on all the phases of that terrible disaster. And now he was drawing near to the mountain, and the nearer he approached the thicker and hotter fell the ashes into the ship. Yet, notwith¬ standing the alarming danger, my uncle was too courageous to turn back. B. Master. It is worth while for you to be drilled in the various sorts of Clauses. Pupil. I will learn as many as you are willing to teach me. M. A good answer, upon my word ! Here, then, are some examples of Comparative Clauses: “ Socrates was too upright a man to fear death. That great philosopher desired nothing more than to teach his fellow-citizens virtue, than which nothing is fairer, nothing more lovable. He always spoke and acted as though he knew that he had to give an account of his words and deeds.” Here are some more examples:—“As you sow, so you will reap. The older one is, the better and more learned one ought to be.” P. And the more diligent one is, 1 Say “ my uncle, a man desirous of investigating Nature ”. 2 § 563. 3 Say “ as soon as ”. 4 Say “ observe accurately 7 8 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. the longer holidays one ought to enjoy. M. Remember, how¬ ever, that a diligent boy prefers work 1 to doing nothing. P. You are too kind, I know, 2 to wish me to work without any holidays. I confess, I pray for nothing more than that the holidays may come quickly, than which nothing is pleasanter, even to diligent boys. M. Well! boys are the same 3 as they have always been. I, (when) a boy, had the same ideas 4 and desires as you now have. P. You speak, sir, as though you were sorry that you are no longer a boy, [aside] as though you preferred receiving blows to inflicting them. XXXIII. Ablative Absolute (§§ 361-361;};). A. 1. While ashes were falling into the ship, my uncle hesi¬ tated to proceed. 2. As stones had rolled down from Vesuvius, he asked the pilot what was to be done. 3. The danger in¬ creasing, Pomponianus was about to depart from home. 4. The wind being favourable, my uncle soon reached Stabiae. 5. Hav¬ ing encouraged 5 Pomponianus, he orders the bath to be heated. 6. The bath having been got ready, he bathes ; then he sits down to supper, and discusses with his friends other subjects than earth¬ quakes. 7. Although Vesuvius was blazing fiercely, my uncle was quite calm. 8. “With heaven’s help,” 6 he said, “we shall not be harmed: let us go to sleep.” 9. “ We cannot sleep,” said the others, “while yonder flames are blazing so furiously.” 10. At length my uncle went to bed, 7 but the others stopped up. 8 B. Pomponianus, who happened at that time to be at Stabiae, having 9 conveyed his luggage to a ship, was waiting till the wind 1 Use a Verb. 3 Say “ I know that you are,” &c. 3 Do this in two ways (“ the same as ” and “ such as 4 Say “ thought ( sentio) and desired the same things which you (do) ”. 5 Use animos addo, and see Caution 2, § 361 (p. 146). 6 Abl. Abs. 7 § 542. 8 Abl. Abs.; 361 + (p. 147). 9 Abl. Abs. WRITER. 79 should subside. Meanwhile my uncle arrived, and, assuming 1 a cheerful demeanour, endeavoured to console his friend. In order the more effectually to 2 reassure him, he sat down to supper. While they were at supper Mount Vesuvius began to blaze with redoubled fury, the brilliance of the flames being intensified by the darkness of the night. Though my uncle went to bed, and indeed slept soundly for a considerable time, he was at length obliged to get up, the court near 8 his bedroom being by-this-time so choked with pumice stones and ashes that, if he had stayed there any longer, he would not have been able to get out. Then, inasmuch as the house was rocking-to-and-fro 4 with repeated shocks, they consulted together (as to) whether they should remain where they were 5 or wander in the open country. XXXIV. Adjective Clauses (§§ 362-364). A. 1. The night on which Mount Vesuvius blazed forth was blacker than those which had preceded. 2. “You, who are try- - ing to reassure us,” said Pomponianus, “ can hardly, as I think, reassure yourself.” 3. They placed on their heads pillows tied on with cloths, by which to defend themselves against the falling stones. 4. “Fool that I was to have stayed so long at Stabiae ! ” he said ; “ we are lost; we have nothing any longer to hope for.” 5. The smoke, with which the air was full, suffocated my uncle, whose throat was naturally weak. 6. “ Whom have we any longer to console us?” they cry. 7. “Now that Pliny is dead, we have no one to trust to.” 8. Pliny was either an eye-witness of those events which he narrates, and “of which,” to quote Virgil, “he was a chief sharer,” G or he received an account of them from those who were eye-witnesses. 9. He who should say that Pliny is un¬ worthy to be trusted would err. 10. We are fortunate to be able to read what he wrote. 1 § 554 * 2 § 35 °> Rule 3. 3 Say “which was near ”, 4 Abl. Abs. 5 Subjunctive. 6 Say “ a great part ”. 8 o THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. B. They therefore went out together, first however placing 1 pillows on their heads to protect them. Though it was daylight everywhere else, thick darkness reigned there, than which assuredly none more impenetrable has ever been experienced by mortal (men). Still my uncle, as 2 befitted a brave man, not only re¬ mained cheerful himself, but also tried to reassure his friend. Then they went down to the shore to look at the sea; for they hoped to 3 be able to sail; but here there was nothing to encourage them, nor could anything be seen 4 but boisterous waves, the like of which they had not often seen before. Here my uncle, feeling exhausted, sent a servant to fetch cold water, which he drank. Then he got up, and even walked a few paces, but soon fell life¬ less to the ground. My mother and I, who were not many miles off, heard the news almost immediately, so you will easily see that what I have told you is true. Good-bye. XXXV. Verbs of “saying,” “thinking,” &c. (§§ 368 a, 533). A. 1. Livy narrates that Hannibal, having defeated the- Romans near Cannae, seized and plundered their camp. 2. Livy informs us that Hannibal thereupon directed his march to Capua. 3. Who does not know that this city had grown-dissolute through excessive prosperity? 4. You will remember that Pacuvius was a citizen of Capua. 5. We have been informed that Pacuvius had acquired influence by very base means. 6. This man thought that, if Hannibal entered 5 the city, the senate would be massacred. 7. It is clear that he will form a plan to preserve his fellow- citizens. 8. He hopes to make them subservient to himself. 9. It is thought 6 that the populace had threatened to massacre the senators. 10. It is said 6 that he suspected that they would do this. 1 Abl. Abs. 2 § 363, Obs. i. 3 Fore tit. 4 Use conspicio. 5 Plupf. Subj. (“ should have entered ”). Cf. Reader No. XXXV ( s't in ea loca Hannibal venisset). 6 See Grammar, p. 153 (§ 368 a), WRITER. 81 B. We read in Livy that Hannibal, after plundering the enemy’s camp, 1 moved into Samnium, and soon afterwards arrived at Capua. It seems that a certain man, named Pacuvius, had acquired very great influence at Capua, and had made the populace subservient to him. Now he perceived 2 that the senators had long been 3 extremely unpopular with the masses, and he suspected that, if Hannibal were 4 victorious, the citizens would attempt to massacre them, and would deliver themselves and their city to the Carthaginians. It is said 5 that he not only thought he could find a way of safety for the senators, but that he trusted they would become entirely subservient to himself. It seems, then, that he summoned the senators together, and made the following speech. XXXVI. Verbs of “rejoicing-,” “grieving,” &c. (§ 368 b). A. 1. “Do not be surprised, gentlemen,” said he, “that I have summoned you; for a formidable crisis is now impending. 2. I personally am grieved that we have to revolt from Rome. 3. That any scheme of revolt is necessary is in the highest degree distasteful to me. 4. To speak 6 plainly, the populace hate you: they are angry that you are so powerful—nay, that you are still alive—and they hope to hand over to the enemy a city stripped of its leading men. 5. But do not 7 complain that there is no one to 8 save you from so great a peril. 6. I rejoice that I can find a way of safety for you. 7. I may justly boast that I have found a way of safety for you. 8. You will hereafter not be sorry that you have trusted me, nor will you be able to complain that I have betrayed you.” 9. So the senators were not vexed that he desired them to be confined in t-he senate-house. 1 Abl. Abs.; or imitate Reader No. XXXV. (beginning). 2 Use a subordinate clause. 3 Tense ? (§ 465). 4 Plupf. Subj. (“ should have been ”) : cf. the preceding passage (A), note 5, p. 80. 5 Grammar, p. 153 (§ 368 a). c Say “ that I may speak ”. 7 § 34 1 b. 8 qui (§ 364). 6 82 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER . B. “ Though I am grieved, gentlemen, at being compelled to summon you to this conference, I am nevertheless glad that I am able to save you from a great peril which is threatening every one of you. Where deeds are impending, what need is there of words ? To be brief, the populace are meditating the destruction of the whole senate. Indeed, so great is their detestation 1 for you, that it is wonderful you are still alive. What then is to be done? 2 I will tell (you). Forget past political disputes. Entrust yourselves to me. I am sure that you will hereafter be glad of having con¬ fided in me. Do not blame me, do not be vexed, that I have not hitherto openly opposed the designs of your enemies. To-day also, instead 3 of opposing their designs, I shall pretend to approve of them. So long as you preserve your lives, why should you be ashamed of having preserved them by diplomacy instead of by violence ? Rejoice rather at being able to escape somehow.” XXXVII. Verbs of “ fearing ”(§ 368 c). a A. 1. He locks the doors of the senate-house ; for he is afraid that some one will go out or come in against his will. 4 2. Hav¬ ing summoned the townsfolk to an assembly, he thus addresses them: 5 “There is no danger that your enemies will not pay the penalty they have (so) richly deserved. 3. You feared that you would never be able to inflict punishment on those unprincipled scoundrels. 4. You would have stormed their houses if it had been feasible, but there was great danger that you would your¬ selves be killed by their clients or slaves. 5. Don’t be afraid that any of them has escaped; don’t fear that you will not find your enemies to a man, shut up in the senate-house. 6. They had 1 Say “ so bitterly and thoroughly do they hate you 2 § 535. 3 Say “ I shall not oppose ... I shall pretend,” &c. (using two co¬ ordinate sentences). 4 Say “ he being unwilling ” ; see too § 563. 5 § 361, Caution 1. WRITER. 83 acquired such enormous power that there was danger that they would never be overthrown; but that danger is no longer to be feared. 7. There is only one thing I fear—that you will do some¬ thing rash.” 1 B. He gave them the guarantee they wanted; then, fearing that some senators would go out and others would come in against his orders, he had 3 the doors shut. Afterwards he called together the townsfolk, and said they ought not 3 to be afraid that their enemies would not suffer adequate punishment. They would find them (he said) shut up in the senate-house, and there was no 4 danger that those unprincipled and abandoned men would ever escape alive. “Were you,” he said, “to storm their houses, there would be a risk that the clients would protect their patrons; but, as it is, 5 you can punish them without any risk to yourselves. I too have always hated them, but I feared that they would never fall into my hands, and I never hoped to be able to give you the right of pronouncing sentence on them.” XXXVIII. % Non dubito. Quis dubitat? &c. (§ 368 d). A. 1. “ Who can doubt that now at length it is allowable for you to indulge your resentment? 2. Still it is not doubtful that we ought to prefer safety to resentment. 3. There is no doubt that you have always loathed the present senators ; yet it cannot be doubted that a senate of some sort you must have. 4. It was never doubtful that you detested, always had detested, (and) always would detest the bare name of (i king. 5. No one, therefore, can doubt that we have two things to do. 6. I do not hesitate to say that we have to do-away-with one senate and elect another. 7. I 1 Say “ rashly ”, 2 Curd with Gerundive (§ 540). a How is “ I say that . . . not ” expressed in Latin ? (§ 368 a, Rule). “ Nor ”. 5 Ut nunc sc res habet. 6 § 400. 8 4 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. personally think it doubtful whether you will be able to find a better senate than the one which you now have, though about this I say nothing. 8. I do not doubt that you will yourselves find out the truth. 9, I have no fear that anyone will say that I have given you bad advice.” B. “ Who ever doubted that we had the right to punish dis¬ loyal citizens? Yet it was never doubtful that we were bound to prosecute our quarrel in such a way 1 as to subordinate resentment to our self-interest. Now, no sane man can doubt that we must either have a king—the very name of which, 2 I know, is abhorrent to you —or some deliberative-assembly. None of you, then, will doubt that we have to do away with the present senate, and elect a new one. The senators shall be summoned before you singly, and I promise to carry out your decision 3 in each case. Not that I am in doubt as to what you ought to do; I shall not hesitate to express my real sentiments. 4 This one thing certainly is not doubtful: that, before punishing the bad senators, you must choose strong and energetic men to take their place.” 0 XXXIX. Impersonal Verbs of “happening” (§ 368 e). A. 1. How was it that the senators were not massacred 5 after all ? 2. So far were they from being massacred, that they were even re-elected. 3. It happened that they were led out singly from the senate-house. 4. As each appeared, a universal shout was raised. 6 5. “It is impossible,” they said, “that we ought to 1 Ita : § 352 Obs. 2 Say “ which very name”. 3 Say “ what you shall have decided about each ”. 4 Say “ what I really think ”. 5 For the tenses in this and the following sentences see § 522 (also § 5i8). 6 Say “ by all together ” for “ universal,” and see § 316 * [ggT• WRITER. 85 pardon that scoundrel at all events. 6. It is impossible that they are not all worthy of punishment.” 7. When another name was proposed, it happened that a far greater uproar arose. 8. “So far are we from thinking him fit to be a senator,” they said, “that we do not even think him worthy to live.” 9. But when they tried to name other and better men, it happened that none occurred to them. 10. So it happened that eventually the formei senators were brought back. B. It remains for you to hear how it was 1 that the senators were rescued 2 from their perilous situation, and were so far from being condemned to death that they were even released from imprisonment. For after each senator had been led out singly, and had been declared deserving of death, it turned out that no one was able to suggest a better man. When anyone was pro¬ posed, so far was he from being acceptable to the assembly that some declared him to be unknown, others that he was unworthy to be a senator on the ground of his trade or poverty ; which 3 was possibly 3 true. Most of them had not had the good fortune to make themselves popular with their fellow-countrymen. But as others were in the same position (as they), they were necessarily 4 restored to their former dignities. XL. “It is right,” “It is wrong,” “It is necessary”(§ 368 f). A. 1. “It is right that you should be punished,” they said; “ but it unfortunately happens that we have no one to put into your 1 For the tense see § 522 (also §§ 517, 523). 2 For the tense see § 522 (also § 518): so throughout the exercise. 3 § 363, Obs. 1. Say “ it is possible that ”. 4 Use quin (see § 368 e, p. 155). 86 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. place. 2. It seems to be to the interest of the State that bad citizens be punished. 3. Nevertheless, though it is impossible that you are not scoundrels to a man, it seems necessary that we should release you from imprisonment. 4. It is possible that known ills are more endurable than unknown. 5. It is necessaiy that of two evils we should choose the less.” 1 6. Pacuvius did not think it wrong that the senate should be made subservient to himself. 7. Thus, by the cleverness of Pacuvius, the senate had the good fortune not only to be released, but to be reinstated. 8. Afterwards the senators thought it necessary that they should flatter the populace. 9. They did not think it disgraceful that they should forget their traditional dignity and freedom. 10. It was not to the advantage of the State that the senators should always range themselves on the side of the populace. B. After all the senators had been called, though not a single one had the good fortune to please the populace, yet, as there were no fit candidates for the office, it was necessary that they should be released. Accordingly they were told that, though it was 2 wrong that they should not be punished, and (though) it was to the interest of the rest of their fellow-citizens that bad men should not go scot-free; yet, as there was no one to take their place, it was necessary that they should be released; for of two evils it seemed right that they should choose the less. The upshot was that Pacuvius began to exercise absolute authority in the State. Henceforth the senators were not only obliged to humour Pacuvius, but did not think it beneath their dignity to try to win popularity with the lower orders. So far from thinking it shameful to flatter the populace, they judged it to be expedient to indulge them in every possible way. 1 Say “thatwhichjs the smaller”. 2 Subjunctive. WRITER. 87 XLI. Verbs that imply an act of the Will (§ 369 a). A. 1. The older citizens, by their influence, caused matters to be delayed. 2. Soon after, however, the majority brought it about that ambassadors were sent to Hannibal. 3. Some histories say that the ambassadors demanded of the Romans that one of the consuls should be chosen from the Capuans. 4. “ If,” said they, “you ask us to assist you, we demand your consent 1 that one of the consuls be a Capuan.” 5. It is said that the Romans felt such indignation that they ordered 2 the lictors to remove the ambas¬ sadors from the senate-house. 6. “We warn you,” they said, “to depart forthwith from the city, and that not 3 one of you be found to-morrow within the Roman frontiers.” 7. Had they been found next day on Roman territory, a resolution would have been passed that they should be put to death. 8. Consequently they took care to be a considerable distance from the city of Rome. 4 9. The lictor, too, caused them to travel with the utmost speed. B. The majority of the inhabitants had by this time resolved to revolt from Rome, and were trying their utmost to persuade the older citizens, who entreated that matters should be delayed, to adopt this policy at once. They succeeded (in their efforts), and got an embassy despatched to the enemy’s camp. Livy tells us that he had found some historians asserting that these same ambassadors had previously gone to Rome, and had endeavoured to persuade the Romans to decree that one of the consuls should thenceforth be a Capuan. If this is true, it is not surprising that great indignation arose among all classes, and that the senate pre¬ vailed upon them to depart from the city quicker than they came. 5 I cannot, however, persuade 0 myself that this embassy was really despatched; for if it had been, Caelius and other historians would surely have taken care to record the fact. 1 Use a Verb. 2 Use impero. s Use a single word for “ and that not ” (§ 582). 4 Gram. § 438. 5 Plupf. Subj. 6 §369 a, Obs. 2. 88 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XLII. Verbs that imply an act of the Will (§ 369 b). A. 1. It is said that the Romans refused to make peace with the Capuans. 2. The Capuans did not refuse to make peace with Hannibal. 3. The Carthaginian magistrates must be prevented from exercising any authority over citizens of Capua. 4. The Capuans could not be hindered from enjoying their own laws. 5. We learn that Decius Magius strove his hardest to prevent his fellow- citizens from making peace with Hannibal on those terms. 6. “I shall always,” he said, “ oppose your handing over our city, where I was born and bred, to our foes and (the foes) of our allies. 7. I can scarcely refrain from weeping, when I see my country¬ men ready to throw away the priceless jewel 1 of freedom. 8. O that you would refuse to be slaves ! O that you would prevent Hannibal entering our city ! ” 9. Instead 2 of listening to Magius when he warned them not to revolt from Rome, the Capuans would not be prevented from perpretrating horrible outrages. B. As Rome refused to make peace with the Capuans on the outrageous conditions I have mentioned, the latter thought that they ought not to be prevented from making terms with Hannibal. And that general 3 not only did not refuse to receive the Capuan ambassadors, but listened to them with attention; and eventually it was decided that Hannibal should be permitted to enter the city on condition that the citizens should preserve their independ¬ ence and not be compelled to perform any military service against their will. 4 Decius Magius would have prevented the despatch 5 of this embassy if his fellow-citizens had not refused to listen to his words of wisdom. 4 He opposed to the utmost indeed the be¬ trayal 5 of his native city, but unsuccessfully, and unfortunately 6 1 Say “freedom, a most precious possession (res) ”. 2 Use tantum abcst (§ 368c). 3 Say “who”. 4 Use an Adjective. 5 Use a Verb. 6 Say “it unfortunately happened that,” &c. WRITER. 89 could not restrain the populace from perpretating the most in¬ famous outrages. For, seizing 1 as many Roman citizens as they could lay hands on, they handed 2 them over ostensibly to be imprisoned, but in reality to be foully massacred. XLIII. Verbs that imply an act of the Will (§ 369 c). A. 1. “Shall we permit,” he cried, “the reception 3 into our town of troops sent by Hannibal? 2. Refuse 4 them admittance, 3 or, if you admit them, order 5 them to be afterwards turned out. 3. Does either human or divine law forbid us to expiate by some glorious deed our fault in revolting 0 from loyal allies? 4. I bid 5 you slay the foreigners, and give yourselves back to Rome.” 5. They say that Hannibal, hearing this, ordered Magius to come to him 7 to his 7 camp. 6. “I will not allow it to be said,” he haughtily replied, 8 “that a Carthaginian has ever lorded it over a Capuan.” 7. Hannibal having written to the chief-magistrate (to say) that he would be at Capua on the following day, the inhabitants are ordered 5 to come in crowds to meet Hannibal. 8. The citizens were quite willing to obey the chief-magistrate, for they were anxious to see so renowned a commander. B. “I earnestly entreat you,” he cried, “not to brook the entrance 9 into Capua of Carthaginian troops ; but if I cannot restrain you from admitting them, at least I would fain exhort you to slay your arrogant foes, and so expiate the crime of having re¬ volted from Rome. Allow me to remind you, as a parallel case, of the arrogant tyranny of Pyrrhus and the pitiable servitude of 1 § 554 * 2 § 54 °* 3 Use a Verb (“ that troops be received ”). 4 Use nolo. 5 Us ejubcd. 6 Say “ in that {quod) we have revolted 7 § 5 & 3 - 8 Say “ Then haughtily, ‘ I will not allow,’ said he,” &c, a Use a Verb. go THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER the Tarentines. I bid you remember how bitterly they regretted they had ever opened their gates to one who was 1 really their master though nominally their ally.” Magius, in consequence of this speech, was ordered to come to Hannibal; but he haughtily refused 2 to go, declaring that he would not give occasion for people to say 8 that a free-born Campanian had ever truckled to a foreigner. So, being unwilling to go of his own accord, he was ordered to be bound and brought to Hannibal, who was ex¬ asperated, as 4 might have been expected, at his having dared to be so outspoken. XLIV. Dependent Questions and Exclamations (§§ 370, 517,522). A. 1. Do you know with whom Hannibal lodged when he was at Capua? 2. I suppose you know whether he went to Capua or not. 3. Tell me why Hannibal was hated 5 so bitterly by Perolla. 4. If you had asked your master why Perolla hated the Carthaginians, he would have asked you why you had not read (your) Livy more carefully. 5. If he had asked me the date 8 of Hannibal’s arrival at Capua, the number 6 of his forces, the place 6 he set out from, with whom he lodged, whom he ordered to be invited to the banquet, I could have answered cor¬ rectly. 5. Tell me why Hannibal invited the youth to supper, although he knew he had belonged to Decius’ faction. 7. He invited him to supper because he saw clearly how much it con¬ cerned him to ingratiate himself with the citizens of Capua. 8. It is not difficult, then, to see why he acted as he did. 7 1 Subj. 2 Use recuso. 3 § 523. 4 § 363, Obs. 1. 5 § 420, Obs. 2. 6 Use Dependent Questions: say “when Hannibal arrived,” “how many,” “ whence ”. For the Tenses see § 526. 7 Say “ thus WRITER. 9 i B. Hannibal, seeing how formidable Magius was, and how important it was to himself that he should go to Capua (in person), determined to set out at once, in order that he might arrive there on the following day. Accordingly the chief-magistrate of Capua called an assembly, and spoke as follows : “None of you will wonder why I have called you together when I tell you that the illustrious Hannibal 1 will be here to-morrow. You know well what manner of man he is, how many victories he has won, how many cities he has stormed and razed to the. ground. Until I received a letter from him to-day, I did not know when he would visit us. But the date 2 of his arrival is no longer uncertain. To¬ morrow, to-morrow I repeat, Hannibal will come. Go out, then, in crowds to meet him. Let him see for himself how many friends he has in Capua, how great is your enthusiasm to see so illustrious a general, how great your eagerness to welcome him.” XLV. Reported Speech (§ 371). A. (i.) Translate (Reader XLV.) from consiliuni to fuivius , firstly into English Oratio Recta; then into English Oratio Obliqua ; lastly into Latin Oratio Obliqua. (ii.) Translate each of the following sentences in two ways, * using (1) Oratio Recta, (2) Oratio Obliqua :— 1. Perolla said, “Neither you nor Hannibal can induce me to drink”. 2. But his father said, “My son is not well; I entreat you to pardon him”. Thereupon Hannibal replied : “ You plead in excuse his ill-health and mental disturbance; this (mental dis¬ turbance) does not seem to me at all astonishing”. 4. “Follow me,” said Perolla; “ let us go into a retired spot, where no one will see us.” 5. “If you take my advice, we shall be in far greater favour with the Romans than we have ever been before.” 1 Say “ H., an illustrious man ”. 2 See Note 2, XLIV. A. 92 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. B. Translate into both Oratio Recta and Oratio Obliqua (depending on a Past Tense) the following speech of Perolla : —“ Follow me into the garden at the back of the house, where we shall be unobserved. There was no need to make any excuses for me to Hannibal on the score of ill-health. It is not I who am sick, but you, my father, and well nigh all my fellow-citizens. To speak plainly, I am distressed that we have revolted from the Romans. What have they done ? When did the Romans ever do us an injury? .How monstrous is it that we should have re¬ volted from them! Now listen to the scheme that I have formed.” XLVI. Reported Speech ( continued ). A. (i.) Turn from Jam ego to malles , and from Per ego te to armaremus (Reader XLVI.) into English Or. R. and Or. Obi., and into Latin Or. Obi. (N.B.—In turning the latter passage place per before quaecumque .) (ii.) Translate: i. Thereupon his father said: “I wonder what the plan is ”. 2. Perolla replied that he was anxious to make a binding treaty with Rome, if only he (the father) was willing. 3. He said: “I desire to inform you of this, in order that you may be absent while the tyrant is being despatched”. 4. Hearing this, the old man said that he implored him by whatever men held most sacred in heaven or on earth, not to commit a crime that was unworthy of himself. 5. “Remember me,” he cried, “and what I have done for you. 6. I implore you not to stain your hands with the blood of a guest.” B. Translate into Or. R. and into Or. Obi. (depending on a Past Tense):—“Do my ears deceive me, or is it possible that you ' are meditating so heinous a crime ? What injuries have I ever inflicted on you, that 1 you are anxious to plunge me into 2 the deepest shame and grief? Is there nothing left that is sacred— 1 Quod. 2 Say “ overwhelm me with,” &c. WRITER. 93 not your oath nor right hand given in pledge? Is a father to be¬ hold his son slaying before his very eyes the guest and friend of Capua? Only a few hours ago 1 you were sitting together at the same table. It was by this very man, whom you are resolved to slay, that you were invited to the banquet. But I know that you will 2 desist from your undertaking, and not refuse to listen to your father.” XLVII. Reported Speech ( continued.). A. Turn the whole of the passage (Reader XLVII.) into English Or. R. and Or. Obi., and into Latin Or. Obi. B. Translate into both Or. R. and Or. Obi. (depending on a Past Tense):—i. Will you stain with the blood of Hannibal the hospitable table to which he himself has invited you ? 2. How strange it is that Hannibal can pardon you, (and) that you cannot pardon Hannibal! 3. What injury have you suffered at the hands of the Carthaginians? 4. What unpardonable injury has Hannibal inflicted on you? 5. Are good-faith and a sense-of-duty empty names? 6. How many are there of you that have formed this plan of attacking your host while he is (actually) entertaining you? 7. You have formed a plan which I will not style unusual, but absolutely unheard of. C. Translate into Or. Obi., and then into Or. R.:—(He besought him) not to rise from table, nor to entertain the heinous design of slaying 3 a man who had done him no wrong, but had even invited him to the banquet. There w^as no nation so barbarous as not to deem it an unheard of outrage to plot against a host. If by the law of nations (the persons of) ambassadors were sacred and inviolable, if amongst all nations it w r as held im¬ pious to offer them violence, how much more cruel, how much more infamous w r as it to meditate treachery against a friend! Let him no longer call him father, if he did not instantly abandon that execrable scheme. 1 Say “ Few are the hours since (or, within which)”. 3 § 369 a, Obs. 1. 2 Use fore lit. 94 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. XLVIII. Reported Speech ( continued ). A. Turn from ut alia to valuerunt and from Ego quidem to patrl (Reader XLVIII.) into English Or. R. and Or. Obi., and into Latin Or. Obi. B. Translate into Or. R. and into Or. Obi.: —i. Why are you anxious to involve your fellow-citizens and myself in ruin? 2. It is impossible that the mere sight of Hannibal and his armed troops will not discourage you from your scheme. 3. Moreover, even if all the other friends of Hannibal fail him in his hour of danger, do you think that I shall fail him? 4. Rest assured that even if all the rest flee, I shall remain by his side. 5. Doubt not that if you are bent on killing Hannibal you will have to kill me too. 6. As Hannibal listened to my entreaties in your behalf, do you likewise listen to my entreaties on Hannibal’s behalf. C. Translate into Or. R. and into Or. Obi.:—Think you, however, that Hannibal will have no one to protect him ? Is it so easy a thing even to endure his glance, not to speak of plunging your sword into his heart ? Twenty swords, moreover, would leap from their scabbards 1 if you were but to utter a single threat. I myself would be the first to defend him. This sword must first be snatched from this hand; this body must first be trodden under foot. 2 But I see you are weeping. 3 Those tears of yours are a proof that my prayers have prevailed with you. Now I know that you will sheath your sword and will hearken to your father. Now I know that heaven has restored to me my son. 1 Say “ would be drawn at once, if you were once to threaten him ”. 2 Plural. 3 § 334, Obs. 2. WRITER. 95 XLIX. Reported Speech ( continued ). A. Turn from Tuam doled to recipe (Reader XLIX.) into English Or. R. and Or. Obi., and into Latin Or. Obi. B. Translate into Or. R. and into Or. Obi.:—1. Father, you have prevailed; I will sacrifice my fatherland and its interests to those of 1 my father. 2. Yet in that you have prevented me from'freeing my country, you have betrayed Capua for the third time. 3. Did you not betray your country once 2 3 when you persuaded the citizens to revolt from Rome? 4. May I not accuse you of betraying your country a second time when you exhorted the people to make peace with Hannibal? 5. Now you are resisting the re¬ storation of this city; have you not been thrice a traitor ? 6. Forgive, my country, one who would fain have served thee had he been permitted. C. Translate into Or. R. and into Or. Obi.: — “Father,” he said, weeping, “you have broken down my resolution, and you have persuaded me, though sore against the grain, to obey you rather than ’my country. But do you feel no regret at having three times betrayed your country. Is it a trifling fault that you have led me, who am your son, away from the straight path of loyalty to my country and my country’s gods ? But enough has been said; why waste time in idle taunts? :! To sum up all in a single word—you have gained a son, but you have lost what is greater than a son.” Then, turning to his sword, he cried: “ Farewell, my sword, which I girt on to attack this stronghold of the enemy! Farewell, my country, who hast now no more need of swords nor soldiers to wield them.” 2 Say “ for the first time ” (§ 127). 3 Use a Verb and an Adverb. 1 § 5 6 7> i* g6 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER . L. Reported Speech. A. Turn from cum sex imperatoribus to haberique (Reader L.) into English Or. Obi. and Or. R., and into Latin Or. R. Similarly from quo propius spent to niilitibus. B. Translate (i.) into Latin Or. Obi,, (ii.) into Latin Or. R. : — While all rejoiced at these words of Mago, Himilco, a man of the Barcine faction, thinking there was an opportunity for taunting Hanno, asked him whether he was still sorry that Carthage had made war on Rome: let him bid them surrender Hannibal; let him forbid them to render thanks to the immortal gods notwith¬ standing 1 such signal success; let them listen to the Roman senator in the senate-house of Carthage. Hanno replied that he would have been silent on that day rather than, amid the universal joy, say a single word such as might not be quite agreeable to them. As, however, he had been asked by a senator whether he was still sorry for the war that had been undertaken, were he to be silent he would seem to be either haughty or servile. The former defect showed a man forgetful of the freedom of others, 2 the latter a man forgetful of his own. 1 Use in. 2 Use an Adjective. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. N.B. 1. Unnecessary information is, as a rule, omitted. 2. Numbers following Verbs and Nouns refer to the Conjugation and Declension respectively. 3. The Perfect and Supine of Regular Verbs are not given ; even irregular forms are occasionally omitted when not required. 4. In the Third Declension the stem (or trunk) of all Nouns except parisyllables in -is or es (e.g. civis, nubes) is given in brackets; sometimes only the last syllable of the stem is given, e.g. immortalitas (-at-) —where -at- stands for immortalitat. 5. The ordinary abbreviations are used: they need no explanation, but Gr. = Sonnenschein’s Latin Grammar. Roman numerals in square brackets refer to the Writer. 6. In Nouns and Adjectives of the Second Declension in -cr, an e in Roman type indicates that it forms no part of the stem, e.g. noster (Gen. nostri), but liber (Gen. liberi). 7. Numerals, whether cardinal, ordinal, or distributive, are not given, but are to be looked for in their place in the Accidence. 8. Genders are given only of Nouns of the Third Declension and of Feminine Nouns of the Second and Fourth Declensions. A. abandon, deser-o (-in, -turn, 3) abandoned (= bas e), perditus abdicate, I, me magistrate abdico (1) abhorrent to you, to be, abhorrere a sententiis vestris ability, abilities, ingenium able (= clever), sollers ( sollert-), callidus able, am, possum about [Prep.], de [Abl.] about [Adv.], circitcr, fere, ferine above [Adv.], supra above all, praecipue abroad, foris absence, in one’s, absens (- nt-) absolutely, omnino acceptable, grdtus accompanied with (or by), cum [Abl.] accompany, comitor (1) accomplice, particcps (-ip-) accomplish, ef-jicio (-feci, -fectum , 3) accomplished, is, cvenit accomplishing one’s purpose, without, re infeetd 7 THIRD LATIN READER, AND WRITER. 98 accord, of one’s own, spontc accordance with, in, ex [Abl.] account, ratid(-dn-),i.\ give an account, ratidncm red do (3) account, give an (= write), scribo (3) account, receive an, audio (4) account of, on, propter [Acc.] accurate account, give an, accurate scribo (3) accurately, accurate accuse, accuso (1) accuser, Use accuso (1) acquire, nanciscor (nanctus , 3) acquit, absolv-o (- 1 , 3) Acropolis, Acropolis, f. act, ago (egl, actum, 3) actuate, moved ( movl, motum, 2) add, ad-do (-didl, -ditum, 3) address, ad-loquor (-locutus, 3) , adept, Use perltus [Gen.] adequate, satis magnus, debitus administer, administro (1) admiration, I am filled with, vehementer admiror (1) admire, admiror (1) admit, ad-mitto (-mlsi, -missum, 3); rc-cipio (- ccpl, -ceptum, 3) admit ( = confess), con-fiteor (-fes- sus, 2) adopt (a policy), in-eo (-Ivl, -Ire) advance', pro-gredior (-gressus, 3) advantage, emolumentum advantage, it is to the, exp edit (3), [Dat.] • advice, consilium advice, give, moneo (2) Aegina (= people of A.), Aeginetans Acglnenses affair, res (5); negotiant affairs, res (5), fortunae (I. B.) affectionately, amanter afraid, am, vereor (2), metuo (3), timed (2) after [Prep.], post [Acc.] after [Adv.], posted , post after [Conj.], postquam after all (=: nevertheless), tamen afterwards, posted, post, deinde against, adversus [Acc.], contra [Acc.] age, at the, ndtus ago, abhiitc agreeable, jucundus, grains agreeable, not quite, minus laetus ah!, heu ! aim at, peto (-Ivl, -Itum, 3) alarming (danger), Use tantus alas! eheu ! Albans, Albanl alive, am, splro (1), vivo (vixi, victum,$) alive, vivas all, omnis all together, universus, cunctus all over with, be, actum esse de allege, prae sc ferre alliance, socictas (-at-), I. allot, do (dcdl, datum, dare) allow, patior (passus, 3), sino (slvl, 3) allowable or allowed, it is, licet (2) allowed, I am, mi hi licet (2) all-round man, a good, 4 totus teres atquc rotundas ’ ally, socius (2) almost, pacne alone, solus also, quoque, ctiam although, quamquam, quamvls, licet always, semper amass, col-ligo (-legl, -lectam, 3) ambassador, legatus (2) ambition, cupiditas (-at-) dominandl amid, in [Abl.] VOCABULARY. 99 ancient, antiquus and, et, atquc or dc, -que. (See Gr. §§ 579, 580) and so, itaquc, quo facto anger, Ira angry, am, indignor (1) [Dat.] announce, mint id (1) another (of two), alter answer, responsum anxiety, cura anxious, am, cupio (-ivi, -itum, 3) any, ullus any longer, yarn any rate, at, certe anyhow, utique anyone, qutsquam anything, quicquam appeal to, moved ( movi , mo turn , 2) appeal to ( = pray), oro (1) appear ( = come in sight), apparco (2) appearance, facies (5) apply myself, studeo (2) [Dat.] appoint ( = mak e),facio (feci, factum, 3) approach, ad-eo (-ii, -itum, -ire), ap- propinquo (1) approve of, probo, 1 ; approbo (1) Argos, Argi (2) [plur.] arise, orior (ortus, 4)' ajms, arma, 2 (n. pi.) arm, I, armo (1); arm oneself, armdri army, exercitus (4) arouse (Caesar’s) suspicions against (Cicero), ( Ciccronem) in suspici- onem ( Ciesari) adduco (-duxi, -duc- tum, 3) arraign, arcesso (-ivi, -itum, 3); rcum facio arrange (a peace), com-pond (- posui, -positum, 3) arrest, comprehendo (-di, -sum, 3) arrival, adventus (4) arrival, on his, Say “ when he arrived there ” arrive, per-venid (-vent, ventum, 4) arrogance, superbia arrogant, superbus art, ars (art-), f. as, ut, sicut, sicuti as . . . as, tarn . . . quam as many as, tot .. . quot as soon as, ut primum as if, tamquam si [Subj., see Gr. § 360] as though, quasi [Subj.; Gr. § 360] ashamed, I am, me pudet (2) ashes, cinis (drier-) m. ask, rogo (1), oro (1), interrogo (1), postulo (1), pet-o (-ivi, -itum, 3), quaero (quacsivi, quaesitum, 3). [For all these verbs see Gr. § 330 **] ask the following question, illud interrogo (1) assembly, contid (contion-) f. assert, a fir mo (1) assist, adjuvo (1) assume, simuld (1) assuredly, sane ; certe [certe is rather restrictive “ no doubt,” “ at any rate”] astonishing, minis ; mirabilis at ease, securus at length, tandem at once, statim Athenian, Athenicnsis Athens, Athenae (Plur.) attach myself, I, me adjungo (3) attack, aggredior (-gressus, 3);—a town, oppugno (1) attempt (= undertaking), inceptum attempt, conor (1) IOO THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. attend to, ob-co (-it, -itum, -ire ); euro, i; operant do attention, deepest, animus attentus audacious audax ( audac-) augury, augurium authorities, the, magistratus authority, imperium avenge, ulciscor (ultus, 3) away, am, absum B. back (of the house), pars postica badly, perperam band, mantis (4), f. banish, pcllo (3) banquet, convivium barbarous, barbarus Barcine, Barcinus bare (name), ipse base tiirpis , bath, balneum bathe lavor (1) battle, proelium ; pugna be, sum bear, gero {gessi, gestum, 3); ( = endure), tolero (1), ferd {tuli, latum, ferre) beauty , pulchritudo (- in -), f. because, quod, quia become, fid {factus sum, fieri) bed, go to, cubitum eo {ivi, itum, ire) bedroom, cubiculum before [Prep.], ante [Acc.] before [Adv.], prius, anted, ante. before [Conj.], antequam, priusquam before (= in presence of), edram [Abl.] beg, oro (1) begin, cocpi ; in-cipio {-cepi, -ccptum, 3) beginning, initium behalf of, on, pro [Abl.] behold, aspicio {aspexi, aspcctum, 3) believe, credo (-idi, -itum, 3) belong to, Use sum belongings, res (5); or use neut. plur. of possess, adj. beneath one’s dignity, to be, indignum esse benefit, I, pro-sum [Dat.] benefit, bcneficium bent, I am, Use constituo (- ui , -iitum, 3) bereft, nuddtus; orbus [Abl.] besides, all, ceteri (-ae, -a) besiege, ob-sidco {-sedi, -scssum, 2) bestow, tribuo {-ui, -utum, 3) betake myself, me recipio {-cepi, -cep- tum, 3); me confero {-tuli, -ferre) betray, prod-o {-idi, -itum, 3) betrothe, dc-spondeo {-spondi -sponsum, 2 ) betrothed, sponsus (2) between, inter [Acc.] bewail, de- fled {-jlevi, -jletum, 2) bid, impero (1) ; jubed (2) bidding, at the, jussu bind, vincid (4) binding treaty, to make, foedus {-er-) sancire bit, a, = a little while, paullulum bitterly, acerbe ; = strongly, vehementer bitterly, am hated so, tanto odio sum black, niger blame, reprehendo {-di, -sum, 3) blaze, ardco {arsi, 2) blaze forth, re-luceo {-luxi, 2) blessed, bedtus . blockade, obsidio {-on-), f. blockade, I, obsidco {-sedi, -scssum, 2) blood, cruor {crudr-) m. blow, ictus (4); pldga boast, me jacto (1); glorior (1) boat, naucula VOCABULARY. IOI bodily = of the body, corporis body, corpus (corpor -), n. boisterous, vastus bold bad man, ille scelestus bond, vinculum book, liber (2) boon, venia born, am, nascor (ndtus , 3) both, utcrquc both sides, on, utrimque bound, am, debeo (2^ boy, pucr braggart, gloriosus branch out, ramls diffundl brave, fortis, intrcpidus bravery, virtus ( virtut -), f. break, fran go ( fregl, fractum , 3) break down [XLIX. B.], Use supcro (!) break out, ex-orior {-ortus, 4) break up, dissipo (1) breast, pectus (pccto?-), n. bred, Use educo (1) bribery, ambitus (4) brick, you are a, O lepidum caput! bridge, pons ( pout -), m. brief, to be, tie multa [sc. loquar ] Brienne, Brienna brilliance, fulgor {fulgor-), m. bring, fero (tuli, latum, ferre), adfero, perfero bring back, rcduco (* xi , -ctum , 3) bring back = restore,, rcstituo ( ul, -utum , 3) bring before, ad-duco {-dux 7, - ductum , 3) ^ bring it about that, cf-ficio (-feci, -fectum , 3) k£ bring (= lead to), ad-duco (3) bring up, educo (1) broad, Icitus broken, fractus brook, I, patior ( passus , 3) brother frater ( frdtr-) build, aedifieb (1) build, cx-struo (- struxi , -structum , 3), in-struo burn, comburo (3) burst, rumpo ( rupl , ruptum , 3) burst forth [intrans.], cf-fundor (■fusus , 3) business, negotiant busy, occupdtus but, s«/, autem (Gr. § 599) but (= only), tantum but also, etiam buy, rmo [eml, emptum, 3) by, a, [Abl.]; = by means of, [Acc.] by no means, haudquaquarn, tninime c. cajole, verba dare, decipere call , voco (1) ; appcllb (1) call together, convoco (1) calm, tranquillus, securus camp, castra (2), n. pi. can, possum , {potal, posse) captain, magister navis capture, I, capib (cepl, capturn , 3) Capua, of, Capuan, Campdnus care nothing, nihili pendeb carefully, attente , dlligenter carry off, absumo {-psl , -ptum, 3) carry on, gtro gestum, 3) carry out, cx-sequor {-seciitus, 3) Carthaginians, Poem cause, causa cause, I, cjficib {-fed, -fectum, 3) cavalry soldier, ( equit-) cease, de-sino (-sit, 3), de-sisto {-stitl, 3) celebrate, cclebro (1) 102 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER . celebrated, clarissimus century, centuria certain, quidam certain, it is, satis constat certainly, hand dubie chains, put, catenas in-jicid {-jeci, -jectum, 3) chance, by, forte change, muto (1), vcrtd (- ti , -sum, 3) [XIV. B.] character, mores (pi. of mos ), m. characteristic, sign of Genitive charge, cura charge, I, impetum facio in Charles, Carolus check, reprimd {-pressi, -prcssum , 3) cheer, of good, bond animo cheerful, hilaris cheerfully, libenter chief-magistrate (mayor), praetor {praetor-) choke, op-pled {-plevi, -pletum , 2) choose, cligo (clegi , elec turn, 3), deli go (3), coopto (1) chosen, delectus Christ, Christus (2) circumstance, res (5) citadel, arx {arc-), f. citizen, civis city, urbs {urb-), f. clad, see clothe class, ordo {ordin-) m, Classics, litterae humaniores clause, clausula clear (= free), libero (i)[X.] clear, it is, apparct (2), liquet (2), manifestum cst clearly, I see, satis intcllcgd {-xi, 3) cleverness, sollcrtia client, cliens {client-) cloth, linteum clothe, vestio (4), in-duo {-did, -dictum, 3) cloud, nubes, f. coast, ora cold, frigidus cold water ,frigida (sc. aqua) collect together, congrego (1) come, venid {vent, ventum, 4), red-eo [X.] come ! age sis ! come back, red-eo {-ii, -Hum, -ire) come in, in-gredior {-gressus, 3), intro (1) come out, egredior {egressus, 3) come to rescue, opitulor (1) [Dat.] come to the aid of, sub-venio (- veni, -ventum , 4) come to an end, to [XXII. B.], com- poni {-positum, 3) come up, suc-cedo (- cessi, -cessum, 3) comfort, consolor (1) commander, dux {due-), imperaior {-or-) commit (a crime), patro (1) commit suicide, I, mortem mihi con- scisco {-scivi, 3) common, communis commons, plebs {pleb-), f. comparative, compardtivus compel, cogd {coegi, coactum, 3) complain, queror (questus, 3) complete, per-feio {-feci, -fectum, 3), conficio completely, omnino conceal, celo (1) concede, concedo {-cessi, -cessum 3), tribuo {-ui, -ictum, 3) concern, cura concerns, it, interest concerned, I am, med interest condemn, damno, (1) condemno (1) VOCABULARY. 103 condemn to death, capitis damno (1) condition, condicio (-on-), f. condition, on, his condicionibus conduct of a war, Use Gerundive of gcro (3) confer, detibcro (1) confer (a favour on), confcro . . . in conference, colloquium confess, confitcor (2) confide, credo (3), confido (3), [Dat.] confidence, fiducia, have c., jidcm habeo [Dat.] confine, claudo (-si, -sum, 3) confiscate, publico (1) conflagration, Use cxurb(-ussl, -ustum, 3) congratulate, grata/or (1) [Dat.] conquer, vinco (vici, victum, 3) consent = grant, con-cedo (-ccssl, -cessum, 3) consequence, is of great, multum interest consequence was, the, quo factum cst consequently, itaque, quo factum cst ut consider, judico (1), cxistimd (1), habeo (2) considerable, magnus considerable distance, procul considerable time, for a, aliquamdiu considerably = by much, multo console, consolor (1) conspicuous, egregius conspire, conjiirb (1) consul, consul (consul-) consular rank, of, consularis consult, consulo (consului, consultant, 3) contempt, contemptus (4) contested, the day is, dimicatur continue (= persist), perseverb, 1; sometimes sign of Imperfect control, modcror (1) [Dat.] conversation, sermb (sermon-), m. converse, col-loquor (-locutus, 3) convey, confcro convey, diico (dux'i, ductum, 3) convict, coarguo (3), con-vinco (3) convinced, am (= am sure, certo scio, 4), mihi persuasum est Corcyra, with, (= Corcyraean), Cor¬ ey racus corn, frumentum correctly, accurate cost, con-sto (-stiti, 1), sto (stcti, 1) counsel, consilium country, civitds (-at-), f. country (= native land),/rt^r/« countryman, civis courage, fortitudo (-in-), f., virtus (virtut-), f. courageous, fortis court, area court (= seek), quaero (3) courtesy, cdmitds (-at), f. coward(ly), ignavus craft, dolus crafty, callidus credit, I, fidem habeo (2) [Dat.] Cretans, Cretenses crime, scclus ( sceler -), n ,,facinus (-or-), n. criminal, sc^lcratus crisis, tempus (temp'or-), n. critical position, be in a most, in extremo situs esse cross, cross over, trans-co crowd, turba, multitudb (-in-), f. crowds, in , frequens (-nt-) cruel, atrox (atroc-) crush, op-primo (-prcssT, -pressum, 3) cry (= say), inquam cultivate, colb ( colui, cultum, 3) THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. 104 cunning, sollcrtia custom, mbs (mor -), m. cut down, dis-solvo ( -solvT , -solution, 3), [XIX. A.] cutter, liburnica D. dagger, pugid (pugion -), m. daily, cotidianus dance, sa/0 (1) danger, pcriculum dangerous, infestus dangerous position, tantum pcricu- lum dare, audeo (ausus , 2) darkly (= enigmatically), per ambages darkness, tenebrac darlings, desideria (2), n. pi. daughter, filia ; little d ,,f~iliola day (daylight), dies (5) dead, mortuus deadly (foe), infensus dear, cams ; use Dat. of cor [cord-) in V. death, mors (mort -), f.; ex it us (4) death, condemn to, capitis damno (1) debate, there is, disccptatur deceive, falio (fcfelli, falsum, 3) decide, de-cerno (-crcvi, -cretum, 3), censed (2) declare, ajfirmo (1), dictito (1) declare war, bellum indued \-xi, -ctum, 3 ) [Dat.] decree, decerno (3) deed , factum, facinus (-or-), n.; great deeds, magna deem, puto (i),judico (1) deepest (= greatest), summits deepest attention, animus attentus deeply, so, adeo defeat, vinco (vlcl, victum, 3), de-vinco defect, vitium. defend, defendo (-di, -sum, 3) dejected, demissus afflictusquc delay, morn delay, extraho (-xi, 3) deliberative assembly, consilium delights, it, juvat (1) deliver, Ttbcro (1) deliver (= give up ),trad-o (- idl, -itum, 3) deliverer, liberator (-or-) Delphi, Delphi, m., pi. demand , postulo (1) demand surrender of, deposed (3) demeanour, vultus (4), animus (2) [XXVII. B.] demolish, di-ruo (-rui, -rutum, 3) deny, nego (1) depart, ab-co depend on (my) decision, (mei) ar- bitrii esse dependant, cliens (client-) depopulated, to be, incolis nudari describe, rem ex-pond (-posui, -positum, 3 ) deserve, mcreor (2), emereor (2) design, consilium desire, cupiditas (-at-), f.; cupidb (-in-), f. desire, I, cup-io (-ivi, -itum, 3) desirous, cupidus, studiosus desist, de-sisto (-stiti, 3) despair of, de-spero (1) [Acc. or Dat., or de with Abl.] despair of success, spent ab-jicio (3) despatch, mitto (misi, missum, 3) despatch (= kill), interficio despise, contemno (3) destroy, exstingud (3), tollo (3), deled (2) destruction, cxitium destructive, use Dat. of cxitium (Gr. § 4 2 °) VOCABULARY. 105 detection, escape, hostcmfallo ( fefclli, 3 ) determine, constituo (- xii, -utum, 3) detest, dctcstor (1), cxsccror (1) detrimental, use detrimentum (Gr. § 420) devise, ined, capid .devote, dcdo {-didi, -ditum, 3), dcvovco {-vov'i, -vdtuni, 2) devote oneself, opcram do devotion, fidcs, (5) die, morior (mortuus , 3), dc-ccdo (3), . e vita cxccdo, (3) different, very, longe alius different from, far, longe alius dc differently, alitcr difficult, difficilis dignity, honos {honor-) m. diligent, diligcns {-nt -), sedulus diligently, diligenter din ,strepitus, (4) dine, ceno (1) diplomacy, consilium direct, jlectd {flexi, jlcxum, 3) disaster, clades , f. discharge, fungor {functus, 3) [Abl.] discourage, de-tcrrco (2) • discover, invcnid {-vent, -vcntum, 4), compcr-io (- 7 , -turn, 4) discuss, disscro (-ul , 3) discussed, the question is, disccptatur disease, morbus 2) disgrace, dcdccus (-or-), n., oppro¬ brium, ignominia disgraceful, turpis dishonest, intprobus disinherit, exhcrcdo (1) disloyal, mains display, cxhibeo (2); sometimes, e.g. in XXII. B., use se pracbere displease, displicco (2), [Dat.] dispute, ccrtdmen {-in-), n. dissemble, dissimulo (1) distant, is, abest, distat distasteful to me, is, aegre fcro distinction, ornamentum distressed, I am, aegre fcro district, regio {region-), f. distrust, dif-fido (3) disturbance, pcrturbdtio {-on-), f. divine, dlvlnus do, ago {egi, actum, 3), facio {feci, factum, 3) do (= be in health), valco (2) do (= inflict), in-fero do away with, tollo {sustuli, sublatum, 3 ) doing, factum dominion, imperium; dominatid {-on-) door, janua double, I, duplico (1) doubt, dubito (1) doubt arises, dubitatur doubtful, I am, dubito (1) doubtful, dubius, anccps {ancipit-) doubtless, hand dubie draw near, ac-cedo (3) drill, cxcrccd (2), crudio (4) drink, poto (1), bibo (3), haurio (4) drive (upward), cvchd {-xi,- ctum, 3) drive from, pclld (3), exagito (1) due, debitus duties, munia, n. pi. (only nom. and acc. used) ■duty, offeium ; sometimes sign of the Genitive (Gr. § 389) dying, moribundus E. each, quisque eager, cupidus, studiosus eagerness, how great is, quam enixe io6 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. early [Adv.], mature earnestly, studiose earnestly entreat, I, oro atquc obsccro earnestness, dlligentia earth, orbis terrarum earthquake, tcrrac motus (4) easily, facile eat, cdd ( cdl, esum, 3) economise, pared (pepercl 3) economy, parsimonia effect, ef-ficio (-feci, -fectum, 3) effect, to the following, in hanc scn- tcntiam, hujus modi effectually, bene either, aut, vcl (see Gr. §§ 581, 584) elder, senior elect, coop to (1), eligo (3), creo (1) eloquence, eloquentia eloquent, fdcundus else, alius (aliud) embark, ndvcm conscendo (-dl, -sum, 3) embassy, legdtio (-on-), f. embrace, com-plector (-plexus, 3) emperor, imperator (-or-) employ, adhibco (2) empty, indnis encounter (= undergo), sub-eo (-ii, -Ire) encourage, adhortor (1), animos addo (3) end , finis, m. and f. endanger, in perlculum addiico endeavour, conor (1) endowed, praeditus endurable, tolerdbilis endurance, fortitudo (-in-) f. endure, sustineo (2), maned (-si-, -sum, 2), permaned enemy, hostis ; private e., inimicus energetic, impiger, strenuus energy, stadium English, the, Angll English (language) litterac Anglicac enhance, augco (auxl, auctum, 2) enjoin, injungo (-xl, -cturn, 3) enjoy, fruor (3) [Abl.]; [XLII. A.], iitor (3) [Abl.] enormous, ingens (- nt -) enormous, such, tantus enough, satis enquire, sciscitor (1) enquire of, quacro (quacslvl, quaesltum, 3) ex enrol, scrlbo (scripsi, scriptum, 3) enslave, servitute opprimo (3) enslaved, save from being, servitiitem repello (reppuli, 3) d ensue, con-sequor (-secutus, 3) enter, intro (1) entertain, use ad cenam adhibeo, 2 entertain (a design), in-co entertain expectations, aspirations, or hopes, spero (1) enthusiasm, stadium enthusiastic student, litterdrum studiosus entirely, omnlno entreat, obsccro (1), oro (1), prccor (1) entreaties, preces (prec-) f. pi.; some¬ times use prccor (1) [ c.g. XLVIII. A.] entrust, mando (1 ),credo (-idl, -itum,f), per-mitto (-mlsl, -missum, 3), com-mitto, confldo ( flsus, 3) envoy, legatus envy, invidia equip, instruo (-xl, -ctum, 3), apto (1) escape, fugio (fugl, fugitum, 3), pro¬ fit gio, effugio, evado (-si, -sum, 3) escapes (my) notice, it, (me) fallit (fefellit, 3) especially, praecipuc, pracscrtim VOCABULARY. 107 Etrurians, Etrusci Etruscan King, = K. of the Etrurians Europe, Eurbpa even, etiatn , vcl even if, etiamsl even though, etsl eventually, postremo ever, umquam ever-memorable, imrnortalis everybody, omncs everybody else, ceteri every one, unusquisque everywhere else, alibi exactly as, pcrindc dc examine into, cxplbro (1) example, exemplum exasperated, Ira concitdtus excellent, optimus excess, libido (-in-), f. excessive, nitnius exchange, mu to (1) excited, animo commotus excuse for, make, cxciisd (1) execrable, nefarius executioner, carnifex (-fic-) exercise (= use), utor (usus , 3), [Abl.] exercise absolute authority or control, dominor (1) exercise authority over, jiis ha bed in [Acc.j exhausted, confectus exhort, hortor (1) exile, exsul (exsul-) expect, ex spec to (1) expedient, it is, expedit (4) experience (= see), video expiate, pur go (1) expose, of-fero extraordinary, eximius exultant, ovans (-nt-) eye, oculus (2) eye-witness, am, intersum [Dat.] F. face, facies (5) face (= oppose), rcsisto (rcstiti, 3) [Dat.] fact, res, (5) faction, factio (faction-), f. faculty, facultds (-at-), f. fail, desum [Dat.] fain, use volo (-ul, vcllc) fair, pulcher faithless, perfidus fall, cado ( cccidl, casutn, 3), de-cido (-cidi, 3) fall back from [XXIV. B.] —• raise the siege of fall into, in-cido ( cidi, 3) hi [Acc.] fall to the ground, con-cido (-cidi, 3) fame, fama family [XIX. B.], domus, f. fancy, puto (1) far, longe; = by much, midto \ =■ deep, altc, [VI. B.] far from, .so, tantum abest (Gr. § 368 e) far off, am, procul absum fatal, use exitium (Gr. § 420) father pater (patr-) father-in-law, soccr (2) fatherland, patria fault, vitium favour, I, favco (favl, fautum, 2) [Dat.]; adjuvo (1) [Acc.] favour, bcncficium, gratia favourable, am, = I favour favourably (= kindly), benigne fear, metus (4), timor (tinior-), m. feasible, it is, fieri potest February, Fcbrudrius [Adj.] feel, sentio (sensi, sensum, 4) feel gratitude, grdtiam habco (2) io8 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. feel sure, I, mlhi persuasion cst, con- fido (-fisus, 3) feelings, animus (2) feign, simuld (1) fellow-citizen, fellow-countryman, civ is fellow-envoy, collcga fellow-soldier, miles ( milit -) fetch, affero ( attuli , alldtum, afferc ) few, paucus field, on many a, = very often fierce ( = huge), ingens (- nt-) fierce engagements, use atrocitcr pugndri fiercely, vehementer fig (a fig for . . .), use jloccipended (2) fight, I, pugno (1) fight, a, pugna, proclium fight it out, dccerto (1) fill, corn-pled (- plevi , -pletum, 2) finally, postremb find, in-venio (- veni , -ventum, 4) find out, exp loro (1) [XVI. B.] finish, con-ficio (-feci , -fectum , 3) fire [XXIV. B.], incendium firm ,fortis, jirmus first [Adj.], princcps ( princip -) first [Adv. J, primum first, at, primum first (of all), imprimis fit, dignus fit candidate for, no, Say ‘ no one fit for ’ (aptus ad) flame, Jlamma flatter, blandior (4) [Dat.]; adulor (1) [Acc.] flee, fugio (fugi, fugitum, 3) fleet, elassis , f. flight, fuga ; or use Gerund of fugio (3) foe, foeman, hostis ; private foe, inimicus (2) fold (hands), com-primo (- pressi , -pressum, 3) follow, sequor (secutus , 3) following, posterns following, the, use hie or talis following speech, make, in hnne modum loquor (3) follows, as, in hunc modum folly, stultitia fond, studiosus food, cibus (2) fool, foolish, stultus for [Prep.], pro [Abl.], ob [Acc.], ad [Acc.] for [Conj.] nam, cnim (see Gr. § 599, »•) forbid, prohibeo (2), vet-o (-ui , - iturn , !) force, I, cogo (coegi, coactum, 3) force (= army), exercitus (4) forces, copiac foreign, externus foreigner, peregrinus , advena foresight, prudentia forget, obliviscor (oblitus, 3), [Gen.] forget (to do something), practer- mitto (-misi, 3) forgetful, oblitus , immemor form a resolution, consilium capio (. ctpi , cap turn, 3) form (a scheme), in-cb (-/;, -ire) former, pristinus, vetus ( veter -) former . . . latter, illc . . . hie formerly, anted formidable, use Gerundive of metub (3), or timed (2) formidable crisis, res timenda forsooth, scilicet forthwith, statim, extcmplo fortification, munitib (-on-), f. fortify, munio (4) VOCABULARY. iog fortress, arx ( arc-), f. fortunate, fclix (- 7 c-) fortune, for tuna fortune, I have the good, mi hi contingit foully, foedum in modum found, I, cond-o (- idi , -itum , 3) fray, certdmen (-in-), n. Frederick, Fredericas free, free-born, freeman, liber free, I, llberd (1) freedom, llbertds (llbcrtdt-), f. French, Francogalll French [Adj.], Gallicus friend, friendly, amicus friendship, amicitia from, a, ab [Abl.], e, ex [Abl.] frontier, fines (plur.), m. full, am, abundo (1) [Abl.] furiously, vehcmcnter further, any, Use comparative of longe gain, con-sequor (-secutus , 3) ; some¬ times, c.g., in XLIX. B., use ac- quiro (-qulslvl , 3) gather together, compard (1) general, dux (due-) generous, tiberalis gentle, mltis gentlemen, use pat res conscriptl in XXXVI. A. gentleness, humanitas (-at-), f. genuine, verus Germans, Germani get (= cause), cf-ficid tit get (into danger), adducor (3) get a view, conspicid (-exl, 3) get out, ex-eo get ready, pard (1) get together, compard (1) get up, surgo (,surrexl, surrectum , 3), adsurgo give, do (dcdl, datum, dare) give back, rcddd (-idi, -itum, 3) give consent, approbo (1) give place, ccdo (cessi, cessum, 3) give (the same) advice, ( eadcm) moneo (2) give way to, indulged (-si, 2) glad, am, gaudeo (gavlsus sum, 2) gladly, libenter ; sometimes use laetus glance, use vultus (4) glory, gloria glorious, pracclarus, insignis gloriously, pracclare go, co (Ivl, itum, Ire) go down, descendo (-dl, -sum, 3) go forth, ex-eo go on (= to be carried on), gerl go out, cx-co, c-grcdior (3) go scot-free, inipunc vlvcre God, a god, dens (2) go to, ac-cedo (-cessi, -cessum, 3) ad; ad-eo (-ii, itum, Ire) good, bonus ; a good, bonum good-bye, vale, valete good-faith, fides (5) good fortune, I have the, mi hi con¬ tingit (contigit, 3) good-humour, humanitas (-at-), f. good-night, sit tibi fausta nox govern, impcrd (1) [Dat.] gradually, sensim, gradatim Grand Army, magnus ille cxcrcitus grand-daughter, ncptis grandmother, avia grant, do (dcdl, datum, dare) gratitude, gratia; show gratitude, grdtiam rcfcro (rettull, rclatum rcfcrrc) great, magnus greatly, magnopcrc Greece, Graecia THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. I io Greek (language), litterac Graecae, Graced loqui greet, I, salutcm died grief, dolor (dolor -), m., macstitia, luctus (4) grieved, am, doled (2) groan, gemitus (4) ground, on the, humi ground, fall to the, con-cido {-cidi , 3) ground of, on the, propter [Acc.] grow dissolute, luxurio (1) guarantee, fides (5) guard, custodio (4) guest, hospes {hospit-) guide, dux {due-) gust of wind, splritus (4) H. hallo ! hens! chem! hand, on the one, ... on the other, ct ... et hand over, trado (- didi, -ditum, 3) happen to be, say “ to be by chance ” {forte) happens, it ,ft, accidit, evenit harbour, portus (4) hard [XXIV.], acritcr hard by, juxtd hardest, one’s, surnmd ope hardly, vix hardships, use durus harm, injuria harm, do harm, nocco (2) haste, celcritds {-at-), f. hasten, fesfino (1) hasten back, propere me recipio hastily, propere hasty in temper, iracundus hate, odl, odio habed (2) ; am hated, odio sum hateful, invlsus haughtily, fcrdciter head, caput {capit-), n. head, am at the, prae-sum [Dat.] healthy, saliibris hear, audio (4) hearken to, obtemperd (1), [Dat.] heat, I, cale-facio heaven, (= the gods), dl heavy, gravis {= large), magnus, ingens (- nt-) heavy fine, magna pccunia heinous, nefandus help, auxilium, opcm help, I, ad-juvo (1) henceforth, posthac herd (= the common herd), vul- gus (2) here, Hie here (— hither), hue here, from, hinc hereafter, posthac here is (are), eccc ! heroic, use fortissimus heroism, virtus {virtut-), f. hesitate, dubito (1) hide, abdo {-didi, -ditum, 3), cclo (1) high, altus high [Adv.], alte high prices, summa caritds {-at-) high spirit, ferocia high treason, majestds {-at-), f. highest degree, in the, Use superlative {e.g„ XXXVI. A.) highly, magnl ; so highly, tanti hill, collis, m. himself, ipse hinder, impedio (4) hindrance, impcdlmcntum hint at, signified (1) hire, con-ducd {-duxl, -ductum, 3) his, suns or ejus (Gr. §§ 556-565) VOCABULARY. hi historian, rerum scriptor {-or-), auctor (-°r-) history, use auctor {auctor-) hitherto, adhuc hold (= consider), habeo (2), diico (3) hold out, use sustincd (2) holiday, feriae home, a, domus , f. home (wards), domum home, from, domo honour, bonds {honor-), m. hope, spes (5) hope for, I, spero (1) horrible, foedus Horace, Horatius (2) hospitable, hospitalis hostage, obses {obsid-) hostilities, bcllum hostility, inimlcitia hot, calidus hotly, acriter hour, hora hour of danger, use tantum periculum hour of need, use Partic. of laboro (1) [IX.] house, domus, f. house, in or at the, doml how, ut; quomodo ; quam (before Adj.) how (= how greatly), quantum how long ? quamdiu how many, quot how much (= how great), quantus how old, quot annos ndtus however [Adv.], utcumque however [Conj.], autcm human, humdnus humour, morcm gero (3), [Dat.] hurry, propero (1) hurts, it, dolet (2) husband, marJtus (2) I. I, ego idle, vanus idly, ncquiquam if, si ignorant of, I am, ignord (1) ignore, ncglcgd {-xl, -ctum, 3) ill [Noun], malum ill, am, acgrdto (1) ill-health, valctudo {-in-), f. illustrious, praeclarus imitate, imitor (1) immediately, statim immense, ingens {-tit-) imminent, to be, imminerc immortal, immortalis immortality,, immortalitds (-at-), f. impel, im-pclld {-pull, -pulsum, 3) impend, to be impending, instdre impenetrable, densus impious, impius implore, oro (1), obsccro (1) important, gravis important, it is, interest impossible, it is, fieri non potest impregnable, incxpugnabilis imprisonment, custodia impunity, with, impune in, in [Abl.] ; in Livy, &c., apud [Acc.]; in consequence of, ob [Acc.]; in that, quod (with Indie.) increase [Intrans.], ■ cresco {crevl, cretum, 3) increase[Trans.], auged {auxl,auctum, 2) indeed, immo verd indeed, and, atque ctiam independence, llbcrtds {-at-), f. indignant, am, aegre fero, indignor (1) indignation, indignatio {-on-), f. 112 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. ndignation, feel such, adco indignor (!) induce, impello (3) indulge, indulged (-si, - turn , 2), [Dat.] indulgence, I show, see indulge industry, diligentia infamous, turpissimus, scclestus inferior, minor infirm, injirmus inflict, in-fero (-tuli , -latum), im-pono, (3) inflict punishment on, supplicium sumo ( sumps!, sumptum, 3) de or ex influence, auctoritas (-at-), f.; opes, f. influence, I, moved (movi, motum, 2) inform (you), I, (te) ccrtidrem facio ; I am informed, certiorfid ingratiate myself (with the masses), I, mihi favorem ( vulgi ) concilio (1) inhabitant, incola initiate (into), initio (1), [Dat. of rite] injure, noceo (2), [Dat.] injury [XIX. B.], detrimentum instantly, statim instead of (= rather tha.n), potius quam instigation, at the, use sollicito, (1) [XVII. A.], or auctor ( auctor-) instruct, erudio (4) instruct (= bid), prae-cipio (-cepi, 3) instrumentality, opera insult, injuria integrity, probitas (-at-), f., innoccntia integrity, of, probus intend, in animo habeo intensely, most, acerbe et penitus intensify, cxcito (1), [XXXIII. B.] interest, it is of, interest interest, it is to the, cxpedit [Dat.], interest (Gr. § 448) interests, utilitas (-at-), f.; in XVI. A. user^s (5) (pi.) interpret, interprctor (1) interruption, intcrpcllatid (-on-) f. interval, intcrvallum issue, eventus (4) into, in [Acc.] intolerable, vix fercndus invade, invado (-si, -sum, 3) in investigate, investigo (1) invite, invito (1), voco (1) involve in ruin, pcssum-db (-dcdi, -datum , -dare) irksomeness, taedium island, insula J. jar, amphora jealousy, invidia join (battle), conser-o (-ui, -turn, 3) judge, judex (judic-) judge, I ,judico (1) judgment, in my, say “ I being judge ” just, justus justly, jure K. keen politician, am, in re publicd acerrime versor (1) keep, retineo (2) keep dark, keep in the dark, celo (1) keep my distance, \,procul sum kill, inter-ficio (-feci, -fectum , 3) kind, humdnus, bcnignus kind of man, what, qudlis kindle, accendo (~di, -sum, 3), excito (!) kindness, beneficium king, rex (reg-) kinsfolk, use propinquus know, scio (4); a person, novi ; know not, ncscio (4), ignoro (1) known, notiis VOCABULARY. ii 3 _ L. labour, labor {labor-), m. labour, I, laboro (1) lack, peniiria lack, I, cared (2) lamentation, complordtid {-on -), f. land [Trans.], ex-pond (3) land [Intrans.], egredior (3) language, lingua , sermo {sermon-), m. large, magnus, ingens (-nt-) last, proximus , ultimus Latin, littcrae Latinac, Latine loqui laugh at, ir-rideo (-risi , 2) law, j ms {jur-), n. ; a law, lex {leg-), f. lay up, pond {posui, posit uni, 3) lay waste, vasto (1) lead, plumbum lead, duco (duxi, due turn, 3) lead across, transduco {xi, -ctum , 3), [Gr. § 377] lead away, de-duco (3) lead out, e-dued (3) leader, dux {due-) leading man, princeps (princip-) learn, disco {did id, 3) learn (= am informed, or understand), certiorfid ( facjtus), intellego {-xi, 3), ad me perfertur [VII. B.] learned, doctus least, at, saltern leave (= go away), ex-cedo (3), decedo \eaLvebehind,re-linqud{-liqui r lictum,3) Leipzig, Lipsia leisure, have, vaco (1) length, at, tandem Leonidas, Leonidas let slip , practer-mitto (3) let (= allowl, sino {sivi, 3) let go, or depart, di-mitto (3) letter, littcrae, epistula liberal education, men who have had, litteris humdnidribus eruditi liberate, liberd (1) lictor, lictor {Victor-) lie, jacco (2) lie (= tell lies), mentior (4) lieutenant, legdtus (2) life, vita life, for, in perpctuuni lifeless, mortuus , exsanguis, exanimis lightening, it is, fulgurat (1) like [Adv.], tamquam like of which, the, qudlis likewise [Conj.], ct likewise [Adv.], sic listen to, audio (4); (= give heed to), ausculto (1) [Dat.], oboedio (4) [Dat.] listen to advice, obtemperd (1), [Dat.] literature, littcrae (pi.) little, parvus live vivo {vixi, victum, 3), (= dwell), habito (1) Livy, Livius (2) loathe, detestor (1), abominor (1) lock, claudo {-si, -sum, 3) lodge, deversor (1) lofty, altus London, Londinium long, longus long [Adv.], diu ; not long after, hand multo post long as, as, donee longer, diutius ; any longer, jam ; no longer, non jam look after, consulo {-ui, -turn, 3), [Dat.] lose, dmittd {dmisi, drnissum, 3) lose one’s life, pcr-cd lo ! en ! look at (carefully), in-spicio {-spexi -spectum, 3) 8 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. 114 lord it over, imperito (1), [Dat.] loudly, vchcmcntcr lovable, amabilis lovely, amoenus lower orders, vulgus (2) loyal, fldus, f delis loyalty, fides (5); loyalty (to), pietas (-at-) f. [erga) luggage, sarcina lull, use Passive of sedo (1) lunch, prand-co (-1, 2); take a slight lunch, gusto (1), [cf. Fr. g outer] lying, rnendax (mendac -) M. mad, I am, insanio (4) madman, demons (-nt-) madness, furor (-dr-), m. Madrid, Madrlda magistrate, magistratus (4) maiden, puclla majority, th e, plures, pars major make, facio (feel, factum, 3), redd-o (-idi, -itum, 3); (= create), creo(i); ( = impute), verto (-tl , -sum, 3) make an entry into, intro (1) make one’s way, say “go ” or “ pro¬ ceed,” &c. make war, helium infero [Dat.] malignant, gravis man, homo (homin-), vir (2) manage, cf-ficio (feel, -fcctum, 3) ut mankind, humanum genus (gener-) march, iter ( itincr-), n. march, I, iter facio (feci, factum. 3), pro-cedo (-cessl -cessum, 3), eo Mark, Marcus marry (a husband), nubo (nupsl, nuptum, 3), [Dat.] Martial, Martialis massacre, trucldo (1) master, dominus (2), (= teacher), magister master, I am, imperito (1) Mathematics, Mathematica (2), n., pi. matter, res (5) may (= it is allowed), licet (2), [Dat.] may, I, licet mihi mean, valco (2), signified (1) means, artes, f. (pi.) means (= manner), modus means, by no, haudquaquam meanwhile, interim meditate, specto ad [with Gerundive], meditor (1) meet, occurro (-rl, -sum, 3), obviam esse [Dat.] meet, come (or go) to, obviam venire (or Ire), [Dat.] meet, go out to, obviam egredior (egressus, 3) meet in the shock of war, con-curro (-currl, -cursum, 3) meet with [XXV. B.], (=find), in¬ valid (4) men (— soldiers), mllites mental, use animus (2) mention, mentib (-on-), f. mention, I, memorb (1) messenger, nuntius (2) mere, use ipse midnight, media nox (noct-) midst of, in the, inter [Acc.] mile, a, mille passus ; two (three, &c) miles, duo(tria,& 3 c.)mllia passuum military, mllitaris military cloak, paludamcntum military education, I receive a, rebus mllitaribus crudior (4) mina, mina (about ^4) mind, animus (2) mine, mctallum VOCABULARY. ii 5 misfortune, malum mistake for, by, pro [Abl.] mock at, ir-rldco (- rlsl , -rlsum , 2) modest, modcstus, vcrecundus modesty, vcrecundia Molossis, Molossis (-id-), f. moment, use hora [VII. B.J money, pecunia monstrous [XXIX. h..~\,focdus monstrous (= so great), tantus monstrous, it is, indignum cst month, mensis, m. moral, am, bonis sum moribus moreover, practcrca, quin ctiam, vero [XLVIII. C.] morning, in the, mane mortal [Noun], homo (homin-) mortal (= death-dealing), mortifer Moscow, Moscovia mother, mater ( matr -) mother-in-law, socrus (.4) mound, tumulus (2) mount, mountain, mons ( mont -), m. move, moved (movl, motum, 2) move [Intrans.], dis-cedo (3), movcor much [Adj.], multus much [Adv.], multum much (= by much), multo must, necesse est (Gr. § 368 f.) my, mens mysteries, sacra (2), n. pi. N. name, nomen (nomin-), n. Naples, Neapolis, f. Napoleon, Napolco (-on-) narrate, narro (1), memoriae triuld (3) narrative, narratio (-on-), f. nation, populus (2), gens (gent-), f., clvitas (-at-), f. nationality, natio {nation-), f. native, patrius naturally, say by nature nature, natura naval warfare, res navalis navy, classis, f. nay, immo near propc [Acc.], ad [Acc.], apud [Acc.] nearest, very near, proximus nearly, fere, fermc necessary, ncccssdrius necessary, it is, necesse cst need, opus need, I, opus cst mi hi, indigeo (2), [Abl.] neglect, ncglcgd (-xl, -ctum, 3) neither, ncque, nee never, numquam nevertheless, tamcn new, novus news, nuntius (2); no news, nihil novl news arrives, mmtidtur news, I bring, nuntio (1) next [Adj.], proximus next [Adv.], deinccps night, nox (noct-), f. nightfall, at, sub noctem no, nullus no (= not), hand, non noble, praeclarus nominally, nomine, verbo none, no one, no man, nemo (nemin-). nor, neque, ncc not, non not by any means, hand, haud- qudquam, nequdquam, omnlno non not only, non solum, non tantum nothing, nihil nothing, for, nequiquam notorious, omnibus ndtus ct manifestos ii6 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. notwithstanding [Prep.], in [Abl.] now [Adv.], nunc, jam now [Conj.], autem (see Gr. 599, ii.) now no more, non jam nowadays, hodie number (= multitude), multitude) (-in-), f. nurse, nutrix (metric-) O. oath , jusjurandum (Gr. § 49) obey, pared (2), [Dat.], obtemperd (1), [Dat.], oboedio (4), [Dat.] object is, my, id ago (, egi , 3) ut oblige (= force), cogd ( cocgi, coactum, 3) observe (= see), conspicio (3) observe (= mark), enoto (1) obstinate [XXIV. B.], use atrocitcr obtain, potior (4), [Abl.] obtain permission, impetrd (1) occasion, give, com-mitto (-misi, -missum) ut (Gr. § 369 a) occasion, tempus (temp or -), n. occasion, on one, quondam occasionally, interdum October, Octobris [Adj.] of (= out of), e, ex [Abl.] off, is (= is distant), distat, abest offend, displiccd (2), [Dat.] offer [Intrans.], offerri (oblatus) offer violence, vim inferre office, munus (muner -), n.; bonds (honor-), m.; magistrdtus (4) ; officium officer, dux (due-) often, saepc often, as often as, totics quo ties old, senex (sen-) omit, oniitto (omisi, omissum , 3) Olympiad, Olympias (-ad-), f. on, in [Acc.], after verbs of motion ; in [Abl.], after verbs of rest on (= about or concerning), dc [Abl.] one (of two), alter only [Adv.], tantum, solum ; not only, non solum onslaught, impetus (4) open, I, aper-io (-iti, -him, 4) open country, agr'i aperti openly, aperte opportunity, occasio (-on-), f. oppose, ob-sisto (-stiti, 3); re-sisto, adversor (1), [all take Dat.] or, aut, vel, -ve (Gr. § 581) or [introducing co-ordinate question], an (Gr. § 580) oracle, drdculum oracularly, obscure order, imperd (i)[Dat prae-cipio(-cepi -ceptum, 3) [Dat.], jubed (jussl, jussum, 2) order to, in, ut [Subj.] orders [Noun] ,jussa (2), n. pi. ornament, orndmentum ostensibly, specie other (= another), alius others, of, [Adj.], alienus otherwise, aliter ought, debeo (Gr. § 330), oportet (Gr. § 453); or use Gerundive (Gr. § 535 )>/«s est [III. B.] our, ours, noster outlaw, exsul (cxsul -) outlawed, to be, cxsul judicari outspoken, fiber outspoken, am Jibcre loquor (locutus, 3) outrage, indignitds (-at-), f.; in XLII. B., facinus (facinor-), n. outrageous, iniquus outwit, in errorem indued (3) over [XIX. A.], in [Abl.] VOCABULARY. 117 overcome, supcro (1), vinco (3) overlook, ncg-lcgo [-lexi -lectum , 3) overthrow, subvcrtd (3) overwhelm, obruo (- 7 , -turn, 3) owe, debed (2) own, his (their), suns owner, dominus P. pace, passus (4) pain, dolor [dolor-), m. palace, regia parallel case, remind you of, exemplum re-fcro pardon, ignosco ligndvi, 3) [Dat.] parent, parens [parent-) Paris, Lutetia part, pars [part-), f. part, I for my, equidem pass a resolution, de-cerno [-crevi, -ereturn, 3) past, praeteritus path, via patriotic, patriae amans patriotism, amor patriae patron, patronus (2) paucity, paucitas [-(it-), f. pay, stipendinm pay, pendo (3), solvo (3) peace, pax [pdc-), f. peculation, peculdtus (4) penalty, pocnae penetrate, pcnetro (1) people (= nation), populus ; = men, homines; = populace, plebs [pleb-), f. perceive, sentio [scnsi, sensnm, 4), intcl-lego [-lexi, -lectum, 3) perfect stranger, homo plane ignotus perform, ob-eo, prac-sto [-stiti, 1), facio (3) perhaps, fortassc peril, perilous situation, periculnm perish, per-eo permit, con-ccdo [-cessi, -cessum, 3), per- mitto [-misl, missum, 3) permit you, I, per me tibi licet (2) permit [ = suffer ), patior [passus, 3) permitted, it is, licet (2) [Dat.] perpetrate, edo [-idi, -itum, 3) Persia, Per sis [Pcrsid-), f. Persia (= the Persians), Persae Persian [Adj.], Pcrsicus personally, I, equidem persuade, per-suadeo [sucisi, -sua- sum, 2) pestilence, pcstis, f. Phalerum, of [Adj.], Phalericus phase, jigura phenomenon, res (5) philosopher, philosophus (2) philosophy, philosophia physical, say “ of the body” pillow, cervical [-al-), n. pilot, guberndtor [-or-) pine, pinus (4), f. pirate, praedo [pracdon-) pitiable, miserdbilis pities, it, miseret (2) pity, miscreor (2) [Gen.] pity, I have, me miseret (2) place (= deposit), de-pono (3) place at the head, prae-jicid [-feci, -feeturn, 3) place on, im-pono (3) plain, campus (2) plainly, apertc plan, ratio [ration-), f., consilium play, liido [-si, -sum, 3) play the man, pro parte virili ago [egi, actum, 3) plead (in court), ago [egi, actum, 3) n8 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. plead in excuse, excusd (i) pleasant, jucundus please, placed (2) [Dat.], gratus esse please (= if you please), si libet, sis pleased, I am, mihi libet (2) pleasure, it is my, mihi libet (2) pledge, given in , fide saerdtus Pliny, Pllnius (2) plot, I, insidior (1) [Dat.] plot, insidiae, pi. pluck, extra ho (-xl , • ctum , 3) plunder [Trans.] di-ripio (-ripul , -rep- tum (3), [Intrans.], praedor (1) plunge . . . into (= pierce through), transflgo (3) point out, indico (1); monstro (1) point to, ostendo (- di, -sum, 3) point on this, de hac re poison, venenum Poland, Polonia policy, consilium polite, comis political, say “ in the state ” ( e.g ., XXXVI. B.) populace, plebs (pleb -), f., vulgus (2) popular, I make myself, mihi favorem coneilio (1) popularity, favor (favor-), m. population, whole of the, omnes Portuguese [XXIV. B.], use Lusi¬ tania (Portugal) positively (= even), vcl [XXXII. A.] possible, it is, fieri potest ut possible way, in every, quocumquc modo possum post (= place), colloco (1) posterity, poster1 pour forth, ef-fundo (fudi, -fusum , 3) poverty, inopia power (= force), vis, f.; (= wealth, influence), opes, f., pi. powerful, potens (potent-), validus praetor, praetor (-or-) pray, [parenthetic], tandem, quaeso pray for, opto (1) precede, antc-cedo (3) precept, pracccptum precious, pretiosus prefer, ante-pond (-posui, -positum (3), maid (-ui, malic) prepare, prepare for, paro (1) presence of, in the, cdrarn [Abl.] present day, at the, hodie present, at, nunc present, am, ad-sum present (= stretch out), porrigo (-rexi, -rectum, 3) present (= endow), ddno (1) present, the, [Adj.], hie preserve, servo (1), conscrvo (1) pretend, simulo (1) pretty clear, it is, satis apparet (2) prevail, valeo (2) prevail upon, impetro (1) a prevent, prohibco (2), de-terreo (2), impedio (4) previously, anted price, pretium priest, sacerdos (-ot-), m. prime of life, in the very, integerrima actatc prison, career (career-), m. prisoner, captivus proceed, pro-gredior (3) proceed to, say “ next ” [X.] proclaim [XXIII. A.] ,jtidied (1) profane, prof anus promise [Noun], promissum promise, polliceor (2) prompt, moved (movi, motum, 2) pronounce sentence (on), sententiam died (de) VOCABULARY. ng proof, documentum property, res familiaris, bona (n. | pi.) propose (a name) (= nominate), nomind (i) prosecute a quarrel, inimicitids cxcrcco (2) prosperity, felicitas (-at-), f. protect, prdtego (3), tueor (2), or use pracsidium or munimentum (Gr. § 420) protection, pracsidium protection, I take you under my, tc in fidem recipio proud of him, I am, ex ed voluptates capio [VII. B.] prove myself (=show myself), me praebco (2), praestd (1) provisions, res frumentdria, com- meatus (4) Prussia (=the Prussians,) Borussii public, publicus pumice stone, pumex (-ic-), m. punish, I, punio (4), poends sumo de (ex) ; I am punished, do poends punishment, poenae, supplicium purpose, sententia purpose, for that, ad cam rem purpose, without accomplishing one’s, j re infecta pursue, sub-sequor (-sccutus, 3) push ( = march), iterfacio put in command, prae-ficio (-feci, -fectum, 3) put (in the place of), substituo (-ui, \ •utum, 3) put off, dijfcro (distuti, dilatum, ; differre) put to death, inter-ficid (feci, -fectum, j 3) Pythia, Pythia Q. queen, regina quickly, cclcritcr ; as q. as possible, quam with Superlat. quietly, mente tranquilla [XIII. A.] quit (= go away), egredior (3) quite, admodum quote, say “ use the words of” R. raining, it is, phut (3) raise (a siege), ( obsidioncm) omitto (3) range oneself on the side of, parti adesse rash, t enter dr ins rather, pot ins raze to ground, deled (-evi, -etum, 2), a fundamentis dis-jicio (feci, -jectum, 3) reach (= arrive), per-venio read, lego ( legi, ledum, 3) readily ( = easily), facile ready, pardtus ; ready to, paratus ad really, in reality, re, re verd reap, me to (3) reason (= cause), causa reassure, confrmo (1), animos addd (3) rebuild, de novo acdifico (1), restituo (-ui, *utum, 3) recall, rcvoco (1) receive ac-cipio (- cepi, -ceptum, 3); [XXII. A.] ex-cipio (3); some¬ times use Passive oiper-ferd recent, recentissimus [XVII. A.] recommence, redintegro (1) record, memord (1) recourse to, I have, utor (usus, 3) [Abl.], tento (1) recover from sickness, ex morbo cop-. Valcsco (-valid, 3) 120 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. recovery, salus, (saint-), f. redoubled fury, blaze with, vche- mentius relucere reduce Jto ashes (= completely de¬ stroy), deled (-evi, etum, 2) reduce to subjection, suae dicionis facere re-elect, de integro e-ligo (-legl -lectum, 3) refrain, I, me rctineo (2) refuse, nolo (-ui, nolle, § 369 c.), rccuso (§ 369 b.) regiment, legio (legion-), f. regret, feel regret, I, me paenitet (2) reign, regno (1) reigns, darkness, nox est reinstate, restituo (-ui, -utum, 3) rejoice, laetor (1 ),gaudco (gavlsus, 2) relate (= narrate), narro (1) relatives, propinqul release, libero (1), dimitto (3) relieve, levo (1), libero (1) relying on , fretus [Abb] remain, maned (mans!, mansum, 2), sub-sum [VI. B.], versor (1) [XVIII. B.] remain unfinished, supersum [XVI. B.] remain alive, supersum remain by (one’s) side, adsum [Dat.] remaining, reliquus remarkable, insignis, egregius, mird- bilis remedy, remedium remember, memini [Gen.], memorid teneo (2) remind, commoncfacio(-feel,-factum, 3) remorse, I feel, me paenitet (2) remove, submovco, amoved (dmovi, 2) render (= make), redd-o (-idl, -itum, 3) render thanks, grdtias ago (3) renew, renovo (1) ! renowned, cldrus repay, refero repeat, I, inquam [XLIV. B.] repeated, creber j repent, I, me paenitet (2) 1 repents, it, paenitet (2) reply, I, responded (-di, -sum, 2) report, fdma, rumor (rumor-), m.; report says, fdma est representative, legdtus (2) reproach, increpo (1) j reproach, vitium [XIV. A.] ! republic, res publica reputation , fdma rescue, libero (1) resemble, similis esse resentment, ira resist, rc-sisto (-stiti, 3) [Dat.] resolve, statuo (-ui, -utum, 3) resolve, constituo (-ui, -utum, 3) rest assured, I, mi hi persuaded (-si -sum, 2) rest, the, ceteri, reliquus restoration, use reddo [XLIX. A.] restore, reddo, (3); = bring back, rcduco (-xi, -etum, 3) restrain, cohibeo (2), retineo (2) retire, se removere (-niovi) retired, secretus retreat, a ,fuga retreat, I, me rccipid (3), pedem refero return, reditus (4) return, I, rcd-co (ii, -itum, -ire), revertor return, on his, say “after he returns ” return like for like, par pari refero reveal, aper-io (-ui, -turn, 4) revolt, defectio (-on-), f. revolt, I, de-scisco (-scivi, -scitum, 3^ dc-ficid (-feci, -fectum, 3) reward, praemium VOCABULARY. 121 richly (= justly), jure [XXXVII. A.] right, jus ( jur-), n. right, it is, aequutn (verurn, fas) cst right [Adj.], dexter right hand, dcxtra riotously, jldgitiosc rise, stir go (surrcxl, surrcctum, 3), cffcror (elatus) [XXXI. A.] rising ground, locus editus risk, perlculum rock to and fro, nuto (1) roll down, de-ldbor (3) Roman, Romdnus Rome, Roma [f$iT when Rome = “ the people of Rome ” translate by Romani ] rouse, e-rigo (-rcxl, -rectum, 3) rout ,fundo (fudi, fiisum, 3) route, via royalty, use rex ruined, projllgdtus rule, pracsum [Dat.] rumour, fdma, rumor (rumor-), m. run , ciirro; the letter ran as follows = this was the letter run over, percurro (3) run short, de-ficio (3) Russia ( = the Russians), Russl S. Sabines, Sablnl sacred, sanctus, sacratus sacred and inviolable, sacrosanctus sacrifice [Metaph.] posthabeo (2) [Gr. § 418] sacrilege, sacrilcgium safely, tiito; = safe, incolumis safety, salus (salut -), f. safety, in, Use incolumis sail, navigo (1) sail round, circum-vchor (3) sake, for the, causa, gratia; propter [Acc.] Salamis, Salamis (Salatmn-), f. salvation, salus (salut-), f. same (as), Idem (ac) same time, at the, simul sane man, no, nemo qul quidetn sanae mentis sit save [Prep.], practcr [Acc.] save [Conj.], nisi save, I, servo (1), conscrvo (1), llbcro (!) say, died (dixl, dictum, 3); they say, trddunt, ferunt ; as they say, ut aiunt; for “it is said” see Gr. § 368 a. tggp In quoting the exact words— “ he says,” “ they say ” = inquit, inquiunt saying is, as the, quod (ut) aiunt saying, a, dictum saying, the, use illud [XXX. A.] saying, vox (voc-), f. scarcely, vix scarcity, inopia scheme, consilium school, schola, Indus (2) schoolmaster, ludi magister science, scientia scoundrel, that, istc homo score of, on the, causa scorn, contcmptus (4) scrupulous fidelity, fides ac religio, f. sea, mare, n. second (Alexander, &c.), a, alter secretary, scrlba secretly, clam secure my interests, I, mihi consult) (-ul, -turn, 3) see, video (vldl, visum, 2) see (= perceive), intcllcgo (-xl, 3) 122 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. seem, vidcor (visits, 2) seemly, honestus, decorus seize, comprchcndd (-dl, -sum, 3), occupd (1) self-interest, utilitas (-at-), f. senate, sendtus (4) senate-house, curia senator, senator (-or-) send, mitto (misi, mission, 3) send for, arcesso (-ivi, -itum , 3), accio (4) send greeting, I, salutem died sense of duty, pictas (-at-), f. separately, separdtim September, Scptembris [Adj.] serious, gravis servant, servulus servant, of a [Adj.], servilis serve, pro-sum [Dat.] serve as a soldier, stipendia (n. pi ,)facio service (military), munus (muncr-), n. servile, obnoxius servitude, servitus (-ut-), f. set . . . value on, habeo (2), duco [§ 401] set out, pro-jiciscor (•fectus, 3) shame, dedccus (-or-), n. shame, I feel, me pudet (2) shameful, turpis shatter, frango (fregi, fraction, 3) sheathe, pond (posui, positum , 3), in vaginam rccondo (-idl, -itum, 3) ship, navis, f. shock, tremor (tremor-), m. shore, litus (lltor-), n. should (= ought), debeo (2) shout, I raise a, clamo (1) show, monstro (1), exhibed (2), ostendo (3) show (myself), (me) pracbcd (2), prae-sto (-stiti, 1) show mercy, dementia utor (3) shrine, saerdrium shut, shut up, claudo (-si, -sum, 3) Sibyl, Sibylla sick, am, aegrotd (1); = am weary, me taedet (pertaesum est, 2) sickness, morbus (2) siege, obsidio (-o»-), f. sight, aspectus (4) signal success, such, res tarn prosperae silence, in, use tacitus silent, I am, taceo (2), reticeo simply , pared [IX.] simply wonderful, express by emphatic position of Adj. incredibilis [VII. . B.] since, quum [Subj.], postquam [XLVI. B.] sing, cano (cecinl, cantum, 3), canto (1) single, linns; not a single one, nc iinus quidem singly, use singuli singular, singularis sit down, con-sldo (-sedi, 3) sit down (to supper), ac-cumbo (-cubui, 3 ) sit still, sedeo (2) sister, soror (soror-) sir, mi praeccptor [XXXII. B.] skilful, sollcrs ( sollert -) skilled, peritus [Gen.] sky, caelum slave, servus (2) slave to, am a, servio (4) [Dat.] slay, inter-ficio (3), oc-cido (-cidi, -cisum, 3) sleep, dormio (4) slight, parvus slowly, sensim snatch, ar-ripid (-ripui, -reptum, 3) snatch from, eripio (3) VOCABULARY. 123 snowing, it is, ningit (ninxit, 3) so [before Adj.], tarn so (= thus), ita so far from . . . that, tantum abcst ut . . . ut [Gr. § 368 e.] so great as, taut us . . . quant us so long, tamdiu so long as, dummodo [Subj.] so many, tot solely, solum (or use solus) soldierly instinct, use ingenita fero- cia some, nonnulli; some [Adj.], aliqul, (-qua, -quod) some more, alius some sort, of, aliqul some day, aliquando somehow, aliquo modo someone, aliquis something, aliquid sometime, for, jamdiii somewhat, sign of Comparative [XII. B.] son ,fllius (2) soon, mox, propediem; as soon as possible, quam cclcrrime ; as soon as, ut prlmum sore against the grain, invltissimus sorry, am, me pacnitct (2), doled (2) sort, genus (getter -), n. sort of, a, quasi sound, prudens [XIV. A.] soundly, alte source of gain, emolumentum sovereignty, imperium sow, serd (sevl, satum, 3), sementem facio Spartan, Spartanus speak, dlco ( dixl , dictum, 3), loquor (locutus, 3) speak to, al-loquor (-locutus, 3) speech, sermo (sermon-), m.; a speech, oratio (-on-), f. speed, ccleritas (-at-), f. speedily, ccleritcr spoils, spolia, (2), (n. pi.) spot, locus (2). spot, to that, illuc spring, ver (ver-) n. stain (with blood), cruentd (1 ),focdd (1) stake, to be at, agl\ the country is at stake, de patria agitur stalwart, validus stand around, circum-sto (1) stand by, ad-sto (-stiti, 1) stand by (= support), adsum [Dat.] stands, the matter, res se habet state, civitas (-at-), f., res publica stay, maned (-57, -sum, 2); = dwell, habito (1) still (= up to now), adhuc still (= however), tamcn stir up, concito (1) stone [Adj.], lapidcus stop (= cease), de-sino (3) stop up , pervigild (1) store, in, propositus storm, procella storm, I, expugnd (1) story, res (5), (mythical) fabula stron g,fortis struggle (home) (= return with very great difficulty), redeo aegerrime straight, rectus straightway, protinus strange, mints, mlrdbilis stratagem, dolus (2) straw, care a,Jloccl facio (pended) strengthen, amplified (1) [V. B.] stripped, nudatus, vacuus [Abl.] strive, nltor (nlsus, 3) strong, validus 124 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. study, sttided (2) [Dat.] stun, sopid (4) style, died (3) subject, res (5) subject, I, sub-jicio (3) sublime, insignis, egregius subordinate, posthabeo (2) subservient, obnoxius subside, rc-sido (-sedi , 3) subtle, sollcrs ( sollert -) subtlety, subtilitas (-at-), f. succeed, succedo (-cessl, -cessum, 3); res mi hi sue c edit successful, prosper us succour, opcm succour, I, sub-venio (-vend, -ventum, 4) [Dat.] such as, ( tails) . . . qualis such great, tantus sudden, subitus suffer (from want), laboro (1) suffer ( — allow), patior (3), sino (slvi ,3) suffer ( — endure), tolero (1) suffer (punishment), solvo (3), pen- do (3) suffer at hands of, say “ receive from ” sufficient amount, a, use satis suffocate, spiritum (alicui) intcrcludd (-si, -sum, 3) suggest, sub-jicio (-jeci, -jectum, 3) sum of money, pccunia sum up, comprehcndd (di, -sum, 3) summer, aestas ( acstat-), f. summon, cito (1), voco (1); summon together, convocd (1) supper, cena supper, am at, ccnd (1) supplies, commcdtus (pi.) supply, I, praebeo (2) support, adsum [Dat.] suppose, puto (1), opinor (1) ; supreme crisis, use hoc tantum dis- crimcn (-in-), n. supremacy, dornindtid (-on-), f. sure, am, certo scio, mihi persuasum habco surely, hand dubie, nimirum j surpass, supero (1) j surprised at, I am, miror (1) surprising, mirdbilis, minis surrender, [Intrans.], me dedo (3) surrender [Trans.], trddo (3) surround, circum-do (-dedi, -datum, -dare), -circum -sto (-steti, 1) survive, supersum [Dat.] suspect, suspicor (1) swear ,juro (1) sweet, dulcis sword, glad ins (2) T. table, mensa tactics, ratio (-on-) bellandi take, capio (cepi, captum, 3), sumo (sumpsi, 3) take ( = follow), sequor (3) take (= lead away), de-duco [XVIII. B.] take away, adimo (-emi, -emptum , 3) take by storm, expugno (1) take care, euro (1) take command, praesum [Dat.] take from, aufero (abstuli, abldtum, auferre) : take hold of, prehendo (-di, -sum, 3) take no notice of, nog-lego (-lexi, -leeturn, 3) take on board, im-pond (-positi,-posi¬ tion, 3) take prisoner, capio (3) take up, ex-cipio (-cepi, -ccptum (3) VOCABULARY. 125 take up (arms), moved ( rndvl, motum, 2) , sumo (-psl, -ptum) take vengeance on, ulciscor (ultus , 3) talk, sermo (sermon-), m. talk, I, col-loquor (-locutus, 3) task, opus (oper-), n. taunt, incrcpd (1) tax (with some crime), incuso (1) [Gen.] teach, doced (2) teacher, praeceptor (-or-) tear, lacrima tell, died (3), nuntid (1) tell (= narrate', narro (1) temple, temp him tennis, use pi la (a ball) terminate, com-pond (-posul, -position, 3 ) terms, I make, paccm facio terrible, terribilis territory, fines (m. pi.) than, quam thank, gr at ids ago (egl, actum , 3) that, is, ille their, suns or comm [Gr. §§ 556-565] then, turn, dcinde; = therefore, igitur [Gr. § 599 ii.], ergo thence, inde thenceforth, posted there, ibi there ( = thither), illuc, cd thereby, cd therefore, ergo, igitur [Gr. § 599 ii.] thereupon, turn, dcinde Thermopylae, Thermopylae (pi.) thick, densus thing, res think, puto (1), arbitror (1), censed (2), reor (ratus, 2) think (= hold views), sentio (sensl, sens urn, 4) think, as I, ut oplnor think (= judge), judico (i),arbitror (1) think of (you), I, mi hi in mentem venit (tul) third time, for the, tertium this, hlc thoroughly, penitus though, licet, quum, quamvls [Subj.]; quamquam [Indie. ]; even though, etsi threaten, minor (1), insto (1), immined (2), [all take Dat.] threefold, trigeminus throat, guttur (guttur-), n. throw away, abjicio (-jecl, -jectum, 3) thrust into, inser-o (-ill -turn, 3) Thucydides, Thucydides thundering, it is, tonat (tonuit, 1) thus, ita, sic, in hunc modum Tiber, Tiber is, m. tie on, con-stringo (-strinxi, -strictum, 3 ) till, donee; = befor e, priusquam time, tempus (tempor-), n. time, a second, iterum time, at a ( = then), turn to, ad [Acc.] to a man, ad iinum together, inter se together [Adv.], una tongue, lingua too, quoque too [Adv.], praetcr modum [XVII. B.] too late, sero towards, in [Acc.] town ,'oppidum townsfolk, elves, populns (2) trade, quaestus (4) traditional dignity, to forget, memo- riant dignitatis omittcre traitor, proditor (-or-) 126 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. travel, iter facio treachery, proditio (-on-), f. tread, calco (i) treason, proditio (-on-), f. treasury, aerarium treat, dcTibcro (i) treaty, foedus (focdcr-), n. tree, arbor (arbor-), f. tribute, tributum trifling, levis triumph, in, triumphant, victor (victor-) troops, pracsidium, milites trouble, labor (labor-), m. (— distress), acrumna troublesome, molestus truckle to, blandior (4), [Dat.] true, verus ; you speak the truth, vcra die is trust (= entrust), mando (1) trust, trust to, credo (-idi, -itnm, 3) [Dat.]; con-fldo (-flsus sum, 3) [Dat.] trustworthy, jidclis truth, veritas (-at-), f. ; = true things, vera (n. pi.) truthful, verax (vcrac-) try, conor (1), tento (1); in XXV. B., perlclitor (1) turn [Intrans.], con-vertor (-versus, 3) turn back [Intrans.], iter retro jlectd (3) turn out [Intrans.], evado (-si, -sum, 3) turn out (= expel), c-jicio(-jecl -jectum, 3 ) turn round, con-vertor (versus, 3) turns out, it, evenit (cvcnit, 4) tyranny, dominatio (-on-), f. u. unable, am, ncqucb (-ivl, -Ire), non possum unavenged, inultus unbridled, effrenatus uncertain, inccrtus unchanged, say “the same” uncle, avunculus undergo, per-ferb undertake, sus-cipio (-cepl -ceptum, 3) undertaking, inceptum Underworld, infer 1 unexpected, insperdtus unfinished, to be, or remain, superesse [XVI. B.] unfortunately, perincommode unfrequently, rdro unhappy, miser unharmed, incolumis unheard of, inaudltus universal, say “ of all ” [L. B.] unknown, ignotus unobserved, use conspicio (3) unpardonable, say “ too serious to be pardoned” (condono, 1), and see Gr. § 360 unpopular, invidiosus ; extremely un¬ popular, invidiosus ojfcnsusquc unprincipled, corruptus, improbus unprincipled scoundrel, homo scelerd- tissimus unruffled, aequus unscrupulousness, perfidia unseasonable, immaturus unsuccessfully, frustra, nequlquam untimely, praemdturus unusual, inusitatus unwilling, invitus unworthy, indignus unwounded, integer upright, probus, sanctus uproar, clamor (clamor-), m., tumultus , ( 4 ) upshot was, the, quo factum cst VOCABULARY. 127 upward, in altum urge, adhortor (1), stimuld (1) urgent, to be so, instare use, I, utor (usus, 3) [Abl.] use, usus (4) useful, Dat. of usus [§ 420] usually, express by soled ( solitus , 2), with Infin. utmost, summits utmost, to the, sutnma ope utmost, try one’s, summd ope tutor (3) utter, exprimo (3) V. vague, incertus vain, in, frustra, ncquiquam value, facio (3), duco (3), aestimo (1) vanquish, vinco (3) various, diversus, alius [XVII. B.] vast, ingens {-nt-) vaunt, jactdtio (-on-), f. venture, audeo ( ausus, 2) versed, doctus [Abl.] very [Adj. ], ipse vessel (= ship), navis, f. vexed, am, me piget (2) victorious, am, victor evado (-si, -sum, 3), or sum, vinco (vici, victum, 3) victory, victoria view, get a good, bene con-spicio (-spexi, -spedum, 3) villa, villa violence, vis, f. virtue, virtus (virtTit-), f. virtues (= goodness), probitas (-at-), f. [VII. B.] visit, viso (visi, visum, 3) W. wage (war), (belluni) gcro (gessi, gcstum, 3), in-fcrd wait, wait for, exspccto (1), maned (2) walk, ambtild (1) wall, mums (2), moenia (Pi.) wander, vagor (1) want (= wish, desire), void (-ui, velle), cupid (-ivi, -itum, 3) want, penuria want of enterprise, inertia war, bellum warn, monco (2) waste, tero (trivi, tritum, 3) wave, unda way, via way (= manner), modus (2) way, in this, ita way, make my, me con-fero weak, imbccillus, injirmus, invalidus weapon, ferrum wear, gcro (3) weary, fessus weather, tempestds (-at-), f. weep, lacrimd (i),fieo (fievi, fie turn, 2) welcome, ac-cipio (- cepi, -ceptum, 3) well, am, valco (2) well ! csto ! well, bene well known, it is, constat well known, less, obscurior well-nigh, pacne well then, agedum what [Adj.], qui; = that which, quod or quae what ? quid ? what manner of, qui whatever, [Adj.], quicumquc whatever [Pron.], quodcumquc when, quum, ubi; Interrogative (direct or indirect), quando whence, unde whenever, quanddcumque where, ubi 128 THIRD LATIN READER AND WRITER. wherever (= whithersoever), quo • cumque whether, num , -ne whether ... or (introd. Dep. Ques¬ tion), utrum (-ne) . . . an (see Gr. p. 159 at the top) which [Adj.], qul which of two, uter while, dum whither, quo who, which, qul, quae, quod who ? quis ? whole, totus , iiniversus, omnis why, cur wield, use stringo (- inxl , -ictum , 3) wife, (uxor-) wile, dolus (2) will, against one’s, invltus will, it is, placet (2) [Dat.] willing, am, void (-til, velle) win, vinco (3) win (a victory), reporto (1) win the heart, animos concilio (1) win the approval of, probo (1); I win your approval for this, hoc tibi probo wind, ventus (2) wing, cornu (4) winsome, festlvus wipe away, abs-tergeo (-tcrsl - tersum , 2) wisdom, prudent la wis e, prudens (- nt -), sapiens (-nt-) wish, void (-111, velle) with (= together with), cum [Abl.] with (= Fr. chez), apud ; = amongst, apud [Acc.] withdraw, secedo (3 ),me rc-cipio (-cepl -ceptum , 3) within, intrd [Acc.] without, sine [Abl.] without, am, cared (2) [Abl.] withstand, rc-sisto (-stitl, 3) [Dat.] witness, arbiter (2) woman, mulier (tnulicr-) wonder at, miror (1) wonderful, minis, mirabilis wont, am, soled (solitus sum, 2) wooden, ligneus word, verbum word (= promise, pledge), jides (5) word, in a, denique work, opus ( oper -), n. work, I, labdro (1) world, orbis terrdrum; the whole world (= all men), omnes homines worn out, defessus worth while, operae pretium worthy, dignus [Abl.] would that, utinam [Gr. § 342] wound, vulnus (vulner-), n. wound, I, vulnero (1) write, scrlbo (3), litterds niitto (3) writer, scriptor ( scriptor -) writing, scrip turn wrong, injuria wrong, it is, indignum est Y. year, annus (2) yesterday, herl yet, tamen, attamen yonder, Me you, tu young, young man, juvenis your, tuus, vester yourself, te youth, adulescens (-nt-) Z. zeal, studium parallel Grammar Series. Editor : E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, M.A., Oxon., Professor of Classics in Mason University College, Birmingham. “ Almost every grammatical system has its ‘ rationale ,’ capable of being comprehended by the mind , if the mind is kept steadily to it , and of serving as a clue to the facts ; but . . . every one of the grammars following a different system , the student masters the rationale of none of .them ; and in consequence , after all his labour , he often ends by possessing of the science of grammar nothing but a heap of terms jumbled together in inextricable con¬ fusion .”—Matthew Arnold. The publishers (Messrs. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd Paternoster Square, London ; The Macmillan Co., New York) beg to call attention to the completion of the series of Parallel Grammars, which now includes Grammars of Greek, Latin, English, French, German, Spanish, Danish, and Welsh. This undertaking, on which the editor and a large staff of collabor- ateurs have been engaged for a number of years, has attracted the favourable notice of teachers both at home and abroad, and the series has been introduced either wholly or in part into many schools and colleges of the first rank: it is hoped that an even larger amount of favour may be accorded to it now that the series is complete. Uniformity of Terminology and Uniformity of Classi¬ fication are the distinguishing marks of this series; all the Grammars are constructed on the same plan, and the same termin¬ ology is used to describe identical grammatical features in different languages. The terminology employed is such as to command general acceptance, having been accepted and approved by the Grammatical Society —a society which was formed in 1886 for the express purpose of drawing up a scheme suitable for use in teaching different languages side by side, and which numbers among its members many eminent teachers from all parts of the United Kingdom and America. The principle of selection is that the existing stock of grammatical terms is sufficient for its pur¬ pose , if used economically ; and the editor has been able to carry out his scheme without the introduction of new or unfamiliar terms. Those who are acquainted with the chaos which has hitherto reigned, and the bewilderment which is caused to pupils by the gratuitous use of two or three different terms where one I would suffice, will appreciate the labour which has been devoted to the simplification of terminology in the series. But the editor and his collaborateurs have not limited themselves to a reform of terminologj^. Far more than this has been done. The whole classification of the facts of language for the purposes bf Syntax has been rendered more scientific, and at the same time more intelligible, by the adoption of a common point of view; and much attention has been given to the concise and accurate state¬ ment of rules, and to the exclusion of all that merely burdens without enlightening the pupil. The principle of Uniformity in Grammar, first carried out in the Parallel Grammar Series, has been formally adopted by the German Ministry of Education (Lehrplane und Lehraufgaben , Easter, 1892), and is thus approved as both scientifically and practically sound by the highest educational authorities. But at present England is the only country which possesses a series in which these principles are carried out. The Grammars are accompanied by Exercise Books, entitled READERS AND WRITERS, based on the following princi¬ ples :— 1. The Reader is the centre of instruction. Each passage in it is designed (i.) to have a unity and interest of its own, sufficient to engage the attention of the pupil; (ii.) to exhibit, so far as circum¬ stances permit, one dominant grammatical feature. Forms which cannot be understood grammatically without more knowledge than the pupil possesses at a particular stage are not altogether excluded, but they are treated as isolated words, and are simply translated (without grammatical explanation) in tfie Vocabulary or Preparations. The Reader thus lends itself to the methodical learning and practising of grammar. Grammatical facts presented in concrete form in an interesting context are easily understood and remem¬ bered, and form the basis of that more complete and systematic knowledge which can only be acquired from a Grammar. 2. The Writer is based upon the subject matter and vocabulary of the Reader, and gives systematic practice in the dominant grammatical feature under consideration. The pupil is early introduced to the writing of continuous passages ; these are at first built up out of separate sentences of easy construction, but gradually assume the character of connected prose in the proper sense of the term. No meaningless sentences or fragments of sentences are employed. II Reading, Writing and Grammar thus go hand in hand, and the knowledge acquired in each department is immediately- utilized in the others. In this point, too, the system worked out by the Editor and his collaborateurs coincides in all its essential features with the best results of foreign experience. 3. The courses are so arranged as to present to the pupil the important before the unimportant , the less difficult before the more difficult. Grammatical details are reserved until the main outline of grammar has been mastered. 4. The terminology and classifications of the Parallel Grammars are employed throughout the Headers and Writers. The method briefly indicated above is applied to all the languages ordinarily taught in schools, the teach¬ ing of which may thus be organised and concentrated on a uniform basis. For list of the Grammars and Readers in the Series see p. XYI. SELECT OPINIONS on the SERIES AS A WHOLE. “If it were only for starting a new point of view at a time when the market is flooded with grammars in which the same things are over and over again repeated, the Editor and his collaborateurs would deserve our gratitude. But for much more solid reasons this attempt deserves all encouragement. It marks a new departure, and is a real advance. Any one of these gram¬ mars may be used separately by student or teacher. They may be used with still greater advantage in combination.”—The late H. Nettleship, Corpus Professor of Latin in the TJmv. of Oxford. “ Obviously, this parallel method has great advantages, not only because it avoids waste of effort in learning mere terminology, but because it gives facilities for the comparison of the different languages with regard to structure and idiom. ... In gen¬ eral execution all these grammars are of exceptionally high merit.”— H. Bradley, Jt. Ed. Murray’s English Diet. {Academy). “ Professor Sonnenschein’s conception of a series of Parallel Grammars was a happy one, and the execution of it on a large scale is a distinct service to the progress of grammatical science. The Latin Grammar and the Greek Grammar show exceptional acumen and exceptional fairness of judgment, qualities not often combined in one man.”—W. G. Hale, Head Professor of Latin in the University of Chicago ; Jt. Ed. of the Classical Review. Ill “ I welcome the new series of ‘ Parallel Grammars ’ as a real advance in the direction of clear thought, brevity, so far as brevity is possible, and riddance of that superfluous naughtiness which refuses to call the same things by the same names.”—C. Colbeck, M.A., Assistant Master at Harrow ( Journ. of Education). “ I fully approve of your attempt to introduce something like harmony into the teaching of ancient and modern languages, and heartily sympathise with the object you have in view.”—The late Rev. H. A. Holden, M.A., LL.D., Examiner in London Univ. “ The series of Parallel Grammars is the first attempt to get rid of the perplexities and misunderstandings arising from the inconsistent terminology employed in the grammars of different languages.”—The Rev. J. B. Mayor, Litt.D., late Editor of the Classical Review. “ There can be no doubt that this system, if it can be satisfac¬ torily carried out, will save much time to the teacher and much perplexity to the pupil.”—P. Giles, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer of Emmanuel College, and Reader in Comparative Philology in the University of Cambridge ( Classical Review). “ After recommending the Parallel Grammar Series in many quarters, I cannot remember any one who was disappointed, or to whom the working out of the same system through various languages did not come as something of a revelation, for which they were intensely grateful. I am sure that no teacher who had once tried the effect of your arrangement of Conditional Sentences as against the traditional arrangement could be blind to the super¬ iority of the former.”— W. H. Secker, M.A. Oxon., Aysgarth School, Yorkshire. “ We have for some years been using the 1 Parallel Grammars ’ and ‘ Readers and Writers ’ intended to be studied along with them. We were led to introduce these text-books from a sense of the soundness of the educational principles on which they were based; experience has now taught us to value them also for the care and consistency with which these principles are carried out. We are convinced that it is an incalculable gain to the cause of systematic instruction in our school that we are using books which enable us to preserve uniformity in the grammar teaching of the languages, as well as to connect coherently translation and composition with this grammar teaching.”—The Rev. A. Jamson Smith, M.A., Headmaster of K.E.S., Camp Hill, Birmingham. “The recognition of the fact that the fundamental principles of grammar are common to all languages constitutes a conspicuous IV merit of Sonnenschein’s Parallel Grammar Series .”—Professor Frederic Spencer, in his Chapters on the Aims and Practice of Teaching (p. 88). “ It is with more than an ordinary sense of appreciation that we notice this really remarkable series of books. The very conception of so novel and difficult an enterprise would in itself he note¬ worthy. But the conception has been carried out with such signal skill and care, that the result may he said, with no exag¬ geration, to constitute an epoch in the history of our educational literature. These grammars will, in fact, convert what has been a perplexed wandering through a tangled forest into a secure journey through a well mapped-out country .”—Birmingham Daily Gazette. “ The adoption of uniform methods of teaching must result in an enormous saving of time and energy for both teachers and taught .”—Catholic Times. “ We have had frequent occasion to express our opinion of the various volumes in this very useful series, and of the general features which characterize them all; their spirit and system are now so well known to all teachers that it is hardly necessary to repeat those observations. The principle of familiarising a pupil with passages for translation before he has mastered many details of grammar, of bringing him to a knowledge of rules through the language from which experience collects them, rather than equipping him with a mass of words and forms long before he meets them in the literature—this principle is gradually growing to be more and more widely acknowledged as a sound one. Few can doubt the very great advantage of having some general principles established, which can be illustrated in different languages, either by way of similarity or contrast. It is on this system of proceeding from the known to the unknown that the Parallel Grammar Series is based .”—Educational Review. FOREIGN OPINIONS ON THE SERIES AS A WHOLE. This Series is unique in its kind, so far as I know. We in Germany have nothing similar. At the Berlin School Conference (December, 1890) Schiller spoke on the point, maintaining that we ought to have Parallel Grammars, in connexion with the question how instruction might be simplified by improvements in method. The new Prussian Scheme of Instruction of 1891 lays it down that ‘ in the choice of a Latin Grammar attention should be paid to its being not too different in its whole plan and construction V from the Greek Grammar which is to be used side by side with it; (p. 23); and again, ‘ in the choice of an English and French Gram¬ mar, care should be taken that they are not too different in their plan and construction, and that the terminology be here the same as in other languages ’ (p. 37). Though the term ‘ Parallel Gram¬ mars ’ is not here employed, yet the idea is the same as that which lies at the basis of the admirable ‘ Parallel Grammar Series,’ edited by Sonnenschein. It is his merit to have been the first to carry out with brilliant success the principle of simplifying grammatical terminology, and, above all, of employing the same terminology in all the languages learned in schools. In my pamphlet called Solved and Unsolved Problems of Method (Berlin, Springer, 1892), I reckoned the question of Parallel Grammars as still unsolved for Germany, and assigned to Sonnenschein the credit of having solved it for England. I now repeat what I there said. We in Germany have only to take the English 1 Parallel Grammar Series ’ as a model, and to learn from Sonnenschein how to construct a similar series for our own country. He has shown that parallelism involves no revolution in terminology, but, on the contrary, that it is possible to make*the old established terms serve the purpose, if they be properly and economically used. The whole system is excellent, and may be most warmly recommended to the attention of all those who are interested in the production of a series of Parallel Grammars.”—W. Mangold, Ph.D., Professor in the Askanisches Gymnasium, Berlin. (Translated.) “ An organic unity of grammars, such as Sonnenschein’s series, is as yet lacking in Germany, although it would indisputably be of great service.”—Dr. J. Sitzler, in Woclienschrift fur Klassische Philologie (Translated). “ A year ago I expressed my unqualified approval of the Parallel Grammar Series ; since then my admiration for it has only in¬ creased, in proportion as I have more fully understood the principles on which it is based and their application. Mr. Sonnenschein has deserved well of his country in taking the initiative in this work, which he has succeeded in carrying to a happy issue. Shall we ever have a similar series for our own country? That day, the teaching of languages will have taken an immense step forward.” —Dr. J. Keelhof, Professor at the Athenee Royal, Tongres, Bel¬ gium ; Pevue de Vinstruction publique (Translated). VI SELECT OPINIONS ON THE SEVERAL VOLUMES. GREEK GRAMMAR.* “ It is no exaggeration to say that the position of this book is quite unique. . . . For brevity, lucidity, general accuracy, and consistency of opinion, we know of no book on Greek Syntax in English that can be compared to this.”— Educational Review. “We are glad to welcome and to recommend, if the book requires it after three years’ test, Professor Sonnenschein’s second edition of his Greek Accidence. We had the pleasure of drawing attention to its merits on its first appearance, and having used it ourselves for the purpose of practical teaching, we can testify still more strongly to its value. One of its superlative merits is that a student can use it without the aid of a teacher to explain the explanation, and yet with all this clearness and conciseness, there is a fulness of information which leaves nothing to be desired on any important point.”— Educational Review. “ I have found it singularly interesting, admirable in clearness and throwing real light (as it seems to me) on some perplexing points of Syntax.”—S. H. Butcher, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh. “ I hold and have often expressed the opinion, that for Attic Accidence and Syntax yours is absolutely the best school grammar extant.”— Gilbert Murray, M.A., Professor of Greek in the University of Glasgow. “ Your Greek Accidence has been in use here for five years, and we wish to say that we have found it invaluable as combining the most recent results of research into pure Attic forms with an admirable arrangement for practical teaching. Its method and completeness, we have no hesitation in saying, render it superior to any other Greek Grammar for school purposes. The list of irregular verbs and the appendix on accents have proved especially useful.”—C. D. Chambers, M.A., Oxon.; E. C. Owen, M.A., Oxon., Assistant Masters at Bromsgrove School. “ The reviewer believes it his duty to record, his opinion that * A Supplement to the Accidence has just been added (Sept., 1S98), containing irregularities in declension and comparison, and serving also as an index to the nouns and adjectives. This will be bound up with the Accidence, but may also be had separately; see p. XVI. VII this is the best book of the kind with which he is familiar. For system, plan, graphic presentment, and accuracy of exposition, it is admirably adapted for school use; its method is that of the future. The Accidence combines completeness and accuracy in such a way as to make it indispensable to teacher and learner alike. The Syntax marks a new departure from accepted routine : too much praise cannot be bestowed on the method adopted and the excellent manner in which it has been developed in detail. Its framework is a xr^/na es del, admitting of improvement without sub¬ stantial alteration.”—The Rev. J. Donovan, M.A., late Professor of Classics in Stonyhurst College ( Classical Review ). “ The adaptation to the present state of knowledge seems most judiciously carried out.”—D. B. Monro, M.A., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford. “ Prof. Sonnenschein’s Greek Grammar is admirably clear in its arrangement, and, at the same time, comprehensive in its scope. All that is unimportant and exceptional is duly subordinated to the typical and normal forms. The work deserves to be extensively used in all English-speaking countries.”— J. E. Sandys, Litt. D., Public Orator in the University of Cambridge. . “I have constantly used Professor Sonnenschein’s Greek Gram¬ mar ever since it came out, and it appears to me distinctly the best Greek Grammar I know for daily use. It is wonderful to find so much information contained in a book of such small bulk, and yet presented in an interesting form. It is an admirable piece of work, and a constant help to the University teacher.”—G. R. Scott, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford. “Prof. Sonnenschein’s Greek Grammar is admirably adapted for teaching purposes. The information is presented in a manner at once lucid and exact, and the student who advances to more elabor¬ ate works will find that he has nothing to unlearn.”—P. Giles, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer of Emmanuel College, and Reader in Comparative Philology in the University of Cambridge. “ Excellent both in plan and execution. It has the advantage of others in being simple, to the point, and running on a broad gauge line that suits all the cognate languages. By turning to account the previous familiarity which boys are bound to have with general Grammar and the system of Latin Grammar, you have made their path easier towards learning Greek; and everything is so clear and precise that the stupid ones have little excuse left except that of disinclination.”—J. Y. Sargent, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College, Oxford. VIII “ This is far the best Greek Accidence that I have ever had to deal with ; the conspectus of the Verbs, each on its own page, is admirable.”—The Rev. E. D. Stone, M.A., of Broadstairs, late Assistant Master at Eton College. “ The Master of the Sixth Form here has found that the Greek Syntax supplies a distant want.”—J. E. King, M.A., Head Master of Manchester Grammar School. “ I like the book very much and think it ought to have a wide circulation. You have got a wonderful amount into it and ex¬ pressed it all in very clear and concise terms.”—H. Richards, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Wadham College, Oxford. “ The idea and principles of this series thoroughly commend themselves to me.”—F. Chatterton Richards, M.A., Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, and Prof, of Greek in Hniv. Coll., Cardiff. “ Superior to anything of the kind I have as yet used or seen.” —W. G. Rushbrooke, LL.M., Cantab. “ 1 am sure the labour of learning Greek would have been much less to me if I had had such a book.”—F. C. Conybeare, M.A., Fellow of Hniv. Coll., Oxford. “ Not only the best handbook of the day for reference, but also, so far as concerns the ordinary needs of teachers and students, beyond all question the most luminous and really adequate digest of modern scholarship.”—W. H. Secker, M.A., Oxon, Aysgarth School, Yorkshire. “ Admirable both in design and execution, and it ought to have a tremendous circulation.”—W. Peterson, M.A., Oxon., LL.D., Principal of the MacGill University, Montreal. “ It is just the sort of book I believe in for school use. It groups the essentials in convenient order, without verbiage. It deals with facts. It throws the usual into strong relief, and subordinates the exceptional. It utilizes the knowledge of grammar already attained by the pupil.”—Prof. B. J. Wheeler, of Cornell Univ., N.Y. “ I find the Greek Accidence a marvel of compactness. I am a thorough believer in this method of teaching Greek Grammar to beginners. No wonder Greek studies have to fight their way, when boys are set to learning long lists of exceptions at the outset. Your Syntax is just the thing that is wanted. I am not a disciple of parallelism as seen in some tables of comparison, where everything is sacrificed to a wooden uniformity; but I am in favour of parallel syntax when you naturally apply what Latin you know to what Greek you are learning to know. You have certainly hit the mean.”—H. Weir Smyth, Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Bryn Mawr IX College, Philadelphia, author of The Greek Dialects (Oxford, 1894). “ A most attractive hook in form and appearance. The idea of teaching Greek forms by referring to the student’s previous ac¬ quaintance with Latin is especially to he commended.”—Prof. Martin L. D’Ooge, of the University of Michigan. “ Sonnenschein’s Greek Syntax , like his Accidence , is excellently adapted for practical use : his treatment of the Cases, for example, is a model of clearness and perfection of form and matter : it is like a beautifully arranged garden on which the eye rests with satisfaction, and if one desires to examine all the marvellous growth of the language in detail, space and light are provided. The reader soon finds himself at home in it, and is delighted at the way in which one part fits into the other in this work of art.” —Dr. F. MPller (Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift ; trans.). “ A distinct advance upon any British Greek Grammar, being thoroughly in accordance with the latest researches as to correct Attic forms, and with all well-ascertained philological facts which are likely to prove helpful to the learner.”— Univ. Correspondent. “Subordination of detail, clearness of outline, brevity and accuracy in rules—of these a surfeit is impossible, and they are well realized. In Syntax, induction has superseded deduction : a group of examples followed, not preceded, by the rule is an excellent inversion of the old system.” — Preparatory Schools Review. “ Dr. Sandys’ First Greek Reader and Writer will be found a most valuable addition to the series. Our examination enables us to say that the matter of this volume is most judiciously chosen and arranged, the difficulties carefully graduated, and the exercises much more interesting than is usual in such books. One reason for this interest is that a great number of the passages consist of striking selections from Dr. Sandys’ own reading (skilfully simpli¬ fied where necessary), both isolated sentences and consecutive passages. We can warmly recommend its accuracy, careful ar¬ rangement and admirable simplicity.”— Educational Review. “ Carefully graduated.”— Guardian. “ A distinct improvement on the usual style.”— Univ. Corresp. “ A worthy companion to Prof. Sonnenschein’s Greek Grammar. —Public Schools Year Book. “ I have carefully examined Sandys’ work and must pronounce it a model of industry, philological acuteness and didactic skill, deserving of our attention and imitation.”—Dr. F. Muller (Berl. Phil. Wochenschrift., transh). X LATIN GRAMMAR. “ Mr. Sonnenschein’s Latin Accidence is all that might be ex¬ pected of so accomplished a scholar.”—The late H. Nettlesiiip, Corpus Professor of Latin in the University of Oxford. “ Prof. Sonnenschein’s Latin Grammar is a valuable book. The information is conveyed in language at once terse and lucid; good judgment has been shown in the selection of matter as well as in ; ts presentment; and great care has been taken about the ter¬ minology—an important point.”—J. S. Beid, Litt. D., Fellow and Tutor of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. “ I consider Prof. Sonnenschein’s Latin Grammar excellent, on account both of the lucidity of its arrangement, which makes it easy to learn, and of the soundness of its principles, which en¬ sures that there is nothing to unlearn.”—S. G. Owen, M.A., Censor and Classical Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. “ The whole book is characterised by admirable simplicity. . . . It would be difficult to imagine a more pleasant task for a teacher than to have an intelligent class before him, with this book in his hands.”— Education. “ A student brought up upon the set of grammars to which this one belongs could not fail to have fundamental grammatical ideas very clearly and firmly fixed in his mind.”— W. G. Hale, Head Professor of Latin in the University of Chicago ( Classical Review). “ The best Latin Grammar I have seen.” —J. Macleod, H.M.I.S. “ The First Latin Reader and Writer by Mr. Dix is the best of all the elementary books for teaching Latin with which I am acquainted.”—The late Bev. B. H. Quick, M.A. “ May be safely recommended to those who appreciate the im¬ portance of not deferring translation till the system of grammar is mastered: it is simple, sound and practical.”— Education. “The Second Latin Reader and Writer makes a very favourable impression, both as a bit of teaching, and as a Latin grammatical work.”— Guardian. “The Third Latin Reader and Writer carries out the prin¬ ciple of this excellent series with remarkable skill. The whole book deserves praise for its variety, liveliness, and workable character.”— Educ. Rev. “ Admirably constructed.”— Glasg. Herald. “ The selections in the Fourth Latin Reader and Writer (Livy Lessons) are good, the notes are useful, and the eighteen pages of ‘ exercises for retranslation,’ are attractive in subject and style.”— Guardian. “ Eminently interesting.”— Schl. Board Cliron. XI ENGLISH GRAMMAR. “ English appears to lend itself well to the general plan of the series. Both Accidence and Analysis and Syntax have been com¬ piled with careful reference to the highest authorities, and arranged in a manner at once logical and attractive.”— Education. “ Strik¬ ingly fresh and clear and sound.”— Educational Times. “ It is a real pleasure to be able to recommend this work heartily.”— Private Schoolmaster. “ In the English Examples and Exer¬ cises (Part I.) Miss Woods has put together a series of outline lessons and exercises in English Accidence. The definitions are terse and clear, and the examples, of which there are a great number, seem to be skilfully selected.”— University Correspondent. “ The collection of examples for analysis (Part II.), by Miss Cooper, will be a most effective instrument in the hands of any teacher of English.” — Education. “The illustrative examples in the Steps to Eng¬ lish Parsing and Analysis (Vol. I.), by the Misses Ramsay, are suitable and clear. . . . Many of the stories are intrinsically in¬ teresting and may render the associations of Grammar more pleas¬ ant than some children find them.”— Schoolmaster. “Carefully graded to suit the pupil’s progress.”— Educ. Review. “An admir¬ able collection of exercises constructed on principles the practice of which means the destruction of learning grammar by rote.”— Glasgow Herald. “ May do much to introduce more satisfactory methods for the early teaching of English.”— Modern Languages. “ Cannot fail to aid in achieving the chief end of education—the development of the learner’s intelligence.”— Literary World. “ A class that had worked through this book would find Latin prose much easier than when taught in the ordinary way.”— Preparatory Schools' 1 Review. “ A carefully designed and thoughtfully written manual, which can be honestly recommended.”— The Teacher's Aid. FRENCH GRAMMAR. “ Especial praise must be given to Prof. Moriarty’s thoughtful and original book on French Accidence. It has the merit of being the first French Grammar for English use that puts the use of the ‘ Conditional ’ in its true light.” —H. Bradley {Academy). “ Mr. Moriarty’s application of the Parallel Grammar programme to French is carried out in a masterly fashion.”— Journ. of Educ. “ We have tested the rules and index by every means known to us, and they have stood the test exceedingly well.”— Guardian. “ Commends itself by the admirable clearness of every part; the best results may be confidently expected.”— Glasgow Herald. XII “ The Preparatory French Course is a capital book for begin¬ ners. . . . The exercises form connected narratives—a decidedly good feature—and the grammatical facts selected are suited to the capacities of young learners.”— Guardian. “ The lessons seem characterised by clearness of principle, careful graduation of matter, and fulness of exercises.— Schoolmaster. “ The work of an able teacher.”— Modern Languages. “ Cannot fail to be of the greatest utility.”— Glasgow Herald. “ It is almost enough to say of this First French Reader and Writer that it is the last published volume of the Parallel Grammar Series; for Mr. Morich’s name is sufficient guarantee for the soundness and thoroughness of the execution.”— Journal of Education. “ To say that it is the best with which we are acquainted would be less than fair to it, for it would imply a comparison, whereas it stands alone, and has the merit of introducing a system so natural, and so evidently the best, that one can only wonder that it has never been worked out before.”— Glasgow Herald. “ The plan [of basing exercises in writing upon the subject matter and vocabulary of the Header] is one which cannot be too highly recommended. M. Barbier is an able exponent of the method (Second French Reader and Writer).” — Guardian. “ The Second French Writer consists of simple sentences founded on the Header, a plan of which we have often expressed our approval.”— Journal of Education. “ The books contained in this series deserves a high place in the list of student’s manuals, both as regards execution, general get-up, and cost.”— The Literary World. “ The somewhat complicated task of blending grammar, transla¬ tion, and composition together has been ably performed by M. Barbier, whose little volume we warmly recommend as an ex¬ cellent exponent of an intelligent system.”— Glasgow Herald. “The passages in the Third French Reader and Writer are skilfully selected to illustrate special points of Syntax ex¬ plained in the Grammar belonging to this series.”— Guardian. “ M. Bar be has performed his task in a very satisfactory way.”— Scholastic Globe. “ The French part of the volume contains a well-selected series of most interesting extracts from the best modern authors. The English extracts for translation into French are. exceedingly skil¬ ful adaptations.”— Glasgow Herald. XIII GERMAN GRAMMAR. “ Clear, precise and practical, and *very inviting to the eye.”— Journal of Education. “ Uniformly good.”— Education. “ The German Syntax is an excellent and scholarly piece of work.”— Guardian. “ Great care has evidently been bestowed on the Accidence.”— The late Professor H. Nettleship {Athenaeum). “ Dr. Meyer ist mit seiner Arbeit ans der grossen Masse unver- daulicher deutscher Schulbucher fur Englander einen tiichtigen Schritt hervorgetreten.”— Im Ausland. “ It would be difficult to give too high praise to the First German Reader and Writer as a book for young beginners. In method, arrangement, selection of pieces, and in clearness of print, it is just what an elementary Header and exercise book should be. We know several teachers who are using it, and who entirely endorse our opinion.”— Modern Language Monthly. “ An admirable bit of work, the pieces chosen being all very simple without being dull or foolish.”— Journal of Education. “ Fulfils in almost every respect the conditions of a perfect class book for junior pupils in German.”— Practical Teacher. “Mr. Macgowan (in the Second German Reader and Writer) has done his part with the same thoroughness as Professor Son- nenschein.”— Journal of Education. “ The plan of these Readers and Writers has our entire approval.” — Guardian. “ There can be no doubt whatever that it (retranslation) materi¬ ally assists the learner, especially when it is practised in so clear and skilful a way as in this book.”— Education. “The Third German Reader and Writer seems as near perfection as such a compilation could well be. It is sure to be welcomed by teachers and pupils alike; for it will lessen the labour of both, without, in any sense, encouraging careless or slovenly work.”— Glasgoiv Herald. “ Fully worthy to take a place in this admirable series.”— Modeim Languages. “The English-German Vocabulary is written on very sensible lines, and at once commends itself.”— Guardian. “ An additional advantage is that all the passages refer to matters of German history or legend, thus, in some degree, in¬ teresting the student in the history as well as the language of GermanjV’ | Bookseller. “ A well-designed course.”— Scotsman. XIV SPANISH GRAMMAR. “ These books follow the admirable plan laid down for this series by Professor E. A. Sonnenschein. They are thoroughly and care¬ fully done, and will prove of the highest service.”— Scotsman. “ Altogether it would be difficult to find two better books to put into the hands of a learner.”— Glasgow Herald. “ The well-known method of the series is faithfully adhered to throughout these works, which are likely to prove serviceable for private students as well as for schools.”— Daily Chronicle. “For the Spanish Reader and Writer we have nothing but praise.”— Literary World. DANO = NORWEGIAN READER. “ The prose pieces have been selected with much care and judg¬ ment, and the English version is both literal and accurate. . . . Altogether the book seems admirably fitted to fulfil its object, and may be safely recommended.”— Guardian. “ English students ox Danish and Norwegian will find their efforts greatly lightened by this book.”— Liverpool Post. “ A good idea well carried out.”— Educational Review. WELSH GRAMMAR. “ To look for defects in the work of such a capable man as the author is a hopeless task. . . . The work is as perfect as any grammar can well be, and students of Welsh in our secondary schools and colleges will hail its appearance with sincere grati¬ fication.”— Western Mail ( Leading Article). “ Many thanks for the Welsh Grammar. ... It seems very clear as well as concise.”—D. B. Monro, M.A., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford. “ Very many thanks for your Welsh Grammar. It seems to me to be most scholarly. It will give a great impetus to the scientific teaching and understanding of Welsh.”— T. E. Ellis, M.P. fgi 5 " For list of the volumes see next page. Owing to repeated requests from a large number of schools , the quality of the binding and get-up of the “ Readers and Writers ” have been improved , stiff boards being used instead of limp cloth. This has necessitated a slight increase in the price of some of the volumes , which are now sold at the prices quoted on next page. XV LIST OF VOLUMES (1899). See note on prices, p. XV. Other volumes (“An Advanced English Syntax” and “An Advanced German Composition Book”) are in preparation. GREEK GRAMMAR, by Prof. E. A. Sonnenschein, M.A. Oxon., 4s. 6 d. Or separately : Accidence with Supplement (containing irregularities in declen¬ sion and comparison, see p. VII.), 2 s. ; Supplement alone, 6 d. ; Syntax , 2 s. 6 d. .First Greek Reader and Writer, by J. E. Sandys, Litt. D., Fellow of St. John’s College, and Public Orator in the University of Cambridge, 2 s. 6 d. LATIN GRAMMAR, by Prof. E. A. Sonnenschein, M.A. Oxon., 35. Or separately : Accidence, is. 6d. ; Syntax, is. 6 d. First Latin Reader and Writer (with Supplement), 2 s. Second Latin Reader and Writer, is. 6 d. Third Latin Reader and Writer, 2 s. (All by C. M. Dix, M.A. Oxon., Assistant Master at the Oratory School, Bir¬ mingham.) Fourth Latin Reader and Writer, by J. C. Nicol, M.A. Cantab., late Fellow of Trinity Hall, Head Master of Portsmouth Grammar School; and the Rev. J. Hunter Smith, M.A. Oxon., First Assistant Master in King Edward’s School, Birmingham, 2 s. ENGLISH GRAMMAR, by J. Hall, M.A., Head Master of the Hulme Grammar School, Manchester ; A. J. Cooper, F.C.P., late Head Mistress of the Edgbaston High School; and E. A. Sonnenschein, M.A., 2 s. Or separately: Accidence, is. ; Analysis and Syntax, is. English Examples and Exercises. Part I., by M. A. Woods, late Head Mistress of the Clifton High School, ij. Part II., by A. J. Cooper, F.C.P., is. Steps to English Parsing and Analysis, by E. M. Ramsay, late Assistant Mistress at the Wimbledon High School, and C. L. Ramsay ; Vol. I., Elementary, is. 6 d. Vol. II., Further Exercises, is. 6d. FRENCH GRAMMAR, by L. M. Moriarty, M.A. Oxon., Assistant Master at Harrow School, late Professor of French at King’s College, Lon¬ don, 3 s. Or separately : Accidence, is. 6d. • Syntax, is. 6d. Preparatory French Course, by A. M. Zweifel, is. 6 d. First French Reader and Writer, by R. J. Morich, Assistant Master at Clifton College, and W. S. Lyon, M.A. Oxon., 2 s. Second French Reader and Writer, by P. E. E. Barrier, Lecturer in French in University College, Cardiff, 2 s. Third French Reader and Writer, by L. Barb£, B.A., Head Master of the Modern Language Department in the Glasgow Academy, 2 s. GERMAN GRAMMAR, by Kuno Meyer, Ph.D., Professor of Teutonic Languages in Univ. Coll., Liverpool, 3 s. (Accidence, is. 6 d. ; Syntax, is. 6 d.) First German Reader and Writer, by E. A. Sonnenschein, M.A., is. 6 d. Second German Reader and Writer, by W. S. Macgowan, M.A., LL.D. Cantab., Senior German Master at Cheltenham College, 2 s. Third German Reader and Writer, by Georg Fiedler, Ph.D., Professor of German in Mason College, Birmingham, 2 s. Fourth German Writer, by R. Gordon Routh, M.A. Oxon., Assistant Master in Bromsgrove School, 2 s. SPANISH GRA MM AT?., by H. Butler Clarke, M.A. Oxon., Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford, late Taylorian Teacher of Spanish, 4 s. 6 d. First Spanish Reader and Writer, by H. Butler Clarke, 2 s. DANO-NORWEGIAN READER, with Grammatical Outline, by J. Y. Sargent, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College, Oxford, 3 s. 6 d. WELSH GRAMMAR, by E. Anwyl, M.A. Oxon., Professor of Welsh at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 5J. Accidence, is. 6 d. ; Syntax, is. 6 d. Single Copies of any volume will be sent post free to any teacher on receipt of half its published price. Keys to the Latin and German Readers and Writers may be had by teachers direct from the publishers. London : SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., Ltd. New York : THE MACMILLAN CO. XVI I JL Date Due D± k C_- M. 111**5 AUTHOR A Third Lectin He a d e /- TITLE :w r " / «_ i r* / U 7 i / ' BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. Books may be kept for two weeks and may be , renewed for the same period, unless reserved. Two cents a day is charged for each book kept overtime. \ If you cannot find what you want, ask the Librarian who will be glad to help you. The borrower is Tesponsible for books drawn on his card and for all fines accruing on the same. ,