HA JgftOll£5lEiKl ff -U^ — -— c~. ta , --*r=- — 3rs=5=a — V V <] f fc::= JUnUilitfirr- iCTy}ragro|g2s. KmG's BOSTON »®^ ILLUSTRATED ! :; < Property of CLARENCE A e OhBBVBB. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/kingshandbookofb1878king2 / O'NBLLUBRARY BOSTON COLLEGE • MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF NEW YORK » NEW ENGLAND M UTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. MOSES KlNG*lri*EUBUISHERj B [ H3KVMKD -"CO LLEG e] COPYRIGHT, 1873. THE CHOICEST STYLES OF Fine Pocket Knives, Fancy Knives, SPORTSMEN'S KNIVES. Table Cutlery OF THE BEST MAKERS. American and Foreign SCISSORS ELEGANTLY FINISHED, OF ALL FORMS AND SIZES. cases of scissors; Shears, Razors. Dressing Cases, LADIES' COMPANION, traveller's CASES, LUNCHEON BASKETS, FLASKS, TELESCOPES, POCKET COMPASSES, Small Steel Wares. IMP"' f ~\ ""» M l ^/CAN,£UOV^^ f BENCH .^-^ * ^.OERMAM Sole Agents FOR the United States for ENGSTROM'S Swedish Razors, the best in the world ; — for — ACHE CLUB SKATES, The Only Reliable Self- Fastening Skate; — for — WINSLOW'S SKATES. DOG-COLLARS OF EVERY KIND, Muzzles and Chains. Pocket Books, Fine Leather Goods. ANGLERS WILL FIND EVERYTHING FOR FISHING of the most reliable quality. t ("INSURANCE COMPANY. BOSTON, JarorC.ABBOTT;. INSURAN Jjj r\ {J U-L ± D ANY, OF BOSTON. CAPITAL. Gross Assets, July 1st, 1878, Gross Liabilities, July 1st, 1878, Net Surplus as regards Policy Holders, $300,000. $510,696.76 166,639.65 344,057.11 H. D. BRADBURY, Secretary. K. S. CHAFFEE, President. S. S. NORTON, General Manager. ALLIANCE Insurance Company, 43 Milk Street, BOSTON. Charles R. Howard, Secretary. George H. Long, President. NEW YORK AGENCY, 155 BROADWAY. MONROSE & MULVILLE, Agents. THE BOSTON NATIONAL BANK, Incorporated as a State Bank And as a National Bank in 1853. in 1864. Designated United States Depository, 95 MILK STREET, - - Cor. of Pearl. CAPITAL . $1, 000,000. CHARLES B. HALL, JAMES H. BOUVE, PRESIDENT. CASHIER. DIRECTORS, EZRA FARNSWORTH, CHARLES S. KENDALL, DAVID L. WEBSTER, F. A. HAWLEY, SILAS PEIRCE, Jr., CYRUS WAKEFIELD, LYMAN NICHOLS, CHARLES B. HALL, DISCOUNT, J TUESDAY AND FRIDAY j at 12 o'clock, M. Rice, Kendall & Co. Paper Merchants, DEALERS IN 3 aper Manufacturers' Materials, f ELTS f I RES, * C. Alex'r H. Rice. Charles S. Kendall. J. Willard Rice. Charles S. Kendall, Jr. 91 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON". [Established in 1831.] JOSEPH T. BROWN & CO. APOTHECARIES AND CHEMISTS, DEALERS IN FINE DRUGS AND PHARMACEU- TICAL PREPARATIONS, IMPORTERS OF DARE PERFUMES 1 l AND s TOILET REQUISITE PROPRIETORS OF Owe Flower and Glycerine Emollient, Nature's Face Powder, or Acme ol Beauty, CHINESE CEMENT, Extract ot Ginger and Cardamom. m WASHINGTON, /j(U JUl CORNER BEDFORD STREET. I! U Tt Joseph T. Brown. Joseph T. Brown, Jr. Charles H. Bassett. Wm. Claflin, Coburn & Co. [Established 182/.] manufacturers and wholesale dealers in BOOTS AND LEATHER 136 AND 138 SUMMER STREET, (On the site of Daniel Webster's Home.) BOSTON. William Claflin. N. P. Coburn. Jas. A. Woolson W. Fiske Claflin. Wm. F. Gregory. Tannery at Becket, Mass. Factories at Hopkinton, Mass. /> Franklin Fire Insurance Company of Philadelphia. Gross Cash Assets, $3,3G3,445.74 Imperial Fire Insurance Company of London, Eng. Total Resources, $12,270,090.75 Northern Assurance Company of London, Eng. Total Resources £25,225,590.44 Orient Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn Gross Cash Assets, , $778,279.01 Standard Fire Insurance Company of Trenton, N.J. Gross Cash Assets, #30G,G25.07 Hoffman Fire Insurance. Company of New York. Gross Cash Assets, $377,345.27 O CO < 2? ? o Ul I- < HE BOSTON OF THE PAST. A SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. NO city in the United States has a more inter- esting history than Boston. It was settled in the year 1630; and up to the time of the Revo- lution it was the first town in the country, both in point of population and influence. In 1628 the district known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony was bought by people from Dorchester, England ; and a year later Charlestown, now a part of Boston, was first settled. The peninsula lying opposite Charlestown, on the other side of the Charles River, was then called Mushauwomuk by the In- dians, which is said by some historians to have signified "living fountains," and by others "free land," or "land unclaimed;" and this has since become abbreviated to " Shawmut." Winthrop and his associates, who settled it from Charlestown, called it Trimountaine, probably from its three hills afterwards known as Beacon, Copp's, and Fort Hills, though possibly from the three peaks of Beacon Hill, described in 1633 by Wood the voyager as "three little hills on top of a high mountain." The first settler here was the Rev. William Blaxton, who lived between the present Louisburg Square and the Charles River. He held an unquestioned proprietorship to the whole peninsula of Boston ; and when his ownership was recognized by the court, each householder agreed to pay no less than Copyrighted in 1878 by Moses King. AVNG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. First House in Boston. six shillings to make up the required sum of ^30 to buy of him all but six acres where his house stood. This was accomplished ; and with the pur- chase-money he bought some cows, and " moved on," establishing himself in a new home at a point then far away from Boston, on the banks of a picturesque river, which is now known as the Blackstone, named after him. Ann Pollard, who lived to the ripe old age of 105, is said to have been the first white woman that landed in Boston. According to her story, she came over in one of the first ships that reached Charlestown ; and a few days afterwards a party of young people rowed to Boston to get some good water. As the boat neared the shore, she, being a romping girl, declared that she would land first, and immediately jumped from the bow to the beach. In 1630 the first general court of the colony was held in Boston. John Winthrop was the first gov- ernor elected by the colonists, and Thomas Dudley the deputy-governor. Had these two carried out their plan of fortifying " New-towne," the present Cam- bridge, the result would possibly have been, that either the latter, or some other town, would have become the New-England metropolis, instead of Boston. Win- throp, however, after he and others had built houses at New-towne, saw that Boston was the most prom- ising site, and consequently abandoned the project, causing thereby the enmity of Dudley. This circum- stance, possibly combined with jealousy, led to un- friendly disputes between those two magnates, which had to be settled by arbitrators. . The old beacon, shown in all the early plans of the town, and which gave the name to Beacon Hill, was erected in 1634-5 to alarm the country in case of invasion. It stood near the present State House, the exact spot being the south-east corner of the reservoir on Temple Street. It was a tall mast, standing on cross timbers placed upon a stone foundation, supported by braces, and was ascended by treenails driven into it ; and, sixty-five feet from the base, projected a crane of iron from which an iron Beacon, Beacon Hill. From •• PioncerB in the Set.lement of Ameiica." Estes & Lauriat, Boston. QUARREL BETW EN WINTHROP AND DUDLEY. 4 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON skeleton frame was suspended, to receive a barrel of tar or other combust- ibles. When fired this could be seen for a great distance inland. It was newly erected in 1768, having fallen from some cause unknown ; and in 1789 it was blown down. The next year a monument of brick, sixty feet high and four in diameter, was erected on its site to the memory of those who fell at Bunker Hill; and in 181 1 this was taken down, the mound being levelled. The happiest people are those who have no history; and there is not much of moment to record concerning this thriving town during the first century of its existence. A few interesting facts from the quaint records of the early day will show the state of society and public opinion. From 1637 up to 1676, in the pages of local history can be found cases where persons were either banished from Boston, or murdered on account of heresy, hung on charges of witchcraft, punished for petty misdemeanors by im- prisonment in the stocks, whipped or fined for being Baptists, persecuted in various ways for being Quakers, or placed in cages for violating the sab- bath. Up to the last century, too, slavery existed in Boston. In 1C55 times were very hard ; and many inhabitants paid their taxes with produce, grain, and other articles. The town also suffered from extensive fires in 1676, 1679, l 7 ll i an d 1760; over 350 buildings being destroyed in the latter conflagration. In 1686 there was trouble between the colony and the home government ; and Andrqs an unpopular governor, was imprisoned by the people, and finally in 1689 forced to leave the country. The colonial char- ter was withdrawn ; but in 1692 came a new governor, with an olive-branch in the shape of a new charter, and the troubles temporarily ceased. Edward Ward, a cockney traveller, thus described the young town in 1699: "On the south-west side of Massachusetts Bay, is Boston, whose name is taken from a town in Lincolnshire, and is the Metropolis of all New England. The houses in some parts joyn as in London. The buildings, like their women, being neat and handsome. And their streets, like the hearts of the male inhabitants, are paved with pebble." The first attempt to establish a paper was made in 1690, and the first number is held by the Colonial State Paper Office at London. A copy of this by Dr. Samuel A. Green, was published in vol. i. (1857) of "The His- torical Magazine.'' The first newspaper in America was issued in Boston, its publication beginning on April 24, 1704. It was called "The Boston News-Letter." Its founder was John Campbell, then the town postmaster; and the first number may yet be seen in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society. In the year 1706 Benjamin Franklin was, it is stated, born in the humble little house which stood on Milk Street, and occupied the site of the present "Boston Post" building. The old house stood a hundred and twenty years, respected as one of the most notable landmarks ; and its destruction by fire, in 181 1, was keenly regretted, especially by the From " Pioneers in the Settlement of America." Estca & Lauriat, Boston. ANDROS A PRISONER IN BOSTON. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON Franklin's Birthplace, Milk Street. older citizens. It is also said that Franklin was born in Hanover Street. In 1728 two young men fought a duel on the Common, one of them being killed. This caused the passage of a stringent law against duelling. The same year the general court was removed to Salem. Boston was now divided into twelve wards, it having been previously, in 171 5, divided into eight wards ; and in 1740 it had five public schools and fifteen churches. Not long after began the exciting displays of opposition to the oppres- sions of the home government, and the petty tyrannies of some of its representatives in the colony. The citizens were jealous of their rights, and ever ready to strike for them. In 1747 Commodore Knowles of the British navy, being short of men, openly impressed sailors in the streets of the town: and thereupon there was a lively riot. The excitement ran high. Some British officers were seized, and were held as hostages by the irate townspeople until the release of their fellow-townsmen ; and the commodore was obliged to submit, and to return the impressed men when the officers were in turn released. In 1750 an indignation meeting of citizens was held to protest against the heavy duty levied on tea and other articles of import. In 1765 the "Sons of Liberty " were organized under the " Liberty Tree," a wide-spreading, beautiful elm, which stood in front of a grocery, near what is now the corner of Essex and Washington Streets, a tablet on the present building marking the spot ; and here were exposed the effigies of those men who had favored the passage of the odious Stamp-Act. During the exciting period which followed, nearly all the great political meetings of the " Sons of Liberty," called together by the hoisting of a flag on the staff extending through the branches of the tree, were held under its waving boughs and in the square about it. During the siege of Boston, about the last of August, 1775, this tree was cut down by a gang in the pay of the British soldiers and the Tories, after standing 119 years. In 1770 there was continued excitement about, and opposition to, the unjust revenues imposed by the home government ; and we read of an anti-tea- drinking society that was formed by the ladies. On the 5th of March of this year the Boston Massacre occurred, in which five citizens were killed ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 1 and several wounded by the British soldiers. The affair grew out of a trivial street-brawl between the parties in King, now State, Street. Such was the feeling caused by the massacre, that it was deemed expedient by the British authorities to withdraw the troops from the town. This massacre was, however, only the cloud before the storm; for Boston was soon to be the centre of warlike operations on a large scale. Dec. 16, 1773, the mem- orable " Boston tea-party" occurred ; in which a number of citizens disguised as Indians boarded several English ships lying at the wharf, and emptied 342 chests of the obnoxious tea into the harbor. The following year the harbor was entirely closed as a port of entry; and in 1775 began the struggle Dorcnester Heights and the Harbor. From " Harper h Weeklj.'' for independence, in which Boston and its vicinity took such a prominent and honorable share. In April the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord took place, rousing the entire country; and June 17 the battle of Bunker Hill was fought at Charlestown, resulting in a repulse of the little American army. That autumn the British soldiers occupied the Old South Church as a riding-school, and in many other ways made themselves particularly disa- greeable to the patriotic citizens of the town. The British occupied Boston all the following winter ; the army under Washington prosecuting its siege with much perseverance and vigor, so that in March the Americans were victorious, forcing Gen. Howe to evacuate the town, and sail away, carrying with him a thousand Tories. 8 A'/NG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The evacuation of Boston was the result of a strategic movement of Washington, in taking possession of the bold, rugged hill known as Dor- chester Heights, now a part of South Boston, though still retaining its old name among the older residents of the city. Washington confidently ex- pected an attack from Howe, and had prepared a counter stroke. Two divisions under Putnam were to attack the town. Sullivan, with one, was to assault the works on Beacon Hill; Greene, with the other, was to carry the port at Barton's Point, and make a junction with Sullivan. But, as Drake says in his "Old Landmarks of Boston," "Providence arrested the purpose of Howe, and the town was entered without a shot being fired." The work of constructing the fortifications on Dorchester Heights was begun at about eight o'clock on the night of the 4th of March, and when morning dawned the Heights were in condition to afford a good defence against small arms and grape-shot. The works commanded both the harbor and town, and compelled the British either to evacuate the town, or to drive the Americans from their fortifications. The latter course was determined upon ; but a furious storm arose, and the design was aban- doned, and evacuation took place on March 17, 1776. On July 18 the Declaration of Independence was read from the balcony of the Town House, amid great rejoicings. With varying and oftentimes doubtful pros- pects of success, the war for independence drew gradually toward its close in 1 781. John Hancock was presiding over the destinies of the Common- wealth when the desired consummation of the struggle was reached, and the historic town entered upon a new and brighter era of its existence. The latter part of the eighteenth century was a period of rapid growth and marked improvement in Boston. The population in 1789 was 18,000. The Charles-river Bridge, the first of the numerous avenues connecting the town with its northern and western suburbs, was completed; and before the close of the century the new State House was finished, and the first two theatres — the Boston, and the Haymarket — opened their doors. During Washington's visit in 1789116 lodged in a mansion-house on the corner of Court and Tremont Streets ; which, although altered and one story higher, is still standing. On the Court-street front, between the second and third stories, is a stone tablet, bearing the inscription: — OCCUPIED BY WASHINGTON, Oct. 1789. Washington Street, during the same year, was named in honor of this visit. Among those who have been occupants of this building are Harrison Gray KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Washington's Lodgings, Court Street. Otis, the eminent lawyer, and Daniel Webster, who had his law-office there during his residence in Boston. The upper stories for many years have been, almost exclusively occupied by lawyers ; and the lower story for the past forty-seven years has been the wholesale and retail grocery of Samuel S. Pierce, now S. S. Pierce & Co. Judge R. I. Burbank began his practice in one of the office-rooms of Webster, and re- mained an occupant of the building over thirty years. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the greater portion of the his- torical events can be recalled by many persons now living. Our aim shall be to briefly mention some of the most notable. During the autumn of 1804 a terrific gale visited Boston, blowing down sev- eral church-steeples, and doing much damage. The news of the declara- tion of war against England in 181 2 was received by Bostonians with indignation. Her influential men had opposed the em- Ty bargo laid upon commerce with England, which was a heavy blow to the interests of Boston and Massachusetts, one-third of the shipping of the United States being at that time owned in the State: and they pro- nounced the war a serious mistake. Nev- ertheless, at the call for troops a regiment was raised here : and in 18 14. when a British fleet was reported to be off the coast, ex- tensive preparations were made to give it a F warm reception, should it come this way. Peace was gladly welcomed the next year. In 1816 Webster came to Boston. He lived first in Mount Vernon Street, on the summit of Beacon Hill, a few rods north- west of the State House : later, in the house now standing at No. 37 Somerset Street; and afterwards at the corner of High and Summer Streets, where he enter- tained Lafayette in magnificent style during the visit of the latter in 1825. ■'"•W^! ^W "^F^ Vf ~v\ Site of Weoster's Home, Summer Street IO AV JVC'S HANDIWOA' OF BOSTON. Webster's residence in Summer Street, now numbered 136 and 138, was long marked by a splendid block of stores, known as " The Webster Buildings.'- This went down in the great fire of 1872, but was soon re- placed by a substantial iron-front building erected as a warehouse for Wm. Claflin, Coburn, & Co., one of the oldest and most prominent boot-manufac- turing firms in the United States. In 1821 the West-Point Cadets, under command of Major Worth, U.S.A., marched to Boston, and encamped on the Common. They were accompa- nied by the finest band in the country, the music of which was nightly lis- tened to by an admiring multitude ; and Willis's strains from a Kent bugle, an instrument then first introduced, have never been forgotten. On Feb. 22, 1822, after many years' agitation of the subject, the first peti- tion having been made as early as the year 1709, an act establishing the city of Boston was passed by the legislature, and accepted by the citizens ; and May 1, Boston became a city. John Phillips was the first mayor. He was succeeded by Josiah Quincy, who was in office six successive years. The other mayors of Boston, in the order of their service, were: Harrison Gray Otis, three terms ; Charles Wells, two : Theodore Lyman, jun., two ; Samuel T. Armstrong, one : Samuel A. Eliot, three ; Jonathan Chapman, three ; Martin Brimmer, two ; Thomas A. Davis, one ; Josiah Quincy, jun., three ; John P. Bigelow, three; Benjamin Seaver, two; Jerome V. C. Smith, two; Alexander H. Rice, two; Frederic W. Lincoln, jun., three; Joseph M. Wightman, two ; Frederic W. Lincoln, jun., again, four; Otis Norcross, one ; . Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, three ; William Gaston, two; Henry L. Pierce, one; Samuel C. Cobb, three; Frederick O. Prince, one. Henry L. Pierce is the present mayor. In 1824 the visit of Lafa- vette was a notable event. During his sojourn he oc- cupied one part of the double house now stand- Lafayette's Lodgings, Beacon street. ing at the corner of Park and Beacon Streets, the other part afterwards becoming the residence of George Ticknor, the dis- tinguished historian of Spanish literature, and one of the great benefactors of the Boston Public Library. Among the early occupants of this mansion KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. n were Gov. Christopher Gore, in honor of whom the Harvard College Library has been named; Edward G. Malbone, the portrait-painter; Hon. Samuel Dexter, an eminent lawyer and statesman, who had been secretary of war, secretary of the treasury, acting secretary of state, and the first president of the earliest Massachusetts temperance society. Mr. Ticknor was an occupant of the house from 1830 until his death in 1870. It is still occu- pied by his family. In 1824 the population of the city was 58,000. During the next few years numerous public improvements were made : among them the opening of the East Boston and Chelsea ferries ; the completion of the Warren Bridge, connecting Charlestown with Boston ; the laying of gas-pipes ; and the erec- tion of many notable public and private buildings, including a new court- house, custom-house, and. three theatres, the Tremont, Federal, and Warren. In 1830 the population had grown to 61,000, and the city celebrated the second centenary of its settlement. In 1833 the old hero, Andrew Jackson, visited Boston, and was received with great popular enthusiasm. The Whig party was formed about this time. It was in 1834 that the Ursuline Convent in Charlestown was burned by a mob. In 1837 a large delegation of the Sacs and Fox Indians arrived from the far West, and, in all the gorgeousness of paint and feathers, exhibited on the Common their war-dances and other feats before interested thousands. Boston suffered, in common with other parts of the country, in the panic of this year, and its banks suspended specie payments ; but it in good time re- covered, and entered upon another season of prosperity. In 1840 the first steamship-line between Boston and Liverpool was established. In 1843 President Tyler and Gen. Scott visited Boston. In 1844, after a period of intense cold, the harbor was firmly frozen as far down as the lighthouse ; and its surface was enlivened with skating, coasting, sledding, and sleighing. Cargoes were discharged on to teams, and transported to the warehouses. Booths, as on high holidays, filled with eatables and drinkables, added to the gayety of the scene, in one of which was repeated the laughable ruse, which originated at Dedham, to avoid the then stringent liquor law, by placing thereon a placard of " The striped pig on exhibition," and exhibiting him in the form of drinks to suit; and for years " the striped pig " was a synonyme for a glass of liquor. It was during this ice-embargo that the enterprising Boston merchants, aided by the Fresh Pond ice-cutters, cut a channel seven miles long to enable the imprisoned Cunard steamship to prosecute her voyage to England. In 1847 President Polk was the guest of the city. During this year there was a great fire at the North End, which consumed more than one hundred buildings, with their contents. In 1848 the Cochituate water was introduced, and the event celebrated with an imposing display. In 1849 12 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. there was unexampled mortality from Asiatic cholera. In 1850 Professor John W. Webster was hung for the murder of Dr. George Parkman, one of the most extraordinary cases in the history of American crime. The advent of Jenny Lind was a notable event of the same year ; the great Swedish vocalist singing to audiences of upwards of 4,000 people. At this period the anti-slavery agitation became intense; and in 1854 the Burns riot occurred, caused by efforts to liberate Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave, one man being killed and several seriously hurt. In i860 the Prince of Wales with his suite visited Boston. The opening of the civil war in 1861 found Boston in a state of patri- otic ferment. Great out-door war-meetings were held, and recruiting was early begun, and carried on vigorously. During the war the city responded promptly to every call for men or money, and sent into the army and navy 26,119 men, 685 of whom were commissioned officers. In the sanitary work the Boston people, prominently the women, were among the foremost. In 1863 a draft-riot occurred at the North End, but it was soon overcome by the authorities. Hancock's House, Beacon Street. 1 In 1863 the old Hancock House, a stone building, one of the noblest private mansions of the colonial period, and one of the unique features of this part of the city, was removed. It stood just beyond the State House, 1 This cut loaned by the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., Boston. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 13 on Beacon Street, facing the Common. Here Hancock, who was famous as a generous host, entertained the great men of the day in almost princely style. A great effort was made to preserve this old landmark, but without avail, although the house was in excellent preservation. " The chamber of Lafayette remained as when he slept in it; the apartment in which Hancock died was intact ; the audience-hall was the same in which Washington, D'Estaing, Brissot, the Percy, and many more had stood ; and finally the entrance-hall, in which for eight days the dead patriot lay in state, opened upon the broad staircase as in the time of old Thomas and Lydia Hancock." We quote from Drake. In 1865 the rejoicings over the emancipation proclamation and the end of the war were sharply turned to mourning by the news of the assassina- tion of the beloved President Lincoln. Boston, in common with the other large cities of the North, gave expression to the universal feeling of grief by a funeral procession of vast length. The history of Boston since the war has been crowded with noteworthy events, at which the limits of this sketch allow us the merest glance. In 1867 Gen. Sheridan paid a visit to the city. In the same year Gov. Andrew died suddenly at his city home. In 1868 Gen. Grant visited the city for the first time since the war, and was received with warm demonstrations of welcome. The ensuing year was marked by a grand event, which could only have been carried out by the enterprise of a city like Boston combined with the talent of a man like P. S. Gilmore, — the National Peace Jubilee. It took place from June 15 to 19 in the huge Coliseum, temporarily erected for the purpose between the Back Bay and the South End, and was a remarkable success, drawing thou- sands of visitors from all sections of the country, and exciting the most unrestrained enthusiasm, both on account of its musical features and of its patriotic tendency. In 1870 Prince Arthur visited Boston. The same year the city was called upon to mourn the death of George Peabody, the philan- thropist, and of the Hon. Anson Burlingame, whose remains lay in state in Faneuil Hall. In 1871 the old building standing in the middle of Court Street, near Tremont and Cornhill, known as Scollay's Building, was removed, leaving an open area, now called Scollay Square. This year the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia visited the city, and was treated to a round of brilliant gayeties. The year 1872 was eventful. From June 17 to July 7 the second grand musical festival was held, and was attended by from 30,000 to 100,000 people daily. It also was held in a temporary Coliseum of vast size; and special national musical features were introduced by bands from England, France, Germany, and other countries. Johann Strauss led the orchestra while it played his own waltzes. A grand ball was given, Gen. Grant being present. The enterprise was regarded as a grand success, although it was not remunerative to the shareholders. Dur- 14 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. ing the following autumn came the epizootic epidemic, rendering almost all the horses useless for the time being, and causing great inconvenience. On Nov. 9, this year, at 7.15 o'clock in the evening, the Great Boston Fire broke out. The flames started at the corner of Summer and Kingston Streets, and spread with terrible speed, in spite of the efforts of the firemen, taking their course north-east and north into the very heart of the substan- tial business district of the city, where a great proportion of the buildings were of solid granite, and used for wholesale business. Aid was summoned from the suburban and even from distant cities ; and special trains bearing fire-engines came hastening into the panic-stricken city from all sides. Buildings were blown up in the hope that the gaps thus left would not be bridged by the furious on-sweeping flames, and the gas was cut off, leaving the city almost in darkness. The militia went on duty to aid the police in preventing the wholesale lawlessness that threatened to add to the terrors of the time. When the fire finally stopped, it had spread over 63 acres, and destroyed about $100,000,000 worth of property and many lives, leaving the entire district bounded by Summer, Washington, Milk, and Broad Streets a smoking chaos of ruins. Boston recovered with almost incredible elasticity and pluck from this terrible blow; and the "burnt dis- trict" is to-day a section of imposing and substantial business warehouses. It must be added, however, that even to the present day the city has not fully recovered from the effects of the great fire. In 1873 another serious fire destroyed several squares of buildings. Subsequent calamities have not been infrequent. Within a few years there have been numbers of those startling and often unaccountable accidents so common in American cities. Among these may be mentioned extensive fires in 1874, 1877, and 1878; the blowing up of a building on the corner of Washington and La Grange Streets ; the explosion under the sidewalk near the Federal-street Bridge in South Boston, by which several lives were lost; and the explosion of Jen- ney's oil establishment in South Boston. The burning of a tenement-house on Shawmut Avenue, in which several of the unfortunate occupants lost their lives or were terribly injured, will be remembered as a comparatively recent occurrence. So also has Boston of late years had an unpleasant notoriety from a peculiar class of criminals: notably the boy Jesse Pomeroy, confined for life in the State prison, who murdered a boy and a girl, and tortured several children, making himself the terror of the neighborhood in which he lived ; and Piper, who one Sunday afternoon murdered the little six-year-old girl, Mabel Young, in the belfry of the Warren-avenue Baptist Church, of which he was sexton. According to his confession just before his execution, May 26, 1876, he had also murdered one Bridget Lanclregan, whose death up to that time had been a mystery, and he had almost fatally assaulted one Mary Tyner on Oxford Street. The Rev. E. D. Winslow, among the foremost of i. The Claflin Guards, W. B. Sears, Capt. 2. View from Washington Street. 3. The Burnt District. THE BOSTON FIRE OF 1872. 1 6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the long line of prominent and trusted men of Massachusetts who have fallen from their high places to the level of the criminal, was a Boston business- man, managing two daily newspapers, " The Daily News," now out of exist- ence, and " The Boston Post," purchased from its former proprietors a few months before his flight, which occurred on the 19th of January, 1876. He had committed forgeries for very large amounts, by which several of the most prominent banks of the city and private parties were heavy losers. Winslow was captured in London on the 15th of February; but the British government refused to surrender him unless the United States should guar- antee that he should not be tried for any other offence than that set forth in the extradition papers. After long and labored discussion by representa- tives of both governments, Winslow was released, and soon left London. His whereabouts is not known; though it is believed by some that he has been in this country, and even in this State, since. In July, 1878, the so- called " Tappan irregularities " were exposed, creating a great stir for a while in the business world. John G. Tappan, an old citizen, a leading merchant of long standing, was the treasurer of the Boston Belting Com- pany, for many years a most successful and profitable concern, enjoying a large income, especially from the working of valuable patents in its posses- sion. The failure of this company was suddenly announced, coupled with the statement that its treasurer had wrecked it by using its paper and credit to bolster up his own individual speculations, which had been steadily losing. Irregular paper to the extent of several hundred thousand dollars had been given out. Mr. Tappan made over to the company all the property he pos- sessed, in real estate and in bonds and checks, and retired from his posi- tion disgraced and ruined. He was the largest of the stockholders, and, with members of his family, held a majority interest. Henry F. Durant, the founder of Wellesley College, was the president of the concern, and was a heavy loser. Upon the surrender of the stock by the original holders, the company was re-organized, and Mr. Durant was re-elected president. In 1874 Charles Sumner died. His early home was the old-fashioned painted brick house, of generous width, now standing at No. 20 Hancock Street. It was purchased by his father in 1830, and was in the possession of the family from that time until 1867, when it was sold to Judge Thomas Russell, collector of the port of Boston, and afterwards minister to Venezuela. Sumner's law-office was at No. 4 Court Street, at the corner of Washington. Here he was associated for twenty years, beginning in 1834, with George S. Hillard. In the building, during the time of his occupancy, were the offices of a number of eminent members of the Suffolk bar; among them, Theophi- lus Parsons, Rufus Choate, Horace Mann, Edward G. Loring, Peleg W. Chandler, and, later, John A. Andrew. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 17 The Bunker-hill centennial celebration is something extremely agreeable in the recent history of Boston. Preceded as it was by the celebra- tion of the battles of Lexington and Concord on the 19th of April, 1875, popular enthusiasm had been grad- ually increasing for weeks before the memorable 1 7th of June, — the date of one of the grandest demonstra- tions ever seen in this or any other country. The city, the state, and the private citizens vied with each other in their efforts to make the event a glorious success. The cele- bration was begun by an official reception in the Music Hall on the evening of June 16, given by the city to its guests, many of whom were from the South. The affair was made memorable especially by the spontaneous expressions of good- will and of a desire for reconcilia- tion on the part of the late Confed- erates who participated ; and a tone of lofty and heart-felt patriotism pervaded the meeting. The hall was brilliantly decorated, and hundreds of distinguished guests were present, besides military bodies from South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York, and many other States. The speaking was by Mayor Cobb, Gov. Gaston, Col. A. O. Andrews of South Carolina, Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee of Virginia, Gen. Judson C. Kilpatrick, Gen. W. T. Sherman, Gen. A. E. Burnside, and Vice-President Wilson. The enthusiasm cannot be described, and was entirely unusual in its character. The next morning the city woke up to find its streets filled with vast crowds of visitors ; flags floated from almost every building, the streets were gay with banners, and the entire town was in gala array. After a military review in the morning, the great procession started on its long march at 1.15 p.m., under Chief-Marshal Gen. Francis A. Osborn. The pro- cession included the whole militia force of Massachusetts ; regiments from New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Providence ; companies from Pennsyl- vania, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, Washington, New York, South Carolina, and New Hampshire ; hundreds of governors, generals, and dis- tinguished guests from all parts of the country ; civic associations, secret societies, veteran bodies, benevolent and temperance societies, and a trades division in which were 421 vehicles drawn by 1,587 horses. The number of Sumner's House, Hancock Street. 1 8 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. men marching in the parade has never been approximately estimated, but may be inferred from the fact that the time occupied by the procession in passing a given point (all delays being deducted) was three hours and fifty minutes. The railroads alone brought 140,000 people into the city on that day. Exercises at the Bunker-hill Monument in the afternoon were pre- sided over by Judge G. W. Warren ; and the oration was delivered by Gen. Charles Devens, jun. On March 17, following this memorable celebration, the one hundredth anniversary of the evacuation of Boston by the British was observed in a somewhat elaborate fashion. Historic points and buildings were noted and decorated, speeches were made in the Old South Church, and an oration was delivered in Music Hall. Jan. 25, 1877, the Moody and Sankey Tabernacle, a large brick building, well constructed, though built for a temporary purpose, and capable of seat- ing 6,000 persons, situated at the junction of Tremont Street and Warren Avenue, was dedicated ; and on the 28th began the season of daily revival meetings that continued without interruption until May 27. Dwight L. Moody preached and held prayer-meetings daily, both afternoon and even- ing, with few exceptions ; and Ira D. Sankey sang, supported by a vast choir under the direction of Eben Tourjee. Great crowds were attracted, not only from the city, but from the surrounding country, excursion trains running on the railroads. The meetings created a profound sensation. On March 9 of this year there was one of the severest gales ever known in this vicinity. The velocity of the wind was seventy-two miles an hour. The storm area was of great extent, striking the whole Atlantic seaboard, and extending west beyond the Mississippi. On the evening of April 9 the social event of the season occurred, — the Old South Ball, in aid of the pre- servation fund, which was given in Music Hall. June 26-27 President Hayes, with Evarts, Sherman, Key, and Devens, of his Cabinet, visited the city. There was a procession and review in their honor, and a civic banquet at the Hotel Brunswick. The president attended Commencement at Har- vard, and the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him. A few days previous to the visit of the president, a delegation of ladies of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, headed by Mrs. M. A. Livermore, presented a memorial to Mayor Prince praying for the banishment of liquor from the forthcoming city dinner to the Presidential party. There was a free interchange of views, Mayor Prince earnestly debating the question with Mrs. Livermore. Liquor, however, was not banished from the festive board. Sept. 19 Gen. McClellan was given a reception in Faneuil Hall. Of Old Boston, a hundred years ago, the following pleasing sketch is condensed from the address of the Rev. Dr. George E. Ellis, on the occasion of the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the evacuation of Boston KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 1 9 by the British : " ' Well-to-do,' ' fore-handed,' were the local phrases by which the general condition of the people would have been described. There was real wealth, too, in the hands of some, with complacency, luxury, and dis- play. There were stately and substantial dwellings, with rich and solid fur- nishings for parlor, dining-room, hall, and chamber, with plate and tapestry, brocades and laces. There were portraits, by foreign and resident artists, of those who were ancestors, and those who meant to be ancestors. There were formal costumes and manners for the gentry, with parade and etiquette, a self-respecting decorum in intercourse with their own and other classes, warm hospitality, good appetites, and abundant viands, liquid and solid, for all. The buildings were detached, none of them in blocks. The homes of many of the merchant-princes and high magistrates were relatively more palatial than are any in the city to-day. They stood conspicuous and large, surrounded by generous spaces, with lawns and trees, with fruit and vege- table gardens, and fields for pasture, and coach and cattle barns. There were fine equipages, with black coachmen and footmen. There were still wide unfenced spaces, and declivities and thickets, where the barberry-bush, the flag, and the mullein-stalk grew undisturbed. There were many quaint old nooks and corners, taverns and inns, 'coffee-houses,' — the drinking- vessels in which were not especially adapted to that beverage, — shops designated by emblems and symbols, loitering-places for news and gossip, resorts of boys and negroes for play or roguery, and some dark holes on wharf or lane. . . . There were some two thousand buildings, four being of stone, of which King's Chapel alone remains. Between Beacon and the foot of Park Street stood the workhouse, the poorhouse, and the Bride- well, — all facing the Common. On the site of the Park-street Church stood the Granary; opposite, a large manufactory building, used by the British for a hospital. The jail occupied the site of the present Court- house. King and Queen, now State and Court Streets, were the most compactly covered, and lined with taverns, dwellings, marts, and offices of exchange. The house provided by the Province for the British governor was opposite the Old South, standing far back, stately, commodious, with trees and lawn up to Washington Street. The Old State House, with a dignity which it has not now, held the halls of the council and the repre- sentatives, with royal portraits and adornings. How little is there here now which the patriots and citizens of the old days, if they came back, would recognize ! " In appearance, in customs, and in manners, Boston has changed marvel- lously during the past half-century; and a great, far-reaching, imposing mod- ern city has taken the place of the bustling, quaint, picturesque town of a hundred years ago. Few of the historic old landmarks remain, and these few are doomed to soon disappear before the onward march of the utilita- 20 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. rian. Up to the beginning of the last half-century, the territorial area and aspect of the city had changed but little. It was then a pear-shaped penin- sula, in its extreme length less than two miles, and its greatest breadth a little more than one. " It hung to the mainland at Roxbury," says one writer, " by a slender stem, or neck, of a mile in length, so low and narrow between tide-washed flats that it was often submerged." Now the original 783 acres of solid land have become 1,829. The broad, oozy salt-marshes, the estuaries, coverts, and bays, once stretching wide on its northern and southern bounds, have been reclaimed ; and where then the area was the narrowest, it is now the widest. The hills have been cut down, — one, Fort Hill, entirely removed ; the whole surface of the original ground has been levelled and graded, and every square inch turned over and over ; new terri- tory has been added by annexing adjoining suburban cities and towns, until now the area of the city, with all its districts, is 23,661 acres (36^ square miles), more than thirty times as great as the original area. The area of the districts is as follows : South Boston, 1,002 acres ; East Boston, 836; Rox- bury, 2,700; Dorchester, 5,614; West Roxbury, 7,848; Brighton, 2,277; Charlestown, 586; Breed's Island, 785; Deer Island, 1,840. From 1800 to 1878 the population increased from 25,000 to upwards of 375,000; the number of polls from 4,543 to 87,924; the total valuation from $15,095,700 to $630,427,200; the tax levy of less than $80,000 to $7,879,150. The city debt, to be sure, is heavy, the funded debt in May, 1878, standing at $42,457,022.47 ; but, with its present means and accumulations, the city will pay at maturity all its indebtedness. The sinking-funds pledged to meet the debt are $16,300,000 in amount; and in the coming five years the city will pay and cancel $8,230,000 of its debt. Roxbury's valuation when annexed to Boston, in 1867, was $26,551,700; Dorchester's when annexed, in 1869, was $20,315,700; Charlestown's when annexed, in 1873, $35,289,682; West Roxbury's when annexed, same year, $22,148,600; and Brighton's when annexed, same year, $14,548,531. Within twelve miles of the City Hall there is a population of about 625,000. Of Boston of the present day, beyond the brief glimpse given in this opening chapter, the following pages will be found to present, we trust, an interesting picture. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 21 M Wqz Arteries; of tfje (Ettg. THE STREETS, WAYS, DRIVES, BRIDGES, SEWERS, AND HORSE-RAILROADS. ANY streets in old Boston had been named for London streets, and ways and places in other parts of old England ; but after the Revolu- tion the citizens made haste to change the most obnoxious of these names for others of a more republican flavor. Thus King Street was promptly changed to State Street, and Queen to Court. Richmond Street before 1708 was called Beer Lane, from Beer Lane in London; and Salem Street prior to the same date was called Back Street. The name of Hanover Street was not changed, though a " perpetual reminder of a detested house ; " and until 1854 the tough old street now North was called Ann, in honor of Queen Anne. The portion of Congress Street south of Milk Street before 1855 was Atkin- son Street, named from the ancient Atkinson family, who came from Lan- cashire. Federal Street before 1788 was Long Lane. Dock Square was so named because it was " the place around the dock." Milk and Cornhill were named from streets of the same names in London ; and in both the old and the present Cornhill, for years was the headquarters of the book-trade. Franklin Avenue, the narrow way which now runs from Cornhill to Court, was so named for the reason that in a printing-office standing at the Court- street corner Franklin served his apprenticeship. Hawley Street was for- merly Bishop's Alley, and afterwards, until 1792, Broad Alley. Boylston Street was anciently Frog Lane ; and Devonshire Street was, up to the close of the Revolution, Pudding Lane, from the street of the same name in Lon- don. Bowdoin Street and Square were named for the governor. Bowdoin Square was the seat of many elegant old-time estates, with broad acres, gardens, and noble trees. Chardon Street was named for Peter Chardon, an eminent merchant, one of the Huguenot descendants, who lived on the cor- ner where the Bowdoin-square Church now stands. Leverett Street is from the famous old Governor John. Causeway Street was named for the old causeway built on substantially its present line, and which made a pond of many acres between Prince and Pitts Streets. The first block of brick buildings erected in the town was built as late as 1793, in what is now Frank- lin Street. Broad Street was laid out in 1806, at the generous width of seventy feet ; and India Street was opened the year following. Blackstone Street, named after the first settler of Boston, was opened about 1834, and 2 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. was built upon the bed of the old Middlesex Canal, by which boats came down from Chelmsford on the Merrimack to the wharves on the east side of Boston. Harrison Avenue was opened in 1841, and was named in honor of Gen. Harrison. Beacon Street was named, of course, for Beacon Hill ; and when the name was confirmed by the town, the street extended only to the present State-house grounds. The street, now one of the most " toney " in the city, was first called " the lane to the almshouse ! " Province Court and Street, from School to Bromfield, in the rear of Washington, were originally avenues to the stables and the rear grounds of the old Province House, the ancient abode of the royal governors, and one of the last relics of the colony to disappear. Hence their names. The stately building fronted on that part of Washington Street formerly known as Marlborough, nearly opposite the head of Milk Street, with a handsome lawn in front ornamented by two stately oaks. From the balcony over the generous entrance, the viceroys of the province were accustomed to harangue the people, or read proclamations. After the adoption of the State Constitution it became a government house, and was for a while the official residence of the governors. Later it was sold, converted to the uses of trade, and fell from its proud position in colonial times, dropping lower and lower in the social scale, becoming a tavern, and last a hall of negro minstrelsy. It was destroyed by fire in October, 1864. The Province House formed the theme of one of Haw- thorne's weird and fascinating fancies in his " Twice -Told Tales." The streets of the business portion of Boston, which embraces almost all of old Boston, have long been pronounced a hopeless tangle by those un- familiar with their tortuous courses, and their tendency to run into and across each other ; but in consequence of much changing, widening, and straightening, at a heavy expense to the city, many of the crooked ways have been made comparatively straight, though it must be confessed that many yet remain to greatly perplex the stranger, and even the born Bostonian in his endeavor to direct a bewildered inquirer. But these very crooked and twist- ing streets are one of the peculiar charms of Boston, and add much to its picturesque appearance. The new streets are spacious, direct, and straightforward enough to suit even the square-cut Philadelphian. Wash- ington Street, first called Broadway, then Broad Street, and often simply the Way, has always been one of the main thoroughfares. At first it extended from near Dover Street to the Roxbury line ; but in 1824 the names of the down-town twists of the present street, up to that time known as Cornhill, Marlborough, Newbury, and Orange, were all changed to Washington. In 1873-4, at a cost of over $1,500,000, it was extended farther down to Haymarkef. Square, whence it now runs to the Highlands, as the former city of Roxbury, now a part of Boston, is popularly called. Tremont, one of the principal retail streets, is of course a contraction of Trimountaine. KING'S HANDS O'C OF BOSTON. ss^ ww& ■<***SS#>«SS5SS> >«S*S8«S8^^S^^^^^B^^^^^^^ AND SUBURBS. L N . ED s «5Ss95***2S JIDNHES KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 23 In 1805 there was but one brick house on this street. Winter Street, formerly Bolt's Lane, is familiarly called the " Ladies' Street," because the stores upon it are exclusively for ladies' trade, and crowds of ladies throng it pleasant days. Other principal retail streets are Temple Place ; West Street ; Tremont Row, which forms one side of Court Street north of Pemberton Square ; and Hanover Street, which a quarter of a century ago was the leading retail street. State Street, flanked with granite build- ings, is the principal financial street. The leather trade is chiefly centred, as before the great fire of 1872, in Pearl, Congress, Summer, High, and neighboring streets ; the cotton and wool houses are in the same section of the city; the wholesale dry-goods jobbing-houses are on Franklin, Sum- mer, Arch, and near-by streets; Broad and India are notable wholesale streets; and the shipping interests, with the corn and grain trade, are found largely represented on Commercial and the streets in its immediate vicinity, where are long blocks of massive granite warehouses. Running parallel with Washington Street, up town, are Harrison Avenue and Albany Street on the east; and Shawmut Avenue, Tremont Street, Columbus Av- enue, and Huntington Avenue, on the west. One of the most fashionable carriage-drives is through Beacon Street, over Beacon Hill, along by the Common, Public Garden, and a continuous line of elegant residences, and out through Commonwealth Avenue or Beacon Street, or the Mill Dam as the latter is more commonly called, to Longwood and Brookline, attractive suburbs; the former being not unlike a scene from old English country life. The Mill Dam, when established, was considered an enterprise of great magnitude. The dam extends across the western bay, about a mile and a half in length, and seventy feet in width. It originally enclosed about six hundred acres of flats, over which the tide flowed from seven to ten feet deep. A partition dam divided this enclosure, and formed, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, a fall and a receiving basin, thereby exerting a vast hydraulic power for the propulsion of machinery. This cross-dam also formed a fine avenue from the Mill Dam to Roxbury. The Mill Dam begun in 1818, completed in 1821, at a cost of $700,000, was until recently used as a popular mile-track for speeding horses, and in the sleighing- season the scenes presented were animating and enlivening in the extreme. The roadway continues into the famous Brighton Road, familiar to all " horsemen," to which locality the racing has been more recently transferred. Running from Arlington Street, the western border of the Public Garden, and parallel with Beaton Street, are Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury, Marlborough, and Boylston Streets. Parallel with Arlington Street are Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Here- ford, ingeniously named, it will be observed, according to the letters of the alphabet, and a trisyllabic alternating with a dissyllabic word. This is the 24 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. grand Back-bay section, the fashionable modern West End of Boston. These broad and handsome streets are lined with imposing and stately private and public edifices, the architectural designs of which, in many cases, are most ambitious and elaborate, rendering this part of the city justly famous. Indeed, its refined elegance is always remarked with genu- ine enthusiasm by visitors ; for no other city in this country, nor possibly in any other, displays, in a like space of territory, so much solid wealth, and so many superb structures, public and private, as are here spread before the eye. The educated and thoroughly trained architect has here had full swing, with money, and men of artistic sense, behind him. Bostonians are proud of this section of their city ; and their pride is surely pardonable. This Arlington Street, opposite the Publjf Garden. Back-bay territory is made-land, over flats which were originally the property of the Commonwealth, by whom, the filling-in was largely done, at a cost of less than $1,750,000; and thus far the State treasury has received over $4,000,000 by the sale of these lands, and something like half a million feet are yet unsold. The Boston Water-power Company, a private corporation, also filled in many thousand feet in this section, realizing handsomely for a time from its sales ; and other corporations and individual owners have done much, and profited thereby, in the Back-bay section. Commonwealth Avenue is two hundred feet wide, and a mile and a half in length ; and in its centre, running its entire length, is a mall, or park, along which are rows of ornamental trees and several statues. At the "South End," Chester KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 25 Park and Union Park are fine residence streets ; and likewise, besides many others, are Newton, Rutland, Concord, and Worcester Streets, which open upon beautiful squares. One of the most extensive and noteworthy street improvements was the laying out of Atlantic Avenue, at a cost of $2,404,078. This is a broad and spacious thoroughfare, one hundred feet wide, along the harbor line, at the head of the principal wharves, running from the junction of Commercial Street and Eastern Avenue to Federal Street. The total cost of the Fort- Hill improvement — the levelling of the hill and the laying-out of streets — to May 1, 1878, was $1,575,000. In South Boston the street-system is quite regular. Dorchester Avenue runs directly south from Federal Street in the city proper, through Dorches- ter, to Milton Lower Mills. Broadway runs centrally through the territory to City Point, and is the principal thoroughfare ; the cross-streets are lettered, and many of the streets running parallel with Broadway are num- bered. Dorchester Street crosses Broadway at the centre ; and all streets west of it have the prefix West, and those east have the prefix East. In East Boston the principal thoroughfares are Meridian Street, running north and south, and Chelsea Street. Both are intersected by many other streets, running for the most part in direct lines across the island. Webster Street commands a fine view of Boston Harbor and the city proper, and has the most noteworthy private residences of the Island ward. The streets are named chiefly for Revolutionary battles or noted poets and artists. In the Charlestown district the principal avenues are Main Street, run- ning its entire length to "The Charlestown Neck;" Bunker-hill Street, running over Bunker Hill, parallel with Main Street ; and Chelsea Street, extending from Warren to Chelsea Bridges. The best residences are on Monument Square, Breed's Hill, and the streets leading directly therefrom. City Square is in the southern section of the district. The streets in the Highland district are broad and remarkably attractive, winding over the rocky and uneven surface, many of them adorned by luxuriant shade-trees, and lined with comfortable, well-built, and often elegant residences; the Highlands being sought by those "well-to-do" citizens who desire to establish their homes not too far from "down-town," and where the advantages of both city and country can be agreeably com- bined. Warren Street, leading to Dorchester, and Walnut Avenue, are the principal driveways through the Highlands. A great deal of taste and skill are displayed by many residents along these streets, on Norfolk Hill, and other sections, in horticultural as well as architectural embellishments. The Dorchester district presents many interesting features. It is quite rural; and some of its minor streets lead into most delightful lanes, which are much enjoyed by the pedestrian. Here also are fine country resi- 26 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. dences, with grounds made beautiful by the skill of the landscape-gardener; and pretty villas, — especially at Savin Hill, a picturesque eminence, with water on three sides, and commanding a superb view. Washington Street and Dorchester Avenue, Bowdoin, Hancock, and Boston Streets, are the principal thoroughfares through this district. The streets of the West-Roxbury district are chiefly pleasant country driveways, alongside beautiful gardens, ornamental trees, elegant estates, and delightful villas. It includes Jamaica Plain, noted for its handsome private estates and public buildings ; and Jamaica Pond, a most beautiful sheet of water, the ride around which is considered one of the most pleasant drives about Boston. The Brighton district is reached by Beacon Street, over the Brighton Road. Its streets are pleasant and shady; those towards the south and west passing over beautiful hills commanding delightful views. The prin- cipal drives are to and about the Chestnut-hill Reservoir, a distance of sh miles from the City Hall. The total cost to the city of street widenings, improvements, and new streets, from the incorporation of the city in 1822, until April 30, 1878, was $31,304,450. The total length of the public streets is about 390 miles. The Bridges in and around Boston are quite numerous. Connecting the original city with the Charlestown district, there are two bridges, — the Charles-river and Warren Bridges. The Charles-river Bridge was the first bridge in Boston, and was opened to the public June 17, 1786. It was considered at the time one of the greatest enterprises ever undertaken in America. It was 1,503 feet long, and cost $50,000. It has been rebuilt and considerably enlarged. The Warren Bridge, 1,390 feet long, was completed in 1828. West-Boston or Cambridge Bridge, connecting Cambridge with Boston, was opened Nov. 23, 1793. The first bridge was 2,758 feet long, with an abutment and causeway 3,432 feet long, making a total length of 6,190 feet ; and its cost was $76,667. This also has been rebuilt and enlarged. East Cambridge is connected by Cragie's Bridge, formerly called Canal Bridge, 2,796 feet in length, which was opened in 1809. A lateral bridge extends from this to Prison Point, Charlestown district, 1,820 feet in length. The first bridge to South Boston was from the "Neck" at Dover Street, 1,550 feet long. It cost $50,000, and was opened in 1805. A second bridge, at the foot of Federal Street, 500 feet long, was completed in 1828. The old Dover-street Bridge has been replaced by a spacious and substantial struc- ture ; and a magnificent iron structure, known as the Broadway Bridge, was completed in 1872. There are also the Mount Washington Avenue, and the Congress-street Bridges, over Fort-Point Channel. East Boston is con- nected with the city proper by three ferries. There are two bridges from East Boston to Chelsea, — the Chelsea Bridge and the Meridian-street Bridge. KING'S HANDBOOK- OF BOSTON. 27 In the Charlestown district is a long bridge to Chelsea, which has recently been rebuilt ; and from near Charlestown Neck, a long bridge to Everett, formerly South Maiden. In the Back-bay district of the city proper, are several fine bridges over the railroads, built at much expense. Saratoga- street bridge extends to Breed's Island, a part of East Boston, in Ward I., and leads also to Winthrop. Six bridges connect the Brighton district with Watertown and Cambridge, and four bridges connect the Dorchester district with Milton and Ouincy. The Public Sewers in Boston are 180 miles in length. In 1877 the sewer department expended $158,549, and built six miles of sewers, and 472 new catch-basins. In August of that year the city council authorized the construction of an improved and elaborate system of sewerage, at a cost of $3 5 7i3 ? oo°- The contracts were awarded, and work at once begun. It will probably be finished in 1879. The scheme involves the construction of some 13 miles of intercepting sewers, a pumping-station and pumps, a reservoir, and a tunnel. The pumping-station is to be located at Old Harbor Point, and its outlet at Moon Head, in Boston Harbor, by which it is expected the sewage will be swept far out to sea. The Street-Railway System in Boston, although controlled by a few com- panies, is nevertheless quite extensive and admirably conducted. The lively competition of the various companies causes each one to put forward the best accommodations that can be given. The cars are generally first-class, and many may justly be called palace-cars. Almost every part of the city and its vicinity can be reached by a ride in the street-cars. They are always to be found at every railroad depot and almost every steamboat wharf ; and the economical traveller can always be sure of transportation from his place of arrival to his place of destination, if not by one direct ride, at most by one transfer. Nearly 140 miles of track are operated by the various cor- porations mentioned below. The Metropolitan Railroad Company is the oldest of the eight compa- nies that own the street-railways of Boston, and it operates the most exten- sive line. The wages alone amount to over $400,000 per annum. Its capital stock is $1,500,000. Although incorporated in 1853, the company run no cars over its tracks until 1856; and then the object was only to accommodate travel between the present Scollay Square and the South End and Roxbury. Lines of omnibuses, known as " King's " and " Hathorne's," were in exist- ence, and were purchased and run for a long time by this company. Its cars run to different sections of the city proper and East Boston, and by way of Washington and Tremont Streets to the Highlands, Dorchester, Milton Lower Mills, Forest Hills, Jamaica Plain, and Brookline. The Highland Street-Railway Company, organized in 1872, is a com- petitor with the Metropolitan road. Its paid-up capital stock is $350,000. 28 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Its route extends to the Highlands by way of Shawmut and Columbus Avenues, reaching Grove Hall in one direction and Mount Pleasant in another. The Union Railway Company operates lines running to Harvard Col- lege, Mount-Auburn Cemetery, and other parts of Cambridge, the Brighton district, Arlington, Watertown, and Somerville. Its Boston terminus is Bowdoin Square. The paid-up capital stock of the corporation is $374,300. The Middlesex Railroad Company operates lines running through the streets of Boston, from the Old Colony and Boston and Albany Railroad Depots to the Charlestown district; to Union Square, and to Winter Hill, Somerville ; to Everett and to Maiden. Its capital stock is $400,000. The South-Boston Railroad has a capital stock of $460,000; and its cars run chiefly to South Boston. The Lynn and Boston Railroad runs lines to Chelsea, to Revere (in- cluding Revere Beach in summer), to Saugus, Lynn, and Swampscott. Its capital stock is $200,000. From the Railroad Commissioner's Report for 1878 we compile the fol- lowing statistics about the city street-railroads : — Name of Company. Miles of Track. 2 No. of Pas- sengers car- ried in 1877. No. of Horses. No. of Cars. No. of Men emplo'd. Divi- dends in 1877. Total In- vestments. Metropolitan .... Highland 1 South Boston .... Lynn and Boston . . . 56 15 11 10 10 33 7 23,398,223 4,905,667 7,628,092 4,504,848 5,548,609 1,955,424 1,848 600 800 337 429 213 35i 102 128 66 ' 75 44 977 224 33 1 160 213 92 8% 8% 10% 6% 6% 9% 6% $2,927,583 660,974 53 6 , 112 708,561 59 x ,935 250,135 875,000 13,558 1 Nov. 1, 1878. - Total length in even miles. 3 The Cambridge and Arlington roads are run by the Union Railway Company. The Elevated Railroad System promises to gain a foothold in Boston ; for, in the fall of 1878, petitions for charters were filed for the Legislature by two different associations, the Boston Elevated Railroad Company and the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Company. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 29 T ] STfje &rmj5 of tije ffittg. THE RAILROADS, STEAMSHIPS, SHIPPING, AND WHARVES OF BOSTON. l HE steam-railroad was introduced in Massachusetts at a time when the J- commercial interests of Boston were suffering from the results of im- provements and enterprises directly in the interest of New- York City, and when the far-sighted citizens of Boston were greatly concerned, if not alarmed, for her future as a commercial centre. While Boston had poor and slow facilities for reaching distant points except by sea, New York, by her steamers making daily voyages to Providence, to the Connecticut River, to New Haven, and to ports on the Hudson lying near the western border of Massachusetts, had direct and regular intercourse with about half the State of Massachusetts. By way of the Blackstone Canal from Providence to Worcester she reached the heart of the Commonwealth, while Boston had no such communication with Worcester ; and by way of a canal from North- ampton to New Haven she had largely drawn to herself the trade of the Connecticut Valley. The costly Middlesex Canal, leading from Boston north almost to the New-Hampshire line, and modest improvements in the con- struction of locks for fostering a very limited traffic by flat-boats on the Mer- rimack and the Connecticut Rivers, had disappointed public expectation; and Boston's chief system of internal communication consisted of numerous lines of stage-coaches and baggage-wagons ; the former capable of making a journey of 100 miles in a day of eighteen hours, and the latter making the round trip of 100 miles and back, once a fortnight, with a carrying capacity of only four or five tons. Such were the rapid modes of travel and transportation out from Boston, when the practicability of the railroad was discovered and demonstrated in England ; and, as soon as learned of and fully comprehended here, its introduction into Massachusetts was promptly urged and pressed by the most energetic and public-spirited men of Boston, as the solution of the problem of internal improvement by which successful competition with New York, and the enlargement of the business and trade of the city, could best be secured. A scheme which had long been agitated for the establishment of a canal from Boston to Worcester, for the purpose of counteracting the Blackstone, and another for opening a line of navigation by way of Miller's River to the Connecti- cut, and thence by tunnelling the Hoosac Mountain to the Hudson, were 30 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. abandoned, by some who had been among their most ardent advocates, and their energies directed towards securing the railroad. It must be confessed, however, that men of capital sufficient to test the experiment on a broad and generous scale were slow to recognize its advantages ; and the public received the announcement of this improvement as adapted to meet its wants with what, at this day, appears as surprising incredulity. At length, after much discussion in the newspapers, pamphlets, and public meetings, the legislature in 1827 was influenced to authorize a com- mission to cause surveys to be made of the most practicable routes for a railroad from Boston to the Hudson River at or near Albany. The next legislature, upon the report of these commissioners, established a board of directors of internal improvement, consisting of twelve members, and appro- priated a fund to pay the expenses of surveys and plans ; and under their direction surveys were made for a railroad from Boston to the Hudson River, and for three entire routes from Boston to Providence. The board reported in the winter of 1829, recommending that a commencement of railroads be made in both directions, — to the Hudson River and to Providence, — at the expense of the State. But the legislature declined to make any appropria- tion. In succeeding sessions several private charters were granted; but nothing was accomplished by these at once, the subscriptions to stock com- ing forward slowly. In 1831 the Boston and Providence, the Boston and Worcester, and the Boston and Lowell corporations were organized, the charter of the latter having been granted the year before; and the construc- tion of all three roads was begun the following year. The subscriptions to the stock of the Boston and Worcester road were made conditionally, with the reservation of the right of the subscribers to withdraw on receiving the report of definite surveys and estimates; and were mostly by business men desirous of establishing, ultimately, a western railroad which should extend to the Hudson River. A great part of the stock of the Boston and Provi- dence was taken by New-York capitalists, and much of that of the Boston and Lowell by stockholders in the mills of Lowell. The Boston and Worcester was partially opened for public travel in April, 1834, and opened throughout on July 4, the following year; the Boston and Providence in part in June, 1834, and throughout in June, 1835; and the Boston and Lowell in June, 1835. These roads were built by engineers *vho had never seen the English works ; and, though they adopted the general principles on which those were built, they by no means directly copied them, making in some particulars radical changes, as, for instance, adopting cross-ties of wood in lieu of stone blocks, as "sleepers," and admitting higher grades. The Boston and Lowell, however, did lay their track in part on granite sleepers. At first the locomotives were imported from England ; but very soon works for their manufacture were established here, a locomotive of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 31 American make being placed on the Worcester road within its first year, proving a valuable and altogether serviceable engine. Once firmly established, the great advantage of the railroad over the canal and other modes of transportation and travel of that day was recog- nized by all ; and the system was rapidly enlarged and extended, through the indomitable enterprise of citizens of Boston, until in 1851 seven trunk- lines, extending to the limits of the State, had been completed, with numer- ous branches, connecting with main lines in and passing through other States, opening channels of easy intercourse with distant parts of the coun- try in all directions ; the last trunk-line finished connecting the St. Lawrence at its two most important points, Ogdensburg in New York, and Montreal in Canada, directly with the port of Boston. At that time a great railroad jubilee was held, lasting three days, at which the president of the United States, Milhrd Fillmore, and the governor-general of Canada, Lord Elgin, were present, with the members of their cabinets, and other distinguished men. By the Grand Junction Railroad, — the completion of which was a mat- ter for special congratulation at the jubilee, much being expected from it, — the Eastern, Maine, Fitchburg, and Lowell roads, were connected, for freight, and brought to tide-water at East Boston : here ample wharf and storage room was provided, built in the most convenient and substantial manner, so that cars from the interior could be brought into immediate connection with vessels from every port, and the freight of the ship directly exchanged for that of the cars. The seven trunk-lines — the Worcester, Providence, Lowell, Eastern, Maine, Fitchburg, and Old Colony — had cost, when the great jubilee was held, nearly $53,000,000, yielded an income of over $6,500,000, and covered nearly 1,100 miles. The entire length of railroad situated, in whole or in part, in Massachusetts, at that time, was 1,41 1^ miles, at an aggregate cost of $60,992,183, affording a gross income of $7,445,961 ; and the entire cost of the railroads in the New-England States then operated exceeded $100,000,000. Bostonians, besides their interest in their home roads, had large investments in railroads in the West; and it was estimated, at the time of the jubilee, that $50,000,000 of railroad invest- ments were held in Boston. Such had been the growth of the railroad-system at the time of the great jubilee. But from that time to the present its further development has been quite as remarkable. It has been the means of building up many suburban cities and towns, by affording quick and frequent transit ; and, for distant communication, it has been so extended and broadened that now the city is one of the great leading depots of commerce, in sharp competition with the other large cities ; its railway lines reaching out in every direction, connecting with the magnificent systems of railways that unite the East and the Great West. 3 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON The Boston and Providence, the second railroad opened from Bos- ton, enjoys the distinction of being one of the most completely appointed railroads in the United States. The road proper, from Boston to Provi- dence, is 44 miles, and the branches and leased lines are 22^ miles in length. The road runs the fastest train, as by regular schedule, between terminal points, of any road in the United States. This, the shore-line express-train to New York, which leaves Boston at 1 p.m., arrives at Providence at 2 p.m. The 5.30 and 6 p.m. trains carry large numbers of passengers to Providence and Stonington, who there take the Providence or the Stonington line Boston and Providence Railroad Depot, Columbus Avenue. steamers for New York. These steamers are some of the finest ever built: and the line known as the " Providence Line " has become deservedly popu- lar with travellers between Boston and New York. The company paid 10 per cent dividends from 1868 to 1874; in tne subsequent years, 9, 8, and 6 per cent respectively. The station in this city, situated on Columbus Avenue, is unquestionably the most convenient and comfortable, as well as beautiful, architecturally speaking, in the United States ; and it is the longest in the world, being 850 feet from end to end. The portion assigned KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 33 to the accommodation of passengers contains large and pleasant waiting- rooms, dining, reading, billiard, and smoking rooms, a barber-shop, and wash-rooms, all finished and equipped in a style equalled only by our best hotels. Upon the walls of the passenger-rooms are painted an index of stations and distances, and maps of the country passed through by this road and its connections. On the second floor are the offices of the Company, which are approached from a gallery running around the grand central hall, one of the finest and most effective features of the building. Out of this hall open the waiting-rooms and other apartments described above. The train-house is 600 feet long and 130 feet wide ; and its great iron trusses cover five tracks and three platforms. The entrance forms a fine feature of the facade ; and at the Columbus-avenue corner is a lofty tower, with a large illuminated clock. The cost of this station was $800,000. The president is Henry A. Whitney ; and the superintendent, Albert A. Folsom. The Boston and Albany Railroad succeeded the Boston and Worcester road, and forms one continuous line to the Hudson River, so long desired and contemplated, at the very beginning, in the railroad enterprises conceived by Boston men. The Boston and Albany Railroad Company was formed in 1869 by the consolidation of the Worcester and Western Railroads with all their branches and leased lines; the Western road having been opened from Worcester to the Connecticut River eight years after the opening of the Worcester road, and to the State line two years later. The length of the main line, with double track, is 201.65 miles; and the total length of line owned, leased, and operated is 324.74. It now owns and operates the Grand Junction Railroad and its extensive and finely-equipped wharves at East Boston, the completion of which did not at the time realize the expectations of its projectors ; and for 14 years immediately preceding its purchase it was practically abandoned. This has been connected with its main line, and has thus secured a deep-water connection. It affords ample facilities for unload- ing the foreign steamers ; moves large numbers of immigrants, in a prompt and comfortable manner, saving them from the danger and confusion of a passage through the city, and protecting them from sharpers; and altogether does an immense business through this enterprise. It also owns and oper- ates a substantial grain-elevator here, with a capacity of 1,000,000 bushels; and another on the corner of Chandler and Berkeley Streets, with a capacity of about 500,000 bushels, its object being the supply of the city trade. The average annual dividends of the Boston and Albany have been 10 per cent until within a few years, when the general depression of business through- out the country has reduced them to 8 per cent. About the station in this city, on Beach Street, there is comparatively little confusion ; outward trains leaving from one distinct section, and inward trains arriving in the other. The president is D. Waldo Lincoln: and the general manager, William Bliss. 34 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Boston and Lowell Railroad is now part of a system connecting with the leading railroads of New Hampshire, the Central Vermont, and the Grand Trunk, and especially forming a continuous line to Montreal and other parts of Canada and the West, with two express trains daily. The Boston and Lowell formed a combination with the Nashua and Lowell Railroad in January, 1857, for the joint operation of the main roads and branches. On this basis the length of line directly operated by this com- pany is 133 miles. From its opening to the year 1875, the company's yearly dividends have varied from 2 to 8 per cent. The largest dividend was paid in 1873. None were paid between 1875 and 1877; but payment was resumed in 1878. The passenger-station in this city was recently built, and on a large scale, in anticipation of the extension of the western business of the line, and also of the construction of the Massachusetts Central Railroad from Boston to Northampton, which was suspended at the time of the finan- cial crisis, but which has now been taken in hand again. The passenger- station is 700 feet long, and has a front of 205 feet on Causeway Street. In the centre of the head-house is a magnificent and lofty marble-paved hall, finished in hard wood. Out of this open large and well-appointed waiting- rooms, a restaurant, bundle-rooms, baggage-rooms, a barber's shop, etc. The train-house is broad, spacious, and long ; and its great arch has a clear span of 120 feet.. The building material of the station is face brick, with trim- mings of Nova Scotia freestone. Its appearance and convenience were greatly improved in 1878 by the addition of two broad entrances in the front. The building is flanked by two massive towers, the westerly one being much taller than the other. The president of the Boston and Lowell is the Hon. Thomas Talbot, governor of Massachusetts ; and the general manager, Hocum Hosford. The Old-Colony Railroad company was chartered March 16, 1844, to build and operate a railroad from Boston to Plymouth ; and the road was opened for travel at the close of the following year. The present Old- Colony Railroad Company has absorbed the Old-Colony and Fall-River Rail- road Companies, the Fall-River and Newport, the Cape-Cod, the Vineyard- Sound, the South-Shore, the Duxbury and Cohasset, the Middleborough and Taunton, and the Dorchester and Milton roads. The main line, from Boston to Newport and Provincetown, is 177 miles in length ; and with its various branches it controls and operates in all 310 miles. The main line runs through some of the largest manufacturing towns of Eastern Massa- chusetts, — Brockton, the Bridgewaters, Easton, Taunton, and Fall River. Provincetown, one terminus of its main line, is the farthest seaward point of Cape Cod. It also reaches to Wood's Holl, whence steamer connection is made to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Other branches reach to Hingham and Cohasset, famous summer resorts on the South Shore ; to KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 35 Marshfield, the old home of Daniel Webster ; to Duxbury, where the American end of one of the Atlantic cables is held ; and to other places of interest and importance. As the " land end " of the renowned Fall-River line to New York, with its magnificent steamers the " Bristol " and " Provi- dence," as yet unnpproached in size or grandeur by any in the world, the Old-Colony road is widely and favorably known. These boats, that cost $1,250,000 each, have carried more than 2,000,000 passengers. They are being constantly improved, and therefore to-day are as attractive and invit- ing as when first launched. The Old-Col- ony has for many years paid a regular 6 per cent div- idend, and in the years 1873-75 it de- clared 7 per cent. The pas- senger-station in this city is at the corner of Kneeland and South Streets. It is very plain and unpretentious, but spacious and well ar- Old Colony Railroad Depot, Kneeland Street. ranged ; and the train-house is so convenient that there is never any great confusion, and passengers find their way clearly pointed out by bulletin- boards. In 1876 the Old-Colony acquired control of the Union Freight Railway in this city, which is practically the distributor of freight from the railways to the wharves of the city, for lading steamships and other vessels. By the aid of this railway, an elevator, and dummy engines, a European steamship can be loaded in 24 hours. The Union Freight was first operated in 1872, and during the year ending October, 1878, conveyed about 156,000 tons, at a cost of $49,300. The charge per car is $2. Its tracks run to Constitution, T, Lewis, Eastern-avenue, Commercial, Union, and Central Wharves. The line is 2.45 miles Ions;, and extends from the Boston and 36 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Lowell to the Old-Colony tracks. The president of the Old-Colony road is Charles F. Choate; and the general superintendent, J. R. Kendrick. The Fitchburg Railroad company was chartered March 3, 1842, and was opened for travel to Waltham Dec. 20, 1843; to Concord June 17, 1844; and to Fitchburg March 5, 1845. It now operates the Vermont and Massachu- setts road, extending from Fitchburg to Greenfield, under a lease for 999 years, and pays tolls over the Troy and Greenfield and through the Hoosac Tunnel, having previously from 1866 to 1875 leased the Troy and Green- field. During the year 1878, extensive improvements were made at the Boston end of the road, from Warren Bridge to Constitution Wharf, and tide-water, in preparation for the great volume of business expected through the road's direct connection with the Hoosac Tunnel ; and the completion of the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel, and Western Railway, largely owned by Boston capital, which will connect directly with the Erie Road. The line of the main road to Fitchburg is 49.60 miles, and from Fitchburg to Greenfield 56 miles ; and the total length of line owned, leased, and operated is 173.43 miles. For 20 years it paid a regular 8 per cent dividend; in 1877, however, owing to the depressed times, the dividend dropped to 6 per cent, but has since advanced to 7 per cent. The passenger-station in the city, on Causeway Street, is a massive structure of undressed granite, looking in front more like a grim old castle than a railway station, and was built in 1847. It was in a large hall (since removed) in the upper part of this build- ing, that the famous Jenny Lind concerts were given in 1850. The interior of the station has been several times re-arranged and remodelled, and it is now quite convenient. Trains enter on one side, and depart on the other. The president of the company is William B. Stearns ; the general superin- tendent of the road, John Adams ; and E. K. Turner, the assistant super- intendent. The Fitchburg company has recently entered into a contract with the Leyland line of steamships, running between Boston and Liverpool, by which two and three steamships weekly receive and deliver cargoes at Con- stitution Wharf. The Eastern Railroad Company was chartered April 14, 1836, to build a road from East Boston to the New-Hampshire line ; and this was completed Nov. 9, 1840. The main line now runs, through consolidation with other roads, from Boston to Portland, and from Conway Junction to North Con- way, N.H., 180 miles in all, with branches of 102 miles in length ; the total length of lines owned, leased, and operated being 281.966 miles. The length of road in Massachusetts is 120.79 miles; New Hampshire, 107.63; and Maine, 53.55 miles. For many years the company enjoyed great prosperity; but since 1873 it has not paid a dividend, and has passed through a most trying ordeal. In 1876 the management came into the hands of Gen. A. P. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 37 Rockwell, the present president, who with his assistants has been gradually bringing the company into a more satisfactory condition ; and the indica- tions at this time are, that it will soon be able to recover itself. Geographi- cally the location of the road is all that can be desired. The branch to North Conway is one of the favorite modes of reaching the White Moun- tains ; and it there connects with the Portland and Ogdensburg, running through the midst of the mountains. The Gloucester branch, from Beverly, through Beverly Farms, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Magnolia, and Gloucester, to Rockport, is one of the best branches controlled by this company ; the summer travel along it being very heavy. The passenger-station in this city is on Causeway Street, between the stations of the Lowell and Fitch- burg roads. It was built in 1863, after the destruction by fire of the former station, and is small and crowded. What space it affords is, however, well utilized; and the waiting-rooms are convenient and well arranged. It is of brick, with a central tower, upon which is a clock. The Boston and Maine Railroad, as now constituted, was formed by the consolidation, Jan. 1, 1842, of the Boston and Portland Railroad, chartered in Massachusetts in 1833 5 the Boston and Maine, chartered in New Hamp- shire in 1835; and the Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, char- tered in Maine in 1836. The consolidated road was opened to the junction with the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth, at South Berwick, Me., in 1843. Boston and Maine Railroad Depot, Haymarket Square. The latter road up to July, 1871, was leased to and operated by the Boston and Maine and the Eastern roads jointly. In 1873 the Boston and Maine was opened to Portland. The main line, from Boston to Portland, is 115 miles long ; and, in addition, the company operates 83 miles of branches and leased lines. The main line passes through one of the most thickly-settled portions of New England. There are 42 cities, towns, and villages between $& KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Boston and Portland, many of them being devoted to manufacturing in- terests. The dividend paid in 1877 was 5 percent; but for several years previous it was 6, 8, and 10 per cent. The passenger-station in this city is on Haymarket Square, at the foot of Washington Street, occupying a most prominent position. It was built long ago; but it has been extended, re- arranged, and improved internally, so that it is now convenient, light, and cheerful. The president of the Boston and Maine is Nathaniel G. White ; and the superintendent, James T. Furber. The New- York and New-England Railroad Company is the re-organized Boston, Hartford, and Erie Railroad Company, and succeeded, in 1873, to all the property and rights of that company, which had itself absorbed the Norfolk-County Railroad, the Southbridge and Blackstone, the Midland, and the Woonsocket branch. It now owns and operates a railroad from Boston and Providence, through Willimantic, to Waterbury, Conn.; from Brookline, Mass., to Woonsocket, R.I.; and branches to Southbridge and Dedham. It also operates under leases the Norwich and Worcester Railroad from Worcester to Allyn's Point, and thereby controls an independent Sound line of steamers to New York; the Rhode Island and Massachusetts Railroad from Franklin to Valley Falls, making a direct line from Boston to Provi- dence without change of cars ; the Pawtuxet Valley Railroad in Rhode Island, and the South Manchester and Vernon branches in Connecticut. The rail- road and steamboat lines under its control aggregate nearly 500 miles. By means of the transfer steamer "Maryland," running between Harlem River and Jersey City, a sleeping-car is run through to Savannah every day in the week, starting from the depot of this company on Atlantic Avenue at the foot of Summer Street every evening at six o'clock. Through the enterprise of the New- York and New-England road, the fare for a trip between Boston and New York was reduced to one dollar. William T. Hart is president of the company ; and Charles P. Clark, general manager. The Boston, Revere Beach, and Lynn Railroad is a narrow-gauge road, running from East Boston (connected with the city proper by ferries that start from Atlantic Avenue at the foot of High Street) to Lynn along the crest of Revere Beach. This magnificent beach, almost five miles long, is dotted at short intervals with hotels, many of which have gained such repu- tations that thousands of people are attracted to them daily in the summer season. Trains run hourly during the day and evening, and carry a large number of passengers travelling for pleasure. The three-feet gauge is admirably adapted to the purposes of the road. The Boston, Winthrop, and Point Shirley road connects with this road at Winthrop Junction, and runs thence to the watering-place of Ocean Spray in the town of Winthrop. Edwin Walden is president; J. G. Webster, treasurer; and E. H. Whorf, superintendent. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 39 The railroad business of Boston is shown in the following table, com- piled from the reports for the year ending Sept. 30, 1878 : — ■ " "■ Railroads. Loco- motives. Passenger Cars. Baggage, Express, and Mail Cars. Freight and other Cars. Passengers carried. Tons of Freight carried. Boston & Albany . . 243 184 55 5,424 5,200,641 2,642,555 Boston & Providence . 45 103 18 681 3,213,189 569,751 Boston & Lowell . . 44 60 26 650 1,935,843 604,122 Old Colony .... 72 158 27 1,024 3,959,023 631,190 Fitchburg .... 70 77 25 I ,5 2 ° 2,166,116 1. "5,771 Eastern 97 136 37 i,349 4,197,991 697,987 Boston & Maine . . 77 133 28 1,226 4,564,17! 582,851 N.Y.& New England, 7i 102 3° 898 3,121,368 737,964 Boston, Revere Beach, & Lynn . ! s 23 ... 16 686,838 Boston has been, from the start, a commercial city, and its commerce has been most extensive. The first ship was built as early as 1631 ; the quaint records of the early clay stating, under the date of July 4 of that year: " The Governour built a bark at Mys tick- which was launched this day and called the Blessing of the Bay." The first regular steamship that ar- rived in Boston from across the Atlantic was " The Acadia," of the Cunard line, in 1840. The advantages of the situation of the city, set upon a har- bor, deep, capacious, secure, and unobstructed at all seasons of the year, were early comprehended by the people ; and the shipping-interests were fos- tered and extended with wise judgment and great rapidity. Even before the close of the seventeenth century, the product of the land was shipped to Virginia, the West Indies, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Madeira, in exchange for the fruits, wines, and manufactures of those countries ; and the construction of wharves on a systematic scale was begun. In the early part of the nineteenth century great improvements were made in the wharves and the streets leading thereto. Long Wharf had been built since 1710, and was then much longer than it now is, owing to the filling-in and extension of the water-front. The building of Central Wharf, with a line of 54 stores four stories high, was one of the early improvements of the nineteenth century; and before 1850 the whole margin of the city on the east and north was lined with about 200 docks and wharves, affording an extent of wharfage of over five miles, with fine warehouses, many of granite, presenting a solid 40 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. and substantial appearance. Of the magnitude of some of these wharves a few figures will give an idea. Before the building of Atlantic Avenue, which has been built by the making of new land across the head of the wharves, thus shortening their length, Long Wharf extended 1,800 feet into the harbor, with a line of 76 warehouses ; Central Wharf, 1,379 feet; and India Wharf, 980 feet. Among other extensive wharves are T, Commer- cial, Lewis's, Russia (formerly Griffin's Wharf, which was the scene of the famous "tea-party" in the early days of resistance to British oppres- sion), Battery, and Constitution Wharves. The fine deep-water front across the harbor on the East Boston side, and Constitution Wharf in the city proper, accommodate the European steamships. In East Boston, besides the extensive Grand-Junction wharves of the Boston and Albany Rail- road, are the Cunard Wharf, and the wharves of the National Dock and Warehouse Company, where the bulk of the East India trade is done. In the Charlestown district the water-front is taken up by the Navy Yard, wharves belonging to the Fitchburg Railroad Company, the large Mystic- river Wharf of the Boston and Lowell Railroad Company, with its grain and coal elevators, and the wharf of the Mystic-river Corporation. On the south side of the harbor the filling-in of the South-Boston flats is rapidly advancing; and large deep-water docks and wharves, with railroad freight- yards, will soon be ready to accommodate ocean steamships. Although the shipping-interests of Boston suffered a temporary check during the war of the rebellion, they are now steadily and rapidly improving ; and the city maintains its position as the second commercial port in the Union. There are at present four regular first-class steamship-lines between Boston and European ports, each running steamships at the average of at least once a week, — the Cunard, Warren, and Leyland lines to Liverpool, and the Wilson Line to Hull and Southampton. Others are also contem- plated. Ten years ago the Cunard steamships were the only transatlantic ones running to Boston, and they ran but once a fortnight. There are also regular weekly lines to the Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; a regular line to the Western Islands; and coast- wise steamers to Philadelphia, Savannah, Baltimore, Norfolk, New York, and Portland. Among new lines projected is one to the West Indies. The export trade of the city is steadily progressing. From January to October, 1878, the total exports were $43,952,587. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 41 hotels an* Restaurants. THE PRINCIPAL TRANSIENT AND FAMILY HOTELS, THE RESTAURANTS AND CAFE'S. THE first tavern in Boston is said to have been opened in 1634, by Samuel Cole, on Merchants' Row. During the seventeenth century the leading taverns were the State Arms, the Ship, the King's Arms, the Castle, the Red Lion, the King's Head, and the Green Dragon ; most of which, of course, were at the North End. Histories tell some droll stories of these old tav- erns. In the last century the most celebrated houses were the British Coffee House, the Royal Exchange, the Roebuck Coffee House, and the Green Dragon Tavern ; the latter being the headquarters of the Liberty Boys. When coaches came in vogue, such houses as Earl's, the Elm Street, the Eastern Stage, and the City Tavern, were opened : the latter, situated on Brattle Street, was owned by Simeon Boyden, who has been called the "father of the hotel system of the United States." The Boston Exchange was built on Devonshire Street in 1804, and burned in 18 18, when the con- flagration is said to have interrupted a game of cards in which Henry Clay held three aces. The Lion, the Lamb, the Pearl-street House, Hatch's, the Commercial Coffee House, and the Sun Tavern became famous hostel- ries, and places of resort. Succeeding these came the Marlborough, the Albion, the Bromfield, and others ; some of which, although still standing, have outlived their pre-eminence. But it is regarding the hotels of the present time that the reader is to be informed ; and, in sketching those, it is especially appropriate to begin with Boston's most noted caravansary, — The Parker House, famed all over America and the world for its solid comfort and real attractions. It is a handsome six-story marble edifice, fronting on both School and Tremont Streets, centrally located, near all the places of amusement, and all depot street-cars pass its door. It was founded in 1854 by Harvey D. Parker, one of the best-known and most popular hotel- keepers, whose name has become so familiar that its mere mention is suggestive of the choicest viands. In fact, the house is so renowned as a rendezvous of bon-vivants, that hotels all over the country have adopted the name of " Parker's " in order to add to their own prestige. There are 260 rooms, including many large drawing-rooms and spacious suites ; and 220 persons are employed in the house, which usually contains about 250 guests. The whole first story is devoted to club-rooms, and a large military 4 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON hall with a seating capacity for 200 persons. Among the social organiza- tions whose periodical meetings have given the house such an extended reputation, are the Literary Club, Examiner Club, Banks Club, Agricultural Club, Merchants' Club, Commercial Club, Bird Club, and many others. The specialty of Parker's is the careful attention paid the cuisine, which has become as famous as that of the best Parisian restaurants, and rivals the Cafe Anglais or the Maison d'Or. The ladies' ordinary enjoys a mo- nopoly in its line, being the only first-class ladies' restaurant in the city. Parker House, School Street. The cellar is a storehouse of all that is choice. Old madeiras, sherries, and ports are to be found nowhere else in like profusion and perfection. The clarets, hocks, and burgundies are Mr. Parker's direct importations, the result of personal selection from the best European vintages. The house is a model of New-England cleanliness, and is such a favorite resort of Harvard students that Artemus Ward located Harvard College at Parker's. The cafe is the rendezvous and exchange for politicians and business men KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 43 on all occasions ; while at times, such as election night, the lobby becomes the resort of crowds, and presents an animated scene. The house contains an elevator, reading and writing rooms, telegraph and theatre-ticket office. The price of rooms ranges from $1 to $5, and of suites from $8 to $12 per day. The Hotel Brunswick, situated upon Boylston Street, corner of Claren- don Street, is one of the most comfortable and handsomely furnished hotels in the world. The lessee and manager is Col. J. W. Wolcott, who has fur- nished the hotel in lavish and magnificent style. The site of the hotel is, perhaps, the most delightful one that could have been selected. It is within a few moments walk of the Public Garden and Common, and surrounded by the most elegant architectural structures, including the new Museum of Fine Arts, the Public Library, Institute of Technology, and several of the new church edifices, among which are the New " Old South " and Trinity. It is as near to the depots, and as con- venient to all parts of the city, as any of the old hotels. Boylston Street, on which the Brunswick fronts, is one of the broadest and finest thorough- fares in Boston. The Beacon-street cars pass the Brunswick, and several lines of cars pass close by. The house is conducted on the American plan, the terms being $4.50 per day; and, under the skilled hands of Col. Wolcott, it has proved to be such a hotel as Boston never saw before. " I have lived," says Sothern, "in hotels nearly all over the globe, and I have never met with one so thoroughly well managed in every department." And to this Dion Boucicault adds : i( My professional duties carry me every year between San Francisco and Paris, ranging through the intermediate cities ; and I fail to remember any hotel within that range that can surpass the Brunswick, few that can com- pete with it." Not only do the leading actors and musicians make this hotel their home while in Boston, but nowadays many of the most distinguished and notable personages of this country and Europe enjoy the luxury afforded by the accommodations of the Brunswick. The building, which was designed by Peabody & Stearns, architects, of Boston, is essentially fireproof. It covers more than half an acre of ground, is 200 by 125 feet, six stories high, with basement, and contains 350 rooms. All the chambers are supplied with every modern convenience; every apartment has hot and cold water; and every suite has a bath-room. The passenger-elevator is one of the most luxurious in Boston. The structure is of brick, with heavy sandstone trimmings. The principal finish of the first two stories is of black walnut. On the right of the principal entrance are two parlors for the use of ladies, and on the left of the main entrance is the gentlemen's parlor. On the easterly side of the house is the new dining- hall, dedicated upon Whittier's seventieth birthday, when the proprietors of 44 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. " The Atlantic Monthly " gave the dinner at which so many noted American writers were present. On the right of the ladies' entrance is the large dining- hall, 80 feet long by 48 feet wide. Both dining-halls have marble-tile floors, the walls being Pompeiian red, and the ceiling frescoed to correspond. The five stories above are divided into suites and single rooms, all conveniently arranged, and provided with every modern improvement, including open fire- places, besides steam-heating apparatus. Every thing seems to have been done to make the house homelike, comfortable, and attractive, and free from the usual cheerless appearance of hotels. The cost of the building was nearly a million dollars. It was built in 1874, an d enlarged in 1876. Presi- dent Hayes, when attending the Harvard Commencement in 1877, with his family and suite, occupied rooms at the Brunswick. The rooms were en- tirely refurnished, and the hotel elaborately decorated, for the occasion. Ex-Gov. Rice and Gov. Talbot reside at this hotel. Many of the Harvard classes have selected the Brunswick as the place for their annual dinners. The Tremont House, on Tremont Street, at the corner of Beacon Street, is centrally located, many of the street-car lines having their terminus before its doors. The Tremont was the pio- neer of large first-class hotels in this country ; and to-day it has an at- mosphere of old-fash- ioned comfort, solid- ity, and respectability, that makes it very at- tractive to many peo- ple. It is a substantia] and imposing building, with accommodations for 250 persons, and has all the accessories of a modern hotel. The rooms are large, well fur- nished, and exceedingly cheerful. The windows of the parlors and reading- room look out upon the busiest part of Tremont Street. The dining-rooms are very pleasant ; the cooking is excellent ; and the table is unsurpassed by that of any hotel in New England. The house is conducted on the American plan, the terms being $3.50 to $4 per day. It was built in 1830, by Messrs. Elliot, Belknap, & Upham, on land belonging to the Elliot estate. D wight Boyden, the son of Simeon Boyden the famous hotel- keeper, was the first landlord. Under his efficient management the Tre- mont House soon attained a national reputation, and enabled him in the course of time to retire with a fortune of nearly half a million dollars. The Tremont House, Tremont Street. o KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 45 S=i-J^ JlXtJJai 1 - 11 iff $ f j i Jf pftO f f .I'l'lLOi'.i American House, Hanover Street. property was bought in 1859 for the great Sears estate. Chapin, Gurney, & Co., men of long experience, are the proprietors of the Tremont, as well as the Revere House mentioned below. The American House, No. 56 Hanover Street, Lewis Rice & Son, pro- prietors, is the leading business-house of the city kept on the American plan. It was first opened in 1835, and was entirely rebuilt in 1851, covering the sites of the old American House, Han- over House, Earl's, and Merchants' Hotels. On part of this ground stood the home of Gen. War- ren. Additions and im- provements have since been made ; and it is now one of the largest, as it is reputed to be one of the best-managed, hotels in New England. It is finely furnished, has wide corridors, and spacious public drawing-rooms. The first passenger-elevator in Boston was constructed for this house, which contains all modern improvements for the comfort and convenience of its guests. It has been for years the headquarters of the shoe-and-leather trade, and a popular resort for Western and Southern merchants. It has fine family suites, and is conveniently situated for business or pleasure. Its prices have recently been reduced to $3 and #3.50 a day. The original American House and the present one have been, during forty consecutive years, under the manage- ment of the late Lewis Rice, and his son Henry B. Rice. The Revere House, on Bowdoin Square, is a large and well-appointed hotel on the American plan, having accommodations for 250 guests, and charging $3.50 to #4.00 a clay. It was built in 1847 by a company of promi- nent gentlemen, and was named after the Revolutionary hero Paul Revere. For many years it was under the management of Paran Stevens, who was also the lessee of the Fifth-avenue Hotel in New York, and the Continental Hotel in Philadelphia. The Revere House is one of the most comfortable and homelike hotels in the country, and the cuisine is equal to that of any hotel in New England. Many public banquets are given at this house. Among the distinguished people who have stopped here are President Grant, the Prince of Wales, King Kalakaua, the Emperor Dom Pedro, the Grand Duke Alexis, Jenny Lind, Christine Nilsson, Adelina Patti, Parepa Rosa, and Theresa Titiens. Club and class dinners are made a specialty, and 4 6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the house has the reputation of serving them in the most elegant manner. There are large reception- rooms, private parlors, and all other public apartments usu- ally found in first-class hotels. Precautions have been taken to guard against fire; and ele- vators, corridors, and stair- cases extending through the house, render it easy of exit. Bowdoin Square, on which the house fronts, is a street- car centre. Chapin, Gurney, & Co. are the proprietors of the Revere, and also of the Tremont House mentioned on a previous page. The Quincy House, corner of Brattle Street and Brattle Square, is on the site of the first Quaker meeting-house in Boston. The original hotel has been extended from time to time, until it now covers more ground than b3=9K'CaH!>WS«£= Revere House, Bowdoin Square. any other hotel in the erected in Boston. 1 lent accommodations $2.50 per day. It is whom special terms bought the hotel in 1 nished it throughout. Quincy House, Brattle Square city. It includes the first structure of Quincy granite 'he Quincy House is well furnished, and affords excel- for a first-class business house, the terms being only the home of many families and gay bachelors, with are made. George E. Bell and James W. Johnson 874, and since then they have remodelled and refur- George G. Mann has charge of the office. KING'S HANDBOOK OF IWSTOK. 47 The St. James Hotel is one of the best and largest hotels in the city. It accommodates about 500 quests, and has over 400 rooms. The price for transient board is $3 a day. The proprietors are J. S. Doyle, formerly of the American House, and G. C. Mead, formerly of the Tremont House. The St. James is finely situated on Franklin Square; which is a beautiful park, with trees, flowers, and fountains. The house is surrounded St. James Hotel, Kranklm Squaie. by broad streets, and the locality is exceedingly healthy. The hotel was built in 1867 by M. M. Ballon, and is of brick, with granite facings, and a French roof. The Washington-street cars pass near by every minute of the day. The house is provided with reading and smoking rooms, club- rooms, ladies 1 and gentlemen's parlors, telegraph-office, billiard-room, and two elevators. The St. James is the largest family hotel in the city, and the most expensively furnished one. The Evans House is a handsome structure at No. 175 Tremont Street, facing the Common, and pleasantly situated. The hotel is on the American plan, and is provided with a passenger-elevator, and all the modern improve- ments. It accommodates about 150 people. The prices are $3, $3.50, and $4 a day. A great many actors make the Evans House their home while in Boston. The proprietor is A. L. Howe, who during the year 1878 opened the Hotel Wellesley at Wellesley, Mass., which has earned such an enviable reputation for its lovely situation and good management. 48 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON Other hotels, nearly 150 in number, of various grades, are in almost every part of the city. Among the better class in the city proper are the Commonwealth, 1697 Washington Street, kept by S. K. Harwood; the United States, Beach and Lincoln Streets, by Barnes, Gill, & Co. ; Young's Hotel, Court Avenue, by Hall & Whipple ; the Adams House, 555 Wash- ington Street, by D. Chamberlin; the Crawford House, Court and Brattle Streets, by Stumcke & Goodwin; the Sherman House, Court Square, by Thomas L. Smith ; and the New-England House, Clinton and Blackstone Streets, by J. T. Wilson. In East Boston is the Maverick House, Maverick Square, by Ivory Goodwin; in the Roxbury district, the Norfolk House, Eliot Square, by Charles A. Jones ; and in the Brighton district, the Cattle- Fair Hotel, Washington Street, by J. I. Nesmith. The " French flat " or Continental system of dwellings, sometimes called "family hotels," — a single tenement occupying the whole or part of a floor, instead of several floors in a house, — gained its foothold in America by its introduction in Boston. Before the annexation of the surrounding districts, Boston was said to have been the most densely populated city in America, and there was a natural demand for economy in space. The first building of the "French flats" or "family hotel" class was the Hotel Pelham, at the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, built by Dr. John H. Dix about twenty years ago. At the widening of Tremont Street, this building was raised up bodily, and moved about twenty feet down Boylston Street, without disturbing the occupants, or in the least disarranging the interior, — a feat of engineering regarded at the time as most remarkable, being the first instance of the moving of such a large mass of masonry. This style of dwelling rapidly increased in popularity, and now their num- ber is so great that it is hardly practicable to mention them here. They range from the most palatial and elegant structures, equally beautiful in exterior and interior decorations, to plain and comfortable houses adapted for people of moderate means. The greater portion of the costly class have passenger-elevators. The price paid for the rent of a dwelling gener- ally includes the steam-heat and the service of the janitor, who performs the heaviest drudgery. Among the most prominent of these houses are the Hotel Pelham, before mentioned: the Hotel Boylston, on the opposite corner, owned by Charles Francis Adams ; the Berkeley and the Cluny, on Boylston Street ; the Vendome, the Hamilton, and the Agassiz, on Common- wealth Avenue; the Huntington, at the corner of Huntington Avenue and Dartmouth Street; the Hoffman, the Edinburgh, the Albemarle, and the Berwick, on Columbus Avenue ; the Blackstone, fronting on Blackstone Square ; in the Roxbury district, the Dartmouth and the Comfort ; and in the Charlestown district, the Waverley. A'/NG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 49 The Restaurants and Cafe's of Boston number nearly 500. Excepting those connected with hotels, there are not many worthy of particular men- tion. As a rule, they furnish good food at reasonable prices, and are well kept and conveniently situated. The cafe's of the Parker House, Revere House, and Tremont House, are frequented by persons desiring a hasty first- class meal. Of the noteworthy restaurants, Whitney's and Ober's stand at the head of the list ; and of these, brief sketches will be given. Whitney's Breakfast and Dining Rooms occupy three floors in the upper portion of the lofty Equitable Building, corner of Milk and Devonshire Streets. Almost the whole of Boston proper, its harbor and surroundings, can be seen from the windows of these rooms, which are nearly 200 feet from the sidewalk, presenting a most inviting panoramic view. The rooms, including public and private apartments, are not only tastefully furnished, but also, in summer, are refreshingly cool, and at all seasons delightfully pleasant and comforta- ble. The table service and appointments are fully up to the standard of first-class restau- rants. Sydney Whitney, the proprietor, is thoroughly competent to conduct the estab- lishment, after his long experience, which began 20 years ago in the Pearl-street House, that stood on the site of the grand building of the Mutual Life Insurance Co. Mr. Whitney was chief clerk at Young's Hotel for many years. The Whitney rooms are resorted to by the best class of people, — ladies and gentlemen, citizens and strangers. Three elevators, running constantly by steam- power, carry up and down about 3,000 people per day. Among the private rooms is the " Harvard Room," fitted up expressly for Harvard students. These rooms are at a greater elevation from the street floor than any dining- rooms in the world, and the only ones in Boston where a genuine English mutton-chop, weighing a full pound before it is cooked, can be obtained. Ober's Restaurant Parisien is one of the American establishments that are well known in Europe and throughout this country, among the great connoisseurs of first-class French cooking. Here, in a quiet place, in a building making no exterior show, are some of the cosiest and most ele- gantly furnished rooms, provided with exquisite linen and table-ware, where one can enjoy the most substantial repast, prepared in the daintiest Parisian style. When Louis P. Ober, the proprietor, had a few rooms for the accom- modation of transient guests, they were always occupied by noted or wealthy Whitney's Rooms, Equuable Building. 50 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. foreigners, among whom were the leading members of the Italian and the Aimee Opera Companies. It is 20 years since this house was established. Ten years ago Mr. Ober became the proprietor; and throughout this time it has not only fully sustained its old reputation, but has become as noted as Delmonico's and the Hotel Brunswick of New York, and is now rivalling, for excellence in cooking and quality of food, some of the best-known restaurants of Paris. During the past summer the building — which, by the way, is owned by Mr. Ober, and is situated on Winter Place, that leads off of Winter Street — has been refurnished and newly decorated throughout. The restaurant is conducted on the " a la carte " system ; but a specialty is also made of " table d'hote " dinners, that are served from 1 to 4 o'clock p.m. every day. These dinners are patronized by the elite of Boston. In the house there are large and small rooms that are resorted to by the most fastidious, for the choicest private dinners and lunches. The place is kept open until 12 p.m., for the accommodation of those who have been spending their evening at the theatres, concert-rooms, or other places of entertainment. On the first floor is Ober's oyster and lunch room, where dishes prepared in the best manner can be served at a moment's notice. The great specialty of this house is its wines, which are as costly and as fine as those of any similar establishment in this country. The whole of this stock, which is surpassed in value by that of none of his competitors, was imported by Mr. Ober, who made his own selection by personal visits to the wine-markets of the Old World. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 51 &J)e Public Butitimgs- CITY, COUNTY, STATE, AND UNITED STATES BUILDINGS; AND CITY GOVERNMENT. THE pride with which the Bostonian shows the public buildings, and those devoted to art, literature, and education, is not unreasonable. Without exaggeration, it can be said, that no city in the country presents a finer or more substantial class of buildings. They are not all imposing, and few are "showy;'' 1 they are not all of modern style, after one pattern; but they are, as a rule, thoroughly and honestly built ; and generally attrac- tive and satisfactory, so far as architectural design is concerned, even to the educated critic. Some are stately and impressive ; others have an every-day business look about them ; and all are a credit to the city, and to those who planned and built them. Boston, as a city, owns 293 public buildings, covering more than 100 acres of land. Its county buildings are valued at $2,000,000 ; its public buildings, so specifically classified, $6,500,000 ; and its school buildings, $7,996,000. Several of these buildings return handsome incomes : such as, for instance, the Ouincy Market, $cS3,892 per annum ; Faneuil-Hall Market, $22,764; and the Old State House, $16,000. The State and National buildings, which are grand and costly, are not, of course, included in the above valuations. In this chapter we shall give some practical information, concisely put, of some of these buildings, and, to a limited extent, of their character, uses, and occupants. The City Hall, fronting on School Street, is the most elaborate munici- pal structure in Boston. It is a very handsome and imposing building, and is well adapted to the uses for which it was built. The style of architec- ture is the Italian Renaissance, modified and elaborated by the taste of the French architects of the last thirty years. The building cost over $500,- 000, including the furniture and plans for same. The faces of the front and west sides are of white Concord granite ; those of the Court-square and City-hail Avenue facades are of stone from the old City Hall, which stood on the same spot. There is a large turfed yard in front, in which stands the bronze statue of Franklin by Richard S. Greenough. And shortly there will be a corresponding statue of Josiah Ouincy, one of the earliest and most energetic mayors of Boston. This statue is by Thomas Ball, and will be placed in its position in 1879. 52 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The first, second, and third stories and the basement of the City Hall are fireproof. The floors of the fourth, fifth, and attic stories are of bur- netized timber. The roof is of wood, covered with copper and slate. The interior finish is principally of butternut and pine. The main entrance communicates with the first-story hall, which is paved with squares of black and white marble. Thence the fine, broad staircases or the elevator con- duct the visitor to the upper stories. The staircases are of iron, with face stringers, newels, rails, and balusters of oak. In the wall of the first landing is a tablet of Sienna and white marble bearing this inscription : — CORNER & J. M. WlGHTMAN, Mayor. 0Q, 1862, ,c^ oSEPr " tf> Dt^" '"'/865, F. W. Lincoln, Jr. Mayor. G. J. F. Bryant and A. Gilman, Architects. In the basement are the offices of the lamp department, the inspector of buildings, the board of health, the city physician, and the superintend- ent of health, besides some police-cells. On the first story are the offices of the city treasurer, city collector, auditor of accounts, water-registrar, superintendent of police, and the assessors. On the second story is the room of the board of aldermen. It is 44 feet square, 26 feet high, well lighted and tastefully ornamented. Near by is a lobby with cloak-rooms. On the same floor are the offices of the mayor, the city clerk, 1 the city messenger, the clerk of committees, the superintendent of public build- ings, superintendent of public lands, the city registrar, and a large com- mittee-room. On the third story are the offices of the superintendent of streets, the superintendent of sewers, the board of fire-commissioners, the chief engineer of the fire-department, the superintendent of printing, the board of street-commissioners, and the city surveyor. On the fourth story is the common-council chamber, 44 by 44 feet, 27 feet high, with galleries on three sides, and seats for 250 persons. Adjacent are dressing and committee rooms ; and on the same floor are the offices of the clerk of the council, the 1 It is certainly an interesting fact, that since Boston became a city there have been only two city clerks, — the first, S. F. McCleary, sen., serving for 30 consecutive years; and the second, his son, S. F. McCleary, jun., serving for the past 27 years. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 53 ~ ^m^,~._ ir^jMg&p • ^^ is^s,j 1i/L _ BOSTON CITY HALL, SCHOOL STREET. 54 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. city engineer, and the water-board. On the fifth story is the city architect's department, and several store-rooms and watchmen's rooms. The attic, under the dome, contains the operating-room of the magnetic fire-alarm telegraph, whence alarms are sent out over the wires communicating with all the public bells and engine-houses. Near by are sleeping-rooms and a library for the operators. Above, in the dome itself, is the battery-room, 13 by 41 feet in dimensions. The dome is surmounted by a balcony, from which rises a flag-staff 200 feet from the ground. Four lions' heads look out from the corners of the balcony, and a gilded eagle surmounts the centre of its front. The legislative power is vested in the mayor, 12 aldermen chosen from the city at large, and 72 common councilmen chosen by the 25 wards. The executive power is vested in the mayor and aldermen. The term of office of the mayor, aldermen, and councilmen is one year; and the election occurs annually on the Tuesday after the second Monday of December. The departments are severally designated, the assessors 1 , financial, health, regis- trar's, water, fire, and police departments. The mayor receives a salary of $5,000 a year ; the city and county treasurer, $5,000 ; the collector, #4,000 ; the auditor, $5,000; the three members of the board of health, #3,000 each ; the city physician, $2,700, with #r,ioo for his assistant, $900 for the port phy- sician, and $850 for his assistant; the superintendent of health, $3,000 and horse and carriage; the city registrar, whose main duty is to keep the record of births, marriages, and deaths, and grant certificates of intention of mar- riage, $2,500; the three water-commissioners, $3,000 each ; the city engineer, $4,500; the resident engineer of the Sudbury-river water-works, $4,000, with $2,800 for the water-registrar, $3,000 for the superintendent of the eastern division, and $2,700 for the superintendent of the western ; water-registrar Mystic water-works, $2,250, superintendent, $1,600, and engineer, $1,200 ; the three fire-commissioners, $3,000 each ; chief engineer of the fire-department, $3,000 ; the three police-commissioners, $3,000 each ; the city solicitor, $6,000; and the three registrars of voters, $2,500 each. There are many minor offi- cials having positions in and about the City Hall, in the various city institu- tions, and in care of city property. The city clerk receives $4,000 a year, and has $11,600 a year for assistant clerks. The cost of administering the affairs of the city has grown rapidly within the past quarter of a century ; and during the three years preceding 1878 earnest efforts have been made to reduce it. The total actual expenses of the city and county in 1877-78, for the year ending April 30, were $13,844,051.98, against $14,466,241.69 the previous year. The Directors for Public Institutions have charge of the House of Indus- try, the House of Reformation, the alms-houses situated on islands in the harbor, the House of Correction and the Lunatic Hospital at South Boston, KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 55 the Home for the Poor on Austin Farm, West-Roxbury district, alms- house in the Charlestown district, and Marcella-street (Highlands) Home for pauper and neglected boys. The superintendent of health has charge of the city stables, horses, carts, wagons, etc., necessary for the business of keeping the city streets and ways clean, collecting house-offal, etc. The Central Charity Bureau building on Chardon and Hawkins Streets, where the principal charitable societies have headquarters, and the Temporary Home at the corner of Chardon and Bowker Streets, are in charge of the Board of Overseers of the Poor. There are twenty public bath-houses, all well equipped and supplied. The Boston fire-department is one of the most efficient in the country; and the system of its management is regarded by those well qualified to judge as admirable in every particular. The department is under the direct control of the fire-commission, consisting of three members, who are ap- pointed by the mayor and confirmed by the city council. There is a chief engineer, ten assistant-engineers, two call-engineers, and 630 men employed in various capacities. The apparatus consists of 29 steam fire-engines, and for each a hose-carriage ; 1 1 independent hose-carriages and companies ; 7 chemical engines ; 1 1 hook-and-ladder carriages, four of which carry portable extinguishers; and one fire-boat. Belonging to the department are 137 horses, about 70,000 feet of hose, and 1,000 feet of suction-hose. The yearly salaries of the fire-department are about #1,000 per day. There was paid out in 1877-8, on account of the whole department, $452,544.37, besides $120,930 paid the water-department for water and maintenance of the hy- drants. The Boston Protective Department, incorporated in 1874, is under the management of the fire-underwriters. It had previously existed as an organization supported by voluntary contributions : now, however, the money voted for its support can be collected through any of the State courts. Two wagons and five permanent men are in service at all times : and call-men, attached to each of the hook-and-ladder carriages in the suburbs, are under pay of the department. The right of way and authority to enter houses endangered by fire is given by law. The prime object of the department is to save property, but it also performs meritorious work in saving life. The president of the organization is Henry B. White, secre- tary of the Shoe and Leather Insurance Co. ; and the treasurer is Charles E. Guild. Connected with this department there is a superintendent ; and a fire-marshal, also empowered to make investigations into causes of fires under certain conditions. The magnetic fire-alarm apparatus cost over $100,000. Boston was the first city to adopt the system. Indeed, it origi- nated here with Dr. William F. Channing of this city and Moses G. Far- mer of Salem. In 1845 Dr. Channing, in a lecture before the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, suggested the employment of the telegraph as a 56 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. means of giving alarms of fire. In 1848 the subject was brought before the Boston city government by the mayor, and some experiments tried ; in 1 85 1 $10,000 was appropriated to test the system, and during the next year it was brought into successful operation. It has now in working order about 260 miles of wire, 266 signal-boxes in use, 53 striking-machines, 60 large gongs, 42 small gongs, 60 tappers, 15 vibrators, and other material. At various places in the city the hour of noon is struck by the fire-alarm telegraph, correct time being furnished by telegraph from the observatory of Harvard University. The superintendent of fire-alarms receives $2,300 a year, with use of horse and carriage ; there are also employed 4 operators and 3 repairers, at $3.75 a day. A constant watch night and day is kept by the operators at the chief office, in the dome of the City Hall. The water- front is protected by a steam fire-boat, constructed of iron, supplied with four steam-pumps, high-pressure boiler, and an 80-horse-power engine, capa- ble of playing eight streams of water at one time. A self-sustaining aerial ladder, consisting of 8 sections, each 12 feet long, was purchased in 1876. These sections can be joined and the ladder raised in 6 minutes. The police-department, since 1878, is under the control of three commis- sioners, each appointed for three years by the mayor, with the approval of the city council. The police-force, and the salaries paid, are as follows : Superintendent of police, $3,000 a year; deputy superintendent, $2,300 a year; chief inspector, $4 a day; 15 captains, $4 a day each ; 10 inspectors, $3.50 a day each ; 30 lieutenants, $3,50 a day each ; 37 sergeants, $3.25 a day each; and 611 patrolmen, $3 a day each. These, and the officers connected with the local houses of detention and the public buildings, make the whole police-force comprise 715 men. There are 15 divisions in the city, each hav- ing its own station-house. The 16th division includes the harbor, and has charge of the steamboat " Protector," with its men and rowboats. The cost of the police-department, and the charges made against it, amounted, in the year 1877-78, to $827,865. The police-commissioners are Henry S. Russell, Samuel R. Spinney, and James M. Bugbee ; and the superintendent of police is Samuel G. Adams. The system for supplying the city with water is elaborate, and the water- works form one of the most interesting features. One of the advantages of the peninsula which attracted the early settlers was its abundance of pure water: the Indian name, Shawmut, it is said signifies "Living Fountains." But early in its history the wants of the town had increased beyond its internal resources. As early as 1795 a company was incorporated to intro- duce water from Jamaica Pond. In 1845 this company had laid about 15 miles of pipe, conveying water to nearly 3,000 of the 10,370 houses the city then contained. Pipes were at first of pine logs. The elevation of this pond, however, was too low to bring the water into the higher portions of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 57 58 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the city ; and its capacity was not sufficient for the portions it did reach. For many years the subject of a better supply had been agitated ; and at length, in the year 1845, Long Pond, or Lake Cochituate as it was afterwards called, situated in the towns of Framingham, Natick, and Wayland, about twenty miles west from the city proper, was selected. In August of the next year ground was formally broken for the new works, by John Ouincy Adams and Josiah Ouincy, jun. ; and in 1848 the work was completed. But the growth of the city was so great, that in less than twenty years the source was insufficient ; and the waters of Sudbury River have been made tributary, the city having been given the necessary authority in 1872. The extreme length of Lake Cochituate, in a direct line, is three and a half miles; and the breadth of the widest part is about 1,800 feet, with a water- surface of 800 acres at high-water mark. In addition to the supply in the lake, " Dug Pond " containing 44^ acres, and " Dudley Pond " containing 81 acres, are connected with and form important tributaries to it. The whole circuit of the lake, measuring at its verge when within two feet of high-water mark, is about 16 miles ; and the city owns an average width of five rods around it which is held free from taxation, also one and a quarter acres at the outlet of Dudley Pond ; the whole line of the water-works extending from Lake Cochituate, and continuing through a brick aqueduct, iron pipes, and stone tunnel, 14^ miles, to a reservoir in Brookline of about 23 acres of water-surface, and 119,583,960 gallons capacity. The Brookline reser- voir is a beautiful structure of irregular, elliptical shape. Another receiv- ing reservoir — Chestnut Hill — is situated in the Brighton district, a very extensive and attractive work. Its construction was begun in 1865; and the city became possessed of 21 2f acres of land, costing about $120,000, before it was finished. It is 5^ miles from the City Hall, and one mile from the Brookline reservoir. It is, in fact, a double reservoir, divided by a water-tight dam into two basins of irregular shape. Their capacity is 730,000,000 gallons, and their water-surface 123^ acres. A magnificent driveway, varying from 60 to 80 feet in width, surrounds the entire work : in some parts the road runs quite close to the embankment, separated from it by only a smooth gravelled walk, with green turf on either side. The high-service pumping-works are situated in the Roxbury district. The Parker-hill reservoir, on Parker Hill, built especially for the high-service supply, will hold 7,200,000 gallons above a plane 2^ feet above the bottom of the outflow pipe. The area of the water-surface when at high-water mark is 64,033 square feet, and its elevation 219 feet above tide-marsh level. The Beacon-hill reservoir, originally built as a distributing reservoir, is now, owing to the connection of the Beacon-hill district with the high-service works on Parker Hill, used for storage, and is connected with the distrib- uting-pipes only in case of fire, or accident to the pumping-mains. It is KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 59 situated near the State House, between Temple and Hancock Streets, and extends from Derne Street on the north to the rear of Mt. Vernon Street on the south. It is built in the most massive style of stone masonry, and is the most costly distributing reservoir owned by the city. It covers about 37,012 square feet of land, and has a mean horizontal water-section of 28,014 square feet, and a capacity of 2,678,961 gallons. The South-Boston reservoir, on the east side of Telegraph Hill, South Boston, covers, with its embankments, an area of about 126,000 square feet. It resembles in shape the segment of an ellipse, and has a water-area, when at high-water mark, of 70,041 square feet, and a capacity of 7,508,246 gallons. This reser- voir is now used in the same manner as the Beacon-hill, and for similar reasons. The East-Boston reservoir, on Eagle Hill, East Boston, has a water-area, when at high-water mark, of 44,100 square feet, and a capacity of 5,591,816 gallons. The supply from Lake Cochituite having become inadequate to the wants of the city, an act was passed by the Legislature, approved April 8, 1872, authorizing the taking of the water of Sudbury River, and the construc- tion of suitable reservoirs and aqueducts. This work is now practically completed. The river above the point where the water is taken has a water- shed of about JS miles. Three dams on the river form storage basins, having a capacity of 1,877,000,000 gallons. From the lower basin a brick conduit, 4,170 feet long, conveys the water to Farm Pond in Framingham, whence another brick conduit, 7 feet 8 inches by 9 feet, having a capacity of 70,000,000 gallons per day, conveys the water to Chestnut-hill reservoir, — a distance of about 16 miles. The main pipes leading from the several re- ceiving reservoirs to the city, and the distributing-pipes laid in the city proper, East and South Boston, the Highlands, Dorchester, West Roxbury, and Brighton districts, aggregate in length 335 miles, varying in size from three inches to forty-eight inches in diameter. The gross expenditure on account of the Cochituate and Sudbury-river water-works to the city, up to the 30th April, 1878, was $32,210,812.35; and the net cost, less the revenue, is $15,068,924.88. The cost of construction alone was $15,437,576.25. Through annexation with Charlestown, the city became possessed of the " Mystic Water-works." Mystic Lake, which is the source of supply, is situated in the towns of Medford, Arlington, and Winchester, 6£ miles from Charlestown Square. It has an area of about 200 acres, when flowed to the level authorized by the act to take water, and a storage capacity, at that level, of 380,000,000 gallons of water. The area of country forming the drainage basin is 27.75 square miles. The conduit is 7,453 feet long. The reservoir is on Walnut Hill, in Medford, near Tufts College. Its water-surface covers an area of 4.^ acres ; being nearly a parallelogram in shape, with a length of 560 feet and a width of 350 feet. It is 25 feet in 60 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON depth, the top line of bank being three feet above high-water mark. At this level its capacity is 26,244,415 gallons. The top water-line is 147 feet above high-water level of the harbor. The embankments are laid out with a concrete walk. A roadway passes around three sides of the reservoir, at the foot of the embankment ; and the grounds about it are handsomely laid out. Besides supplying the Charlestown district, the cities of Somer- ville and Chelsea, East Boston, and the town of Everett, are also supplied from the Mystic works. The whole construction account of the works was $1,460,000; and, in making up the account, interest on all the money used was charged by the city of Charlestown. The daily consumption of water in the city is 22,000,000 gallons from the Cochituate works, and 8,000,000 gallons from the Mystic-river works. The United States Post-office and Sub-treasury building, when com- pleted, will be by far the most imposing public edifice in New England. It will occupy the square bounded by Water, Devonshire, and Milk Streets, and Post-office Square, fronting on the latter. Our frontispiece shows the Post- office-square front as it will appear when completed. The portion now finished, and which has been occupied since the early part of 1875, ' s ^ ess than half the entire structure. Efforts to secure a proper post-office building for Boston were begun as long ago as President Fillmore's administration ; but they were not success- ful until 1867, when a joint resolution of Congress, appointing a commission to select a site for a post-office building in Boston, was approved by the pres- ident. A year later a site was accepted, and an appropriation made for the purchase of the land ; and another year later ground was broken, and the work begun. The celebration of the laying of the corner-stone was not until the first part of the building had been nearly finished to the top of the street story. This was on the 16th of October, 1871. A distinguished company was present, including President Grant and his cabinet; and the occasion was observed as a general holiday. There was a great military and masonic procession. The ceremony of laying the stone was performed by William Sewall Gardner, grand master of the grand lodge of Massichusetts ; an ora- tion was delivered by Postmaster-General Creswell, and an historical address was made by Nathaniel B. ShurtlefL On the 9th of November, 1S72, the building was ready for the roof, when the Great Fire came. By this it was damaged to the extent of $175,000, the loss on granite alone being $98,000. Two of the pavilions on the Water and Milk Street sides were so defaced and chipped by the intense heat that it was necessary to replace them ; and the marks of the fire are yet visible on plinths on both these sides. The building is in the Renaissance style of architecture, and of Cape Ann irranite. The Devonshire-street front is 200 feet lon^. The exterior facades on the three streets reach an average height above the sidewalks of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 61 loo feet, the central portion of each reaching a height of 126 feet. The street story of 28 feet, formed by a composition of pilasters and columns resting on heavy plinths at the sidewalk level, and crowned with an entabla- ture, carries two stories above it, adorned by ornate windows. The roof is a solid and ambitious affair of iron, slated, upon iron girders, and presents circular dormer windows, in iron frames. The Devonshire facade is sub- divided into five compartments by a central projection, flanked by two cur- tains finishing at the corners of Water and Milk Streets ; and the central portion is ornamented with an heraldic figure, an eagle with outspread wings, grasping in its talons a shield. The post-office occupies the entire ground floor and the basement. There is a continuous passage-way across the rear, or east side, from Milk to Water Street, with a court-yard for the convenient delivery and receipt of mails from the postal wagons. The basement story has a clear height of 14 feet, and is extended beneath the sidewalk of all three of the thorough- fares surrounding the present edifice. The central portion of the first story, 81 by 43 feet, is for the post-office proper, and is connected with the rear court-yard, and lighted from it. All the work is transacted in one grand spacious apartment, directly under the eye of the various superintendents. This work-hall is 30 feet in height, and 216 by 82 feet in floor area, and is sur- rounded on three of its sides by a public corridor, from which it is separated by the post-office screen, which contains the box and other deliveries, and registry. Surmounting the screen, and covering the corridor, is a mezzanine flooring, or gallery, 12 feet wide, opening into the grand work-hall. This is enclosed by a metal balcony railing, and is reached from the floor of the hall by two flights of stairs. In this gallery are offices, and the letter-carriers' department. The postmaster's and cashier's rooms are in the second story. The apartments of the sub-treasury occupy the larger portion of the second story. " The Marble Cash-room " is in the centre, and is a very showy hall, forming a parallelogram of about 80 feet in length, 40 in width, and about 60 in height : its decoration is in the Grecian style which characterizes the entire building. The tall pilasters, running 13 feet high, are mounted on solid bases, and topped with elaborate worked capitals all of Sicilian marble, while the wall-slabbing above and below is of the dark and light shades of Sienna. The cornices resting on these capitals are of highly enriched frieze, with a double row of brackets, and richly ornamented. A gallery, or balcony, surrounds the four sides of the room, accessible from the staircase, hall, and corridor of the third story. The doors and window-sashes are of solid mahogany. Connected with the cash-room are the four fire and burglar proof safes. There are also on this floor eight apartments for the sole use of the sub-treasury. In other portions of the upper stories are the pension and internal-revenue offices. In the basement is the money-order depart- 62 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. merit. The tiled halls and corridors on these floors are broad and lofty, and the stairways are spacious and easy. The completion of the building by the erection of the second section has been delayed by the difficulties encountered in gaining possession of the land. Congress agreed to make an additional appropriation of $750,000, on condition that the streets surrounding the building should be widened, — for which the fire had somewhat paved the way, — both to improve the appear- ance of the building and to give additional protection against fire. This widening was strenuously opposed by certain property-owners. The neces- sary legislation, however, was secured, and the appropriation made. Then another serious obstacle appeared. The owners of the land set such a high price upon it that it could not be considered. At length the courts were appealed to ; and the price awarded, though considered high, was accepted, and the work of building the second portion was begun. It is now progress- ing rapidly. When completed, the post-office work-room will be extended, covering the basement and street floor of the entire building, the court-yard being covered and separating the two wings; the postmaster's room will be removed to the street floor on the Post-office Square front; and the money- order department, now crowded into a rather dark corner on the Milk-street side, will have well-lighted and spacious quarters on the corner of Post-office Square and Milk Street. The United States court-rooms and offices will be on the second floor of the new wing; and the internal-revenue department will be moved from the present wing into the new. The cost of the entire work, when the extension is completed, it is esti- mated will be between four and five millions. Up to the. fall of 1878 about three millions had been expended. The cost of the land was $865,000 : the portion for the extension over which there was so much controversy, settled finally by the Supreme Court, cost about $411,000. The present is the first post-office building in the city owned by the government. For most of the time previous to the Revolution the office was in that part of Washington Street formerly known as Cornhill, between Water Street and the present Cornhill. During the siege of Boston the post-office was removed to Cambridge. After the evacuation by the British, the office was returned to the east side of Washington Street, near State. Later it was removed to State Street, in a building originally the site of the first meeting-house erected in Boston. It was moved several times during the next thirty years, tarrying for a while in the Old State House, and bringing up finally in the Merchants' Exchange building on State Street, where it was burnt out in the Great Fire, though all the valuable matter was safely removed. A resting-place was found in Faneuil Hall ; and a few weeks afterwards the Old South Church was re-arranged, and here the post- office remained until the completion of the present building. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 63 During the Revolution, Tuthill Hubbard was postmaster of Boston, under Benjamin Franklin and John Foxcroft, who were the last deputy postmasters for North America under foreign appointment. Hubbard was succeeded by Jonathan Hastings, who remained in office until 1809. Other postmasters were. Aaron Hill, appointed in 1809; Nathaniel Greene, 1829; William Hayden, 1849; George W. Gordon, 1852; Edwin C. Bailey, 1854; Nahum Capen, 1858; John G. Palfrey, 1861 ; William L. Burt, 1867; and Edward S. Tobey, 1876, who is the present incumbent. The following statistics for nine months, from January to October inclusive, of 1878, show the enormous business conducted at the post-office. The delivery consisted of 7,432,781 mail-letters, 1,602,621 mail-postal-cards, 3,343495 local letters, 1,625,080 local postal-cards, 3,918,335 newspapers, and 35,445 returned letters. The col- lections amounted to 10,626,402 letters, 2,896,892 postal-cards, and 1,378,773 newspapers. The United States Court House, corner of Tremont Street and Temple Place, looks more like a church than a court-house. It was, in fact, built for a Masonic Temple in 1832. The walls are of Ouincy granite, and there are two towers 16 feet square and 95 feet high, surmounted by battlements and pinnacles. There are five stories, and the rooms are lighted by long arched windows. A view of this building is shown in connection with St. Paul's Church, in the chapter on " The Soul of the City." The United States Navy Yard, in the Bunker-hill district, is on the point of land formerly known as Morton's Point, at the junction of the Charles and Mystic Rivers. It comprises over eighty acres of land, and is enclosed on the land side by a high stone wall. On the water-front are several wharves and a substantial sea-wall. The granite dry-dock, 341 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep, which was opened in 1833, and cost over $677,000, is worthy. of notice. The first vessel docked here was the old frigate " Constitution." There is a quaint museum called the " Naval Li- brary and Institute," a granite rope-walk 1,361 feet long, machine-shops capable of giving employment to about 2,000 men, buildings for the storage of timber and naval stores, ship-houses, marine barracks, a magazine and arsenal, a parade-ground, parks for cannon and shot, and dwelling-houses for the commandant and various officers of the yard. Passes are issued to visitors on application at the gate. The yard was established by the gov- ernment in 1800, when the land cost only $40,000. Several large vessels of the old navy were built here, including the "Vermont," "Virginia," " Inde- pendence," and " Cumberland." The Boston State House, "the hub of the solar system " according to Dr. Holmes, stands on the summit of Beacon Hill, the most commanding situation in the city, on a lot which was formerly Gov. Hancock's cow-pasture, bounded now by Beacon Street on the south, Mount Vernon Street on the east and 6 4 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. north, and Hancock Avenue on the west. The corner-stone was laid in 1795, and the oration was delivered by Gov. Samuel Adams. The customary Masonic ceremonies were conducted by Paul Revere, grand master. The ori- ginal cost of the building was over $133,000, but several expensive additions and improvements have since been made. The south side was added in 1852 ; and the dome was gilded in 1874, producing a fine effect. The building was The State House, Beacon Street. first occupied by the " Great and General Court" in 1798, when the Old State House was abandoned. The building is oblong, measuring 173 by 61 feet. Its height, including the dome, is no feet, and the lantern is about 220 feet above the sea-level. Bronze statues of Horace Mann by Emma Stebbins, and of Daniel Webster by Hiram Powers, and two fountains, ornament the turfed terrace in front of the building. The main entrance is reached by KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 65 a succession of stone terraces from Beacon Street, and leads into the Doric Hall. This hall contains the remnants of the flags carried by Massachusetts soldiers in the civil war. Here also are exhibited copies of the memorial tablets of the Washington family in England, given to the State by Charles Sumner; tablets taken from the old Revolutionary monument that stood on Beacon Hill before the State House was built; and guns that formerly belonged to the Concord minute-men, recalling the days of 1775. Thomas Ball's marble statue of Gov. John A. Andrew is considered a work of great artistic merit ; and Chantrey's statue of Washington, wrapped in a military cloak, should be noticed. In Doric Hall are also busts of Samuel Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Charles Sumner, and Henry Wilson. The Hall of Representatives, in the centre of the building, is the largest room in the State House, and accommodates 500 members. Visitors are admitted to the gallery during the sessions. The ancient codfish still hangs from the centre of the ceiling, an emblem of the bygone importance of the cod to the State, "which has been," says Drake, "a greater source of wealth than the mines of California." The same fish hung in the old hall in State Street, but was taken down, and not restored till after the peace, when it was again and has ever since been displayed before the assembled wisdom of the Com- monwealth. The Senate Chamber is at the east end of the building, and is 60 by 50 feet. It contains some portraits of dignitaries and a few relics. At the west end of the building is a large room for the meetings of the governor and council, and the offices of the governor and other State officers. On the north side, in the fireproof addition, is the State library. 88 by 37 feet in dimensions, 36} feet high, with galleries and alcoves, and con- taining over 40,000 volumes. This portion of the capital also contains various committee rooms ; and the fireproof rooms in the basement are devoted to the preservation of State archives. There is a very complete agricultural library; and the State cabinet contains some valuable specimens of rocks, minerals, and fossils, birds, animals, insects, and shells. For the sake of the view, which is very extensive, and gives a good general idea of the topography of the city, visitors to the number of about 50,000 per annum climb the 170 steps leading to the cupola that surmounts the gilded dome, which rises 30 feet from its pediment, and is 50 feet in diameter. The cupola is free to visitors when the legislature is not in session ; and below there is a register wherein strangers should enter their names. The Old State House, at the head of State Street, although standing, has been altered so much that only an indication of the original appearance is left. Like the Old South Church, and the half-dozen other old historic landmarks, it is threatened by the march of business. Few Bostonians know how many stirring associations are connected with this ancient edifice, which was built in 1748 to replace its burned predeces- 6 j KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. sor. The site was that of the earliest market-place of the town. The first wooden Town House was built here in 1657, burned in 171 1, rebuilt a year later, and again burned in 1747. It was after the Revolution that the present building became the quarters of the General Court of the Commonwealth, as well as of the town officials. After the town became a city, the Old State House became also the City Hall. It was damaged by fire in 1832. In 1798 the legislature moved to the New State House on Beacon Hill. It has not only been the Town House, City Hall, and State House, but also the quarters of the courts and the legislature of the Colony and of the Pro- vincial council. It was in 1768 a barrack for British troops, in 1838 the United States Post-office, and for many years the Merchants' Exchange. The convention that ratified the United States Constitution met here before adjourning to the Federal-street Church. The Boston Massacre occurred in front of its doors. In the Old State House, according to Samuel Adams, "Independence was born." The news of the death of George II. and the accession of George III., and in 1776 the Declaration of Independence, were read from the balcony. During the stamp-act excitement the mob burned stamped clearances in front of the building. Gens. Howe, Clinton, and Gage held a council of war in the building before the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1778 the Count d'Estaing was here received by Gov. Hancock; here the constitution of the State was planned; from the balcony, in 1789, Washington received an ovation from the people, and reviewed a long pro- cession. The steeple, or tower, w r as formerly higher than it is at present ; and where the clock now is, on the east front, was once a sun-dial. At each end of the edifice were carved figures of the lion and the unicorn. In the 17th century the whipping-post and the stocks were near by. For many years the building has been used for business purposes, and now contains the offices of many firms : among those on the easterly front are the offices of the Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Co. of Springfield, Mass.; the Meriden Fire Insurance Co. of Meriden, Conn.; and the Security In- surance Co. of New Haven, Conn. The Springfield, which has had its branch office in the Old State House for the past 27 years, has suffered severely by the great conflagrations at Troy, Portland, Me., Chicago, and Boston. Its losses have always been promptly paid, and to-day its gross assets exceed in amount those of any other company chartered by our own Commonwealth. The Meriden in 1878 added $100,000 to its capital. The Security, since its incorporation in 1841, has been a successful company. Reed & Brother are the only representatives that these com- panies have had in this city. On the same front is the office of the Conti- nental Insurance Co. of New York, one of the strongest fire-insurance com- panies in the United States. Incorporated in 1852 with a cash capital of $500,000, it has prospered until to-day its gross assets are over $3,000,000. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 6 7 ■J Si 63 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON The Continental paid for losses $500,000 in the Boston fire, and $1,750,000 in the Chicago fire. This company was the first to submit to the provisions of the New-York Surplus Law, and now applies all its profits to increase its surplus. In the same office with the Continental is the Howard Insurance Co. of New York, organized in 1825. Both companies are managed in this city by Albert Bowker, the President of the North-American Insurance Co. of Boston. These three companies, with aggregate assets exceeding $4,000,000, have had a local patronage of the choicest and most profitable kind, extending over a period of from a quarter to a half century each. The office of Mr. Bowker has been in the Old State House for the past 28 years. On the Washington-street front is the office of the Fall-River line, the proprietors of the "Bristol" and "Providence," — the finest side-wheel steamers afloat. The Custom House, at the corner of State and India Streets, is a huge granite building in the form of a Greek cross, in the Doric style of architec- ture, which was begun in 1837 and finished in 1S49. It is 140 feet long, ys _ feet wide at the ends, and 95 feet through the centre, and rests upon 3,000 piles, over which a platform of granite 18 inches thick is laid in hydraulic cement. The structure cost the United States government over $i,ooo,oco. A flat dome, with a skylight 25 feet in diameter, surmounts the building, and is 95 feet from the floor. 32 fluted granite columns, weighing 42 tons each, surround the edifice. The roof and dome are covered with wrought granite tiles. The main floor is occupied by the offices of the collector and the deputy-collector, the naval officer, the surveyor, the public storekeeper, and various clerks and deputies. There is a large rotunda, 63 by 59 feet in dimensions, and 62 feet high, in the Grecian Corinthian style. The ceiling is supported by 12 marble columns, 3 feet in diameter and 29 feet high. On the entrance- floor are the quarters of the assistant-treasurer, the weighers, gaugers, and other functionaries. There is a large hall in the centre of this floor also. The cellar is used for the storage of goods. The building is fireproof The Custom House, State Street. throughout KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 69 The Court House, fronting on Court Street, stands by itself; the ave- nues along its sides, and in the rear, being known as Court Square. It is a solid, gloomy-looking, granite building. It was erected in 1833, and cost about $200,000. It is 176 by 54 feet, and has three stories and a basement. The Court-street front has a Doric portico, supported by four columns of fluted granite weighing 25 tons each. The various county and city courts are held here, such as the supreme judicial court, the superior court, the court for juvenile offenders, and the municipal court. On the second floor is the Social Law Library, referred to in the chapter on libraries. In the basement is the city prison for the temporary accommodation of prisoners. For several years the expediency of building a new court-house has been urged, and in the autumn of 1878 steps were taken by the city government towards accomplishing the desired end. The Charles-street Jail, near the foot of Cambridge Street, presents an imposing appearance, especially to one approaching the city by the Cam- bridge, or West-Boston Bridge. It consists of a centre octagonal build- ing, with four wings radiating from the centre. Three of these wings enclose the cells of the prison, and the other is occupied as the sheriff's resi- dence and offices. The exterior is of Ouincy granite. The jail is in charge of Sheriff John M. Clark. The Probate Office was ill a plain brick building, now occupied by the probate court, on the west side of Court Square, close to the City Hall. In 1872 the quarters were removed to the lower floor of the new fireproof building of the Massachusetts Historical Society, thus giving them an en- trance at 32 Tremont Street. The probate office was established in 1636. The first year there were 2 cases, and the second year 5. There were 69 in the year 1700, and 166 in the year 1800. There are now about 1,500 new cases a year; and since the establishment of the office there have been 62,200 cases. It is estimated that the entire wealth of Boston passes through the office about once in forty years. Since Sept. 1, 1878, the busi- ness of the insolvency court has been done in connection with the probate court, the repeal of the United States bankruptcy laws reviving the old insolvency laws of the State. The judge of probate and insolvency is John W. McKim, who was appointed in March, 1877. The register of probate and insolvency is Elijah George, who has held the office since April 3, 1877. The assistant register is John H. Paine ; and the clerk of register James L. Crombie. The judge of probate and insolvency is appointed by the gov- ernor. The register of probate and insolvency is elected by the people to serve for five years. The Registry of Deeds for Suffolk County is on the floor above the probate court and probate office. The whole number of instruments re- corded in the year ending Oct. 1, 1878, was 19,371. Of these, 12,618 were 70 KING'S HA AW BOOK OF BOSTON. deeds, and 6,753 related to various other matters connected with real estate. The total number of pages occupied by these documents was 56,396. The register of deeds is Thomas F. Temple. The Correctional Institutions are conspicuous objects on Deer and Rainsford Islands, in the harbor. The House of Industry is a large brick building, well arranged for the purpose for which it was built. The House of Reformation for Girls, near by, is of wood ; and there is also, in the group, a brick schoolhouse for truant boys, a brick workshop and receiving- house, and other buildings. The pauper institutions — different buildings for males, women, and girls — are also on these islands. The House of Correction at South Boston is an elaborate building, thoroughly equipped, and has a steam-engine of twenty-horse power in its workshop ; and adjoin- ing the House of Correction is a Lunatic Hospital. For the year ending April 30, 1878, the cost to the city of the House of Industry was $ 177,527, and its income $9,548: cost of the House of Correction, $89 942, and in- come $26,212; and cost of the Lunatic Hospital, $51,937, and income $6,356. The forts in the harbor, the property of the United States government, are three in number : — Fort Warren is the lowest fort in the harbor, situated at its entrance, on George's Island. It has been built since 1850. Its stone work is of granite, and it has a comely and substantial appearance. During the war of the Rebellion it was especially used for the confinement of Confederate prisoners. Among the most distinguished of the latter were Mason and Slidell, the Confederate commissioners to England, captured on board " The Trent " by Commodore Wilkes. Fort Independence is on Castle Island, nearer the city, almost opposite South-Boston Point. This island has been fortified since 1634. Castle William, which stood here when the Revolution broke out, was fired by the retiring British, on the evacuation of Boston, and entirely destroyed. The name Fort Independence was given to the fortifications here in 1798. Fort Winthrop is on Governor's Island, opposite Fort Independence. It is but partly built, work having been suspended while Jefferson Davis was secretary of war, before the breaking-out of the Rebellion. It was intended to be the strongest fortification in the harbor. The island was sold to the government in 1808, to be fortified; and the first fortification here was called Fort Warren. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 71 Wfje ILungs of tlje Citg. BOSTON COMMON, PUBLIC GARDEN, PARKS, SQUARES, MONU- MENTS, STATUES, AND FOUNTAINS. THE need of a grand public park, or series of parks, of generous propor- tions and on an elaborate scale, has long been felt; and the question of establishing such parks has been agitated for several years. In 1869 the subject was brought formally before the city government, but no action reached. Feb. 17, 1874, a commission, consisting of the mayor, two alder-, men, three councilmen, and three citizens at large, was appointed to con- sider the question ; and on the 25th of November they reported in favor of laying out a park in some part of the territory between Arlington Street and Parker's Hill, in the Roxbury district, and also of a series of parks of moderate size between the third and fourth mile circles of the city. On this report no action was taken by the city council, owing to the lateness of the season. The next year an act wis obtained from the Legislature, granting the city leave to purchase land for a park or parks. This act was accepted by the people ; and three commissioners were appointed to locate, under certain conditions, one or more parks. This commission simply recommended a series of parks in different sections of the city, to be con- nected by a park road. Owing to the depression in business, nothing further was done in the matter until 1877, when the city council authorized the park commissioners, under whose charge all the city parks and public grounds will probably be placed, to purchase not less than one hundred acres of land or flats in the Back-bay district, at a cost of not over ten cents a foot, for the establishment of a public park. At the same time a loan of 5450,000 was authorized to meet the purchases. In February, 1878, the commissioners were authorized to make further expenditures for the same park; $16,000 more being appropriated for land, and $25,000 for filling, grading, surveying, and laying out. The park will be bounded on all sides by public avenues, and will occupy a portion of the area between Beacon Street, Brookline Avenue, Longwood Avenue, and Parker Street, with entrances from each. The beginning of this park is regarded as a long stride towards the much-desired series of magnificent parks, which will add greatly to the beauty, health, and enjoyment of an already beautiful and healthful metropolis. The next move, it is expected, will be the improve- ment of the strip of flats known as the Charles-river embankment, begin- TA- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. ning from Leverett Street, and extending along the border of Charles River to Cottage-Farm Station, a distance of nearly 2^ miles, with an average width of 200 feet. Mayor Pierce, in his inaugural address in 1878, advocated immediate action towards the laying-out of this embankment. The Boston Common, of which the people of Boston are justly proud, is a natural park, whose undulating surface, covered with green grass and shaded by over 1,000 fine old elm-trees, forms a scene of rare rural beauty in the very centre of the busy city. There is scarcely a foot of the forty- eight acres in its area that is not endeared to the Bostonian by some per- sonal or historic association. 1 here are five malls, or broad walks, bordered with noble trees; and these are known as the Tremont-street, Park-street, Beacon-street, Charles-street, and Boylston-street malls. The Beacon-street mall is the most beautiful. The entire Common is surrounded by an iron fence, 5,932 feet in length. On the Tremont-street side there is a low iron fence, with numerous entrances. The objects of special interest in the Common are nu- merous. On Flag- staff Hill is the great Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, described in this chapter. Near the Park-street mall is the Brewer Foun- tain, which was pre- sented to the city by the late Gardner Brewer. It was cast in Paris, and is a bronze copy of a fountain de- signed by Lienard of that city. At the base there are figures represent- ing Neptune and Amphitrite, Acis and Galatea. The Frog Pond, a picturesque sheet of water near Flag-staff Hill, adds much to the beauty of the Common. On special occasions a fine jet of water is made to play near the east end of the pond. Near the Boylston- street mall is a deer-park, enclosed by a high wire grating, where a con- The Frog Pond, Boston Common. larper'a Weekly.' KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 73 74 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON tented family of deer can be seen grazing. The Central burying-ground, referred to in the chapter on cemeteries, adjoins the deer-park. The portion of the Common between Flag-staff Hill and the Charles-street mall is used as a parade-ground by the State militia. It was formerly used as a play-ground for the boys. Near the "long walk" from Joy Street to Boylston Street there is a band-stand, where on summer evenings free open-air concerts are given at the city's expense. There are over 200 benches and several drinking-fountains in various parts of the grounds. During the warm weather the children find much delight in the Punch-and- Judy show, the camera obscura, etc., on the Tremont-street mall, near the West-street gate. The Old Elm which stood near the "long walk," at the foot of Flag-staff Hill, was in its day considered the " oldest inhabitant " of Boston. It was a tree of unknown age, and was believed to have stood there before the settlement of the town in 1630. It was already decrepit as long ago as 1755. It was over 72 feet high, and measured 22^ feet in circumference one foot above the ground. After resisting many a storm, it was blown down in the winter of 1876. An iron fence surrounds the spot where it stood, and where now a shoot bids fair to flourish in its place, and thus perpetuate the line of family descent. The history of Boston Common is full of interest. When the city charter was drawn up, a clause was inserted making the Common public property forever, and placing it beyond the power of the city either to sell or give away. The original use to which the land was put was for a pasture of cattle, and for a parade-ground of the military. It was called Centry Field, and in 1640 embraced the land east of Park Street as far as the Tremont House, and was bounded by the water of the Charles River, where Charles Street now is, on the west. On the Tremont-street side it extended to where Mason Street now is. Before the Revolution it was enclosed by a wooden fence. Drake, in his entertaining " Landmarks of Boston," recalls the fact that a part of the forces that captured Louisburg assembled on the Common ; the troops that conquered Quebec were recruited here by Am- herst ; it was the mustering-place for the conflicts which ushered in the American Revolution, and the fortified camp which held the beleaguered town in subjection. It is associated with the deep horrors of the witch- craft executions, and with the eloquence of Whitefield. From the foot of the Common the British troops embarked for Lexington the night before April 19, 1775. On the Common were arrayed the British forces engaged at Bunker Hill before they crossed the river. In the dreary winter of 1775-76 there were over 1,700 red-coats behind their earthworks on the Common, waiting for Washington to attack the town. On Flair-staff Hill was a square redoubt; near the Frog-pond was a powder-house. Trenches were made all along the water-front, where on sunny afternoons the pensive KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 75 tramp now slumbers on the benches of the Charles-street mall. Other reminiscences of past events with which the Common is associated will readily occur to the reader. During the British occupation, Gen. Gage was successfully appealed to by the Boston boys in behalf of their right of coasting on the Common, — a right which is still enjoyed. In 1728 Henry Phillips, a nephew of Peter Faneuil, killed Benjamin Woodbridge in a duel with rapiers, near the Old Elm; the quarrel arising from a love-affair. In 1766 the repeal of the Stamp Act was brilliantly celebrated on the Common, which was also the scene of a great celebration in 1848, when the Cochituate water was first introduced into the city. The Public Garden is an improvement of comparatively recent date, though long ago contemplated. Nearly all the work of beautifying it has been done within the past fifteen years. It was marsh-lands and flats a hundred years ago. For twenty years, from 1795 or thereabouts, the terri- tory was occupied by five long rope-walks. The town granted the lands, rent free, to the rope-makers, after the destruction of their buildings in Pearl and Atkinson (now Congress) Streets by fire, in 1794, for two reasons, — to prevent the erection of buildings in a district they endangered, and to help the crippled proprietors. When, in 1819, these rope-walks, in turn, were burned, the holders decided not to rebuild, but to cut up the territory into building-lots, and sell it for business and dwelling purposes ; its value having been greatly enhanced by the opening of Charles Street in 1804, and the Mill-dam project then under way, which, when completed, would convert the marshes and flats into dry lands. The territory then commanded a beautiful view of the Charles and its shores beyond ; and the idea of transforming it into a public garden was conceived. The people strongly objected to the rope-makers' scheme, and in 1824 decided, by a popular vote, that the lands should not be sold for building purposes ; and the city, by paying $50,000, the sum awarded by referees, to whom the rope-makers' claim was referred, regained possession of the territory which the town had given away. The agitation for buildings and residences on this territory still continued, how- ever; and it was not until 1859 tnat tne question was settled finally, by act of the Legislature and vote of the city. The Public Garden now is one of the most attractive spots in the city. While the Common is a park of stately trees and broad walks, this is, precisely as its name indicates, a public gar- den, with dainty flower-beds, plants, shrubbery, grass-plats, stretches of closely-clipped lawns, and narrow winding gravel paths. In its midst is a pretty pond, irregularly laid out; and in the summer-time this is bright with gayly-canopied pleasure-boats. An iron bridge, with granite piers and imposing design, spans it; and the winding walks along its margin, and the seats under the few large trees near its brink, are much sought on pleasant afternoons. Near the central path, from the Arlington-street entrance 7 6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. across the bridge to Charles Street, is the most interesting fountain in the garden. It is so arranged that it throws a fine spray over and about a small and graceful statue of Venus rising from the Sea, producing a very pleasing effect. There are also several other statues, which will be described farther on in this chapter. The area of the Public Garden is about 21^ acres; and it is bounded by Charles, Boylston, Arlington, and Beacon Streets. The Public Garden. View from Boylston Street. Other parks in the city proper are small, and are frequented chiefly by residents in their immediate neighborhood. At the South End are Franklin Square, on the east side of Washington Street, bounded by Washington, James, East Brookline, and East Newton Streets ; and Blackstone Square, on the west side of Washington Street, bounded by Washington, West Brookline, West Newton Streets, and Shawmut Avenue. Both are enclosed by good iron fences, and are beautified with trees. Each has a fountain, and contains about 2$ acres. Worcester Square, between Washington Street and Harrison Avenue, and Union Park, between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue, each containing over ^ of an acre ; and Chester Square, between Tremont Street and Shawmut Avenue, containing about 1 ^ acres, — are modest parks, the last the most extensive and ambitious in its adornments, with roadway on each side lined with fine residences, some of them quite elegant in appearance, and costly. In the centre of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 77 78 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Chester Park are a beautiful fountain and a fish-pond ; and the place is much frequented by the pretty children and trim nursery-maids of the neighbor- hood. At the West End, on Cambridge, corner of Lynde Street, in front of the West Church, is a bit of a park, old-fashioned, with trees and shrubbery well-grown, known as Lowell Square. At the junction of Tremont, Clarendon, and Montgom- .fjjjJNL : : s WfmW= ery Streets, is an open space j called Montgomery Square. \ . Throughout the length of Commonwealth Avenue will be a strip of park land, beautifully adorned with trees and shrubbery, and ornamented with statues and fountains. In South Boston are two attractive parks, especially noteworthy for the superb views they command of the city and the harbor. One, on Telegraph Hill, is known as Thomas Park ; and the other, on Broadway, Second, M, and N Streets, is called Fountain, Blackstone Square. Independence Square. The first contains about 4.3 acres, and the second 6| acres. There is also, bounded by Emerson, Fourth, and M Streets, a small park called Lincoln Square. The largest squares in East Boston are Central Square, at Meridian and Border Streets, containing \ of an acre ; and Belmont Square, bounded by Webster, Sumner, Lamson, and Seaver Streets, of almost the same area. These are enclosed by iron fences, and their paths are well shaded. Other squares in East Boston are Putnam Square, located at Putnam, White, and Trenton Streets ; Prescott Square, at Trenton, Eagle, and Prescott Streets ; and Maverick Square, at Sumner and Maverick Streets. Through annexation Boston became possessed of several local parks and squares, which had received much attention from the old municipali- ties. Some of these have been further improved since annexation, and all have received the same care bestowed upon the parks and squares of the city proper. In the Roxbury district, the largest is Washington Park, at Dale and Bainbridge Streets, containing more than 9 acres. Other parks in this district are Orchard Park, at Chadwick, Orchard-park, and Yeoman Streets, containing over 2 acres ; Longwood Park, at Park KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 79 and Austin Streets, about h an acre ; Walnut Park, between Washington Street and Walnut Avenue; Bromley Park, from Albert to Bickford Streets ; Lewis Park, Highland and New Streets ; and Linwood Park, Centre and Linwood Streets. Madison Square, situated at Sterling, Marble, Warwick, and Westminster Streets, includes nearly 3 acres ; and Fountain Square, Walnut Avenue, from Monroe to Townsend Streets, embraces about 2% acres. Around the stand-pipe of the Cochituate Water-works, on the " Old Fort " lot, between Beech-glen and Fort Avenues, is a little park tastefully laid out. In the Dorchester district the principal park, or square as it is called, is on Meeting-house Hill, one of the landmarks in this historic section of the present city. Here stands the soldiers' monument. On the top of the hill known as Mount Bowdoin is a square, pleasantly laid out; and at Church and Bowdoin Streets is Eaton Square. In the Charlestown district the largest park, or square, is near " The Neck." It is bounded by Main, Cambridge, Sever, and Gardner Streets; contains about 13 acres enclosed by an iron fence, and is known as Sulli- van Square. In Winthrop Square, containing about -£ of an acre, bounded by Winthrop, Common, and Adams Streets, is situated the soldiers' and sailors' monument. One of the oldest squares, at the head of Bow, Main, and Chelsea Streets, is City Square, which, like the others, is enclosed by an iron fence, and is trim and inviting in appearance. The only park in the Brighton district is called Jackson Square. It is pleasantly situated on Chestnut-hill Avenue, Union, and Winship Streets, and is enclosed by a stone curb. The walks and drives about the Chestnut- hill Reservoir, elsewhere described, are also much enjoyed by the residents of this district. Boston is richer than most American cities in works of art exposed in her public ways and parks, though not so rich as she ought to be, and will probably be in the course of a few years. The finest piece of statuary in the city, displayed out of doors, is — The Equestrian Statue of Washington, by Thomas Ball, which is placed in the Public Garden, at the Arlington-street entrance, opposite Common- wealth Avenue. It is said to be the largest piece of its kind in America. The movement for its erection began in the spring of 1859. The first sub- stantial contribution to the fund was from the receipts of an oration by Robert C. Winthrop in the Music Hall that year; 'and, in November follow- ing, a great fair for its benefit was held with gratifying success. The city appropriated $10,000; and $5,000 of the surplus money of the Everett statue fund, given after the completion of that work, brought the fund up to the required amount. The contract with Ball was made in 1859, an< ^ ^ our y ears 8o KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. after he had completed the model : but, owing to the war, the casting was delayed ; and it was not until 1869, on the 3d of July, that the statue was in place and unveiled. It was regarded as a matter for special congratulation, and not a little boasting, that all the work upon it was done by Massachu- setts artists and artisans. The height of the statue is 22 feet, and with the pedestal reaches 38 feet. The foundation is of solid masonry, resting on piles eleven feet deep ; and the pedestal itself is a fine piece of work. The Daniel Webster Statue, in the State-House grounds, facing Beacon Street, is of bronze, by Hiram Powers. It was the second of Webster executed by the sculptor, the first having been lost at sea while being brought from Leghorn. The Horace Mann Statue, also in front of the State House, was the work of Emma Stebbins ; and the fund for its execution was raised by con- tributions from school-teachers and children throughout the State. The State paid for the pedestal. The statues within the State House are men- tioned in the sketch of the State House, in another chapter. The Alexander Hamilton Statue was the first placed in Commonwealth Avenue. It is of granite, by Dr. Rimmer, and is said to have been the first in the country cut from that material. It was presented to the city by Thomas Lee, in 1865, and was put in place at his expense. On the sides of the substantial granite pedestal are the following inscriptions : — ALEXANDER HAMILTON, BORN IN THE ISLAND OF NEVIS, WEST INDIES 11 JANUARY 1757, DIED IN NEW YORK 12 JULY 1804. ORATOR, WRITER, SOLDIER, JURIST, FINANCIER. ALTHOUGH HIS PARTICULAR PROVINCE WAS THE TREASURY, HIS GENIUS PERVADED THE WHOLE ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. The Edward Everett Statue, in the Public Garden, on the Beacon-street side, is by W. W. Story, modelled in Rome in 1866, cast in Munich, and form- ally presented to the city, and put in place in November, 1867. The statue fund was raised by popular subscription in 1865, with remarkable success, and grew so large that there was a surplus after the completion of the work, out of which a portrait of Everett for Faneuil Hall was paid for, $5,000, as elsewhere stated, given to the Washington equestrian statue fund, and $10,000 given to the Governor Andrew statue fund. The Everett statue has been sharply criticised, though it has many admirers. It represents the orator as standing with his head thrown back, and his right arm extended and raised, in the act of making a favorite gesture. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. i. Bunker Hill, Charlestown. 2. Alex. Hamilton, 3. Gen. Glover, Commonwealth Ave. 4. Army and Navy, Charlestown. 5. Gov. Andrew, State House. 6. Benj. Franklin, front of City Hall. MONUMENTS AND STATUES IN BOSTON. 82 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The John Glover Statue, on Commonwealth Avenue, is by Martin Mil- more, and was given to the city by Benjamin Tyler Reed in 1875. It is of bronze, of heroic size, and represents the sturdy old soldier in Continental uniform, with the heavy military overcoat hanging in graceful folds from his shoulders. His left leg is advanced, with the foot resting on a cannon; and in his right hand he holds his sword, the point resting on the ground, while the empty scabbard is grasped in his left. The inscription is as follows : — JOHN GLOVER, OF MARBLEHEAD, A SOLDIER OF THE REVOLUTION. HE COMMANDED A REGIMENT OF ONE THOUSAND MEN RAISED IN THAT TOWN, KNOWN AS THE MARINE REGIMENT, AND ENLISTED TO SERVE THROUGH THE WAR; HE JOINED THE CAMP AT CAMBRIDGE, JUNE 22, 1775, AND RENDERED DISTINGUISHED SERVICE IN TRANSPORTING THE ARMY FROM BROOKLYN TO NEW YORK, AUG. 28, 1776, AND ACROSS THE DELAWARE, DEC. 25, 1776. HE WAS APPOINTED BY THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, A BRIGADIER GENERAL, FEBRUARY 21, 1777. BY HIS COURAGE, ENERGY, MILITARY TALENTS AND PATRIOTISM, HE SECURED THE CONFIDENCE OF WASHINGTON, AND THE GRATITUDE OF HIS COUNTRY. BORN NOVEMBER 5, 1732, DIED AT MARBLEHEAD, JANUARY 30, 1797. The statue stands on a substantial granite pedestal. The Aristides and Columbus Statues in Louisburg Square, which ex- tends from Mount Vernon to Pinckney Street, are specimens of Italian art, which were imported by the late Joseph Iasigi, long a prominent Boston merchant, and given to the city. The Benjamin Franklin Statue, to the left of the path leading to the main entrance of the City Hall, is by Richard S. Greenough, and was cast by the Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee, Mass. It is a large statue, eight feet high, standing on a granite pedestal, capped with a block of verd-antique marble. The four bas reliefs represent as many periods of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 83 Franklin's career. This statue was publicly inaugurated in 1856. A simi- lar statue of Josiah Ouincy will soon be placed on the right of the path. Of private work publicly displayed, the most noteworthy are the three typical figures in granite on the front and top of Horticultural Hall, corner of Tremont and Bromfield Streets, representing Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, cut by Martin Milmore ; and the figure of the Saviour, copied from Thor- waldsen, on the apex of the pediment of the Church of the Immaculate Conception on Harrison Avenue. The Ether Monument was presented by Thomas Lee to the city, in 1868. It is a fine piece of work, and well placed on the Public Garden, on the Arlington-street side, towards Beacon Street. On one side is this inscription : — TO COMMEMORATE THE DISCOVERY THAT THE INHALING OF ETHER CAUSES INSENSIBILITY TO PAIN. FIRST PROVED TO THE WORLD AT THE MASS. GENERAL HOSPITAL IN BOSTON, OCTOBER A.D. MDCCCXLVI. On each of the sides are medallions, well executed in marble, representing the physician and the surgeon operating upon the sick and injured, under the influence of ether ; and the shaft is surmounted by two admirably modelled figures. The monument is of granite and red marble. The Army and Navy Monument, erected by the City of Boston in mem- ory of her sons who fell in the civil war, stands on Flag-staff Hill in the Common. Martin Milmore of Boston was the sculptor. The shaft is of white Maine granite, and reaches a height of over 70 feet. The foundation is of solid masonry, cruciform in shape, built up from a depth of 16 feet to the ground level. On this is a platform of stone, covering an area 38 feet square, and reached by three steps. From this platform rises a plinth, nine feet high, with projecting pedestals at each of the four corners. These pedestals are ornamented upon the sides and front with carved wreaths of laurel. Upon them stand four bronze figures, each eight feet high, repre- senting Peace, History, the Army, and the Navy. The statue of Peace represents a female figure, robed in classic drapery, seated on a stone. Her 8 4 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. right arm is raised and extended, and in her hand she holds an olive-branch toward the south. The figure representing the Muse of History also occu- pies a sitting position, and is clad in simple Greek costume. The left hand holds a tablet, which rests upon the knee; in the right is a stylus. A wreath of laurel encircles the head. The face is turned slightly away and upward, as if in meditation. The statue of the Sailor faces the sea. It is in an easy attitude, the right hand resting upon a drawn cutlass, whose point touches the ground, the left hand supported by the hip. The naval costume is well executed. The army is represented by the figure of a Soldier, standing at ease, with overcoat, belt, and accoutrements. His musket rests upon the ground. One hand clasps its barrel ; the other rests upon the muzzle. On the four sides of the plinth, between the pedestals, are bronze mezzo-relievos, 5 feet 6 inches in length by 2 feet 6 inches in width, symbolical of incidents of the war. That on the front of the monument represents the departure of troops for the war, and introduces the portraits of Gov. Andrew, Archbishop Williams, A. H. Vinton, D.D., Phillips Brooks, D.D., Wendell Phillips, Henry W. Longfellow, and others, standing on the State House steps, while with the troops march- ing by are Gen. Butler, Gen. Reed, Col. Cass, Col. Shaw, and Gen. Chas. Russell Lowell. The relief symbolizing the works of the Sanitary Commission has two parts ; one showing the prominent members of the commission from Boston in consultation, the oth- er representing the work in the field. Portraits are given of Gov. Rice, James Russell Low- ell, Ezra H. Gannett, D.D., E. R. Mudge, George Tick-. nor, Marshall P. Wilder, Col. W. W. Clapp, the Rev. E. E. Hale, and several ladies. The " Return from the War " is the most elaborate relief. It rep- resents a regiment drawn up in front of the State House. On Army and Navy Monument, Boston Common. the steps are Gov. Andrew, Dr. Edward Reynolds, Henry Wilson, Gov. Claflin, Mayor Shurtleff, Judge Putnam, Charles Sumner, and others. Gens. Fountain, Union Square. 4 . Fountain, Chester Square. 5. Fountain, Sullivan Square. 2. Dorchester Soldiers' Monument. 3. Harvard Monument. MONUMENTS AND FOUNTAINS IN BOSTON. S6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON Banks, Devens, Bartlett, and Underwood are on horseback. The fourth relief commemorates the achievements of the navy, and has two parts. The left-hand portion shows a group of u figures, and represents the departure of sailors from home ; while on the right is a view of a naval engagement. On the plinth rests the pedestal proper, 14 feet 3 inches high, terminating in a surbase. The sides of the die are panelled. In that facing the south is cut the following inscription, written by Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard University : — TO THE MEN OF BOSTON WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY ON LAND AND SEA IN THE WAR WHICH KEPT THE UNION WHOLE DESTROYED SLAVERY AND MAINTAINED THE CONSTITUTION THE GRATEFUL CITY HAS BUILT THIS MONUMENT THAT THEIR EXAMPLE MAY SPEAK TO COMING GENERATIONS From the surbase of the pedestal rises the granite shaft, which is of the Roman-Doric order. About its base are grouped figures in alto-relievo, representing the four sections of the Union, — North, South, East, and West. Sculptured wreaths surround the shaft at irregular intervals. The capstone is a circular block of granite, 2 feet n inches high and 5 feet in diameter. On this stands the bronze ideal statue of the Genius of America, which was cast in Philadelphia, and is 1 1 feet high, representing a female dressed in a flowing robe. Over the robe is a loose tunic bound with a gir- dle at the waist. A heavy mantle, clasped at the throat, is thrown back over the shoulder, and falls the full length of the figure behind. On the head is a crown with 13 stars. In the right hand, which rests upon the hilt of an unsheathed sword, are two laurel wreaths. The left hand holds a banner draped about a staff, which reaches to a height of 6 feet above the head. The face fronts towards the south, and the head is slightly bowed. The cost of the entire monument was $75,000. The corner-stone was laid Sept. 18, 1 87 1, on which occasion there was a great parade. The dedication took place Sept. 17, 1877, when over 25,000 men marched in the procession, in- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 87 eluding the militia of the State, the veterans of the Grand Army, the lead- ing generals of the civil war, the State and city officials, civic societies, the school children, &c. The procession marched over a route more than six miles long, and was four hours in passing a given point, all delays excluded. The principal feature of the dedication ceremonies was an oration by Gen. Charles Devens. The Bunker-Hill Monument stands in the centre of Monument Square, on Breed's Hill, where the principal redoubt was thrown up by the Amer- icans on the night before the battle. The monument is 221 feet high, and consists of 6,700 tons of Quincy granite. The base is 30 feet square, and the column tapers gradually to 15 feet at the apex. Inside the shaft is a hollow cone, in which is a spiral flight of 295 stone steps ascending to a chamber 1 1 feet square and 17 feet high, whence a beautiful view is obtained on a clear day from the four windows. The capstone of the apex, above this obser- vatory, is in one piece, and weighs 2£ tons. The room contains two small cannon, the inscriptions on which tell their story. The corner-stone of the monument was laid June 17, 1825, by Gen. Lafayette ; and the oration was by Daniel Webster. The work was under the direction of Solomon Willard. The monument cost over $150,000. It was dedicated June 17, 1843, on which occasion Daniel Webster was again the orator, President Tyler and his cabinet being present. The centennial anniversary of the battle, on June 17, 1875, nas been referred to. The monument is under the charge of the Bunker-hill Monument Association. At its foot a modest slab marks the spot where Gen. Warren was killed. The Harvard Monument, to the memory of John Harvard, erected from subscriptions of graduates of Harvard College, is situated on the top of the hill in the old graveyard near the State prison, in the Charlestown district. It is a solid granite shaft. On the eastern face is inscribed the name John Harvard, and on a marble tablet the following words : — ON THE TWENTY-SIXTH DAY SEPTEMBER A.D. 1828 THIS STONE WAS ERECTED BY THE GRADUATES OF THE UNIVERSITY AT CAMBRIDGE IN HONOR OF ITS FOUNDER WHO DIED AT CHARLESTOWN ON THE TWENTY-SIXTH DAY OF SEPTEMBER A.D. 1638 On the western side is an inscription in Latin, of which the following is a free translation : " That one who merits so much from our literary men should no longer be without a monument, however humble, the graduates of the University of Cambridge, New England, have erected this stone, nearly two hundred years after his death, in pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard." At the dedication of this monument, Edward Everett delivered the oration. 88 AVNG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Charlestown Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument stands in Winthrop Square, once the old militia training-ground, set apart in colonial days. On a high pedestal stands a group of three figures, the " Genius of America " holding out laurel wreaths above the soldier and sailor standing on each side. The sculptor was Martin Milmore. The monument is of Hallowell granite, and cost $20,000. The dedication took place on the ninety-seventh anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1872; and the address was by Richard Frothingham. On the occasion of the memorable centennial celebration of the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1875, the Fifth Maryland Regiment, of the visiting military organizations from the South, placed upon this monument a beautiful floral shield, as a token of their good-will towards their Northern guests, and as a tribute to the Northern heroes who had fallen in the unhappy civil conflict. The act was gracefully performed, with- out ostentation. " The Marylanders," the local press of the day reported, " visited Charlestown very quietly, notifying nobody beforehand, and going entirely without escort. They carried with them a magnificent floral shield, composed of white and carnation pinks, inscribed ' Maryland's tribute to Massachusetts,' and marched to Winthrop Square, in which stands the beautiful monument erected by Charlestown to the memory of her sons who fell in the military and naval service during the war. Here the regiment halted, forming three sides of a square around the monument; the band played a dirge, and the regiment stood at parade rest, while the shield was reverently laid on the monument. Then the orders were given, 'Atten- tion ! ' ' Carry arms ! ' ' Present arms ! ' After this simple, beautiful cere- mony, the regiment departed." The Dorchester Soldiers' Monument stands in the large open space in front of the church on Meeting-house hill. Its foundation, 5 feet deep, is laid upon a ledge of rock. It is of red Gloucester granite, is 31 feet high, and 8 feet square at the base. The form is that of an obelisk. Its heavy base has square projections at the angles supporting four buttresses, each with an upright cannon in half relief. Between these are raised polished tablets with the names of Dorchester's fallen soldiers. Above the tablets are garlands of laurel in relief. A heavy cornice caps the die containing the tablets, and above is a second die with ornamental scrolls at the cor- ners. On the four faces of the die are round panels with sunken marble tablets having appropriate inscriptions and symbols. The shaft, an obelisk, which rises from the second die, is 4 feet square at the base, and has two projecting belts, the lower one with a large star in relief on each face, and the upper the shield of the United States. The style of the monument is a dignified Renaissance, and the architect was B. F. Dwight. The dedication took place on Sept. 17, 1867; the oration being delivered by the Rev. Charles A. Humphreys of Springfield. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 8 9 The Roxbury Soldiers' Monument is on Sycamore and Poplar Avenues, Forest-hills Cemetery. In the centre of a lot containing over 2,000 square feet, on a granite pedestal about six feet high, stands a bronze infantry sol- dier of heroic size. The statue was designed by Martin Milmore, cast at Chicopee, Mass., and erected in 1867, after the old city of Roxbury had become incorporated with the municipality of Boston. On the front and the reverse of the pedestal are the following inscriptions : — ERECTED BY " FROM THE HONORED DEAD THE CITY OF ROXBURY WE TAKE INCREASED DEVOTION IN HONOR OF TO THAT CAUSE FOR WHICH HER SOLDIERS, THEY GAVE THE LAST FULL WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY MEASURE OF DEVOTION." IN THE REBELLION OF 1861-1865 Abraham Lincoln, at Gettysburg, Nov. 1863. 186 7 The lot is enclosed by an emblematic granite railing, and contains the bodies of a score of Roxbury soldiers. On the base of the railing the name of each person buried, with his regiment, and date of death, is chiselled and gilded. Nearly half of those lying here (members of the Thirty-fifth Regi- ment Mass. Vols.) fell at Antietam in less than a month after their departure from the State. This monument is elaborately decorated on Memorial Day by Thomas G. Stephenson Post 26 of the G. A. R., when a miniature flag is placed on each grave. The West-Roxbury Soldiers' Monument is at the corner of Centre and South Streets, near Curtis Hall, formerly the town hall, Jamaica Plain. The monument, in Gothic style, is 34 feet high, of light gray granite, except the base, which is of the dark Ouincy stone. The ground plan is square, and the chief feature is a massive structure supporting a sort of pyramidal pedestal on which stands the statue of a soldier leaning on his gun, in pen- sive contemplation of the loss of his comrades. On each of the four sides of the monument is a pointed archway opening into a vaulted chamber. In the gables above the arches are the names of Lincoln, Andrew, Thomas, and Farragut. At the corners are four pinnacles ornamented with military tro- phies in relief. In the vaulted chamber stands a stone of Italian marble inscribed with the names of the West-Roxbury men who fell during the war. The monument is 34 feet high. The architect was W. W. Lummis. The dedication took place on Sept. 14, 1871, the principal feature being an address by James Freeman Clarke. 9 o KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Brighton Soldiers' Monument was erected in Evergreen Cemetery the year after the close of the war, and was dedicated on July 26, 1866, when the oration was delivered by the Rev. Frederick Augustus Whitney. The monument has a square base, two courses high, with projections at each corner supporting cannon-balls. Upon this base is a pyramidal plinth with its four sides covered with inscriptions, and names of the Brighton soldiers who died in the war. This supports a square shaft, on the die of which are national trophies in relief ; and on a ball, at the top of the shaft, rests an eagle. The monument is 30 feet high, and cost, with the grounds, about $5,000. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 91 €\)t IHtnU of tije ffiitg, THE LIBRARIES, ART AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, AND MUSICAL SOCIETIES. IN the number and extent of its libraries, Boston stands at the head of American cities, and will even bear comparison with European capitals. In none of the latter are the libraries so accessible to all, and few are so well arranged, as those of Boston. This fact makes the New-England metropolis the most desirable centre on the American continent for the scholar and student; and the possession of these great institutions has done much to give Boston its position as a seat of literature and science, — a position it promises to maintain. In the city and in Cambridge, which is so near that its libraries are almost as accessible as those of the city, there are three large libraries containing about three-quarters of a million books, besides several hundred thousand pamphlets. Then there are many large special libraries, all of which are easily available for any one having occasion to use them. The Boston Public Library, on Boylston Street, opposite the Common, is, if its branches be included, the largest library in America, and an institu- tion much appreciated by the reading public, for its advantages are free to all. Its establishment was authorized in 1848, and it was opened in 1854 on Mason Street. Edward Everett was the first president of the board of trustees. The present building was completed in 1858, at a cost of $365,000. In 1852 Joshua Bates of London gave the library $50,000, and subsequently #50,000 worth of books. Mr. Everett gave 1,000 books at the outset. Theodore Parker willed over 11,000 volumes to the library. George Ticknor gave nearly 4,000 books, including his valuable Spanish collection. The sons of Dr. Nathaniel Bowditch gave their father's library of over 2,500 books and manuscripts. Abbott Lawrence bequeathed $10,000 to the institution. Mary P. Townsend gave $4,000, and Jonathan Phillips $30,000. The library has had deposited with it the Prince collection, willed in 1758 by the Rev. Thomas Prince to the Old South Church ; and has purchased the Thomas P. Barton library of 12,000 volumes, including the best Shake- sperian collection in this country, and much early French literature. The library building, of brick with sandstone trimmings, has two lofty stories and basement, and measures in the main building 82 by 128 feet. On the first floor are an entrance-hall, distribution-room, lower library-room, and 92 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. two large reading-rooms. On the second floor is Bates Hall, where most of the books are stored in 60 alcoves and 6 galleries. The library, with its eight branches, containing more than 350,000 volumes, is supported by the city's annual appropriation of $120,000 or more. In 1872 the city appropriated #70,000 to buy the adjoining Richardson estate, so as to provide for future expansion; and in 1873 an appropriation was made of $30,000 for an addi- tion to the building. Two members of the city council are always on the board of trustees, which comprises seven members, who oversee and con- trol the library business, subject to city ordinances. The Board of Trus- tees of the Boston Public Library was incorporated in 1878, thus making the institution partially independent, and making it more difficult for the city council to interfere with the administration of the institution. The executive force of the library consists of about 150 persons, organized as a central staff under the chief librarian, and (also subordinate to him) eight branch staffs with their librarians. In the eight branch libraries, at East Boston, South Boston, Roxbury (to which the Fellowes Athenaeum has been added), Charlestown district, Brighton district, the South End, West Roxbury district, and Dorchester district, besides the eight librarians there are about 50 assistants. More than two-thirds of the persons em- ployed are women. Quarterly bulletins showing the most important acces- sions, and other partial catalogues or "class-lists," are issued, such as History and Biography, Fiction, Prince Library, etc. ; also branch cata- logues ; but no complete single catalogue in book-form is issued or intended. Instead, there is a card-catalogue, with subjects and authors alphabetically arranged, in drawers, which are open to the public. There is, besides, an official card-catalogue. About 1,300,000 issues a year are now recorded, and an average of only one book is lost out of every 9,000 delivered. The central reading-room, supplied with all the principal American and foreign periodicals, is open every day in the week. C. C. Jewett was the first superintendent; and at his death, in 1868, he was succeeded by Justin Winsor, the present librarian of Harvard University. In 1877 Mr. Winsor resigned, and Dr. Samuel A. Green temporarily acted as superintendent. In August, 1878, Mellen Chamberlain was elected librarian, — the term superintendent being dropped in the act of incorporation. Plans are begin- ning to be discussed for a new building that will properly accommodate the vast number of books that the library will probably accumulate in the near future. The library also contains a number of interesting and valu- able manuscripts, antiquities, and works of art. The Boston Athenaeum, which grew out of a reading-room established by the Anthology Club, was incorporated in 1807. For some years it in- cluded a library, a museum of natural history and of curiosities, philosophi- cal apparatus, and models of machines, and also an art-gallery; but as THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, BOYLSTON STREET. 94 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON other societies, specially devoted to these different objects, were founded, the Athenaeum transferred to them its various collections. The building now contains only the library of 1 15,000 volumes, and a few pictures, busts, and statues, serving for decoration. Although the right to use this library is confined to the 1,049 shareholders and their families, — about 800 of whom pay the annual assess- ment that entitles them to take books from the build- ing, — nevertheless stran- gers, especially students and authors, are always welcome, and given access to the read- ing-rooms and collections. The income-producing funds of the Athenaeum are over $300,000; and the value of the real estate, books, paint- ings, and statuary is $470,- 000. The library, each year, adds about 3,000 volumes, and circulates about 50,000 volumes. The library-room was first in Congress Street ; afterwards, in 1821, on Pearl Street, in a house given by James Perkins, where the society remained until the completion, in 1849, of the present handsome building on the south side of Beacon Street, between Bowdoin and Somerset Streets. The library of George Washington, purchased by the corporation in 1848 at a cost of #4,000, is one of the many interesting collections that have come into the possession of the Athenaeum. The present librarian is Charles' A. Cutter, who has filled the position for the past 10 years. The Massachusetts Historical Society was founded in 1791, by a few gentlemen who were interested in American history, with the object of preserving for reference all books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other ma- terials containing historical facts. The library now contains about 23,000 books and 45,000 pamphlets. The Dowse collection, given by the late Thomas Dowse, in 1856, comprises nearly 5,000 finely-bound volumes, and many choice works. Most of the books are of an historical character, a specialty being made of local histories, and histories of the civil war. The membership is limited to 100, but the library may be used for reference by any one. It is managed by a council of the officers and an executive com- mittee of five. A librarian, two assistants, and a janitor, are employed. The Boston Athenaeum, Beacon Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 95 The Speakers' Desk ; Winslow's Chair. The society, for several years after its organization, met in the attic of Faneuil Hall ; afterwards rooms were occupied in Hamilton Place, and then in Franklin Street. In 1833 the present quarters on Tremont Street were occupied. The society has many relics of historic interest, such as King Philip's samp-bowl, a gun used at the cap- ture of Gov. Andros by the Bostonians in 1689, a silk flag presented by Gov. Hancock to a colored company called the " Bucks of America;" the swords of Miles Standish, Gov. Carver, Gov. Brooks, Col. Church, Sir William Pepperell, Capt. Linzee, and Col. Prescott; the desk used by the successive speakers of the Representatives in the Old State House ; an oak chair said to have been made in London in 161 4, and brought over in the " Mayflower " by Edward Winslow ; and portraits of Govs. Endicott, Winslow, Pownall, Dummer, Belcher, Winthrop, Hutchinson, Strong, Gore, &c. That of Winslow is believed to be a Vandyke. The society also possesses the diary of Judge Sewall, who presided at the witchcraft trials in 1792, and the earliest issues of the first American newspaper. The building has been entirely rebuilt in a most substantial manner within a few years, and is thoroughly fireproof. The librarian is Dr. Samuel A. Green. The State Library of Massachusetts is in the State House, and contains 40,000 volumes. It was incorporated in 1826. The class of books is solid and useful ; for example, United States, State, and Territorial statute-books, legal documents, law-reports, works on political economy, education, social science, the acts of the British Parliament, and the French Archives Parle- mentaires. J. W. Dickinson is the librarian. The Social Law Library is in the Court House on Court Square, and consists of about 15,000 law-books for professional use. It was incorporated in 1814, and contains many rare and valuable books. Its collections are open to members, and to many officials, judges, and others, granted the privilege by the by-laws. The librarian is F. W. Vaughan. The Boston Medical Library Association, founded in 1875, was at 5 Hamilton Place until 1878. It then purchased the house at No. 19 Boyl- ston Place, and fitted up reading-rooms and a hall for the meetings of all the medical societies of the city. The library contains 9,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets, being the sixth medical library in the United States, and receives regularly 125 periodicals. It is intended to be the headquar- ters of the medical profession of the State. Dr. James R. Chadwick is the librarian. 9 6 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The New-England Historic-Genealogical Society, incorporated in 1845, is at No. 18 Somerset Street. Its specialty is genealogy, including her- aldry, and New-England local history. The house, built in 1805 for a dwelling, was purchased by the Society in 1870, and was remodelled and dedicated the following year. It is of brick, three stories high, 29 by 42 feet in dimensions, with an L in the rear. The front is faced with an arti- ficial stone resembling grayish sandstone, and has Nova Scotia sandstone trimmings. On the first floor is a fire- proof room for the storage of rare books and manuscripts ; on the second, the library proper ; and on the third, a hall for the meetings of the Society. The cost of the building and furniture was #43,000. The library contains over 14,000 volumes and 60,000 pamphlets, relating chiefly to the history and the influence of New-England character and life, and includes many very rare works. The Society publish annually the New-Eng- land Historical and Genealogical Regis- ter. Its Towne Memorial Fund is used in printing memorials of its deceased members. For eleven years past, Mar- shall P. Wilder, Ph.D., has been the president; and to him the Society is in- debted for its good financial condition, and especially for his services in raising the sum of $55,000 for the building and librarian funds. Benjamin B. Torrey is the treasurer, and John Ward Dean the librarian. The library and archives are open freely to the public. The Congregational Library was organized in 1853, and is the property of the American Congregational Association. It was intended to gather and preserve the writings and mementos, — indeed, every thing available, — that would state and illustrate the principles and work of the Pilgrims and Puri- tans in laying the foundations of our free institutions. It has never had any funds with which to purchase books. Every dollar has been used to meet necessary running expenses, and pay for the Congregational House ; the library waiting for an income from rents when the building is paid for. Its books and pamphlets are largely ecclesiastical, historical, expository, doc- trinal, and biographical, — a library of reference rather than popular reading. For consultation it is free to all. The payment of one dollar secures its N.E. Historic-Genealogical Society, Somerset St. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 97 general privileges. Its building is fireproof, and had last May a total of 25,815 books and more than 100,000 pamphlets, besides the unique and valu- able missionary library, of 7,000 volumes, belonging to the American Board. The librarian is the Rev. I. P. Langworthy. The General Theological Library, No. 12 West Street, contains over 12,000 volumes, mostly of dc theological, religious, or moral character. It is used by members and annual subscribers, and is unsectarian. There is also a reading-room with about JS periodicals. The library was instituted in i860, and incorporated in 1864. The Rev. Charles Burroughs, D.D., was the founder. The management is vested in a board of 15 directors. The Rev. Luther Farnham has been the librarian from the belished in 1875. '■" - in every department of literature, the supplying t -'■■ ■ : being [n connection with its retail sfc departmer : and steel-plate printing. It manufactures the ct nment mucilage, and the Irving writing and copying ink. These goods received the highest medal at the Interna* ion in Philadelphia in nd an award at the Mechanics' Fair in B Anol ilty is the portable bookcase fEastlake pattern), of which the firm are the sole manufact ;o a lar\ ;tion business in American icals, supplying many c and public librar W. B. Clarke, 340 Wash robably the 1 retail bookselling in this country. The Iio deep, with a basement to correspond : and the shelves are r. 138 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. commodious, but also ingeniously constructed so as to hold, and at the same time display, two rows of books, whether large quartos or small 32mos. The stock comprises one of the best assortments of books and albums, new and second-hand, cheap and expensive, to be found anywhere. On Clarke's shelves are displayed many rare books of great value, hundreds of which are bound in the highest style of the art by Petit, Cape, and Chambolle Duru of Paris, Riviere and Bedford of London, and Matthews of New York. An immense stock of juveniles is kept on hand; and a specialty is made of buying bankrupt stocks and those damaged by fire, the result of which policy is that Mr. Clarke always has a great general assortment of books suited to every conceivable taste. The whole stock of YV. H. Piper & Co., one of the largest of its kind in the United States, was purchased entire by Mr. Clarke, and removed to his own shelves. Mr. Clarke has a particularly fine stock of Bibles, prayer-books, and hymnals, and an immense number of old magazines and pamphlets. He also does a large business in buying second-hand books, appraising, selling on commission, and taking subscriptions for leading periodicals. The New-England News Company is an important factor in the book and periodical trade of the city. Here the vast machinery necessary to the distribution of the thousands of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and news- papers produced in Boston, New York, and elsewhere, is constantly in motion. This is the headquarters for the small dealers, especially those whose trade is principally in the line of newspapers and periodicals, who here receive, fresh from the press, all the latest publications. At certain hours the New-England News Company's great store is the scene of the most intense activity ; and one might there get a fair idea of the enormous amount of labor involved in supplying the reading-public with its daily pabulum. For 10 years the company's warehouse was on Court Street, opposite the Court House: but in October, 1878, a removal was made to commodious and elegant quarters at Nos. 14 to 20 Franklin Street. T. O. H. P. Burnham's antique and modern bookstore, 68 School Street, is the veritable paradise of bookworms: and the proprietor is fitly called " the Napoleon of Booksellers." Four stories and a basement are packed with books. The basement runs from the Parker House through to Tre- mont Street, and is a solid city of old books, with excessively narrow streets. The second story is full of books, including many of Pickering's publications, a part of Daniel Webster's library, and some rare early Ameri- can magazines. There is also a room for Americana, — history, biography, etc., all carefully classified. On the third floor is a pamphlet-room, contain- ing 60,000 pamphlets in all languages, and also thousands of old novels. The fourth floor is piled to the ceiling with musty packages of old periodi- cals. The stock in the main building includes over 125,000 books, and KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 139 there are from 5,000 to 8,000 more stored in another building. Mr. Burn- ham has no catalogue, but his system of classification is almost perfect. The business was founded by his father, in 1833, in a store on Cornhill. The establishment was subsequently removed to Washington Street, and thence in 1865 to School Street. The Burnhams were formerly publishers; and among their works were fine editions of Sir Philip Sidney's works, and a translation of the Koran, which are still in prin f . Frank W. Bird's " Old Bookshop," at No. 37 Cornhill, occupies the building formerly known as " The Universalists' Headquarters." The " Shop " is a favorite resort of the lovers of old and curious things ; and here they find four stories filled with thousands of volumes of new and second-hand books, government publications, old-fashioned school-books, back numbers of magazines and papers, and the " odds and ends " of literature in general. Standard works in various bindings and conditions are al- ways to be found here. The stock is carefully arranged and displayed in ap- propriate departments, and is easily looked through by reason of the system adopted and the light afforded from the windows that are on the three sides of the store. There is probably no place in New England where back numbers of almost any publication can be obtained as readily as at " The Old Bookshop." Mr. Bird publishes gratuitously a com- prehensive catalogue of his stock. A specialty is made of buying and selling the text-books used in Harvard University and the public schools. A. W. Lovering, at 399 Washington Street, occupies the archway that leads to the Lowell Institute Hall, formerly the Marlborough Chapel. The archway was the driveway to the stables of the Marlborough House when stage-coaches were in vogue. Mr. Lovering also occupies two stores, one on each side of the archway, and four basements. His stock of books, new and second-hand, of every description, is one of the largest in Boston, and consists chiefly of " remainders " of stocks from publishers and from public sales. One feature of this establishment is its gift-enterprise busi- ness, which, to say the least, is rather discreditable to the book-trade ; for it would seem that the contents or value of books in themselves ought to be a Frank W. Bird's " Old Bookshop," 37 Cornhill. 140 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. sufficient inducement to buyers. Mr. Lovering began in the book-business in Exeter, N.H., where he continued it for 10 years. He then decided to "go West," and was one of the earliest settlers in Sioux City, Iowa, and afterwards one of the first voters in Dacotah Territory. After his return he began again in the book-business in Newburyport, Mass., and about 20 years ago removed to Boston. At first he was tempted to canvass for the " Panoramic Guide to the St. Lawrence,'' a work published by John P, Jewett & Co., of which Mr. Lovering sold 30,000 copies. Shortly after this he began in the archway, and has remained there for nearly a score of years. In the mean time he has occupied several other stores in the vicinity; and by his persistency and unlimited advertising has done an extensive business. George E. Littlefield, No. 67 Cornhill, is a dealer in old, rare, and curious books ; and his place is a favorite resort of those in search of such literature. His collection of Americana is one of the' largest in the city. He also makes a specialty of buying libraries, and the rarer classes of books and prints. Mr. Littlefield is a graduate of Harvard College. Fred. W. Barry, established in 1874, occupies a building, owned by the Fifty Associates, on a lot made triangular in shape by the opening of Wash- ington Street, at the corner of Elm. His specialties are second-hand standard works, although his stock comprises new and second-hand books of every description. In connection with his book business he keeps a good line of commercial stationery. The Great Printing Establishments of Boston and vicinity are, of course, the natural companions of the many and extensive publishing houses. These establishments not only do the work of the local firms, but also draw a large amount of work from all parts of America. Harper & Brothers, Sheldon & Co., Dodd, Mead, & Co., A. S. Barnes & Co., Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, & Co., Charles Scribner's Sons, The Henry Bill Publishing Co., Fords, Howard, & Hulbert, and a host of other leading publishers, have considerable work done in this vicinity. Among the printing establish- ments worthy of most mention, are those of Rand, Avery, & Co., Rockwell & Churchill, the Forbes Lithographing Co., John Wilson & Son, the River- side Press, the University Press, L. Prang & Co., Alfred Mudge & Son, and the Boston Stereotype Foundry, all of which have national reputations. Rand, Avery, & Co.'s printing-house occupies the Franklin Buildings, at the south-west corner of Franklin and Federal Streets. Immense in extent, with an elaborate and thorough equipment, and executing work great in amount and varied in character, it stands without an equal ; and probably no one firm has become better known throughout the United States. By the shrewd foresight and extensive influence of the firm, around these Franklin Buildings have been drawn the heavy paper and illPHIilll'illlll PRINTERS & STEREOTYPERS ROCKWELL & CHURCHILL'S PRINTING-HOUSE, Arch Street, Boston. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 141 publishing interests of the city; while upon the four corners of the square in front are the banking-rooms of four of the leading banks of Boston. The Franklin Buildings are among the most conspicuous of the prominent buildings in the rebuilt " Burnt District." They are built in a superior manner, of Nova Scotia stone, have a frontage of 100 feet upon each street, and a floor surface of half an acre on each of the six stories and basement. Under the sidewalks are large fireproof vaults, heated by steam and lighted by gas, for the storage of electrotype and stereotype plates, engravings, cuts, and other valuables of publishers and authors. The value of the property here deposited cannot be accurately stated ; but some idea can be given by the statement that over $1,000,000 worth of property was stored in the much smaller vaults in the old establishment of the firm in Cornhill, partially destroyed by fire on the night of Nov. 20, 1872. In their present buildings Rand, Avery, & Co. perform every part of the art of book-making. But they do not confine their attention solely to this. They have become widely known as great railroad printers, and as publishers of the " Pathfinder Rail- way Guide." There is not a department of bank, insurance, or commercial business, that has not received from this firm evidences of their skill and artistic taste. Rand, Avery, & Co.'s latest enterprise was the securing of the contract for the State printing; and they now enjoy the distinction of oper- ating the largest printing establishment in the United States, and also the official indorsement of " Printers to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts." Rockwell & Churchill have won a leading position in the printing-trade. Originally established at the corner of Washington and Water Streets, their increasing business soon demanded more room; and in 1870 an auxiliary office was opened in Lindall Street. The latter was swept away in the Great Fire of 1872; and, after occupying temporary quarters, in 1875 the building on Arch Street, which they now occupy, was erected from plans prepared by them. For convenience and adaptation to the wants of the modern printing-office, this is not excelled by any in the city. In the base- ment are the fireproof safes for the storage of plates ; in the second story, the counting-room and the job composition-room; in the third story are the job-presses and dry-pressing room ; in the fourth story, the presses for book, pamphlet, and cut work ; and the fifth is entirely occupied by the department of composition of books and pamphlets. The character of the business transacted by this firm covers a wide range, — from the smallest job required by the trader to the largest and most difficult classes of book-work. They have lately given particular attention to the production of library-catalogue work, — which is the most exacting in its demand for accuracy of typographical preparation and perfection of press-work, — and in this line have achieved a marked success. For several years the printing for the city of Boston has been performed by this firm. In the line of job- 142 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. printing, their productions are conspicuous for novelty and attractiveness. At the Mechanics' Fair, in the autumn of 1878, Rockwell & Churchill exhibited some specimens of work, selected at random from samples of work done at the order of their customers, — none specially prepared for the occasion ; and for this exhibit were awarded a silver medal, being the highest possible award. The house has an established reputation for enterprise, progress, and good taste, which it appears well able to sustain. The Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company occupies, for its prin- cipal establishment, the large and beautiful marble building fronting on Franklin and Devonshire Streets. Four floors of the building run through from Devonshire to Arch Street, and three the full length of the building on Devonshire Street. Notwithstanding the extensive accommodations in this building, the work has increased so much that special departments are carried on elsewhere in work-rooms containing some 10,000 square feet of floor surface on both Washington and Beach Streets. The work of this establishment includes, among its different processes, lithography in all its branches, from the ordinary label to fine chromo-work ; embossing, type and block printing of every class ; plate printing; photography; photo-lith- ography; and the Albertype process, by which engravings, photographs, drawings, etc., are reproduced, in facsimile, with great delicacy and finish. The company give steady work to over 300 hands ; employ a corps of 45 designers, engravers, and lithograph artists, — a number far in excess of that of any other concern in the business ; run 70 presses, and print at least three tons of paper daily. The services of six stone-grinders, using improved machinery, are required to grind and polish the lithograph-stones used, of which the company have nearly 200 tons. They manufacture largely for the English and German trade, in addition to their domestic orders, which are more uniformly from large corporations than those of any house in the printing line. This company does a good share of the theatri- cal printing of all grades. With a branch house in New York, and an agent in London, this company have a large field to work. The accom- panying illustration of the Forbes Lithographing Establishment, and also that of the New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Co., are specimens of one class of work done by the Albertype process mentioned above. They are photographs made with printers' ink, and are therefore as imperishable as ordinary prints. The company was incorporated in 1875 ; and its officers are William P. Hunt president, and William H. Forbes treasurer. On the first floor of the building occupied by the Forbes Lithograph- ing Establishment are the elegant banking-rooms of the National Revere Bank, one of the large and solid financial institutions of Boston. It was organized as a State bank in 1859, and has had a prosperous career. Its capital is $1,500,000, and its gross assets are nearly $5,000,000. George S. Bullens is the president, and H. Blasdale the cashier. Albertypc —Forbes Co., Boston. FORBES LITHOGRAPH-MANUFACTURING CO. Franklin and Devonshire Streets, Boston. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. M3 Thomas Groom & Co., the successors of David Felt & Co., established in 1 815, have been in the same location for nearly fifty years, and to-day are one of the oldest, most reliable, and best-known 1 firms in the stationery trade. They are import- ers, dealers, and jobbers in foreign stationery. They manufacture every conceivable style of blank-books, do an ex- tensive printing and lithographing business, and keep the largest and best stock of its kind in New England. The basement of their building, No. 82 State Street, is piled with flat papers ; the first story contains a general stock of first-class stationery; the second, their whole- sale department ; the fourth, their ordinary and numerical printing- presses ; and the upper stories are used for their bindery, where their blank books are made. The India Build- ing, which Messrs. Groom & Co. occupy, was built in 1855 expressly for them. Winkley, Thorp, & Dresser, the successors of the Cambridgeport Diary Company, whose school-book business has already been mentioned, are among the leading stationers and blank-book manufacturers in the city. Their commodious store and basement in the beautiful Rialto Building on Devonshire Street, opposite the main entrance to the Post-office, contains a large and varied line of goods usually sold by stationers and blank-book manufacturers, including Bibles, albums, and morocco and Russia-leather goods. This firm are the agents for Foster's patent double-pointed tooth- Thomas Groom & Co., 82 State Street. 144 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. picks, of which more than 4,000 cases, containing in all 1,000,000,000 picks, are sold yearly; and also for "Dean's Interest and Equation Exponents," a work now universally used by the ablest accountants as the shortest and most convenient method of averaging accounts, computing interest, and ascertaining maturities and periods of time. Messrs. Winkley, Thorp, & Dresser, although young men, have had a long experience in the trade ; Messrs. Winkley and Thorp having been for many years with Nichols & Hall, and Mr. Dresser with the Cambridgeport Diary Company. There are in Boston at the present day 9 daily papers, 5 semi-weekly, 67 weekly, and 7 Sunday papers, 6 fortnightly publications, 90 monthly peri- odicals, and 11 quarterlies. Brief notices of some of the most important of these will be given. And first come the daily newspapers. " The Daily Advertiser " is published in a plain, substantial edifice of stone, situated on Court Street, on the site of the printing-office in which Franklin learned his trade, nearly opposite the court- house, a large portion of it being utilized as lawyers' of- fices. The editorial rooms, on the fourth floor, are comforta- ble, but not convenient in arrangement. The counting- room, on the ground floor, is finely appointed. The paper, which is the oldest daily in Boston, enjoys a substantial prosperity, its circulation being principally among the wealthy and cultivated people of Bos- ton and New England. It is Republican, and aims to rep- resent the advanced and en- lightened wing of its party. Its editor-in-chief is D. A. God- dard, whose corps of assistants includes some able and schol- arly men. These writers give to the paper a conservative "Tne Boston Advertiser," Court Street. and cu ltured tone, which, to- gether with its literary features, makes it acceptable to a class of readers whose influence is far out of proportion to their numbers. " The Advertiser " is a large folio, well printed on good paper. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. r 45 "The Boston Herald" is by far the most successful of the local papers. Its first number appeared in 1846 as an evening daily, neutral in politics. It was a small paper, issued at one cent a copy, containing four pages of five columns each. The edition was 2,000 copies. The first editor was William O. Eaton, a young man 22 years of age. So successful was its early management, that in 1847 "The Herald," in enlarged form and new dress, appeared with morning, evening, and weekly editions, but the latter feature was discontinued in 1851. The columns were enlarged two inches in 1854, and 15 years afterwards the paper was changed to its present size of four pages, each containing eight columns. There have been frequent issues of double that size. The great cost of white paper in 1862 raised the price per copy of " The Herald " to two cents, and again in 1864 to three cents, from which it was reduced in 1865 to its present price of two cents. There were many changes in the style of the firm owning the establishment until 1869, when R. M. Pulsifer & Co. bought the paper. Since that time there have been two withdrawals from the firm, which otherwise remains the same. A good idea of the kind of news demanded by the people can be gleaned from the following memoranda of the number of copies sold when " The Herald" contained the news of the events cited : — 1863 865 866 867 868 870 870 870 871 871 871 871 872 872 872 The draft riots and Lee's march into Pennsylvania The evacuation of Richmond Lee's surrender ...... The assassination of President Lincoln The Fenian raids The election returns The returns of presidential elec- tion The great storm The Fenian raids The Franco-Prussian war . . . The battle of Sedan The Eastern Railroad accident at Revere The Chicago conflagration . . . The election returns . . . . The Orange riot in New York . The assassination of James Fisk, jun The destruction of the incomplete jubilee Coliseum by a gale . . A murder at the North End . . NO. OF COPIES. YEAR 1872. 74,000 1872. 60,000 1872. 6o,000 1873. 1874. 83.5 20 1874. 70,000 1874. 72,720 1875. l8 7 5- 78,000 75,844 1875- 95,000 90,000 l8 7 5- 100,000 l8 7 5- 1876. 111,840 1876. 113,280 1876. 100,320 1876. 96,240 1876. 1876. 113,760 108,240 119,280 1876. The October election returns . The November election returns The Boston conflagration . The Credit-Mobilier scandal . The November elections . . The Beecher-Tilton case . . The second Chicago conflagration The Beecher-trial The battle of Bunker-hill centen nial The execution of Wagner, Gor don, and Costley The November election returns The Concord-fight celebration Piper's first confession . . . Piper's second confession . . Piper's execution The October elections . . . The presidential elections . . The day after the election returns (said to be the largest edition ever printed by an American daily newspaper) The November elections . . , NO. OF COPIES. 100,748 119,076 220,000 137,000 139,212 137,000 130,086 158,698 134.952 134.430 132,577 I34.7 10 158,492 I74,3i8 139,480 147,216 223,256 190,384 In 1847 " The American Eagle," and in 1857 " The Daily Times," were purchased. In 1854 the letter-list advertising, that for seven consecutive 146 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. years had been claimed as a right by virtue of the largest circulation, was awarded " The Herald." The counting-room, first at No. 15 State Street, was moved to several places, and finally, in 1851, to No. 103 (now numbered 241) Washington Street, where it remained until February, 1878, when the new building was occupied. The main building, at No. 255 Washington Street, has a frontage of 31 feet 9 inches and a length of 179 feet. An L leading into Williams Court has a frontage of 24^ feet, and a length of 40 feet. The total ground surface is about 6,200 square feet. The Washing- ton-street front, in the French Renaissance style, is clearly shown in the accompanying illustration. The building has six stories and a high base- ment. The entire finish and furnishing of the building is elaborate and beautiful, and the arrangement is generally conceded to be superior to that of any other newspaper office in this country. There are four Bullock presses in the basement, capable of printing 86 ; ooo papers an hour. It is said that "The Herald" presses can print more papers in any given time than the presses of all other Boston dailies combined. "The Herald's" cir- culation on week-days averages 100,000 copies, and on Sundays 75,000 copies. "The Boston Post" is the leading Democratic commercial morning newspaper of Boston. It is published by the Post Publishing Company, at No. 17 Milk Street, and sells for 4 cents a copy. Its new iron building stands on the spot where Benjamin Franklin was born ; and a bust of the famous printer ornaments the front. The business-office is on the ground-floor. The edi- torial rooms, which are reached after a breath- less climb of an iron staircase, consist of private rooms for the editor and his assistants, and neat rooms for the night-editor, city-editor, and the re- porters. " The Post's " history dates back to 1 83 1. It was at first a small sheet of 16 columns, from which it has been enlarged at various times until it now contains 36 long columns. Col. Charles G. Greene was the founder and first editor. He did much to make a reputation for the paper by his straightforward and honest style of treat- ing public questions. It is not too much to say, that, under his editorship, it became the leading Democratic daily in the country, as well as a lead- ing representative commercial paper of Boston. There is young blood still in " The Post," and -The Boston Post," Milk street {{ shows constant evidence of wise and careful management and enterprise. The editorial department has always had a THE BOSTON HERALD'S NEW BUILDING, Washington Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 147 good reputation, on account of the clear and vigorous character of the language, as well as the courteous and fair attitude maintained, even in dealing with political adversaries. The " All-Sorts " column of paragraphs, on the first page, has ever been an attractive feature of " The Post," and the sprightly character of the department has been admirably main- tained. "Mrs. Partington" (B. P. Shillaber) made her reputation for genial humor in the columns of "The Post." Its large and permanent circulation is chiefly among the business-men and the most influential classes of the people, at their homes and places of business. " The Boston Evening Transcript " is an independent Republican news- paper, owned by the heirs of Hen- ry W. Dutton & Son, who still continue the firm name. It was founded in 1830, and is the oldest evening paper in New England. It has been a sub- stantial success from the start. The present quarters of "The Transcript" are in a large and handsome build- ing, at the corner of Washington and Milk Streets, erected to replace the office burned by the Great Fire of 1872. It is one of the most commodious and \ elegant in the city. "The Transcript" occupies a field „ . , " The Boston Transcript." Washington Street. practically with- out a rival. It is the largest daily in New England, is of quarto form, hand- 148 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. somely printed on good paper, publishing all associated-press reports, a great amount of well-selected miscellaneous reading, poetry, book-reviews, foreign gleanings, and general gossip. It is pre-eminently a family paper, and its circulation is chiefly among the wealthy and intelligent people of Boston and its suburbs. The political attitude of the paper has recently gained for it the approbation of the most progressive and far-seeing class of Republicans. The quiet and dignified tone of the editorial page, and the absence in the paper of any thing which appeals to the popular craving for sensationalism, go far toward winning for " The Transcript " the esteem of its readers and the success it enjoys. The business-manager is William Durant, and the editor-in-chief William A. Hovey. The daily sells at 4 cents. " The Boston Journal " is a Republican morning and evening news- paper, conducted by S. N. Stockwell and W. W. Clapp, who are also part owners. It has been in existence about 45 years, and has attained a firm foothold among the thrifty middle-class Republicans ; its special strongholds being in Maine, New Hampshire, and the country towns of Massachusetts, where for many years it has been the constant companion and counsellor of hundreds of sturdy farmers. " The Journal " occupies a commodious structure at No. 264 Washington Street, and has its press-rooms on Water Street. The business-office is handsome and well appointed ; and the edi- torial and reportorial rooms are three flights above. " The Journal " is printed on two Hoe presses of six and eight cylinders respectively. It aims to secure full, prompt, and reliable intelligence from all quarters of the world. The local news columns are full and fresh, there being a large and active staff of reporters. No attempt is made at fine writing ; and the paper has a practical, business-like tone, which is suited to the tastes of its con- stituency. " The Journal " is a large folio sheet, and sells at 3 cents a copy. "The Daily Evening Traveller" is published at No. 31 State Street by Roland Worthington & Co. It was the first two-cent evening paper estab- lished in Boston, and was founded in 1845. ^ n that day it was the great paper for stage-coaches. It has always borne an excellent reputation as a news-gatherer. At one period it was for a short time a quarto, under the editorship of Samuel Bowles. It is now a large folio, with 36 long columns, issued at 3 cents. Where the Traveller Building now is, nearly 100 years ago Benjamin Russell began the publication of " The Columbian Centinel." " The Traveller " moved here about 30 years ago, when crowded out of the Old State House, where its office had been. In politics the paper is aggressively Republican, and sustains its opinions with great vigor. Its news-departments are well sustained. The review of the week, long a fea- ture of the Saturday edition, ably conducted by C. C. Hazewell, is valuable for filing as a record of passing events. A good illustration of the Traveller Building can be seen in the chapter on "The Public Buildings." KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 149 " The Boston Globe " is a Democratic morning and evening newspaper, issuing from "six to eight editions daily. It is the youngest of the daily papers in Boston, although now nearly seven years old. It was first started as an eight-page newspaper, independent in politics, and so continued until March, 1878 ; but it is now a folio during the week, and a quarto on Sundays. As a two-cent Democratic paper it has secured a large circulation, which is steadily increasing. " The Sunday Globe " has also secured a wide and profitable circulation. The " Daily " and " Sunday " find readers, of course, in this State, and throughout New England ; while "The Boston Weekly Globe " circulates in every State and Territory in the Union. " The Globe " Building, Nos. 236 and 238 Washington Street, is large and unpre- tentious, extending through to Devonshire Street. It was formerly occu- pied by " The Boston Transcript." " The Globe " is well fitted out in each department, stereotypes its forms, and with its new press has facilities for turning out 50,000 papers per hour. " The Globe " is especially enter- prising in its efforts to obtain the latest news, — the National Associated Press furnishing the groundwork of its despatches, — and it has a large corps of special correspondents throughout New England, and at leading centres throughout the United States. Besides the daily papers mentioned above, there are two which do not cater to the general public ; viz., " The Daily Law Reporter," and " The Daily Hotel Reporter." Several of the daily papers issue semi-weekly edi- tions, and all of them except " The Herald " have weekly editions. There are seven Sunday papers, of which the "Herald" and "Globe" are the appendages of a daily edition. The other five are " The Saturday Evening Gazette," " The Courier," " The Times," " The Commonwealth," and " The Express." " The Courier " and " The Times " were formerly dailies. " The Courier" is not a newspaper ; but its literary features are remarkably good. "The Gazette " makes money by its "Out and About" column of society and fashion, news and gossip. All the Sunday papers pay special attention to dramatic and musical matters, and each has features of its own which are more or less attractive. In looking over the list of news- papers and periodicals published in Boston, one is surprised to find how few of them are printed in any other language than the English. There are, in fact, only five of these. Many of the periodicals printed in Boston are of a religious character; and almost every sect and creed has its organ here, The most famous periodical, however, that emanates from the " Hub " is " The Atlantic Monthly." " The American Architect," established by James R. Osgood & Co., is a publication that well merits success. Bicknell's Journals. — "The New-England Journal of Education " was established in Boston in 1875, uniting in itself four State teachers' journals and " The College Courant " of New Haven. It had for its supporters the 150 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. members of the American Institute of Instruction and those of the several State teachers' associations of New England, and was the first weekly edu- cational paper started in America. In 1876 "The National Journal of Education " was published from the same office. In 1877 "The Primary Teacher" and "Good Times," monthlies, were added to the list; all pub- lished by the New-England Publishing Company, a corporation of which Thomas W. Bicknell is president, who is also business manager of all the interests of the company, and editor of the journals of education. These publications have a wide circulation, not only in New England, but in all parts of the country, and represent, in their editorial and contributors' col- umns, the best talent of the profession. They touch, by their discussions, all grades of school-work, and reach all classes of teachers. The best evi- dence of their merit is the fact that these publications received the highest award given at Paris, in the great International Exposition of 1878, to any educational papers in the world. The editorial and counting rooms of these periodicals are at No. 16 Hawley Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 1 S 1 EJje Soul of tjje Citou THE RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, —THEIR PLACES OF WORSHIP, AND THEIR PASTORS. r I 'HE first meeting-house in Boston was a small, homely building, with -■- mud walls and thatched roof. The accompanying illustration from " Harper's Weekly " is said to give a fair idea of its outward appearance. It stood near the head of State Street. It was erected in 1632: John Wilson and John Cotton were its pastors. In 1639 this house of worship was suc- ceeded by a more preten- structure on Wash- First Meeting-house in Boston. now: rebuilt in 1 7 1 3, and in 1808 torn down. The " First Church " society (Congregational Unitarian), of which Rufus Ellis, D.D., is pastor, built another church in Chauncy Place the same year, which in 1868 gave place to the present fine church building at the corner of Berkeley and Marl- borough Streets. This church cost about $325,000, and is a beautiful structure. It accom- modates about 1,000 persons, has a very fine organ, windows of stained glass, an exterior carriage-porch of unique design, and is elegantly finished. The music is equal to that of any other church in Boston. The architects were Ware & Van Brunt of Boston. The " First Church," Berkeley Street *5 2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The second church in the city was built in 1649, in North Square. The first Roman Catholic in 1789; the first Methodist (church on Hanover Ave- nue) in 1796; the first Universalist (church corner of Hanover and Bennett Streets) in 1785. The early church history of Boston is full of interest, but the details are too voluminous to be given here. The Old South, corner of Washington and Milk Streets, is the most famous meeting-house in Boston, by reason of its historical associations. The Old South Society was organized in 1669; and the meeting-house was built soon afterwards on a piece of land given by Mrs. Norton, widow of the Rev. John Norton. In 1729 the original meeting-house, which was of wood, was taken down, and the present brick structure was built on the same spot. It is one of the most famous u landmarks " of old Boston, and one of the few historic buildings that have been allowed to remain standing in this iconoclastic age and country. The associations that cluster around the Old South are certainly of a nature that should make the building precious in the eyes of patriotic citizens. Benjamin Franklin was baptized and attended worship here ; Whitefield preached here ; the revolutionary agitators made use of the edifice to stir up the citizens against the tyranny of their king; Warren here delivered his famous speech on the anni- versary of the Boston Massacre; the "tea-party" organized within these walls ; and here the annual election sermons were for many years delivered. In 1775 the church was used as a riding- school by the British troops. The great fire of 1872 stopped just before reaching the Old South, burning all around it on two sides. The society abandoned this place of worship (which was used as the post-office for a while after the fire), and erected a new building on the Back Bay. Since then its preservation has been vigorously striven for by a small part of the community, but its fate seems The Old South, Washington Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. r 53 THE NEW "OLD SOUTH," CHURCH, BOYLSTON STREET. 154 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON yet problematical. The land on which the church stands is valuable for business purposes, owing to its central location. The Old South Preserva- tion Committee has done its best towards saving the building, and various entertainments, fairs, lectures, and grand balls have been given to this end ; but the sum ($400,000) required to purchase the church has not at this writing been raised. The ministers of this society from its formation are : Thomas Thatcher, Samuel Willard, Ebenezer Pemberton, Joseph Sewall, D.D., Thomas Prince, Alexander Cumming, Samuel Blair, John Bacon, John Hunt, Joseph Eckley, Joshua Huntington, Benjamin B. Wisner, D.D., Samuel H. Stearns, George W. Blagden, D.D., and J. M. Manning, the present pastor. The Old South is a plain brick building, painted light, with a tall spire. The belfry is surrounded by an exterior gallery. The house is 88 by 61 feet in dimensions, and has a sounding-board and two tiers of galleries. A tablet above the Washington-street entrance gives the dates of the formation of the society and the building of the two church edifices. The building is now an historical museum, made interesting to the masses of the people by the exhibition of new inventions, such as the phonograph and microphone. The entrance-fees go towards raising the pre- servation fund. The New " Old South " Church, as the present place of worship of the Old South society is familiarly called, is at the corner of Dartmouth and Boylston Streets. It is a large and costly structure, including, besides the church, a chapel and parsonage. The seating capacity is between 800 and 900, and the building covers an area of 200 by 90 feet. It is of Roxbury stone, with freestone trimmings ; and the interior finish is of cherry. The massive tower, which forms the most noticeable feature of the structure, is 235 feet high. Over the centre of the main church edifice rises a large lantern of copper, with 12 windows. An arched screen of Caen stone, with shafts of Lisbon marble, separates the church from the main vestibule. A carved screen of wood encloses the pulpit, and three panels of Venetian mosaic fill the heads of the arches leading from the doorways. The stained-glass windows were brought from England, and are decorated with biblical scenes. This edifice, erected at a cost of about $500,000, is gener- ally considered one of the finest specimens of church architecture on the continent. The interior decorations are elaborate ; the pronounced tints of the walls, the large chandeliers, and the rich carvings producing a striking and beautiful effect. King's Chapel, corner of Tremont and School Streets, was the first Episcopal church in New England, and is now a Unitarian church. The society was organized in 1686, and a little wooden church was erected in 1689. Robert Ratcliffe was the first rector. The church was enlarged in 1710; but in 1754 it was taken down, and replaced by the present substan- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON, '55 tial stone building. The liturgy was altered in 1 785, and has been used as amended ever since. In 1787 James Freeman became the pastor ; and the connection of the society with the Episcopal church ceasing, it became a Unitarian church. The present pastor is Henry W. Foote. King's Chapel is a very quaint and interesting place. The in- terior, with its high, old-fash- ioned pews, its tall pulpit and sounding-board, its massive pil- lars, and stained- glass window, is remarkably attractive. In 1878 the city considered the plan of remov- i n g King's Chapel with its adjoining buri- al ground, and erecting a court- house in their place. Christ Church, Salem Street, which was built by the Episcopalians in 1723, is the oldest church edifice now standing in Boston. The building, which is of brick, is 70 by 50 feet in dimensions, and the steeple is 175 feet high. It is the most prominent landmark of the North End, and was formerly known as the " North Church." The steeple accurately repre- sents one that was blown down in 1804. The tower contains a fine chime of eight bells, which bear the following inscriptions : — First bell : "This peal of 8 Bells is the gift of a number of generous persons to Christ Church, in Boston, N.E., anno 1744, A.R." Second: "This church was founded in the year 1723; Timothy Cutler, D.D., the first rector, A.R., 1744." Third: "We are the first ring of Bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R., 1744." Fourth: "God pre- serve the Church of England, 1744." Fifth: "William Shirley, Esq., Gov- ernor of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, anno 1744." Sixth : " The subscription for these Bells was begun by John Hammock and King's Chapel, Tremont Street. i56 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Robert Temple, church wardens, anno 1743; completed by Robert Jen- kins and John Gould, church wardens, anno 1744." Seventh : "Since Gen- erosity has opened our mouths, our tongues shall ring aloud its praise. 1 744." Eighth : " Abel Rudhall, of Gloucester, cast us all, anno 1744." This chime, brought from England, is the oldest in America. The Bible, prayer-books, and silver now in use, were given, in 1733, by King George II. The figures of cherubim in front of the organ, and the chandeliers, were taken from a French vessel by the privateer " Oueen of Hungary," and presented to this church in 1746. The Sunday school was established in 1815, when no other was known to exist in Ameri- ca. Christ Church re- ported to the last conven- tion 150 communicants. The interior of the The present rector is Henry Christ Church, Salem Street. church still retains an antique appearance Burroughs, D.I). A tablet was placed on the front of Christ Church in 1878, bearing the following inscription : — THE SIGNAL LANTERNS OF PAUL REVERE DISPLAYED IN THE STEEPLE OF THIS CHURCH APRIL 18 1775 WARNED THE COUNTRY OF THE MARCH OF THE BRITISH TROOPS TO LEXINGTON AND CONCORD. Trinity Church, at the intersection of Huntington Avenue, Boylston and Clarendon Streets, is the finest church edifice in New England, if not in the A'/ JVC'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. '57 158 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON United States. The history of Trinity parish dates as far back as 1728. Its first church, built in 1735, was a plain wooden building with gatnbrel roof, at the corner of Summer and Hawley Streets ; and its first rector was Addington Davenport. In this wooden building the parish worshipped until 1828, when the corner-stone of a new house was laid in the same loca- tion ; and the solid Gothic structure then erected was used by the parish till it was burned in the great fire of 1872. In the winter before this disaster, the subject of a new church edifice had been left to the direction of a build- ing committee ; and eventually the designs of Gambrill and Richardson, architects, of New York, were accepted. The new church was completed early in 1877. In sinking the foundations an immense amount of labor was performed ; and, on account of the nature of the Back-bay land, it was found necessary to somewhat modify the original design. The church was conse- crated on Feb. 9, 1877; the bishop of the diocese conducting the services. Four prelates of the church, many clergymen, the governor, the mayor, and a large number of notables, were present. Trinity Church is in the pure French Romanesque style, in the shape of a Latin cross, with a semi-circu- lar apse added to the eastern arm. The clerestory is carried by an arcade of two arches only. Above the aisles a gallery is carried across the arches, which is called the "triforium" gallery, and serves to connect the three main galleries, one across either transept and one across the west end of the nave. The whole interior of the church and chapel is finished in black walnut, and the vestibules in ash and oak. A great central tower, 211 feet high, surmounts the building, rising from four piers at the crossing of the nave and transept. The tower is very conspicuous, owing to its massive form, and is the main feature of the edifice ; the nave, transepts, and apse being subordinate to it. A handsome and unique chapel is connected with the main structure by an open cloister, the effect of which is exceedingly pleasing. The extreme width of the church across the transepts is 121 feet, and the extreme length is 160 feet. The chancel is $J feet deep by 52 feet wide. The tower is 46 feet square inside. The material employed in the body of the church is Dedham granite, ornamented with brown freestone trimmings. The exterior of the apse is decorated with mosaic work of pol- ished granite. In the interior work special attention has been paid to the decoration's, which form an enduring monument to the artistic taste of John La Farge of New York. No such decorations can be found in any other church in this country. The stained-glass memorial windows were made in Europe. The church resembles many of those cathedrals in the south of France, which all the world has recognized as models in a noble school of ecclesiastical art. The cost of the building was $750,000. The parish has no debt, and is exceedingly wealthy. Some of the greatest preachers in the Episcopal denomination have graced the pulpits of the old Trinity churches. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. r 59 Among these have been George Washington Doane, afterwards bishop of New Jersey; John Henry Hopkins, once bishop of Vermont; Thomas March Clark, afterwards bishop of Rhode Island; Manton Eastburn, the last bishop of this diocese; and Jonathan M. Wainwright, once bishop of New York. The rector of the present church is the most famous preacher in the denomination, Phillips Brooks, D.D., a graduate of Harvard Col- lege. He is much beloved by his parishioners, and esteemed and admired by every one for his elo- quence, his earnestness, and his polished and schol- arly style. The Arlington-street Church (Unitarian), corner of Arlington and Boylston Streets, has an eventful history. The society was formed in 1727 as a Pres- byterian church. A barn on Long Lane (now Federal Street) was the first place of worship. In 1744 a church building replaced the barn on the same spot. In this building the United States Constitution was adopted in 1788 by the State convention : hence the name of Federal Street. A new brick church was built in 1809, on the same site; but in 1859 this was taken down, and the present handsome building on Ar- lington Street was subse- quently erected. In 1786 the Presbyterian had been exchanged for the Congre- gational form ment. W. E The Arlington-street Church, corner of Boylston Street. of govern- Channinjr, D.D., was pastor of this church from 1803 till 1842, and here made his reputation as an accomplished scholar, writer, and preacher, during this period. His successor was Ezra i6o KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON S. Gannett, who was killed in the terrible railroad accident at Revere in 1 871. The present pastor is J. F. W. Ware. The church is of freestone, and is very handsome. It has a shapely spire, and a fine chime of bells. On the Boylston-street side, the building is almost entirely covered with clinging vines. St. Paul's Church was built in 1820, and consecrated by the Episcopal bishops of Massa- chusetts and Con- necticut. It stands on Tremont Street, between Winter Street and Temple Place, facing the Common. It is in the Grecian style of architecture, of the Ionic order. The walls are of gray granite, and the portico and col- umns are of Poto- mac sandstone. The interior is handsome. The ceiling is a cylin- drical vault, with panels which span the whole width of the church. Its rectors have been Samuel F. Jarvis, D.D., Alonzo Potter, LL.D., afterwards bishop of Pennsylvania, John S. Stone, D.D., Alexander H. Vinton, D.D., William R. Nicholson, D.D., and Treadwell Walden. William Wilberforce Newton is the present rector. The Hollis-street Church was originally built in 1732. It was a little wooden building; and the first minister was Mather Byles, a Tory, a wit, and a scholar. The church and the street were named after Thomas Hollis of London, one of the greatest benefactors of Harvard University. The meeting-house was burned in 1787, and another built. In 1810 the latter was removed to give place to the present structure. The steeple is nearly 200 feet high. Dr. Samuel West, John Pierpont, and Thomas Starr King were pastors of this church. The tablets in the church bearing the Ten Commandments were the gift of Benjamin Bussey, another of Har- vard's greatest benefactors. The old church was used as a barrack by the St. Paul's Church, Tremont Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 161 British soldiers during the siege of Boston. The society (Unitarian) in the fall of 1878 was without a pastor, George L. Chaney having resigned early in the year. The Central Church (Congregational Trinitarian), corner of Berkeley and Newbury Streets, is a handsome building of Roxbury stone with sandstone trimmings. It cost over #325,000, and was dedicated in 1867. The spire, 236 feet high, is the tallest in the city, and the interior of the church is exceedingly handsome. The society first worshipped in the Old P^ederal- street theatre, and afterwards occupied a plain church building on Winter Street. W. M. Rogers was the first pastor. At present the pulpit is vacant. The Park-street Church, corner of Park and Tremont Streets, was erected in 1810, and cost about $50,000. It is of brick, with a fine spire; and the interior is commodious though plain. The society was organ- ized in 1809. Nine of the members of the Old South, which was then the only evangelical Congregational church in Boston, came out from the parent church un- der the promptings of a revival move- ment. Park-street Church was begot- ten in a revival, and has enjoyed many in her his- tory. E. D. Griffin, S. E. Dwight, Ed- ward Beecher, J. H. Linsley, Silas Aiken, A. L. Stone, and W. H. H. Murray were pastors of this church. The present pastor is J. L. Withrow, D.D. Several churches have grown out of the Park-street Church. Many of the missionary societies of the Orthodox denomination have been started within its walls. The church has always been deeply enlisted in the work of foreign missions, giving $4,000 and upwards each year to that cause. Until July, 1878, the church had always been in debt; but all incumbrances were then removed, and the church repaired and painted. Park-street Church, Tremont Street. 1 62 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The New-England Church, W. H. H. Murray, pastor, was organized in September, 1875, as an independent Congregational church. It started with nine original members, after the old New-England form of Chris- tian fellowship, and adopted a Statement of Belief, embodying what are commonly held as the fundamental evangelical truths, expressed in the language of the Gospels or the early Christian creeds. The membership was increased to about 300 by those who desired to join the movement ; and the Music Hall was rented for Sunday-morning services, the first of which was held Oct. 6, 1875. Smaller halls were rented for Mr. Murray's Friday-night talks, for the Sunday school, prayer-meeting, Benevolent Soci- ety and Literary Association of the church. The Sunday services, attended by 3,000 people, were maintained at an annual expense of about $20,000, derived chiefly from the rentals, the average price of which was only $10 for the church year of 40 Sundays. The music, by a quartet, and a chorus of 200 voices, was under the direction successively of Eben Tourjee, George L. Osgood, and Carl Zerrahn. At the close of the last year, in June, 1878, the church voted unanimously to suspend its services, and grant Mr. Mur- ray's request for a vacation of one year, during which time he will endeavor to raise $200,000 for the erection of a church edifice capable of seating 5,000 people, and planned to carry out his ideas of a " Metropolitan Christian Church," formed by " a happy union of all Christian souls, on a simple Christian basis, in one Christian fellowship, with a system providing accept- able preaching, the best and grandest music, perfect conditions of worship, good seats at prices within the reach of all, and spiritual, benevolent, and intellectual ministrations in keeping with such a great undertaking." The Union Temple Church, worshipping in Tremont Temple, of which George C, Lorimer, D.U., is pastor, is the largest Baptist society in Amer- ica. This society was organized in 1863 by the consolidation of the Tre- mont-street Church with the Union Church. The first pastor was J. D. Fulton, D.D. The Union Temple Church is a free church, and discards the pew-system, depending for its pecuniary resources on the voluntary subscriptions and contributions of the congregation. This system has succeeded very well, the gross income in 1876 reaching $21,171. There is a large Sunday school connected with the church, and also a young men's organization called the Temple Union. Dr. Lorimer is a very popular preacher, and the congregations at the Temple are very large. During his administration nearly 1,000 persons have been received into membership. The church is sometimes called the " Stranger's Sabbath Home." The Central Congregational Church of Jamaica Plain (West Roxbury district, Boston) was organized in 1853 under the name of the Mather Church. Services were held in the Village Hall until 1856, when a newly- built church edifice on Centre Street was dedicated. In 1866 the name of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 163 the society was changed from the Mather Church to the Central Congrega- tional Church. In 1871 the society sold its house of worship on Centre Street, purchased a lot of land on the corner of Elm Street and Seav- erns Avenue, and began the erection of a new house, which was completed and dedicated in 1872. Joseph B. Clark is the pastor. St. John's Church, Tre- mont Street, between Ver- non and Clay Streets, Bos- ton Highlands, was built as a chapel of St. James Church, and was opened in 1867. In 1871 it became an independent parish, and the following year the build- ing was enlarged. George S. Converse, formerly rector of St. James Church, is the rector. The church is free, and will seat about 500. The society is Episcopalian. The German Lutheran Trinity Church, of the un- altered Au<£sburof Confes- Central Congregational Church, Jamaica Plain. sion, is an unpretending little building on Parker Street, Boston Highlands, which has been occupied by the German Evangelical Lutheran Trini- ty Society since 1871. The building was formerly known as Day's Chapel. Adolf Biewend is the pastor. A pa- rochial school is conducted in the basement. The services are in the German language. The Cathedral of the Holy Cross on Washington Street, at the corner of Maiden Street, is the largest and finest Catholic church in the city. It was dedicated in 1875. The building measures over 46,000 square feet, and covers more than an acre of ground. In this respect it takes precedence of the Cathedrals of Strasbourg, Pisa, Vienna, Venice, Salisbury, and Dublin. German Lutheran Trinity Church, Parker Street. 1 64 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The style is the early English Gothic, cruciform, with nave, transept, aisle, and clerestory, the latter being supported by two rows of clustered metal pillars. The total length of the building is 364 feet ; width at the transept, 170 feet; width of nave and aisles, 90 feet; height to the ridge-pole, 120 feet. There are two main towers in front and a turret, all of unequal height, and all eventually to be surmounted by spires. The great tower on the south-west corner with its spire will be 300 feet high, and the small tower on the north-west corner will be 200 feet high. The gallery accom- modates a choir of 300, and contains an organ having over 5,000 pipes, the largest ever built in this country. It has 78 stops, besides 5 pneumatic knobs and 12 combination pedals. The entire interior of the cathedral is clear space, broken only by two rows of columns extending along the nave and supporting the central roof. The pews accommodate nearly 3,500 per- sons. The arch which separates the spacious front vestibule from the church is of bricks taken from the ruins of the Ursuline convent of Mount Benedict. The ceiling abounds in carved wood and tracery. The panels and spandrils show three "shades of oak, with an outer line of African wood. Every alternate panel is ornamented with emblematic devices. The roof in the transept displays an immense cross of inlaid wood. On the ceiling of the chancel are painted angels representing Faith, Hope, Charity, and other virtues, on a background of gold. The frescoing on the walls is very handsome. The rose window over the principal entrance is in design a fine specimen of art. The stained transept windows, each 40 by 20 feet in size, have designs representing the exaltation of the cross by the Em- peror Heraclius, and the miracle by which the true cross was verified. The stained windows in the chancel represent the Crucifixion, the Ascen- sion, and the Nativity. These are memorial windows, and were gifts to the church. There are 24 smaller windows of stained glass, representing biblical subjects, in the clerestory of the transept and of the chancel. The sanctuary terminates in an octagonal apse. The high altar is formed of rich variegated marbles, and is to be surmounted by a fine canopy. On the Gospel side stands the Episcopal throne, the cathedra of the Bishop. On the right of the sanctuary is the chapel of the Blessed Virgin, containing a marble statue of the Virgin. There are three other chapels, — the chapel of St. Joseph, the chapel of St. Patrick, and the chapel of the Blessed Sacrament. The large vestry is between the chapel of the Blessed Sacra- ment and the sanctuary. The chantry, with a small organ, is over the vestry. John B. Smith is rector of the parish. The archbishop is the Most Rev. J. J. Williams. The mansion of the archbishop, in the rear of the cathedral, is quite stately and very convenient. The old house on Washington Street, that bars the view of a part of the Cathedral, is soon to be removed. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON t65 THE CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY CROSS, WASHINGTON STREET. 1 66 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Church of the Immaculate Conception, corner of Harrison Avenue and Concord Street, is a handsome granite edifice, 208 feet long by 88 feet wide, built in 1861 under the auspices of the Jesuit Fathers, at a cost of over $100,000. The lot of about 90,000 feet of land on which it stands was bought for $45,000. From the floor to the ceiling, the height is 70 feet. The main divisions of the interior are effected by two rows of Ionic columns, with richly ornamented capitals, which mark the line of the side aisles with graceful and light shades. On the keystone of the chancel arch, there is a bust of Christ ; and on the opposite arch, over the choir gallery, a bust of the Virgin. On the other circles. there are busts of the saints of the Society of Jesus. Over each column there is an angel sup- porting the entablature. The altar is a fine piece of workmanship in mar- ble. On the panels is sculptured an abridgment of the life of the Virgin, — the Annunciation, the visitation to St. Elisabeth, the Nativity, the Adora- tion of the Magi, the Mater Dolorosa, and the Assumption. On either side of the altar are three Corinthian columns, with appropriate entablatures and broken arches, surmounted by statues of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, the whole terminated by a silver cross, with an adoring angel on each side. On the right side of the broken arch is a figure of St. Ignatius, with chasuble, stole, etc., and on the opposite side is that of St. Francis Xavier. Over the chancel is an elliptic dome, lighted by colored glass, with a dove in the centre with spread wings. Within the chancel rails are two side chapels, the one on the Gospel side dedicated to St. Joseph; and on the Epistle, to St. Aloysius. The ceiling over the chancel is elliptic, and laid off in bands ornamented with mouldings. The painting behind the high altar is the Crucifixion, by Garialdi of Rome. The organ is one of the best in Boston, and the church is justly famous for the excellence of its music. Adjoining the church grounds is the Boston College, a Catholic institution, of which Rev. Robert Fulton is president. The Mission Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Tremont Street, Boston Highlands, which was completed and dedicated in 1878, is one of the largest churches in Boston. It is under the charge of the Redemptorist Fathers ; William Loewekamp being the rector. The church is a basilica, with transepts in the Romanesque style. The church has seats for 2,000 people, and affords standing-room for an equal number. It cost over $200,000. The building is of Roxbury stone. Its length is 215 feet; width across the transepts 115 feet; width of nave and aisles 78 feet. The nave is 70 feet high in the clear, and the aisles are 34 feet high. Over the intersection of the nave and transepts rises an octagonal dome of 40 feet inner diameter, to a height of no feet. This dome is supported by four clusters of four columns each, all of polished granite, with finely- carved capitals. The sanctuary, which is very large, closes with a semi- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 167 circular apse, in which is the high altar. Six side altars find room in the chapels at the ends of the aisles and transepts. The chapel of Our Lady is built out from the west transept. Over the vestibule is the organ gallery,, which, like the triforium galleries, is not open to the public. The basement accommodates about 1,600 people. The sacristy is in a special building west of the sanctuary. The Dudley-street Baptist Church, Boston Highlands, between Warren and Washington Streets, is a brick building in the Gothic style, covered by mastic. The church is 117 by J5 feet in dimensions, with a tower and steeple 200 feet high. The interi- or is divided into nave and side aisles by clustered col- umns, the auditorium and galleries containing about 200 pews, which seat 1,100 people. Henry M. King, D.D., is the pastor. There are over 600 members, and the society carries on many active charities. The first house of worship was of wood, and was dedicated in 1820. The present edifice was opened in 1853. Joseph Elliot was the first pastor. His successors in the pas- I. toral office were William Leverett, Thomas F. Caldi- cott, D.D., and Thomas D. Anderson, D.D. The Catholic Apostolic Church is a small congregation worshipping in a hall at No. 227 Tremont Street. It represents a movement of which the distinctive feature is "the preparation of the church as a body for the coming and kingdom of the Lord." Its worship is celebrated Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, at 6 a.m., Tuesday and Thursday at 5 p.m., and Friday at 10 a.m. On Sunday the celebration of the Holy Eucharist takes place at 10 a.m., and vespers at 5 p.m. The minister in charge is J. F. Wight man. Dudley-street Baptist Church, Highlands. i68 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The West Church, Congregational, on Cambridge, corner of Lynde Street, is one of the old churches. It was built in 1806, taking the place of a wooden meeting-house built in 1736-37. This first building had a handsome steeple ; and it was situated advantageously to give signals during the early days of the revolutionary struggle to the Continental troops at Cambridge, on the opposite shore. The British officers, suspecting it had been used for this purpose, ordered the steeple taken down in 1775. The first pastor was William Hooper, from Scotland, whose pastorate lasted ten years. The other pastors were Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., Simeon Howard, D.D., and Charles Lowell. C. A. Bartol, D.D., the present pastor, was ordained in 1837, and has occupied the pulpit ever since. The Tremont-street Methodist Church, corner of Tremont and Con- cord Streets, is a large, Gothic, nat- ural-quarry stone building, with two spires, respectively 150 feet and 100 feet high. It is the finest Methodist church in the city. Hammatt Billings was the architect. The society was or- ganized in 184S, un- der the name of the Heckling Church, and formerly occu- pied a brick edifice on South Williams (now P e 1 h a m) Street. The pres- ent building, com- pleted in 1862, has a seating capacity of 800 ; and the Tremont-street Methodist Church, corner of Concord Street. The illustration of the church is from pastor is William S. Studley. " Harper's Weekly. 1 ' The Boston Evangelical Advent Church holds its services in the chapel corner of Hudson and Kneeland Streets, which was built in 1854. The distinctive article in the Adventists' creed is that concerning Christ's return to the world, which they believe is near at hand, and which will be the beginning of the Millennium. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 169 The Somerset-street Baptist Church is a handsome building on Beacon Hill, and has the most prominent spire in the city, owing to its elevated site. The society of the First Baptist Church was formed in Charlestown in 1665, and after a great deal of persecution built a church in Salem Street in 1678. In 1771 a new church was erected on the same site; and in 1828 a brick house of worship, costing $44,000, was erected at the corner of Hanover and Union Streets. The church on Somerset Street was built in 1858, and is of brick with a stucco front. The spire is 200 feet high. In 1877 the First Church united with the Shawmut-avenue Baptist Church, and the Somerset-street edifice is therefore no longer used by the society. The pastor is Rollin H. Neale, D.D. In 1878 the First Free- Will Baptist Church, of which C. H. Smith was pastor, that had been worshipping in the Freeman-place Chapel, removed to the Somerset-street Church. The Church of the Advent (Episcopal) was founded in 1844. Services were held first in a room at 13 Merrimac Street : later in a hall at the corner of Lowell and Causeway Streets; and afterwards in a building bought by the parish on Green Street, near Bowdoin Square. Next the Bowdoin-strect Congregational Church, popularly known as Lyman Beecher's, was purchased, and is now occupied. The rectors, in chronological order, have been : Wil- liam Croswell, D.D., who died in church while concluding the services; the Right Rev. Horatio Southgate, D.D. ; and James A. Bolles, D.D. The present rector, C. C. Grafton, appointed in 1872, is one of a society of mission priests of St. John Evangelist that has ministered to the parish since 1870. In some of its features the parish is peculiar in its organization and administration. The corporation consists of the rector and some twenty laymen, who fill their own vacancies. No sale or rental of pews is allowed, all sittings being free. The expenses are defrayed by the Sunday offertory. The mission priests are a body of men consecrated to a life-service, who have no stipulated salaries, and who live in community. There are daily services in the church as follows : Holy communion every morning at 7 o'clock, and on Thursdays also at 9.30; morning prayers said at 9, and even-song sung at 5. The Sunday services comprise : Holy communion at 7.30 and u.45 a.m.; matins, 10.30; children's choral service, 3.30 p.m., and even-song 7.30 p.m. There are numerous special services in Lent. Con- nected with the church are several parochial and charitable works, including a boy's-choir school in Pinckney Street, and the Sisterhood of St. Margaret in Bowdoin Street, which has an orphanage in Lowell, and a young ladies' school in Chestnut Street. The parish, now comprising about 500 commu- nicants, is erecting a new building. The New Church of the Advent building is at the corner of Mount Ver- non and Brimmer Streets. It is to be constructed of brick and stone, with an interior finish entirely of brick and freestone. The main body, 72 by 73 I 70 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. feet, will consist of nave, 76 feet high, two aisles and transepts. The chancel, with polygonal end, will be 30 by 48 feet. There will be a chapel, on the south side of the chancel, 18 by 33 feet ; a crypt with groined ceiling, beneath the chancel, 24 by 30 feet; schoolrooms, hexagonal in shape, 43 feet in dia- meter; and various other rooms. The tower will be 22 feet square, and 190 The New Church of the Advent, Mount Vernon and Brimmer Streets. feet high. The baptistery will be in the church, under the tower. Attached to the church on the north side will be the clergy-house, four stories high, con- taining vestry, clergy and choir rooms, refectory, and dormitories. When completed, the exterior will present a picturesque appearance. The archi- tects are John H. Sturgis and Charles Brigham. After the completion of the new edifice, services will be held in both churches. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 171 The Brattle-square Church (Congregational), corner Commonwealth Ave- nue and Clarendon Street, is a massive edifice of Roxbury stone, in the form of a Greek cross. The church was dedicated in 1873. S. K. Lothrop, D.D., was the pastor. The tall, square tower, with carved figures near the top, among which are four statues of angels blowing gilded trumpets, is noticeable. The acoustic properties of this church are said to be quite bad ; and the society, being heavily in debt, has held no regu- lar services for some time. The society dates back to 1699, when the first house was built in Brattle Square, to be re- placed in 1773 by a larger edifice on the same ground. It was long known as the Manifesto Church, the original members having issued a document de- claring their aims. The British soldiers used the church as a barrack during the war. A cannon-ball from a battery in Cambridge, which struck the building, was subsequently built into the wall. Edward Everett was one of the pastors of this church. The Church of the Disciples was organized Feb. 28, 1841, to "embody the three principles ; of a free church, a social church, and a church in which the members, as well as the pastor, should take part." It was called " The Church of the Disciples," because its members came together " as learners in the school of Jesus Christ, with Christ for their teacher." Its creed has been "faith in Jesus, as the Christ, the Son of God, and the pur- pose of co-operating together as his disciples in the study and practice of Christianity." The society was organized by 43 men and women ; and it was determined at the outset that the seats in the place of worship should always be free, — none sold or rented, — and that the entire expenses should be met by voluntary subscriptions. Among the first names signed on the church-books were those of Nathaniel Peabody and his three daughters, — one of whom afterwards became Mrs. Horace Mann ; another, Mrs. Nathaniel Hawthorne ; and the third, Miss Elizabeth Peabody, is well known in Boston as foremost in good works and also in many educational movements. Gov. Andrew was also a member of the society. The total number of names now on the church-book is 726. The present house of worship is on War- Brattle-square Church, Commonwealth Ave. 172 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. ren Avenue, an unpretentious, roomy edifice, erected in 1869 by voluntary subscriptions. It was free from debt when finished. The whole cost was less than the original estimate. The pastor is James Freeman Clarke, who has been pastor from the beginning. It is classed as Unitarian. The Berkeley-street Church is at the junction of Warren Avenue with Tremont, Dover, and Berkeley Streets. It was organized September, 1827, and was originally located at the corner of Washington and Pine Streets, taking the name of the Pine-street Church. It belongs to the Trinitarian Congregational denomination. In April, 1862, it removed to the present site, and assumed the present name. In the list of its pastors are some of the most illustrious names in the Boston ministry; among them Thomas Skinner, D.D.. Austin Phelps, D.D., and H. M. Dexter, D.D., editor of " The Congregationalist." On Sept. 30, 1877, the semi- centennial anniversary of the church was celebrated. In the summer of 1878 a debt which had oppressed the church from its origin was cancelled. The build- ing is believed to be the largest Protestant house of worship in New England. William Burnet Wright has been the pastor for eleven years. The Bowdoin-square Baptist Church was built in 1840, and is a solid- looking building with a front of unhammered gran- ite. The tower is 28 feet square and no feet high, with four battlements. The structure, which cost $70,- 000, measures 98 by 73 £ feet. The church had at the outset 137 members, and the first pastor was R. W. Cushman, D.D. The sittings in this house are free, and the expenses are met by voluntary weekly offerings. The present pastor is F. B. Dickinson. Bowdoin-square Baptist Church, Bowdoin Square. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 173 The Second Church, Dorchester district, was organized Jan. 1, 1808, by 64 members who had been connected with the First Church in the same place, and was formed solely in consequence of an increasing population, its members separating from the old church with earnest mutual expressions of good-will. It has had but two pastors, — John Codman, D.D., and James H. Means. D.D. Dr. Codman was a native of Boston, and a graduate of Har- vard, and remained the pastor of the church until his death, Dec. 23, 1847, at the age of 66, in the fortieth year of his pastorate. He was devoted to his work, and, possessed of wealth, was widely known for his benevolence. In the early part of his min- istry there were serious diffi- culties, owing to a difference of doctrinal belief between him and some of his people: but, after these were adjust- ed, there followed many years of a peaceful and prospered service. Dr. Means was or- dained July 13,1848. During the 30 years of his ministry the church has been united and advancing. It has grown in size and in activity; and, as the population is filling in around it, it has the prospect of an enlarged field of use- fulness. Dr. Means ten- dered his resignation in Oc- tober, 1878, on account of im- paired health. The church still occupies the edifice first built, — a plain but spacious and tasteful building of wood, which was dedicated Oct. 30. 1806. It has never been burdened by a mortgage, and there is no wish to exchange it for a costlier structure. The whole number of members from the beginning has been about 1,200, nearly 800 of whom were received upon profession of faith. The Church of the Unity grew out of the increasing needs of the people of the South End in the rapid growth of that part of the city. It was organized June 27, 1857, by an association of men well known, with a broad basis of religious doctrine, and a declared purpose of "promoting good morals, and the cause of Liberal Christianity." Its first pastor was George H. Hepworth, now of New York, who remained about 11 years. He was succeeded by M. K. Schermerhorn, who resigned after about 3 years' ser- Second Church, Washington Street, corner Centre. 174 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Church of the Unity, West Newton Street. vice. He, in turn, was succeeded by M. J. Savage, the present pastor, who was installed September, 1874. The society first worshipped in a hall on the corner of Shawmut Avenue and Canton Street, but soon built the present church edifice, simple and tasteful in its architecture, well located on West Newton Street, and paid for. It has a seating capacity of over 1,000. The society has always been prosperous, independent, and progressive in its spirit ; and it reports itself now as in a state of prosperity, financially and re- ligiously, never before surpassed. Mr. Savage, the present pastor, is a man of large culture and liber- ality, independent and outspoken in his views, of wide influence and popularity as a preacher. He has also become widely known as the author of several excellent books entitled " Christianity the Science of Manhood," " Light on the Cloud," " The Religion of Evolution," and " Bluffton," a novel of the religious type. The church is classed as Unitarian. The Harvard-street Baptist Church, on Harrison Avenue, corner of Harvard Street, was organized in 1839. It was formed in Boylston Hall, and was for some time called the Boylston-street Church ; later it wor- shipped in the Melodeon Hall, now the Gaiety Theatre; and finally, in 1842, the present edifice was erected. The successive pastors have been Robert Turnbull, D.D. ; Joseph Banvard, D.D. ; A. H. Burlingham, D.D. ; D. C. Eddy, D.D. ; Warren Randolph, D.D. ; L. L. Wood, and T. J. B. House. The present pastor is O. T. Walker. Although having suffered by re- movals, between 1,700 and 1,800 persons have united with this church. The membership is nearly 300; the society is in a prosperous condition, and promises to continue in carrying on a good work in its vicinity. The building has a stone " swell " front, — almost alone in its style of architec- ture, — and contains seats for about 1,000 persons. The Columbus-avenue Universalist Church was organized in 181 7. Its first church was on School Street, on the site of the present School-street Block. Its present church edifice, erected in 1872, is of Roxbury stone, and is admirably adapted to its uses, being exceedingly cheerful and pleasant, with painted windows, including the " Man of Sorrows," the " Risen Lord," and the twelve apostles; symbols of Faith, Hope, Charity, and Purity; and memorials of the first pastor, Hosea Ballou, its Sunday-school super- A'/NG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. *75 intendent for thirty years, Thomas A. Goddard, and its eight deceased deacons. Its cost was $160,000. The parish, whose legal title is "The Second Society of Universalists in the Town of Boston," enjoyed the labors of its first pastor from 181 7 to the time of his death, in 1852, at the age of 82 years. He was a man of great insight, marked originality, and singular si mplicity and clear- ness in all his rea- sonings and teach- ings. E. H.Chapin, D.D., was his col- league from May 1, 1846, to May 1, 1848, when he re- moved to the city of New York. The present pastor, A. A. Miner, D.D., became colleague May 1, 1848, and sole pastor in 1852. He was president of Tufts College from 1862 to 1875, preaching regularly during that period to his parish each morning service, and to the college audience in the af- ternoon. Dr. Miner is now one of the senior pastors of the city. He has been ten years a member of the State Board of Educa- tion, and through- out the 30 years of his ministry an ear- nest pleader for the cause of liberty and prohibition. His parish, sharing thus largely in edu- cational and reform work, has enjoyed great prosperity, and held through- out its history a conspicuous place in the body of Universalist churches. Second Universalist Church, Columbus Avenue. 176 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. -*!*. The First Congregational Society of Jamaica Plain (Unitarian), previous to 1770, constituted a part of the Second or Upper Parish of Roxbury. Mrs. Susanna Pemberton, daughter of Peter Faneuil, with many other members, desired to have a church nearer their homes. Through her influ- ence, and the liberality of her husband (Benjamin Pemberton), a new society was formed, and a church built at Jamaica Plain. It was called the Third Parish in Roxbury, and was incorporated under that name. The house was completed in 1770; and in 1783 Gov. John Hancock gave the society a church-bell that had been removed from the " New Brick " Church in Bos- ton. In 1854 a beautiful stone edifice was erected on the site of the wooden building, and in 1871 it was remodelled. In 1863 the corporate name was changed to " The First Congregational Society of Jamaica Plain." The pastors have been : in 1772, William Gordon, an Englishman, and author of the "History of the American Revolution:" in 1793, Thomas Gray; in 1836, George Whitney, as associate; in 1843, Joseph H. Allen; in 1845, Grindall Reynold ; in 1859, James W. Thompson, who is still in charge, with Charles F. Dole, appointed in 1876, as associate. The Mount-Vernon Church, on Ashburton Place, formerly Somerset Court, was completed and dedicated in 1844, six months after the corner- stone was laid. The society was or- ganized in 1842, chiefly to secure the services of Edward N. Kirk, D.D., as pastor, whose death, in 1874, closed a life-long service of 32 years, during which time he gath- ered about him a large and devoted congregation. Samuel E. Herrick, D.D., was installed in 1871 as pastor. At the organization of the church it had 47 members. Since that time 1,596 have been added. The pres- ent membership is 542. Dwight L. Moody, the evangelist, first professed religion in this church. The South Congregational Church, on Union-park Street, was first pro- posed in 1825, to accommodate Congregationalists who resided in the vicinity of Boylston Market. The chairman of the first meeting was Alden Bradford, ex-secretary of the Commonwealth. In 1828 was laid the corner-stone of a Mount-Vernon Church, Ashburton Place. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 177 church, which was finished in the following January. The first minister was Mellish Irving Motte, who had previously been an Episcopal clergyman in Charleston, S.C. His ministry lasted for 15 years. His successor was Frederic Dan Huntington, who, after 13 years' successful service, left the society to become the Plummer Professor at Harvard College. He was succeeded by the present minister, Edward Everett Hale, a graduate of Harvard College, who is one of the most untiring workers among the clergymen of Boston, and whose literary work has made his name familiar all over the country. In i860 a larger church proved necessary; and on the 8th of June, in the midst of war and rumors of war, the corner-stone was laid. With remarkable promptness this beautiful church was finished in seven months, and dedicated Jan. 8, 1862. For the first time a responsive service was used in the church ; and, after reading selections from the Bible, the congregation, who had built the church, with united voices dedicated it " To the glory of God our Father, To the gospel and memory of His Son, and To the communion and fellowship of His Spirit." The Walnut-avenue Congregational Church, Roxbury district, was pri- marily an offshoot from the Eliot Congregational Church. Public services were first held Oct. 2, 1870, and a Sunday school of 17 classes was formed. Dec. 19, following, the church was duly recognized by a council of churches in the vicinity, under its present name, and with a membership of 84, which has since increased to 266. Albert H. Plumb was installed pastor Jan. 4, 1872. The present edifice, called a chapel, though it is large, and has a seating capacity for about 600, is situated on the corner of Walnut Avenue and Dale Street. It was built of Roxbury stone, with Nova Scotia stone trimmings, and is of the Gothic style of architecture. Farewell services were held in Highland Hall, where the society first worshipped, May 25, 1873 ; and the new chapel was dedicated the following day. The Winthrop Congregational Church is on Green Street, Charlestown district. It was incorporated March 1, 1833, and called the "Winthrop Church " in remembrance of the pious Gov. John Winthrop, who founded a church in Charlestown in 1630. The first house of worship was on Union Street. The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid May 31, 1848. The building is Gothic, of brown-colored brick ; and the spacious auditorium is old style with modern pulpit. The pastors have been Daniel Crosby, 1833- 1842; John Humphrey, 1842-1847; Benjamin Tappan, jun., 1848— 1857 ; Abbott E. Kittredge (now of Chicago), 1859-1863 ; and J. E. Rankin (now of Washington, D.C.), 1 864-1 870. The present pastor is A. S. Twombly, 1872. The church has 500 members, and a large Sunday school. It has always been distinguished as a conservative, generous society, maintaining the dig- nity of the Congregational polity. It has been a "mother of churches," 178 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. sending its members to nearly all the churches of its denomination in Bos- ton and vicinity from time to time. Carleton College, Minnesota, and Doane College, Nebraska, were endowed largely by two of its members, and named from them. The Shawmut Congregational Church, organized in 1849, grew from the "Suffolk-street Union Church," a modest organization o± 50 members, formed on Nov. 20, 1845, an d worshipping in a little chapel on Shawmut Avenue, built by the City Missionary Society, with George A. Oviatt, the latter soci- ety's general agent, as pastor. The first pastor of the organized Shawmut Congregational Church was William Cowper Foster, who was installed Oct. 24, 1849. He was succeeded by Charles Smith, then of Andover, who was installed Dec. 8, 1853, and occupied the position until the au- tumn of 1858. The church was then without a pastor until June 14, i860, when Edwin B. Webb, D.D., the present pastor, was called. He was installed Oct. 5, that year. The chapel of the Missionary So- ciety was used by the church until 1852, when a new meeting-house was built, and dedicated Nov. 18, that year. Soon after Dr. Webb's settlement, this house was found to be inadequate; and in January, 1863, it was voted to erect a new one. Accordingly land was purchased on the corner of Tremont and Brook- line Streets; and the present build- ing was erected, and was dedicated on Feb. 11, 1864. The society maintains a mission-chapel, which was dedicated Nov. 1, 18G5. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the church, placing the date of its organization at the time of the establishment of the " Suffolk-street Union Church," was celebrated on the 20th of November, 1870 ; and George A. Oviatt, the first pastor, preached the historical sermon. The Union Church was organized on June 10, 1822, with twelve mem- bers ; on the 1 8th another member was admitted; and in August following twelve more, they having been dismissed from their respective churches to strengthen this young organization, — eight from the Park-street Church, Shawmut Congregational Church, Tremont Street KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 179 three from the Old South, and one from the church in Braintree ; and in commemoration of this event the organization took its name. The first pas- tor of the church was Samuel Green, who was installed March 26, 1823. He resigned in 1833 on account of failing health; and his pastorate ceased on the 26th of March, 1834, the eleventh anniversary of his installation. A few months later he died. During his ministry 600 members were added to the church. Nehemiah Adams of Cambridge succeeded Mr. Green, and continued as senior pastor until his death, Oct. 6, 1878. He was installed March 26, 1834; and in 1859 the twenty-fifth anniversary of his installation was duly celebrated. On Sunday, Feb. 14, 1869, Dr. Adams was taken dan- gerously ill in his pulpit, and from that time till May, 1871, was unable to preach; Henry M. Parsons in the meanwhile, Dec. 1, 1870, having been installed as his associate. During Mr. Adams's active ministry, 993 per- sons were admitted to the church. Mr. Parsons, as associate pastor, was dismissed Dec. 30, 1874; and on the 1st of February, 1876, Frank A. War- field, then of Greenfield, succeeded him. At present Mr. Warfield is the only pastor. The church from which the Union Church was formed first gathered in Boylston Hall. Soon after, several individuals erected a meet- ing-house in Essex Street ; but, after the church had occupied it about two years, difficulties arose between the pastor and some of his church, and the pastor and the church as a body removed to Boylston Hall again. Subse- quently a minority, who declined to follow the pastor, were organized into a separate church, June 10, 1822 ; and Aug. 26 they took the name of Union Church, and obtained formal title to the Essex-street meeting-house, the same day. In 1840 this was remodelled, at an expense of $20,000; and on May 22, 1869, after being occupied as a place of worship for almost half a century, the last public services were held within its walls, and it was soon after occupied for purposes of trade. The present beautiful and costly edifice, on Columbus Avenue, corner of Newton Street, to which the church re- moved, was dedicated Nov. 17, 1870. The building of this church em- barrassed the society by a heavy debt ; but this was wholly removed a few years later. The Church of the Messiah (Episcopal), on Florence Street, was organ- ized in 1843. Its first rector was George M. Randall, D.D., afterwards Bishop of Colorado, who continued as rector until his elevation to the episcopate in 1866. Pelham Williams, D.D., was his successor, and served until 1876, when he resigned, and Henry Freeman Allen (the present rector) succeeded him. Mr. Allen is of a Boston family, and was graduated at Har- vard in i860. In 1869 the seats in the church were made free to all, and have so remained ever since. At the same time there were introduced in the parish various important changes in its practice, including the use of daily morning and evening prayer throughout the year, the celebration of 180 A'ING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the holy communion on all Sundays and festival-days, and the rendering of the musical part of the service by a surpliced male choir. The order and character of the services are still the same. The Twenty-eighth Congregational Society was founded by Theodore Parker. It was organized in November, 1845, by "friends of free thought," after Mr. Parker had been preaching for some months in Boston. Services were held in the Melodeon until the autumn of 1852, and afterwards in the Music Hall. Mr. Parker preached regularly until his illness in 1859, an d continued as minister until his death, May 10, i860. For a while after this, Samuel R. Calthrop, now of Syracuse, N.Y., occupied the pulpit ; from May, 1865, to July, 1866, David A. Wasson was the minister; during 1867 and 1868, Rev. Samuel Longfellow; from December, 1868, to November, 1871, James Vila Blake ; and the present minister is J. L. Dudley. The society has also had occasional pulpit services of such men as Ralph Waldo Emer- son, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, John Weiss, Moncure D. Conway, Francis E. Abbott, O. B. Frothingham ; and such women as Ednah D. Cheney and Celia Burleigh. In 1866 the society removed to the Parker Fraternity Rooms, then at No. 554 Washington Street; and in 1873 to the building on Berkeley, corner of Appleton Street, then newly erected by the Fraternity as a memorial to Theodore Parker, and known as the Parker Memorial Hall. The New Jerusalem Church Society (Swedenborgian) was formed in 1818, of twelve members; and at the present date (1878) the total member- ship is over 600. The late Thomas Worcester, D.D.,the first pastor, was one of its original founders. During his collegiate course at Harvard he became deeply interested in the writings of Swedenborg, and entered the service of the newly-formed society immediately after he was graduated. He continued as leader and pastor for forty-nine years. James Reed, the present pastor, was ordained as Dr. Worcester's assistant in i860, and suc- ceeded him in 1867. The house of worship on Bowdoin Street was built and dedicated in 1845, an d has been occupied ever since. Its seating capacity is about 800. F'or a long time there was no other society of the New Jerusalem or Swedenborgian Church in Boston or vicinity. Within a few years, however, churches have been established in the Roxbury district, Brookline, Newton, and Waltham, largely composed of members of the original society. In consequence of the small number of neighboring- societies, nearly every district and suburb of Boston is represented in the congregations of the Bowdoin-street church. There is probably no other church in the city whose regular attendants come, on the average, from so great a distance. The Congregational House is on the corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets. It was put into its present form, and consecrated to its present KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. i»i Congregational House, Beacon Street. use, in 1873. It has a frontage on Beacon Street of 103 feet, and on Somer- set Street of 93 feet. It is built of faced granite, front and rear, and is owned and con- trolled by the American Congre- gational Associa- tion, which was incorporated in 1854. It was in- tended to accom- modate, first and chiefly, all the be- nevolent societies having offices in Boston to which the Congregation- al churches make their regular con- tributions. It has, therefore, the ex- ecutive officers and workers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the Woman's Board, the Congregational Publishing So- ciety, the Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, the Ameri- can Missionary Association, the American College and Educa- tion Society, the American Peace Society, the Congregational Li- brary, and the Boston City Mis- sionary Society. The editorial and business rooms of " The Con<>re«'ationalist," the Massa- chusetts Total Abstinence So- ciety, Prof. L. B. Monroe's School of Oratory, and Thomas Todd's printing-rooms, are in this building; and three of its stores are occupied by the Rox- bury Carpet Company. It has a large hall on the third floor, in Wesleyan Association Building, Bromfield Street. which the ConoTeo-ational minis- ters of Boston and vicinity hold weekly and occasional meetings, and the l82 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Congregational Club has its monthly social gatherings. The religious issues of these various organizations, in the form of weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual publications, are numbered by millions, and sent to every part of the English-reading world. The Wesleyan Association building, 34 to 38 Bromfield Street, east of the Methodist church, was erected in 1870 by the Wesleyan Association, a corporation organized for the purpose of publishing a Methodist family paper. In the rear wing of the second story there is a fine hall, with seats for 300 persons, that is used chiefly for meetings, lectures, and concerts. Among the occupants of the building, are the Methodist Theological Semi- nary, on the two upper floors: Nichols & Hall, booksellers; G. S. Bryant & Co., dealers in pictures, frames, and photographers' materials ; and the Methodist Book Concern, on the first floor: "Zion's Herald;''" The Massa- chusetts Temperance Alliance ; and " The Nursery," published by J. L. Shorey, on the second floor. The Boston Young Men's Christian Union was organized in 1851, and incorporated in 1852. Its new and beau- tiful building, 18 Boylston Street, was dedicated in 1876. The aim of the Union is to provide for young men a homelike resort, with opportunities for good reading, pleasant social intercourse, entertainment, and healthful exercise. The Union is aided by many practical philanthropists. The Christmas and New-Year's Festival for needy children, the work of the Ladies' Aid Committee, the " Country Week " (a vacation for needy and worthy children), are some of its special charities. Religious services are held Sunday evenings, in the Union Hall : classes are formed for the study of languages and the English branch- es ; lectures, readings, and "practical talks " are given ; dramatic and musical entertain- ments are offered ; members' socials and out-door excursions are provided. The gymnasium is one of the largest and best- equipped in this country. There is an Employment Bureau for young men, Bureau of Reference for ladies, Boarding-house Committee, Church Committee, Reception Committee, and a Visiting Committee to care for the sick. The Union is non-sectarian, and the membership fee is one dollar a year. William H. Baldwin is the Young Men's Christian Union, Boylston St. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 183 president of the Union, Henry P. Kidder chairman of the board of trustees, and Otis Norcross treasurer. In the basement is the Union coffee-room. The Boston Young Men's Christian Association was organized Dec. 22, 185 1, and is the oldest " Y. M. C. A." in the United States. With the exception of the Montreal association, which was formed only one week earlier, it is the old- est in North America. The first rooms oc- cupied by the Boston association were at the corner of Wash- ington and Summer Streets. Its first president was Fran- cis O. Watts. From 1853 to 1872 the As- sociation occupied rooms in Tremont Temple. The pres- ent building, which is owned by the As- sociation, is at the corner of Tremont and Eliot Streets. During the war 500 of its members en- listed in the Union armies, and went into the field ; and the Army Relief Com- mittee raised $333,- 237.49, which was expended by the Christian Commission. The Association also rendered efficient service in sending aid to Chicago after its great fire ; over $34,000 in cash being raised, besides goods to the value of $219,000. In 1878 the Association attained its highest record in money raised for current expenses. Its present membership is 3,077. Its library has 4,478 volumes, and its reading- room is well supplied with papers and magazines. The parlor is large and handsomely furnished. The gymnasium is spacious and well patronized. The sociables, receptions, lectures, and classes are very popular among the young men of the city. George A. Miner is president, and M. R. Denning general secretary. Young Men's Christian Association Building, Eliot Street. 1 84 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON The following is a complete list of the churches of Boston : — Baptist. Bethel .... Bowdoin-square . Brighton-avenue . Bunker-hill . . . Central-square Clarendon-street . Day Star (colored) Dearborn-street Dudley-street . Ebenezer (colored) First First of Charlestown Fourth-street . . Harvard-street Independent (colored) Jamaica Plain . . Neponset-avenue . Ruggles-street . . South Stoughton-street . Trinity .... Twelfth (colored) Union Temple . Warren-avenue Catholic Apostol Catholic Apostolic Christian. Tyler Street . . . Congregational Trin- itarian. Berkeley-street . . , Boylston Chapel . . . Brighton Central Central, Jamaica Plain , Chambers-street . . , Dorchester Second . , Eliot , E-street First Parish Church and Society of Chs'n Highland Holland Immanuel Lenox-street Chapel . Maverick Mount- Vernon . . . Old Colony Chapel . . Old South Olivet Park-street Phillips Pilgrim Salem and Mariners' . Shawmut Branch Chapel 1851 ! Hanover, c. North Bennet St. 1840 \ Bowdoin Square. 1853 ; Brighton Avenue, Allston. 1851 ! Bunker-hill St., Charlestown. 1844 Central Square, East Boston. 1827 ; Clarendon, c. Montgomery St. 1876 Appleton, near Tremont St. 1871 j Dearborn Street. 1821 137 Dudley Street. 1873 85 West Concord Street. 1664 ; Shawmut Ave., c. Rutland St. 1801 \ Lawrence, c. Austin St., Chs'n. 1858 I Fourth, corner L Street, S.B. 1839 I Harrison Ave., c. Harvard St. 1805 Joy Street. 1842 Centre, c. Myrtle Street, J. P. 1837 1 Chickatawbut Street, Neponset. 1870 I Ruggles Street. 1828 ; Broadway, c. F Street, S.B. 1845 I Stoughton, c. Sumner St., Dor. 1877 ' Lyceum Hall, East Boston. 1848 j Phillips Street. 1863 ' Tremont Temple. 1743 I Warren Ave., c. W. Canton St. 1827 1827 1835 1853 1834 i860 1632 1869 1873 1857 '1836 1842 1669 1876 1809 1823 1867 1827 CLERGYMAN. Henry A. Cooke . , F. B. Dickinson . . Francis E. Tower . William O. Holman J. Spencer Kennard Adoniram J. Cordon, D A. Ellis Charles A. Reese Henry M. King, D.D. J. H. Gaines . G. B. Crane, D.D. . John B. Brackett, D.D L. L. Wood . . . O. T. Walker . . . John W. Matthews . D. H. Taylor . . . Joseph Banvard, D.D. Robert G. Seymour . J. H. Barrows . . George F. Warren . 1 William C. Dennis . ! George C. Lorimer, D.D D 1864 j 227 Tremont Street. 1804 Tyler, corner Kneeland Street. Berkeley St., c. Warren Ave. Chapel St. n. Boyls'n-st.Sta.J.P. Wash'nSt.,opp. C.F. Hotel, Br. Berkeley, c. Newbury Street. Elm St., c. Seaverns Ave., J. P. Chambers, near Cambridge St. Washington, c. Centre St., Dor. Kenilworth Street. E Street, South Boston. Harvard Square, Charlestown. I Henry L. Kendall Joseph B. Clark . . F. B. Allen . . . James H. Means ) A. C. Thompson, D.D I B. F. Hamilton Simeon S. Hughson Parker, near Tremont Street. Parker, corner Ruggles Street. Moreland, c. Copeland Street. Lenox Street. Central Square, East Boston. Ashburton Place. Tyler, near Harvard Street. Dartmouth, c. Boylston Street. Concord Hall, W. Springfield St. Tremont, corner Park Street. Broadway, n. Dorch. St., S.B. Stoughton Street, Dorchester. Salem, c. North Bennet Street. 642 Harrison Avenue. Albert E. Dunning G. Van DeKreeke Lyman H. Blake W. L. Lockwood John V. Hilton . Samuel E. Herrick, D. D. W. Waldron . . Jacob M. Manning, D F. H. Allen . . . John L. Withrow, D.D R. R. Meredith . H. A. Shorey . . Stephen H. Hayes D. W. Waldron . D. I). X 8 o as 2 < u 1877 1871 1874 1877 1869 1876 1878 1863 1876 1877 1877 1874 1876 1876 1877 1875 1870 1878 1877 1876 1873 Jasper F. Wightman . . 1874 Edward Edmunds . . . 1843 William Burnet Wright . 1867 Henry A. Stevens . 1874 1872 1876 1848 1842 1871 1877 1876 1870 1873 1877 "1873 1871 1857 1878 1876 1878 1877 1870 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. '»5 Shawmut South Evangelical . . Trinity Union Village Walnut-avenue . . . Winthrop Congregational Uni- tarian. Arlington-street . . . Brattle-square . . . . Bulfinch-place Chapel . Christian Unity Society Church of our Father . Church of the Disciples Church of the Unity. Ch. of the Unity, of Nep. First First Cong. Society . . First Parish of Brighton First Parish of Dor. . . First Parish of W. Rox. . First Religious Society in Roxbury . . . Hanover-street Chapel Harrison-square . Harvard Chapel . Harvard .... Hawes-place Cong. Hollis-street . . King's Chapel . Mount-Pleasant New North . . . New South Free . Second .... Second Hawes Cong. South ...... Third Religious Society Warren-street Chapel Wash.Vil. Union Chapel West Episcopal. All Saints' Chapel of the Evangelists Christ Church of the Advent . Ch. of the Good Shepherd Church of the Messiah . Emmanuel Grace Reformed St. James St. John|s of B. H'ghl'ds St. John's of Charlestown St. John's of E. Boston St. John's of Jamaica PI St. Margaret's . . St. Mark's . . , St. Mary's . . , St. Mary's of Dor. St. Matthew's . 1845 1835 1859 1822 1829 1870 1833 1727 1699 1826 1859 1857 1859 1630 1770 1730 1630 1712 1630 1854 1817 1819 1732 1686 1846 1714 1867 1649 1845 1827 1813 1835 1856 J 736 1868 1876 !7 2 3 1843 i860 1874 1877 1832 1871 1839 1845 1871 1851 1851 '1816 Tremont, c. Brookline Street. Centre, c.Mt. Vernon St. W. Rox. Walnut Street, Neponset. 485 Columbus Avenue. River, near Temple St., Dor. Walnut Avenue, c. Dale Street. Green Street, Charlestown. Arlington Street. Commonw'h Av.c. Clarendon St, Bulfinch Place. 50 Meridian Street, E.B. W. Brookline St., c.WarrenAve, 91 West Newton Street. Walnut Street, Neponset. Marlborough, c. Berkeley St. Centre, c. Eliot Street, J. P. Washington, c. Market St., Br. Winter, c. East St., Dorchester. Centre, c. Church St., W. Rox. Eliot Square, Roxbury. 175 Hanover Street. Neponset Ave., c. Mill St., Dor. CLERGYMAN. Edwin B. Webb, D.D. Edward Strong, D.D. F. A. Warfield . . Philander Thurston . Albert H. Plumb . Alexander S. Twombly John F. W. Ware Samuel H. Winkley. Warren H. Cudworth James Freeman Clarke Minot J. Savage . . Main, c. Green St., Charlestown K, c. East Fourth Street, S.B. Hollis Street. Tremont, corner School Street. 221 Dudley Street. Camden, corner Tremont Street. Boylston, near Clarendon St. Broadway, bet. G & H Sts., S.B. Union Park Street. Richmond Street, Dorchester. Warrenton Street. Dorchester Street, South Boston. Cambridge, c. Lynde Street. Dorchester Ave., Dorchester. Charles, near Allen Street. Salem Street. Bowdoin Street. Cortes Street. Florence Street. Newbury St., n. Arlington St. Dorchester Street, South Boston. Somerset St. (in Baptist Ch.). St. James, n.Wash. St. Roxbury. 1262 Tremont Street. Bow, c. Richmond St., Chs'n. Paris, c. Decatur Street, E.B. Centre Street, Jamaica Plain. Washington, c. Church St., Br. West Newton Street. Parmenter Street. Bowdoin Street, Dorchester. 408 Broadway, South Boston. Rufus Ellis, D.D. . \ James W. Thompson ) Charles F. Dole William Brunton . Samuel J Barrows . Aug. M. Haskell . John Graham Brooks Edwin J. Gerry . Caleb D. Bradlee Pitt Dillingham Herman Bisbee Henry W Foote . Carlos C. Carpenter W'illiam P. Tilden 8 < i860 1872 1876 1875 1872 1872 1872 1846 1852 1841 1874 1853 1859 1876 1877 1876 1870 1875 1858 1876 1876 1874 1861 1870 1867 George A. Thayer Edward E. Hale .... 1856 George M . Bodge William G. Babcock . . 1865 James Sallaway . . Cyrus A. Bartol, D.D. . 1837 George S. Bennitt ... I 1875 B. B. Killikelly .... 1877 Henry Burroughs, D.D. . 1868 C. C. Grafton, D.D. . . 1872 George J. Prescott . . . 1874 Henry F. Allen .... 1876 Leighton Parks .... 1878 Alex. Mackay Smith . . 1877 Samuel Cutler .... 1877 Percy Browne .... 1872 George S . Converse . . . 1874 Thomas R. Lambert, D.D. 1856 F. S. Harradon Sumner U. Shearman Thomas Cole 1876 Charles H. Babcock Joshua R. Peirce . . . 1872 L. W. Saltonstall . . . 1878 John Wright 1874 i86 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. St. Matthew's Chapel St. Paul's .... St. Stephen's . . . Trinity Freewill Baptist. D-street First Jewish. Cong. Har Moriah . Cong. Mishkan Israel Cong. Shaaray Tefila Congregational Bethel Ohabei Shalom . . Shomri Shabos Temple Adath Israel ) (German) . ) Lutheran. Evang. Lutheran Zion . First Scand. Evangel. . Immanuel's German . . Swedish Evan. Emanuel Trinity (German) . . Methodist. Benningt'n-street Chapel First African .... First Independent Zion (colored) .... Methodist Episcopal Allston . . . Appleton Broadway . . Dorchester . . Dorchester-street Egleston-square First .... Grace (German) Harrison-avenue Harrison-square Highland . . Jamaica Plain . Mariners' . . Mattapan . . Meridian-street Mount-Pleasant People's . . . Revere-street (colore Roslindale . . Ruggles-street . Saratoga-street Second . . Tremont-street Trinity . Monument-square Washington Village Winthrop-street u) 1875 1819 1829 1728 1835 1843 1834 1873 1871 1839 1862 1872 1851 1832 1818 i860 1771 1840 1870 ^859 1873 1798 East Fifth, c. N Street, S.B. 134 Tremont Street. Tyler, corner Kneeland Street. Boylston, c. Clarendon Street. D, corner Silver Street, S.B. Somerset, near Beacon Street. 72 Westminster Street. Ash Street. Winchester and Church Streets. 284 Harrison Avenue. Warrenton Street. 219 Hanover Street. 139 Pleasant Street. Shawmut Ave., c. Waltham St. Parmenter Street. 77 Chelsea Street, East Boston. Emerald Street. Parker, near Tremont Street. CLERGYMAN. John Wright .... Wm. Wilberforce Newton Andrew Gray .... Phillips Brooks, D.D. . Bennington Street, East Boston, 68 Charles Street. 87 Shawmut Avenue. North Russell Street. Harvard Av.c. Farring'n St. All. Walnut St., n. Nep. Ave., Nep. Broadway, near F Street, S.B. Washington, n. SanfordSt.,Dor. Dorchester, c. Silver St., S.B. Washington, c. Beethoven St. Temple Street. 777 Shawmut Avenue. 375 Harrison Avenue. Parkman Street, Dorchester. 160 Warren Street. Revere, c. Newbern St., J. P. North Square. Norfolk Street, Mattapan. Meridian, c. Decatur St., E.B. Columbus Ave., c. Berkeley St. Revere Street. Ashland, n. Florence St., W.Rox. Ruggles, c. Windsor Street. Saratoga Street, East Boston. Bromfield Street. Tremont, c. West Concord St. High, c. WoodSt.,Chs'n. Monument Sq., Charlestown. Washington Village. Winthrop Street, Roxbury. Isaac Ritterman . L. Crown . . . Mark J. Hamburger R. Lasker . . . Isaac B. Reinherz Solomon Schindler C. J. Hermann Fick C. F. Johannson . . Adolf Biewend . . W. H. Hunter Henry Morgan R. H. Dyson . W. G. Richardson . . . Charles F. Rice . . . . John H. Twombly, D.D. . Frank J. Wagner . . . Nicholas T. Whitaker . . D. W. Couch J. A. M. Chapman, D.D., J. Kolb L. D. Bragg . J. W. Johnston J. W. Bashford C. L. Eastman O. L. Carter . Lewis B. Bates Alfred Woods . J. W. Hamilton S. S. Curry .... William G. Leonard William R. Clark, D.D. W. F. Mallalieu, D.D. William S. Studley, D.D. Alfred A. Wright . . Joseph H. Mansfield . H. A. Cleaveland 9. K 2 < 1874 1877 1875 1873 1871 1876 1876 1877 1876 1878 1876 1878 1876 1878 1878 1878 1876 1878 1876 1876 1877 1877 1877 [876 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON Miscellaneous. Boston Deaf-Mute Soc. . Church of "Jesus Only " French Services . . . Grove Hall New-England Indepen- dent Congregational North-End Mission . . North-st. Union Mission Twenty-eighthCong.Soc. Union for ChristianWork New Jerusalem. (Swedeuborgian.) Boston Highlands Soc. . First New Jerusalem Presbyterian. First First of East Boston First Reformed First United . . Fourth . . . . Second Reformed . Shawmut-street Reformed. German Roman Catholic. Cathedral of the Holy Cross Church of our Lady of Perpetual Help . . | Church of our Lady of ) the Assumption . . \ Church of our Most ) Holy Redeemer . . \ Church of the Gate of) Heaven . . . . I Church of the Holy ) Trinity (German) . \ Church of the Immacu- ) late Conception . . ) Church of the Sacred / Heart ) Star of the Sea . . . . St. Augustine . . St. Columbkille St. Francis de Sales . St. Francis de Sales . St. Gregory St. James St. John the Baptist ) (Portuguese) . . ) St. Joseph's St. Joseph's of Roxbury St. Leonard's of Port ) Morris (Italian) . ) St. Marys of the Sacred I Heart \ 1874 1875 1877 1858 1845 1870 1818 1833 1803 1842 1861 1S19 1854 1875 1836 Boylston Hall. 2 Beacon-hill Place. 18 Boylston Street. Warren St., c. Blue-hill Ave. Music Hall. 201 North Street. 144 Hanover Street. Berkeley, c. Appleton Street. Heath Street. St. James, c. Regent Street. Bowdoin Street. Berkeley, c. Columbus Avenue. Meridian Street, East, Boston. Ferdinand, c. Isabella Street. Berkeley, c. Chandler Street. Fourth, bet. G and H Sts., S.B. 176 Tremont Street. 8 Shawmut Street. 8 Shawmut Street. Washington, c. Maiden Street. 1545 Tremont Street. Sumner Street, East Boston. Maverick Street, East Boston. I, near Fourth Street, S.B. 140 Shawmut Avenue. Harrison Ave., c. E. Concord St, Brooks, c. Paris Street. Saratoga Street. Dorchester, near Eighth Street. Arlington, c. Market St., Br. Bunker-hill St., Charlestown. 103 Vernon Street. Dorch. Ave., n. Richmond St. Harrison Ave., n. Kneeland St. North Bennet Street. Chambers Street. Circuit Street, Roxbury. Prince Street. Endicott, c. Thacher Street. CLERGYMAN. Edmund Squire N. Cyr . . . Charles Cullis . William H. H. Murray J. H. Crowell .... Philip Davies .... John L. Dudley . . . William Bradley . . . Abiel Silver James Reed James B. Dunn William Graham . . . Alexander Blaikie, D.D. William M. Baker . . David McFall . . . P. M. McDonald . . Louis B. Schwarz . John B. Smith . . William Loewekamp Joseph H. Cassin James Fitton . . . M. F. Higg'.ns . . Francis X. Nopper . Robert Fulton . . L. P. McCarthy . . Dennis O'Callahan . P. J. Rogers . . . M. J. Supple . . . J. J. Delahanty . . W. H. Fitzpatrick . Thomas H. Shahan . H. B. M. Hughes, J.O William J. Daly . . P. O'Beirne . . . J. N. Boniface . , William H. Duncan D. S K 2 < 1874 1875 1870 1867 1847 1877 i8 7 3 1855 1873 1875 1877 i88 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Paul St. Mary's . . St. Patrick's St. Peter and St St. Peter's . . . St. Stephen's . . St. Theresa . . . St. Thomas . . . St. Vincent de Paul Second Advent Branch Chapel . . Evangelical Advent Universalist. Brighton . . . Central-square . Church of Our Father First of Roxbury . First of Charlestown Grove Hall . Jamaica Plain Second . . Shawmut St. John's . 1829 1835 1S38 1872 1842 1872 1848 1872 1865 1869 1821 1812 1878 1872 1817 1837 1873 LOCATION. Richmond Street, Charlestown. Dudley, c. Magazine Street. Broadway, South Boston. Meeting-house Hill, Dorchester, Hanover, corner Clark Street. Spring Street, West Roxbury. South, c. Jamaica Street, J. P. E, corner Third Street. 2029 Washington Street. Hudson, c. Kneeland Street. Union Square, Brighton. Central Square, East Boston. Broadway, opp. Blind St., S.B. Guild Row, c. Dudley Street. Warren Street, Charlestown. Blue-hill Ave., c. Schuyler St. Centre St. ,n .Greenough Av. , J . P. Columbus Ave., c Clarendon St. Shawmut Ave., bel.Brookline St. Adams, c. Gibson Street, Dor. CLERGYMAN. William Byrne . . J. H. Gallagher . . William A. Blenkinsop Peter Ronan . . . Michael Moran . . Richard J. Barry T. L. Magennis . . William J. Corcoran John G. Hook Cyrus Cunningham B. F. Eaton John J. Lewis . . . A. J. Patterson, D.D. Charles F. Lee . . F. A. Dillingham Alonzo A. Miner, D.D. Joseph K. Mason C. H. Leonard . . . 1874 1872 1863 1872 1872 1867 1866 1877 1875 Note. — The names, and the dates of formation, of the churches were in most cases furnished by the clergymen in charge. Many of them differ from those published in other works. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 189 Cfje ©eart of tlje CCttg. BENEVOLENT AND CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS, HOMES, AND ASYLUMS. THE many public and private organized charities of Boston are quite bewildering in their variety; and their work is done, as a rule, system- atically and well. Many thousand dollars are expended annually; and every class of the poor and unfortunate is in one way or another reached, more or less satisfactorily, by the several organizations ; and it would seem that, in a city so well supplied with such institutions, and with such a noble band of professional and volunteer workers, there should be little suffering and want within its limits. But, alas, and alas ! " The poor ye have always with you." And Boston, in spite of the organized efforts of thoughtful and good people, and the annual expenditure of large sums of money, has its full share of unrelieved suffering and want. The Central Charity Bureau and Temporary Home, established by the city, aided by $20,000 sub- scribed by citi- zens, occupies three substan- tial buildings of brick with trim- granite mings, on Ch a r d o n Street; and here are ad- ministered its official out- door charities. The Charity Building is oc- cupied by the overseers of Charity Building and Temporary Home, Chardon Street. the poor, the city physician, and the paymaster of the soldiers' relief; and by the following private charitable societies : the Boston Provident Asso- 190 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. ciation, the Industrial Aid Society, the Boston Sewing Circle, the Ladies' Relief Agency, the Young Men's Benevolent Society, the German Emi- grant Aid Society, the Boston Police Relief Association, the Ladies' Co- operative Visiting Society, the Society for the Registration of Charities, and the Homoeopathic Dispensary. Since the establishment of this bureau, the charities of the city have been dispensed more systematically than ever before, and imposture in their bestowal has been to a large extent prevented. The Temporary Home is designed to provide for foundlings, and persons in a destitute condition. Only women and children are allowed to lodge there, but meals are given out to both sexes under the order of the over- seers of the poor or the superintendent. The able-bodied persons who apply for food are required to work before obtaining it: the men saw and pile wood, and the women do the housework. The architects of the buildings were Sturgis & Brigham. The Directors for Public Institutions, whose office is at 30 Pemberton Square, have charge of the city poor and reformatory institutions, a list of which is given in the chapter on " The Public Buildings." Among the places under their charge where the official indoor charities are administered are the following : — The Almshouse for Girls, situated on Deer Island, where in 1877 there was an average of 65 inmates, besides an average of 47 inmates in the nursery connected with the house ; the almshouse for male paupers, on Rainsford Island, where 240 persons were kept in 1877, — a larger number than in any previous year, and which necessitated the enlargement of the buildings; the almshouse situated in the Charlestown district, on the north side of the Mystic River, near the Maiden Bridge, where in 1877 an average of 80 inmates was accommodated, 48 persons provided with lodgings, and 1,460 persons furnished with meals, — the whole cost of the meals being $75 ; the Home for the Poor, on the Austin farm in the West-Roxbury dis- trict, which in 1877 had an average of 104 inmates; and the Marcella-street Home for pauper and neglected boys, with an average of 165 inmates. Of the character and extent of the private charities and benevolent work of the city, the following concise sketches of a few of the prominent organi- zations will give a fair idea ; and they will be found, also, to contain much interesting information. The Registration of Charities was formed in 1876, by persons interested in charitable work, for the registration of families receiving aid from the various charitable organizations of the city ; the object being to secure an interchange of information, to detect imposture, to discourage begging, to distinguish the worthy from the unworthy, and to promote economy and efficiency in the distribution of relief. The officers of the Executive Com- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 191 mittee are: Martin Brimmer, chairman; Miss F. R. Morse, secretary ; and the Rev. Henry F. Jenks, treasurer. The office is in the Charity Building. Twelve thousand names are on the list of persons receiving aid from the organizations reporting to this bureau. The City Missionary Society is the oldest institution of its kind in the country, having been organized in 18 16, and incorporated in 1820. It works not only to bring the non-church-going classes under the influence of religion by personal visits of its missionaries, gathering children and others into sabbath schools, neighborhood and chapel meetings, and the distribution of religious reading, but seeks the physical welfare of the poor by procuring employment for them, providing homes for orphan and destitute children, and extending pecuniary aid. It now employs 20 male and female mission- aries, who visit 10,000 families a year. The annual expenditures of the society amount to $25,000. It is supported by Congregationalists, but is unsectarian in its operations. The headquarters of the society are in the Congregational House, corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets. The Boston Provident Association was organized in 1851, and incor- porated three years later, to aid in suppressing street-beggary, and in "elevating and improving the condition of the poor." Relief is distributed systematically in all sections of the city, through special officers serving gratuitously ; and to many employment is furnished. About 5,000 families are relieved by this society yearly. The expenses of the society average $20,000 a year. It is supported by yearly subscriptions, donations, and in- come from legacies. The head office is in the Charity Building, Chardon Street. The Roxbury Charitable Society was formed as long ago as 1794, for " the relief of the poor and the prevention of pauperism." Clothing, fuel, provisions, and money to a limited extent, are distributed, through an agent, exclusively to citizens of the Roxbury district. The society has a large fund, from legacies, donations, and subscriptions ; and its disbursements are generous and extensive. The agent has headquarters in Cox Building, on the corner of Dudley and Bartlett Streets. The Home for Aged Poor, Roxbury district, was established in 1870, and incorporated two years later, by the " Little Sisters of the Poor," a Catholic sisterhood instituted some years ago in France by a poor priest and two working-girls of St. Servan. Their special purpose is to support old people in various countries. The sisterhood now includes 2,000 sisters, and supports 20,000 old people. Applicants are received without regard to their religious professions or nationality : they must simply be of good moral character, destitute, and 60 years old. The charity is maintained by daily collections of the sisters, and by donations. Among those who have aided it by gifts is Mrs. Andrew Carney, the widow of the founder of the 192 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Carney Hospital. The Home is pleasantly situated on Dudley Street, cor- ner of Woodward Avenue. One building accommodates 41 aged women, and another 40 aged men. Eleven sisters manage the institution, and the sisters do the domestic work. None receive salaries or wages. When the new building is completed, next year, there will be accommodations for 200 old people. The Winchester Home for Aged Women, in the Charlestown district, was founded from a bequest, valued at $10,000, left by Mrs. Nancy Win- chester of that district for this purpose, and was opened in 1866 with six Winchester Home for Aged Women, Eden Street, Charlestown District. inmates: the present number is 29. The building now occupied, No. 10 Eden Street, was erected in 1872-3. The beneficiaries must be of American birth, 60 years of age, and must have been residents of the Charlestown district for ten years preceding application. They are charged $100 for admission fee, and about $50 for furniture. The expenses are met by the income of the Winchester property, entertainments, donations, and sub- scriptions. Liverus Hull is president, Abram E. Cutter secretary, and Mrs. Louisa A. Ramsey matron. The Home for Aged Colored Women, situated at 27 Myrtle Street, was founded in i860, and incorporated four years later. Among those interested in its establishment were the late Gov. John A. Andrew and James Free- man Clarke. It cares for from 18 to 20 inmates, and renders outside assist- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. [ 93 MlCHtR'ttUSSEt Home for Aged Women, Revere Street. ance to others. It is supported by subscriptions and donations, its ex- penses being from $3,000 to $4,000 a year. Its general work is carried on by the directors, most of whom are ladies. The Home for Aged Women, at 108 Revere Street, was organized in 1849, and has furnished a home to nearly 300 aged persons, of whom 158 have died while in its care. The present number of inmates is about 90. About half of that num- ber, being aged and infirm per- sons who have been useful as nurses to the sick, are also aided at their own homes in quarterly in- stalments, from a special fund be- queathed for this purpose. Henry B. Rogers is president, Henry Emmons secretary, and Miss L. D. Paddock matron. Disabled Soldiers and Sailors and their families, and the families of those who lost their lives in the late war, and who have died since the war of injuries received or disease contracted during service, receive aid from the city at the Central Charity Bureau on Chardon Street. During the year 1877 the amount paid was $78,163. At the beginning of 1878 there were about 1,400 beneficiaries. The State repays the city for amounts paid out in this aid. The Industrial Temporary Home, No. 17 Davis Street, was chartered in 1877, to furnish temporary lodging and food for destitute persons of both sexes, who are willing to work. Those parties who contribute certain sums to this institution are given tickets entitling the bearer to meals or lodging, on condition of working a specified time in payment of the same. Help for laundry-work, sewing, wood-sawing, and manual labor of all kinds, is furnished by the institution, which is supported by the income derived in that way, and by contributions. A. J. Gordon is the president, and Mrs. D. C. Maxwell matron. The Home for Aged Men, on Springfield Street, which was organized in 1 861, is an institution the purpose of which is to provide a home for, and otherwise assist, respectable aged and indigent men. Since its establish- 194 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. ment, there have been 96 inmates, and 85 old men have received aid at their own homes. The home was first opened in 1861, at No. 17 South Street, and was removed in 1869 to the present building, which was pur- chased of the city. The building was erected in 1855 for a lying-in hospital, and was occupied for that purpose almost two years. It was subse- quently bought by the Female Medical College, but soon reverted to the city, and during the war, and for several years after, was used as a home for discharged soldiers. Only natives of the United States are admitted as bene- ficiaries. The Home is sup- ported by volun- tary contributions. Peter C. Brooks is president, David H. Coolidge clerk, and Sarah W. Lincoln superintendent. The Children's Home, and Home for Aged Females, originated in 1856, and opened in 1859, is designed to provide for orphan or half-orphan children, and old women of small means having no near kindred. It charges a low rate of board, — for children $2.00, and women $4.00 per week. It is pleasantly situated on Copeland Street, in the Roxbury district; and the number of inmates averages 20. The yearly expenses are $4,500, and it is supported by subscriptions and generous donations. The management is not sectarian. The Temporary Home for the Destitute cares for young children, and finds homes for them where they will be well treated, and brought up in a manner that will make them useful members of society. It also relieves destitute children, infants, and women out of employment. The work began 32 years ago, through the efforts of John Augustus and Eliza Garnaut, the former a poor shoemaker, and the latter an estimable widow. It was incorporated in 1852. During the year 1877 the Home received 268 Home for Aged Men, Springfield Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. J 95 children, including 34 infants, returned 140 of them to their parents, placed 79 for adoption, and provided homes for 60 in families. The president is John Ayres, and the matron Mrs. A. L. Gwynne, who has served since 1848. The Home is at No. 1 Pine Place. The Children's Mission to the Children of the Destitute occupies a brick building at No. 277 Tremont Street, near Hollis Street. It was instituted in 1849, incorporated in 1864, and is fostered by the Unitarians, though it is not sec- tarian in its functions or purposes. Its ob- jects are thus stated : " First, A mission to the poor, ignorant, neglected, orphan, and destitute chil- dren of this city ; to gather them into day and Sunday schools, to provide homes and employment for them, and to adopt and pursue such measures as will be most likely to save or rescue them from vice, ignorance, and degradation ; and to place them where they will receive such an education and be taught such occupations as will best fit them to support themselves, and enable them to become good and useful members of society. Second, To excite in the minds of the children of the more favored portion of our community a spirit of Christian sympathy and active benevolence, and, by interesting them in a work which appeals so strongly to their hearts, to stimulate them to acts of self-denial and earnest helpfulness, and thus prevent the growth of those seeds of selfishness which are so often early planted in the young mind." The Mission has found homes in New England and the West for about 6,000 children, and has afforded temporary aid to many more. Henry P. Kidder is president, and William Crosby superintendent. * The Massachusetts Infant Asylum was incorporated in 1867, to assist and provide for deserted and destitute infants. Babes of nine months and under are received, and when reaching the age of two years are discharged, excepting in cases of delicate health when discharge might endanger their lives. The State pays the Asylum for the board of State pauper infants. It occupies a building of its own in the Jamaica-Plain district, near the Boyl- Children's Mission, Tremont Street. 196 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON ston station of the Providence railroad. The average number of infants provided for annually is about 130. Usually about 25 children are cared for in the asylum, and between 50 and 60 are boarded out, according to a plan adopted about a year ago to relieve the house from the pressure of increas- ing admissions. The yearly expenses are between $13,000 and $14,000. The Infant School and Children's Home, incorporated in 1869, to take and care for children until their parents could provide for them, and to find permanent homes for children without friends or worthy parents, is an out- growth from an institution started in 1833 to care for poor children during the absence of their parents at daily work. The present Home is at No. 36 Austin Street, Charlestown district. About 30 children are cared for each year; and the annual expense of the Home is about $1,500, met by private subscriptions and donations. The Church Home for Orphans and Destitute Children has grown, from an organization in 1854 to systematically provide clothing for poor children to enable them to attend Sunday school, to a thoroughly equipped home that is now providing for 100 children. The Home is situated at the cor- ner of Broadway, N, and Fourth Streets, and is supported and controlled by the Protestant Episcopal churches of the diocese of Massachusetts, though children of all denominations are received. The expenses aver- age $10,000 a year, and are met by subscriptions and donations. St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, for destitute girls, was established in 1 83 1, and incorporated in 1845. It is located on Shawmut Avenue, corner of Camden Street. Children are admitted without regard to creed or color, and from time to time are given for adoption or placed out at service. Thir- teen Catholic sisters have charge of the institution, and serve without pay; doing too, with the children, the domestic work. The yearly expense, about $12,000, is met by annual collections taken in all the Catholic churches in the city and vicinity, donations, and fairs ; and each church supports a cer- tain number of children. The expenses of some children are paid by rela- tives or friends. The Asylum cares for 225 children annually. The Association for the Protection of Destitute Catholic Children was organized and incorporated in 1864, and a home established for destitute orphan or neglected children. The present building, which cost with the land nearly $150,000, is situated on Harrison Avenue, opposite the Church of the Immaculate Conception. Between 300 and 400 children are annually received into the institution, and are cared for and instructed by the Sisters of Charity. On leaving, the children are returned to their friends, places are found for them, or they are provided with homes elsewhere. The cor- poration is wholly Catholic, though it is understood that children of all denominations will be received. The yearly expenses, between $12,000 and $14,000, are met by income from invested funds, donations, collections in churches, etc. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 197 St. Joseph's Home for Females is a home for domestics sick and out of work, and is managed by the sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis. It is a Catholic institution, at Nos. 41, 43, and 45 Brookline Street. It is wholly a charitable institution, and with few exceptions no charges are made to the inmates. Mother Mary Corbett is the Superior. The Baldwin-place Home for Little Wanderers is a worthy charitable institution at the North End. Its object is to res- cue children from want and shame, provide them with food and clothing, give them instruction, and place them in proper homes. It is not sectarian, six denominations being represented in the board of directors. It was incorporated in 1865, and the Home was dedicated the same year. The num- ber of children received in 13 years has been 4,509. J. Warren Merrill is presi- dent, Pliny Nickerson sec- retary, Win. G. Brooks, jun., treasurer, and R. G. Toles superintendent. The Society of Vincent de Paul was organized in 1861, and incorporated in 1869, for the purpose of "training its members to a life of Christian charity." The poor are visited at their homes, and relieved ; a number of young children are supported by the society at the St. Ann's Infant Asylum. Under its supervision are 14 subordinate organizations, or conferences, one of which is in Chelsea, and one in Cambridgeport. The members must be Catholics ; and the funds are derived from their voluntary subscriptions, donations, lectures, collections in churches, etc. Its income is large, and its expenditures generous. It aids yearly over 3,000 families, and its agents average 20,000 visits. The society is a branch of the society of the same name in Paris, which originated in 1833. The Penitent Females' Refuge and Bethesda Society is formed by the practical union of two organizations, — the "Associated Brethren," an or- ganization of twelve gentlemen who established the Females' Refuge in 1818; — and the Bethesda Society, an organization of ladies, incorporated in 1854. The society maintains a home for the reformation of abandoned Home for Little Wanderers, Baldwin Place. 198 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. women. It accommodates 23 inmates, of ages ranging from 14 to 31 ; and admission is conditional upon an expression of a sincere desire to reform, and promise of submission to the regulations. The home is at No. 32 Rut- land Street, in a building that cost $12,000, the gift of benevolent citizens, on land given by the city. The institution is supported by income from a permanent fund of $10,000, and generous gifts and subscriptions. The House of the Angel Guardian, a Catholic institution, was established in 185 1, and incorporated in 1853. Its chief object is to care for wayward boys, orphans, and destitute children. Its graded school system draws House of the Angel Guardian, Vernon Street. many boarders who avail themselves of the instruction given in the English, commercial, and mathematical departments. It is endowed, and owns property valued at more than $87,000, and receives donations. Its annual expenses are about $20,000, and the number of inmates average about 200. The house was established and planned by the Rev. George F. Haskins, a graduate of Harvard College, who devoted to it his services as rector and treasurer till his death, in 1872. He contributed $20,000. It is now conducted by the Brothers of Charity, of which F. Justinian is superior, and for order, neatness, and comfort is not excelled by any insti- tution in the State. It is beautifully situated at 8$ Vernon Street, Roxbury district. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 199 The New-England Moral Reform Society is an organization for a pur- pose similar to that of the Penitent Females' Refuge Society. It undertakes to reform dissolute women, and aid them to suitable employment; and it also aids the friendless who have fallen. It cares for 30 or 40 women yearly, and its annual expense averages $4,000. It is located at No. 6 Oak Place. One of its founders, Catherine Kilton, was for 30 years its president. The soci- ety publishes a monthly magazine, "The Home Guardian," from which it receives some income. It is further supported by subscriptions, the pro- ceeds of certain investments, and gifts and legacies. The society was organ- ized in 1836, and incorporated in 1846. The Industrial School for Girls was incorporated in 1855, "for the pur- pose of training to good conduct, and instructing in household labor, desti- tute or neglected girls." It is located on Centre Street, Dorchester district, and has accommodations for about 30 girls. The age of admission is from 6 to 10, and places are found for the girls when they leave the school, gener- ally at 18 years of age. Such girls as have relatives or friends able to do so, pay a moderate sum for board, but the most of them are cared for gratui- tously. The annual cost of the school is about $5,000. It is sustained by yearly subscriptions, and income from investments. The Scots' Charitable Society was incorporated in 1786; but it was in existence long before that time, having been founded in 1657. It is believed to be the oldest private charitable society in the city. Its object is to furnish relief to, and aid in various ways, unfortunate Scottish immigrants, their families and descendants. In 1869 St. Andrew's Home was established by the society at No. 73 West Concord Street, where unfortunate Scotch are received and cared for until employment is found; and in 1872 the Scots' Temporary Home was established at No. 77 Camden Street, for a similar purpose. The society also own a lot at Mount Auburn, where friendless Scots receive burial. The income of the society is derived from a perma- nent fund, initiation fees, yearly assessments of members, and donations. The membership is now 265. Active members must be natives of Scotland or immediate descendants ; but honorary members may be of different na- tionalities. From 200 to 300 annually receive the benefits of the society. Among the working officers is a committee of charity. The Charitable Irish Society is another organization of long standing. It was organized in 1737, and incorporated in 1809; and for nearly a century it was the only Irish charitable society in New England. Its original pur- pose was to furnish temporary loans to needy members, and to relieve friendless Irish immigrants; but of later years it has made annual donations of from $300 to $500 to some deserving charity, few members calling for aid. The years immediately following the Revolutionary War, it extended timely relief to those of its members who were disabled, in one way and 200 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. another, by the war. Its meetings are held at the Parker House, but it has no established headquarters. The German Emigrant Aid Society extends a helping hand to German immigrants, principally in aiding them to employment, and providing tempo- rary support ; it also aids poor German residents, particularly widows and orphans, or the sick. The society employs an agent to look after immigrants arriving at the port of Boston. It aids about 800 persons yearly. Its in- come is derived from the invested funds, dues from members (who number 220), and from donations. The society has an office in the Charity Building, Chardon Street. The New-England Scandinavian Benevolent Society was organized in 1853, and incorporated two years later, its main object being mutual relief: of late years its aid has been given, to a considerable extent, to persons not members. It distributes about $1,000 a year to the poor. The membership is 164. The office of the society is at No. 48 Hanover Street. The Massachusetts Society for Aiding Discharged Convicts is a prac- tical organization, which offers a helping hand, when it is most needed, to those who face the world again after a term in prison. It aids the convict just after his discharge, with temporary board, clothing, conveyance to friends, tools to work with, and helps him to find employment. The society was organized in 1846, and was incorporated under its present name in 1867. Among its founders were Charles Sumner, S. G. Howe, Walter Channing, and Edward E. Hale. The average number of convicts helped each year is 150. The funds are provided by yearly subscriptions, gifts, and legacies. It expends from $1,500 to $2,000 yearly. The Young Men's Benevolent Society, organized in 1S27, but not in- corporated until 1852, is "to assist those who have seen better days," espe- cially respectable persons who are unwilling to make their needs publicly known. It has a standing committee resident in different sections of the city, and applications are received by them. Its expenditures are mostly in supplies and the payment of rents. It obtains funds partly from annual assessments on its members, but chiefly from donations. An average of 1,000 cases of destitution are relieved yearly. The president is Thomas C. Amory, and the secretary J. Russell Reed. Its meetings are held in the Charity Building. The Needlewoman's Friend Society was organized in 1847, and incor- porated in 1 85 1, for the purpose of providing employment for indigent females. Materials for garments are supplied by the funds of the society, the cutting is done by the managers, the sewing is given out to poor women at remunerative prices, and the garments thus made are offered for sale at low prices, at the rooms of the society, No. 86 Chauncy Street. The society also finds permanent employment for poor seamstresses in the finer sort of KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 201 needlework. Its funds are raised by subscriptions and donations, and it has received several legacies. The Boston Sewing Circle does a work similar to that of the Needle- woman's Friend Society. Money for materials, about $4,000 a year, is raised by annual subscription. Garments are cut by the ladies of different churches each week through the winter ; and the work is done by the poor under charge of the several ladies, who pay for it, and distribute the garments, when done, to the poor about them. Each winter it benefits 3,000 or more poor women. The society was formed in 1862, to work for the soldiers ; and for a while after the war the garments made for it were distributed to the white school-children of the South. Its headquarters are in the Charity Building. The whole board of managers, of which Miss I. E. Loring is president, is composed of ladies. The Boston Port and Seamen's Aid Society was incorporated in 1867 by the union of the Port Society and the Seamen's Aid Society. Its aim is to "improve the moral, religious, and general condition of seamen and their families in Boston and its vicinity ; to relieve sick and disabled seamen and their families ; to afford aid and encouragement to poor and in- dustrious seamen ; and to pro- mote the education of seamen's children." The Mariners' House, built by the Port Society in 1847, is a brick building, four stories high, on North Square, and is under charge of an experienced mariner. It accommodates from 80 to 100 persons, and has a chapel, reading-room, and library. C. L. Eastman is the pastor, and David H. Baker the superintend- ent. R. C. Waterston is presi- dent of the society. Mr. Eastman says, " Bad whiskey and bad wo- men are the curse of the mariner." There were 615 boarders in 1877. Seamen's Bethel, North Square, The Bethel Chapel, a modest structure opposite the Mariners' House, seats a congregation of several hundred. It was here that the famous ex-mariner, Edward T. Taylor, better known as "Father Taylor" preached. 202 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Boston Seaman's Friend Society is a branch of the American Sea- man's Friend Society, and has for its object the furnishing of regular evan- gelical ministrations for seamen, and the employment of other means for their spiritual and temporal welfare. It supports the Salem and Mariners' Church, and Sailors' Home, corner of Salem and North Bennett Streets. Joseph C. Tyler is president, B. F. Jacobs superintendent of the home, and S. H. Hayes pastor. This work is principally supported by contributions from the Orthodox Congregational churches of Boston and its vicinity. The House of the Good Shepherd is a branch of the New-York society of the same name. It was established in 1867, and owes its foundation largely to Bishop Williams of Boston, who provided its first site, a dwelling- house on Allen Street, and supplied its early needs. Its object is " to pro- vide a refuge for the reformation of fallen women and girls ; " and it also maintains a " Class of Preservation," made up of wayward and insub- ordinate girls, whose habits endanger their virtue. The present house is located on Tremont Street, Roxbury district, in a building erected for it. It has provision for 150 inmates, and is crowded. It is managed by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic society originating in France in 1646; but girls and women of all denominations are admitted. A grant of $10,000 was made by the State in 1870, to aid in building the present edifice. Boffin's Bower is one of the most original and useful charities in the city. Jennie Collins is the presiding genius of this excellent establish- ment at No. 1,031 Washington Street, where, since 1874, many poor work- ing-women have been fed, clothed, and sheltered until they were able to obtain an honest livelihood. From May 30, 1877, to May 30, 1878, 1,334 women and girls applied for employment; and in the same period of time 1,047 applicants for the services of women made known their wants. The charity is supported by voluntary contributions, and has done good practical work, providing temporarily for unemployed work-women who would, without aid, frequently suffer from hunger or illness ; and there is no doubt that many poor girls have been saved from a life of shame by its ministrations. The Children's Friend Society provides for the support of indigent children, who are either fully surrendered to it, or received as boarders. Those surrendered are indentured at 14 years of age, and remain under guardianship until 18. The society's home, at No. 48 Rutland Street, pro- vides for 70 children. The society has been in operation since 1833, and ori- ginated in the personal labors of a Mrs. Burns, a lady of moderate means, resident at the North End, who received into her own house a num- ber of poor children, and cared for them. The Boston Female Asylum, at No. 750 Washington Street, was founded in 1800. Its name is somewhat misleading, for it is simply a home for female KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 203 orphans and half-orphans. Full surrender of the children is required on their admission, and they remain until 18 years of age. Between 70 and 80 children are provided for in the asylum. The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, with office at 96 Tremont Street, was organized in 1868, and has investigated 18,389 cases, and convicted 1,564 persons. The Society has issued more than a million copies of its monthly paper, " Our Dumb Animals," and about 250,000 of its other publications. It has also offered prizes to Massachusetts school-children for the best compositions on " Kindness to Animals," and has given rewards for essays, inventions, and improvements for the benefit of dumb creatures. A prize of $500 was offered the person who before July 1878 should do the most to lessen the suffering caused animals in transporta- tion by rail. It has at present three prosecuting officers in Boston, con- stantly employed, and about 450 prosecuting agents in the other cities and towns of the State. The amount paid into this society since its organization is about #150,000. The president is George T. Angell, and the secretary is Abraham Firth. The Co-operative Society of Visitors among the Poor, organized in 1874, and incorporated in 1877, consists of a body of visitors who make weekly personal visits among the poor. No visitor takes more than four cases, in hope of finding work, or what may be called legitimate relief, for that number of persons. The society has also established work-rooms in the Charity Building, where poor women who really want work can get it. The president is Mrs. James Lodge, and the secretary is Mrs. B. S. Calef. The Industrial Aid Society was incorporated in the year 1835, under the name of the Boston Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, to which, in 1866, was prefixed "The Industrial Aid Society." This society was founded upon the idea that employment was the best form of charity, and that there was but little opportunity for deception under this rule. Its principles of action have been adopted by other organizations, and by the city in some measure. It finds employment for people, transfers laborers to other places, and returns many to their homes. Its office is in the Charity Building, Chardon Street. The Ladies' Relief Agency is another of the organizations in the Charity Building, and distributes money and clothing to persons found, by personal investigation, to be worthy of support. The president is Mrs. H. G. Shaw, and the secretary Miss C. Harmon. The Boston Police Relief Association, organized in 1871, and incor- porated in 1876, has its office in the Charity Building. Jan. 1, 1878, it had 432 members. In 1877 it paid $3,284 to 136 members for "sick benefits," $2,500 to families on the death of five members, and $500 to five members on the death of their wives. The president is Henry O. Goodwin. 204 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Boston North-End Mission, organized in 1865 by J. H. Crowell, the present missionary, and incorporated in 1870, is situated at No. 201 North Street; and its operations are chiefly among women and children in the worst part of the city. It has a reading-room, and a restaurant, where good food can be had at cost by those who can pay, and free by those who cannot; operates industrial schools for girls and adults, and on Sundays and almost every evening has religious services in its chapel. Besides the mis- sion at the North End, it maintains an industrial home at Mount Hope, six miles from the city. Its funds are derived chiefly from small contributions and subscriptions. The Associated Charities of Boston is now in process of organization. The objects of the society are : 1. To provide that the case of every ap- plicant for relief shall be thoroughly investigated. 2. To place the results of such investigation at the disposal of the Overseers of the Poor, of charitable societies and agencies, and of private persons of benevolence. 3. To obtain help for every deserving applicant, as far as possible, from the public authorities, from the proper charitable societies, or from benevolent individuals ; or, failing in this, to furnish such help from funds intrusted to it. 4. To procure the harmonious co-operation with the public authorities, with each other, and with this society, of churches and charitable agencies and individuals. 5. To exert all its influence for the prevention of begging, the diminution of pauperism, and the encouragement of habits of thrift and self-dependence among the poor. The religious associations of all denominations take care of a portion of their own poor; and there are many social, literary, and other organizations, that aid at times their unfortunate members : nevertheless, without referring to those, this chapter could be continued much further by the enumeration of many other institutions similar to those above mentioned. But surely enough has been said to show that the hearts of the Boston people are large, and that the fallen and unsuccessful are taken care of, as far as it seems possible, in a manner fully consistent with the high culture and broad humanity of the citizens. Not only the afflicted within the boundaries of the city are aided, but to every appeal that comes from any part of the world there goes forth a substantial response from the Boston people. The enumeration of the aid sent to other places would require more space than can be given here. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 205 &Jje pulse of tlje ffittju THE SANITARY CONDITION OF BOSTON, — HOSPITALS, DIS- PENSARIES, AND ASYLUMS. THE sanitary condition of Boston will bear favorable comparison with that of other cities. The annual death-rate, 20.23 m Looo in 1877, is slightly larger than that of London, but considerably smaller than the average in the other European cities. It also compares favorably with American cities, although those of St. Louis and some other Western cities show a lower rate. The statistics of Western cities are, however, more likely to err in accuracy; and, besides, the mortality is always less in young and vigorous communities, though their sanitary conditions may be far more unfavorable. The sanitary affairs of Boston are under the control of its Board of Health established in 1872, under the pressure of a peremptory popular demand caused by the presence of a terrible small-pox scourge in the city. The Board has, in many respects, arbitrary powers in regard to the public health, and can take almost any measure that may be deemed expedient, in a case of emergency. The principal drawback to a satisfactory sanitary condition is the defective drainage of the city; but this will be over- come by the great system of sewers, now constructing, and referred to in the chapter on " The Arteries of the City." The streets are kept remarkably clean, being regularly swept nine months of the year. The principal streets, about 184^ miles, are swept daily, and others twice a week. The hospitals and dispensaries of Boston are many: but their work is done so quietly and so unostentatiously that few, even of those long resident in the city, are aware of their magnitude, or comprehend the extent, variety, and thoroughness of their operations. At their head stands — The Massachusetts General Hospital, a noble institution, one of the most complete and perfectly organized of its kind in the country. It is also the oldest, save one, — the Pennsylvania Hospital. It was incorporated in 181 1, and opened for the reception of patients in 1821. It was conceived by a number of the public-spirited and generous citizens of that day ; and its plan was drawn on a most liberal and extensive scale, showing them to be broad-minded and far-sighted men. A bequest of $5,000 at the close of the last century, in 1799, was the practical beginning of the enterprise: but it was not until 181 1 that the work was undertaken systematically and vigor- ously. In that year 56 gentlemen were incorporated under the name of The' 206 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Massachusetts General Hospital ; and the charter granted a fee-simple in the estate of the old Province House, on condition that $100,000 be raised by subscription within ten years, which was promptly met. The Massachusetts Hospital Life-Insurance Company was required by its charter, in 1818, to pay one-third of its net profits to the hospital. So also were the New- England Mutual Life-Insurance Company, incorporated in 1835; and the State Mutual Life-Assurance Company at Worcester, in 1844. Several other gifts were made it by private citizens, and the funds accumulated with grati- fying rapidity. Among the most generous bequests were those of John McLean, — one of $100,000, and another of $50,000 ; this latter to be divided between the hospital and Harvard University. For him is named the The Massachusetts General Hospital, Blossom Street. McLean Asylum for the Insane, in Somerville, which is a branch of the Massachusetts General Hospital, established by its trustees in 1816. His name was also given to the street at the foot of which the hospital stands. Prominent among the founders of the hospital was John Lowell, one of the esteemed Lowell family, several of whose members have done so much for Boston, and have been so prominent among its citizens. His father was Judge Lowell, a member of the convention which framed the State Consti- tution, and who caused to be inserted in the " Bill of Rights " the clause declaring that "all men are born free and equal." For one of his brothers the city of Lowell was named ; and another was the Rev. Charles Lowell of the West Church, father of James Russell Lowell, the poet of to-day, now minister to Spain. John Lowell acquired fame in his day as a political KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 207 writer, and during the war of 18 12 wrote trenchant articles under the nom de plume of " The Boston Rebel," which were especially notable for the vigorous and bold fashion in which they attacked the national administra- tion. Besides being active in the movement to establish the Massachusetts General Hospital, John Lowell was also a founder of the Athenaeum, and the Hospital Life-Insurance Company. The hospital stands at the west end of McLean Street, on what was formerly Prince's pasture. The main building, first built, is of Chelmsford granite, hammered out and fitted for use by the convicts of the State Prison. When completed, it was pronounced the finest building in New England. Charles Bulfinch was the architect. In 1846 it was enlarged by the addition of two extensive wings. Other additions and improvements have from time to time been made; the most recent in 1873-75, when four new pavilion wards were constructed, called respectively the Jackson, War- ren, Bigelow, and Townsend wards, in recognition of the valuable services of Drs. James Jackson, J. C. Warren, Jacob Bigelow, and S. D. Townsend. The hospital admits, under light conditions, patients suffering from disease or injuries, from any part of the United States or British Provinces; and provision is made for free treatment, or treatment at the cost to the patient of the expense involved. No infectious diseases are admitted, and chronic or incurable cases are generally refused. On proper call the hospital ambu- lance, with medical officer, is despatched at any hour to points within the city proper, north of Dover and Berkeley Streets ; and the hospital is always ready for any emergency, however sudden or extensive the demand on its resources may be. The hospital, ever since its establishment, has been steadily and greatly aided by gifts and bequests. The donations and lega- cies of the last year (1877) alone amounted to $275,726. The whole number of patients treated in the hospital in 1877 was 1,657, of whom 1,515 were adults, and 142 children. The whole number of out-patients applying for treatment, during the same period, was 18,004. From 1821 to the close of 1877 the number of patients in the hospital has been 48,690; of these, 15,620 were discharged well, 12,506 much relieved, or relieved in part, and 4,311 died. The whole number of out-patients treated during the same period was 177,548. About 80 per cent of the number treated in the hospital during 1877 were occupants of free beds. The total free-bed sub- scriptions for the year were 1 5,450 : and the free-bed fund, the income of which must be devoted to free beds, amounted to $406,660. Of the free patients during the year, 22 per cent were female domestics, 25 per cent laborers, 10 per cent mechanics, and 9 fa per cent minors. The expense of the hospital department in 1877 was $83,790; and the receipts from paying patients $10,833. A training-school for nurses is also attached to this hos- pital. James H. Whittemore is the resident physician. 208 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Boston City Hospital was established in 1864, after many years of agitation, which began in 1849, before the cholera, then epidemic in Boston, had disappeared. The necessary authority was given the city by the Legis- lature in 1858; two years later the land was appropriated; in 1861 the work of building was begun; and May 24 1864, the buildings were dedicated, and a month later were formally opened for patients. The buildings front on Harrison Avenue, and occupy the square, containing nearly seven acres, bounded by the Harrison Avenue, Concord, Albany, and Springfield Streets. The hospital buildings present a beautiful and unique appearance. When substantially completed and occupied in 1864, the hospital consisted of a central or administration building, two three-story medical and surgical pavilions, and the necessary auxiliary buildings, including boiler-house and laundry. To these were added, in 1865, a two-story building for isolating wards ; a small building, at the main entrance to the grounds, containing rooms for out-patients ; and an addition for dead-house, morgue, and autopsy- room. In 1874 a medical building, a surgical building, each three stories high with basements, two one-story surgical and medical pavilions, and a low building for kitchen, bakery, and other purposes, were erected. The total cost of the buildings alone was #610,000. The hospital has at present 375 beds ; and, when the plan is fully carried out, it will have 525 beds. Residents of the city suffering from sickness, unable to pay for treat- ment, are treated gratuitously. Persons accidentally injured are received at all hours, and the ambulances are ready for service on call. Out-patients are also treated by physicians and surgeons connected with the hospital. Once a week operations are performed in the amphitheatre of the hospital before physicians and surgeons. A training-school for nurses is also con- nected with the hospital. Since the opening of the City Hospital, 49,184 persons have been examined for admission, and 35,631 of them were admit- ted : 7,209 persons accidentally injured, and 103,341 out-patients, have been treated. During the past year there were treated 4,334 persons in the hos- pital, and 9,658 out-patients, who made 30,135 visits. The chief individual benefactor of the hospital was Elisha Goodnow, who gave property valued at #21,000. The resident superintendent is Dr. Edward Cowles. The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital was incorporated in 1855, but was not established and opened for patients till 187 1. The first five years it occupied a house in Burroughs Place. Its friends having raised, by means of a grand fair, the sum of $76,000, land was purchased of the city, and the present beautiful structure was erected on East Concord Street. This building was opened to patients in May, 1876; and in thorough ventila- tion, delightful temperature summer and winter, bright and sunny wards and private rooms, together with all necessary conveniences and comforts, it has proved one of the most satisfactory hospitals ever built. It has received KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 209 and provided for upwards of 1,000 patients, with a mortality of less than two per cent. The patients are provided with the best food and care; and yet its affairs have been managed with such economy that the cost has been much less than in similar hospitals. Severe and often hopeless cases have resorted here for treatment with great benefit. The Carney Hospital, founded by the gift of $13,500 from Andrew Car- ney, was incorporated in 1865, and occupies a sightly position on Old Harbor Street, South Boston. Its situation, in the judgment of experienced phy- sicians, is the very best in New England. Standing on Dorchester Heights, near the intrenchments erected by Washington, it commands an extensive view over the city on one side, and Massachusetts Bay on the other. In summer the hospital is cooled by the sea-breezes ; and the convalescents enjoy a beautiful prospect from their beds, watching meanwhile the vessels passing in and out of the harbor. The hospital was established to afford relief to the sick poor; and, though it is in charge of the Sisters of Charity, it receives patients of all religious denominations. Chronic, acute, and other cases are received, contagious diseases alone excepted. Pay-patients are also treated in the wards or in private rooms. The sister who is at the head of the institution is a very quiet, but most active, energetic, and skilful manager. The present commodious brick building was erected in 1868. The yearly expenditure of the hospital amounts to about $25,000 ; and the income from paying patients about $8,000. Within a year, there have been fitted up, in one of the wings of the hospital, very spacious and convenient accommodations for the treatment of out-patients suffering from diseases of the eye. The rapid growth of this clinic has shown that it supplies a want long felt in that section of the city. The New-England Hospital for Women and Children, incorporated in 1863, is located on Codman Avenue, Roxbury district. Its land and build- ings cost $100,000. Its objects are "to provide for women medical aid of competent physicians of their own sex, to assist educated women in the practical study of medicine, and to train nurses for the care of the sick." The institution is an outgrowth of a clinical department of the Female Medical College of Boston, at the immediate suggestion of Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska. The hospital has a number of free beds, but most patients pay for treatment. It has medical, surgical, and maternity wards : and a dispensary situated at 33 Warrington Street, in the city proper. More than 200 patients are annually treated in the hospital, and from 3,000 to 4,000 in the dispensary. The Free Hospital for Women, at 60 East Springfield Street, estab- lished in 1875, for poor and worthy women who suffer from diseases peculiar to their sex, is supported by contributions from individuals and religious societies. Any individual or society supporting a bed has the 2IO KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. right to fill it with any suffering and needy woman, provided the medical staff pronounce her case a proper one for treatment here. The hospital contains 15 beds. St. Luke's Home, established in October, 1870, and incorporated Janu- ary, 1872, provides gratuitous medical treatment to women who are con- valescent from disease. Connected with the Home is a Sanitarium, at Ouisset, in the town of Falmouth, where patients have the advantage of country air during the summer months. The Home, which is situated on Roxbury Street, Highland district, can accommodate 40 patients, and the Sanitarium 35. The St. Joseph's Home for Sick and Destitute Servant-Girls, and the St. Elizabeth's Hospital, are both under the charge of the Sisters of St. Francis, the former at No. 46 East Brookline Street, and the latter at No. 78 Waltham Street. The St. Joseph's Home includes a hospital for the treatment of diseases, including incurable cases. It has 90 beds, 24 in the hospital department. It was incorporated in 1876. The St. Elizabeth's Hospital, established in 1867, is for the medical and surgical treatment of diseases peculiar to women. It has 38 beds, and the rate of board and fees is very low. The Children's Hospital, at 1583 Washington Street, was incorporated in 1869. Children between two and twelve, suffering from acute diseases, are received and treated, if poor, gra- tuitously ; but, if their parents or guar- dians are able to pay, a moderate charge is made. The hospital has 30 beds. The nursing is under the direction of ladies connected with the Protestant Episcopal Sisterhood of St. Margaret's, from East Grinstead. England. A con- valescent Home, as a branch of the hospital, was established at Wellesley, 14 miles from the city, in 1875. Among the founders of the hospital were Chan- dler Robbins, George H. Kuhn, N. H. Emmons, Dr. Francis H. Brown, and Albert Fearing. The House of the Good Samaritan, at 6 McLean Street, incorporated in i860, is for the free treatment of sick women and girls, and of boys under six, especially those suffering from diseases of long duration. It is sup- ported by voluntary contributions and the income from its funds. The Children's Hospital, 1583 Washington Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 21 1 annual expenses range from $10,000 to $12,000. It is unsectarian, but Epis- copal services are regularly held. The largest bequest it has received was from the late James H. Foster, who left by will $47,500. Among the incorporators was Miss Anne S. Robbins, who has given, from the start, her whole time to the hospital, residing in it, and superintending its details with the aid of a matron. The other incorporators were Mrs. George C. Shattuck, Mrs. G. Howland Shaw, Mrs. Charles H. Appleton, Mrs. N. Thayer, Horace Gray, and Henry P. Sturgis. The Children's Sea-Shore Home, at Winthrop, is one of the most practical of works; and, since its establishment in 1875, ^ nas accom- plished an unexpected and most gratifying amount of good. Its object is to give to poor children suffering from disease, and those recovering, the great advantage of the sea-breezes. A competent physician resides at the house ; and the nurses are most attentive, having a special interest in their work, most of them volunteering their services. The Consumptives' Home, a hospital for incurables, is at Grove Hall, Roxbury district, and was incorpo- rated in 1870, six years after it was founded by Dr. Charles Cullis, who is still the manager. It relies wholly on voluntary contribu- tions. From this source over $300,- 000 have been re- ceived since its establishment, and nearly 1,700 pa- tients cared for. The Home will ac- commodate 80 pa- tients. The prem- ises contain, be- Consjmptives Home, Grove Ha sides the Home proper, two children's homes, a free chapel, and a home for those afflicted with spinal complaints. St. Mary's Infant Asylum, and Lying-in Hospital, on Bowdoin Street, Dorchester, is managed by the Sisters of Charity, by whom the institution was founded in 1870, for "the maintenance and support of foundlings, and orphan and half-orphan children." It also accommodates indigent deserving 212 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. women during confinement. As in the Carney Hospital, no distinction is made on account of religion; and no patient is refused on account of her inability to pay the moderate rate asked. The Channing Home, at 30 McLean Street, is a most worthy institution, a home for incurables, established in May, 1857, by Miss Harriet Ryan, who afterwards became Mrs. Albee. It was incorporated in 1861. The class of patients generally admitted are those who need constant medical assistance and tender care; and no pay is taken from any. Since it was established, 21 years ago, the Home has received 493 patients. It has now 14 inmates. The president is Dr. Samuel A. Green ; and the treasurer, Theo. Metcalf. The Boston Lying-in Hospital was organized in 1832, for the relief of poor and deserving women during confinement. In its present quarters, at Nos. 24 and 26 McLean Street, it has accommodations for 36 patients. Free cases are taken. Patients taken in prior to confinement are charged $3.50 a week for board, and are expected to perform any light duty required of them. The lowest price for confinement is $20, which also pays for two weeks next succeeding confinement; and, as a rule, no case is kept longer than two weeks after confinement. The Hospital of the Public Institutions is located on Deer Island, and has a branch at Rainsford Island. Patients are received from the city almshouse, the House of Industry, and the House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders. The Boston Lunatic Hospital, on First Street, South Boston, is a city institution, under the management of the Board of Directors for Public Institutions. The main building was built in 1839; an d the two wings were added in 1846. With the yards and gardens, the buildings occupy five acres. The hospital has a capacity for 200 patients. Its use is now re- stricted to those who have a settlement, so termed, in the city. The poor are admitted without charge. Patients are committed to the hospital by the judge of probate for Suffolk County, or are admitted by the president of the board of directors. The buildings lack many conveniences found in more recently constructed lunatic hospitals ; and the city has so far out- grown its provision, that not one-half of the Boston insane people can be accommodated here. Diet Kitchens, established in different parts of the city, furnish prompt and temporary relief for the sick poor. Plain, nourishing food is here pre- pared, and given out daily, at all hours, on the orders of the dispensary and other physicians. The Boston Dispensary, founded in 1796 and incorporated in 1801, is the oldest institution of the kind in the city, and the third in the country. The central office is situated at Bennet and Ash Streets, near the centre of pop- ulation of the city proper, over which its operations are extended. Physi- KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 213 cians are in attendance daily, at stated hours, who treat men, women, and children, perform surgical operations, and dispense medicines. Much practical work is also done outside the central office. The city proper is divided into nine districts, and to each is assigned a physician, whose duty it is to care for those unable to leave their homes. The dispensary is sup- ported by funds heretofore contributed, and by private charity. An idea of the ex- tent of its work can be formed, when it is stated that since July, 1856, over 500,000 pa- tients have been treat- ed at the central of- fice and in the d i s- tricts. A- bout 30,000 patients Boston Dispensary, Bennet and Ash Streets. are treated yearly. The staff of physicians and surgeons at the central office give their services gratuitously; and those serving in the districts at a very small compensation. In the Charlestown and Roxbury districts, there are also free dispensaries. That in the Charlestown district was or- ganized in 1872, and incorporated the next year. It is located at No. 21 Harvard Square. Its founders were Richard Frothingham, Edward Law- rence, T. R. Lambert, John T. Whiting, and Charles E. Grinnell. The Roxbury dispensary was founded in 1841, but has since been merged in the Roxbury Charitable Society, founded in 1794, and its duties discharged by the latter society, whose office is at the corner of Dudley and Bartlett Streets, Roxbury district. The Homoeopathic Medical Dispensary in 1856, its first year of incor- poration, treated 195 patients. Its work has steadily augmented year by year, and in 1878 it furnished upwards of 30,000 prescriptions to 13,000 patients. The central office, at 14 Burroughs Place, is open daily from 10 to 12. The college branch occupies the basement of the building of the Boston University School of Medicine in East Concord Street, and is divided into the following departments : medical, surgical, dental, eye and ear, women's, 214 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. children's, chest, throat, and skin. There are connected with this branch 24 physicians. With the aid of the college faculty, clinical instruction in the various departments is furnished to the medical students. The West-End branch, in the Charity Building, Chardon Street, is open daily from 10 to 12, and, in addition to the general department, has also one under the care of women physicians, for the diseases of their sex. The whole dispensary is supported mainly by a fund raised by a fair held in 1859 ^ n ^ ie Music Hall, which netted $13,000, the income of which has provided treatment for 50,000 sick persons. The large number who now flock to it will render additional funds necessary. The Dispensary for Diseases of Women, at 18 Staniford Street, was organized in 1873, and is made available for the purposes of clinical instruc- tion. It is in charge of Dr. James R. Chadwick. The Dispensary for Diseases of Children, at the same place and for the same purposes, is in charge of Dr. Charles P. Putnam. The Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary was originated in 1824 by Drs. Edward Reynolds and John Jeffries, and was incorporated in Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. 1826. During the first year, there were treated at the Infirmary 698 pa- tients ; and the number has steadily increased, compelling the institution to KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 215 be removed from place to place, until 1850, when the present building, on Charles near Cambridge Street, was erected. The building is of brick, and has two wings. The main building measures 67 by 44 feet. In the base- ment are kitchens, wash-rooms, laundry, etc. ; in the first story are receiv- ing and reading rooms ; in the wings are the male wards, with operating, apothecary, and bath rooms ; in the second story are accommodations for the matron and the female wards. The building is surrounded by a yard, and is shut out from the street by a high wall. The work is rapidly out- growing the accommodations. In 1877 no less than 8,673 patients were treated. The annual increase for the past few years has been about 800. The name of the institution has been a hinderance to its growth, leading the community to believe it to be a State charity, and thereby averting dona- tions that would probably come to it, and which are really needed to carry on its great work. Patients from all parts of this continent are treated at this Infirmary, which is one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most poorly-supported, charities in the State. Dr. George Sted- man is the superintendent. The Washingtonian Home was organized in 1857, and incorporated in March, 1859, for the cure of men addicted to intemperance. Its present location is in building No. 41 Waltham Street ; and its income is entirely derived from board and treatment of the inmates. Since the beiends' burying-ground on Congress Street ; but it was discontinued in the early part of this century, and the bodies removed to Lynn. It is not generally known that under King's Chapel, Christ Church, and St. Paul's Church, there are vet tombs. Those which had long been under Park-street Church were discontinued, and the bodies removed to Mount Auburn, in 1862 ; and the society of St. Paul's Church petitioned in the fall of 1878 for leave to discontinue further interment in its tombs. In South Boston there were tombs under St. Matthew's Church, which were discontinued in 1867. The principal place of burial for the northerly sections of the city, including East Boston and Charlestown, is Woodlawn Cemetery in Everett. Mount Auburn, the famous cemetery in Cambridge and Watertown, is outside of the city limits, but directly associated with Boston. The land of the Mount-Auburn Cemetery was originally purchased by the Massachu- setts Horticultural Society, for "an experimental garden and rural ceme- tery." The cemetery was established in 1831, mainly through the efforts of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, who presented strongly the evils arising from burials under churches and within crowded cities and towns. The Horticultural Society also took an active part in the matter. The cemetery comprises a tract of about 125 acres, diversified in hill, dale, woodland, and lawn. The principal elevation, Mount Auburn, is 125 feet above the level of Charles River, which winds at its feet. Many of the most eminent dead of New England are buried here. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 225 Wtyt Social Sttie of tfte Ctttg* THE PLAYHOUSES, PUBLIC HALLS, CLUBS, SECRET AND OTHER SOCIETIES. THERE was a time when Boston, in respect to the drama, was the first city in America. Although that distinction cannot be claimed now, there is still ground for pride in the high position occupied by the play-houses of the city ; and it is safe to say that in no other city in the United States do real merit and worth in stage-matters meet with more generous approbation or reward. Of the drama in its infancy here, Shaw's " Description of Bos- ton " (1817) gives the following interesting sketch : " 1794, — the first regu- lar theatre was established in Federal Street, under the management of Charles Stuart Powell. In consequence of a misunderstanding between him and the proprietor, Col. Tyler was appointed to the management ; but, not succeeding, he relinquished, and was succeeded by John Brown Wil- liamson. In the mean time the friends of Mr. C. S. Powell raised a sum sufficient to build of wood the Haymarket Theatre, one of the most spacious and convenient theatres ever erected in America." This house was opened in 1796. Mr. Williamson having failed, in 1797, as manager of the Federal- street Theatre, it was taken by Barrett & Harper. During the season this theatre was burned. It was rebuilt, and opened in 1798 under the manage- ment of Mr. Hodgkin, who in 1799 failed, and removed his company to the Haymarket. G. L. Barrett then succeeded him, and failed before the vear was out. In 1800 Mr. Whitlock sunk #4,000 there. In 1801 Powell & Harper took the theatre. The latter retired the next year ; and Mr. Powell ran the concern till 1806, when he took in some partners. Powell & Duff were joint managers in 1817. "The first building erected purposely for theatrical entertainments in Boston was opened the 3d of February, 1794, with the tragedy of ' Gustavus Vasa Erickson, the Deliverer of Sweden.' The selection of the play was judicious, as it suited the temper of the times." Of the present theatres, and most conspicuous public halls, brief sketches will be given. The Boston Theatre is at the present time the largest theatre in New England ; and, indeed, there are but few larger anywhere. It has a brilliant record, and is conducted with liberal enterprise by Tompkins & Hill, the proprietors. The theatre, which was built by a corporation, was opened to the public in the autumn of 1854, and quickly took a leading position among 226 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the places of amusement of New England. Thomas Barry was the first manager. The exterior of the building is hidden from view by the structures about it, and the wide front entrance is all that can be seen from Washington Street. There is another entrance on Mason Street. Inside, the spacious lobbies, the grand staircase, the richly-furnished salons, and the immense auditorium form a very imposing ensemble. In comfort and elegance com- bined, the interior of the Boston equals, if it does not surpass, the most famous opera-houses of the European continent; such, at least, is the testi- mony of those whose experience makes them competent judges. The stage is very large, and all the appointments are on a liberal scale, in keeping with the size of the house. Besides the parquette, which is about 90 feet in diam- eter, there are three large balconies, known respectively as the dress-circle, the family-circle, and the gallery. The ornamentation of the walls, balconies, and ceilings, is elaborate and tasteful. The grand promenade saloon is 46 by 26 feet in dimensions, and 26 feet high. There is an excellent stock com- pany, including Louis James as leading man, and Mrs. Thomas Barry as leading lady. The members of this company are called upon to support the various star performers whose engagements recur pretty regularly each sea- son. All the most famous actors of the day have played repeatedly at the Boston, and are likely to do so for many years to come. The grand opera also finds an appropriate home on this stage ; and many brilliant engage- ments have been played here by renowned native and foreign fti'ime donne, whose names alone are sufficient to fill every seat in the house. During the season of 1877-78 the great spectacular drama "The Exiles," by Sardou and Nus, had a remarkable run, and was set with extraordinary magnifi- cence. In compliance with the general demand it was revived the present season (1878-79). The theatre seats 2,972 people, and the prices of admis- sion range from $1.50 down to 35 cents. The general admission is 50 cents. The Globe Theatre is a short distance above the Boston, on the opposite side of Washington Street, and has entrances on that thoroughfare, Essex Street, and Hayward Place. The present building was erected and opened its doors in 1874. Selwyn's Theatre, which originally occupied the ground, was built in 1867, the name being subsequently changed to the Globe Thea- tre ; and was burned in 1873. J onn H. Selwyn, Charles Fechter, and W. R. Floyd were successively managers of the theatre. The late Arthur Cheney, who died November, 1878, was the sole proprietor, on the retirement ©f Dexter H. Follett, who was first associated with him. Seats to the number of 150 are held by gentlemen who paid #1,000 each for a seat, and to this extent are stockholders. In 1877 the theatre was considerably changed as to its interior arrangements, and all possible precautions were taken to avoid danger from fire. John Stetson was the lessee during the season ot 1877-78. A circus performance was given on this stage in the spring of 1878, KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 227 and caused not a little comment ; an injunction to restrain the lessee from giving such a performance being unsuccessfully applied for by Mr. Cheney. The Globe is a very handsome and showy theatre, and has one of the best stages in the country. The auditorium is 60 feet in height. There are two large balconies, and a row of mezzanine boxes. A curtain of maroon Amer- ican silk is used. The scenery is usually very fine : and no theatre in the world is better adapted for the presentation of comedies. The season of 1875-76 is remembered with pleasure by those who were fortunate enough to witness the admirable little stock-company then playing here. The Globe has seats for about 1,800. During the season of 1878-79 the theatre was closed. The Boston Museum is an ancient and honorable theatre, much liked by play-goers on account of the past glories and present successes of its stage. It is a comely four-story building of stone, on Tremont Street, with entrances on that street and on Court Square. The front is ornamented with rows of gas-jets, which, when lighted at night, give it a festive air. The museum proper is of little interest, and is seldom visited, the entire attention of the management being devoted to the theatre. The large hall in which the curiosities are to be seen in glass cases is used as a sort of lobby. The building covers 20,000 square feet of land. The original Boston Museum, opened in 1841, was at the corner of Tremont and Bromfield Streets. The present structure was built in 1846. Moses Kimball is the proprietor, and R. M. Field the manager. The interior of the theatre is cosey and comfortable. There is no attempt at elaborate ornamentation. An excellent stock-company, which this season (1878-79) includes William Warren, W. H. Crisp, Miss Annie Clarke, and other favorite comedians, is employed ; and an occasional " star " appears, though the Museum is not a k ' star " theatre. In the season of 1877-78 Madame Modjeska appeared at the Museum, and Lawrence Barrett played a successful engagement. W. D. Howells's comedy, " A Counterfeit Presentment," was produced for the first time in Boston, before a very distinguished audience. The stock-com- pany itself is always worth seeing, especially in a good English comedy. The theatre has but one balcony, and no boxes. It seats 1,275 people, and the prices range from $1 to 35 cents. The Gaiety Theatre on Washington Street, next to the Boston Theatre, was opened to the public on the evening of Oct. 15, 1878, under the man- agement of J. Wentworth, formerly of the Theatre Comique. It was for- merly the Melodeon Hall. It is an attractive and comfortable little theatre, and by reason of its small size is admirably adapted for comedy ; the performers being easily seen and heard from every part of the house. It will seat about 800 persons, — 500 on the floor, and 300 in the balcony, — and has standing-room for an additional 200. The auditorium has a bright, cheerful appearance, and the decoration is tasteful. The walls and ceiling 228 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. are panelled in pink, with buff, gold, and purple borders ; and the balcony fronts are in bronze, gray, and pink. The auditorium is lighted by a sun- burner in the ceiling. The stage is 60 feet wide and 30 deep, and the pro- scenium-opening has a width of 32, a height of 38, and a clear opening of 28 feet. The prices range from $1 to 35 cents. The Howard Athenaeum is on Howard Street, near Court Street. It was built and opened in 1846, on the site of the old Miller Tabernacle. For several years the management presented the legitimate drama. Of late years it has been a novelty theatre, and has been very successful in that field. B. F. Tryon, the lessee this season (1878-79), has elevated the standard of performances ; and stars and combinations are playing in a good class of pieces. Some improvements have been made in the interior arrangements of the house. The Howard, as it is commonly called, seats 1,500 people; and the prices range from $1 to 35 cents. The Boylston Museum is a small variety theatre on Washington Street, near Boylston. It is managed by J. McFadden, and seats 930 people. The Boston Music Hall ranks among the finest and largest public halls in the world. It was built in 1852 by an association of friends of music, the impulse having been given at one of the annual dinners of the Harvard Musical Associa- tion. The hall has no external architectural features worthy of mention, it being almost entirely surrounded by other buildings. Glimpses of its plain brick walls are caught through Hamilton Place, from Tremont Street, and through Central Court from Winter Street. There are two entrances, — one on Central Court, and the other on Tremont Street, opposite the Park- street Church. The effect of the interior is grand and imposing, and the acoustic properties are remark- ably fine. The hall is 130 feet long, 78 feet wide, and 65 feet high. Two balconies run around three sides of the hall, the total seating capacity of which is 2,585. The hall is lighted by a line of hundreds of gas-jets along the cornice. The great The Great Organ, Music Hall. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 229 organ is one of the largest and finest in existence. It was built by Walcker, in Ludwigsburg, near Stuttgart, Germany. It contains 5,474 pipes, 690 of which are in the pedal organ; and it also has 84 complete registers. Its case, designed by Hammatt Billings, is a fine example of artistic wood- carving. The organ was contracted for in 1856, and was first heard by the public in a grand concert given Nov. 2, 1863. Its cost was $60,000. In front of the organ stands a bronze statue of Beethoven, said to be the finest portrait-statue in America. In a niche in the opposite wall is a copy of the Belvedere Apollo ; and on the same wall are three fine busts of composers, which with their beautiful brackets were the gift of Charlotte Cushman. Hundreds of the most distinguished musicians and orators have appeared in Music Hall. Beneath the large hall is a smaller one, called Bumstead Hall. It is arranged like an amphitheatre, and is principally used for the rehearsals of the Handel and Haydn Society. Tremont Temple is one of the largest halls in Boston. It occupies the site of the old Tre- mont Theatre on Tre- mont Street, between School Street and tlaimlluu Place. The main hall, 120 feet long, 72 feet wide, and 50 feet high, has deep galleries, and is capa- about Be- neath it is a smaller hall, called the Meio- naon, with seats for nearly 800 people, used mostly for religious and temperance meet- ings. It was in the large hall that Charles Dickens gave his read- ings on his last visit 'to America. The Temple had its origin in the desire to pro- • 1 , r Tremont Temple. Tremont Street. vide a place of wor- ship where the seats should be free to all. The building cost over $230,000. An association called the Evangelical Baptist Benevolent and ble of seating 2,000 people. 23° KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Missionary Society was formed to promote the ends for which the enter- prise was undertaken, and also to engage in a general work of charity and benevolence. The greater portion of the building, including the halls, has been used for these purposes. The large hall is occupied on Sundays by the Union Temple Church. Tremont Temple is known as the headquarters of the New-England Baptists ; and their principal associations, such as the Baptist Missionary Union, the New-England departments of the Home Mis- sion Society and of the Baptist Publication Society, have their offices in the building. The Baptist Social Union, composed of representatives from all Baptist churches in the city and vicinity, holds its monthly meetings in the building. " The Watchman," which under its new and able management is the recognized organ of New-England Baptists, has its editorial and official rooms in the Temple. Solomon Parsons, the secretary of the Evangelical Baptist Benevolent and Missionary Society, which owns the building, has his office within its walls. The sum paid by the society for the building in 1858 was over #165,000. Horticultural Hall, the home of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, is a handsome structure of white granite, on Tremont Street, between Brom- field Street and Montgomery Place. The society, incorporated in 1829, is the oldest horticultural society in the country, excepting that of Penn- sylvania. Since its foundation it has held horticultural exhi- bitions every Saturday through the growing season, besides an an- nual exhibition in Sep- tember, and special shows of roses, straw- berries, etc., in their seasons. On these oc- casions the choicest fruits, flowers, plants, and vegetables, of the newest and finest va- rieties, are shown, and have done much toward cultivating: a knowledge of and taste for horticulture and the best means of improving its productions. Liberal premiums have been offered, and the society may fairly claim to have done more for the advancement of horticul- horticultural Hall, Tremont Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 231 ture than any other in the country. To this society also the community is indebted for the establishment of Mount- Auburn Cemetery. In 1844 the society built a hall on School Street, believed to be the first permanent building ever erected by any horticultural society. This was removed in i860, and the present building was dedicated in 1865. The front is of a dignified and monumental character, and is embellished with elegant works of art, comprising costly statues of Ceres, Flora, and Pomona. The ground- floor is occupied by stores ; the second story by the Library Room of the society and a hall for the weekly exhibitions; and the upper story by a large and elesrant hall used in addition to the lower hall at the annual and other important exhibitions. Both of these halls are often used for con- certs and the better class of entertainments. The society's library, com- prising over 3,000 volumes, is the most valuable collection of horticultural works in the United States. The halls are adorned with portraits and busts of the presidents, founders, and benefactors of the society. Union Hall, in the building of the Young Men's Christian Union on Boylston Street, is a favorite hall for concerts and private theatricals, its stage being fitted up for the special accommodation of the latter. It has a seating capacity of 522, is beautifully decorated, and comfortably furnished. Beethoven Hall, on Washington Street nearly opposite the Globe Thea- tre, was built, as its name implies, for a first-class concert-hall ; but it is now used more for miscellaneous entertainments. It is handsomely furnished, and has a seating capacity of about 1,500. The Parker Memorial Hall, at the corner of Berkeley and Appleton Streets, is the place of worship of the Twenty-Eighth Congregational Society, and was built to commemorate the renowned preacher, Theodore Parker. It has a seating capacity of 850. The first floor is devoted to the rooms of the Parker Fraternity, the well-known social organization con- nected with the society. The Paine Memorial Hall is on Appleton Street, near the Parker Memo- rial Hall. It was built in commemoration of Thomas Paine. The famous San Francisco millionnaire, James Lick, gave $18,000 towards the building- fund. The hall has seats for 800 persons. Investigator Hall, in the Paine Memorial Hall building, has seating capacity of about 600. The Mechanics' Hall in the building of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, corner of Bedford and Chauncy Streets, is pleasantly and conveniently arranged. It was formerly much used for chamber con- certs, but is now principally devoted to the purposes of the association. Wesleyan Hall, in the Methodist building on Bromfield Street, is much used for lectures and other occasions where the audiences are not large. It is now used for the rehearsals of the Boylston Club. Its seating capacity is about 300. 232 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The Hawthorne Rooms, named in honor of Nathaniel Hawthorne, in Doll & Richards's new building on Park Street, are elegant and tasteful. They are specially devoted to morning lectures, given between 12 and I, after a style which has for some time prevailed in London, and which has lately become quite popular in Boston. They are also used for evening entertainments of a high character, are reached by an elevator, as well as by a broad staircase, and have a seating capacity of about 250. The Turnhalle, in the building of the Turnverein, on Middlesex Street, is the central gathering-point of the German population. A description of it will be found in another part of this chapter. Faneuil Hall, on Faneuil-Hall Square and Merchants' Row, is illustrated and described in the chapter on " Markets and Exchanges." Other Halls. — Other well-known halls in the city are Papanti's, 23 Tre- mont Street, where many famous dinners in the past have taken place, and which is now mostly used for dancing; Nassau Hall, corner Washington and Nassau Streets, much used by believers in "isms:" Hospitaller Hall, 751 Washington Street, which, with Codman Hall, 176 Tremont Street, is fre- quented largely by labor-reformers and persons of kindred ideas ; John A. Andrew Hall, in what was formerly the Essex-street Church, at the corner of Chauncy and Essex Streets, used mostly for political and trades meetings ; Concord Hall, on Concord Street, at the South End, used mostly for dan- cing : and Pilgrim Hall, in the Congregational Building, corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets, used for religious and social gatherings by the Con- gregationalists and others. In the outlying districts, the Roxbury district has Kennedy Hall, on Warren Street, built by Donald Kennedy of Roxbury ; a finely fitted hall, with a seating capacity of 950, used principally for lec- tures, amateur theatricals, balls, and lyceum entertainments. In the same district there is Institute Hall, at 113 Dudley Street, used chiefly for balls and public meetings; Bacon's Hall, 2185 Washington Street; Highland Hall, 191 Warren Street. In the Dorchester district is the old Town Hall. In Jamaica Plain, West-Roxbury district, is Curtis Hall, a beautiful build- ing, formerly the Town Hall. On annexation the Boston city council gave it its present name in honor of one of the most public-spirited citizens of the district. It is used for public gatherings and social festivities. In the Charlestown district the principal hall is Monument Hall, on Main Street, near the Neck. There are also the City Hall, City Square ; Congress Hall, Main Street: Evening Star Hall, Main Street; Freemason's Hall, Thomp- son Square: Harvard Hall, Bow Street: Ivanhoe Hall, Main Street; Odd Fellow's Hall, Main Street; Waverley Hall, Waverley Block ; Winthrop Hall, Main Street. East Boston has Lyceum Hall, on Maverick Square ; Webster Hall, Webster Street ; and Sumner Hall, near Meridian Street, with seats for 800 persons. South Boston has Waitt's Hall. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 2 33 The Clubs, and there are many of them, constitute one of the most characteristic features of Boston. Some are unique and peculiar in their management and purposes. In these clubs are drawn together the various little groups of people who in a great city are congenial to one another, either from holding relative positions in wealth and station, or from having similar desires in mental, social, and physical culture. The Temple Club, established in 1829, is the oldest. Its building, at No. 37 West Street, is the only one designed expressly for club uses, and presents a modest front, while the interior is admirably arranged for the special purpose for which it was designed. The club is a small one : and its reputation for good-fellowship is of long standing. The admission-fee is $100, and the annual assessments are not allowed to exceed that amount. The Somerset Club is the most fashionable and exclusive. It was or- ganized in 1852, and was an outgrowth of the Tremont Club. It first occu- pied the substantial granite mansion-house on the corner of Bea- con and Somerset Streets, now known as " The Congregational House ; " and in 1872 it moved to the mag- nificent granite-front residence on Beacon Street, opposite the Common, built by the late David Sears, from whom it was bought. The interior of the house is elegant, and at the same time has an exceedingly com- fortable look. A nota- ble feature is a ladies' restaurant, for guests of the members, which is also open to non- members accompany- ing ladies on club- order. There is also a charming ladies' supper-room, overlooking the Common. The membership was originally limited to 250; but it is now fixed at 600. Applications for membership are determined wholly by a Somerset Club House, Beacon Street. 234 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. committee on elections. The admission-fee and annual assessment-fee are #100 each. On the site of the present Somerset Club house was the home of Copley, the famous painter. The Union Club was established near the close of the Rebellion, as a semi-political club, in support of the Union cause ; but it has since lost its political character, and has become a social club of the highest respectabili- ty. The bench and bar are well represented in it. Its first president was Edward Everett ; and among his successors have been such men as Charles G. Loring, Richard H. Dana, jun., Henry Lee, and Lemuel Shaw, son of the great chief justice. Its membership is limited to 600. Applicants for ad- mission must first be reported on favorably by the committee, and then voted on by the club ; one black ball in five is sufficient to exclude. The entrance-fee is $100, and the annual assessment $50. A feature of the club is its excellent table-d ' hotc dinners. The club-house is conveniently and pleasantly situated on Park Street, opposite the Common, and was for- merly the residence of Abbott Lawrence. The Central Club is of recent origin, established in 1869 by prominent South-End residents. Its first meetings were in the St. James Hotel, and its first club-house was on Concord Street. The present building, first occupied in 1872, is a conspicuous brown-stone building on Washington Street, at the corner of Worcester Square. P>om its spacious cupola can be had a splendid view of the city proper and the Highlands. The build- ing is not large, but it is well arranged, and substantially furnished. The club has a large membership. It is social, not political ; but it happens that several of its most prominent members are leading Republicans. The Suffolk Club has rooms in a brick building at No. 4^ Beacon Street. One writer describes this club as " an association for the development of the pleasurable social affinities of seemingly incongruous kinds of character." To this club belong a number of prominent Democratic politicians. The Athenian Club is an outgrowth of the Boston Press Club. It was designed to be a purely professional club ; but in the course of time a large number of non-professionals were admitted. The journalistic, drama- tic, and musical elements, however, are still prominent in the direction of the club affairs, and give the tone to its management. The club-house until recently was on Tremont Place. It now occupies elegant quarters at 168 Tremont Street, fronting the Common. The monthly dinners, and recep- tions to dramatic and other celebrities, are features of the club. Charles H. Taylor, of " The Daily Globe," is president. The New-England Woman's Club is one of the institutions of Boston. It was organized ten years ago by prominent ladies, and had its home at first in Tremont Place. It afterwards removed to more spacious quarters on Park Street, opposite the Common, a few doors from the Union Club. 236 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. It is very select, and gives receptions, breakfasts, and "teas" to distin- guished guests ; and it has regular weekly meetings, at which essays are read and discussions indulged in. The Saturday-Morning Club is of recent organization, and consists of about sixty young ladies, who listen to lectures from literary and scientific celebrities, and meet for " mutual improvement," and perhaps " mutual admiration " as well. The Literary Clubs of Boston have no club-houses, but meet generally at some leading hotel around the festive mahogany. The Saturday Club, also known as the Literary Club, dines once a month at Parker's, and always on the last day of the week. It is famous for the literary and scientific celebrities who have from time to time belonged to it. The Papyrus Club meets monthly at dinner, at the Revere House. Its membership is two- thirds literary, and one-third miscellaneous. One black ball in five excludes a candidate for admittance. The Chestnut-street Club, formerly called the Radical Club, by which name it is best known, meets weekly at the resi- dence of its founder on Chestnut Street; and the essays and discussions by men and women of letters, and advanced thinkers, are regularly reported in the leading daily journals. The leading clubs of actors are the Macaroni, the Ace of Spades, and the Americus. The latter has rooms on Tremont Street, opposite the Mu- seum ; and the former meets once a month at the Parker House. The Wednesday-evening Century Club, and the Thursday Club, are associations of gentlemen representing, for the most part, professional life, who meet at the houses of one another. The Union Boat-Club, organized in 1 851, is one of the oldest boating- organizations in the country. Its club-house is at the foot of Chestnut Street, on the Charles River, at the head of the famous boat-racing course. It is an attractive building, in the Swiss style, with gymnasium and rooms for the convenience of the members, who number 130. The club rowed in a race at Hull, in 1853, in which its boat was steered by the bow oar, instead of by a coxswain, the first time that it was done in this country. It introduced the first wherry-race on the Charles in 1854; and in 1857 its crew won the Beacon cup from the Harvards. The club, as an organization, has not been represented on the Charles of late years. The Boston Yacht-Club was organized in 1866, and chartered in 1868. It was the first club formed in Boston for yachting purposes, except a small club that began in 1834 and ended in 1837. It was also the first yacht-club chartered by the State. At present it comprises 250 members and 80 yachts, and owns considerable property at City Point, South Boston. The club- house, finely situated on the shore, is open to the winds, easterly and south- erly, that sweep over Boston Harbor and Dorchester Bay, and commands a KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 2 37 pleasing view in all directions. The conveniences for boating purposes, and the charms as a place of resort for its members in summer months, give it exceptional attractions. The officers of the club are: commodore, F. H. Peabody ; vice-commodore, Nathaniel Wales : rear-commodore, Andrew Boston Yacht-Club House, City Point. Robeson ; secretary, Thomas Dean ; treasurer, Augustus Russ. The two last named have filled the same offices since the organization of the club. The South -Boston Yacht-Club was organized in 1868, and incorporated in 1877. It has 139 members, and the yachts enrolled number 44. Its house, 30 by 45 feet, has a good wharf, is conveniently arranged, and admira- bly situated on the extreme point of South Boston. It was the first house erected in Massachusetts by a yacht-club. The officers are : commodore, M. J. Kiley; vice-commodore, L. S. Pond; fleet-captain, J. G. Chambers; secretary, William Morris; treasurer, Thomas Christian. Other Yacht-Clubs include the East-Boston Club, S. S. Goodwin, com- modore ; Bunker-Hill Club, George H. Brown, commodore ; Dorchester Club, F. E. Peabody, commodore ; as well as a few composed of Boston men which have their houses outside the city limits. The Boston Base-Ball Association was incorporated in 1871, and sup- ports the "Boston Nine," or "The Red-Stockings" as it is often called. Most of the stockholders are business-men who do not expect any returns from their investments, which were made merely to encourage the game. Since its organization the Nine has won six of the eight championship series. In all 472 games were played, of which 344 were won, 126 lost, and 2 drawn. The Association has large and comfortable club-rooms at 786 238 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON Washington Street, opposite Hollis Street. During the winter the mem- bers of the Nine exercise themselves at the gymnasium of the Young Men's Christian Union. From the beginning Harry Wright has been the captain and manager, and George Wright the " short stop," on the Nine. The president is Arthur H. Soden. The Union Athletic Club was organized in 1875 by a few members of the old Union Gymnasium on Washington Street. It has had three fall and three spring meetings, open to all amateurs. The liberal prizes offered by the club have at times brought to Boston some of the best amateur ath- letes. The club is negotiating for a piece of land, which it hopes to have ready for the coming season. It has heretofore used the Boston Base-Ball Club grounds. Its headquarters are in the Young Men's Christian Union building: and its officers are William M. Olin, president; H. M. Howard, secretary • and P. F. Ferris, chairman of the executive committee. The Lacrosse Club is a part of the Union Athletic Club, and was formed in 1878. It won the cup offered by the city of Boston, to be com- peted for by the Ravenwoods of Brooklyn and this club. At the expense of this club, the Indian Team of Montreal played in Boston, and showed to great advantage the Lacrosse game, which is destined to become quite popular. The Boston Turnverein was organized in 1849, anc l incorporated in 1871. The so- ciety, comprising about 375 members, almost all Germans, owns the Turnhalle on Middle- sex Street. The building, which was erected in 1876, cost, with the land, $65,000. It contains a thoroughly-equipped gymnasium ; billiard-rooms ; bowling-alleys ; a hall having a seating-capacity of 500, and a stage for private theatricals, concerts, and other en- tertainments : a reading-room, with library of 1,000 volumes; and restaurant, parlors, and reception-rooms. The Turnverein is partly a benevolent organization. Its dues are : for active members $9.00 a year, which entitles the member to a weekly payment of $5.00 in case of sickness ; and for passive members $6.00 a year. The society also issues a small weekly periodical, called the " Turner-Zeitung." The president is Charles Dellit ; the treasurer, Julius Meyer ; the recording secretary, Henry Pelkus. Turnhalle, Middlesex Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 2 39 Secret Societies are also numerous and strong in Boston. There arc- Masonic societies, the Knights Templars, the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Improved Order of Red Men, the Knights of Honor, the Inde- pendent Order of Good Templars, the Templars of Honor, the German Order of Harugari, the Sovereigns of Industry, the United American Me- chanics, the Independent Order of Foresters, the Order of Alfredians, and the Grand Army of the Republic. The Masonic Temple, in which are gathered the majority of the several Masonic organizations in the city, and which is the headquarters of the grand lodge, is an elegant and imposing granite building, on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, with octagonal towers rising to the height of 1 20 feet, while the height of the building proper is 90 feet. The Tre- mont-street front is 85 feet wide. The entire building, with the exception of the street and basement floors. is occupied by the Masonic or- ganizations. It is seven sto- ries high. It has three large halls for meetings, furnished one in the Corinthian, one in the Egyptian, and the third in the Gothic styles. The corner-stone was laid on St. John's Day, June 22, 1867. with imposing ceremonies, and one of the largest of Masonic street-processions. President Johnson was pres- ent on the occasion, a con- spicuous figure in the parade. The Masons, before the build- ing of the present Temple, occupied as headquarters a building on the site of the present building, which, to- gether with the Winthrop Masonic Temple, Tremont Street. House adjoining it, was destroyed by fire in 1864. At an earlier period the building now used as the United States Court House, on Tremont Street, corner of Temple Place, was the Masonic headquarters. The Odd Fellows' Hall is an elegant and imposing building completed in 1872. Its situation is an admirable one, to show its architectural design to the best advantage, on the corner of Tremont and Berkeley Streets, both of which are wide streets. It covers 12,000 square feet of land, and is con- 240 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. structed of Concord and Hallo well white granite. It is four stories high. The street floor and basement are occupied by stores. The largest halls are in the fourth story, one 54 by 94 feet, and 25 feet high in the clear ; and the other a banquet-hall, 26 by no feet; both these halls are provided with ample ante-rooms. Other halls in the spacious building are the encamp- ment-hall in the roof; the lodge-halls, with ante-rooms and side-rooms, and the grand-lodge office and grand master's private room, all in the third story. The grand entrance is from Tremont Street. In the second story is the large hall, and also numerous offices from which rent is received ; so that, with what is received from renting the stores, offices, and hall, the Odd Fellows' Hall, Tremont Street. revenue from the building is good. This building was built by the Odd Fellows' Hall Association, which was incorporated in 1870. The money was raised at once, the site purchased, and in the summer of 1871 the corner-stone was laid, with the customary ceremony, and the event was duly celebrated. In the Charlestown district there is a commodious Odd Fellows' Hall at No. 25 Main Street; in the Highland district, at No. 2,298 Washing- ton Street; and in the West-Roxbury district, on Green, corner of Boylston Street, Jamaica Plain. The Grand Army of the Republic is a secret semi-military organization, composed exclusively of honorably discharged soldiers and sailors who served in the army and navy during the civil war. It is organized into posts, State departments, and a national encampment; and its objects are to perpetuate the fraternity and comradeship formed in the camp and on the battle-field, to care for the needy and destitute and the widows and orphans KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 241 of those who fell, and to cultivate a spirit of unswerving loyalty to the national government. In the State there are 130 posts, which annually disburse over $34,000 in relief, the greater part to persons not belonging to the order. The headquarters of the Massachusetts department is at 53 Tremont Street. Gen. Horace Binney Sargent is department commander: James F. Meech, who succeeded Henry B. Peirce when the latter was elected secretary of State of Massachusetts, assistant-adjutant-general ; Theodore L. Kelly of Post 15, assistant-inspector-general. Twelve posts are chartered in Boston, which bear the names of distinguished soldiers and patriots, and are styled in Grand Army circles, Charles Russell Lowell Post 7, John A. Andrew Post 15, etc. The Militia of Massachusetts was wholly re-organized under the law of 1878, and now ranks as one of the most efficient military organizations in the United States. It is divided into two brigades, both of which have their headquarters in Boston, — the first brigade, Brig.-Gen. Hobart Moore, at Boylston Hall ; and the second brigade, Brig.-Gen. Eben Sutton, at 5^ Bea- con Street. The Boston organizations belonging to the first brigade are ; Cos. A, D, C, K, and L of the First Regiment of Infantry, Lieut. -Col. Nathaniel Wales, headquarters 608 Washington Street ; Co. L, Sixth Regi- ment, armory 3 North Russell Street. The Boston organizations belonging to the second brigade are : Battery A, Light Artillery, Capt. Nathan Apple- ton, headquarters corner of Harrison Avenue and Wareham Street ; the First Battalion of Cavalry, Major Dexter H. Follett, headquarters 37 Tremont Street; Cos. A, H, and G of the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, Col. Ezra J. Trull, headquarters 82 Main Street, Charlestown district ; Cos. A, B, C, D, E, G, and H of the Ninth Regiment of Infantry, headquarters 61 Court Street. The whole militia of Massachusetts, under the new law, is limited to sixty companies of infantry, three of cavalry, three of light artillery, and two corps of cadets. The First Corps of Cadets, until recently the Inde- pendent Corps of Cadets, Lieut.-Col. Thomas F. Edmands, headquarters 94 Tremont Street, was organized in 1741, and has always been the body-guard of his Excellency the Governor. The National Lancers, a famous cavalry organization, now belongs to the First Battalion of Cavalry, which also in- cludes the Roxbury Horse Guards. The Boston School Regiment com- prises the boys of the several public Latin and high schools. There is a corps of cadets connected with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, military drill being obligatory upon the lowest class. The boys of the Chauncy-Hall School have an efficient military organization. The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company is the oldest military organization in the United States. It was formed in 1638 as " The Military Company of Boston." In 1657 it was recognized as an artillery company, The title " Ancient and Honorable " first occurs in the records, September. 242 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 1700. The " Honorable" was assumed from the circumstance that its cap- tains had belonged to the Honorable Artillery Company of London. The company dispersed during the Revolution, but was revived in 1789. The " election sermon " has annually been preached before the company, since 1639, ^h the exception of five years during Andros's government. For many years it has been the annual custom of the governor to personally commission the officers on the Common. The company no longer belongs to the militia, and is now more of a social than a military organization. The members still retain their ancient privilege of exemption from jury-duty, — a feature which induces many business men to become members of this com- pany. The headquarters of the Ancient and Honorables are in Faneuil Hall. There are other clubs and many societies or gatherings for social, reli- gious, educational, and divers purposes, some of which will be noticed in other chapters. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 243 ®ije Insurance ©fftces, LIFE, FIRE, MARINE, ACCIDENT, AND OTHER INSURANCE COMPANIES. TO the insurance companies Boston is greatly indebted, not only for the protection afforded her commercial interests and the aid rendered widows and orphans, but also for several of the finest edifices in this country. And probably no class of edifices attract more attention, or cause deeper interest to the thoughtful mind, than the various insurance offices, the archi- tectural beauty of which is simply the outward show of the grand success that has attended the institutions in carrying on their humane work on sound and healthy principles of insurance. The close margins on which business in general is now conducted do not allow the individual to hazard his person or his property to any possible loss without taking some additional protec- tion. And therefore we have insurance providing for loss caused not only by death, by fire, and by the perils of navigation, but also by sickness, by bodily injuries, by explosion of steam-boilers, by the breakage of plate-glass windows, by lightning, and by burglary. The various insurance companies having become quite numerous, the Commonwealth in 1855 assumed critical supervision over them, and created the insurance department, from whose 23d annual report (for 1878) we find that 253 insurance companies are au- thorized to do business in Massachusetts, nearly all of them represented in Boston. The following interesting table is compiled from the reports of Samuel H. Rhodes, who has been the insurance commissioner since 1874 : — No. Classification. Gross Assets Jan. 1, 1878. Income 1877. Risks written 1877. Losses paid 1877. 7 54 25 6 in 26 17 253 MassacJuisetts Companies, — Mutual marine and fire-marine Mutual fire (3 having guaran- tee capital) Mutual boiler Joint-stock fire and marine . . Life Non-Massachusetts Co.'s, — Fire and marine, other States Life of other States .... U.S. branches of foreign Co.'s Plate-glass Accident Steam-boiler Casualty Totals $541,665,478 $4,245,159 5,724,164 2,445 13,195,886 3 ,353,3i8 112,077,565 357,269,068 16,606,625 223,635 1,554,937 285,711 126,965 $1,216,238 2,243,043 4,38i 4,994,234 5,789,813 49,621,630 77,296,852 12,294,954 77,867 895,137 179,622 36,335 $65,384,509 178,400,701 600,700 400,691,535 15,384,692 4,888,855,586 154,953,564 1,452,945,088 2,297,960 1 107,535,083 13,482,149 10,258,162 $785,589 603,875 None. 2,957,375 1,403,411 26,161,329 17,920,035 5,74^379 24,780 345,382 3,466 4,857 $154,650,106 $7,290,789,729 J $55,951,478 1 Only one reporting. 244 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. These figures will probably show, even to the casual observer, the formidable insurance interest represented in Boston. Life-insurance in America virtually gained its foothold in Boston; for the first statistics gathered that were ultimately used as its basis was a com- plete table of American life, framed in 1789 by Prof. Edward Wigglesworth of Harvard College. This table was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts as a rule in estimating the value of life-estates. In 181 1 the Massachusetts General Hospital was established; and the mana- gers were authorized to grant annuities ; which was done until an arrange- ment was made in 1823 with the Massachusetts Hospital Life-Insurance Company, chartered in 181 8, to which the business of granting annuities was transferred on a royalty for the hospital of one-third the net profits of the new company. In 1823 Phillips's " Law of Life Insurance," the first American work of its kind, was published in Boston. The New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company was the second company to obtain a charter from the Commonwealth; and, although chartered in 1835, it c ^d not begin business for several years afterwards, as it was hindered by the hard times, and encumbered with the royalty which was required of all life-insurance companies, of one-third the profits to the hospital. In 1844 the State Mutual Life-Insurance Company of Worcester was incorporated. In 1846 the law regarding payment to the hospital was construed to require only one-third of the net profits after the payment of a six-per-cent dividend to the stockholders ; and since that time four life-insurance companies have been chartered by the State. To the credit of the Commonwealth it can be said, that none of the life-insurance companies chartered by it have ever failed or discontinued. Although it is not within the scope of this work to consider the many laws that have been enacted relative to insurance, it cer- tainly is pardonable to mention the "non-forfeiture law," which, enacted in 1 861, provides that life-insurance companies shall continue their policies in force until all premiums that have been paid are wholly exhausted, whether the assured pays his annual premium or not. This law, binding only upon the Massachusetts companies, removes one of the former inequities of life- insurance. The Massachusetts Hospital Life-insurance Company, referred to above, is still in successful operation ; but its business is chiefly confined to trusts and annuities, and, in fact, it transacts no life-insurance business in its modern forms. The office of the company is at No. 50 State Street; and its officers are Peter C. Brooks president, Samuel C. Cobb actuary, J. C. Braman secretary. Its paid-up capital is $500,000; and its gross assets, including its trust-funds, are nearly $16,000,000. The company during the past half-century has paid the hospital a large amount of money. Nathaniel Bowditch, the first actuary, and in fact the originator of the company, re- mained in its service for many vears. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 245 The New-England Mutual Life of Boston was the first company char- tered in America, to do a life-insurance business in its modern forms : and its career from the beginning has been one of continued prosperity. The company began with a cash capital of $50,000, being 50 per cent of a guarantee capital that was withdrawn in 1853; and to-day its cash assets amount to $15,000,000. In 1877 its income was $2,862,282; and its disburse- ments were $2,511,434.14, of which $2,128,473.93 was paid to policy-holders for losses, distributions of surplus, and cancelled policies. From these figures it is seen that the New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company, both by virtue of its assets and the extent of its operations, is one of the largest corporations of New England. Its remarkable success is due to several causes, but especially to its policy of management. Competent men are carefully chosen for officers and employes, and then they are retained by the company. The first president, Willard Phillips, — an author of sev- eral standard insurance works, — served for 23 years. His successor is Benjamin F. Stevens, who has been president for the past 12 years, and had previously been secretary for 17 years and vice-president for 2 years. Mr. Stevens has therefore been connected with this company for 31 consecutive years, and his term of service for one insurance company is longer than that of any other life-insurance officer in America. The first secretary held the office for 4 years ; the second, Mr. Stevens, for 17 years; and the present secretary, Joseph M. Gibbens, was elected 14 years ago, after a previous connection with this company of 15 years. The benefits of the "non-forfeit- ure law "were applied by vote of the directors to all the policies of this company in force at the time of the enactment of the law. The former building of the company, on the corner of State and Congress Streets, was purchased by the city for the purpose of widening Congress Street. In 1874 the company erected, on Post-office Square, its present building, which, together with the adjoining building, forms the handsomest block in New England. The facades, in the Renaissance style, are of granite, five stories high, and are surmounted with^an iron roof containing two stories. The frontage is 50 feet on Post-office Square, 181 on Congress Street, 69 feet in the rear, and 68 feet in an area. The floor surface is 10,257 square feet. All floors and the roof are constructed of iron beams and brick arches, and there are 22 large burglar and fire proof safes in the building. The first floor has three wide entrances, — one on Post-office Square, and two on Congress Street, — with spacious halls leading to a wide and easy stair- way. On this floor are five large banking-rooms, all occupied at present. On the second floor are the company's offices, amply provided with all the conveniences necessary to conduct its extensive and increasing business. The other stories are divided into offices, some of the choicest in the city. The rooms and floors are provided with electric bells and speaking-tubes 246 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. for communication to and from all parts of the building. The elevator is run, and the heating apparatus supplied, with steam from boilers placed, for additional security, under an area away from the building. The architect was Nathaniel J. Bradlee. Among the many occupants are the Everett National Bank, of which Warren Sawyer is president; and the Locke Regu- lator Company, Almond F. Nason, president, manufacturers of pressure regulators for steam and water. The American Bank Note Company, several specimens of whose work are to be found in this book, have their office, designing, engraving, and printing rooms, in this building. The company have been tenants of the New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company for the past 21 years. The manager of the business is Benjamin C. Leonard. On the upper floors Rand, Avery, & Co. have rooms containing their geometric lathes used in engraving steel plates for railroad tickets. On the first floor Mercer & Whittemore, insurance-agents, occupy an office fronting on Post-office Square. The firm represent the Queen Insur- ance Company of Liverpool and London, Eng., and the ^tna Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn. The Queen paid in full its losses in the Great Fire of 1872, amounting to more than $800,000. Its gross assets to-day exceed $4,000,000 : and the assets of the United States branch alone exceed $1,500,000. The ^Etna is one of the companies, that, many years ago, laid the foundation of the reputation of Hartford as an insurance centre. It has paid over $42,000,000 for losses, of which $1,600,000 was for losses in the Great Fire of 1872. It is the second oldest insurance company in Connecti- cut, and the largest, in amount of assets and extent of business, of the fire- insurance companies of America. Its assets are nearly $7,000,000. The entire basement was constructed expressly for, and is now occupied by, the Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company, referred to elsewhere. The John Hancock Mutual Life-insurance Company of Boston was chartered in 1861, as the exponent of the Massachusetts non-forfeiture law, and was the first company to pay a loss under that law, which compels the continuance of a policy in force until the policy-holder has received the full benefits of the premiums paid by him. The assets of the company approach $3,000,000, and the gross payments to policy-holders amount to more than $4,000,000. Notwithstanding the general depression, a larger business was done in 1877 than in any year preceding since 1872; the actual increase in amount at risk being $383,100. During the same year the company intro- duced the " Industrial Plan," the object of which is to present to the labor- ing and industrial classes a form of insurance within their reach, that they may be benefited to an extent within their ability to pay. The plan has received the indorsement of insurance experts and the press. This com- pany, through its by-laws, requires the policy-holders, with the aid of ex- perts, to examine its condition at least once each year. During the past a*« «u_ Albcrtjpe. — Forbes Co., Bosto Building of the NEW-ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., Post-Office Square, Eoston. Ben\. F. Stevens, President. Joseph M Gibbens Secretary. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 247 four years twenty different persons not connected with the management of the company have made such examinations. The president, George Thorn- ton, elected in 1874, was for 12 years connected with the Mutual Benefit Life-insurance Company of New Jersey; and the secretary, George B. Woodward, was for 6 years connected with the New-England Mutual Life- insurance Company of Boston. The insurance department says that there is no American life-insurance company making more rapid progress to-day than the John Hancock Life-Insurance Company. The office is in Sears Building, corner Court and Washington Streets. The Mutual Life of New York, which was the first life-insurance com- pany to begin operations in the United States, is to-day the largest moneyed institution in America, and the largest corporation in the world. The com- pany's assets are $15,000,000 larger than those of the Bank of England. Its gross assets are nearly $90,000,000, and it has paid to policy-holders the enor- mous sum of $121,146,559. As it was organized in 1843, these payments are at the rate of $3,461,330 per year, $288,444 P er month, $66,564 per week, and $9,509 per day, holidays and Sundays included. The number of policies in force Dec. 31, 1877, was 91,553; and the amount of insurance covered by them was nearly $300,000,000. The income for 1877 was $18,912,461. These figures barely convey an idea of the magnitude of the Mutual Life Company or its operations ; but they do show that the company is justly entitled to own the most elegant structures in which to transact its busi- ness. Buildings had been erected in New York and Philadelphia; and it was thought advisable to erect one in Boston that would not only suitably accom- modate its extensive New-England business, but also prove a profitable investment. Accordingly, one of the most eligible sites was selected; and now the building stands on Milk Street, majestically fronting Post-office Square. From almost every part of the city and harbor, its marble tower, with gilded balcony, can be seen as an architectural monument of the com- pany's success, that was achieved by honesty, industry, economy, and ability. This superb white-marble edifice is said to be the finest and most complete building of its kind on this continent, and, together with the adjoining build- ing, makes unquestionably the handsomest and most imposing block in New England. To enter into the details of its construction would require more space than can be allotted here. The total height of the tower, the gilded crests, and the iron flagstaff, is 234 feet. From the balcony, 198 ft. 6 in. above the sidewalk, can be obtained the best possible view of Boston and its surroundings. The clock is an interesting feature. It has four dials, each 10 ft. 6 in. in diameter ; and the hands are 5 ft. 3 in. long. The striking-hammer weighs 150 lbs., and the bell 3,700 lbs. The clock pendulum is 15 feet long; and the three immense weights, of 2,500 lbs., together with their chains, extend 45 feet below the dials. The winding up 248 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. of the clock, every eighth day, requires two stout men, who laboriously turn a crank 241 times for each weight. The building is strictly fireproof, and contains seven floors, including the basement. Among the occupants of the first floor is the Bos- ton National Bank, of which Charles B. Hall is president. This bank has a cash capital of $1,000,000, and is the United States Depository. On the second floor is the elegant office of Amos D. Smith, 3d, the general agent for Massachusetts of the Mutual Life. For the past fifteen years Mr. Smith has been connected with this company, and by his own indefatigable ex- ertions has built up by far the largest life-insurance agency business in this State ; and, by rea- son of his remarka- ble success, his name is imperishably re- corded in the annals of life-insurance in New England. A- mong the other oc- cupants can be men- tioned the Piedmont Air Line, Waldo A. Pearce, New - Eng- Mutual Life-insurance Co's. building, Post-office Square land Agent ; Pre's- \ infallible yeast-powder, ton & Merrill, a firm established in 1845, vy l sugar-of-lemons, and flavoring extracts are known all over the country ; George L. Roberts & Brothers, advocates in patent causes before the United ICING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 249 States courts ; and William T. Brigham, counsellor-at-law and notary public. Frederick S. Winston has been the president of the Mutual Life-Insurance Company for the past 25 years, and has financiered the institution, from the time when it had only $2,500,000, until it has accumulated the colossal sum of nearly $90,000,000. The company's success, attained under the sagacious management of Mr. Winston, is incomparable with that of any corporation in the world, in ancient or modern times. The Mutual Life, as its name suggests, is purely mutual. Ex-Gov. A. H. Rice and George C. Richardson are the Boston trustees ; and to them the Boston people are greatly indebted for the magnificent structure above mentioned. The Equitable Life-Assurance Society of New York has erected, on the corner of Milk and Devonshire Streets, one of the grandest and most substantial busi- ness edifices in this country. It is one of the most-fre- quented places in the city. The three comfortable eleva- tors, incased in brick walls, carry up and down about 3,000 persons every day, while the Equitable Safe De- posit Vaults in the basement, and the several leading- banks on the first floor, cause thou- sands of persons to enter the building daily. On the up- per floors are the offices of several great railroad com- Equitable Life-Assurance Society's Building, Milk Street. . . panies, — the Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel, and Western Railway, and the Little Rock and Fort Smith; the offices of 250 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the Boston department of the Equitable Life-Assurance Society, the work- ing-rooms of the signal-service, and the commodious apartments of the Whitney Breakfast and Dining Rooms. The entire building is occupied by many of the wealthiest corporations and individuals, and the leading legal firms of Boston. From the roof, which is freely and easily acces- sible to all, can be obtained one of the most picturesque views of Boston and its surroundings. On the roof is the time-ball that is dropped by telegraph from the Harvard Observatory every day at 12 o'clock, and serves as regulator for the timepieces of the people in the same manner as the Old South clock did in times past. On the whole, this building, its interior and exterior, is one of the sights of Boston that should not be neglected by any one. The Mutual Benefit Life-insurance Co., of Newark, N.J., was organized in May, 1845, and is one of the oldest, largest, and best companies in the country. It is now in the thirty-fourth year of a uniformly successful busi- ness. It is purely mutual, having no guaranty capital or stock. Its gross assets are about $35,000,000. This company has more than $10,000,000 at risk in Massachusetts, the greater portion being on lives of citizens of Boston. It has been represented in this city for more than thirty years, and has paid losses here amounting to more than $2,300,000. Its total receipts have exceeded $100,000,000. The president is Lewis C. Grover ; and the Boston agent is James B. Niver, whose office is at 15 State Street. Besides the companies above mentioned, there are 23 agencies for life- insurance companies organized in other States, and 3 agencies for companies chartered by this State. Fire and Marine Insurance was effected in Boston as far back certainly as 1724, but the business for many years was done only by individuals. The first company chartered by the Commonwealth was the Massachusetts Fire and Marine Insurance Company, in 1795 ; which continued until 1848, when its charter was revoked. In 1798 the Massachusetts Mutual Fire-insurance Company, and in 1799 the Boston Insurance Company, were chartered. During the present century the formation of companies has been constant. From many causes, and especially the Great Fire of 1872, a large number of the fire and marine companies have disappeared from the surface. For losses in that fire, $60,000,000 were paid by the insurance companies doing business in Boston. Without this money to aid in the rebuilding of the city it is difficult to see what would have become of Boston. To the fire- underwriters also is due the formation and support of the Boston Protective Department mentioned in another chapter. Before 1872 most of the fire-insurance of Boston was carried by the local companies; but the disastrous results of "carrying too many eggs in one KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 251 basket " showed the necessity of looking, not only to Boston, but to the world, for capital to meet the calamities that can befall the city through extensive conflagrations. A large part of the losses by the Great Fire were paid by the companies of other States and countries then doing business here ; and for that reason the preference over local companies was given them by insurers. Since then a large number of companies, some from various parts of Europe and North America, with great capitals, have established agencies in Massachusetts. The Great Fire made another notable change, by making this city the headquarters for New England of many of the largest foreign and American companies ; and their trusted and experienced general agents and adjusters settled here, and became active citizens, interested equally with the officers of the local companies in every thing that is advantageous to Boston. Many of these men have joined the ranks of the local agents. The insurance agents generally are men of standing, energy, and intelligence, whose persistency in conducting their business has become proverbial. There are now so many companies and agencies with whom parties seeking large lines of insurance would have to deal, if they tried to effect their own insurance, that the necessity of having some person transact the business of the assured with the companies has brought forward a class of men called " brokers." These seek to control the insurance of firms, and to divide it among the various offices, the latter paying them commissions. Their duty to the assured is to see that the poli- cies intended to cover the same property are concurrent and correctly worded, and that the insurance is effected in reliable companies at proper rates. Many agents also act as brokers, and take care of the full line of insur- ance carried by their patrons, placing in other agencies whatever they cannot place in their own. In the "Boston Directory" for 1878 is a list of 267 " insurance agents," many of whom do partly or exclusively a brokerage business. In the large number of agents in Boston there is probably none more widely or more favorably known to the business community than John C. Paige. Although his agency was established since the Great Fire, it represents a greater amount of insurance capital than any other agency in Boston, and includes several of the strongest insurance companies in the world, and such as the Northern Assurance Company of London, with total resources of $25,225,596; the Imperial Fire of London, $12,270,091; and the Franklin Fire of Philadelphia, with assets of $3,363,446. These com- panies, with the Standard of Trenton, Hoffman of New York, and Orient of Hartford, all represented at this agency, have total assets of more than $42,000,000. Mr. Paige is also the general agent for New England of the Franklin Fire of Philadelphia; and by his able management, the company has built up the large and profitable business to which it is entitled by reason of its sterling worth. The amount of business of this agency is 252 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. exceeded by that of only a few in Boston ; and the office, No. 7 Exchange Place, is in the centre of the " insurance district," and handsomely and conveniently furnished. The Boston companies, whose policies are now sought for all over the country, have scattered their business ; and what they lose in amount by the competition on local business they more than regain by their own com- petition elsewhere. The wisdom of this policy must be plain ; for now, in case of large fires, with agencies scattered over the country, the companies, although they should lose their whole assets, could, possibly, pay their losses as fast as adjusted, by means of the premiums coming in from other parts. In this sketch of the fire-insurance business, we feel justified in mention- ing Capt. W. B. Sears, whose rank stands prominent among the agents and foremost among the brokers of Boston. His agency was established in 1864, after his return from three years' active service in the Army of the Potomac. His aptitude, energy, and friendship have built up the largest business in its line in Boston. His business includes the full control of the whole insurance of many large firms, and is conducted in a most thor- oughly practical and systematic manner. His name is familiar to the people as captain of the Claflin Guards, whose usefulness and efficiency have been frequently acknowledged. Capt. Sears was also one of the active charter- members of the Boston Protective Department. The Boston Fire -Underwriters' Union was formed as the result of a combination of the Board of Fire-insurance Companies and the Board of Insurance Agents that had previously existed. Its original purpose was to establish and enforce uniform rates of premium ; but after the Great Fire of 1872 it influenced the introduction of many fire-defences, by means of which both the old and the new sections of the city are nfade more secure against fire. At present its chief work is to gather and circulate facts of all kinds interesting to fire-underwriters. Its membership includes almost all agents and local companies. The president is B. B. Whittemore, and the secretary Osborne Howes, jun. The office is at 54 Devonshire Street. The Boston Board of Marine Underwriters was organized in 1850. Its object is to obtain such benefit as may be derived from consultations on measures of general interest, and from concerted action where such action is likely to promote the interests of its members, who comprise almost exclusively the Boston insurance companies doing marine business. It has agents in all parts of the world, from whom is constantly received information regarding vessels in trouble. The inspectors of the board inspect and rate all vessels that arrive at this port. This board also makes the tariff of charges for marine insurance. The Board has its office in the Merchants' Exchange Building. Isaac Sweetser is president, and George H. P^olger secretary. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 2 53 c o ■*-> 10 o 10 (/) u _c CO •3 ho C '5 -a v '3 a, £ o u h v . s* . . CO u uco u t> c ii^o 4> 4) 4> 5. .3 £ in C K 5 ? * co vcoco S j£ « 5 w y^CO ^jvujjyj _^ U >,« MU (j u O MS *=5CO >WUWCfi JRU £ CO g ro - vo rs •«- inP-l m rn 0) NO P^l VO ■^-r' ■>*-(_; • 4> 4> O 3 - t! W u u u „ Ji co 4) 4) 4> «.3 „ D w w m rt • UCOCOCO CO 3 u £ 4> 5.LO £~2 " rt rt rt ~ 4) 3 SoCOcocopOuJ 6Q.5 4 « M =S 2 ■s co j °° W 5 « S M . M . • . 1/1 1-1 " "O 3 3 O . ^! . 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O o ;* > ►»! u 2 ^ bfl "2 "A ,, CS OK fc rt £ a cs,o O'i.r/1 fi ^ M ro ii — . .5 ^ ft* wou ^,ffi fa U Pl, Pi SO 9 c eg 3 « 2- § qMPl, 4) o t--. in invo O^O f> O coo t^OO 10 **• "J-CO * O flH « O 0>fl\0 O^O ro ro^o O ^D 00 00 vo 't- N f^co r^ u^oo t tt^o m^ ■*• m hi 000 onvo m o h tj-pjvo o rono mnmM <^N moo vcTvcT misro* u->v£> m cm 00 \D N -^ 000 m tj-onvO n mo co O h o O^oco * 000 o O 00 00 10 moo o mo +0 n -*\o m*mroco,-! 5 c O * O r§ s ,0^ S i£l1 c.g co c« C K jg s S fa-O^r- U M H iC«3 n C i-t u ,-rt cao.S« g'S.a g.M^ mm 5^^ ^-fJZp^-c-o 5-5«^-J g £ 8^^ J 213 8M2 8 o 3^ y 1 1 B 5 ^ ^-3 2 2^.=>£g P^PhPhPh PMP^P^H^!>!^ o <; 00 00 00 00 ^OMnN MNOO MN H O00 •*■ ■>*• N »n00 CM IT) tJ- CM t^ t^ (*> 00 r^oo oooooooooooocooooooooooooooooocooooocooooo KING'S HANDBOOK QF BOSTON. 259 EJje financial Institutions, NATIONAL AND SAVINGS BANKS, BANKERS, SAFE-DEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANIES. THE first bank in America was established in Boston. It began a three-years' course in 1686, and loaned money on real and per- sonal estate and imperishable merchandise. The second American bank was opened in this city in 1 714. It issued $400,000 of scrip, called "mer- chants 1 notes," which sustained a good credit while the bank passed through its short career. In 1740 "The Land Bank" was organized by 700 or 800 persons, to afford relief at a time of scarcity of specie. The " Specie Bank " was in operation at the same time. They were only the stepping- stones to the solid banks that were founded later. In 1782 a branch of the Bank of North America, a Philadelphian insti- tution, was incorporated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This institution was a signal success, and after it were modelled many banks organized in the commercial cities of the United States. The first bank firmly established in Boston, and the second in America, was the Massa- chusetts Bank, chartered in 1784. From that time the history of the finan- cial institutions is somewhat voluminous, and we shall have to pass on to a cursory glance at those of to-day. Boston has 61 national banks, a larger number than any other city in the United States. They have a total cash capital of $53,150,000, about the same amount as the total capital of the New-York City national banks. Their surplus, Oct. 1, 1878, amounted to $11,343,351. Thirty banks of the City of Boston have cash capitals of $1,000,000, or more, each; and the banks of no other city in the world can make a similar showing. The banks of Boston are noted for their con- servatism, and also for their large proportion of capital to deposits. To give a mere outline of the history of the 61 banks, would require too much space for a work of this kind. A complete list of them and their officers will be found on the following pages. Prominent among the great number of banks in Boston noted for their sound financial basis, ranks — The Maverick National Bank, combining in an eminent degree the ele- ments of stability and of enterprise. For 25 years it has had identified with it many of the leading merchants and financiers of the city. Its loca- tion in the elegant Simmons Building, corner of Water and Congress Streets, opposite the Post-office, is in the very heart of the business section. It has 260 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. most conveniently arranged rooms for the transaction of its constantly in- creasing business. With an ample capital, and a large surplus, the Maverick numbers among its stockholders many original owners of shares ; and its stock stands as high as that of any bank in New England. The long and faithful service of its officers has been one of the chief causes of the great success of the Maverick. Asa P. Potter, the president, has had only two predecessors in office. Samuel Phillips, the cashier for the past 20 years, is the second person who has filled that position. Josiah O. Bennett, the assistant cashier, has been connected with the bank since 1871. As the Government depositary and fiscal agent, this bank was the first to place the new four-per-cent loan before the people of New England. The business •of supplying these bonds to individuals and to other banks is so great that it has been found .necessary to establish a separate department for the purpose ; and this is so well systematized that many banks buy from the Maverick in preference to buying from the Treasury. The four-per-cents have proved very popular with small investors ; their perfect security, fre- quent interest, freedom from tax, and the ease with which they can be converted into cash, being great inducements to cautious purchasers, while capitalists, and holders of trust-funds, readily invest large sums in these bonds. All other Government securities are also bought and sold by this bank. With an affable and expert corps of assistants to aid in its ener- getic management, the Maverick National Bank merits the remarkable success it has won, and is justly classed as one of the soundest financial institutions in the United States. The Boston Clearing-House Association, organized in 1856, is the sec- ond oldest organization of its kind in this country. The banks in former times were compelled to send messengers from one bank to another to collect and pay drafts and checks; and in so doing they were liable to incur great losses by the waylaying of messengers, and were put to con- siderable needless expense and trouble. Nowadays 51 banks send their " messengers " and " settling-clerks " at ten o'clock every morning to the third floor of the New-England National Bank building, 65 State Street, and there in a few minutes, without danger of loss, transact the whole business that would otherwise require several hours' time and considerable risk. The " losing banks," as those are called which bring in a smaller amount of checks on other banks than other banks bring in on them, are required to pay before 12.15 o'clock the balances due by them; and the " gaining banks " come in after that time for the balances due them. There are also 23 banks located in the vicinity of Boston that make their clear- ances through members of the association. The great work that is accom- plished in a short time can be imagined when it is understood that about $7,000,000 change hands every day. The president is James H. Beal, and the manager is N. G. Snelling. mAy^JK!SlK^[A^lSJi:ij^L IHiV^LK, COR. OF WATER AND CONGRESS STR EETS . BOSTON. ASA P POTTEE President KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 261 The following is a complete list of the national banks of Boston : — Atlantic Atlas Blackstone Blue Hill Boston ...... Boylston Broadway Bunker Hill . . . . Central Columbian Continental Eliot Everett Faneuil Hall .... First First Ward Fourth Freeman's Globe Hamilton Howard Manufacturers' . . . Market Massachusetts .... Maverick Mechanics' Merchandise . . . . Merchants' Metropolitan . . . . Monument Mount Vernon . . . Nat'l Bank of Brighton . Nat'l Bank of Commerce Nat'l Bank Commonw'th Nat'l Bank N. America . Nat'l Bank Redemption . Nat'l Bank of Republic . National City .... National Eagle . . . National Exchange . . Nat'l Hide and Leather . Nat'l Market of Brighton National Revere . National Rockland National Security National Union National Webster New England . North . . . Old Boston . . Pacific People's . . . Second . . . Shawmut Shoe and Leather State .... Suffolk . . . Third . . . . Traders' . . . Tremont . . Washington Kilby and Doane Sts , 8 Sears Building . . 132 Hanover Street . Washington St.Dorch. Mutual Ufe Building, 616 Washington St. 150 Devonshire Street, 21 City Sq., Ch'stovvn, 121 Devonshire Street, 65 State Street . . . 51 Summer Street . 131 Devonshire Street, N.-E. Life Building . 3 South Market St. 17 State Street . . 1 Winthrop Bl'k, E.B. 34 Blackstone Street . in Summer Street 40 State Street . . 60 Devonshire Street . Congress Street . 88 Summer Street . 86 State Street . . . 60 Congress Street 50 Water Street 115 Dorchester Ave. . N.-E. Life Building . 28 State Street . . . 57 Brattle Street . . Thomps'nSq.Ch'st' wn, 13 Franklin Street. Washingt'n St.W'd 25, 9 Sears Building . Devonshire Street . 106 Franklin Street 85 Devonshire Street . 3 Merchants' Row . 61 State Street . 16 Kilby Street . . . 28 State Street . . 70 Federal Street . . Wash'gt'n St.Bright'n, 100 Franklin Street . 2343 Washington St. . 79 Court Street . 40 State Street . . N.-E. Life Building . 67 State Street . . 109 Franklin St. 48 State Street . . 131 Devonshire St. 114 Dudley Street . 199 Washington St. 60 Congress Street . 150 Devonshire St. 40 State Street . . 60 State Street . . 66 State Street . . . 91 State Street . State cor. Congress St. 47 State Street . . . $750,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 300,000 1,000,000 700,000 200,000 500,000 500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1 ,000,000 400,000 1 ,000.000 1 ,000,000 250,000 200,000 800,000 1 ,000,000 750,000 1 ,000,000 500,000 800,000 800,000 400,000 250,000 750,000 3,000,000 200,000 150,000 200,000 300,000 2,000,000 500,000 i ,000,000 1 ,000,000 1,500,000 1 ,000,000 1 ,000,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 250,000 1,500,000 300,000 200,000 1 ,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 900,000 250,000 300,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 300,000 600,000 2,000,000 750,000 PRESIDENT. CASHIER. Isaac Pratt, jun. William P. Hunt. Joshua Loring. E. T. Bispham. Charles B. Hall. Joseph T. Bailey. Axel Dearborn. Edward Lawrence. Charles J. Bishop. John T. Coolidge. Oliver Ditson. Wm. H. Goodwin. Warren Sawyer. Nathan Robbins. Abraham T. Lowe. Chas. R. McLean. S. F. Woodbridge. John H. Rogers. W. B. Stevens. S. S. Blanchard. Reub. E. Demmon. Edward Turner. Chas. O. Whitmore. Henry A. Rice. Asa P. Potter. Jas. W. Converse. Israel G. Whitney. Franklin Haven. WalterS. Blanchard James O. Curtis. Carmi E. King. C. W. Kingsley. Caleb H. Warner. E. C. Sherman. Isaac T. Burr. Wm. D. Forbes. H. O. Briggs. Charles L. Thayer. R. S. Covell. Ed. L. Tead. George Ripley. Jacob F. Taylor. Geo. S. Bullens. Samuel Little. Sam'l A. Carlton. Charles L. Young. Francis Jaques. Thomas Lamb. George Whitney. H. W. Pickering. A. I. Benyon. Henry Guild. James H. Beal. John Cummings. Seth Turner. A. W. Stetson. David R. Whitney P. L. Everett. Edward Sands. William Perkins. Eben Bacon. James T. Drown. Charles L. Lane. James Adams, jun. S. J. Willis. James H. Bouve. D. S. Waterman. A. Adams. Chas.R. Lawrence. Louis W. Young. J. M. Gordon. Charles F. Smith. F. Harrington. George E. Carr. T. G. HUer. John Carr. George B. Ford. Frank N. Robbins. E. S. Hayward. Chas. J. Sprague. Geo. W. Newhall. S. F. Wilkins. Francis E. Seaver. Jonathan Brown. H.K.Frothingham. Samuel Phillips. Alvan Simonds. J. F. R. Foss. Geo. R. Chapman. George H. Davis. Warren Sanger. D. H. Belknap. B. S. Fiske. George W. Harris. John J. Eddy. John K. Hall. Ed. A. Presbrey. Chas. A. Vialle. Chas. C. Barry. W. G. Brooks, jun. J. M. Pettengill. Samuel Carr, jun. Ed. P. Wright. H. Blasdale. R. B. Fairbairn. Charles R. Batt. A. Trowbridge. Charles L. Riddle. Charles F. Swan. J. B. Witherbee. Fred. L. Church. F. J. Chick. George C. Leach. Ed. C. Brooks. James P. Stearns. Samuel Carr. C. B. Patten. Edward Tyler. Francis B. Sears. F. S. Davis. A.T.Frothingham. W. H. Bracket!. Sixty-one National Banks, total capital $53i I 5°» 000 262 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. The following is a complete list of the savings banks of Boston : — PRESIDENT. Boston Five Cents . . Boston Penny . . . . Brighton Five Cents . . Charlestown Five Cents East Boston . . . . Eliot Five Cents . . . Emigrant Franklin Home Institution for Savings in ) Roxbury and vicinity J North End Provident South Boston Suffolk . . ... . . Union Inst, for Savings . . Warren Inst, for Savings . 38 School Street .... 1 371 Washington Street . 1 Wash'ton St., c. Chest- ) ) nut-Hill ave. Brighton, ) Thompson Sq., Cha'stown, 16 Maverick Square . . 114 Dudley Street . . . 590 Washington Street . . 20 Boylston Street . . Tremont, cor. Boylston St. 2343 Washington Street . 57 Court Street .... 36 Temple Place .... 368 Broadway .... 47 and 49 Tremont Street . 37 Bedford Street . . . 25 Main St., Charlestown. Alonzo H. Evans. I Eben Howes. I Horace W. Jordan. I Phineas J. Stone. j Phineas M. Crane. I Wm. C. Appleton. Chas. F. Donnelly. j Osmyn Brewster. , Henry Smith. i A. D. Hodges. I Thomas L. Jenks. i James S. Amory. George E. Alden. Thomas Lamb. , Jno. C. Crowley. James Adams. TREASURER. Curtis C. Nichols. Henry R. Reynolds. Jacob M. Taylor. Amos Stone. Albert Bowker. George C. Leach. James Havey. Henry Whittemore. BrighamN. Bullock, Edward Richards. Geo. C. Trumbull. Charles J. Morrill. George W. Ellis. Charles H. Parker. George F. Emery. George F. Tufts. The following is a partial list of the Boston bankers and brokers : Attwood, Gilbert, &Co., 14 Merchants' Exchange. Bacon, W. B., New-England agent, Baring Bros. & Co., 28 State Street. Baldwin, George P., & Co., 40 Water Street. Ballou, George Wm., & Co., 72 Devonshire St. Bangs, Elisha D., & Co., 88 State Street. Bates, H. M., & Walley, 51 State Street. Blake Brothers & Co., 28 State Street. Bolles, M., & Co., 70 State Street. Brewster, Basset, & Co., 35 Congress Street. Brown Brothers & Co., 66 State Street. Brown, Riley, & Co., 9 Congress Street. Chase, R. Gardner, & Co., 158 Devonshire Street. Corbin Banking Co., 43 Milk Street. Day, R. L., & Co., 14 Exchange Place. Emery & Hodges, 28 State Street. Fogg Brothers & Co., 96 Summer Street. Foote & French, 7 Congress Street. Fuller, C. E., & Co., 2 State Street. Gilbert, B. W., 64 Devonshire Street. Gossler & Co., 70 State Street. Hall, F. A., 4 Post-office Square. Hawley, F. A., & Co., 84 Devonshire Street, and 2,0 Water Street. Head, Charles, & Co., 62 Devonshire Street. Plead, C. D., & T. H. Perkins, 68 Devonshire St. Hecht, Lewis, 62 Congress Street. Hubbard Bros. & Co., 60 Devonshire Street. Kidder, Peabody, & Co., 40 State Street, room 8. Lawrence, William F., & Co., 63 Federal Street. Lee, Higginson, & Co., 40 to 44 State Street. Lee, Thomas J., & Hill, 60 State Street. Loud, T. J., & Bro., 28 State, cor. Devonshire St., basement. Mixter, George, 45 Milk Street. Moors, J. B., & Co., 35 Congress Street. Morse, E. Rollins, & Bro., 28 State Street. Munroe, John, & Co. (N.Y.), 4 Post-office Sq. N.-E. Mortgage Security Co., 43 Milk Street. Parker & Stackpole, 78 Devonshire Street. Putnam, Charles A., 60 State Street. Richardson, Hill, & Co., Simmons Building, 40 Water Street, room 1. Rogers, Tower, Wood, & Co., 167 Congress St. Stone & Downer, 28 State Street, basement. Sweet, Charles A., & Co., 40 State Street, room 4. Thayer, J. E., & Brother, 21 Sears Building. Tower, Giddings, & Co., 85 Devonshire Street. The following is a partial list of dealers in foreign exchange : — Blake Brothers & Co., 28 State Street. Brown Brothers & Co., 66 State Street. Gossler & Co., 70 State Street. Kidder, Peabody, & Co., 40 State Street, room 8. Lee, Higginson, & Co., 40 to 44 State Street. Morse, E. Rollins, & Bro., 28 State Street. Richardson, Hill, & Co., Simmons building, 40 Water street, room 1. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 263 The Savings Banks of America had their origin in this city. The first was the Provident Institution for Savings in the Town of Boston, chartered in 1816. To-day it has a larger amount of deposits than any similar insti- tution in this country, except the Bowery Savings Bank of New York. There are in Boston 16 savings banks, and a list of them is given on the preceding page. They are under the supervision of the commissioners of savings banks, an office created in 1866. Their investments and loans are restricted by law, and all their officers are sworn to the faithful perform- ance of their duties. The commissioners are empowered to examine the banks at any time, and are obliged to do so at least once a year. The "stay law," passed in 1878, limits and restricts the payment of money to depositors, and was framed to provide against a " run " on the savings banks. Under this law the commissioners, whenever they deem it expedient, can grant the bank authority to pay its depositors only such proportion of their deposits, and at such times, as the bank can pay without affecting its solvency or subjecting it to great loss. Safe-Deposit Vaults. — Boston is now amply provided with safe-deposit vaults ; but there was nothing of the kind in the city ten years ago, when the attention of the public was first called to The Union Safe-Deposit Vaults, which had been constructed by Henry Lee, to afford absolute protection for all kinds of valuables against loss by fire or burglary. The vaults were built in the basement of the Union Build- ing, 40 State Street, and were of such a character, and had around them so many conveniences, that they excited the admiration and approval of the most competent judges. Henry Lee, of the banking-firm of Lee, Higgin- son, & Co., assumed the management, and George C. Lee was appointed sub- manager, positions that both have held ever since. The enterprise succeeded so well that other safe-deposit vaults have since been started. The Union Vaults remain in their original location, and improvements and precautions added from time to time render them as safe and as convenient as more recently constructed vaults. The Boston Safe-Deposit and Trust Company occupy the entire base- ment of the beautiful and fire-proof building of the New-England Mutual Life- insurance Company on Milk Street, corner of Congress Street. The vaults, built with the foundation of the building expressly for this company, cover nearly 3,000 square feet, and are the most massive in this country. Nothing is lacking to make them as safe, in every respect, as any vaults in the world. Safes in these vaults are rented at prices ranging from $10 to $150 per year, and valuables of all kinds are received for safe-keeping. The Boston Safe-Deposit and Trust Co., as its name indicates, also has a trust department. It is empowered by its charter to act as trustee under wills in 264 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. the same manner, and subject to the same control by the courts, as a legally qualified person. The State has made it a legal depositary of funds of executors, administrators, assignees, guardians, trustees, corporations, and individuals, and also of money and other property awaiting the action of courts. Though lately organized, quite a large business in both safe-deposit and trust departments has already been built up. The officers and directors comprise a number of the most highly-esteemed and wealthiest citizens of Boston. The president is Frederick M. Stone, the manager of the safe- deposit department Edward P. Bond, and the treasurer Frank C. Miles. The Equitable Safe-Deposit Vaults, in charge of J. Augustus Felt, vice- president of the company, occupy the whole basement of the Equitable Building, corner of Milk and Devonshire Streets. The Trust Companies include the Boston Safe-Deposit and Trust Com- pany, the Massachusetts Hospital Life-insurance Company, referred to previously ; the Massachusetts Loan and Trust Company, George Woods Rice president, 18 Post-office Square; the New-England Mortgage Security Company, 43 Milk Street ; and the New-England Trust Company, Otis Nor- cross president, and James H. Loud actuary, 15 Water Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 265 JWarftets atttr lExrfjangeg- THE MARKETS, TRADE EXCHANGES AND ASSOCIATIONS, AND STOCK-BOARD. THE first market in Boston, it is believed, stood on the site of the Old State House. It is mentioned in Winthrop's Journal as having been "set up by order of the court" in March, 1634. A hundred years later three markets were located by the town, — one in North Square, one in Dock Square, and the third on the site of the present Boylston Market. Three hundred pounds were appropriated for their erection. They were opened on the 4th of June, 1734 ; and the townspeople were greatly pleased with them. It was long the custom to ring a bell daily at sunrise to give notice of the opening of the markets for the day, and at one o'clock p.m., the hour of closing. The market in Dock Square was the most frequented. In 1736-7 the old market-house here was demolished by a mob, "disguised as clergymen ; " a contention having arisen among the people as to whether they would be served at their houses in the old way, or resort to fixed local- ities. By this summary method the question was for the time being settled. In 1740 Peter Faneuil proposed to build a market-house at his own expense on the town's land here in Dock Square ; his only condition being that the town should legally authorize it, enact proper regulations, and maintain it for the purposes named. Though this offer was courteously received, such was the division of opinion, that it was accepted by a majority of only seven votes out of the number voting. The building was completed in 1742, and destroyed by fire in 1761. In 1819 a number of citizens erected what was known as the City Market, at the foot of Brattle Street, on the edge of Dock Square ; but the General Court refused to incorporate the proprietors, and the city subsequently rejected the offer of the market as a gift. The New Faneuil-Hall Market is the name ffiven to the floor under Faneuil Hall, universally known as the " Cradle of Liberty." The building was erected by the city in 1762, to replace the market-house on the same site destroyed by fire the year previous. It was in 1805 enlarged to its present size, 100 by 80 feet. Faneuil Hall is 74 ft. 3 in. long by 75 ft. 3 in. wide, and has no seats on the main floor and only a few in the gallery. It is used chiefly for political meetings or great public gatherings. "Webster replying to Hayne in the United States Senate, Jan. 26 and 27, 1830," a painting 16 by 30 feet, by Healy, and numerous portraits by various 266 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. artists, adorn the walls of the hall. The hall is granted for such meetings as the city approves ; and, although no rent is charged, the expenses, amount- ing to $20 a day and #25 a night, are paid by those using the hall. Faneuil Hall and Quincy Market, Merchants' Row. The Quincy Market. — The erection of Quincy Market, — first called the Faneuil-Hall Market, and still officially known by that name though popu- larly called Quincy, — and the extensive improvements about it, constituted the greatest enterprise of the kind that had ever been undertaken in Bos- ton. It was one of the many great improvements in the city due to the remarkable energy and enterprise of Josiah Quincy, who, according to Drake, "invested the sluggish town with new life, and brought into practi- cal use a new watchword, Progress." At this time there was a row of vege- table sale-sheds on the north side of Faneuil Hall ; and the neighboring streets were obstructed with market-wagons, while farmers were compelled to occupy with their stands Union Street nearly to Hanover, and Washing- ton almost to Court. Work on Mr. Quincy's project began in 1824, the corner-stone of the new market laid in 1825, and the work finished in 1826. The market-house is of Quincy granite, two stories high, 535 feet long, and covering 27,000 feet of land. The centre part, 74 by 55 feet on the ground, rises to the height of 77 feet, and is surmounted by a fine dome. The wings in their entire extent are 30 feet high. Upon each end of the building is a KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 267 portico with four columns, of the Grecian Doric style, each being one solid shaft of Quincy granite. The first story is occupied by the market, having its stalls on each side of a grand corridor, through the entire length of the building. Above was once a vast hall, called Quincy Hall ; and here with Faneuil Hall, a bridge being thrown across the square, connecting the two, were long held the fairs of the Massachusetts Mechanics' Association. This hall is now divided into apartments, and occupied as warerooms. The market is certainly one of the most richly and extensively furnished mar- kets in the country. It cost, exclusive of the land, $150,000. In connec- tion with the work of building this market, six new streets were opened, and a seventh greatly enlarged, including 167,000 feet of land, and flats, dock, and wharf rights obtained to the extent of 142,000 square feet. "All this," we quote from Quincy's History, " was accomplished in the centre of a pop- ulous city, not only without any tax, debt, or burden upon its pecuniary resources, but with large permanent additions to its real and productive property." The cost of the market, land, and street and other improve- ments, was $1,141,272. The Boylston Market, at the corner of Boylston and Washington Streets, when opened in 1810 was _______ considered far out of town. It was named for Ward Nicholas Boylston, a great benefactor of Harvard Col- lege, which has named its chemical laboratory in his honor, and a descendant of Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, famous in the history of inoculation. Mr. Boylston presented the clock that now tells the time to pass- ers-by. Over the market is Boylston Hall, in which the organization of several churches has taken place, and a variety of musical, theatrical, and miscellane- ous entertainments have been held. It was leased for several years to the Handel and Haydn Society, and for many years it has been used by the pub- lic schools for drill purposes. The building is owned by the Boylston Market Boylston Market, Washington Street. 268 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Association, of which John Ouincy Adams was the first president. The land was bought at 75 cents a foot, and the building cost #20,000. In 1859 an extension of 40 feet was made; and in 1870 the building was moved back from the street 1 1 feet, without the slightest disturbance to the occupants. The second story now contains the headquarters of the First Brigade, and the armories of companies K and C of the First Regiment. Jonathan French is the president of the Boylston Market Association, and Hobart Moore the clerk. In 1852 the Blackstone Market, on Blackstone Street, and the Williams Market, on the corner of Washington and Dover Streets, were opened : and a few years before the Beach-street Market, in the building; where the Dramatic Museum had a short career in 1848. At the present time, besides those already mentioned, there are the Washington Market, the farthest up- town market, established in 1870, in a spacious and attractive building 250 feet long, situated No. 1883 Washington Street: the Tremont, at No. 923 Tremont Street ; the Suffolk, corner of Portland and Sudbury ; the Central, No. 50 North ; the Globe, No. 42 North ; the St. Charles, Beach, corner of Lincoln; and the Union, 15 and 17 Washington Street. There is also, near Quincy Market, between Commercial and T Wharves, the Mercantile-wharf Market, popularly called the farmers' market, supplied by the vegetable- farmers of the near-by towns. There are small market-houses also in East Boston and South Boston. Of the market-houses, the city owns only Faneuil Hall and Ouincy, or as the two are designated in the official records : " Faneuil Hall and market under same ; Faneuil Hall Market- house and Ouincy Hall over same/* The business exchanges of Boston are quite numerous, and are for the most part conducted on a broad and generous scale. Chief of them all is the Merchants' Exchange and Reading-Room, on State Street, conducted by the Boston Board of Trade, in the old Merchants' Exchange Building, where the last great conflict with the flames of the Great Fire of 1872 took place. The first Merchants' Exchange was established in 1842. when the present building was built. It occupied a fine hall, its ceiling supported by imita- tion Sienna marble columns, with Corinthian capitals, and a grand dome overhead filled with stained glass. Notwithstanding that this was well equipped and well managed, it met with indifferent success; and some time before the Great Fire it gave way for the sub-treasury, which occupied the place until removed to its present quarters. When the Board of Trade took the matter in hand, its object was to establish an Exchange after the most approved plan, and on a par with the best and most complete in the country ; and its ambition was to group all the business exchanges of the city under KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 269 one roof, with the Merchants' Exchange as the main gathering-place. The old building was extensively remodelled, and to some extent rebuilt, in- side ; and the new Merchants' Exchange and Reading-Room, as thoroughly equipped and as admirably arranged as any in the country, was opened to subscribers on Oct. 1, 1873. The main hall is 60 by (So feet, and is well lighted by spacious windows and a monitor skylight. The floor is of dia- mond-shaped blocks of black and white marble alternately: a white mar- ble dado, four feet high, with black border, encircles the room ; and the ceiling is tastefully frescoed. Newspaper-racks are arranged along the hall's sides, one close to each of the fourteen pilasters ; and the room is pro- vided with every possible convenience. The bulletin-boards record market quotations, promptly received, from all parts of the world; the shipping- news is bulletined as received by telegraph : vessels arriving are immediately registered ; sales of stocks and other securities are chronicled ; every change of wind is noted on a dial marked with points of the compass and connected with a large weather-vane on the roof of the building; and a variety of other in- formation of moment and value to merchants is here given. In Jie rear of the main hall is a large retiring- room, richly and comforta- bly furnished, with sump- tuous-looking heavy ma- hogany morocco-covered chairs and lounges. Mere are held the meetings of the Board of Trade. Admittance to the Merchants' Exchange and its privileges is given only to subscribers. These numbered in 1878 about 1,100, a falling-off of nearly 500 since the establishment of the rooms. This is accounted for by the hard times, failures, changes, and death ; and also the establishment of so many independent trade associations, the hope of gathering all organizations in one place not being realized. The cost of maintaining the establishment in 1878 was about $35,000. The president is Rufus S. Frost, and the secretary and superintendent is Cornelius G. Attwood. The Merchants' Exchange Building was built and is owned by a stock corporation under the name of the Merchants' Exchange Building Company. It cost, without the land, $175,000. Its front is of Ouincy granite. On the same floor as the main hall of the Exchange is George O. Car- The Merchants' Exchange, State Street. 270 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. penter's insurance-office, fronting on State Street. This agency represents the Germania Fire Insurance Company of New York, the American Central of St. Louis, the Western Assurance of Toronto, the Citizens' of St. Louis, and the St. Paul Fire and Marine of St. Paul. Mr. Carpenter's agency, estab- lished in the present office in 1872, is ranked among the best in the city, and his extensive business is equalled by few agencies in Boston. The Boston Commercial Exchange occupies a spacious hall in the Board of Trade Building, which is reached through the Merchants' Exchange, and by short flights of marble steps at the rear. It is provided with sample- tables, large blackboards for quotations, a case of " standards " for the different grades of flour and grain, — which standards are established with great care, and approved by a majority of the members of the Exchange, — books for the record of daily receipts of flour and grain, etc. The "change" hour is from 12 M. to i| P.M. every business day; and business is limited to the sale or purchase of flour or grain and other produce, at wholesale, for cash on delivery unless otherwise provided for. In 1877 a call-board was established. The call begins each business day at 12.45 P«M., and continues half an hour, when trade ceases at the sound of the gong. Important com- mittees are those on inspection, one on flour, and one on grain. They act as umpires to settle all cases of dispute as to the grade, soundness, etc., of the articles under their supervision. The Commercial Exchange was formerly the Corn Exchange, which was established in 1855, but not incor- porated until 1868. In 1871 the present name was adopted, that the title might be broad enough to include other interests. At about this time lead- ing provision, fish, and salt dealers joined the organization. Subsequently, however, the latter gradually withdrew ; and now interests other than flour and grain are barely represented in the Exchange. The membership in 1878 was 244. The Boston Produce Exchange is on the floor over the Quincy Market, in a spacious and lofty hall, directly under the dome of the building. This is an organization of recent date. It was organized in January, 1877. It includes the leading firms in the produce business, which is a large interest in Boston ; the provision men, some of whom had been members of the Commercial Exchange ; and a fair representation of other interests, such as the butter and cheese, fresh fish, etc. The " change " hour is from 1 to 2 p.m. It reports a promising first year. The Boston Fish Bureau is the name of the fish-dealers' exchange, at No. 180 Atlantic Avenue, at the foot of Commerce Street. This is open daily, and is frequented by the most active men in the business. The fish- market of Boston continues to hold the leading position as the largest fish-market in the country ; and it is one of the most important interests of Eastern New England. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 271 The Shoe-and-Leather Exchange is in the lower story of the building on the site of " Church Green," at the junction of Summer and Bedford Streets, convenient to all parts of the leather-district. It was established by the New-England Shoe-and-Leather Manufacturers' and Dealers' Asso- ciation, incorporated in 1871 "for the purpose of promoting the general wel- fare of the hide and-leather and boot-and-shoe interests of New England." The present quarters were occupied in March, 1877. Before that time, and since the Great Fire in 1872, the Exchange has occupied several places, none of which was altogether satisfactory; and the manufacturers and dealers were divided into two parties, — one desiring the general exchange located on Hanover Street, near the American House, which had long been the headquarters of the shoe-and-leather men ; and the other advocating its establishment nearer the recognized leather-district of the business portion of the city. When at length the present rooms were opened, the advantages presented by them were so great that they were soon accepted as the princi- pal headquarters of the trade. The main room is large, well lighted, and well equipped. It has ample side and retiring rooms, private and public offices, and a telegraph-office. A daily register is kept of the arrival of out-of-town dealers, and trade-reports are conspicuously bulletined. A great advantage to the members of the trade, who enjoy the privileges of the Exchange, is the information furnished by the Bureau of Credits, and the Bureau of Debts and Debtors, two important departments of the Shoe-and- Leather Association. The Bureau of Credits keeps books of ratings of the commercial standing of persons and firms dealing in hides, leather, boots and shoes, and findings, not only in New England, but in all parts of the country ; and these lists are constantly revised. The Bureau of Debts and Debtors investigates any case of mercantile failure in the trade reported to it by a creditor, recommends, and, in an emergency, takes, such action as in its judgment will promote the interests of the creditor. The Exchange is open daily during business-hours for the convenience and profit of the subscribers ; and on market-days, Wednesdays and Saturdays of each week, from 12 m. to i\ p.m., the " change " hour, the place is crowded with men of the trade. The officers of the Shoe-and-Leather Association manage the Exchange ; Charles A. Grinnell is the president, and Charles S. Ingalls the secretary and general superintendent. Originally the trade had its headquarters at Wilde's Hotel on Elm Street, and subsequently at the American House on Hanover Street. Before the Great Fire there was a much-frequented Shoe-and-Leather Exchange on Pearl Street. The New-England Furniture Exchange is situated at 27 Washington Street, not far from Haymarket Square. Its membership includes the prin- cipal manufacturers and dealers in furniture and kindred articles in New JEngland ; and its object is mutual protection and assistance in business. 272 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. It does not attempt to control prices ; but it exerts an influence in the mat- ter of the length and condition of credits, and the rate of cash discounts. Like the Shoe-and-Leather Exchange, it has a record of credits ; and being in direct communication with the furniture exchanges in other cities, and working in harmony with them, under a plan adopted by the national con- vention of furniture-men held in New York in February, 1878, it obtains prompt information regarding the financial standing of firms and traders in all parts of the country, while it aids materially in protecting creditors and debtors from disastrous consequences of failures of incompetent and dis- honest dealers. This exchange manages, in the combination of the furniture exchanges of the country, what is known as " The Boston Section," which embraces the trade in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, that part of Connecticut east of the Connecticut River, and the Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The admis- sion-fee of members is $25, and the quarterly assessment $6. The Boston Brokers' Exchange Board is situated on Exchange Street, off from State. It is a small hall, with a schoolroom look, having regular rows of desks from the president's platform and table. The membership is small, and the transactions light. The Board meets daily at eleven, and is in session one hour. The Mechanics' Exchange, which now occupies large and finely fitted up rooms at 33 and 35 Hawley Street, was started as a private enterprise in 1857, and was conducted for some time by Smith Nichols. It first occupied rooms at the corner of State and Devonshire Streets, and at various peri- ods has since been located on the opposite side of State Street and at 17 Court Street. It removed to its present quarters in 1877. About ten years ago the Exchange was re-organized, and its management was placed in the hands of a board of officers chosen by the members. A yearly assess- ment of #25 is paid by each firm belonging to the institution ; the members chiefly are master-mechanics connected with the various building-trades. The membership is now about 375, and is constantly increasing. The Ex- change is open in summer from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., and in winter from 8 to 5. The busiest hour is between 12 m. and 1 p.m. Then the rooms are crowded by the members, who meet to form plans, compare views, make contracts and bargains, pay bills, and transact other business. Many members have no other headquarters than the Exchange, and have special boxes here for their papers and correspondence. The operations of the members are not confined to the city ; and large contracts are taken for all parts of the coun- try, including New England, New York, and the West. The building oper- ations of Boston for 1876 amounted to about $8,000,000, and the greater amount of these were carried on by members of the Exchange. The pres- ident of the Exchange is T. J. Whidden, and the superintendent George B. Chadbourne. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 2 73 The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association was founded in 1795, and incorporated in 1S06. Its annual income is employed to relieve the distresses of unfortunate mechanics and their families, to promote inventions and improvements in the mechanic arts by granting premiums for inventions and improvements, to assist young mechanics with loans of money, and to establish schools and libraries for the use of apprentices and the improvement of the arts. The association awards certificates to appren- tices, who, on arriving at 21 years of age, bring testimonials from the per- sons with whom they served, showing that they have behaved with fidelity and attention, and have not violated any agreement made by them. Every Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association building, Chauncy Street. third year the association holds a special meeting called the ''Triennial Festival." At irregular intervals, averaging every three years, it holds a public exhibition, popularly called the " Mechanics' Fair/' For many years these fairs were held in the hall over Ouincy Market and Faneuil Hall, the two being connected by a bridge stretched across the street. In 1878 a temporary building for its fair was erected on Park Square, Columbus Avenue, and Pleasant Street. The fair lasted two months, during Septem- ber and October, and was the most successful one yet held. The attend- ance was nearly 300,000; the number of exhibitors, 1,250; the receipts, $110,000; the expenditures, $75,000. The awards included 60 gold medals, 230 silver medals, 250 bronze medals, and 440 diplomas. In i860 the asso- ciation erected the fine dark freestone building, in the Italian Renaissance 274 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. style, on the north-west corner of Chauncy and Bedford Streets, at a cost, including the land, of 320,000. On the upper floors is the large Mechanics' Hall, used for the meetings of the association, and rented for musical, lit- erary, and other entertainments. Among the early presidents were Paul Revere, who served 4 years ; Jonathan Hunnewell, 9 years ; and Benjamin Russell, 14 years. The officers for 1878 are J. F. Paul president, Charles W. Slack vice-president, and Joseph L. Bates secretary. The Boston Marine Society is one of the oldest organizations in Boston. It was instituted in 1742 under the name of the Fellowship Club, and was incorporated in 1754. Its active members are masters of vessels; and its honorary members are owners of vessels, merchants, and others. It aims to improve the knowledge of this coast by having its various members communicate in writing their observations on their inward and outward trips, of the variation of the needle, the soundings, courses, and distances, and all remarkable things about the coast; also to relieve one another and their families in poverty or other adverse accidents in life. The society has a fund of about $115,000. Its grants to indigent members and their families in the past 78 years amount to $210,976, of which $105,025 was granted during the past 18 years. The president is Henry Barker, and the secretary Henry Howard. The society occupies Room 13 in the Merchants' Exchange building. The Lumber-Dealers' Association was formed in 1869, to bring about " united action, perfect harmony, and mutual understanding among lumber- dealers." It numbers about 50 active members, resident in Boston and vicinity, and meets monthly during the winter. Its president is J. Otis Wetherbee, and its secretary Waldo H. Stearns. JC/NG'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 275 Wje Business Rouses. PROMINENT AND INTERESTING MERCANTILE AND MANU- FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. THE interesting features of Boston shown in the previous chapters, and many that were necessarily left unmentioned, are due chiefly to the liberality and culture of the business-men from whom is obtained the money required to carry to completion all material improvements. It is true that many professional men give money to aid great works ; but it will be found, if traced back sufficiently, that this money was earned by them, directly or indirectly, from the business-men. This fact alone would justify sketches of corporations and individuals who have acquired success in the honorable management of their various pursuits ; but to this can be added the state- ment, that many of the most interesting features of the city are in the factories and warehouses where the necessities and luxuries of life are made and sold. If we think of the wares of the merchants, and also of the productive and commercial agencies employed to place them at the disposal of the people, we certainly will grant that the shops of a great city are among the most suggestive subjects for reflection. In a book of this class, making no claims to be a " city directory," there is but little space in which to notice the thousands of mercantile and manufacturing firms ; and this space must be given to only a few of those owning establishments of a prominent char- acter or of great public interest. The business-structures include many of the finest specimens of architecture in the city. The stores contain displays of goods, that, placed in museums or exhibition-rooms, would make attractive and exceedingly valuable collections as works of art. In the manufactories, so often overlooked and so seldom looked over by resident or visitor, are to be seen some of the greatest exhibitions of skill and ingenuity, as well as some of the most interesting subjects. It is particularly appropriate to begin our sketches with that of a house uniting specially noteworthy architec- tural, commercial, and manufacturing features. We refer, of course, to Macullar, Williams, & Parker's great clothing-manufactory and piece- goods warehouse, one of the most successful, best-known, and most inter- esting establishments in New England, and one that has had an honorable career of nearly thirty years ; all the partners of the original firm still hold- ing an interest in the business. Our sectional view of the building is already 276 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. familiar to thousands of people ; but, like the old familiar tunes expected at every popular concert, this picture is looked for in every illustrated book on Boston. The building has a white-marble front, and is usually shown as a beautiful specimen of architecture. It was erected expressly for this firm, to replace one similar in appearance, destroyed by the Great Fire. In fact, it was on this site that one of the curious ruins of the fire could be seen. The whole front remained intact, while nothing stood on either side of it. It is also an historical fact, that Macullar, Williams, & Parker was one of the first firms to recover from the fire ; and before the smoke was off the ruins, they an- nounced that all their employ- ees would be given work at once. The new building ex- tends from 400 Washington Street to Si Hawlev Street, and is wholly occupied by Macullar. Williams, & Parker for manufacturing clothing, and selling, at wholesale and retail, piece-goods, clothing, tailors' trimmings, and men's furnishing -goods. An idea of the extent of this place can be had by tracing the twenty departments shown and numbered in the full-page steel-plate engraving. The displays behind the large plate-glass windows on the Washington-street side al- ways attract the passer-by ; and frequently a number of people stand about the grand entrance, admiring the magnificent store. But the whole interior is freely open to the public ; and visitors, whether buyers or not, are always sure of the politest attention. In going through the building one is impressed with its fine proportions, beautiful finish, and plain but elegant appointments. In the upper rooms are about 450 women and girls, working as comfortably and as profitably as any equal number of females in any establishment in the world. There are also about 100 men at work in the building. All persons employed by this firm are kept so long as they do their work faithfully and Macullar, Williams, & Parker, Washington Street. I ':• pi [£■ iX> CO b 5 ►2.2 3m?q" o 2 S a, 3 w&S" £-2." ro Op P o S P 5 cr - p p p; :; nfEf ; - 00,00, A'/jVG'S HAND1W0K OF BOSTON. 277 satisfactorily. All are paid fair wages every week, kept through dull times, provided with every convenience for both work and dinner hours, and treated in a manner that makes life in this mercantile palace worth living for. No pinched or starved faces are seen ; and Hood could not have found in this great body of workers and stitchers any suggestion for his " Song of the Shirt." Among the curious objects are the clocks on each floor, regu- lated by an automatic time-keeper : the dial, connected with the large vane on the roof, indicating, on the first floor, the way of the wind ; the natural well, from which 3,000 gallons or more of water are taken daily ; the immense boilers : the engines, by which the sewing-machines and elevator are run ; the unique machines for pressing clothing, for shrinking goods, and also for detecting imperfections in cloths. The business that is carried on is surpassed in amount, of its kind, by only a few firms in the world. The first floor, on which is kept the retail stock of clothing, furnishing- goods, and piece-goods for custom trade, is one of the finest stores in this country or in Europe. The stock cannot be described here, but it includes one of the choicest assortments to be found anywhere. The piece-goods are not only of American make, but come from the best foreign manufac- tories. The world-renowned Mailing's West-of-England cloths are imported by Macullar, Williams, & Parker. It will be remembered that these goods received the highest awards at the Paris Exhibitions of 1 867 and 1878, and that they were also ordered last year by the corporation of London for the customary annual presentation of 4^- yards of the best broadcloth made in England to 24 of the highest officers of the British government, a custom dating back hundreds of years. Their importations of woollen and other goods have such a high reputation that they supply materials to many of the best merchant-tailors throughout the United States. The first floor on the Hawley-street side is used wholly for the jobbing of piece-goods. One of the great specialties of this house is the yearly manufacture of 15,000 white vests. These are made the whole year round, and each set of hands make exactly the same parts of each vest at all times. As the result of this sys- tem, the linen vests manufactured by this firm are the most perfect made anywhere in the world : and the workmanship is so exquisite that the leading merchant-tailors throughout the United States keep them in stock for their most fastidious customers. Altogether, Macullar, Williams, & Parker's establishment, considering the honorable firm, the extensive building, the immense business, the large number of employees, and the liberal manage- ment, might almost be called a public institution : and it is, at least, one of which any city in the world might well be proud. The Boston Belting Company, incorporated in 1845, ls tne oldest com- pany, and has the largest works, in the world, devoted to the manufacture of rubber goods for mechanical and manufacturing purposes. Its paid-up 278 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. capital is $700,000. Its factory buildings, worthy of a careful examination, cover two acres, and are supplied with one engine of 200 horse-power, two of 150 horse-power each, and two smaller engines. They are situated on Tremont, Clay, and Elmwood Streets, Boston Highlands, nearly opposite the Roxbury station of the Boston and Providence Railroad. The company employ 200 men, and use annually 3,000,000 pounds of raw material, an average of five tons daily. The Boston Belting Company control the James B. Forsyth patents, and therefore have the exclusive right to line cotton and linen hose with rubber; and the sole right to manufacture rubber- covered rolls used in print-works, bleacheries, cotton, woollen, paper, and tobacco mills, and for leather-splitting machines, clothes-wringers, and other Boston Belting Company's Works, Elmwood Street, Boston Highlands. purposes. They also own the right to manufacture patent-stretched, smooth- surface belting, which makes the best belt for all purposes. Among other articles made of rubber by this company are steam-packing, deckle-straps, blankets for printers, valves, stopples, and hose of all kinds and for all uses. The cotton and linen hose lined with rubber, and the fire-engine hose made by alternate layers of rubber and cotton, excel every other make for service and efficiency, and are in great demand by the fire-departments throughout the United States. To give some idea of the extent of the magnitude of their work, it can be said that one 5-ply belt, made recently, was 260 feet long and 4 feet wide. It required 578 yards of heavy canvas, weighing 1,107 pounds. The aggregate weight of the belt was \\ tons. Millions of feet of hose and belting are made annually at these works ; and KING'S HAND/WOK OF BOSTON. 279 a single order for 200,000 or 300,000 feet is not unusual. Its sales of manu- factured goods are made in all the principal markets of the world, and amount to $2,000,000 annually. The company was awarded the highest prizes, gold and silver medals, for new and superior goods, at the Mechan- ics' Fair in Boston, in 1878. The present officers of the company are Henry F. Durant president, E. S. Converse treasurer, William H. Furber manager, and James B. Forsyth manufacturing agent. The salesrooms, a view of which is shown in the Albertype illustration of the Forbes Litho- graphing Establishment, are at Nos. 189 to 195 Devonshire Street, and Nos. 52 to 56 Arch Street. The Boston Rubber-Shoe Company, incorporated in 1853, operates one of the largest manufactories in the vicinity of Boston. The buildings have a floor-surface of 4 acres, and were rebuilt in 1876 expressly for the work now carried on. They have facilities and room for 1,000 workmen, and to-day about 800 men and women are com- fortably at w o r k in them. The process of making fine boots, shoes, and clothing, out of the unsightly and odorous little bits of crude rubber is quite interesting, and well worth seeing. The main structure is of brick, 4 stories high, and quadrangular in shape, enclosing a large yard. All rooms are the width of the building, and have windows on two sides. On the first floor is the office, waiting-room, and grinding-department, where the rubber is prepared for cutting. On the second floor the boot making and packing is carried on. On the third floor are the shoe making and cutting departments. On the fourth floor is the clothing department. In a two- story brick extension on the south end are the machine and carpenter shops on the first floor, and the large heating-ovens for vulcanizing purposes on the second floor. In a three-story brick building east of the main structure, crude and purified rubber in immense quantities are stored and dried. In a building in the yard, varnish used in the factory is made. On the north end of the main building is the engine and boiler house, containing twelve large boilers, ten of which were made by the Whittier Machine Company, one Har- ris-Corliss 300-horse-power engine, and one Corliss 450-horse-power engine. Some idea of the great value of rubber can be had, when it is said this factory alone is making 10,000 pairs of rubber boots and shoes each day, HI iman^ Boston Rubber-Shoe Company's Works, Maiden. 280 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. and has facilities for making nearly 5,000,000 a year. At this establishment 20 tons of coal a day are consumed. The works are at Maiden, 4 miles from Boston, on the Boston and Maine Railroad. The office and ware- rooms in Boston are at 195 Congress Street, occupying the whole of a large four-story stone-front building. The company have a cash capital of $500,000. The president is J. W. Converse ; the treasurer and general agent is E. S. Converse, who is also treasurer of the Boston Belting Com- pany described heretofore : and the superintendent of the works is E. F. Bickford. The South-Boston Iron Company succeeded Cyrus Alger, the famous metallurgist and distinguished inventor. Mr. Alger's inventions were numer- ous, and some of them of great value. He purified cast-iron so as to give it triple strength, and first introduced the method of making cast-iron chilled rolls, by which the part subject to wear is hard, while the necks remain unchanged in hardness and strength. He also improved the construction of reverberatory furnaces, and constructed the first perfect bronze cannon for the United States Ordnance Department and for the State of Massa- chusetts. Mr. Alger went to South Boston in 1809; and the South-Boston Iron Works, of which he was the founder, practically date from that time, although not incorporated until 1827. The works, covering nearly seven acres, have been enlarged from time to time, and are now the most extensive of their kind in America. A visit to the several buildings would prove quite interesting. The foundry is the largest in New England. In it iron cast- ings weighing as much as 100 tons, or bronze castings of 10 tons, can be made. The gun-shop is used for the manufacture of the very heaviest and most powerful ordnance and projectiles. One gun, in the rough, weighed 87 tons, and, when finished, 45 tons. The machine-shop is thoroughly equipped for the heaviest general machine and hydraulic work. The pattern-shop is the storage and finishing room for patterns used in these works, and by machinists elsewhere. The boiler-shop, where the huge boilers for steamships and other purposes are made, is the largest in the vicinity of Boston. Some specialties of this concern are cast-iron guaran- teed 30,000 pounds to the square inch, more than twice the strength of ordinary cast-iron, and gearing made under special patents. These works were to a great extent the means of building up South Boston. They have conveniences and room for giving employment at night and day to 1,200 men, and have frequently given employment to 800. They are one of the great sources from which the United States government obtains its ord- nance and projectiles. The president of the Company, William P. Hunt, has already been mentioned as president of both the Atlas National Bank and the Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Establishment. The manager of the works is John B. Pearse. AmeriottuBankNote ( '«Bo.stt.ii SOUTH BOSTON IRON CO'S.WORKS SOUTH BOSTON, Win. P Hunt , Pres* and Treas. Office 70 Water Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 281 The Whittier Machine Co., incorporated in 1874, succeeded to the busi- ness of Campbell, Whittier, & Co., which began 33 years ago. The works cover an acre of ground fronting on Tremont Street, and extending to Hampshire Street. The main building is of brick, 190 by 37 feet, and two stories high. Off from the main building is the blacksmith-shop, 55 by 33 feet ; and in an adjoining room is a 25-horse-power engine that operates the machinery. On the south side of the main building is the boiler-factory, 100 by 50 feet, containing a wonderful steam riveter. At the easterly end of the yard is a two-story warehouse building, used partly for stables. At this establishment, giving employment to 100 or more persons in all seasons, the whole work in wood, iron, or other materials, necessary to build and put up elevators, steam-engines, and boilers, is done. This company, as well as some others already noticed, secure competent and trustworthy mechanics, train them to their style of work, and then give them constant employment : some of their workmen having already passed their 25th year in these works. The great specialty of the Whittier Machine Company is the manufacture of steam and hydraulic elevators. In connection with these they own patents covering recent and valuable improvements, one of which allows the combination of a double screw with a single winding-drum, with- out the loss of any of the safeguards usual to similar machinery. Another improvement is the lever arrangement, by which the slackening of the hoisting-rope from any cause checks the motion of the winding-drum, and locks the elevator-car until the rope is properly adjusted. Still another consists of using the eccentric-sheave for equalizing the strain on the hoisting-ropes, and retaining the hold on the same in case of the breakage of either. Their elevator-cars are used so often by thousands of people, that the name of the Whittier Machine Co. is quite familiar to the people of Boston, New York, and other large cities. It might not be uninteresting to know that in many of the buildings noticed in this book will be found the Whittier elevators, some of which were made under the patents of M. Han- ford, the engineer of the company. Among the buildings referred to are those of the United States Post-office, the Mutual Life-insurance Company, the New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company, the Equitable Life- Assurance Society, the Parker House, the Hotel Brunswick, the Hotel Boylston, the Hotel Pelham, the Evans House, the Maverick National Bank, the First National Bank, the Merchants' National Bank, Merchants' Exchange, and the Massachusetts Normal Art School. The works are numbered 11 76 Tremont Street; and the office of the company is in the New-England Mutual Life-insurance Company's building, at 91 Milk Street. The president of the company is Charles Whittier, who 20 years ago became connected with the firm of Campbell, Whittier, & Co., referred to hereto- fore : and the treasurer is A. C. Whittier. 2«2 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Abram French & Co. are among the very largest importers and dis- tributors of crockery, china, and glassware in this country. They occupy a building shaped like the vertical section of a liberty-cap, situated at the corner of Franklin and Devonshire Streets. This building;, the first one completed after the great tire, has four floors and a basement, containing a total floor-surface of 45,000 square feet. In consequence of numerous _^_^^ • -- ^__ „-= large windows on almost every side, the display-room is unsurpassed by that of any firm in this trade in the world. The stock com- J3M;I] 3 ji'ij I prises every thing found in crockery, china, and glass- ware establishments, and includes direct importa- tions from the potteries of all countries. Many of these wares are well worth seeing as specimens of high art. The business, that long ago assumed large ] proportions, was started in 1822 by Andrew T. Hall & Co., who were succeeded by French, Wells, & Co., and they in turn by Abram French & Co. Al- though burned out in 1862, the firm escaped the great fire in 1872. Since 1870 a Western branch has been carried on in Chicago. The Nonotuck Silk Company, although its works are about 100 miles away from this city, can be classed among the Boston firms. The products of the company, consisting of black and colored machine-twist, buttonhole- twist, and embroidery and sewing silk, are kept and handled in very large quantities in Boston. The warerooms, at No. 18 Summer Street, in the four-story sandstone-front building, are extensively and admirably fitted up. Here can be seen about 500,000 spools, or about 2,500 pounds, of machine- twist and sewing-silk. The Nonotuck Company, established forty years ago, has a remarkable history. It was the first company in the world to manufacture machine-twist. Its works at Florence and Leeds have a floor- surface of 60,000 square feet, give employment to about 600 operatives, and consume more than 1,000,000 pounds of raw silk each year. Their produc- tion of sewing-silk and machine-twist is about double that of any other works. The aggregate length of finished silk from their works exceeds 2,000 miles per day, or more than enough to encircle the globe once every Abram French & Co., Franklin, corner of Devonshire Street. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. 283 two weeks. The Nonotuck silk and twist are sold under the trade-mark names of "Nonotuck" (the early Indian word for Northampton), " Corti- celli," " Bartolini," and " Clark's Pure Dye." These brands have received medals at Philadelphia in 1876, and at Paris in 1878, besides hundreds of first premiums at State and county fairs and industrial exhibitions. The agency for the New-England States is under the charge of George D. Atkins, who has been connected with the Nonotuck Company for the past sixteen years. Fairbanks, Brown, & Co. represent E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. of St. Johnsbury, Vt., the world-famous scale-makers. The business of the Messrs. Fairbanks began in 1825, and now gives employment to about 1,000 men. The workshops at St. Johnsbury are solidly built of brick, and have a floor-area of 6£ acres. The corporation own 93 tenement-houses, a saw-mill, and 6,000 acres of timber-land, all connected with the works. 4,000 tons of coal, 5,000 tons of iron, and 2,000,000 feet of lum- ber, are yearly consumed. The annual freightage is 20,000 tons ; and the annual product of this factory is 50,000 scales, of every conceivable style, size, and value. The quality of these scales is unequalled by any in the world. The firm has twenty-eight busi- ness depots in this country, a jj large establishment in London, and branches all over the world. T o-. 1 c t. n x Fairbanks, Brown, & Co., Milk and Congress Streets. In 1877 a large five-story, fiat- roof warehouse was erected for the Boston office, at 83 Milk Street, front- ing Post-office Square. The fronts, 27 feet on Milk Street and 95 feet on Congress Street, are of light Ohio sandstone. The building, in appearance, is characteristic of the solid concern that occupies it; and the architect, Nathaniel J. Bradlee, fully considering the needs of the business, adapted the building to them. The building is in one of the very best locations, and is surrounded by the new Post-office and the buildings of the New-England Life, the Mutual Life, and the Equitable Life Insurance Companies de- scribed heretofore. The lower floors contain a beautiful display of Fair- banks scales, and also type-writers, for which this firm has the exclusive sale the world over. 284 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. Jones, McDuffee, & Stratton, one of the most reliable firms in the United States, whose customers are found not only throughout all New IPg England, but also throughout the whole country west of the Hudson, are direct importers of pottery, porcelain, and glassware from all original sources, — Japan, China, and European countries. The immense stock of goods is of all grades, from the commonest to the finest wares. There are few places in Boston where a visitor can spend time more satisfactorily than among the thou- sands of specimens of fine art displayed in this establish- ment. The large Nova Scotia free- stone building, erected by the late Gardner Brewer, situated on the corner of Franklin and Federal Streets, is wholly occu- pied by this firm. The business was established in 1810 by the father of ex-mayor Otis Norcross, and for nearly seventy years has been an unin- terrupted success. The Henry F. Miller Pianoforte Establishment, shown in the accom- panying steel-plate engraving, enjoys an enviable reputation in the piano- forte industry of the United States. The manufacturing of pianofortes has always been a prominent industry of Boston, and the instruments manufactured by several of the Boston firms have always been classed among the very best that have been produced in any part of the world. Jones. McDuffee. & Stratton, Franklin and Federal Streets, American Tlanh Note <"o. Boston. THE HENRY F. MILLER PIANOFORTE ESTABLISHMENT, BOSTO¥,MASS. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON 285 Moreover, the house of Henry F. Miller has for a long time held a leading position among the pianoforte manufacturers of Boston. The instruments of this establishment have been used in several hundred concerts given in Boston and its vicinity. The State of Massachusetts and the City of Bos- ton have purchased concert grand pianos made by Henry F. Miller. The amount of business done by this house compares favorably with that of other manufacturers of strictly first-class instruments. This business was established in 1863 ; and for more than twelve years previous to that time Mr. Miller was connected with other pianoforte establishments. Three" sons, who have been educated to the business, are associated with him, and have in charge various departments. To-day agencies for the Henry F. Miller pianos are established from the Atlantic to the Pacific, throughout the British Dominions of North America, and abroad. The large and spa- cious warerooms are in the same building with the factory, where there is every convenience and facility for doing first-class work. By this connec- tion of warerooms and factory an opportunity is frequently given to visitors of examining instruments in various stages of manufacture, which must be a pleasure to strangers and residents interested in music. The establish- ment is at No. 611 Washington Street, and occupies a five-story beautiful iron-front building. D. P. Ilsley & Co., 385 Washington Street, is one of those firms that are indispensable in every large city. People desire changes, every now and then, in what they wear; and, consequently, there must be experts who understand what will satisfy the public taste at* each new turn. Necessarily some firms cater exclusively to the buyers of cheap goods ; and there are others whose patrons demand the best quality, the most exquisite taste, or both combined. Among the latter class of firms can justly be ranked D. P. Ilsley & Co., who for the past 13 years have done a great work in bringing before the people of Boston all that the most cultured taste or most com- petent judges could wish for, in hats, caps, furs, umbrellas, canes, and articles belonging to a stock of this kind. The senior member has had a constant experience of nearly 30 years in this trade, and the fully deserved success bears witness that this experience has been put to good use. The stock comprises not only the best wares manufactured in this coun- try, but also those of foreign countries, the selections being made by per- sonal visits of Mr. Ilsley. A specialty is made of gratifying the desires of every one; and all styles, shapes, or qualities of hats and furs are made to order if not on hand. Messrs. Ilsley & Co. have occupied the same store, which is a model of neatness, since they began business; and their cus- tomers include many of the wealthiest and most fashionable families of Boston and vicinity, and also the students of Harvard and Boston Univer- sities, Tufts, and other colleges. 286 KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON John & James Dobson, whose carpet-warehouse occupies the whole of the five-story stone-front building, Nos. 525 and 527 Washington Street, are the largest carpet-manufacturers in the world. Their immense manufactory, at the Falls of Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, gives employment to 1,800 persons, roanufacturing daily, on an average, about 25,000 pounds of wool into car- pets of every grade, from the finest Moquets and Wiltons down to the com- monest ingrains. Its manufactures, amounting to several million dollars yearly, are sold throughout this coun- try. The Boston store, in charge of Herman S. Judkins, is one of the neat- est and best adapted to the carpet- trade in Boston ; and the stock con- tained in it is as choice and complete as that of any house in this line in the United States. They are the only manufacturers in the world that can furnish a retail de- partment complete with the produc- tions of their own looms. They were awarded the premium at the World's Exhibition at Philadelphia. They have also large stores in Phila- delphia, New York, and Cincinnati. They have a large corps of designers constantly at work producing new John & Jannes Dobson, Washington Street. pattems and designs, and thus with every season they are able to furnish rich and handsome carpets always of the newest style. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. FULL-PAGES. Andros a Prisoner in Boston 5 Boston Common 73 Boston University School of Medicine 113 Cathedral of the Holy Cross 165 City Hall 53 Club-Houses 235 Great Fire of 1872 ... 15 Forest-hills Cemetery 223 Lee & Shepard's Establishment 131 Lothrop, D., & Co.'s Establishment 133 Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospitai 113 Monuments and Fountains 85 Monuments and Statues 81 Museum of Fine Arts 99 Mutual Life-Insurance Co.'s Building Titlepage New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Co.'s Building Titlepage "Old South" Church, The New 153 " Old State House " 67 Public Garden 77 Public Library 93 Quarrel between Winthrop and Dudley 3 "Traveller" Building ... 67 Trinity Church 157 Water Works 57 INSETS. Boston City Hospital Opposite page 208 Boston English-High and Latin School " 118 " Boston Herald " Building " 146 Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Establishment " 142 Hotel Brunswick "44 Macullar, Williams, & Parker's Clothing Establishment ... " 276 Map of Boston " "22 Maverick National Bank Building 260 Miller's (Henry F.) Piano-Forte Establishment " 284 New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company's Building .... 246 Post-Office and Sub-Treasury Building Frontispiece Rand, Avery, & Co.'s Printing Establishment Opposite page 138 Rockwell & Churchill's Printing Establishment " 140 South-Boston Iron Company's Works " 280 Steamer "Bristol" of the Fall-River Line "34 (over) 287 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. American House 45 Andros a prisoner in Boston 5 Arlington-street Church 159 Arlington Street, opposite the Public Garden, 24 Army and Navy Monument 84 Baldwin-place Home for Little Wanderers . 197 Beacon, Beacon Hill 2 Bird, Frank W., " Old Bookshop" of . . . 139 Boston and Maine Railroad depot .... 37 Boston and Providence Railroad depot ... 32 Boston Athenaeum 94 Boston Belting Company's Works .... 278 Boston City Hospital opp. 208 Boston Club-houses 235 Boston Common 73 Boston Dispensary 213 Boston English-High and Latin School opp. 118 Boston fire of 1872 15 Boston Herald building opp. 146 Boston Latin-School 118 Boston Museum of Fine Arts 99 Boston Post building 146 Boston Rubber Shoe Co., Maiden .... 279 Boston Society of Natural History .... 103 Boston Transcript building 147 Boston University School of Medicine . . .113 Boston Yacht-Club House, City Point . . . 237 Boston Water- Works 57 Bovvdoin-square Baptist Church 172 Boylston Market 267 Brattle-square Church 171 Brewer Fountain, Boston Common .... 73 " Bristol," steamer of Fall River Line . opp. 34 Bunker-hill Monument 81 Bussey Institution, Jamaica Plain .... 109 Cathedral of the Holy Cross 165 Central Congregational Church, Jamaica Plain 163 Charity Building and Temporary Home . . 189 Chauncy-hall School 121 Children's Hospital 210 Children's Mission 195 Christ Church 156 Church of the Advent, new 170 Church of the Unity 174 City Hall . 53 Congregational House 181 Consumptives' Home, Grove Hall . . . .211 Custom House 68 Daily Advertiser building 144 Dobson, John & James 286 Dorchester Heights and the harbor .... 7 Dorchester soldiers' monument 85 Dudley-street Baptist Church, Highlands . . 167 Equitable Life-Assurance Society's building . 249 Ether Monument, Public Garden .... 77 Everett Statue, Public Garden .... 77 Fairbanks, Brown, & Co 283 Faneuil Hall and Quincy Market .... 266 First Church 151 First house in Boston 2 Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Co. . opp. 142 Forest-hills Cemetery 223 Fountain, Blackstone Square 78 Fountain, Union Square, 85; Chester Square, 85; Sullivan Square 85 Franklin's birthplace 6 French, Abram, & Co 282 Frog Pond, Boston Common 72 Gateway to Granary Burying-ground . . . 220 German Lutheran Trinity Church 163 Girls' High School 120 Great Organ, Music Hall 228 Groom, Thomas & Co 143 Hancock's House 12 Harvard Medical School no Harvard Monument 85 Home for Aged Men 194 Home for Aged Women 193 Horticultural Hall 230 Hotel Brunswick opp. 44 House of the Angel Guardian 198 Jones, McDuffee, & Stratton 284 King's Chapel 155 Lafayette's lodgings 10 Lee & Shepard 129, 131 Little, Brown, & Co 128 Lockwood, Brooks, & Co 137 Lothrop, D., & Co 133 Macullar, Williams, & Parker 276 " sectional view, opp. 276 Map of Boston opp. 22 Masonic Temple 239 Mass. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary . . 214 Massachusetts General Hospital 206 Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital . . .113 Massachusetts Institute of Technology . . 116 Mather Tomb, Copp's Hill 221 Maverick National Bank opp. 260 Merchants' Exchange ^.69 Miller's pianoforte establishment . . . opp. 284 Monuments and Statues 81 Mount- Vernon Church 176 Mutual Life-Insurance Co 248 New-England Historic-Genealogical Society . 96 New-England Mutual Life-insurance Co., opp. 246 New " Old South " Church 153 Odd Fellows' Hall 240 Old Colony Railroad depot 35 Old Corner Bookstore 136 Old South Church 152 Old State House 67 Parker House 42 Park-street Church 161 Post office and Sub-treasury, U. S. . frontispiece Public Garden, view from Boylston Street, 76; view from Arlington Street 77 Public Library 93 Quarrel between Winthrop and Dudley . . 3 Quincy House 46 Rand, Avery, & Co opp. 138 Revere House 46 Rockwell & Churchill opp. 140 Seaman's Bethel 201 Second Church 173 Second Universalist Church 175 Somerset Club House 233 Shavvmut Congregational Church . . . .178 Site of Webster's Home 9 South Boston Iron Co.'s Works . . . opp. 280 Speakers' desk, Winslow's chair 95 State House 64 St. James Hotel 47 St. Paul's Church 160 Sumner's House 17 Tremont House 44 Tremont-street Methodist Church .... 168 Tremont Temple 229 Trinity Church, new 157 Turnhalle 238 Washington's lodgings 9 Wellesley College, Wellesley 112 Wesleyan Association building 181 Whitney's Rooms, Equitable Building ... 49 Winchester Home for Aged Women . . . 192 Young Men's Christian Association .... 183 Young Men's Christian Union 182 INDEX TO TEXT. Adams Nervine Asylum, 215. Advertiser, the Boston Daily, 144. American Academy of Aits and Sciences, 102. American College and Education Society, 123. American House, 45, 271. American Library Association, 124. American Metric Bureau, 124. Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, 241. Apollo Club, 105. Appleton, D., & Co., 130. Area of Boston, 20. Aristides, statue of, 82. Arlington-street Church, 159. Army and Navy Monument, Boston Common, 83-87. Arms of the City, 29-40. Art and Science, 97. Art Club, Boston, 102. Arteries of the City, 21-28. Associated Charities of Boston, 204. Association for Destitute Catholic Children, 196. Athenaeum, Boston, 92-94, 101. Athenian Club, 234. Baldwin-place Home for Little Wanderers, 197. Bankers, list of, 262. Barry, Fred. W., 140. Base-Ball Association, Boston, 237. Beacon, the, 2. Beacon-hill reservoir, 58. Beethoven Hall, 231. Berkeley-street Church, 172. Bicknell's journals, 126, 149. Bird, Frank W., 139. Blackstone Square, 76. Boffin's Bovver, 202. Bones of the City, 219-224. Boston and Albany Railroad, 33, 39. Boston and Albany Railroad Library, 97. Boston and Lowell Railroad, 34, 39. Boston and Maine Railroad, 37, 39. Boston and Providence Railroad, 32, 39. Boston Asylum and Farm-School for Indigent Boys, 126. Boston Belting Company, 16, 277-279. Boston College, 107, 115. Boston Common, 6, 10, 11, 19, 23, 72-75, 220,242. Boston National Bank, 248. Boston Museum, 227. Boston, Revere Beach, and Lynn Railroad, 38. Boston Safe-deposit and Trust Company, 246, 263. Boston, Sketch of the History of, 1-20. Boston Theatre, 225. Boston University, 107, 112, 114. Boston University School of Medicine, 114. Bowdoin-square Baptist Church, 172. Boylston Club, 105. Boylston Hall, 174. 179, 267. Boylston Market, 176, 265, 267. Boylston Medical Society of Harvard University, 107, no, 217. Boylston Museum, 228. Brattle-square Church, 171. Bridges in and around Boston, 26. Brighton soldiers' monument, 90. Brokers' Exchange Board, Boston, 272. Burnham, T. O. H. P., 138. Business Houses, the, 275-286. Bussey Institution, 107, 109, 215. Cable, H. M., 135. Carney Hospital, 209. Carpenter, George O., 269. Casualty insurance companies of other States, 255. Cathedral of the Holy Cross, 163. Catholic Apostolic Church, 167. Cattle-Fair Hotel, 48. Cecilia Society, 105. Cemeteries, Catholic, 222. Central Burying-ground, 220. Central Charity Bureau and Temporary Home, 189. Central Church, 161. Central Club, 234. Central Congregational Church, Jamaica Plain, 162. Channing Home, 212. Charitable Irish Society, 199. Charles-street Jail, 69. Charlestown soldiers' and sailors' monument, 88. Chauncy-hall School, 120, 241. Chester Square, 76. Children's Friend Society, 202. Children's Home, and Home for Aged Females, 194. Children's Hospital, 210. Children's Mission to the Children of the Desti- tute, 195. Children's Sea-shore Home, 211. Christ Church, Salem Street, 156. Church Home for Orphans and Destitute Chil- dren, 196. Church of the Advent, 169. Church of the Disciples, 171. Church of the Immaculate Conception, 166. Church of the Messiah, 179. Church of the Unity, 173. Churches of Boston, list of, 184. City government of Boston, 54. City Hall, 20, 51, 52. City Hospital, Boston, 208. City Hospital Training-school for Nurses, 126, 208. City Missionary Society, 191. Claflin, William, Coburn, & Co., 10. 290 INDEX TO TEXT. Clarke, W. B., 137. Clearing-house Association, 260. Clubs, 233. Columbus-avenue Universalist Church, 174. Columbus, statue of, 82. Commerce of Boston, 39. Commercial Exchange, Boston, 270. Commonwealth Hotel, 48. Congregational House, 96, 180, 191, 232. Congregational Library, 96, 181. Consumptives' Home, 211. Continental Insurance Co. of N.Y., 68. Co-operative Society of Visitors among the Poor, 203. Copp's-hill Burying-ground, 220. Correctional institutions, 70. Court House, 69, 95, 155. Crawford House, 48. Custom House, 68. Decorative Art, Boston Society of, 102. Debt of Boston, 20. Diet kitchens, 212. Directors for public institutions, 54, 190, 212. Disabled soldiers and sailors, 193. Dispensary, Boston, 212. Dispensary for Diseases of Children, 214. Dispensary for Diseases of Women, 214. Dobson, John & James, 286. Dorchester soldiers' monument, 88. Druggists' Association, Boston, 218. Dudley-street Baptist Church, 167. East-Boston reservoir, 59. East Boston, squares in, 78. Eastern Railroad Company, 36, 39. Educational periodicals, 126, 149. Elevated-railroad system, 28. Equitable building, 49, 249, 264. Equitable Life-Assurance Society of New York, 249. Equitable Safe-deposit vaults, 249, 264. Estes & Lauriat, 135. Ether monument, 83. Evangelical Advent Church, 168 Evans House, 47. Fairbanks, Brown, & Co., 283. Faneuil Hall, 13, 18, 232, 242, 265, 266, 273. Faneuil-Hall Market, new, 265, 266. Faunce, Walter H., 130. Female Society, Boston, 202. Financial Institutions, 259-264. Fire and marine insurance, 250. Fire and marine insurance companies of other countries, 255. Fire and marine insurance companies of other Slates, 256-258. Fire-department, 55. Fires, 11, 14. Fire-Underwriters' Union, Boston, 252. First Church, 151. First Congregational Society of Jamaica Plain, 176. First paper, 4. First settler, 1. Fish Bureau, Boston, 270. Fitchburg Railroad, 36, 39. Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company, 142, 280. Forest-hills Cemetery, 221. Fort Independence, 70. Fort Warren, 70. Fort Winthrop, 70. Franklin, Benjamin, statue of, 82. Franklin Square, 47, 76. Free Hospital for Women, 209. French, Abram, & Co., 282. French-flat system of hotels, 48. Gaiety Theatre, 227. General Theological Library, 97. German Emigrant Aid Society, 190, 200. German Lutheran Trinity Church, 163. German musical societies, 106. Ginn & Heath, 134. Girls' High-school, 119. Globe Theatre, 226. Globe, the Boston daily, 149, 234. Glover, John, statue of, 82. Grand Army of the Republic, 222, 239, 240. Groom, Thomas, & Co., 143. Halls, 232. Handel and Haydn Society, 104. Harvard Dental School, 107, no. Harvard Medical School, 107, no. Harvard Musical Association, 104. Harvard Monument, 87. Harvard-street Baptist Church, 174. Harvard University, 107-110. Hawthorne Rooms, 232. Heakt of the City, 189-204. Herald, the Boston, 145. Highland Street-railway Company, 27, 28. Hollis-street Church, 160. Home for Aged Colored Women, 192. Home for Aged Men, 193. Home for Aged Poor, 191. Home for Aged Women, 193. Homoeopathic Hospital, 115. Homoeopathic Medical Dispensary, 190, 213. Homoeopathic Medical Society, Boston, 217. Horace Mann School for the Deaf, 117, 126. Hospital of the Public Institutions, 212. Houghton, Osgood, & Co., 128. House of the Angel Guardian, 198. Hotel Brunswick, 18, 43, 281. Hotels and Restaurants, 41-50. House of the Good Samaritan, 210. House of the Good Shepherd, 202. Horticultural Hall, 230. Howard Athenaeum, 228. Ilsley, D. P. & Co., 285. Independence Square, 78. Industrial Aid Society, 203. Industrial School for Girls, 199. Industrial Temporary Home, 193. Infant School and Children's Home, 196. Insurance Offices, 243-258. Investigator Hall, 231. Israelitish cemetery, 224. John Hancock Mutual Life-Insurance Company, 12, 246. Jones, McDuffee, & Stratton, 284. Journal, the Boston, 148. King's Chapel, 19, 154. King's Chapel Burying-ground, 219. Lacrosse Club, 238. Ladies' Relief Agency, 203. Latin School, Boston, 117. Lee & Shepard, 129. INDEX TO TEXT. 291 Libraries, 97. Life-insurance in America, 244. Lincoln Square, 78. Literary Clubs, 236. Little, Brown, & Co., 127. Littlefield, George E., 140. Lying-in Hospital, Boston, 212. Lockwood, Brooks, & Co., 137. Lothrop, D., & Co., 132. Lovering, A. \V., 139. Lowell Institute, 123. Lowell Square, 78. Lunatic Hospital, Boston, 212. Lungs of the City, 71-90. Lumber Dealers' Association, 274. Lynn and Boston Railroad, 28. Macullar, Williams, & Parker, 275. Manson, A. S., 135. Marine Society, Boston, 274. Marine underwriters, board of, 252. Markets and Exchanges, 265-274. Markets, 268. Masonic Temple, 239. Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, 214. Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, 217. Massachusetts General Hospital, 205-207. Massachusetts Historical Society, 94. Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital, 208. Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical Society, 217- . Massachusetts Hospital Life-insurance Company, 244. Massachusetts Infant Asylum, 195. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 115. Massachusetts joint-stock fire and marine insur- ance companies, 253. Massachusetts Medical Society, 215, 216. Massachusetts mutual fire and marine insurance companies having agencies in Boston, 254. Massachusetts Normal Art-School, 121. Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble- Minded Youth, 126. Massachusetts Society for Aiding Discharged Convicts, 200. Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 203. Maverick House, 48. Maverick National Bank, 259. Mayors of Boston, list of, 10. Mechanics' Exchange, 272. Mechanics' Hall, 231. Medical Association, Boston, 217. Medical Examiner, 216. Medical Improvement, Boston Society for, 217. Medical Library Association, Boston, 95. Medical Observation, Boston Society for, 217. Mercer & Whittemore, 246. Merchants' Exchange and Reading-Room, 268- 270. Metropolitan Railroad Company, 27, 28. Middlesex Railroad Company, 28. Militia of Massachusetts, 241. Mill-dam, 23. Miller's (Henry F.) pianoforte establishment, 284. Mind of the City, 91-106. Mission Church of our Lady of Perpetual Help, 166, 167. Montgomery Square, 78. Morgue, old, 216; new, 216. Mount-Auburn Cemetery, 224, 231. Mount-Hope Cemetery, 222. Mount-Vernon Church, 176. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 98-102. Musical Societies of Boston, 104. Music Hall, Boston, 17, 18, 104, 105, 123, 162, 228. Mutual Benefit Life-insurance Company, New- ark, N.J., 250. Mutual fire and marine insurance companies, 254. Mutual Life-insurance Company of New York, 247. Mystic water-works, 59. National banks, complete list of, 261. National Revere Bank, 242. Natural History, Boston Society of, 97, 103. Needlewoman's Friend Society, 200. Newbury-street Grammar Schoolhouse, 119. New-England Church, 162. New-England Conservatory of Music, 122. New-England Furniture Exchange, 271. New-England Historic-Genealogical Society, 96. New-England Hospital for Women and Children, 209. New-England House, 48. New-England Moral Reform Society, 199. New-England Mutual Life-Insurance Company of Boston, 245. New-England News Company, 138. New-England Scandinavian Benevolent Society, 200. New-England Woman's Club, 234. New English-High and Latin School, 118. New Jerusalem Church Society, 180. Nonotuck Silk Company, 282, 283. North-End Mission, Boston, 204. New " Old South " Church, 154. New-York and New-England Railroad, 38, 39. Nichols & Hall, 135, 182. Norfolk House, 48. Ober's Restaurant Parisien, 49. Odd Fellows' Hall, 239. Old Charlestown Burying-ground, 221. Old Colony Railroad, 34, 39. Old Corner Bookstore, 136. Old Granary Burying-ground, 219. Old South, 7, 18, 19, 152. Old State House, 19, 65. Orpheus Musical Society, 106. Paige, John C, 251. Paine Memorial Hall, 231. Parker-hill reservoir, 58. Parker House, 41, 236. Parker Memorial Hall, 231. Park-street Church, 19, 161, 224. Parks, 76. Penitent Females' Refuge and Bethesda Society, 197. Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, 125. Pierce, S. S. & Co., 9. Police-department, 56. Police Relief Association, Boston, 203. Population, 20. Port and Seaman's Aid Society, Boston, 201. Postmasters of Boston, 63. Post, the Boston daily, 4, 146. Printing establishments, great, 140. Private schools, 120. Probate Office, 69. Produce Exchange, Boston, 270. Protective department, Boston, 55, 250, 251. Provident Association, Boston, 191. 292 INDEX TO TEXT. Province House, 22. Public buildings, 51-70. Public Garden, 75. Public institutions, directors of, 54, 190, 212. Public Library, 91, 92. Public park, 71. Pulse of the City, 205-218. Quincy House, 46. Quincy Market, 266. Railroad business of Boston, 39. Rand, Avery, & Co., 140, 246. Reed & Brother, 66. Registration of charities, 190. Registry of Deeds for Suffolk County, 69. Restaurants and cafes, 49. Revere House, 45. Rockwell & Churchill, 141. Roxbury Charitable Society, 191. Roxbury soldiers' monument, 89. Rubber Shoe Company, Boston, 279, 280. Safe-deposit vaults, 263. Safe-deposit and Trust Company, Boston, 263, 264. Saturday-morning Club, 236. Savings banks, 262, 263. Schools, Boston public, 116. Scots' Charitable Society, 199. Seaman's Friend Society, Boston, 202. Sears, W. B., 252. Second Church, Dorchester district, 173. Secret societies, 239. Sewers, public, in Boston, 27. Sewing Circle, Boston, 201. Shawmut Congregational Church, 178. Sherman House, 48. Shipping interests of Boston, 40. Shoe-and-Leather Exchange, 271. Simmons Female College, 123. Small, Willard, 130. Social Law Library, 69, 95. Society of Vincent de Paul, 197. Society to Encourage Studies at Home, 124. Somerset Club, 233. Somerset-street Baptist Church, 169. Soul of the City, 151-188. South-Boston Iron Company, 280. South-Boston Railroad, 28. South-Boston Reservoir, 59. South-Boston Yacht-Club, 237. South Congregational Church, 176. Spelling Reform Association, 125. State House, 2, 12, 63. State Library, 65, 95. St. Augustine Cemetery, 222. Steam-railroads, introduction of, 29. St. James Hotel, 47. St. John's Church, 163. St. Joseph's Home and St. Elizabeth's Hospi- tal, 210. St. Joseph's Home for Females, 197. St. Luke's Home, 210. St. Mary's Infant Asylum, 211. Stockin, A. C, 130. St. Paul's Church, 160, 224. Street-railway system, 27. Streets and avenues of the city, 21-26. St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, 196. Suffolk Club, 234. Temple Club, 233. Temporary Home for the Destitute, 194. Thomas Park, 78. Tongue of the City, 127-150. Transcript, the Evening, 147. Traveller, Daily Evening, 148. Tremont House, 44. Tremont-street Methodist Church, 168. Tremont Temple, 162, 183, 229. Trinity Church, 156-159. Trust Companies, 264. Tufts College, 115. Turnhalle, 232, 238. Turnverein, Boston, 232, 238. Twenty-eighth Congregational Society, 180. Union Athletic Club, 238. Union Boat-Club, 236. Union Church, 178. Union Club, 234. Union Freight Railway, 35. Union Hall, 231. Union Park, 76. Union Railway Company, 28. Union Safe-deposit vaults, 263. Union Temple Church, 162, 230. United States Court-House, 63. United States Hotel, 48. United States Navy-Yard, 63. United States Post-office and Sub-treasury, 60-62. Valuation, 20. Walnut-avenue Congregational Church, 177. Warren Anatomical Museum, in. Warren Museum of Natural History, 104. Washington, equestrian statue of, 79. Washingtonian Home, 215. Water-works, 54, 56, 60. Wellesley College, in. Wesleyan Association building, 135, 182. Wesleyan Hall, 231. West Church, 168. West-Roxbury soldiers' monument, 89. Wharves, 25, 36, 39, 40. Whitney's Breakfast and Dining Rooms, 49, 250. Whittier Machine Comnany, 281. Winchester Home for Aged Women, 192. Winkley, Thorp, & Dresser, 134, 143. Winthrop Congregational Church, 177. Worcester Square, 76. Yacht-Club, Boston, 236. Yacht-clubs, 237. Young Men's Benevolent Society, Boston, 200. Young Men's Christian Association, Boston, 183. Young Men's Christian Union, Boston, 182. Young's Hotel, 48. KING'S HANDBOOK OF BOSTON. PUBLISHED AND COPYRIGHTED BY MOSES KING. ELECTROTYPING, PRINTING, AND BINDING BY RAND, AVERY, & CO., BOSTON. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. (Letters A to E inclusive are in the front part of the book ; F to R, in the back part.) NAME. PAGE Alliance Insurance Company B Bicknell's Journals M Boston Belting Company inset opposite G and H Boston National Bank ............... C Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company G Bradford & Anthony, cutlery, sportsmen's goods, fancy hardware, etc A Brown, Joseph T. & Co., apothecaries and chemists D Brunswick, Hotel, J. W. Wolcott, proprietor (back cover) R Chandler, Victor L., & Co., engravers on wood N Claflin, William, Coburn, & Co., boots and leather D Clark, W. L., & Co., photographers ............ K Collins, T. F., blank-book manufacturer, binder and ruler I Conant, James A., designer and wood-engraver M Dean's Interest and Equation Exponents (L. L. & Moses King) N Faneuil Hall Insurance Company ............. B Fish, William R., designer and photo-engraver .......... P " Good Times " M Hotel Brunswick, J. W. Wolcott, proprietor (back cover) R Ilsley, D. P. & Co., hatters and furriers F King, L. L. & Moses, insurance-agents ............ I Mercer & Whittemore, insurance-agents ........ inset opposite L and M " National Journal of Education "............. M " New-England Journal of Education "............ M Nichols, W. F., & Co., gentlemen's furnishing goods ......... K Nonotuck Silk Company Q Ober, Louis P., " Restaurant Parisien "............ O Paige, John C, insurance-agent E Peters, C. J., & Son, electrotypers and stereo typers L Proctor & Moody, stationers and engravers L Queen Insurance Company inset opposite L and M Rand, Avery, & Co., printers inset opposite I and K Revere Fire Insurance Company ............. P Rice, Kendall, & Co., paper, paper-manufacturers' materials, etc C Sears, W. B., insurance-agent inset opposite G and H Shoe and Leather Insurance Company A Sweet, Charles A., & Co., bankers H " The Primary Teacher " ............... M Whittier Machine Company, elevators and boilers Q Winkley, Thorp, & Dresser, stationers, blank-book manufacturers, etc F 294 Winkle y, Thorp & Dresser, Successors in the Stationery business to Cambridgeport Diary Co., who succeeded Cutter, Tower & Co. Blank Book Manufacturers, AND JOBBERS OF SCHOOL BOOKS AND STATIONERY. OUR STOCK COMPRISES THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLETE LINE OF BLANK BOOKS, (Over One Thousand different kinds,) Photograph and Autograph Albums, Bibles, school, office and miscellaneous stationery, TO BE FOUND IN NEW ENGLAND. W. W. WlNKLEY. E. G. Thorp. E. D. Dresser. 117 Devonshire St., Boston. | PoS t Opposite the Office. D. P. Ilsley & Co. HATTER S, Importers and Dealers in FINE American, English and French HATS, Umbrellas, &c„ ADAPTED FOR Gents, Indies and Children. BOSTON FURRIERS. OUR Dress Furs FOR Ladies, Gents and Children EMBRACE ALL THE MOST DESIRABLE KINDS IN Fashionable Use. A Specialty is made of Manufacturing^ Order articles to meet the wants of patrons. OUR IMPORTATIONS ARE OUR OWN SELECTIONS IN FOREIGN MARKETS. D. P. ILSLEY & CO. 385 Washington St. (opp. Franklin St.), Boston. ^ # DEPOSIT AND O i Post-Office Square, cor. of Milk and Congress Streets. CAPITAL, $400,000. PRESIDENT, FREDERICK M. STONE, VICE-PRESIDENTS, FREDERIC W. LINCOLN, THOMAS TALBOT. Directors,— Nathaniel J. Bradlee, Benjamin F. Brooks, John Cummings, Oliver Ditson, Richard S. Fay, James Longley, George C. Lord, William Mixter, John Felt Osgood, Royal M. Pulsifer, William E. Putnam, M. Denman Ross, Henry S. Shaw, Benjamin F. Stevens, David N. Skillings, Gerard C. Tobey, Thomas J. Whidden. Manager of Safe Deposit Department Edward P. Bond. n*„.-„..- m ~ Frank C. Miles. I reasurer, ...•••• ... SAFES TO RKNT, and VALUABLES STORED IN FIRE and BURGLAR PROOF VAULTS. The Legislature has authorized this Company to hold Estates in Trust under Will or Deed. ESTABLISHED 1865. \ n fn) 22 Water, corner Devonshire Street, OPPOSITE POST-OFFICE. BOSTON. P. O. Box, 3033. E. H. Sears, Cashier. on Pi Of) «\ Pi x H fcr PI . o ^ 7 M tQ 3© h: i Q Ui H ^ o & >^> < ^ §'& ® T" *% CD Fh -c) fcr o ^ ©■ p: . a est H . M~ W 2, © © 25 ft © « ^^ yl a © yi © © & © £< &£ © Chas, A. Sweet & Co. BANKERS, NO. 40 STATE STREET. All issues of United States Government Bonds, Coupon or Registered, Bought and Sold. U.S. 5-20 Called Bonds Cashed or Exchanged for other Governments, or first-class Municipal Securities. Registered and Coupon Interest Collected and proceeds remitted promptly. . Town and city Loans Negotiated, and a choice assortment of Securities for the Investment of Trust Funds, constantly on hand. Stocks, Bonds and other Securities Bought and Sold on Commission at the Brokers' Board. Orders for the Purchase or Sale of Stocks executed in New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco Stock Exchanges by reliable correspondents. NEW LOAN. A constant supply of the NEW UNITED STATES FOUR PER-CENT BONDS on hand and for sale at Government rates, giving our customers the benefit of the market price whenever the latter is more advantageous. Chas, A, Sweet & Co. Government Agents, - - - 40 State Street, BOSTON. H V V & MOSEs & pESBNTAj.,, *«& ^ t h e ! w, F. Nichols & Co. R TREMONT HOUSE, BOSTON. E ^ Business shirts, E ]\r Dress shirts, ■•■ Wedding shirts, bH..R 1 With Collars and Cuffs to Match. W. L. CLARK & COMPANY, SUCCESSORS OF Portraits in Oil, Crayon, Water Colors and Ink. Children Combinations a Specialty. W. Loring Clark. C. M. Litchfield. Proctor & Moody, Fashionable Stationers, Engravers and Envelope Manufacturers. INVITATIONS, VISITING CARDS, CRESTS, MONOGRAMS, DIPLOMAS, ILLUSTRATIONS, LETTER, NOTE AND BILL HEADINGS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, CARDS, RECEIPTS, LABELS, TAGS, EtC. 3 "7 WEST STREET, [Opposite Mason Street.] boston. C, J, PETERS & SON, Stereotypers and Electrotypers, NO. 73 FEDERAL ST. BOSTON. Fine Electrotyping a Specialty. BEST WORK AT LOWEST PRICES. ^ sm mu. ^ Assets in, the U. S. Keal Estate Company's Building, - $289,621 U. S. Bonds deposited with Insurance Depart- ment State of N. Y. and other States, - 459,500 In hands of Trustees, U. S. Bonds, - - 674,550 Cash in Bank and other Assets, - - - 152/72 LIABILITIES. Unpaid Losses and other Liabilities, Re-Insurance, - - - - $1,576,143 84,947 450,000 $534,947 Net Surplus U. S. Branch, July lst,1878, $l,04iJ9« MERCER &. WHITTEM0RE, Agents, Boston, Mass. //gxs> r e^> i *. Ut/mPdOland LONDON ^ TRUSTEES IN NEW YORK. SAMUEL D. BABCOCK, WILLIAM II. MACY, Babcock Brothers & Co. Pres. Seamen's Savings Bank. JAMES M. MORRISON, Pres. Manhattan Bank. DIRECTORS MM NEW YORK. ALL OF WHOM ARE STOCKHOLDERS. SAMUEL D. BABCOCK, F. H. N. WHITING, HENRY F. SPAULDING, J. BOORMAN JOHNSTON, MARTIN BATES. DAVID BINGHAM, H. B. CLAFLIN, JOSIAH M. FISKE. WM H. ROSS, Manager. GEO. A, DRESSER, J, A. HOYT, General Agent, Sup t of Agencies, 37 & 39 Wall Street, NEW YORK. BJCKNELL'S JOURNALS OF EDUCATION. (THE NATIONAL and NEW ENGLAND) HIGHEST AWARD! WEEKLY. The Leading Educational Paper in America; the Only One in New England. Terms, $3.00; $2.50 in advance. Address THOMAS IV. BICKNELL, Editor and Publisher. RECEIVED A BRONZE MEDAL At the Paris Exposition, AS THE First Educational Journal IN THE WORLD. Primary Teacher, A NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE, DEVOTED SOLELY TO THE Interests of Primary and Kindergarten Instruction in America. Editor, WILLIAM E. SHELDON. $1.00 per year, in advance; Single Copies, 15 cts. Published the fifteenth of the month; Teo numbers a year. GOOD TIMES, A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, FOR Day-Schools, Sunday-Schools, Parlor Pastimes. &c. Editor, MRS. M. B. C. SLAVE. One Dollar per year; Single Numbers, 15 cents. Ten numbers constitute the year (issued consecutively). Club Rates of our Educational Publications : The Journal, with Good Times, $3.00; The Journal, with Primary Teacher, $3.00; The Journal, with both the Monthlies, $3.50. In advance. Address THOMAS W. BICKNELL. Publisher, 16 Hawley St, Boston. mm^m^mmSM^tM^£MM^t:mMhMm:M^M£M ;g\ />5 ~~~ ^@^m13 FRANKLIN, COR. WASHINGTON STS.^^_ ± + + + + + + + Boston, Mass .^ fr Vfr-VV «' -v \ ^MZ^lW^ri ^-3L2^I^-^ T iil^H^^^^^]£B^i Designing and Engraving on Wood. XR. JAMES S. SONANT refers, for spesimens of his work, to the cuts of the "United States Fost-Offi2e and S"ah- Treasury," and the " Eoston English High and Latin School," in this cook. All work is made wholly satisfactory in every respect to the customer. Estimates and Sketches will he sent, or can he called for. JAMES S. CONANT, Designer and Engraver on Wood. No. 13 Franklin Street, Boston. m liter six years' constant trial, the accountants in every part of the United States are firmly convinced that there is no work of its kind to be compared with DEAN'S INTEREST and EQUATION EXPONENTS, for rapidity and simplicity in averaging accounts, or finding the interest of either items or accounts. By means of this work the interest of any sum, at any rate, for any time, can be ascertained almost at a glance. The average date, or due date of any simple or com- pound account can be arrived at with fewer figures and with considerably less work than by any other method, or book, ever issued. The interest-balance of an account that is generally made up by means of an average date, Dean's Interest and Equation Exponents. L. L. & MOSES KING, St. Louis, Proprietors. can be found more readily than the average date. The time-tables show the number of days between any two dates, the day of the week and day of the month of the maturity of any bill, whether falling due in an ordinary or leap year. Dean's Interest and Equation Expo- nents have always been, and are yet sold with the privilege of returning within thirty days if not satisfac- tory. The price per copy, postpaid, is $5.00. Over 5,000 copies — seven editions — have already been sold and are now being used in every part of North America. Many orders from Europe have been filled. The books can be ordered from MOSES KINO, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. VICTOR L CHANDLER & CO. ^ffipWEI^+0N+W00D-§* 3 School Street, OVER THE "OLDCORNER BOOK STORE," BOSTON. .V L.V» The only Restaurant where French Cooking is made a specialty. Oyster and Lunch counter for prompt service. Large Dining-Rooms for ladies and gentlemen. Private rooms for Dinner or Supper Parties. Open daily till 12 o'clock, p.m. Mr. Ober calls special attention to his large stock of Wines selected by himself, in France. They are recommended by Physicians as pure and wholesome, and are sold Wholesale or Retail at fair prices. O Fire Insurance OF BOSTON. Office No. 48 Congress Street, Boston. Insures Buildings, Houses and Furniture, for One, Three, or five Years; also, other classes of property at fair rates. JOHN W. BELCHES, Secretary. JOSEPH H. WELLMAN, President- Nathan Crowell. C. J. Whitmore, Alfred T. Turner. S. T. Snow. M. F. Dickinson, Jr D I RECTORS: Geo. E. Hatch. Henry P. Stanwood. Benj. P. Cheney. Ezra H. Baker. Stillman B. Allen. Geo. Thachcr. Jacob H. Loud. J. Henry Sears. John R. Bullard. Jos. H. Wellman. NONOTUCK 3ILK COMPANY > MANUFACTURERS OF Machine Twist and Sewing Silk, OFFICES: 66 and 68 Thomas Street, 3 NEW YORK. No. 88 West Third Street, CINCINNATI. No. 159 Fifth Avenue, CHICAGO. ^^CTORrATno^ TRADE-MARKS: NONOTUCK, CORTICELLI, BARTOLIN m,J CLARK'S PURE DYE. TAB USHEDINI8 38 - NO. 18 SUMMER STREET, BOSTON Charles Whittier, Pres. M. Hanfokd, E?ig'r. A. C. Whittier, Treas. WHITTIER MACHINE COMPANY MANUFACTURERS of ■ Steam Engines and Boilers, m Steam and Hydraulic Elevators, CD 3 o id J 6 o CO W New-York Office, 120 Broadway. Henry C. Johnson, Agent. R — DATE DUE — mc. 4-2014- r UNIVERSITY HHUUUCTS, INC. #859-5503