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SKETCHES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MSS’ 
 
 OF 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 g ***. 1 . 1 * 1 11 1 .... ' i 
 
 m THOMAS W. GRIFFITH- tt 
 
 BALTIMORE t 
 
 Printed and Published by Frederick G. Schaeffer, 
 
 
 1821 * 
 
 BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY 
 CHESTNUT HILL, MASS, 
 

 District of Maryland !, s. s . 
 
 tf rrmrmhrrrh tw fin Hi A AlIvllBl llup nf 
 
 ed States of America, THOMAS W. GRIFFITH, of said Dis- 
 trict, hath Deposited in this Office the title of a Book, the right whereof he 
 claims as Author in the words following, to wit : 
 
 “ Sketches of the Early History of Maryland, by Thomas JV. Griffith” 
 
 In conformity with the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled 
 “ An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of 
 “ Maps, Charts, and Books to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, 
 “ during the times therein mentioned and also the Act, entitled “ An Act 
 “for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, 
 “Charts and Bocks, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during 
 “the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof, to the 
 “ Arts of Designing, Engraving and Etching, Historical and other Prints.” 
 
 PHILIP MOORE, Cl’k. Dist. Mil. 
 
 
SKETCHES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 t 
 
 OF 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Xn the year 1634, Leonard Calvert, appointed Lieutenant- 
 general and Governor of Maryland, by his brother Cecelius, 
 Lord Baltimore and proprietary, George Calvert, another 
 brother, and about two hundred colonists, having sailed from 
 England the year before, and wintered in the West India is- 
 lands, landed and fixed themselves on the north side of the 
 Patowmack river, a few miles from the mouth of it, and called 
 the place St. Mary’s. 
 
 This was effected without any opposition from the natives 
 of the country, who it would appear according to Mr. Bozman’s 
 researches, were subjects of Opitchapan, Powhatan’s successor 
 or of the same confederacy, and governed by a youthful Werow- 
 ance or viceroy and a regent of the name of Archihan. They 
 received a satisfactory compensation, were much reduced and 
 terrified by their northern neighbours of red men, and willing to 
 receive the protection of allies so enlightened and warlike as 
 were the new colonists. 
 
 These being in part, gentlemen of affluence, well provided, 
 arriving at a favorable season, and countenanced, though not 
 encouraged, and sometimes opposed by the earlier settlements 
 of the Virginia colonists on the south, and the Swedes and 
 Dutch on the north, did not encounter the distress and defeats 
 
4 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 Which had usually attended such settlements. Besides the 
 Governor and his brother, we find the names of Jerome Haw- 
 
 F^dl 7w ? rnwalli3 ’ Richard Gerrard > Ed '^d Wintour, 
 Fredenclc Win our and Henry AViseman.Esqs. Capt. John Hill 
 
 and Messrs. John Saunders, Edwatd Cranfield, Henry Green, 
 
 andWT ”7 J ° hn Baxter > Thomas Derrel, John Medcalfe, 
 
 were a ‘‘“7 7!’ ^ Wh ° m ’ HaW,e - v alld Cornwallis 
 
 ;e ,e a PP om ted by Lord Baltimore, to be assistants to the 
 
 —r t C0UnC1 "° rS - Ca P tain Henr 7 F'oete, who they 
 ' a iscataw ay on landing, assisted them materially, 
 lev lived in the same houses, and cultivated the same 
 
 on "f o " 7 le< * P eo P* e ’ aiu * ' n the utmost harmony, until 
 
 one of the Virginia council, named William Clayborne, who had 
 p ocuied a hcense to trade, and established factories on Kent 
 aland and near the Susquehanna!., excited the Indians living 
 Witlnn the terntories granted to Lord Baltimore, but who were 
 
 he r °i 0Ve ' awed ' vhen Governor had forcibly dispersed 
 the intruders soon alter. 
 
 George Calvert, the first Baron of Baltimore and father of 
 
 ( .J r ['l' <l .[? rU | ta 'r V ’’ '' ll0 llad namet * tile son after his patron, Robert 
 7 Earl of Salsbury, was born at Kipling in Yorkshire and 
 educated at Oxford University, which he represented in Parlia- 
 ment a terwards ; filling the office of Secretary of State, 
 but was rather one of the Secretaries of the Council of State as 
 then organized, and the King had granted him part of New. 
 found land, which he called Avalon, visited and made some im- 
 provements there, but vainly attempted to colonize. He had 
 
 Cne . ,° f , the S0C ‘ ety ° r com P an 7 fe>' settling Virginia in 
 lb-0, and had, on account of difficulties encountered durum- his 
 residence there, as a Roman Catholic, to which religion he°had 
 become a convert and thereby forfeited all his offices, except 
 that of a Privy Councillor, in which he was continued during 
 the life of James I. the promise of another particular grant 
 iioin the King; it was rather an exemption from the forfeiture 
 liicuned by that company, than an encroachment on former 
 grants, for the successor to the crown to bestow on Cecilius 
 the son, the unsettled lands on the Chesapeake, and from the 
 sea to the source of the Patowmack ; the former were supposed 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 to extend from the SSth to the 40th degree of north latitude, as 
 described in the charter, and Sir John Harvey, the then viceroy 
 of Virginia, politely waited on and tendered his civilities to his 
 brother, the Governor. 
 
 In that act, the province which Lord Baltimore intended to 
 call Crescentia, was named Maryland, by King Charles, in hon- 
 or of his royal consort, who was Henrietta-Maria, daughter of 
 Henry IV. of France. 
 
 It does not appear that these colonists were actuated by an 
 over pious zeal to convert the heathen, or the extravagant pro- 
 ject of finding a passage to the east through the western conti- 
 tinent ; but, out of respect for their religion, they planted the 
 cross, and after fortifying themselves, plainly and openly set 
 about to obtain by the fairest means in their power, other pro- 
 perty and homes, where they should escape the persecutions of 
 the religious and political reformers of their native country at 
 that period. 
 
 The land was granted Lord Baltimore according to the 
 most liberal tenure of the times, two Indian arrows a year : the 
 colonists were exempted from English customs or taxes here, 
 and entitled to protection from that kingdom, at home or abroad, 
 as native born subjects. Although there were clauses which a 
 British attorney-general in 1680, declared to be, “ not agreeable 
 to the laws there,” laws could only be made here with the advice 
 and consent of the freemen or their deputies ; and, if amongst 
 the grants, there was power to make ordinances given to the 
 proprietaries, there is an exception of much liberality towards 
 the people, which was, that, no person should be deprived of 
 member, life, freehold, goods or chatties,” by such ordinances; 
 and the act became a model for succeeding grants. 
 
 According to the conditions of plantation of the proprietary, 
 as contained in “ The Landholder’s Assistant,” each colonist 
 was entitled to one hundred acres for himself, as much for his 
 wife and fifty acres a piece for his children and servants, in 
 perpetuity, on payment of twenty pounds of wheat per hundred 
 acres, per annum. There were to be baronies as well as ma- 
 nors for larger tracts, than which there could not be a greater 
 inducement for independent settlers ; and some, by paving the 
 
SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 {> 
 
 passages of others, obtained, with their services, the land rights 
 of upwards of twenty persons or two thousand and three thou- 
 sand acres ; no privileges were enjoyed for such large estates 
 except that of being able to lease them out again, and no baro- 
 nies were ever granted, though a court-baron and court-leet 
 were held on one or two occasions, and there was a fine or tax, 
 upon sales of land, equal to the quit rent of a year, on each 
 sale or alienation ; for a majority of the freeholders here, would 
 necessarily be composed of lesser tenants, and feudal service 
 was becoming odious every where. 
 
 With expressions of gratitude for his personal exertions, the 
 proprietary added to his brother’s powers, those of Admiral, 
 Chief Judge and Chancellor; and it is stated that the Governor 
 immediately proceeded to appoint a Secretary and Sheriff, mili- 
 tary officers, Commissioners of the Peace and Coroners, and 
 that, with Jerome Hawley and Thomas Cornwallis, councillors 
 who came out with him, he issued an order to encourage emi- 
 gration by offers of land. The colonists were soon assembled, 
 once within, the very year in which they arrived, as is stated 
 in Chalmcr’s Annals, for the purpose of legislation and police, 
 secured to them by the charter ; but there are no copies of their 
 laws and very imperfect notes of their proceedings, for the first 
 three or four years. It may now appear strange, but the first 
 difficulty was, where the making of laws should commence ; 
 yet, such has often been the effect of the use of terms like those 
 of the charter, wherein Lord Baltimore was to make laws, “ of 
 and ivitli the advice, assent and approbation ” of the freemen. 
 Those that were forwarded by the proprietary, were rejected 
 by the Assembly ; those drawn up by that body, were refused 
 by him, and the Assembly persisted until they succeeded. 
 
 From the list contained in Mr. Bacon’s collection, it appears 
 that the latter included bills for swearing allegiance, for the 
 liberties of the people, for laying out church glebes and for the 
 support of the proprietary. The Assembly also were obliged, 
 for want of established laws and courts of justice, to try an 
 a^ent of Clayborne’s, of the name of Thomas Smith, whom they 
 had taken after a combat of pinnaces in the bay, in which some 
 lives on both sides were lost, and condemned as a pirate, pas- 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 sing a bill of attainder against his principal, then gone to Eng- 
 land to seek in vain that redress which, however unwillingly, 
 the government of Virginia had been obliged to refuse him. 
 Assemblies were composed of the Governor, as President, Je- 
 rome Hawley, Thomas Cornwallis and John Lewger, Esqs. his 
 councillors, -summoned by writs of the Governor; as were the 
 chief officers of the province, for some years ; sitting as indi- 
 viduals in their own rights, and also as proxies for some others, 
 and all the freemen who should chuse to attend ; and all 
 were freemen, except hirelings, paupers and servants. The 
 number of votes with the proxies, about seventy. Mr, Lewger, 
 who had lately arrived, was also appointed by the proprietary, 
 Collector, Treasurer and Secretary of the province, and acted 
 as such to the Assembly, and Surveyor-general, Judge in causes 
 testamentary and conservator of the peace by the Governor, 
 who also appointed him his deputy, when absent in 1638, but 
 was by him suspended for a short time, for committing to Cap- 
 tain Fleete, extravagant and unlawful authority. When re- 
 appointed, he was also made attorney-general. Captain Robert 
 Wintour, then lately arrived, was made a Councillor early in 
 the year, and in the course of the summer Mr. Hawley died. 
 
 Among the acts passed at a Session held at St. Mary’s, five 
 years after they arrived in the country, that is, 1639, 
 we find the first relating to the Rouse of Assembly itself. 
 Here, upon writs being issued by the Governor, delegates elect- 
 ed by the freemen were to sit as burgesses, one or two for each 
 hundred, with the persons specially called by the Governor, 
 and such freemen as had not consented to the election of others, 
 or any twelve or more of them, including always the Governor 
 and Secretary. Their Acts being assented to by the Governor, 
 were to be as binding as if the proprietary and all the freemen 
 had been present, until assented to or rejected by him : and it 
 was intended that those Assemblies should be called once in 
 three years, at least, as it is believed. 
 
 After providing that the Governor should hold courts of 
 justice, and the Secretary take probats of wills, they proceeded 
 to extend a limited jurisdiction to the commander of Kent, who 
 was Captain George Evelyn ; some of its original settlers sub- 
 
8 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 milting willingly. Tobacco planters were required to plant 
 corn also. The debts due the proprietary were to be preferred, 
 and none for wine or spirit, to be recovered until all others 
 were discharged ; swearing all to administer justice according 
 to the laws or laudable usages of this province when provided, 
 and renewing the rights of all as English born subjects, accord- 
 ing to the great charter of England ; establishing the trial by 
 jury of twelve freemen at least, after indictment, in criminal 
 cases. The Governor had with Captain Robert Wintour and 
 John Lewger, held a county court at St. Mary’s, in which a 
 grand jury presented Clayborne and Smith to the Assembly, 
 and Thomas Baldridge was appointed Sheriff and Coroner, for 
 one year. County Courts rose with the counties, in the per- 
 sons of the commander and commissioners, their powers and 
 jurisdiction being very limited, with appeals to the provincial 
 court, which consisted of the Governor and Council, at that 
 time, as well as from the Governor, as Chancellor. It is stated 
 in manuscript notes obligingly communicated by T. Harris, 
 Esq. clerk of the Court of Appeals, that it was a practice to 
 hold the Provincial Court at different places, and also, for one 
 of the council to be placed at the head of the commission for the 
 county courts, for some time, as commander of such county. 
 
 There were certain powers given to the captain of the mili- 
 tary band, then probably Mr. Cornwallis, who had captured 
 Smith, and was the Governor’s deputy during some absences; 
 and a Treasurer, who was Mr. Giles Brent, then made a mem- 
 ber of the council also, was to pay all the public charges on 
 the order of the Governor and Council. These were first rais- 
 ed by a duty of five pounds in one hundred of all tobacco ex- 
 ported except to England, Ireland and Virginia; and not 
 exceeding twenty thousand pounds were voted for the erection 
 of a water-mill , to be levied 011 all the inhabitants, as the Gov- 
 ernor and Council should direct. 
 
 Thus an article of which it was once endeavoured to pre- 
 vent the consumption in the parent country, became the me- 
 dium staple here instead ot wheat or money, in so short a time 5 
 and although its importation from other countries was prohibited 
 there, this source of revenue must have diminished greatly, when 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 9 
 
 that government interdicted the direct trade from the colonies 
 to other countries. From the impost thus levied, it is to be 
 concluded, that such interdictions of trade in the staple, were 
 not anticipated by the colonists and they were never willingly 
 assented to by them or by the proprietaries, as will be seen 
 hereafter. 
 
 The cultivation of tobacco appears to have been accompa- 
 nied by, if it did not produce the introduction of slavery in 
 Maryland, negroes being already the labourers of other colonies, 
 where that or sugar was planted ; and, it was at this early 
 day thought necessary by some, to deprive them of a full and 
 equal enjoyment of the privileges or protection of the laws, as 
 appears by one amongst a number of bills presented to this 
 Assembly on different subjects, which however were not finally 
 acted on or passed, at that time at least. 
 
 In 1640, owing probably, to the obstructed intercourse with 
 the, natives and the necessity of providing stores for the mili- 
 tary, the exportation of corn was prohibited; and three viewers 
 or inspectors of tobacco were to be appointed by the com- 
 mander in every hundred, sometimes co-extensive with a 
 county. When a hogshead should be found to contain bad 
 tobacco for the greater part, it was to be burned, and when not 
 sealed for good , the exportation was prohibited under treble 
 damages : It was how ever not uncommon, even at a later period, 
 to ship that article in bulk as vve now do staves or other lumber. 
 It was provided also, that in case of the death of the Governor, 
 the first named of the council should act in his place until a. 
 new r one w as appointed jby the proprietary. 
 
 The next year one subsidy of fifteen pounds of tobacco 
 per poll was granted the proprietary for the maintenance of 
 the government; and to contribute to this, every inhabitant 
 male or female, except children under twelve years of age, 
 were bound ; a system of taxation perhaps equal in the infancy 
 of the colony, when there had been little or no visible property 
 acquired except lands, and every persons means were neces- 
 sarily dependent on the quantity ©f labour at his disposal; ac-, 
 cordingly, we find that fugitives were punished with forfeiture 
 of life unless pardoned by the Governor. 
 
 2 
 
10 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 Encouragement was given to the English and Irish only, 
 and in 1641, they were to bring in arms and amunition, accord- 
 ing to Lord Baltimore’s conditions of plantation ; the quit 
 rents being also raised to two shillings sterling for one hundred 
 acres yearly; which was the rate established in Virginia 
 by the crown in 1625 ; and John Langford, Esq. was appointed 
 Surveyor-general in the place of Mr. Lewger, and for life, be- 
 cause perhaps, a person qualified for such an office, could not 
 be induced to relinquish the emoluments of an established coun- 
 try for the hazards of an infant colony on common terms, and 
 he had probably rendered great services as high-constable of 
 Kent in 1738, but it is the only instance of such tenure. Co- 
 lonel Francis Trafford, William Blount, Esq. and this gentle- 
 man were also made councillors on the resignation of Mr. 
 Cornwallis in 1642; and all these officers appointed during 
 pleasure, were generally re-appointed or continued as long as 
 they lived. Provision was also made in the same Session, for 
 the appointment of a person or persons to take probats of 
 wills, grant letters of administration and hear testamentary 
 causes in the county or counties, and most of this authority was 
 vested in each county court, yvith appeal to the provincial court 
 or Governor and council, for some years. But the original 
 jurisdiction of the county courts was much restricted, both in 
 criminal and civil cases, until a few years before the province 
 became independant. 
 
 In 1642 an act yvas passed for “ an expedition against the 
 Indians,” which indicates the approaching difficulties of the 
 colony at the time. Indeed it seems that in this very year 
 some of the Marylanders, who had got amongst the Swedes as 
 far north as the Schuylkill, were attacked by the Dutch, who 
 were sent by Kieft from New- York, by the natives called 
 Manhattan, and by the Dutch New-Amsterdam, claiming 
 the Hudson and Delaware, with the lands on both sides of 
 those rivers, which country they called New-Netherlands. They 
 excited the Indians, took torcible possession and drove our colo- 
 nists back on the Chesapeake. Within eight years after their ar- 
 rival, in less time than either south or north Virginia had any As- 
 sembly, and when the Parliament of England yvas reducing the 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 II 
 
 power of the peers, the freemen of Maryland formally request- 
 ed that the burgesses might form a separate house, having a ne- 
 gative in all laws ; but it w as not assented to by the Proprietary 
 or carried into effect until 1649. 
 
 The Governor going to England in 1643, deputed Giles Brent 
 Esq. the Treasurer to be his deputy ; to whom the proprietary 
 himself announced his approbation and his own intention to visit 
 the province at an early period, but was prevented by the ap- 
 proaches of the revolution there probably, and never did accom- 
 plish it. 
 
 Tim proprietary’s benefactor, king Charles, having now' been 
 driven from London by the commons, they passed an ordinance 
 offering certain exemptions from customs in England, if the 
 colonists would refuse to employ any other ships but theirs ; 
 which was the foundation of the navigation act and others lead- 
 ing to resistance and American independence. Clayborne who 
 was perhaps already an associate of Cromwell, Hazlerigg and 
 others, who were prevented from leaving England in 1638 by 
 a general order of the government against disorderly fugitives, 
 and now at least a partisan ot the commons, instigated a rebel- 
 lion in the province, to which the Governor returned in 1644. 
 
 At the head of the insurgents at this time, was a captain 
 Richard Ingle, and they succeeded in driving Governor Calvert 
 across the Patomack into Virginia, taking St. Mary’s and the 
 public records, which were never recovered, and leaves us igno- 
 rant of many particulars relating to that eventful time. The 
 Governor however returned and held assemblies in December 
 1646 and January 1647, when provision was made for repairing 
 Piscataway Fort, which was one of the last public acts of his 
 life, as he embarked for England the latter year and there died. 
 
 It appears that in 1644, William Brainfhwaite, Esq. was to 
 be Governor during any absence he might make, but that while 
 in Virginia in 1346, the Governor sent a commission of deputy 
 to Captain Richard Hill, and in his last illness in 1647, he ap- 
 pointed Thomas Greene, Esq. who was a member of the coun- 
 cil, verbally. This being contested by Capt. Hill, the council 
 decided in favor of Mr. Greene, which was approved by the 
 proprietary, and all Hill’s acts made void, because he was not a 
 member of council at the time he was commissioned. 
 
12 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 In 1648 (new style) an Assembly was held under Mr. Greene, 
 in which an act was passed for settling the government, “ as 
 the present state of things will permit,” a title very evincive of 
 the distresses of the time. It is stated by Mr. Kilty, that Mrs. 
 Margaret Brent, a connexion and perhaps heiress of the deputy 
 Governor of that name, who was now attorney for the proprie- 
 tary, and administratrix of Leonard, just deceased, claimed a 
 voice in the Assembly, by proxy we presume, and being refused 
 by Mr. Greene, made a formal protest against their proceedings. 
 
 Tlie office of Surveyor-general, being vacant by the death of 
 Mr. Langford, Robert Clarke, Esq. was appointed in his place 
 and made a member of Council. It was from this time, that 
 deputy-surveyors as well as deputy-commissaries of wills, 
 were appointed for each county, the latter by their principals, 
 but the former were often by the Governors or Proprietaries. 
 
 Mr. Greene who had less discretion or foresight than his em- 
 ployer, proclaimed Charles II. and was succeeded the next year 
 on this account ostensibly, though related to the Proprietary, 
 by Win. Stone, Esq. and now the Assembly appear to have sat 
 in two distinct houses. It was in this Assembly, under the 
 title of, " an act concerning religion,” that liberty of conscience, 
 was established, if it had not been before, by prohibiting, under 
 severe penalties, any molestation of, “ persons professing to be- 
 lieve in Jesus Christ, for, or in respect of, his or her religion, 
 or the free exercise thereof.” That this liberality did not pro- 
 ceed from fear of others on the one hand, or licentious disposi- 
 tions in the government on the other, is sufficiently evident, from 
 the penalties prescribed against blasphemy, swearing, drunken- 
 ness and Sabbath-breaking, by the preceeding sections of the 
 act, and proviso at the end, that such exercise of religion did not 
 molest or conspire against the Proprietary or his government. 
 Viewing the situation of the colony, it was good policy no doubt, 
 even towards the dissenters, under whose extreme severity, all 
 others, except perhaps the Jews, enjoyed a greater liberty of 
 conscience in the parent country than the Roman Catholics. 
 
 The same laudable spirit induced the Assembly to pass an 
 act under a title equally concise of, “ an act touching Indians,” 
 by which it was felony of death, to take, entice, surprise, trans- 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 13 
 
 port or sell any friendly Indian, but the felony of death was 
 without forfeiture of estate and 30001x1100; to modern jurispru- 
 dence. The people were also prohibited from selling guns or 
 ammunition to Indians, or purchasing their lands, without au- 
 thority derived from the Proprietary. An assessment was to be 
 raised on all the inhabitants to replace his stock of cattle taken 
 for the army, and a further duty of ten shillings per hogshead 
 granted him on all tobacco exported in Dutch vessels for seven 
 years, to be collected before shipping, by the Governor ; one half 
 of which was however, to be employed yearly towards discharge 
 ing the debts incurred in recovering and defending the province. 
 The good will, which the colonists professed towards the Pro- 
 prietary in this gift during their " distracted condition,” may 
 be appreciated, when we consider that it was necessary to pass 
 “ an order providing for the relief of the poor, the year after, 
 when the colony did not probably contain a thousand freemen. 
 
 At the Assembly of this year, 1649 , the Proprietary having 
 acceded to the views of the burgesses, the councillors and they 
 sat in different houses, and the titles of their acts were changed 
 accordingly. 
 
 Encouragement was now offered to settlers from all coun- 
 tries, but they were enjoined to take an oath of fidelity to the 
 Proprietary, who forbad all grants in trust or to corporate bodies ; 
 a system which he reprobated, because perhaps, he had noticed 
 abuses in the Virginia and Plymouth Companies. 
 
 The Assembly of 1650 , proceeded formally to divide them- 
 selves into two houses by lav/. There were eleven members of 
 the upper-house, including the Governor, viz: Wm. Stone, Jas. 
 Neale, Thomas Greene, Wm. Brainth waite, John Price, Thomas 
 Hatton, Jno. Pile, Robert Clarke, Robert Brooke, Wm. Eltonhead 
 and Wm. Mitchell, Esquires, and eleven burgesses from six 
 hundreds in St. Mary’s county, viz : Messrs. John Hatch, Walter 
 Beane, John Medley, Wm. Broughe, Robert Robins, Francis 
 Posie, Philip Land, Francis Brooke, Thos. Matthews, Thos.Stcr- 
 man and George Manners ; one from Kent Island, who was 
 Robert Vaughan, the commander, and two from Providence , 
 Messrs. George Puddington and James Cox, which they imme- 
 diately erected into a county by the name of Anne Arundal 
 
sketches of the early 
 
 14 
 
 Here were a government of checks and balances already ; legis- 
 lative powers divided and derived from different sources, very 
 independent, preventing combinations or cabal s> and securing 
 to the laws, in their formation as well as in their execution, the 
 utmost deliberation and disinterestedness of which civil society 
 is susceptible, at least as far as then discovered. 
 
 By the act for settling the Assembly and, “ for the more con- 
 venient dispatch of the business” the Governor and Secretary, 
 or any one or more of the council, should be the upper-house, 
 and the fourteen burgesses, by name, or any five of them, the 
 lower-house, and all bills assented to by the major part of them, 
 enacted and published by the Governor, should be laws of the 
 province, as fully as if advised and assented to by all the fre‘e- 
 men personally. It was for soi^e time the practice of the Gov- 
 ernor to sit and preside in the Assembly or the upper-house, but 
 he still retained a negative ; and though he was empowered to 
 assent to laws on the part of the Proprietary, the latter retained 
 and exercised his negative also ; but, while the proprietary 
 Government existed, the laws, or acts , were not submitted to 
 the government of England or any branch of it, unless from 
 discretion. When in the province, the Proprietary superced- 
 ed the Governor and occupied his seat, and though he generally 
 appointed all the councillors and high officers, they were some- 
 times appointed by the Governors. Such continued to be the 
 form of government of Maryland, with little variation, and ex- 
 cept during the revolutions of the parent country, while it 
 remained a domain of Lord Baltimore and his heirs. 
 
 The two houses, after the burgesses had chosen James Cox, 
 Esq. one of the deputies from Anne Arundel, their speaker, the 
 Governor appointing Mr. Wm. Bretton, clerk, passed a most 
 humble actof recognition to the Proprietary, as the first fru its 
 of their fidelity and thankfulness. While they accompanied 
 this declaration with an act for the speedy payment of his debts 
 and the reservation of the deserted plantations,- they prohibited 
 the raising of money or waging of war abroad without their con- 
 sent, a9 well as all compliance with Clayborne : they also passed 
 an act of oblivion, with an exception of Ingle and another. Al- 
 though it was the practice with the natives to put their prisoners 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND* 
 
 15 
 
 to death general ly, it was not always the case, and a levy was 
 made for redeeming two orphans detained by them ; and it 
 seems some red people were kept as hostages or servants by in- 
 dividuals, in spite of laws ; but then the Assembly ordered a 
 inarch upon the Indians, the re-edifying the fort at St. Inagoes, 
 which in fact was their immediate dwelling, and provided for 
 the registering of marriages, births and burials. 
 
 The Parliament of London laid a specific duty of three 
 pence per pound on tobacco, which was increased at this time 
 considerably and imitated by that at Oxford. The order 
 Which was issued by the Parliament this year, for prohibiting 
 trade with Virginia and several West India islands, must have 
 increased the difficulties of our colonists who participated in 
 the loyalty which was the cause of it, and they were not lessen- 
 ed by a similar act of Massachusetts soon after, when the 
 famous navigation act was produced; both of them to secure 
 the commerce and reduce the southern colonies to compliance 
 with the Parliament. Thus were the troubles of Maryland caus- 
 ed by the English colonists of America or English factionists at 
 home, and no evidence appears that the parent country gave 
 any assistance to our ancestors, either in procuring the soil she 
 granted or settling their internal government: which, if 
 bound at all by those charters, considered preposterous as mere 
 donations of foreign territories, she should have done; nor could 
 the obligation be dissolved by domestic difficulties of her own 
 creation which may have prevented her interference. She will 
 scarcely find a justification for the regulation of the trade of 
 the colonies thus commenced, in her opposition to the encroach- 
 ments upon them by rival nations, or upon one another by the 
 different Proprietaries, as she sometimes did, both before and 
 after the grant of Maryland, for she commenced and terminat- 
 ed her disputes with them at her own discretion, and not 
 always to the advantage of the colonists or the Proprietaries. 
 
 Those measures giving sanction to the reformers here, ap- 
 pear to have had the effect of dividing our colonists ; and the 
 parties took up arms against each other, so that Governor Stone 
 was obliged to abandon the administration of civil affairs to 
 command the loyalists. What battles they fought, and how 
 many were killed is unknown to us, but these painful broils, 
 
16 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 although confined to so small a territory, for there were still 
 Indian towns on the Patuxent, gave the rival neighbours time 
 and opportunity to fortify themselves and create future difficul- 
 ties to the Proprietary and the province. Sweden had done 
 little for her colonists and they remained quiet at Tinicum 
 Island, when in 1651, the Dutch landed at New-Castle and 
 built a fort there, by which the Swedes were alarmed, and Riz- 
 ing, retook it and erected another fort at Christeen for their 
 further security. 
 
 It appears that Messrs. Francis Yaidley, Rich’d Preston and 
 Richard Banks were added to the number of councillors in 1652, 
 when the insurgents subdued Governor Stone, partially at least, 
 and got possession of the province. Clay borne secured the con- 
 fidence of the ruling party by his hostility to the Proprietary’s 
 government, and was now with Capt. Dennis and two others, 
 commissioned for “ reducing, settling and governing all the 
 plantations within the bay of the Chesapeake.” They forced 
 Governor Berkely to deliver up the colony of Virginia, as a do- 
 main of the crown, but not without some fighting and a capitula- 
 tion. Governer Stone was not displaced directly, but required 
 to govern in the name of the Lord Protector, which Lord Balti- 
 more resisted of course. The colonists again embodied under 
 Mr. Stone and resisted, and so far succeeded, that the Gov- 
 ernor and council erected a new county, which they called Cal- 
 vert; but the parties were very unequal, especially after the 
 reduction of Virginia, and finally, in 1654, Cromwell’s commis- 
 sioners landed and assembled their forces on the ( north side of 
 the Patuxent, where the people appear to have been more favora- 
 ble to them than those of St. Mary’s, and compelled the Gover- 
 nor to submit. The victors issued a commission to Capt. Win. 
 Fuller, Richard Preston, who was one of the council, Edward 
 Lloyd, who had been commander of Anne Arundal seven years 
 before, William Durand, who was made Secretary by the others, 
 John Smith, Leonard Strong, John Lawson, John Hatch, Rich- 
 ard Wells and Richard Ewen, to be Governors and judges, un- 
 der Cromwell, and took and tried Governor Stone by a court- 
 martial, and he was condemned to be shot ; but he had endeared 
 himself even to the soldiery so much, that they dared not 
 take his life, and he remained a longtime in confinement. 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 1 z 
 
 In the mean time an expedition was sent from England un- 
 der Nicholls, with which the northern colonists were pressed to 
 join, to expel the Dutch from New-Netherlands, but little 'aid 
 was given and the object failed. An Assembly was held un- 
 der this commission at Patuxent, for the new Governors abolish- 
 ed the name of Calvert county as they had that of Anne Arundel, 
 in which the upper-house was done away. Messrs. Thomas 
 Hatton and Job Chandler who were burgesses for St. Mary’s 
 county, refused to serve, as being inconsistent with the oath 
 they had taken to Lord Baltimore, but two others were returned 
 in their places; Mr. Hatton had been a member of council, 
 Secretary, Commissary and Attorney-general; the first appoint- 
 ed after Mr. Lewger, and Mr. Chandler had been also a mem- 
 ber of council. The oath of fidelity was repealed and the ex- 
 ercise of the Roman Catholic religion restrained, declaring that 
 none who professed it should be protected either by the laws of 
 the kingdom or of the commonwealth. Such laws were passed 
 as would protect other sects, except Episcopalians, who were 
 prohibited from prelacy or government by bishops, &c. and ten- 
 dering the lands to emigrants on the original conditions. The 
 terms of Assemblies were now fixed at three years. 
 
 It seems that the Virginians wanted again to renew their 
 claims to Maryland during these troublesome times ; at least the 
 parliament commissioners charged Lord Baltimore with going to 
 the King at Oxford and having commanded Stone’s opposition 
 to their authority ; wishing themselves to annex this province 
 to that which they governed, as may be seen in Thurlor’s state 
 papers ; but Cromwell, who knew how to divide and reign, by 
 letters to his Governors in 1655 and 1656 interposed his author- 
 ity ; nor would he suffer the disputes of the Swedes and Dutch 
 on the northern frontier to disturb the pacific policy he had now 
 determined to maintain towards those powers, while he was ex- 
 tending the British dominions in the West Indies at the expense 
 of Spain. It was at this period that New-Castle and Christeen 
 ''changed masters, being taken from Rizing the Swedish Gov- 
 ernor, by Stuy vesant the Governor of New-Netherlands. 
 
 Then too, there arose in Maryland an individual who resem- 
 bled the Protector, in dissimulation if not in courage, called 
 S 
 
IS 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EAHLY 
 
 Josias Fendall, who gave his commissioners much trouble and 
 had mainly contributed to the late civil wars, the dangers of 
 which, one might think, would outweigh any personal advantage 
 he could expect from them. After holding one other Assem- 
 bly in 1657, in which was passed an act of recognition ; and 
 laying an assessment of thirty-two pounds of tobacco per poll, 
 to defray the expenses of Fendall's w ar, and other charges; the 
 commissioners surrendered the government to this man, who 
 had intrigued or manceuvred so well as to be trusted with a 
 commission from Lord Baltimore. Fendall in fact summoned 
 together the two houses of Assembly in 1658, to meet at St. 
 Leonards, having created a new county which he named Charles, 
 as a compliment to the future King or Proprietary, for that 
 was the name of Cecilius’ son, and before the death of 
 Cromwell, in which a few laws of ordinary import were passed ; 
 he also held a provincial court, Philip Calvert, Esq. a brother 
 of the Proprietary, being Secretary and Richard Smith, Esq. 
 Attorney-general ; whose decisions are the first reported by 
 Harris and M‘ Henry ; but, in 1659 the Assembly were called 
 together at Thomas Gerrard’s, to dissolve the upper-house. The 
 Governor, pressed by Thomas Slye, Esq. the speaker, who had 
 been one of Cromwell’s commissioners four years before the 
 above Thomas Gerrard, though he had been a councillor under 
 Brent and Stone, and colonel Nathaniel Utie, who had been 
 made one in 1658 by Fendall himself, under instructions from 
 the Proprietary to him, gave it as his opinion, that the charter 
 invested the power of making laws in the burgesses only. Af- 
 ter joining with them, he accepted a new commission from 
 them as Governor; and, new modelled like the commonwealth 
 of England, they with his consent repealed all former acts, dis- 
 guising the treachery to the proprietary, under a feigned loyalty 
 to the King whose restoration they anticipated, and whose do- 
 minion they would probably have preferred. The councillors or 
 members of the upper-house, who protested and did not, like 
 the three last mentioned, take seats in the other house, were the 
 late Governor Stone, Secretary Calvert, colonel John Price, 
 Job Chandler, Robert Clarke, Baker Brooke, who was a 
 nephew of the Proprietary, Edward Lloyd, esquires, and Doctor 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 19 
 
 Luke Barber, whom Fendall himself had during a late absence, 
 made his deputy. The Governor however exerted the force of 
 the colony to maintain its limits against the Dutch, and sent colo- 
 nel Utie to New-Castle to warn them away. Utie who was re- 
 appointed councillor by the Proprietary, and more of a soldier 
 perhaps than politician, took up land in Baltimore county, 
 which was then first erected : whether by law' or by order of the 
 Governor, does not appear, but was represented in the Assembly 
 the same year, and is sufficient evidence of the fact. Counties 
 were created sometimes by a proclamation of the Governor, but 
 it seems that the appointment of commissioners or justices, was 
 alone sufficient in some instances, and was probably the case 
 as to this county. 
 
 Immmediately after Charles the second was restored, 
 the Proprietary appointed his brother and late Secretary 
 of the province, Philip Calvert, Esq. to be Governor, accompa- 
 nied with instructions from the King, “to all officers and sub- 
 jects, to be aiding in the re-establishment of his lordship’s just 
 rights and jurisdictions.” The Proprietary also obtained by de- 
 cision of commissioners in England, a confirmation of his 
 father’s patent for Avalon, which had been granted to the Mar- 
 quis of Hamilton and others, at the commencement of the civil 
 war. 
 
 Baker Brooke, John Bateman, Robert Clarke, and Edw r ard 
 Lloyd, esquires, were councillors; Henry Coursey, esq. council- 
 lor, secretary and commissary, Thos. Manning, esq. was attor- 
 ney-general, and Mr. Brooke succeeded Mr. Clarke as surveyor- 
 general. By his own instructions, the quit rents and alienation 
 fines were fixed at four shillings sterling, per one hundred acres 
 yearly, for the former ; and though the rents were fixed in 
 money only, his agents were at liberty to take wheat or other 
 produce at a fair price, as the contracts stipulated for a long 
 time, and he occasionally accepted of the old or half rents of 
 two shillings. 
 
 Fendall and Gerrard were condemned to be banished, but 
 having surrendered themselves, the punishment was changed to 
 fine and disqualification to office ; a lenity which, in this in- 
 stance, as in others to be found in our history, was paid by fu- 
 ture treacherous and ungrateful acts. 
 
20 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 The former privileges of the colony were renewed, as fully 
 as if the Proprietary had suffered no privations in England, or 
 his Catholic brethren no persecutions in Maryland ; and the 
 Governor assembled the tw-o houses early in 1661. The very 
 first act they passed, and perhaps the first of the kind in Ame- 
 rica, was to provide a public maintainance for those who should 
 be maimed in defence of their country. There was immediate 
 necessity for levies, to quell the Indians, called Janadoas, proba- 
 bly from the country beyond the Patowmack, about the Shen- 
 andoah, and the governor was authorised to' Call in the aid of the 
 Susquehannahs; which in our ancestors, was not a policy dictated 
 by ambition, but a necessary resort for safety from savage na- 
 tions which must have overpowered them if united, and no 
 doubt a principal means of their triumph over unequal numbers. 
 Further to relieve the trade of the country, a mint w r as estab-< 
 lished, and the only one on the continent except in Massachu- 
 setts, where it was objected to by the crown, as an encroach- 
 ment on its prerogative. Hero shillings were to be coined, 
 containing at least nine pence worth of sterling silver : not 
 from mines, which our ancestors never sought, but from the fruits 
 of their industry ; which w^ere to be put into circulation in re- 
 turn for tobacco, at two pence per pound, and thus the curren- 
 cy was fixed as it continued until the war of independence, at 
 6s. for a dollar, or 135 1-3 per cent sterling. The British nation 
 were so much gratified with the abolition of certain feudal or 
 military tenures personally degrading, by the reformers, that 
 the King gave his assent to an act for its ratification, and h^dis- 
 fiked the Dutch, who, until that time, maintained the greatest 
 trade with the province ; but the acts of the English Parlia- 
 ment, revived or lately enacted, prohibiting the exportation of 
 the staple articles, such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, &c. 
 from the colonies to, or the importation of any articles from 
 any foreign dominions ; confining all the trade and navigation 
 to British subjects, which, it is true, was admitted to include 
 the colonists, excepting only the ports of India and within the 
 straights ; and subjecting* the imports from the colonies into 
 England, and the exports into them from thence, to a shilling in 
 the pound value, were so many instances of the readiness of 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 SI 
 
 the Commons and the King to continue the measure s die late 
 government, where policy or interest seemed to sanction or require 
 it. With a due sense of their interests, if not power to enforce 
 their rights as Englishmen and parties in the empire, entitled 
 to trade every where under proper regulations ; the govern- 
 ment of Maryland retaliated by the establishment of port or 
 anchorage duties, which were to be paid the Proprietary, of half 
 a pound of powder and three pounds of shot, or so much in 
 value, for every ton of burthen of “ all vessels, whatsoever not 
 properly belonging to this province, having a deck flush fore 
 and aft, coming in and trading.” 
 
 As a further proof of the interest Lord Baltimore took in 
 the colony, he sent out his only son, Charles, to be Governor 
 in 1662; and who though a youth, appeared to have inherited 
 the energy as well as the virtues of his father. 
 
 The late Governor Calvert was appointed deputy Governor 
 and chancellor ; and except in two or three instances afterwards, 
 the only case where that office was separated from the Gov-* 
 ernor, or Governor and councillors for the time being. It be- 
 ing also of the first importance to have men of talent in such 
 an office, the Proprietary appointed Mr. Jerome White survey- 
 or-general, with instructions to lay off two or three hundred 
 acres of land, which were to be in St. Mary’s, at the usual quit 
 rent, for the express purpose of planting vines, some wine hav- 
 ing been already made in Virginia before the establishment of 
 our colony; but fashion and private interest prevailed over pub- 
 lic utility in both, and tobacco continued to be the principal or 
 only staple. Mr. White who was to have the vineyard, was 
 also made a member of council afterwards. 
 
 By one of the first acts under the administration of the new 
 Governor it was declared that, where the laws of the province 
 had not otherwise provided, justice should be administered ac- 
 cording to the statutes and practice in England ; which though 
 it was a mere revival of one of the first of the provincial laws, 
 produced an act of gratitude, providing twenty-five pounds of 
 tobaccfi per poll for his ow n use, and which was continued annu- 
 ally as long as his father lived. It was more common after- 
 wards, and under all the different administrations, to allow the 
 
22 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EA.RLY 
 
 Governor three pence a hogshead on Tobacco exported, in ad- 
 dition to such salaries as w r ere granted by the government. 
 Provision was made for the appointment of a Coroner in each 
 county by the Executive,, who also appointed the Sheriffs, which 
 officer with the commissioners held the elections, and the lat- 
 ter appointed the constables. The Governor prepared an expe- 
 dition against the Dutch settlement at the Hoarkill , now called 
 Lewistown, where they had levied duties on the trade of the 
 Delaware, but which those people, anticipating the fate of their 
 colony and yielding to the solicitations of the Proprietary him- 
 self with Holland, abandoned on his son’s approach ; and Beck- 
 man the Dutch Governor, received and entertained our Gov- 
 ernor at New-Castle. Particular encouragement was given to 
 such as should take up lands and settle in the neighborhood of 
 Lewistown, undeV our Proprietary, to secure the possesion no 
 doubt. Parliament entirely suppressed the growth of tobacco 
 in England and permitted the colonists to import salt and Ma- 
 deira wine direct in 1763. 
 
 Although patents were granted for lands in Baltimore 
 county to Colonel Utie and others, during Fendall’s adminis- 
 tration in 1759, it was immediately represented in Assembly, 
 and courts were held in it two years after, to pass those titles, 
 “ An act for seating of lands in Baltimore county,” introduced 
 in 1664, was rejected by the Proprietary ; probably because he 
 judged the extension of the then settlements on the west side of 
 the bay premature while there was danger from enemies at 
 home or abroad. But an act for quieting possessions and en- 
 rolling conveyances was duly sanctioned, and so were others for 
 the encouragement of trade and manufactures ; one for in- 
 stance, for preserving the harbours and another to prevent the 
 exportation of wool. Colonel Utie and Colonel William 
 Evans were appointed councillors, and Wm. Calvert, Esq. a 
 nephew of the Proprietary, attorney-general, and afterwards 
 commissary-general, being the first commission in which 
 this office was taken from the Secretary, 
 
 Another expedition was sent from England to New-Nether- 
 lands to expel the Dutch, and Stuvvesant surrended the colo- 
 ny to Colonel Nicolls : and the whole remaining to England bv 
 
 O © «r 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND# 
 
 23 
 
 the treaty of peace in 1667, was granted to the Duke of York, 
 which finally deprived Lord Baltimore of the lands bordering 
 on this side of the Delaware, from its mouth to Philadelphia. 
 By the treaty of Breda, each party retained its conquests, and 
 the Dutch having taken Surinam, got out of a neighborhood 
 which they had found troublesome, on advatageous terms. 
 
 In 1665, the Proprietary gave his sun, then Governor, and 
 his male heirs, a reversion of almost all his manors and directed 
 more to be laid off for him. 
 
 In 1666, an act was passed authorising the Governor and 
 council to make war or peace with hostile Indians, and another 
 to prohibit tlra planting of tobacco for one year ; not as was con- 
 templated in England in James’ reign, to prevent the use of it, 
 but to raise the value ; for the article, which on its first intro- 
 duction and for some time after, sustained the price of six and 
 eight shillings sterling per pound, was now passed in payment 
 here at 6s. per 100. It appears that the quantity already pro- 
 duced so far exceeded the demand, that, in Virginia, the 
 growth was also prohibited and the number of negroes was con- 
 sidered a grievance ; it was scarcely less so to persist in a cul- 
 ture which cleared and rendered sterile the uplands while the 
 low and fertile vallies were reserved for the sake of timber, no 
 otherwise cultivated then or since ; but Lord Baltimore disap- 
 proved of a measure so much like self-destruction, and declar- 
 ed the proposed act would be injurious to the people as well as 
 to the revenues from the customs. Many of the Puritans had em- 
 igrated from Virginia, where they were persecuted by the Epis- 
 copalians, and people of that and other sects from N. England, 
 where the Puritans persecuted them. It appears too that the 
 people called Quakers, resorted to Maryland for protection, be- 
 fore a refuge was prepared for them in Jersey or Pennsylva- 
 nia, being better received here than either in south or north 
 Virginia ; but this colony acquired new accessions of Swedes 
 and Dutch, disturbed in their settlements first by the contests 
 among themselves and afterwards by the hostilities of the Bri- 
 tish and the Dutch about the New-Netherlands. Emigrants 
 also arrived from the continent ot Europe disturbed by the rev- 
 olutions in Portugal and the Netherlands and Lewis XIV’s. pro- 
 scription of Protestants. The acts of naturalization passed this 
 
SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 year, were certainly among the first of the kind passed in any 
 of the colonies, and we find the names of families then or soon 
 after naturalized, still familiar in some parts of Maryland ; 
 such as Van Swearingen, Lockerman, Van Bibber, Hesselius, 
 Comegys, JLe Compte, Maynadier, ike. though the British gov- 
 ernment would not allow those acts to convey any of the rights 
 or privileges of British subjects out of the colony ; and so it was 
 admitted here afterwards ; yet it soon fell out with the Catho- 
 lics of Maryland, as it had done with the Quakers in Pennsyl- 
 vania, since their liberal policy brought them to be the minority 
 of the people and the government fell from their hands. The 
 governor and council erected a new county by the name of 
 Somerset, and it is thought Dorchester also, though the latter 
 was not represented in the assembly until three years after. 
 
 The division line from YVatkin’s Point across the peninsula 
 to the sea, was fixed in 1668, by Philip Calvert, Esq. and a 
 commissioner from Virginia : but the line on the west is that set- 
 tled by treaty with the Indians, in 1744. 
 
 In 1669 persons desirous of erecting grist-mills were per- 
 mitted to take up seats of twenty acres on either side of a 
 stream, by valuation of juries, and hold the same eighty years ; 
 the tolls being fixed at one eighth of the bushel of wheat and one 
 sixth of the corn; such at least were the terms prescribed by the 
 act of 1704, which from the title appears to be a similar act. 
 Acts were also passed making tobacco a legal tender for money 
 debts, making highways, limiting ordinary or tavern-keepers, 
 and providing freight for the proprietary’s and governor’s to- 
 bacco and other goods. A grant of lands was made by act 
 of assembly to the confederate Indians of Choptank, and, in 
 1698, other lands were granted to the Nanticoke Indians in 
 the same neighborhood, on leases of a few beaver skins an- 
 nually ; in the first instance, to them and their heirs forever, 
 but in the latter instance, to them and their heirs and succes- 
 sors forever, or so long as they shall occupy and live upon the 
 same, and confirmed by succeeding laws. 
 
 In 1669, the proprietary determined that those only then 
 arrived, and settlers on the Delaware, should have lands at 
 2s. per 100 acres, others to pay at the rate of four shillings. 
 In this year the governor appointed lus uncle Philip Calvert, 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 25 
 
 his cousin William Calvert, and Messrs. White and Brooke, 
 his deputies, paid a visit to his father in England, and was ab- 
 * sent the ensuing year. 
 
 In 1 771, the proprietary directed two manorsof six thousand 
 acres each, to be laid oil* and reserved in each county, where it 
 had not been done ; a part of which was to be at the disposal of 
 his son and heir , Charles, the governor. The assembly repeal- 
 ed the acts for the support of the proprietary of 1G49 and 1050, 
 it being intended to raise supplies by duties on tobacco, accord- 
 ly two shillings sterling per hogshead was imposed on all to- 
 bacco exported ; one half to defray the charges of government, 
 and the other for the proprietary, lie receiving the quit rents and 
 alienation fines in that article at two pence per pound. 
 
 This was to be collected during his life, but was afterwards 
 re-enacted for the life of his son Charles and grandson Cecilius. 
 As the price of the article varied, it is evident the value of 
 the grant varied also; the proprietary received less than his rent 
 at one time and more at another, so that after many disputes 
 on this subject, money was aloue paid at last by oiler of the 
 assembly itself, but the vague terms used caused much of the 
 difficulty. Acts were also passed to establish a standard of 
 weights and measures, which fortunately for the colonists gen- 
 erally, was taken by all from one English standard, and is there- 
 fore of great facility in their commercial intercourse ; to en- 
 courage the growth of hemp and flax ; to establish rates for the 
 sale of goods by retail, foreign engrossers being proscribed be- 
 fore. The importation of negroes was also encouraged ; for it 
 was said, there were still a greater number of servants than 
 slaves in the province. 
 
 There appears to have been no meeting of the assembly from 
 this time during two or three years; and it was possibly, be- 
 cause the parliament had undertaken to make laws for the colo- 
 nists, as disagreeable to the proprietary and governor as to. 
 them. The regulations to w'hich the ministry subjected the 
 colonies, under the navigation acts or otherwise, had produced 
 new appeals from their authority to the house of commons, and 
 the nation having just gone to w ar, parliament took the opportu- 
 nity to draw new aids from settlements which they now deemed 
 
SKETCHES GE THE EARL1 
 
 26 
 
 fixed if not wealthy, by taxing the products on their exportation, 
 though it was contrary to the express terms of the twentieth 
 article of the charter. Tobacco for instance, by an act of 1662, 
 might be- sent to some foreign countries, but going there, was 
 to pay a certain duty at the place of shipment ; if no duty was 
 to be paid, bonds were to be given to unlade in England, Ire- 
 land or the colonies ; the commissioners of customs in England 
 were to appoint the collectors of this duty, and provision was 
 made for taxing oil and fins imported into England in colonial 
 ships, while such importations in British ships were exempt. 
 No legislative act was passed here to enforce the duties at the 
 time ; but, by the appointment of the governor himself, as agent 
 for the commissioners, the collection was at least partially effect- 
 ed through his address and vigilance; and with a view of pre- 
 venting the exactions of strangers in office perhaps, he con- 
 tinued collector of these duties until he became proprietary of 
 the colony himself. 
 
 A Mr. Jones and other Marylanders, took possession of 
 Lewistown and plundered the British officers fixed there by the 
 government of New- York ; of which Mr. Lovelace, the governor 
 of that province, addressed a serious remonstrance to our depu- 
 ty governor, Philip Calvert, esquire, immediately; the effect of 
 which is unknown to us. 
 
 There w as at this time a prerogative court, in w hich the 
 chancellor presided, but the commissary-general continued to 
 appoint deputies in the counties, 
 
 In 1673, lord Baltimore authorised the leasing of his manor 
 lands, except about one tenth of each for a mansion, for terms 
 of years not exceeding thirty, or three lives ; fixing the rents 
 thereof at the price of the quit rents generally, with a condition 
 of clearing, enclosing, planting an orchard, &c. and a small fee 
 or alienation fine, continued to be collected on sales, though not 
 always on devises, during the proprietary government. 
 
 In 1674, the governor returned and created a new county, 
 which he named after his father Cecil, for Cecilius. Provision 
 was made by law for erectiug a state-house and prison at St. 
 Mary’s, as well as a court-house and prison in each county, 
 and for subsidiz.ii^g the Susquehanna Indians, against the Sene- 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 27 
 
 cas. The latter are stated to have had one thousand fighting 
 men, and two thousand one hundred and fifty with the Mohawks 
 and others, excited to partake in hostilities by the Butch admi- 
 ral Binkes, who recovered New -York from Manning the deputy- 
 comandant, the year before ; but peace being made again at the 
 very time governor Calvert had prepared an expedition against 
 them at Lewistown, the whole was restored this year to sir Ed- 
 mond Andross and remained in the hands of the English by 
 treaty ; as that of 1667, secured to the parties their respective 
 conquests, and this, the restoration of conquests on either 
 side. 
 
 By the death of Cecilius on the SOth of November, 1675, 
 the titles and estates of Lord Baltimore, descended to his son 
 Charles, then governor of Maryland. The late Lord Balti- 
 more was about seventy-three years old when he died ; his 
 mother was Anne, daughter of George Mynne, esq. of Herting- 
 fordbury in Hertfordshire, and his lady w ? as Anne, daughter of 
 Thomas Arundel, Earl of Arundel of Wardour, and Count of 
 the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 The new proprietary called an assembly for the purpose of 
 revising all the laws, confirming and rendering many salutary 
 ones perpetual, w hile the new ones could be immediately sanc- 
 tioned by his presence in the colony. Among the latter, we find 
 acts for the recovery of small debts and limitations of officers 
 fees; against the exportation of corn and the importation of 
 convicts, then becoming the practice of the British government, 
 but uniformly ahd earnestly opposed here. After providing 
 for the defence of the colonists by a new organization of the 
 militia, he left the province under the nominal government of his 
 infant sen Cecilius, but virtually under his deputy, colonel Jesse 
 Wharton, who was president of the council, and returned to 
 England, not so much probably to enjoy any honors which await- 
 ed him there, as to defend himself and his interests here. 
 
 It is stated that Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, had occupied a seat 
 in the parliament of England before the revolution, but it does 
 not appear that he ever took his seat among the lords in Ireland ; 
 that he had expended 40,000J sterling in the first establishment 
 
28 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 of the province, and had even been obliged to take advances in 
 England from some of the colonists, but his protracted life al- 
 forded him an opportunity to receive some interest for his mo- 
 ney in their affections, if not in actual revenue. During his 
 proprietary ship, which, including the^short period of the revolu- 
 tion, the people had explored and partially settled ail the shores 
 of the bay; they had many allies among the indians and were 
 never overpowered by any of them alone ; they knew their own 
 rights, and generally enjoyed them. A press was maintained in 
 the colony from an early period ; which, after the accession of 
 William and Marv, is said by Mr. Chalmers to be the only one ; 
 and the most perfect liberty of conscience then legally existing. 
 Though the governor and proprietary were Roman Catholics, 
 there were, it was said, thirty Protestants for one Catholic in 
 the colony at the time of the latter’s decease; there was no es- 
 tablishment but glebe lands, nor tythes or stipend for clergy- 
 men; an asylum was offered to persons of all sects and nations; 
 there never was but one officer appointed during life, nor any 
 title of nobility created; latterly the proprietary advised his son 
 to recommend some distinction of dress or otherwise, for the 
 governor, judges and officers of the colony, as adopted here 
 afterwards; the judges at this time and previously, wearing 
 only a ribband and medal; having readily abandoned all ideas of 
 feudal establishments in it, if he had ever wished to exercise the 
 powers of the charter in this respect. 
 
 In the infancy of the establishment, the people looked up to 
 Lord Baltimore as to a common father, and when their popula- 
 tion amounted it is said, to nearly twenty thousand, they con- 
 tinued their acts of gratitude ; and never, as far as we have 
 discovered, did he complain of the want of it. It is with great 
 justice and truth observed by Doctor Ramsay, in his History of 
 the Revolutionary War, that, “the prosperity of the colony was 
 founded on the broad basis of security to property and freedom 
 in religion, and never,” continues this historian in the language 
 of Mr. Chalmers, “did a people enjoy more happiness than the 
 inhabitants of Maryland under Cecilius, the founder of the pro- 
 vince.” 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 29 
 
 Col or el "Wharton died soon after his appointment of deputy 
 governor, but commissioned Thomas Notley, esq. who had filled 
 that office before, to succeed him. In the mean time, that is in 
 1676, a devise of real and personal estate made by Mr. Robert 
 Cadger, of St. Mary’s, for the maintenance of a Protestant min- 
 istry, was, on the representation of the Mayor, Recorder, &c. 
 duly confirmed by act of assembly and by the proprietary, and 
 that corporation made trustee thereof. 
 
 In 1677, colonel Coursey, one of the council, and afterwards 
 chief justice of the provincial court, negociated a peace with the 
 , Senecas and the rest of the Five Nations, at Albany, for Mary- 
 land and Virginia. To this confederacy of Indians, was added 
 the Tuscarora’s about thirty-five years after, making the Six 
 Nations. 
 
 In 1678, Edward Husbands, a practitioner of medicine, being 
 charged with an attempt to poison the governor and council, 
 and abusing and cursing the delegates, was ordered by them to 
 be whipped ; but he probably escaped the fine which was im- 
 posed on him, and the prohibition to practice, by Lord Balti- 
 more’s dissent to the act on his return. 
 
 In 1680, John Llevvellin, esq. was appointed clerk and regis- 
 ter of the land office, which was then first separated from the 
 duties of secretary, and both judges and registers were sepa- 
 rately appointed at different times, until as last, they were only 
 deputies or clerks. The indulgences which Charles the second 
 was now. disposed to show the dissenters produced new in- 
 trigues against his government, while it was suspected in parlia- 
 ment, that the king only intended by the changes, to afford more 
 liberty to the Catholics; and, as if to screen themselves, it ap- 
 pears that the ministry listened to some unfounded charges 
 against the proprietary; as, that he promoted the aggrandize- 
 ment of the Roman priests, and permitted much licentiousness 
 in the people. 
 
 The government of Virginia too, had sent complaints that 
 Lord Baltimore had forced them to pay anchorage in the Pa- 
 towmack, and had not taken his part in opposing the Indians. 
 To the former, w hich was done by act of assembly, he had a 
 chartered right, if not a natural one, as the river to the South 
 
30 
 
 sketches of the early 
 
 shore was within his limits ; and of the rest, he proved their 
 falsehood and absurdity; after which, in 1681, he returned to 
 Maryland, where his presence became more and more necessa- 
 ry, from the same sort of cabal transferred from the parent 
 state to the colony, and which had actually overthrown the 
 royal government in Virginia, where the disaffected were head- 
 ed by one Nathaniel Bacon, a young lawyer. 
 
 The same Josias Fendall, before spoken of, and one John 
 Coode were immediately arrested, presented and tried for sedi- 
 tion : the former was convicted, fined heavily and banished, but 
 the latter was acquitted and lived to foment future disturbances* 
 The proprietary also called two assemblies the same year, where 
 acts were passed to prevent vexatious law-suits, and for bringing 
 criminals to certain and speedy trial ; restraining the exportation 
 of leather and raw hides, deer and elk skins, as was expressly 
 declared for the encouragement of tanners and shoemakers , and 
 they revised the militia code, in order to afford a stronger de- 
 fence against the Indians ; and thus also to allay the reproaches 
 of the malcontents in the adjoining colony as well as his own pro-, 
 vince. 
 
 In 1682, induced by the same just and pacific policy, acts 
 were passed for the encouragement of tillage and raising provi- 
 sions; for sowing hemp and flax and making linen and woollen 
 cloths; and, to prevent the exactions of the custom-house officers, 
 country ships were expressly exempted from the tonnage duty 
 imposed by the colony, as was also declared by some of the acts. 
 
 Mr. Markham, the agent of Wm. Penn, esq. arrived in the De- 
 laware the year before, and had an interview with the proprie- 
 tary of Maryland, and now the proprietary of Pennsylvania 
 himself waited on him for the purpose of a settlement of limits. 
 Our proprietary received the latter on the Severn ; but as if 
 etiquette required less, he met the former at Chester on the 
 Delaware, which they discovered to be within Lord Baltimore’s 
 lines. Mr. Penn had been one of the Jersey Company, and the 
 duke of York had made him a present of New Castle and twelve 
 miles round, before he obtained a cession of the counties of Kent 
 and Sussex; and in consequence of these acquisitions, he had 
 already written to Messrs. Frisby ami Herman, inhabitants of 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 31 
 
 the eastern side of the bay, that they were settled within his 
 province, and must pay their rents and taxes accordingly. In 
 their interviews, the proprietary of Pennsylvania exhibited a let- 
 ter from the king, which directed Lord Baltimore to measure 
 his limits from Watkins’ Point on the south, two degrees of 
 sixty miles each only; which of course fell short of the fortieth 
 degree of north latitude ; but our proprietary answered, “ that 
 a royal mandate could not deprive him of what had been grant- 
 ed under the great seal.” With the dignity of character display- 
 ed in that language towards his sovereign, he did not hesitate 
 to declare to his immediate opponent and fellow subject, that 
 the king had been imposed upon; and it is not surprising that 
 people who had lived under his government, or on the borders 
 of it, should prefer such a ruler. It seems in fact many did, 
 and colonel George Talbot, a member of council, surveyor gen- 
 eral, a deputy governor under B.L. Calvert afterwards, and 
 probably a son of sir William Talbot, who was one of the 
 council, secretary and commissary -general in 1670, went to 
 Philadelphia with instructions to warn Mr. Penn to remove from 
 thence, as within the fortieth degree and the Maryland grant. 
 The difficulty was caused in the first instance, by the inability 
 of Lord Baltimore to dispossess the Swedes, if not by the re- 
 spect which he owed them as first Christian settlers, by his char- 
 ter or otherwise, or by the want of it in others; and afterwards in 
 ascertaining the exact limits of the Dutch settlements, some 
 references and reservations suggested by our proprietary’s 
 agents to prevent a misunderstanding, had been overlooked in 
 the draft of Mr. Penn’s charter, though considered as acceeded 
 to by him, when that act was submitted to those agents. 
 
 This tenacious gentleman seems to have thought his province 
 not worth having, if there was not an outlet by the Chesapeake 
 as well as by the Delaware, to which our proprietary was as 
 firmly opposed. There was no greater chance of a settlement 
 in England, where both proprietaries soon returned; for the new 
 king, James II. was inclined to annul the charter of Maryland, 
 though owned by a Catholic, while the other proprietary was, 
 preposterously indeed, accused of being a Jesuit priest, for the 
 favor he enjoyed ; though afterwards, so perplexed by his colo- 
 nists and his creditors, that he agreed on terms for the sale of 
 
32 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 Pennsylvania to queen Anne, as Mr. Proud informs us ; nor 
 was the settlement of these proprietary disputes terminated 
 until a little before the independence of both provinces. 
 
 In 1683, an assembly was held at a place called the Ridge, 
 in Anne Arundel county. In this assembly the first act was 
 passed for laying out towns, entitled “An Act for the advance- 
 ment of trade.” There were to be four towns in St. Mary’s, 
 two in Kent, three in Anne Arundel, one of which called the 
 Landing at Proctor’s on the Severn, became the seat of govern- 
 ment not long after; four in Calvert, three in Charles, four in 
 Talbot, five in Somerset, two in Dorchester, two in Cecil, and 
 two in Baltimore county, none of which towns were to send 
 burgesses to the assembly until they could pay their expenses 
 without being chargeable on their respective counties. 
 
 Within four years thirty-three new towns were created by 
 the assembly; returned to the city of St. Mary’s, as it was then 
 called; three of which towns were within the limits of Baltimore 
 county; but one of them, on Middle River, was discontinued, 
 with others in Charles, Somerset and Worcester afterwards, 
 and none of them exercised the privilege of representation, or 
 became of much importance, except the landing on Severn , 
 when it became the seat of government, by the name of Annapo- 
 lis. The making and unmaking those towns, which, though 
 they were to be ports or places of landing exclusively, was not 
 apparently attended with difficulty, any more than the making 
 and unmaking post-offices in our days; especially as the lit- 
 tle ground appropriated for them did not much interfere with 
 the culture of the country. It w as, however, a circumstance to 
 be regretted in respect to Baltimore, which was afterwards 
 made a town in the same limited manner. There is no doubt 
 but illegal fees had been frequently exacted on the takers up of 
 land, and the proprietary limited the just purchase or considera- 
 tion, at tw r o hundred pounds of tobacco for every oue hundred 
 acres, which, when credited on security was called caution 
 money, and other fees of the land office. The caution wa in- 
 creased afterwards but a long credit was given, or it w as whoily 
 relinquished as to the lands of the Delaware, and between the 
 Patowmack and the Susquehanna, to the westward, which he said 
 might be seen without expense, meaning of a guard probably, to 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 33 
 
 which the first settlers were subjected no doubt; and unneces- 
 sary in time of peace. 
 
 Colonel Henry Coursey was appointed by special commission 
 chief justice, and Thomas Taillor, Vincent Lowe, Henry Dar- 
 nall, William Digges, William Stevens, William Burgess and 
 Thomas Trueman, esquires, associate justices of the provincial 
 court, when the council ceased to hold original jurisdiction, or 
 to sit as a court of law in the first instance. The number of 
 justices was less or more, and varied according to the dis- 
 cretion of the executive ; aud the commissions were sometimes 
 joint and sometimes separate. 
 
 In 1684, the proprietary returning to England, appointed 
 his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, a minor, (Cecil being dead) 
 lieutenant-general, and nine persons, viz. colonel Talbot, Tho- 
 mas Taillor, Vincent Lowe, the surveyor-general, Henry Dar- 
 nall, 'William Digges, William Stevens, William Burgess, 
 Nicholas Sewall and John Darnall, esquires, were all made 
 commissioners general, and Clement Hill, esq. a deputy. In 
 1685, William Joseph, esq. was president ot the council, and of 
 the upper house when assembled afterwards. 
 
 The proprietary had considered the bonds required by the 
 late acts of parliament, on the departure of ships after the du- 
 ties had been paid, an unnecessary grievance, which he declined 
 enforcing, but Mr. Christopher Ilousby being appointed collect 
 tor in his place by the commissioners of trade, exacted them, 
 and the proprietary solicited his recall; this solicitation was 
 not acceeded to, and he was directed to support the demand 
 of the .collector, agreeably to the opinion of Mr. Jones, the 
 attorney general, whom it was thought necessary to consult on 
 the occasion. Colonel Talbot had been employed to defend the 
 settlements at the head of the bay, and while engaged with the 
 collector at Patuxent, in procuring funds for the erection of a 
 fort upon or near Christeen, an affray took place between them, 
 in which the latter lost his life. The colonel fled into Virginia, 
 hut being taken, tried and convicted of murder, was afterwards 
 pardoned by king James. While the accession of the duke of 
 York to the throne was announced in the province, the proprie- 
 tary was again followed by allegations of persecuting Protest- 
 5 
 
34 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 ants, and other less important charges. Desirous to obtain the 
 province, ■ king threatened him with a dissolution of the char- 
 ter r bstructing the customs, and he was compelled to indem- 
 nify the crown lor some loss of revenue from them. 
 
 Assemblies were held in 1686 and 1688, under Benedict L. 
 Calvert, and deputy governors, Mr. Joseph, president, where se- 
 vere iaws were passed against usury, and fixing the currency 
 agreeably to the coins, at six shillings the dollar. 
 
 James* toleration, allowing Catholics public worship, had be- 
 come as obnoxious with some here as it was generally in Eng- 
 land. As soon as his flight was known, the proprietary’s orders 
 to proclaim William and Mary having miscarried, the people of 
 Maryland began to resist the government also, and forming an 
 association, placed the before mentioned John Coode at their 
 head and obtained the fort and government of the deputies by 
 capitulation. 
 
 In 1689, commissioners assembled in convention, of which 
 Ken el m Cheseldine, esq. was chosen speaker, in imitation of 
 and pursuant to instructions from that in England. They met 
 again in 1690, and chose George Robothom, esq. their speaker, 
 but they passed no ordinances except to continue the existing 
 laws, and prohibit the export of corn. Lord Baltimore was • 
 ou tlawed in Ireland in 1690, where he never had been, and there- 
 fore got his outlawry reversed by king William immediately, 
 as is stated in the London Magazine of June 1768; where it is 
 strangely said, that a Lord Baltimore of the name of John, who 
 they call the father of Charles, had followed king James and 
 sat in parliament. Unfortunately too, some of the servants of 
 Mr. Sewall, another member of the council, killed Mr. Payne, 
 Mr. Rousby’s successor as collector of the customs, for which 
 they were brought to trial, condemned and executed. 
 
 It does not appear that Mr. Main, who succeeded to that 
 office afterwards, encountered any difficulty or opposition, but 
 that both the provincial and royal customs were collected by 
 him. 'Phis however, did not prevent the Protestant interest ., 
 for which James was expelled from England, being fcransfered 
 to the colony here so great a majority now profo«sed that faith, 
 and this interest was judged more secure under the immediate 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 $5 
 
 government of the new kin and queen, so that the proprietary 
 was wholly deprived of political power or the administration of 
 public affairs here. For the same, and other causes, especially 
 the religious scru les of the inhabitants to contribute towards 
 the common defence, though urged so to do by the proprietary 
 as Mr. Proud says, Mr. Penn was also deprived of his govern- 
 ment during the year 1693, as New-England and Virginia were 
 by Charles I. and Jersey by queen Anne; so that all the proprie- 
 tary governments on this continent ; were at one time or another 
 entirely extinct. Ti e Carolinas and Georgia being taken by 
 George II. none but Maryland and Pennsylvania remained 
 at last. 
 
 William and Mary confirmed to Lord Baltimore the 
 whole of the port or tonnage duty lately converted to money at 
 fourteen pence, after a formal decision of council, contrary to 
 the view's of the assembly, who said they held Lord Baltimore 
 accountable for the other half received. The new government 
 accordingly forbid the obstructions which had been raised against 
 colonel Henry Da mail, who had been some time a judge and 
 register of the land-office and agent and receiver of rents for 
 Lord Baltimore, and whfi had been actually imprisoned during 
 the late troubles ; the proprietary having doubled the rate> of 
 rent, and adopted other means of defence or reprisal ; such as, 
 authority to increase the caution money and fees of the land 
 office in proportion to those exacted by 2he new chancellor and 
 secretary, to which he did not consider them entitled, and which 
 continued to be a subject of long and obstinate dispute, so that 
 the land office was actually closed part of the time that the 
 provincial government was held by the crown. 
 
 In 1691, colonel Lionel Copley was appointed captain-gene- 
 ral, and Henry Jowles, Nehemiah Blakiston, Nicholas Green- 
 burry, George Robothom, Claries Hutchins, David Brown, 
 Thomas Tench, John Addison, John Courts, Thomas Brooke 
 and James Frisby, esquires, were his councillors* Sir Thomas 
 I awi i ce, Bart, appointed councillor and secretary soon after 
 Mr Copley’s appointment, was, in 1694, chief justice and rice- 
 admiral. 
 
36 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 Messrs. Coplej, Blakiston, Jowles, Robothom, Greenbury 
 and Addison, and Robert King, John Brooke and Robert Mason, 
 esquires, judges of the provincial couit, were commissioned by 
 the crown, and afterwards were added, sir Thomas Lawrence 
 and captain Nicholson. Edward Wynne, esquire, was appoint- 
 ed attorney-general, and Mr. Cneseldine, commissary-general. 
 
 Charles Carrol!, Esq. succeeded colonel Darnall as chief 
 agent of Lord Baltimore ; though it appears that Edward Somer- . 
 sett, esquire, who had married Maria the daughter of Lord 
 Baltimore, and died in the colony some years after, had a share 
 in the agency as trustee of his father-in-law, part of the time 
 that the government was held by the crown. 
 
 After passing an act of recognition, wherein they declared 
 M illiam and Mary to be sovereigns of England and all its do- 
 minions, and repealing all the former laws, except those which 
 related to individual rights, governor Copley and the assembly 
 in 1692 prayed, in the Rtile of British statutes, “that an act 
 might be passed for establishing the Protestant religion.” In 
 pursuance of which, and with the assistance of doctor Thomas 
 Bray, expressly commissioned for that purpose by the bishop of 
 London, the colony was immediately divided into parishes, pro- 
 vided with vestry men and forty pounds of tobacco per poll, in 
 lieu of tythes, levied for the support of the clergymen ; of whom 
 however, it is said, there w ere but sixteen in the first instance. 
 Naturalization law's were superceded by a general act, declaring 
 aliens who should take the oath of allegiance, fully naturalized. 
 
 A duty was laid on spirits imported for the support of govern- 
 ment, besides one shilling, or half the duty on tobacco ex- 
 ported. The colonists paid the new governor twenty-five 
 pounds of tobacco per poll, annually, and a duty of three pence 
 per hogshead on that article, and also appointed and supported 
 an agent or attorney in England, independent of the proprie- 
 tary. 
 
 In 1692, captain Francis Nicholson w*as appointed a coun- 
 cillor and held a commission of lieutenant-governor of Mary- 
 land and Virginia* but sir Edmund Andross, who had been gov- 
 ernor of all the eastern colonies including New-York and the 
 Jerseys, under James, and had so conducted himself as to be 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 37 
 
 continued, was now governor-general of Virginia, had also 
 a commission to succeed our governor and deputy in case 
 of the death or absence of both. Governor Copley died in 1 93, 
 and captain Nicholson being in England, sir Edmond acted as 
 governor of Virginia and Maryland until Mr. Nicholson’s re- 
 turn, in 1694. In 1698 the latter succeeded to sir Edmond, as 
 governor-general of Virginia and, after going to England, went 
 to that colony. George Robothom, esquire, was appointed 
 judge of vice-admiralty for the eastern-shore in 1694, and Henry 
 Jowl es, esquire, keeper of the great seal, and the year after, 
 chancellor, keeper and judge of the court of vice-admiralty. 
 
 In the mean time, that is in 1694, under governor Nichol- 
 son, the ton'n land at Proctor’s on the Severn, with Oxford on 
 the east side of the bay, were made ports of entry at which col- 
 lectors or agents should reside. The former called Anne Arun- 
 del town, was the next year called Annapolis ; the assembly 
 holding its session there, making it the seat of justice of the 
 county as well as the seat of the colonial government. Thus 
 were the feelings of the Catholics of St. Mary’s, by a removal 
 from amongst them, saved from some of that mortification the 
 revolution here was calculated to inflict, and of that odium in 
 others in which their triumph might induce rivals to indulge. 
 
 The site of the capitol chosen by the Protestant government, 
 was’ on good navigation, central and elevated, and the plan, con- 
 sisting of two area’s on which the state-house and church stands, 
 with streets diverging from each, is convenient as well as elegant. 
 
 In a general system of education throughout the colony, 
 adopted by the assembly on the recommendation of governor 
 Nicholson, the foundation of the college was now began at the 
 seat of government, by the appointment of trustees ; and sun- 
 dry imposts on the importation of negroes and spirits, and on 
 skins, furs, beef and pork exported, except by inhabitants, or 
 English traders , for the college and county and free schools, 
 and for erecting court-houses, bridewells, &c. A duty was laid 
 on officers, on spirits imported, ten pence on negroes and two 
 shillings and six pence on white servants, and ten per cent on 
 the amount of foreign goods exported, were also laid for the gene- 
 ral expenses ; then increased by the appropriation of three hun- 
 
3.8 
 
 SKETCHED OF THE EARLY 
 
 dre r ’ an' 1 thirty -two pounds six shillings and eight pence, to- 
 ward: defraying the expenses of British forces employed on 
 the frontiers of New- York against the French in Canada. The 
 coast, especially from the south, being harrassed and plundered 
 by daring pirates, punishments were provided for the offenders 
 who might be taken and brought into the colony. It was thought 
 necessary it seems, to have a surveyor-general of royal customs, 
 to which office, Edward Randolph, esquire, was appointed ; and 
 it was now for the first time, that the governor and council, dis- 
 tinct from the upper-house ai\d out of the assembly lime, set as 
 a court of appeals and writs of error ; and appeals from thence in 
 cases over three hundred pounds, were carried to the king and 
 council in England. The gentlemen of the bar, for whose regu- 
 lation many acts had been passed since the establishment of the 
 province, were henceforth subjected to examinations before ad- 
 mittance, ancl judges and lawyers directed to wear gowns in 
 court. 
 
 In 1695, Robert Smith, esquire, the chief justice, was ap- 
 pointed surveyor- general, and he had a deputy in each county, 
 so that the office of register of the land office, was the only one 
 held under the proprietary ; and much difficulty he had, from 
 the conflicting interests of the landlord in disposing of the 
 lands; of which more than one half perhaps were yet vacant. 
 Things in their nature inalienable, the soil and the sovereign- 
 ty, being separated, it was perhaps impossible for persons of 
 excellent intentions to avoid disputes in the position the officers 
 were now placed. Warrants and surveys issued from the 
 crown officers, on the terms fixed by Lord Baltimore, and his 
 agents granted the patents, the records of which were claimed 
 by the secretary of the colony, not of his appointment. 
 
 Prince George’s county was laid off in this year by an act 
 of assembly; from this Frederick county was taken in 1748; 
 Queen Ann was erected in 1706 ; from which, and part of Dor- 
 chester county, Caroline was taken, and Harford from Balti- 
 more in 1773, Worcester being taken from Somerset in 1742, 
 all r afferent acts, made the sixteen counties existing at the 
 Commencement of the revolutionary war. 
 
HISTORY OR MARYLAND. 
 
 In 1696, the parliament of England passed an act declaring 
 its laws to be paramount in the coloni'es ; confined ail trade to 
 and from them, to British ships and property; and all sales of 
 land therein, to natural born subjects only, and declared that 
 all future proprietary governors should be approved of by the 
 crown and. take the oaths before they acted as such ; and three 
 years after, prohibited the exportation from them, of wool and 
 woolen manufactures, and prescribed the punishment of piracy 
 untier condition of forfeitures of charters. In the same year, 
 governor Nicholson, who had expelled the turbulent Mr. Coode 
 from the colony, returned to England and was succeeded by 
 Nathaniel Blaktston, esquire. Acts of assembly were passed 
 permitting the Quakers to affirm ; and to induce clergymen to 
 remove to and settle in the colony, as expressly stated, prohib- 
 iting magistrates from celebrating marriages. The laws to en- 
 courage the importatation of negroes were revived, but others 
 were passed restricting by heavy duties, the importation of Irish 
 Papists , and that of flour was prohibited altogether. 
 
 The quit rents were farmed or leased in 1699, for seven 
 years, to Messrs. Richard Bennet, and James Heath ; a mea- 
 sure which was forced on Lord Baltimore, in all probability, by 
 the difficulties opposed to his agents in the collection by the 
 crown officers. 
 
 The population of Maryland, including eleven counties, at 
 the commencement of the century, is stated by Holmes at 
 twenty-five thousand ; w hich it is supposed, was exclusive of the 
 blacks, and perhaps of ail other servants ; although there were 
 still Indian settlements at Piscataway. Of the number of 
 one thousand, three hundred and fifty men, which the colonies 
 from Carolina North, were to send against the Indians, wffio 
 w ere excited and aided by the French from Canada and Louisi- 
 anna, this colony was to furnish one hundred and sixty, by an 
 act of assembly; and acts affording similar aid to the parent 
 country, in m?n or money, were again passed in 1715, 1740, 
 1746, 1754, 1756, &c. 
 
 Queen Anne, who succeeded king William in 1702, adhered 
 to his general colonial policy, and sent out colonel John Sey- 
 mour to be governor of Maryland in 1704; during which interval 
 it appears that the president of the council w'as Thomas 
 
40 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 Tench, esq. The state-house erected at Annapolis was destroy- 
 ed by fire, and many records of the province and of Anne Arun- 
 del county, 1704. Mr. Bacon states that some were lost by the 
 removal from St. Mary’s, and no doubt, many public documents 
 were mislaid, if not entirely lost, by the removals from Annapo- 
 lis when threatened with invasion, during the last and the pre- 
 ceeding war with England, so that our history will always be 
 defective, it is to be apprehended. 
 
 After the passage of an act of recognition of the queen, the 
 assembly enacted that none but natives or residents for three 
 years, should hold oifices, except those commissioned directly 
 by the crown, and in an act entitled, an act to prevent the 
 growth of popery,” Roman Catholic priests were prohibited from 
 the public administration of worship. The acts or William and 
 Mary in favour of dissenters, were enforced by law's passed here, 
 and the affirmation of Quakers admitted in all cases accord- 
 ingly. Parliament passed an act to establish the currency of 
 the colonies at the rates before adopted here, and encourage the 
 importation of naval stores from America. Lord Baltimore’s 
 right to dispose of the lands and receive his rents was not con- 
 tested but the assembly again insisted that the queen should 
 have the half of the two shillings tobacco duty, towards defray- 
 ing expenses, which they repeated was no longer chargeable on 
 the proprietary, and the government received it accordingly. 
 
 Then too, an act was passed limiting the interest of money 
 debts at the then legal rate in England, that is, six per cent, per 
 annum, that on products at eight per cent ; and to prohibit the 
 importation of bread, beer. Hour, grain, horses, or tobacco, from 
 Pennsylvania; but the necessities of the colonists, obliged them 
 to prohibit the exportation and importation of such articles alter- 
 nately ; and, being generally planters or shippers, they actually 
 prohibited all internal trade, by buying and selling under the 
 name of ingrossing, which was probably the intention of former 
 laws on the subject. Country bottoms or vessels were still ex- 
 empted from certain new tonnage duties, and in 1706, hemp at 
 six pence and flax at nine pence per pound, v\ere made a legal 
 tender for one fourth of all debts in money or tobacco, the lat- 
 ter valued at one penny per pound only. 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 41 
 
 Sir W. Davenant states the average quantity of tobacco im- 
 ported into England for 1707, 1708 and 1709, at twenty-eight 
 millions, eight hundred and fifty-eight thousand, six hundred 
 and sixty-six pounds. At the same period, several acts of assem- 
 bly were passed dividing the colony into commercial or mari- 
 time districts ; that is, St. Mary’s, St. George’s and Annapolis 
 were to be the chief places of three districts on the western- 
 shore, and Chester, Oxford and Greem Hill of as many on the 
 eastern-shore, where naval officers should reside ; and all vessels 
 loading or unloading within either of them were to be under the 
 inspection of the officer of such district ; but it is stated that 
 these acts were rejected by the crown. The city of St. Mary’s 
 lost its burgesses, when Annapolis obtained them by charter 
 of queen Anne, in 1708. 
 
 At tliis time also the fees of the land office were limited by an 
 act of assembly and surveyors required to take the oaths ; both 
 going to defeat the exercise of what little public authority might 
 remain to the proprietary, or any preference he might have for 
 people of his religious faith, but conformable no doubt to the 
 laws of the parent country and innispensible of course. A law 
 was passed for the relief of poor debtors, but suspended two 
 years after, another was passed in 1724, but repealed the year 
 after and never revived until 1774, but an act was passed and 
 continued, to secure the payment of country debts from insol- 
 vent estates in preference to those of British or foreign origin; 
 and one Richard Clarke, of Anne Arundel, was attainted and 
 outlawed for treason and forgery. 
 
 In 1709, governor Seymour died and Edward Lloyd, esquire, 
 was president of the council, and as such, the governor of the 
 province. 
 
 In 1710, the British government established a general 
 post-office in the colonies ; the carriage of private letters being 
 until then here, as it had been in England part of the preceeding 
 century, altogether an object of individual enterprise; the trans- 
 mission of the acts of the assembly were by the sheriffs fiom 
 county to county, as were all other public dispatches. As before 
 mentioned, the assembly granted three thousand acres of land 
 
 to the Nanticoke Indians in Somerset county. 
 
 6 
 
42 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 The chancellor and secretary, officers of the crown, continu- 
 ing to exact fees on land a flairs, Lord Baltimore renewed his 
 instructions to Mr. Carroll in 1712, the latter being then in Lon- 
 don, to require tiie same, as his agent, and as if none other were 
 demanded, confirming all the proceedings of Mr. Darnall and 
 that gentleman. 
 
 In 1714, John Hart, esquire, was appointed governor under 
 the queen, and continued by her successor, and several acts 
 passed calculated to relieve the inhabitants from the effects of 
 the war just then terminated, though Maryland and the other 
 middle colonies not then having European neighbors westward, 
 suffered less than those on the north or south frontier. At this 
 time the provincial court hold exclusive jurisdiction in all cases 
 real or mixt, in those of debts exceeding twenty pounds ster- 
 ling, and in all criminal cases which were capital, except ne- 
 groes, and so continued until 1^73, 
 
 In 1713 an act of assembly was passed recognizing king 
 George in the usual form, but be restored the province to the 
 infant son of Benedict Leonard, who survived his father, the 
 late lord Baltimore, only from the 21st February to the 1 6th of 
 April, and had merely time to instruct the agent, Mr. Carroll, 
 of his accession. A commission was sent out to Mr. Hart, by 
 Charles, the new lord Baltimore, joined with lord Guilford his 
 guardian; who exhibited a proof of his attention to the interest 
 of the province, as well as of his ward, by a memorial present- 
 ed to parliament against colonial regulations then proposed and 
 in which was stated the amount of the proprietary’s first expen- 
 ditures, herein noticed already. Charles whose administration 
 of the province as proprietary and as governor, was near 40 
 years, and was attended with so many difficulties but always 
 honourable to himself, having married three times and living to 
 the age of 85 years, has this best eulogium in the preamb ! e of 
 the act of 1074 renewing the port duty, which was past 
 in consideration of the great favour of his lordship Cecilius, 
 unto them, 64 in continuing his only son and heir apparent his go- 
 vernor,” and gratefully acknowledged the ben jits they had re- 
 ceived by his care and solicitude. Charles had induced his son, 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 4$ 
 
 Benedict Leonard to renounce the Catholic religion, which ho 'id 
 a little before hi'- father’s decease and was elected member of 
 parliament for Harwich directly after, so that the grandson 
 and future heir, was educated in the established church, and 
 thus was the legal impediment removed and the principal, if 
 not the sole cause of the assumption of the government by the 
 crown twenty seven years before. 
 
 It will be recollected that Benedict Leonard, now just de^ 
 ceased, was one of the infant governors of Maryland in the ab- 
 sence of his father. His lady was Charlotte, daughter of Ed- 
 ward Henry Lee, earl of Litchfield, and grand daughter of 
 Charles the second, by the dutchess of Cleveland. 
 
 It was at this period, that is, after the accession of George 
 the first and before the restoration of the province to Charles, 
 the fifth Lord Baltimore, that the assembly under governor Hart 
 passed those important laws still in force, in whole or in part, 
 viz. to limit the damage on bills of exchange returned protested, 
 at fifteen per cent. The power to bring actions on common debts 
 or accounts at three years and on bonds, or other specialties at 
 twelve years, with savings to infants, absentees, &c. commonly 
 called the acts of limitation ; the acts directing the manner of 
 sueing out attachments, and permitting the testimony of negroes 
 in cases of other people of colour: they also extended the juris- 
 diction of the county courts in actions for debt where the balance 
 did not exceed twenty pounds sterling, from which there should 
 be no appeal under six pounds sterling, increasing the jurisdic- 
 tion »f single justices from sixteen shillings and eight pence to 
 thirty three shillings and four pence. 
 
 There was no immediate change in the council except the 
 appointment of Thomas Smith, Esq. The judges of the pro- 
 vincial court were William Holland, Esq. chief justice, Thom- 
 as Smyth, Samuel Young, Thomas Addison, Richard Tilghman, 
 James Harris and Joseph Stoddert, esquires, associates. Messrs. 
 Thos. Beake and Charles Lowe were secretaries, but the duties 
 were performed by Philemon Lloyd,esq. deputy. Thomas Bord- 
 ley, Esq. was attorney general and Mr. Carroll continued chief 
 agent. No officers were commissioned or appointed by the go- 
 vernment of England afterwards, except those to collect the 
 
44 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 English duties or customs; and all fines and forfeitures, which 
 had gone latterly to the crown, were restored to the proprietary 
 for the future. The assemblies again divided into upper ami low- 
 er houses, as they had been before established, but to vote for de- 
 legates or representatives, they were now expressly called 
 according to the charter, it was made requisite to possess a free- 
 hold of fifty acres of land, or an estate of forty pounds sterling 
 at least ; for though a quit rent was paid, the tenure was always 
 considered fee simple or freehold, as before observed. 
 
 Voters were subjected to fines if they neglected to 
 attend the polls, which were to be held by the sheriffs 
 before some of the justices, as often as the governor should issue 
 writs for the purpose, and a daily allowance was provided for the 
 assemblymen, of whom there were to be four for each county and 
 two for a city or borough, and not to be ordinary keepers or such 
 others as were excluded from the British parliament. The she- 
 riffs were excluded, being specially fudges of the elections, but 
 the returns were to be made under the hands and seals of all the 
 electors , as well as of the sheriffs. 
 
 A general revision of the laws took place. Those relating 
 to religion were confirmed, with an oath of abjuration, in imita- 
 tion ot that adopted in England against the pretender. Widows 
 or stepfathers who were Roman catholics were not allowed to 
 educate the children of protestant fathers ; but the courts were 
 bound to enquire by special juries, whether orphans were pro- 
 vided agreeably to their estates, and, such as were apprentices, 
 taught their trades and not put to common labour. A union of 
 offices in some instances, and a reduction of them in others, un- 
 der the proprietary, lessened the burthens and facilitated the 
 transaction of business, and the differences between his agents 
 and the governor, relative to the revenue and land office, subsid- 
 ed on the resignation of the latter four years after. Lord Balti- 
 more received the tonnage & half of the duty on tobacco export- 
 ed, as formerly; duties were added on spirits, negroes & servants 
 imported, and an assessment for public expenses besides, but the 
 assembly itself ventured to leave the small provincial charges 
 to be levied by the governor and council during the intervals of 
 its sessions, w'hich w r ere sometimes over the year. 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 4o 
 
 The council still forming the upper house and court of ap- 
 peals, was generally composed of the high officers in the pro- 
 vince, and though it rendered that body more -subservient to his 
 views, than hereditary, or elected and independent senators 
 would have been, it wks the interest of the proprietary to use his 
 influence to shield the colonists from the exactions of the British 
 government, and against the pretensions of the proprietary him- 
 self, appeals were made to the crown. The proprietary go- 
 
 vernments, except indeed where they were vested in a number 
 of individuals or commercial companies, were therefore, more 
 popular than the royal, although the latter received some suc- 
 cours from the crown ah an early period, which the former did 
 not ; as in Bacon’s rebellion in Virginia, and in defending New 
 England against their French and Dutch neighbours ; and the 
 form now restored in Maryland was preserved until independ- 
 ence was declared ; which, including the periods of revolutions 
 noticed was 120 years, or nearly from the foundation of the set- 
 tlement to that period. 
 
 Although premiums were still given for killing bears and 
 wolves, wild horses and cattle were so numerous that it became 
 a business to pursue them, which proves that the settlements 
 were remote and Rangers were licensed by law, that being 
 the name of frontier guards, and others were passed to preserve 
 the Deer, with some exceptions in favour 6f Indians, of whom 
 there were settlements on the Monococy still. 
 
 A more full 'and energetic militia system was adopted with 
 their rates of pay while in active service. Press masters, ap- 
 pointed by court, if directed by the governor or commandant, 
 w ere authorized to take stores in each county for the use of the 
 military on service. 
 
 The councillors were generally colonels of militia, and we 
 find soon after, that two of them, Messrs. Matthew Tilghman 
 Ward and Levin Gale were appointed major generals. 
 
 In 1718 Roman Catholics were expressly prohibited from 
 voting unless they took the oath of allegiance and abjuration, 
 but the acts of assembly to prevent the growth of popery, pass- 
 ed during the late reigns, were repealed, refering to the existing 
 acts of parliament, as paramount and sufficient for the purposes 
 
sketches of the earlv 
 
 A& 
 
 intended. Mr. Carroll and others, of the Roman Catholic faith, 
 continuing to hold their offices notwithstanding the Ia*e change, 
 the proprietary’s agents in land affairs were expressly exempt- 
 ed from any disqualification on account ot religion. Anxious 
 to direct the colonists from manufactures, the government of 
 England granted bounties on the importation of iron, and the 
 legislature passed an act in 1719 to lay off' a hundred acres of 
 land by appraisement to those who would set up furnaces and 
 forges, similar to the grants which had been made tor mills. 
 Much ore being found, several Iron works were erected on the 
 western shore, and great quantities of wood land taken up by the 
 owners. 
 
 In 1720 Charles Calvert, esquire, a relation of the proprie- 
 tary, superceeded Mr. Hart as governor, and all the difficulties 
 of the land office ceased, but it is probable that Mr. Calvert, 
 like succeeding governors, were approved by the^ crown after be- 
 ing nominated by the proprietary, and which though it produced 
 no contentions that we learn and however moderately exercis- 
 ed, was no less a violation of his charter. 
 
 In 1721 executions on all judgments whatever, were sus- 
 pended from May to November, and afterwards until February, 
 as those of the county courts had been for many years before, in 
 order that the labours of the field might not be interrupted: Soon 
 after, the work nen at furnaces, forges and mills were exempted 
 from work on the highways, which at that time were repaired, by 
 the labour of all male taxables, and the taxables were declared 
 by the acts of 1715 and 1725, to include all males, and all co- 
 loured women, aged sixteen and upwards, but clergymen, pau- 
 pers and incapacitated negroes were excepted. 
 
 In 1723 courts of assize, composed of two provincial court 
 justices for each shore, were organized and continued to exercise 
 some powers superior to the county courts in all the counties 
 until about twenty years after. 
 
 The funds provided for schools being now sufficient, visitors 
 were appointed for every county; And such children as they di- 
 rected to be taught gratis were to be received in these schools, 
 under penalty of dismissal of teachers, who could be protestants 
 only, but no persons children were exempt on account of reli- 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 
 
 47 
 
 gion ; not but there had been some progress in these establish- 
 ments before, especially at Oxford, which was a capital for the 
 eastern shore sometime. Peltry ano copper ore were added by 
 parliament to the articles which must go direct to England, and 
 seven years after naval stores, staves and boards were added. 
 
 In 1727 Benedict Leonard Calvert, esquire, brother of the 
 proprietary, F. R. S. and member of parliament for Harwich, was 
 appointea governor and came out to Maryland, but taking ill 
 embarked for England in 1732 and died on the passage, having 
 appointed Samuel Ogle, esquire, governor in his place the year 
 before. 
 
 In 1728 Edward Henry, another brother of the proprietary, 
 was appointed commissary general and president of council. Per- 
 sons importing convicts were compelled to enter them as such, 
 and declare the crimes of which they had been convicted, as well 
 for the security of the inhabitants as to enforce the duty impos- 
 ed on such importations. 
 
 In 1729 a premium of fifteen per cent, was allowed on du- 
 ties paid in specie imported, and the inhabitants of Baltimore 
 county petitioned for and obtained the laying out of the town of 
 the same name on sixty acres of Mr Carroll’s land, which he 
 was paid for at 40 shillings per acre, and it was first represented 
 in 1774, but not incorporated until twenty years after. Chester 
 in Kent, was laid out by act of 1706, but Easton not until after 
 independence, as were Elkton, Hagerstown and Cumberland* 
 Where towns were on the proprietary’s lands, he received one 
 cent per lot or acre per annum quit rent. 
 
 In M‘Phersons annals it is stated, that in 1731, the tobacco 
 imported into Great Britain from Virginia and Maryland, am- 
 ounted to sixty thousand hogsheads, lumber to the value of fifteen 
 thousand pounds, and skins and furs about six thousand pounds 
 sterling; employing twenty four thousand tons of shipping; at 
 this time it is also stated that the two provinces raised about the 
 same quantity of tobacco each. This staple was however so re- 
 duced in price the ensuing year in Maryland, that a number of 
 fields of plants were destroyed by the malcontents ; and the 
 militia were called out to suppress them and punishments pro- 
 vided by law tor the offenders. 
 
 In 1732 Lord Baltimore and John, Thomas, and Richard 
 
48 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 Penn, esquires, the surviving sons of William Penn, entered into 
 an agreement to settle their limits by arbitration, taking for the 
 basis the bounds of the territory conquered from the Dutch, as 
 ceded to Mr. Penn, and from those bounds north, until within 
 fifteen miles of the latitude of Philadelphia, and from that par- 
 rallel due west, across the Snsquehanna river, &c. Seven arbi* 
 trators were appointed by each party three of whom to have pow- 
 er to act ; on his part Lord Baltimore appointed Samuel Ogle, 
 esquire the governor, and Messrs. Charles Calvert, Philemon 
 Lloyd, Michael Howard, Richard Bennet, Benjamin Tasker, 
 and Matthew Tilghman Ward commissioners* and came out 
 himself ; Mr. Thomas Penn also coming to Pennsylvania. A 
 meeting took place at Newcastle, butj differences occurring in 
 relation to the situation of the cape, or point, at which the Dutch 
 territory on Delaware began, and the manner of describing the 
 periphery at New Castle, the arbitrators seperated, and the 
 parties again returned to England. So far as concerned the 
 division line of the peninsula, it had been determined by the 
 lords of trade as early as 1685 and could but be satisfactory to 
 Lord Baltimore, as he was compelled to yield the Delaw are 
 shore ; for a ridge where the waters run into each bay in oppo- 
 site directions, carrying with them the interests of the respec- 
 tive inhabitants, and which was not likely to become a highway 
 for nations, would most probably secure future peace; but the 
 cape called Henlopen, being twenty miles south of Delaware 
 bay, would, if fixed as a beginning, deprive our proprietary of 
 several thousand square miles of land well timbered, which he. 
 could not,willingly assent to loose. Both parties intended ori- 
 ginally no doubt, the entrance ot the bay called cape Cornelius , 
 then James , for a beginning, but that was called Inlopen 
 and the outer cape Henlopen , in the old Dutch charts; the for- 
 mer had lost its original appellation before this agreement was 
 entered into, but the latter remained and was referred to in that 
 instrument, by mistake, as it is supposed. To remedy this, and 
 get himself justice, Lord Baltimore endeavoured to procure a 
 new grant from the crown, but was refused. Mr. Penn’s heirs 
 filed a bill in chancery, and in 1750, obtained a decree of lord 
 Hardwicke confirming the agreement and bounds proposed on 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 49 
 
 their part according to the name of the outer cape in the old 
 charts. 
 
 The improvements in English manufactures, the credit given 
 there and the necessity of using it here, the low price of the 
 staple and the scarcity ©f specie notwithstanding the bounty 
 lately offered on its importation, much more going to the other 
 colonies, where there was already a depreciated paper calculat- 
 ed to invite speculation at the expense of their neighbours, the 
 example was now followed by Maryland. A bill for thirty six 
 thousand pounds had been passed two years before, but not sanc- 
 tioned by the proprietary. Witnessing himself the distresses 
 of the province afterwards, ninety thousand pounds were cre- 
 ated in 1733, redeemable in 31 years by a duty of one shilling 
 & three pence per hhd. on tobacco payable in bills of exchange, to 
 be remitted and invested in British bank stock by three commis- 
 sioners, under the direction of the proprietary who was to ap- 
 point them. A portion of those bills of credit was to be paid 
 to planters at thirty shillings per taxable person, for the burning 
 of three hundred pounds of trash tobacco; and they were receiv- 
 able in taxes in lieu of that article, at the same rate of ten shil- 
 lings per hundred pounds, & a legal tender of all future contracts 
 for money, the dues of the church and proprietary only except- 
 ed. — -A thousand pounds currency were granted each county for 
 public buildings, and three thousand pounds appropriated for a 
 government house ; the remainder was to be loaned for limited 
 times, on mortgage or personal security, at four per cent, inter- 
 est, being two per cent, less than the rate established. It was 
 in fact, a banking system, which, properly managed, would not 
 only relieve individuals and accelerate improvements, but, as 
 far as the demands of circulation required, would supercede the 
 ordinary taxes. Loans were repeated and new emissions au- 
 thorised, thirty four thousand and fifteen pounds six shil- 
 lings during the Canada war for instance, until they became 
 a substitute for all other money and fell, but the result will be 
 seen hereafter, when pay day came round. It is stated in Mr. 
 Douglass’s summary, that in 1748, one hundred pounds sterling 
 sold for two hundred pounds of our currency of six shillings to 
 the dollar at which rate it is also stated in the gentleman’s ma- 
 
SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 50 
 
 gazine for 1755, but the exchange was five times as high in se- 
 veral colonies both eastward and southward, where in conse- 
 quence thereof, the British government interfered to prevent 
 excessive issues by them. 
 
 Before his departure from England Lord Baltimore had been 
 elected a member of the royal society and appointed gentleman 
 of the bed chamber to prince Frederick, grandfather to the pre- 
 sent king 5 on his return he was appointed one of the lords of 
 the admiralty and elected member of parliament for Surry and 
 of the society for propagating the gospel. 
 
 At this period the proprietary required forty shillings ster- 
 ling per hundred acres as caution or consideration, besides the 
 yearly rent of land, and this was raised to above four shillings 
 per annum and sometimes ten shillings, according to quality and 
 situation, at the discretion in some measure of his agents, but, 
 additions by rc-surveys, to be at original prices or valuation of 
 the surveyors in cases of escheat, and alienations by devise 
 were expressly exempted from the fine. Mr. Ogle became go- 
 vernor again on the departure of the proprietary in 1734. 
 
 It is stated in the Universal History that Maryland employed 
 one hundred and thirty sail of ships in 1736, and that from this 
 province and Virginia, there was exported the value of two 
 hundred and ten thousand pounds sterling, which no doubt had 
 been greater if the trade was not still restricted to British dom- 
 inions and the south of Europe. The number of vessels of this 
 province is sta.ted at two hundred in the Gent. Magazine, and at 
 the same period and afterwards laws were passed to refund seve- 
 ral persons the duties which had been paid on tobacco lost at sea. 
 
 In 1737 the exportation of grain, bread and flour was prohi- 
 bited for a year, and in 1740, the hard w inter, a considerable 
 sum was appropriated for the enlistment of troops for the king’s 
 service against the Spanish West Indies, and in 1746 this pro- 
 vince raised three hundred men to join the other forces against 
 the French and Indians from Canada. In the same year 1737, 
 James Harris esquire, was appointed surveyor general of the eas- 
 tern shore, an:l there were seperate surveyor geuerals for each 
 sliore afterwards. 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 51 
 
 Tiie winter of 1740 is said to have been excessively cold, and 
 not surpassed since, except by that of 1779 and 1783, in botn 
 which Chesapeake bay was closed by ice to the mouth of Patow- 
 maek. 
 
 The ice which began to make on the first of January 1784 
 did not open at Patuxent until the ninth of March, at Patapsco 
 until the sixteenth nor at Baltimore until the twenty-fifth, 
 which was sixteen days later than 1780. In the Philosophical 
 Transactions for 1759 it is stated that the mercury in Fahren- 
 heit’s Thermometer in the year 1753 ranged in Maryland from 
 ten degrees the lowest to ninety degrees the greatest heat, the 
 mean being sixty degrees, but from observations made near BaL 
 timore by Lewis Brantz, esquire, for several years just past, the 
 range is from ten below Zero to ninety eight and the mean tem- 
 perature about fifty two, which is the temperature of the spring 
 w ater in this city. Thus it appears that the popular opinion 
 relating to the improved temperature is not founded in fact, and 
 so doctor Rush expressly stated in his latter publications. But 
 all agree that with us, the north west winds are most prevalent 
 and that they are accompanied by clear wholesome weather. 
 The fall of w ater on an average of the years 1817 to 1820 inclu- 
 sive, by the notes of Mr. Brantz, w as thirty eight inches. We 
 are visited occasionally by severe thunder and lightning; earth- 
 quakes or hurricanes are scarcely felt or known in Maryland, 
 but the climate is so variable that vegetation commences some- 
 times early in March, at others not until the beginning of May: 
 the small grain is got in generally early in July, and the fall of 
 the leaf is from the first of October to the middle of November, 
 
 Thomas Bladen, esquire, having gone to England, married 
 miss Jansen, an elder sister of lady Baltimore and returned go- 
 vernor in 1742. In 1/44 by treaty with Indians at Lancaster, 
 at which Maryland was represented by Edmund Jennings, Phil- 
 ip Thomas, Robert King and Thomas Colvill, esquires, the wes- 
 tern bounds of the province were settled by a line from the head 
 of the North branch of Patowmack, north to the Pennsylvania 
 line; no other line being settled it is the present division between 
 Virginia and Maryland, and gives to the former more lands 
 than if the same bounds had run from the head of the south 
 
52 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 branch of that river. But at that time both colonies gained by 
 reducing their western frontier and it is believed the British 
 board of trade determined the line as so run, the year after. It 
 was however the former year that the assembly created a town 
 on Indian river calling it Baltimore , but within Mr. Penn’s 
 claim, and proves that the sense of the province was with the 
 proprietary of Maryland at the time. 
 
 By the provisions of an act relating to Charles town in Ce- 
 cil county, laid out two years before, appointing an inspector, it 
 appears that the manufacture and trade of flour began to attract 
 the attention of the government at this time. It is probable that 
 the vicinity of this place to the fertile grain counties of Chester 
 and Lancaster in Pennsylvania, had created a market for wheat' 
 and flour at Charles town before those articles had been pro- 
 duced in any considerable quantities to the south, although they 
 have now succeeded to be staple articles of Maryland, in as 
 great if not greater extent than tobacco now is or perhaps ever 
 was; and a few years after this period provision was also made 
 for regulating the trade in flour at Baltimore and Georgetown. 
 Such a change was anticipated and announced to the American 
 Philosophical Society by doctor Williamson in 1770, from an 
 amelioration of the climate by cultivation, but we apprehend it 
 is sufficiently accounted for by the scarcity of new grounds for 
 tobacco in proportion to the increased culture, & the want of pro- 
 per husbandry to preserve or improve tobacco grounds on the 
 one hand, and on the other, the usual advantages derived from 
 a change of crops and the high prices obtained for flour during 
 the latter times. The regulation alluded to consisted chiefly 
 in declaring that no flour should be exported until inspected and 
 branded for good and merchantable. About this time also the 
 inspection of tobacco was put on nearly the same footing in 
 which it now is. The fees of the inspectors had been converted 
 to fixed salaries, as the only means to prevent corruption in such 
 offices where there was a concurrence; and the inspectors, which 
 then and for a longtime before, had been nominated by the par- 
 ish vestries, are since the revolution presented by the Levy 
 courts of the counties. Though tobacco was always sold by the 
 hundred pounds, as long as flour was sold bv weight which it 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 was until after independence, the hundred weight consisted of 
 one hundred and twelve pounds and the exportation of wheat ; 
 which was considerable before that event, ceased soon after, in 
 consequence of the improvements in mills and the manufacture 
 of flour. 
 
 In 1745 Mr. Jonas Green, who had been five years printer 
 of the laws, commenced the paper called the Maryland Gazette, 
 which he published weekly at Annapolis. It is continued by 
 one of his descendants, twice a week, and it may be asserted 
 without hazard, is the oldest establishment of the kind in North 
 America. 
 
 Governor Bladen began the house for which funds had been 
 long provided and intended for the residence of such officers, but 
 not being finished it was used by the college; that gentleman 
 returning to England in 1746 Samuel Ogle, esquire, was ap- 
 pointed governor for the third time. 
 
 In 1748 Frederick county was taken off from Prince George’s 
 and then included all the lands of Montgomery, Washington 
 and Allegheny counties westward, there being already a town 
 then called Frederick. The tobacco trade at this time was said 
 to employ twenty five thousand seamen and yield to Great Bri- 
 tain, by exports at the duty ot six pence per pound, one million 
 a year, besides the consumption of seven millions pounds there. 
 
 In 1750, some further encouragement was given to the mak- 
 ing of iron, but slitting mills and tilt hammers were prohibited in 
 the colonies by act of parliament. The next year Georgetown 
 on Patowmack was laid out on like terms with other towns. 
 
 Frederick only surviving son of Lord Baltimore became pro- 
 prietary while a minor, by the death of his father the twenty 
 third April 1751, aged fifty two years. Having already noticed 
 several particulars in the private life of Charles the fifth 
 Lord Baltimore, it may only be added here, that he mar 
 ried Mary daughter of sir Theodore Jansen of Wimbledon 
 in Surry; that he devised the reversion of the province 
 to his daughters and their male heirs, in succession, in case of 
 default of such heirs to his son, and appointed Messrs. Bladen 
 and Ogle two of the executors ; that in the Chronicles of the 
 time, he is represented as a man of elegant person and address. 
 
54 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 learned himself and a patron of science, enjoying a splendid re- 
 venue in a princely style, and that the parsimony of George 
 the second, who confided to him the chief offices about his son, 
 put it in his power to render such munificent services to the 
 prince who died the same year, as would probably have secured to 
 him the highest honors in the state had they survived the king. 
 
 In 1752 the British parliament altered the calender, by which 
 the new year commenced the first of January instead of the 25th 
 of March, and the dates used in these sketches from the begin- 
 ning, as far as could be ascertained, are according to the new 
 style. Governor Ogle going to England, Benjamin Tasker, es- 
 quire, was president and as such governor of the colony until 
 Horatio Sharpe, esquire, was appointed governor in 1753. Ac- 
 cording to the Annual Register, the imports into England this 
 year from Virginia and Maryland, amounted to six hundred and 
 thirty two thousand five hundred and seventy four pounds four 
 shillings and eight pence, and the exports to three hundred and 
 fiftv six thousand seven hundred and seventy six pounds eleven 
 shillings and three pence, making a balance of two hundred and 
 seventy five thousand seven hundred and ninety seven pounds 
 thirteen shillings and five pence in favour of the provinces. The 
 white population is stated by other authorities to be about seven- 
 ty thousand each, but soon after a very particular census of 
 Maryland was published in the Gentleman’s Magazine, by which 
 it appears there were then in the province : 
 
 
 Free. 
 
 | Servants. 
 
 Convicts. 
 
 | Total. 
 
 Men, 
 
 24058 
 
 3576 
 
 1507 
 
 29141 
 
 Women, 
 
 23521 
 
 1824 
 
 386 
 
 25731 
 
 Boys, 
 
 26637 
 
 1049 
 
 67 
 
 27752 
 
 Girls, 
 
 24141 
 
 422 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 24584 
 
 
 98357 
 
 6870 
 
 1981 
 
 107,208 
 
 By the same account the number of mulattoes > „ _ Q0 
 
 amounted to 5 
 
 And that of Negroes to 42,764 
 
 Total, 
 
 153,564* 
 
 * A general census of all the colonies was taken by direction 
 of Congress in 1776, but the result is unknown to us. 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 5.5 
 
 In anticipation of another war with the French, who now helil 
 forts and instigated the Indians on the westward from the lakes 
 to the Mississippi, a congress of the provincial and colonial go- 
 vernments was held at Albany in 1754, to which Benjamin 
 Tasker and Charles Carroll junior esquires were sent by Mary- 
 land, for the purpose of treating with the Six Nations : and at 
 which articles of confederation were drawn up by a committee 
 of which Mr. Tasker was one, for the approbation of the parlia- 
 ment and colonial assemblies, but was rejected by each as too 
 favorable to the other. It appeals that no delegates were pre- 
 sent from the royal government of Virginia or the other colonies 
 south, and that a submission of all the colonial governments to 
 the controul of a governor general of royal appointment, was 
 the object of the crown and not likely to be assented to here. 
 It was in the same year, general then colonel Washington, had 
 gone to the neighbourhood of the Ohio v/ith Virginia troops, and 
 first conquered and then was obliged to surrender fort Necessi- 
 ty. Maryland provided for the erection of forts and blockhous- 
 es towards the frontiers, sent Messrs. Tasker and Carroll to 
 procure Indian alliances, and placed a number of troops under 
 the command of the Maryland lieutenant colonel Dagworthy, 
 commanding at Cumberland, a new fort on the Patowmack, be- 
 yond the colony’s fort Frederick , which last was near Hancock 
 town and erected sometime before. Our colonel then a British 
 
 captain only Judge Marshall says, 
 
 claiming to rank above colo 
 
 In 1790, our population was, 
 
 White 
 
 208,647 
 
 
 Slaves 
 
 103,036 
 
 
 Coloured 
 
 8,043 
 
 Total 
 
 
 319,726 
 
 In 1820, the population was.. 
 
 White 
 
 260,222 
 
 
 Slaves 
 
 107,398 
 
 
 Coloured 
 
 39,730 
 
 Total 
 
 
 407,350 
 
 Males 206,862 — females 200,488. Excess of males 6,374. 
 The following statement published since the last census iu 
 1820, is inserted here to show the present number ia each conn 
 
5,6 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 nel Washington the latter refused to pass the Patowmack. An act 
 of assembly was passed u for taking and detaining able bodied 
 men,” and a supply of forty thousand pounds was granted for 
 the sendee, under Dagworthv and afterwards under general 
 Forbes. To defray the expences of which armament the assem- 
 bly increased the former duties, and laid taxes, viz. one shilling 
 per hundred acres on land, the proprietary’s manors not exempt, 
 on horses forty shillings, carriages of pleasure five shillings per 
 wheel, billiard tables sixty shillings, pedlars eighty shillings 
 and on batchelors five shillings. Judiciary proceedings and 
 conveyances were also taxed, and the lands of the Catholic’s 
 were assessed double ; ten pounds and afterwards fifty pounds 
 were to be paid for each Indian prisoner or scalp, being the skin 
 of the crown of the head , to any person except Soldiers or Indi- 
 an allies, being that kind of indemnity to which savages were 
 accustomed and most likely to tempt enemies to become 
 friends. Some of them were subsidised by the colony and a 
 party of Cherokees visiting the seat of government as allies. 
 
 ty with the increase or decrease in ten years, to which is added 
 the date of the erection of the respective counties. 
 
 
 Number 
 
 1 8i0. 
 
 Number 
 
 1820. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 Erected 
 
 St. Mary’s 
 
 12794 
 
 12974 
 
 180 
 
 
 1634 
 
 Kent 
 
 11450 
 
 11453 
 
 3 
 
 
 1634 
 
 Anne Arundel 
 
 26668 
 
 27165 
 
 497 
 
 
 1650 
 
 Calvert 
 
 8005 
 
 8073 
 
 68 
 
 
 1654 
 
 Charles 
 
 20245 
 
 16500 
 
 
 3745 
 
 1658 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 29255 
 
 33463 
 
 4208 
 
 
 1659 
 
 Talbot 
 
 14230 
 
 14389 
 
 159 
 
 
 1661 
 
 Somerset 
 
 17195 
 
 19579 
 
 2384 
 
 
 1666 
 
 Dorchester 
 
 18108 
 
 17759 
 
 
 349 
 
 1669 
 
 Cecil 
 
 13066 
 
 16048 
 
 2982 
 
 
 1674 
 
 Prince George’s 
 
 20589 
 
 20216 
 
 
 373 
 
 1695 
 
 Queen Anne’s 
 
 16648 
 
 14952 
 
 
 1696 
 
 1706 
 
 Worcester 
 
 1697 1 
 
 17421 
 
 450 
 
 
 1742 
 
 F rederick 
 
 34437 
 
 40459 
 
 6022 
 
 
 1748 
 
 Harford 
 
 18275 
 
 15924 
 
 
 2351 
 
 1773 
 
 Caroline 
 
 9453 
 
 10108 
 
 6 55 
 
 
 1773 
 
 Washington 
 
 18730 
 
 23075 
 
 4345 
 
 
 1776 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 17980 
 
 16400 
 
 
 1580 
 
 1776 
 
 Allegheny 
 
 6909 
 
 8654 
 
 1745 
 
 
 1789 
 
 Baltimore city 
 
 46555 
 
 62738 
 
 16183 
 
 
 1729 
 
, HISTOHY OF MARYLAND. 57 
 
 received a considerable sum of money, and the most friendly 
 treatment. 
 
 From a dispute between the two branches of the legislature, 
 the upper house rejected some of the bills of supplies, and the 
 province was charged with a refusal to sustain its part of the ex- 
 pense of this war; but very unjustly, as was stated by doctor 
 Franklin to the parliament; nor can there be any doubt on the 
 subject, when it is recollected that the savages passed our forts 
 on the Patowmack and spread terror amongst the inhabitants of 
 the oldest counties on the western shore, and to the bay side, 
 after the defeat of general Braddock. They were met and rout- 
 ed at St. George’s creek and Loyal Hanning in 1758, but attack- 
 ed colonel Thomas Cressap’s house, when they were also de- 
 feated in 1762, a few captives being taken out of their bands and 
 about three hundred pounds being paid for scalps at the differ- 
 ent engagements, agreeably to the law. 
 
 In 1758 sir William Johnstone, appointed Indian agent by 
 the government of England, with some of the governors, con- 
 cluded a treaty with the Six Nations and some other Indians, 
 among whom there were Nanticokes who had voluntarily gone 
 from Maryland. But this treaty had been preceeded by the 
 evacuation by the French and Indians of fort Duquesne , now 
 named fort Pitt, in honor of the minister just appointed, and 
 whose councils had produced a turn of affairs so favourable as 
 to endear him to the colonists. The war terminated in 1763, 
 three years after the accession of George the third, by the ex- 
 pulsion of the French and Spanish from all their colonies on this 
 continent north of the gulf of Mexico and Mississippi. The 
 colonists had contributed essentialiy to these acquisitions, in 
 which as frontiers they were so much interested; for instigating 
 of the Indians by the French and Spanish, which did not cease 
 even with the public hostilities, had created such violent animo- 
 sities against those nations, in colonies exposed to savage ven- 
 geance, that they entered into the contest with vigour ; indeed 
 the very religion those European enemies professed became more 
 obnoxious, and its professors suffered some persecutions besides 
 those already noticed. The inhabitants seem to have forgotten 
 that liberality in which the proviuce was founded, and which, as 
 
 8 
 
58 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EA11LY 
 
 early as 1676, had fostered the Protestants and produced the 
 establishment of many Episcopal and other churches, to recall 
 2 the intolerant spirit of acts passed during the unsettled state of 
 the parent country and generously repealed by their predeces- 
 sors on the restoration of the province to Lord Baltimore. 
 Of these dispositions the British government which had vot- 
 ed some money to reimburse the colonies, and passed some 
 acts to encourage the importation of staves and head- 
 ing from them, thought to avail itself in 1664, laying 
 new duties on sugar, coffee, wine, silks, cambrics, &c. and in 
 1765, the colonies were subjected to stamps upon papers, legal 
 and mercantile. But now a congress was assembled for very 
 different purposes than the last ; and William Murdock, Ed- 
 ward Tilghman and Thomas Ringgold, esquires, deputies, w'ent 
 from Maryland to the above congress at New York; when it was 
 declared on the part of all the colonies north of the Patowmack, 
 that the colonists had the exclusive right to tax themselves, and 
 the British government was addressed accordingly. Mr. Za- 
 chariah Hood, to whom the stamps were sent for this province, 
 was forced to quit Annapolis, and in fact resigned. No stamps 
 were distributed or paid for in these colonies, but non-importa- 
 tion agreements were entered into generally throughout the 
 continent. An act was passed the next year by the assembly 
 of Maryland, to regulate the entry of vessels with passengers in- 
 fected by contagious maladies. The Stamp act was repealed in 
 1766; but, in pursuance of the authority to which they consid- 
 ered themselves entitled, the parliament immediately asserted 
 their power to tax the colonists in all cases whatever. 
 
 Messrs. Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, astronomers of 
 celebrity in England, chosen and sent out by the respective pro- 
 prietaries for the purpose, completed the division lines between 
 the provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 
 The form of the latter, of which a very good map was made 
 and published by Dennis Griffith, esquire, in 1794, situated be- 
 tween thirty eight and thirty nine degrees forty minutes north 
 latitude, and one degree fifty eight east and two degrees twenty 
 four west longitude from Washington ; resembling an irregular 
 angle, of which the base is the north bound, or east and west 
 
/ 
 
 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 5V 
 
 line, two hundred miles long, terminating at the former by a 
 line nearly north and south, of about eighty seven miles, but 
 which then runs eastwardly about thirty five miles to the sea, 
 and binding on that about forty five miles to the line of Virginia, 
 then with that line, and the river Patowmack to its head or 
 source, and thence by a short line due north to the first mention- 
 ed line or base. Maryland is supposed to contain a superfice 
 of seven million acres, of which one and a half million acres 
 are in water. Every part of it is within thirty miles of boatable 
 navigation, and, exclusive of that, the quantities of fish render 
 the water almost as valuable as the land. The Granite ridge, 
 which commences in New England and runs by the head of the 
 inlets at the west side of the bay, to the southern states, divides 
 this into two nearly equal parts, so that one half the soil may 
 be considered original and the other alluvial : but the colonists 
 found all a forest.* 
 
 In 1766, and in consequence as it is stated in Hanson’s 
 laws, “ of the scarcity of specie & public credit being reduced 
 to an extreme low condition in consequence of a difference 
 which had long subsisted between the two houses respecting the 
 claim of the clerk of the upper house, and which had for several 
 years prevented the passage of the journal or of the taking any 
 measures for discharging the public debts” & although there was 
 due the province twenty-one thousand and ©ighty-eight pounds 
 two shillings and six pence sterling of tobacco debt at seven 
 shillings & six pence per hundred pounds, & the sum of nineteen 
 
 * Doctor Morse having stated the quantity of lands in the state 
 at fourteen thousand square miles and Dr. Seybert estimates the 
 population in 1810, at 27-13 per square mile and 1-1 9th of the 
 population of the union, 95-63 females for every hundred males, 
 45-16 slaves for every hundred free persons ; that the returns 
 of the militia were thirty -three thousand four hundred and ten, 
 and that in respect to square miles, Maryland ranked the ele- 
 venth ; in population the eighth ; in federal representation the 
 seventh ; domestic exports the sixth ; manufactures the fifth J 
 and in the totals of exports, tonnage or revenue the fourth 
 state, 
 
60 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 thousand eight hundred & forty -one pounds one shilling and two 
 pen e nominal money, equal at the real exchange, to eleven thou- 
 sand nine hundred & four pounds twelve shillings & eight pence 
 sterling, together thirty-two thousand nine hundred & ninety-two 
 pounds fifteen shillings and two pence sterling, besides twenty six 
 thousand eight hundred pounds bank stock and five thousand two 
 hundred and thirty pounds seventeen shillings and two pence 
 interest not invested; an emission of bills of credit was ordered 
 to the amount of one hundred and seventy -three thousand seven 
 hundred and thirty three dollars to pay the debts. The bills were 
 to be redeemed in 1 777 by drafts on the trustees in London, 
 which happening during the revolution, drafts on them were re- 
 fused payment and was not effected of course. Three years 
 after another emission of three hundred and eighteen thousand 
 dollars was ordered, for the purpose of lending on interest to 
 the inhabitants at four per cent, per annum redeemable bv the 
 money of the preceeding creation or by bills on London; though 
 bills were to be drawn instead of issues when exchange was above 
 par, and the whole was to be taken out of circulation in twelve 
 years, which brought it under the predicament of the other; that 
 is to say, to be sunk by depreciation, lost to individuals when 
 received by them for money and the bank stock remained for 
 the treasury. 
 
 The investments in London, which in 1776, by the fidelity of 
 the commissioners both at Annapolis and there, amounted 
 to thirty thousand pounds sterling, survived the shock; and from 
 a spirit of commercial justice in that government, elicited by the 
 talents of Messrs. Chase, Pinkney and other agents, six hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand dollars were received in 1805, even 
 after a large discount to the proprietary and others m England. 
 
 In 1767, after some favorable changes in the customs, relat- 
 ing to the transit and duties on "West India produce in the colo- 
 nies, parliament laid duftes on the importation here of tea, glass, 
 paper and colours from England. These were resisted as the 
 stamps had been, and more violently, for a cargo which had ar- 
 med at Annapolis was thrown into the river, the consignees 
 being themselves compelled by the inhabitants to effect it. All 
 the teas were either burned, destroyed or returned from every 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 61 
 
 ' 
 
 effects to the sheriffs, was the last which received the sanction of 
 port to which they were sent, although it was declared the pro- 
 ceeds were to be spent in defence of the colonies, and salted 
 provision and raw hides were to be admitted in England from 
 i them free of duties. 
 
 In 1768 a law was passed providing for the erection of alms 
 and work, houses and trustees of the poor in several counties; 
 which by other laws has since been extended to all ; the poor 
 being, previously, supplied at their own houses by county le- 
 vies annually. 
 
 Lord Baltimore had the misfortune to loose his lady, who 
 was Diana, daughter of Scrope Egerton, duke of Bridgewater, 
 by the overturning of a carriage in 1758, and not marrying 
 again, led a dissolute life. He was this year prosecuted 
 for an offence highly criminal, but voluntarily submitted to his 
 trial in the court of King’s bench setting at Kingston in Surry, 
 where his country residence was, and wheiehe asserted his in- 
 nocence before a jury of the county .with eloquence and suc- 
 cess. 
 
 The Naliticoke Indians represented that they were few re- 
 maining and were desirous to dispose of their lands, provision 
 was made by law for that purpose ; and thirty years after, the 
 Choptank Indians made a similar representation with the same 
 effect, but a few of the descendants of these Indians are still, or 
 were lately, remaining in that neighborhood under the pay and 
 protection of the state government. 
 
 From general Wilkinson’s memoirs we learn that about this 
 time, doctor Henry Stevenson of Baltimore, introduced the 
 practice of inoculation with more celebrity, at least, in this 
 pait of the country by receiving patients into his spacious new' 
 bouse there; which practice was succeeded by vaccination 
 thirty years after, very much by the zeal of doctor James 
 Smith of the same place being aided by the state soon after. 
 
 In the same year Robert Eden, esquire, who had married 
 Caroline, the youngest daughter of the late Lord Baltimore, 
 was appointed governor and arrived in Maryland. 
 
 In 1769, Mr. William Rumsey of this province, with other 
 members of the American Philosophical Society, took the levels 
 
62 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 and made estimates for a canal between the Chesapeake and 
 Delaware, and thirty-five thousand dollars of bills of credit 
 were authorised for erecting the present splendid state house at 
 Annapolis, which was not completed before the revolution. 
 
 Messrs. Daniel Dulany, Thomas Johnson, John Hall, Wil- 
 liam Paca, Charles Carroll, Barrister Lancelot Jacques and 
 Charles Wallace were appointed commissioners to superintend 
 the Erection of the state-house, on a spacious eminence for the 
 improvement of which, 500 pounds sterling were appropriated, 
 out of the bills just created. Mr. William Anderson was the 
 architect, but it received its present finish several years after 
 by Mr. Joseph Clarke. It is chiefly built of brick made at An- 
 napolis. Its front to the south-east, is one hundred and thirty 
 feet and the depth one hundred feet, divided into six rooms on 
 each of two floors, besides a spacious vestibule, court-room and 
 an area, about forty feet square, over which the dome, of the 
 same diameter, is raised to the height of one hundred and eleven 
 feet. After raising a few steps to the portico which is fifteen 
 feet wide, the height from the platform to the cornish is thirty- 
 six feet, aud the dome, galery, acorn and spire makes the whole 
 about two hundred feet. From the galery there is a delightful 
 view of the city and harbor of Annapolis, the country round and 
 Severn and South livers, besides a distant and interesting pros- 
 pect of the bay and eastern-shore. 
 
 It was remarked in England, that the Americans who used to 
 take at least eighth of the State Lottery tickets, had nearly sus- 
 pended all such adventures. As no lotteries had then been au- 
 thorised by our laws, this at least was one effect of colonial retalia- 
 tion. 
 
 According to the Encyclopedia Britannica there were entered 
 in Maryland in 1770, two hundred and five ships, and one hun 
 dred and ninety-seven sloops, and cleared two hundred and 
 twenty-eight ships and one hundred and seventy-two sloops ; 
 and the amount of exports the year before, was one million, five 
 hundred and f fly -four thousand , four hundred and thirty dol- 
 lars at four shillings and six-pence sterling per dollar. Gov- 
 ernor Eden bought and improved the house at Annapolis used 
 at present by the governors, being confiscated during the revolu- 
 tion. 
 
63 
 
 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 Frederick the 6th and last Lord Baltimore dying in 1771, 
 in Italy, aged forty years, without legitimate children, the title 
 of Baron of Baltimore became extinct, but Henry Harford, esq. 
 a natural son, was declared proprietary, though a minor, in virtue 
 of his father’s will; of which Messrs, Eden, Hammersly, Provost 
 and Morris were executors, and by which Lord Baltimore gave a 
 reversion to Mrs. Windham, Mr. Harford’s sister, who was first 
 clandestinely married to Mr. Morris and divorced ; then te 
 his own younger sister Caroline, Mrs. Eden, with a legacy of 
 twenty thousand pounds between her and his oldest sister Lou- 
 isa, then Mrs. Browning, if they assented to the will. 
 
 Whatever was the aberance of the last Lord Baltimore, 
 he did not participate in the late offensive measures. Mary- 
 land continued to grow in people, wealth and happiness un- 
 der his proprietaryship. Men of genius and enterprise were 
 found in every county, and the capital had become a little court 
 of taste and fashion. If the tree which was so fairly planted 
 by Cecilius, and so faithfully nurtured by the first and second 
 Charles, yielded a fruit of which the exuberance intoxicated their 
 successor, the stock increased, spreading its branches majestical- 
 ly, and the excrecences being lopped off in later times, it re- 
 mains an heir-loom, of which they who claim it by adoption as 
 well as those who hold it from birthright, may well be proud. 
 
 The exports to and imports from Great Britain in 1773 
 were greater than they had been twenty years before, because 
 these colonies increased in wealth by the more extensive 
 trade with the interior and other colonies lately acquired : As 
 the importations from England must have been materially af- 
 fected by pubiic and private associations to use domestic goods. 
 Much of this trade was no doubt forced, on Britigh account, es- 
 pecially that of imports here, in anticipation of a total loss of 
 the market. 
 
 Provision was made by the legislatures of Maryland and 
 Virginia for erecting a light-house on Cape Henry, by a duty of 
 four pence per ton on vessels entering either colony. The juris- 
 diction of the county courts was now extended in criminal 
 cases and matters of debt, to be concurrent with that of the pro- 
 vincial court. A concurrent jurisdiction with the Chancellor in 
 
64 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 cases in equity not exceeding ttventy pounds, had been given the 
 county courts in 17G3 ; the jurisdiction of single justices was 
 now extended to fifty shillings, or eight dollars and thirty -three 
 and a third cents, without fees ; and the tohacco fees were reg- 
 ulated at rates which, when reduced to money at one dollar 
 sixty-six and two-thirds per cent, were exceedingly low, as 
 they have been always and continue in Maryland, as well as 
 the salaries of all offices. It appears that delegates to the assem- 
 bly received a compensation in proportion to their expences 
 from early times, and justices of the peace and jurors also, whilst 
 attending court. 
 
 The limitation of jurisdiction to the provincial court in all 
 criminal cases which were capital, except committed bv negroes 
 until now ; would have been an intolerable grievance to the 
 counties, if the perpetration of such crimes had been frequent. 
 The same cause as to civil affairs, the charge of attending the 
 high court at the seat of government, in all important cases, 
 must have prohibited the people from a baneful spirit of litiga- 
 tion. To have been so much exempted from contests among one 
 another, from murders and felonies destructive to life and morals, 
 wasno doubt a source of great happiness ; and to be relieved 
 from the pain of witnessing executions or other capital punish- 
 ments, in great measure, could scarcely be less condusive to hu- 
 man felicity. 
 
 The legislature also created a new county, by the name of 
 Harford, including all that part of Baltimore county laying north 
 and east of Little Gunpowder. Caroline county was erected 
 out of Dorchester and Queen Anne’s, the same year, and a great 
 road directed to be made from Cumberland to the nearest boata- 
 ble navigation westward of the Alleghany mountains, at the 
 charge of the province. 
 
 At a session held in 1774, being the last under the proprie- 
 tary government, further penalties were prescribed for obstruct- 
 ing the harbors. The principal roads to Baltimore, which in 
 1804, were transfered to chartered companies and turnpiked, 
 were opened, or straightened and widened, and bills of credit 
 loaned for making them ; and a law authorising the discharge of 
 debtors under two hundred pounds sterling, on delivery of their ( 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 
 
 G 5 
 
 effects to the sheriffs, was the last which received the sanction of 
 governor Eden. He remained undisturbed at Annapolis until 
 June 1776, when he embarked in the British sloop of war Fowey, 
 captain Montague, who having a flag, permitted fugitives to go on 
 board, and caused the embarkation of Mr. Eden's baggage to be 
 obstructed. Some British dispatches to him being intercepted 
 by general C. Lee, the general wrote the committee at Baltimore 
 to arrest the governor, but thev referred it to the council ofsafe- 
 ty who did not think fit or necessary to comply. Join- 
 ing Dunmore in the bay, the governor went to England and 
 was knighted, but returned to Annapolis with Mr. Harford in 
 1784, and died near that city soon after. The members of coun- 
 cil and of the upper-house in 1774 and the last under the pro- 
 prietary, were Benedict Calvert, John Ridout, John Beale Bord- 
 !cy, Georige Stewart, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Benjamin 
 Ogle, Philip Thomas Lee, Daniel Dulany, William Hayward, 
 William Fitzhugh, George Plater and Edward Lee, esquires, 
 Mr. Dulany was secratary, Mr. Fitzhugh, commissary -general, 
 Mr. Stewart judge of the court of admiralty, and with Mr. Cal* 
 vert judge of the land office, Mr. Jenifer receiver-general and 
 agent of the proprietary. Thomas Jennings, esquire, was attor- 
 ney-general and Robert Smith, esquire, surveyor-general of the 
 western shore, no such officer being appointed for the other shore 
 for some years before ; Mr. Hayward was chief justice and 
 Messrs Bordley, Jenifer, Philip T. Lee, John Leeds, John Cooke, 
 and Joseph Sim, associate judges of the provincial court. 
 
 Prepared as the people were, the distressing accounts re- 
 ceived from Massachusetts, and the encouragement received at 
 the same time from Virginia, the towns and counties generally 
 assembled and elected committees to superintend the public 
 concerns, legislative judicial and military; and, in less than 
 one month after the close of the last assembly 1774, a conven- 
 tion of delegates from the towns and counties of Maryland, met 
 at Annapolis, to concert measures for the relief of Boston, then 
 blockaded and the redress of grievances imposed by the British 
 government. We view with amazement, even now perhaps 
 more than ever, the obstinacy of that infatuation with which 
 the British ministry persisted in a system of taxation of the 
 
 9 
 
6G 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 colonies containing at least three hundred thousand fightingmen, 
 three thousand miles oft’, whilst they restrained the commerce of 
 the colonists, which alone would enable them to pay any taxes, 
 surrounded too as that government then was, by powerful and 
 aggravated rivals; but Providence chose to restore a natural 
 state of independence to a part of the new world by a miraculous 
 display of human frailty in a part of the old. 
 
 Ninety-two members attended the provincial convention, 
 which appointed Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Robert 
 Goldsborough, William Paca and Samuel Chase, esquires, to re- 
 present the colony in a general congress ; which they recom- 
 mended tube held at Philadelphia in September following. At 
 this congress, Georgia was not at first represented, and in which 
 general Washington was a delegate from Virginia; a redress of 
 grievances was sought by non-importation, to which New-York 
 did not assent at the time, and spirited remonstrances against 
 restrictions, taxation, &c. addressed to the people as well as to 
 the government of England. Town and county committees 
 were organised in pursuance of a recommendation of congress ; 
 and as occasion required, provincial conventions assembled at 
 Annapolis. The above named gentlemen with Messrs. Bordley, 
 Jenifer, Thomas Stone, H. Hooper, Charles Carroll of Carroll- 
 ton, Edward Lloyd, James Holliday, Thomas Smith, Charles 
 Carroll, Barrister, Richard Lloyd and Robert Alexander, were 
 appointed a committee of correspondence ; and they or some of 
 them, with other eight or nine persons, a council of safety, from 
 time to time, until the government under which we now live was 
 organised. To this body great discretionary power was grant- 
 ed, and the habeus corpus was partially suspended by laws 
 which also justly defined treasonable acts. Congress offered te 
 contribute to the national defence, if great Britain would remove 
 all restrictions on trade and put Americans on a footing with 
 other subjects in this respect, in 1775, but the British government 
 at last merely proposed the abandonment of the proceeds of 
 the duties and to suspend the pretentions to tax America by an 
 act of parliament. 
 
 In 1776, the Congress, in which Messrs. S. Chase, Paca, 
 Stone and Carroll of Carrollton, represented Maryland, declar- 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 67 
 
 ed the independence of the Union ; having the year before, ap- 
 pointed general Washington to the command of the American 
 army stationed before Boston. Maryland received and protect- 
 ed the national representatives at Baltimore being threatened by 
 the British army on the Delaware, before the end of the year. 
 
 The plan of government formed by the convention of Mary- 
 land in 1776 has received several important alterations; the coun- 
 ties have been divided into election districts; all white male citi- 
 zens made eligable voters, and all others excluded and the man- 
 ner of voting being changed fron viva voce to ballot. Some 
 qualifications to offices have also been removed, but it is remark- 
 able that all Christian ministers are still excluded by their profes- 
 sion. Eighty members, four for each county and two each for An- 
 napolis and Baltimore form the house of delegates, being elected 
 directly by the citizens annually, and nine senators for the west- 
 ern and six for the eastern-shore, elected by half the number of the 
 delegates, every five years compose the 2d branch of the legisla- 
 ture. The two branches elect the governor and five councillors 
 annually, and the governor and council appoint the judges, who 
 hold their offices during good behaviour. 
 
 It was by the convention that Frederick county was divid- 
 ed into Frederick, Washington and Montgomery counties, and 
 in 1789, Alleghany county was taken from Washington by an 
 act of assembly, completing the present number of nineteen, 
 eleven of which on the western and eight on the eastern side of 
 the bay. One or two individuals at Annapolis, and as many in 
 some of the counties, were pronounced enemies to the cause of 
 the colonies, and underwent some persecutions and even per- 
 sonal violence , but the public authorities uniformly condemned 
 such violence, and prevented any serious consequences. 
 
 “ in this memorable interval between the fall of the old and 
 the institution of the new government,” says the late chancellor 
 Hanson, in the preface to his edition of the laws, “there ap- 
 peared to exist amongst us such a fund of public virtue as scarce- 
 ly a parallel in the annals of the world, although many occasions 
 occurred in which intemperate zeal transported men beyond the 
 just bounds of moderation, not a single person fell a victim to 
 the oppression of this irregular government and he continues, 
 
(38 
 
 SKETCHES ©Li* THE EARLY 
 
 Ct without this virtue, the opposition of a country unskilled in 
 war, destitute of arms, inferior far in numbers, and wanting 
 almost every thing for which it had before relied solely on its 
 now inveterate enemies, the opposition of such a people to the 
 efforts of the most powerful nation on the globe would have been 
 feeble indeed.” 
 
 Besides their own entire self-government immediately obtain- 
 ed, the citizens would have enjoyed a free intercourse with all 
 4 the world but for the war. The church establishment was abo- 
 lished, however, all sects of Christians being equally privileged 
 and protected, and taxes were to be no longer levied on the in- 
 dividuals per poll, or by classes and numbers, but according to 
 their property, and as far as practicable, their means of enjoy- 
 ment. 
 
 The constitution was carried into effect with great unanimi- 
 ty early in 1 777. After the new senate and delegates had elect- 
 ed Thomas Johnson, esquire, governor, and Messrs, Josiah Polk, 
 John Rogers, Edward Lloyd, Thomas Sim Lee and Joseph Sinf, 
 councillors, Messrs Carroll and Brice declining, they proceeded 
 to provide for the exigencies of a state of war.* The continental 
 and state money was made a legal tender, and the currency 
 which had been sometime uncertain, was fixed at the rate of 
 seven shillings and six pence to the dollar. 
 
 The recruiting service was promoted, and the state sent to 
 the army, under general Smallwood and others at different times, 
 about fourteen thousand regular troops, besides drafts cf militia ; 
 
 * Governor Johnson being twice re-elected and having 
 served the three political years limited by the constitution, was 
 succeeded by the following gentlemen at the several periods an- 
 nexed to their names respectively: 
 
 Thomas Sim Lee, 
 William Paca, 
 William Smallwood, 
 John Eager Howard, 
 George Plater, 
 Thomas Sim Lee, 
 John Hoskins Stone, 
 John Henry, 
 Benjamin Ogle, 
 
 1779 
 
 1782 
 
 1785 
 
 1788 
 
 17911 
 
 1792 
 
 1794 
 
 1797 
 
 1798 
 
 John Francis Mercer, 1801 
 
 Robert Bowie, 1803 
 
 Robert Wright, 1806 
 
 Edward Lloyd, 1809 
 
 Robert Bowie, 1811 
 
 Levin Winder, [ton, 1812 
 
 Charles Ridgely,of Hamp- 1815 
 Charles Goldsborough, 1818 
 
 Samuel Sprigg, 1819 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 69 
 
 and a flotilla of gailies and small vessels were provided. Among 
 other gentlemen who entered the continental army from this 
 state were Messrs. Uriah Forrest and Benjamin Ford, of St. 
 Mary’s county, James Wilkinson of Calvert, Philip Steuart 
 and John H. Stone of Charles, Mordecai Gist, Samuel Smith, 
 John E. Howard and Nicholas Rogers of Baltimore, Josias Car- 
 vel Hall of Harford, Nathaniel Ramsay of Cecil, Otho H. Wil- 
 liams of Washington, William Richardson and Peter Adams of 
 Caroline, James Hindman of Talbot, John Gunby and Levin 
 Winder of Somerset, Moses Rawlings and Patrick Sim of Anne 
 Arundel, Edward Tillard, Thomas Woolford and Ludwick 
 Weltner of Frederick. 
 
 The trade ot the Chesapeake was interrupted very early, 
 and in the course of the year, Lord Howe landed the British 
 army under his brother, sir William, on Elk-neck; from whence 
 they proceeded to Philadelphia, after their success at Brandy- 
 wine. In the same year also, the British army under Burgoyne 
 capitulated at Saratogo to general Gates. Charles Carroll, bar- 
 rister, Solomon W right and John Beale Eordley, esquires, were 
 appointed judges of the general court, and Thomas Jennings, 
 esquire, attorney-general. Thomas Harwood, junior, esquire, 
 was made treasurer of the western-shore, and William Hind- 
 man, esquire, treasurer of the eastern-shore. 
 
 In 1778, the alliance was made with France, and the articles 
 of confederation published by congress, and in 1781 count de 
 Grasse entered the bay; and with the allied troops, general 
 Washington, captured the British army and lord Cornwallis at 
 York. The same year, Maryland having vainly waited for as- 
 surances that the western country would be considered the 
 joint territory of the confederacy, assented to the articles of 
 confederation. Provision being made for a court of appeals, 
 Benjamin Rumsey, Benjamin Mackall, the fourth, Thomas 
 Jones, Solomon Wright, and James Murray, esquires, 'were ap- 
 pointed judges. 
 
 In 1780, the quit rents were abolished as an acknowledge- 
 ment of a seigniory incompatible with the absolute sovereignty 
 of this free and independent state , of which other colonists 
 
70 
 
 SKETCHES OP THE EARLY 
 
 were freed already, as it was said ; and every landed estate be- 
 came allodial instead of feudal, but the equal inheritance of all 
 children of intestates was not determined against the heir at 
 law , until six years after. In the meantime, all British proper- 
 ty was confiscated ; the proprietary’s manors and reserved lands 
 fell to the state of course, and a treble tax was imposed on non- 
 jurors to redeem the black and red money, by which the other 
 was drawn out of circulation at various rates of depreciation and 
 in succession. 
 
 There was however a surplus received, the interest, of which, 
 added to the receipts from duties before the federal constitution 
 was adopted, licences and fines, defrayed the public expendi- 
 tures of the state, and general assessments of supplies ceased in 
 1785; that is, before the monies borrowed of Messrs Vanstaphorst, 
 of Amsterdam, had been repaid ; being, we believe, half a mil- 
 lion, for the loan was payable in tobacco, and cost by the rise 
 of that article after the peace, as much or more in damages as 
 was first borrowed; or the recovery of the British bank stock, 
 which amounted to six hnndred and fifty thousand dollars.! 
 
 The claims which Mr. Harford came to urge in person after 
 the war, amounting, for the quit rents at twenty-five years pur- 
 chase, to six hundred and ninety-one thousand, nine hundred 
 
 t In 1816 exports of domestic produce from the state of Ma- 
 ryland according to the official returns published, 
 
 amounted to - Sd, 834,490 
 
 and foreign products to - - 2,504,277 
 
 making together - , - 7,338,767 
 
 The registered tonnage of vessels employed in foreign trade 
 was - - - - - 83,123 tons, 
 
 enrolled in the coasting trade - 64,161 
 
 licenced vessels in the same trade 8,777 
 
 making together 156,061 tons. 
 
 and the revenue on customs received by the United States from 
 the State of Maryland, exclusive of drawbacks and ex- 
 pences of collection, amonted to 2,771,910 dollars. 
 
 In 1798, George Town, with about fifty square miles, having 
 been ceeded to the United States in 1791, there were as- 
 sessed in Maryland, five million, four hundred and forty- 
 
HISTORY of MARYLAND* 
 
 7i 
 
 and sixty-five dollars, and sixty-seven cents ; and for lands, to 
 eight hundred and seventy-three thousand, one hundred and 
 seventy-six dolls, were rejected, but he has received with other 
 loyalists a considerable indemnity from the British government 
 as did Mrs. Browning and Mrs. Eden, a lesser sum between 
 them, and about the sum of ten thousand pounds sterling was 
 also obtained by Mr. Harford out of the state’s stock then in 
 England. 
 
 Having by the peace of 1783 secured their own indepen- 
 dence, congress setting at Annapolis, received the resignation of 
 general Washington, and our legislature immediately prohibited 
 the introduction of slaves altogether, and declared the persons 
 and property of free blacks within the guardianship of the laws 
 of tha state, and soon after abolished the claims of the eldest 
 
 four thousand, two hundred and seventy-two acres of land, 
 
 amount 21,634,004 dollars 
 
 16,932 houses amount to - 10,738,286 
 
 32,372,290 dollars. 
 
 and in 1814, the lands and improvements, 
 
 were valued at 106,490,638 dollars 
 
 and the slaves at - - - 16,086,934 
 
 122,577,572 dollars. 
 
 Upon which there were received in 1816, $ 149,099 
 And by other internal taxes, - - 349,847 
 
 The state’s capital stock, as stated to the legislature in 1820, of 
 which there was in the U. States’ 
 stock six per cent. - $133,717 83 
 
 United States’ three per cent. - 335,104 74 
 
 Stock in the Potowmack Company 120,444 44 
 Loan to Do. 30,000 00 
 
 Stock indifferent banks of the state 516,100 00 
 Do. Frederick & York Turnpike Co. 15,000 00 
 Do. Union Manufacturing Company 10,000 00 
 Debts due by individuals, 
 loans to schools, &c. - - 67,766 12 
 
 amounted to $1,223,133 13j; 
 
 X This stun is stated according to the votes and proceedings, 
 though apparently short jive thousand dollars. 
 
SKETCHES OF THE EARLY 
 
 72 
 
 sons anti divided estates equally among children of intestates, 
 extended the privileges and income of the colieges at Annapo- 
 lis and Chester united for a university, which they held uutil 
 1805. Lands in Ylleghauy county were given the soldiers and 
 the land office was again opened for the sale of the vacancies at 
 from two shillings to ten shillings per acre. Companies were 
 incorporated to open and improve the navigation of the Patow- 
 mack and Susquehanna rivers ; the jurisdiction of the former, 
 the bay and Pocomoke rivers being adjusted on equal and just 
 
 The capital was stated in 1801, to amount to one million, one 
 hundred and thirty -six thousand. If the three per cents, 
 were sold at the rate now current, it would appear that 
 there has been little increase or diminution of capital since 
 that time. 
 
 From the statement of the last and present years it appears that 
 the annual expences of about one hundred and eighty 
 
 pensioners, are - 18,000 dollars 
 
 Donations to colleges - 12,000 
 
 Penitentiary charges - 10,000 
 
 Legislature one session - - 85,000 
 
 Judges salaries - 32,400 
 
 Governor, Chancellor, & other officers 12,600 
 
 Total 120,000 dollars. 
 
 That the interest from U.State3’ stock is 1 8,000 
 Fines and licences, retailers, pedlars, 
 
 marriages, &c. - 35,000 
 
 Dividands of banks and roads - 26,000 
 
 Sales of land, interest on debts, &c. 21,000 
 
 Total 100,000 dollars. 
 
 Leaving an annual deficit of about 20,000 dollars* 
 
 and the sum of six hundred and fifty thousand dolls, received 
 for the states’ stock in England in 1805, principally advanced 
 on account of the United States in the late war, but returned 
 for the most part, is absorbed. At the same time the half pay of J 
 the revolutionary soldiers has been increased in number of pen- 
 sioners and the dividends on bank stock has fallen. ; still the 
 only material consideration is, whether the investments have 
 been made in such institutions as are best calculated to advance 
 the interest of the state by the advancement of the peoples means 
 of prosperity and happiness. 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 rs 
 
 terms with Virginia, by Messrs. Jenifer, Stone and S. Chase, on 
 the part of Maryland. 
 
 Loans had been obtained abroad by the State, as mentioned 
 before, and by the United States, during the war; and with the 
 latter, Mr. Robert Morris was enabled to establish a Bank, and 
 provide for the most urgent expenses, after the fall of the pa- 
 per money. A continental debt of about sixty millions, requir- 
 ed at that time, great exertions even to pay the interest, and 
 while the importations from England were excessive, the citi- 
 zens were excluded from some of her dominions, and had not 
 shipping to be the carriers of all their own saleable products 
 any where. 
 
 Some of the States again resorted to papef money, but Mary- 
 land, by the perseverance of the smallest branch of the Legis- 
 lature, refrained from a system which had been so injurious to 
 many. Though in 1776 and 1777, indispensible, it was other- 
 wise now, in a state of peace and independence. The money 
 created must have been loaned out at some risk, or lavished in 
 expenses, and a people who are debtors or creditors of their 
 government, are not the most likely to maintain its principles. 
 So also, they who pay no taxes, or think they have nothing to 
 pay, are too apt to suffer all other matters of government, to be- 
 come a sport or jest, and be in danger of losing their best pri- 
 vileges by their indifference. By the federal constitution, the 
 power of emitting bills of credit was taken away from the State 
 i governments, but they may still raise money by loans or taxes; 
 and any government is limited in other respects, to little purpose 
 perhaps, which can borrow money or lay contributions for all 
 sums, by all modes, and give and t^ke bounties at its own discre- 
 tion. For as to debts contracted by loans or otherwise, too 
 many do not think of the contracts until they must be paid, and 
 few prefer future to present advantage; with a little art, old 
 debts are paid by new loans, until the amount has accumulated 
 to such a degree that it is esteemed madness to talk of redemp- 
 tion; and, as to taxes, there is a paradox of which governments 
 that are popular especially, will be tempted to avail themselves; 
 they will lay the contribution upon articles which pass through 
 
 10 
 
74 
 
 SKETCHES OE TflE E A 114.1 
 
 many hands between the maker and the consumer, by which the 
 tax has as many advocates as contributors; each one retains not 
 only that portion which was first bonded for, but a premium for 
 himself; vainly will they tax luxuries; they that buy or consume 
 them, are they who fix the price of labour, because the means 
 are universal, and the people may be ground down to poverty 
 almost without knowing the art or the artist; and here is the 
 paradox, that which is least burthensome is the most offensive, 
 whilst that which extracts the most from the hands of labour is 
 least opposed. 
 
 Maryland and some other States laid taxes and duties for the 
 payment of continental debts and the support of the confedera- 
 tion. A tender made of power to levy a duty of five per cent, 
 on all imports, and offers to agree to a general act of navigation 
 by this State, were not accepted by Congress for want of the 
 assent of others, and a deficiency was constantly experienced. 
 
 This, with the individual embarrassments of the people, pro- 
 duced the convention which first met at Annapolis in 1786, and 
 in Philadelphia in 1787, when the present Constitution of the 
 United States wa3 formed; Maryland being represented by 
 Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, James McHenry, Danl. Carroll, 
 of Dudington, and Luther Martin, Esquires. 
 
 The Constitution by them proposed, was adopted very soon, 
 and almost unanimously by the people of this State, and went 
 into operation in 1789 underthe presidency of Gen. Washington. 
 
 The form of this government is not unlike that of Maryland 
 and other State governments. Its powers are expressly limited, 
 “to provide for the common defence and general welfare of the 
 United States,” by enumerated grants, which include the regu- 
 lation of foreign intercourse, commerce and navigation, making 
 war or peace, treaties of alliance or commerce, establishing and 
 maintaining armies and navies, naturalization and bankrupt 
 laws, coining money, transportation of letters, granting patents, 
 courts of justice, systems of revenue, &c. Each State is re- 
 presented by two senators, and representatives of the people ac- 
 cording to their numbers; Maryland having at this time nine, and 
 cho-oses eleven electors of President and Vice-President, all at 
 
HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 75 
 
 different intervals of time. It is an efficient if not energetic form 
 of government, and has been a basis for new modeling several 
 State governments, though it can never, like they sometimes had, 
 become by fair means , a depositary of the whole sovereignty of 
 
 the people. 
 
 In the life of Washington, as written by Judge Marshall, may 
 be seen the history of the opposition to the internal taxes laid 
 by Congress; for which Maryland sent troops to the westward; 
 and to the neutral attitude assumed by the government in 1793. 
 
 Thence arose the division of the citizens into two political 
 parties, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Amity with Eng- 
 land in 1794, and the hostilities against the French in 1798. 
 
 In other books or treatises will be seen the extraordinary in- 
 crease of our wealth and population, notwithstanding the ob- 
 structions to which this nation was exposed since the close of 
 the last century, by the continued revolutions in Europe, and 
 the wars which they caused; difficulties which continued under 
 the successors of Washington, until in 1807, all foreign trade 
 was suspended above a year, by acts of Congress, and in 1812, 
 the United States were forced from their wonted neutrality, and 
 plunged into another war with Great Britain. 
 
 The effects of this war upon the State of Maryland, are toft 
 recent to be forgotten. The British landed on Patuxent in 1814, 
 and captured the seat of the general government, but failed in 
 an attempt upon Baltimore soon after. 
 
 Though the treaty which restored peace to us, was silent on the 
 major as well as the minor objects of the war, and though we 
 had incurred a debt as much greater than that of the former war, 
 as the means of the country were then less than at the present 
 period, the United State3 were relieved by the general cessation 
 of hostilities, from the practical evils of disputed principles as- 
 sumed by the belligerents in relation to neutrals; and, early re- 
 verses having changed the scene of action more favourably to our 
 arms on land, the close of it was accompanied by achievements 
 there, equal to those which had been effected at sea, and a confi- 
 dence in the national prowess arose becoming a people arrived 
 at maturity. 
 
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Errata , 
 
 FOR THE ANNALS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Line for 
 
 read 
 
 4, 
 
 20, 
 
 County last. 
 
 first County. 
 
 5, 
 
 16, 
 
 only 4s. 
 
 only 2s. then 4s. 
 
 13, 
 
 3, 
 
 extensively, 
 
 exclusively. 
 
 21, 
 
 4, 
 
 yet living, 
 
 yet (1824) living. 
 
 1 , 
 
 part of. 
 
 including. 
 10 L. 
 
 33, 
 
 3, 
 
 19 L, 
 
 35, 
 
 13, 
 
 North, 
 
 West. 
 
 41, 
 
 28, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Monument. 
 
 (C 
 
 29, 
 
 dele streets. 
 
 
 43, 
 
 20, 
 
 Barre, 
 
 Pratt, (Earl of 
 
 
 
 
 Camden) 
 
 50, 
 
 7, 
 
 Front, 
 
 F rench. 
 
 54, 
 
 29, 
 
 Mogan, 
 
 Morgan, 
 and nearly lost. 
 
 66, 
 
 28, 
 
 and lost, 
 
 69, 
 
 2, 
 
 of 146, 
 
 146 of. 
 
 85, 
 
 24, 
 
 Loupon, 
 
 London. 
 
 88, 
 
 31, 
 
 Hugon, 
 
 Hugo. 
 
 136, 
 
 9, 
 
 declining, 
 
 dying. 
 
 .147, 
 
 12, 
 
 referred the citizens, was 
 
 
 
 
 equivalent. 
 
 . « 
 
 29, 
 
 choir. 
 
 chime. 
 
 148, 
 
 14, 
 
 4,807, 
 
 48,007. 
 
 161, 
 
 20, 
 
 Gerey, 
 
 Gerry, 
 
 165, 
 
 30, 
 
 large, 
 
 larger. 
 
 173, 
 
 12, 
 
 depreciated. 
 
 deprecated. 
 
 175, 
 
 19, 
 
 now, 
 
 new. 
 
 183, 
 
 20, 
 
 customary. 
 
 customers; 
 
 184, 
 
 19, 
 
 successively, 
 
 in this church. 
 
 193, 
 
 5, 
 
 Cloppe’s, 
 
 Clopper’s. 
 
 cc 
 
 10, 
 
 are. 
 
 all their width. 
 
 196, 
 
 3. 
 
 slaves. 
 
 coloured persons. 
 
 300, 
 
 22, 
 
 meetings, 
 
 writings. 
 
 201, 
 
 29, 
 
 citizens, 
 
 the writer drafts a 
 
 313, 
 
 8, 
 
 Armstrong, 
 
 Armistead. 
 
 221, 
 
 11, 
 
 1799, 
 
 • 1779. 
 
 226, 
 
 262, 
 
 top 
 
 24, 
 
 of page, for 1816 
 Nathaniel, 
 
 , read 1817. 
 
 Martin. 
 
 265, 
 
 « 
 
 Nathan. 
 
 « 
 
 19, 
 
 James Brackenridge, John 
 
 
 
 
 Breckenridge. 
 
 288, 
 
 24, 
 
 them, 
 
 the Rivers. 
 
 389, 
 
 93, 
 
 1817, 1819, 
 
 1817 to 1819. 
 
 Errata , 
 
 FOR THE SKETCHES, 
 
 Page 
 
 Line 
 
 for 
 
 read 
 
 10, 
 
 12, 
 
 1738, 
 
 1638. 
 
 11, 
 
 33, 
 
 1346, 
 
 1646, 
 
 14, 
 
 1 , 
 
 were, 
 
 was, 
 
 17, 
 
 3 
 
 Nicholls, 
 
 Sedgwick. 
 
 ft 
 
 27, 
 
 Thurlor, 
 
 Thurloe. 
 
 22, 
 
 18, 
 
 1763, 
 
 1663. 
 
 « 
 
 21, 
 
 1759, 
 
 1659. 
 
 te 
 
 24, 
 
 1664, 
 
 1663. 
 
 24, 
 
 9, 
 
 had, 
 
 has since. 
 
 25, 
 
 4, 
 
 1771, 
 
 1671. 
 
 37, 
 
 23, 
 
 Protestant, 
 
 Royal. 
 
 38, 
 
 24, 
 
 inalienable, 
 
 concomitant. 
 
 58, 
 
 9, 
 
 1664, 
 
 1764. 
 
 60, 
 
 28, 
 
 Pi— 7*ey, 
 
 Pinkpey. 
 
 74, 
 
 22, 
 
 Dudihgton, 
 
 Rock run. 
 

 *** ♦ 
 
 nt 
 
 
 
 i J' ' 
 
 au'Mtfi 
 
 - . ■. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 » 
 
 . 
 
 
 

 
ANNALS 
 
 OF 
 
 3 
 
 BY THOMAS W. GRIFFITH. 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1833, by Thomas W. Griffith 
 Clerk’s office of the District Court of Maryland. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 
 TRUSTED BY WILLIAM WOODDY, 
 
 .Vo. 6 / S. Calvert street. 
 

 The inhabitants of Maryland, much attached to 
 the proprietary Government, had violently opposed the 
 establishment of Cromwells’ usurpation amongst them, 
 so that Cecilius, lord Baltimore, anticipated a retroces- 
 sion of the Government of the province, and furnished 
 Capt. Josias Fendallwitha commission to receive and 
 govern it in 1657. 
 
 This gentleman had been very active in the civil com- 
 motions of the Country, and formed a party, which, af- 
 ter they had got the province the next year, assumed 
 the government of it, and he accepted a new commis- 
 sion from them, independent of the proprietary, the 
 year after. 
 
 The Governor v then exerted his authority by send- 
 ing Col. Nathaniel Utie, who had been instrumental 
 to his elevation and was made one of his Council, to 
 warn the Dutch from New Castle, which being within 
 the 40th. deg. of N. Lat. was part of the territory of 
 Maryland granted to lord Baltimore ; and the same 
 year, that is in 1659, issued patents for lands in Baltir 
 I more County* which he then erected, to Col. Utie and 
 I others. 
 
4 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1660. 
 
 Upon the restoration of Charles the 2nd. Philip Cal- 
 vert Esq. who had acted as Secretary of the province 
 for some time, was appointed by his Brother, justly of- 
 fended with Fendalls’ treachery, to the office of Gover- 
 nor, and on the 20th July 1661, captain Thomas How- 
 ell, captain Thomas Stockett and Messrs. Thomas Pow- 
 ell, Henry Stockett and John Taylor, stiled commis- 
 sioners of the county, held a court at the house of 
 captain Howell, the presiding commissioner, Mr. John 
 Collett being their clerk. 
 
 Thus it appears from the records of the County, al- 
 though it is said in Mr. Bacon’s collection, that an act 
 passed in 1663, “for seating of lands in Baltimore 
 county,” was rejected by the proprietary. 
 
 All the navigable rivers emptying into the Chesa- 
 peake bay had been fully explored, and trade establish- 
 ed with all the natives of the country, who remain- 
 ed on their shores, yet all the settlements , were within, 
 the six counties of St Marys, Kent, Talbot, Calvert, 
 Charles and Anne Arundel ; — As the county last in- 
 cluded all the western shore, until the creation of 
 others, so Baltimore county maybe considered at first, con- 
 taining all the lands within the province, north of Anne 
 Arundel, on the west of the bay, including even Cecil 
 beyond Elkriver. — The lines of Anne Arundel in 1698, 
 w r ere the high lands north of Magothy to Patuxent ri- 
 ver, and Baltimore was bounded westward by that or 
 Charles county, until Prince George’s was laid off. 
 then including Frederick, &c. ill 1695. 
 
1662. ] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 5 
 
 There is an inventory of tbe Estate of Mr. Abra- 
 ham Haldman on the records of the orphan’s court, taken, 
 1666, by Messrs. William Hollis and Joseph Fallen, 
 deputed by the Governor, as commissary General, for 
 these courts were not established until after the Inde - 
 pendence. 
 
 It appears that in 1662, the year after the first* 
 county Court was held, contracts were made for To- 
 bacco deliverable at JVorth Point; that Mr. Abraham 
 Clarke, a shipwright, was amongst the first settlers 
 on the north side Patapsco river, and that Mr. Charles 
 Gorsuch, of the Society of Friends or Quakers, took 
 up and patented 50 acres of land on Whetstone Point; 
 it being the practice wdiile there were few competi- 
 tors, to take up but little waste land, though the pur- 
 chase money was only 4s. the quit rent 4 s. per annum, 
 and alienation 4s. sterling per 100 acres, payable in 
 Specie, Tobacco or other products. 
 
 The next land taken up w hich lies within the pre- 
 sent limits of the City, was the glade or bottom, on 
 each side of the run now called Hartford run, in 
 
 1663, by Mr. Alexander Mountenay, for 200 acres, and 
 called Mountenay’s neck. 
 
 In 1668 Timber neck, laying between the heads of 
 the middle and north branches of Patapsco, was patent- 
 ed for Mr. John Howard, and in the same year, that tract 
 north of it, upon which the first town of Baltimore w^ay 
 laid out, was granted to Mr. Thomas Cole, for 550 acres, 
 ooiiori Cole's Harbour . — This ri or | from 
 
6 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [ 1668 . 
 
 Mountenay’s land, westerly, across the north side of 
 the river, one mile, and northwardly from the river, 
 about half a mile, but in the form of a rhomboid, di- 
 vided into two nearly equal parts by the stream after- 
 wards called Jane's Falls . Copus’s Harbour, Long Is- 
 land point, Kemps’ addition and Parkers’ Haven on 
 the east, Lunns’ lot and Chatsworth on the west, on 
 the south David’s fancy, and on the north Salisbury 
 plains, Darley Hall and Gallow barrow, were patented 
 for different persons at later periods, and have been add- 
 ed to the town, with other tracts since. 
 
 It seems that Mr. Cole left an only daughter, who 
 became the wife of Mr. Charles Gorsuch, and they sold 
 and conveyed separately , in 1679 and 1682, the tract 
 called Cole’s Harbour, to Mr. David Jones, who gave 
 his name to the stream, and therefore believed to be the 
 first actual settler, having his residence on the north 
 side of it near the head of tide water, and where the 
 stream was crossed without a bridge, by the great eas- 
 tern road ; this, passing down a drain or gully north west 
 of the Parish Church Lot, from the southwest, after cros- 
 sing turned north easterly, in the direction of what is 
 now called French Street. Cole’s Harbour came into 
 the possession of Mr. James Todd, who was the step- 
 son of Jones, and also the whole or part of Mounte- 
 nay’s neck, having intermarried with the owner’s daugh- 
 ter, as is supposed. Mr. Todd resurveyed the first Tract 
 and procured a new patent for it, by the name of Todd’s 
 range, in 1696, for 510 acres; and in 1702, Todd 
 and wife, jointly conveyed 135£ acres of Mounte- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 7 
 
 1702.] 
 
 nay’s neck, and 164£ acres of Cole’s Harbour to Mr. 
 John Hurst, who was an Inn-keeper and kept an Inn 
 at or near Jones’s, and the remainder of the latter tract, 
 to Charles Carroll, Esq. agent of the proprietary. 
 
 Immediately after his purchase Mr. Hurst mortga- 
 ged his 300 acres, of the two tracts, to Capt. Richard 
 Colegate, one of the County Commissioners, who lived 
 on a creek bearing his name, below the north branch 
 of Patapsco. 
 
 In 1711, Mr. Carroll sold 31 acres of his part of 
 Cole’s Harbour, with a mill seat, to Mr. Jonathan Han- 
 son, millwright, who erected the mill of which the re- 
 mains are yet standing near the north west intersection 
 of Holliday and Bath Streets. 
 
 In 1726 Mr. Edward Fell, a merchant from Lancas- 
 shire of the Society of Friends, who had settled on 
 the east side of the Falls, took an escheat warrant and 
 employed Mr. Richard Gist to survey Cole’s Harbour 
 or Todd’s Range, and the next year purchased the 
 right to it of John Gorsuch, son of Charles; but the 
 sons of Mr. Carroll, then lately deceased, entered a 
 Caveat, and prevented a new grant. 
 
 Within a few years past, that is, above 100 years af- 
 ter the new patent had been granted Mr. Todd, a very 
 respectable young gentleman of the family of Mr. Jones, 
 came from England to inquire for his ancestors’ Land, 
 but on learning the above circumstances, gave up all 
 further pursuit. 
 
8 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1726- 
 
 By Mr. Gist’s return of the survey, it appears the 
 then improvements consisted, besides the mill, in two 
 dwellings, Tobacco houses, Orchards, &c. The land 
 being about one half cleared and midling in quality; 
 and on vacancies added, another dwelling, Tobacco 
 houses, &,c. 
 
 In 1682, John Boring Esq. is presiding Justice of 
 the County Court, Thomas Hedge, Esq. Clerk of the 
 County. When in 1692, the seat of Government was 
 moved from St. Mary’s to Annapolis, and the Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church was established in Maryland, in 
 consequence of the Revolution in England, and the gov- 
 ernment of Maryland had been assumed by the crown, 
 Baltimore County w r as, like the rest, divided into parish- 
 es; all Christian sects being equally privileged until 
 then. St. Paul’s, St. Andrew’s, St. George’s and St. 
 John’s were the first and only parishes in this County 
 for a long time. There were not Clergymen in the 
 Country to supply all the parishes erected, so that cer- 
 tain fees were appointed besides usual compensations 
 in Tobacco per poll, and magistrates were prohibited 
 from performing marriage rites, to encourage ministers 
 to emigrate, as was expressly stated. 
 
 It is probable that the first Church in this parish arid 
 perhaps in the County, was in Patapsco neck on or ad- 
 joining Mr. Partridge’s land, near Bear Creek, though 
 it is certain, Friends or Quakers, had meetings at Mr. 
 John Giles’ w T ho was one of them, and, as early as 1 720, 
 purchased Upton court, being the land on Whetstone 
 point, and between, the Town and Ferry branch and 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 9 
 
 1692.] 
 
 perhaps meeting houses near where the town now is. 
 So early as 1676, Mr. Jeremiah Eaton devised 500 
 acres of land for the first protestant minister settled in 
 the county, which was in 1719, confirmed to the rector 
 of St. John’s parish, in which the land was situated, 
 and his successors. The grant w T as of more value, as 
 in the same year, Charles lord Baltimore succeeding 
 his father Cecilius, suspended the grants upon condition 
 of emigration , and soon after fixed the price or consid- 
 eration money at 200 lb. Tobacco per 100 acres. It is 
 known that there were three or four Protestant Episco- 
 pal Churches in the province at the time Mr. E aton 
 made the above donation and it is probable the people 
 of that society assembled to worship in Patapsco neck, 
 long before they had parishes created. 
 
 In 1693 George Ashman Esq. was presiding Justice 
 of the county court and in 1698 Henry Wriothesly 
 Esq. was county clerk. In the year 1695 Prince 
 George’s county was taken from the north west side of 
 Charles and Anne Arundel, and became the limit of 
 Baltimore, until in 1748, Frederick county was taken 
 from the north west side of Prince George’s. 
 
 In 1705 Aquilla Paca Esq. was sheriff of Baltimore 
 county, and in 1706 he was succeeded by Francis Dal- 
 ahide Esq. in 1708 colonel James Maxwell was presi- 
 ding Justice of the county court, and so continued a- 
 bout twenty years, during which period the sheriffs’ 
 office was filled, three years each, by Messrs. James 
 j Presbury, appointed in 1710; John Dorsey 1713; John 
 
 2 
 
10 AKNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1715.. 
 
 Stokes 1716; Edward Hall 1710; Francis Holland 
 1722 and William Smith 1725. 
 
 No effects of the great Revolution in England which 
 placed the prince of Orange on the throne, are discover- 
 ed here, except those relating to the church establish- 
 ment. It must be admitted that the colonial system was 
 rather invigorated than otherwise, but moderated by 
 Queen Anne ; in whose reign the rate of money of ac- 
 count was fixed at 133 ±1. for 100Z. sterling; the pre- 
 sent rate of interest established, and a general post for 
 letters ; nor Was the restoration of the government of 
 the province to the proprietary by George 1 in 1715, , 
 signalised by any particular event in this county; 
 though there are several important regulations enacted i 
 at that period which are still in force. 
 
 In 1723 the Rev. Mr. William Tibbs, colonel John 
 Dorsey, Messrs. John Isreal, William Hamilton, Thos. 
 Tolley, John Stokes and Thomas Sheridine, were ap- 
 pointed visiters of the county school, for which duties j 
 were laid by the legislature as for free schools in the 
 other counties some years before. Mr. Tolley sold a 
 tract for the purpose, of 100 acres at 10s. per acre, 
 being less than the value and perhaps a nominal con-j 
 sideration, on the south side of Gunpowder and near 
 the county town, where the free school w r as kept until 
 a short time before the Revolution, and for which trus- 
 tees have been lately appointed by Act of Assembly. 
 
 In 1726, the bounds of Anne Arundel and Baltimore 
 counties were fixed on the south shore of the Patapscoy 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 11 
 
 1726.] 
 
 and with the south fork of the Falls, thence to Snow- 
 den’s branch of the Patuxent, and as far as the lines of the 
 former county, and two years after the south bounds of 
 St. Paul’s Parish were fixed at the same rivers, at 
 which time the Rev. Mr. Joseph Hooper was the rector, 
 and perhaps the first settled minister of the Parish. 
 
 The establishment of Ports, Towns, &c. was among 
 the instructions first given to the Governor, pursuant 
 to the Charter, but Charles lord Baltimore, was leaving 
 the Province to contend with the crown for a share in 
 the government of Maryland, which he finally lost, as 
 already noticed. 
 
 In 1683, several towns or ports of trade were crei 
 ated by act of Assembly , and in this county, one on 
 Patapsco near Humphrey’s Creek, and another on 
 Bush River, on the toicn land near the Court House. 
 The next year another town was laid out on middle riv- 
 er, and two years after a town Avas also laid out on 
 Spesutie Creek, and another on GunpoAvder at West- 
 bury’s point, but that on Middle river was suspended. 
 
 In 1706, Whetstone point Avas made a toAAn; the 
 next year another place on Gunpowder called Taylor’s 
 choice, Avas made a toAvn, and the town where the old 
 Court House Avas, being discontinued , a new Court 
 House is directed to be built there. Queen Anne re- 
 jecting the latter acts and the former being generally 
 repealed, with others approved by lord Baltimore before 
 William and Mary assumed the government of the pro- 
 vince for the croA\ T n in 1689, it became necessary to coh- 
 
8 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1726' 
 
 By Mr. Gist’s return of the survey, it appears the 
 then improvements consisted, besides the mill, in two 
 dwellings, Tobacco houses, Orchards, &c. The land 
 being about one half cleared and inidling in quality; 
 and on vacancies added, another dwelling, Tobacco 
 houses, &c. 
 
 In 1682, John Boring Esq. is presiding Justice' of 
 the County Court, Thomas Hedge, Esq. Clerk of the 
 County. When in 1692, the seat of Government was 
 moved from St. Mary’s to Annapolis, and the Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church was established in Maryland, in 
 consequence of the Revolution in England, and the gov- 
 ernment of Maryland had been assumed by the crown, 
 Baltimore County was, like the rest, divided into parish- 
 es; all Christian sects being equally privileged until 
 then. St. Paul’s, St. Andrew’s, St. George’s and St. 
 John’s were the first and only parishes in this County 
 for a long time. There were not Clergymen in the 
 Country to supply all the parishes erected, so that cer- 
 tain fees were appointed besides usual compensations 
 in Tobacco per poll, and magistrates were prohibited 
 from performing marriage rites, to encourage ministers 
 to emigrate, as was expressly stated. 
 
 It is probable that the first Church in this parish arid 
 perhaps in the County, was in Patapsco neck on or ad- 
 joining Mr. Partridge’s land, near Bear Creek, though 
 it is certain, Friends or Quakers, had meetings at Mr. 
 John Giles’ who was one of them, and, as early as 1720, 
 purchased Upton court, being the land on Whetstone 
 point, and between the Town and Ferry branch and 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 9 
 
 1692 .] 
 
 perhaps meeting houses near where the town now is. 
 So early as 1676, Mr. Jeremiah Eaton devised 500 
 acres of land for the first protestant minister settled in 
 the county, which was in 171 9, confirmed to the rector 
 of St. John’s parish, in which the land was situated, 
 and his successors. The grant w T as of more value, as 
 in the same year, Charles lord Baltimore succeeding 
 his father Cecilius, suspended the grants upon condition 
 of emigration , and soon after fixed the price or consid- 
 eration money at 200 lb. Tobacco per 100 acres. It is 
 known that there were three or four Protestant Episco- 
 pal Churches in the province at the time Mr. E aton 
 made the above donation and it is probable the people 
 of that society assembled to worship in Patapsco neck, 
 long before they had parishes created. 
 
 In 1693 George Ashman Esq. was presiding Justice 
 of the county court and in 1698 Henry Wriothesly 
 Esq. w r as county clerk. In the year 1695 Prince 
 George’s county was taken from the north west side of 
 Charles and Anne Arundel, and became the limit of 
 Baltimore, until in 1748, Frederick county was taken 
 from the north west side of Prince George’s. 
 
 In 1705 Aquilla Paca Esq. was sheriff of Baltimore 
 county, and in 1706 he was succeeded by Francis Dal- 
 ahide Esq. in 1708 colonel James Maxwell was presi 
 ding Justice of the county court, and so continued a- 
 bout tvrenty years, during which period the sheriffs’ 
 office was filled, three years each, by Messrs. James 
 Prcsbury, appointed in 1710; John Dorsey 1713; John 
 
 2 
 
14 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 [1729. 
 
 it were so, the preference given to his grounds, over 
 those on which the town was placed, would shew a 
 want of judgment in those who applied to him, which 
 might have been more fatal to us their decendants, than 
 his refusal was to his heirs. Unless a seaport is actu- 
 ally upon, or very near the seaboard, the head of naviga- 
 ble water must be preferred to the side of a river, and still 
 more to a point on that river, other circumstances being 
 equal ; for, the advantages of direct intercourse with the 
 sea can only be compensated by additional intercourse 
 with the land, as respects trade and commerce; whilst in 
 respect to defence from foreign enemies, approaching by 
 water, at least, the means are so much greater in pro- 
 portion as a part, the branch, is less than the whole river. 
 
 The head of the north west branch being then select- 
 ed, a petition was prepared for the Assembly by some 
 of the county commissioners, or justices, and others, 
 and, agreeably to their prayer, an act was passed in 
 1729, entitled, “an act for erecting a town on the 
 
 NORTH SIDE OF PATAPSCO, IN BALTIMORE COUNTY, AND 
 FOR LAYING OUT INTO LOTS, CO ACRES OF LAND IN AND 
 ABOUT THE PLACE WHERE ONE JOHN FLEMMING NOW 
 
 lives.” — Flemming -was a tenant of Mr. Carroll, and 
 resided in a house, then usually called a Quarter , 
 standing on the north bank of Ukler’s run, and near 
 general Strieker’s house, Charles street. By this act, 
 which was similar to that in 1683 and other town acts., 
 Baltimore was to be a privileged place of landing, load- 
 ing and selling or exchanging goods. Major Thomas 
 Tolley. Wm. Hamilton, Esq. Wm. Buckner, Esq. doc- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 15 
 
 1729] 
 
 tor George Walker, Richard Gist, Esq. doctor George 
 Buchanan and colonel Wm. Hammond were appointed 
 commissioners. They were all justices of the county, 
 except doctor Walker, and as such, generally deputy 
 commissaries ; Some of them were delegates before or 
 after. Mr. Gist, then deputy surveyor of the Western 
 Shore, was the son and heir of Mr. Christopher Gist, or 
 Guest, as in some records, who had settled on the 
 south side of Patapsco as early as 1682, and died be- 
 fore the river became the bounds of the county ; Doc- 
 tor Buchanan, who came from Scotland, purchased 
 lands and practised medicine in the county, from the 
 year 1723; Colonel Hammond was probably the son of 
 Mr. John Hammond, w ho settled on the north side of 
 Patapsco, upon lands for which he paid 40s. sterling 
 per acre, as early as 1695; Mr. Hamilton purchased 
 lands in the county, as appears by the records, in 1710 ; 
 Doctor W^alker w ith a brother James, had practised 
 medicine in Anne Arundel county some years, but came 
 to reside in this county about the year 1715, and was the 
 proprietor of that well known seat and tract of land, on 
 the west side of the town, called Chatsw r orth, and Mr. 
 Buckner had not apparently been long settled in the 
 country, but in 1 726 became purchaser of several tracts 
 of land in Patapsco neck. 
 
 These commissioners were appointed for life, since 
 they w r ere authorised to fill their own vacancies; appoin- 
 ting their ow r n clerk, and were directed to purchase by 
 agreement or obtain by valuation of a jury, the above 
 mentioned 60 acres of land, being part of Cole's Har- 
 bour or Todd’s range, which they were to lay out in 
 
16 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 [1729. 
 
 the most convenient manner into 60 lots ; to be erected 
 into a Town to be called Baltimore town; which, as 
 well as the name given to the county, was in compli- 
 ment to the proprietary, whose ancestor received his 
 title of Baron from a sea port of that name in the 
 county of Cork in Ireland. The first choice of one 
 lot was reserved by the act for the owner of the land, 
 and none to take up more than one lot during the first 
 four months, nor any but the inhabitants of the county, 
 within six months ; after which, vacant lots might be 
 taken up by any other persons. The takers up of lots 
 to pay the owners of the land, in proportion to their 
 lots. This was to give such persons an absolute estate 
 in fee simple, to such lots, provided they erected there- 
 on within eighteen months, a house that should cover 
 400 square feet; if not so improved any other person 
 might take up and enter upon such lots, paying the 
 commissioners the valuation first set on them, with the 
 same condition of building thereon; but all such lots 
 as were not taken up within seven years, reverted to the 
 owner of the land. The lots of some other towns 
 were to pay the proprietary of the province Id. sterling 
 each per annum ; in this there was a saving of rights 
 only, to secure the quit rent and portion of gold and 
 silver mines for the crown, agreeably to the original 
 charter. 
 
 On the first of December the same year, Messrs. 
 Richard Gist and Wm. Hamilton and Doctors Buchanan 
 and Walker, agreed with Mr. Charles Carroll, acting 
 for himself and brother Daniel, sons of the agent lately 
 deceased, for the 60 acres, to be paid for at 40 shil- 
 lings each, in money or tobacco at Id. per pound 
 
1730] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 17 
 
 On the 12th of January 1730, new stile , assisted by 
 Mr. Philip Jones, the county surveyor , the commis- 
 sioners laid off the Town, commencing at a point neaf 
 the north west intersection of what are now called 
 Pratt and Light streets and running north westerly, 
 along or near Uhler’s alley, towards the great eastern 
 road and a great gully or drain at or near Sharpe 
 street, then across Baltimore street, east of the gully 
 north easterly with the same road, afterwards called 
 the Church road and now McClellan’s alley, to the 
 precipice which overhung the falls, at or near the 
 south west corner of St. Pauls street and St. Pauls lane, 
 then with the bank of that stream, southerly and eas- 
 terly, various courses unto the low grounds ten perches 
 west of Gay street, including the Fish street church 
 lot, then due south along the margin of those low 
 grounds to the bank on the north side of the river, 
 near the south east corner of General Smith’s house, 
 and then by that bank various courses, nearly as Wa- 
 ter street runs, westerly and southerly to the first men- 
 tioned point; making thus by its original bounds, the 
 form of an ancient lyre ; so that the first plan of the 
 new Town of Baltimore, did not resemble the town of 
 the same name in Ireland, which stands on a promon- 
 tory in the sea ; whereas here, the base of the lyre fronts 
 towards the sea and the top points inland. 
 
 Within, our town was divided by Long street , now 
 called Baltimore street, running 1 3 perches from east 
 to west and four perches wide, intersected at right angles 
 by Calvert street, then not named. 56 J perches from 
 
 3 
 
IS 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1730. 
 
 the hill near the falls north, to the river side south, also 
 four perches wide and by Forrest street , after- 
 wards called Charles street, 89^ perches in the same 
 course, and three perches wide. There were also 
 six lanes of the width of one perch, since widened 
 and called East, South, Second, Light, Hanover and 
 Belvidere streets and three lanes of the same width, 
 still called Lovely, St. Paul’s and German lanes. The 
 lots, containing about an acre each and numbered one 
 to sixty, commenced on the north side of Baltimore 
 street and running westward, returned eastward on the 
 south side. 
 
 On the fourteenth and on several of the following 
 days, the office was open for takers up , and it appears 
 that the proprietor, Mr. Carroll, chose number 49, 
 which was the east side of Calvert street next the 
 the river bank; Mr. Gist taking the lot on the opposite 
 side of Calvert street. Other lots were taken by Messrs. 
 Walker, Jones, Jackson, Hammond, Price, Buckner, 
 Sheridine, Powell, Ridgely, Trotten, North, Hewitt, 
 Gorsucli and Harris, all inhabitants of the vicinity. 
 From a very early transfer by Messrs. Jackson and 
 Price to Messrs. Peel and Gordon, of Annapolis, it is 
 probable that the former were mere agents. Some of 
 the others did not improve in time, and their lots w r ere 
 taken by new settlers in succession ; but some lots fell 
 to the original proprietor, not being taken up within 
 seven years. 
 
 From the small quantity of ground originally taken 
 for the town, and from the difficulty of extending the 
 town in any direction, as it was surrounded by hills, 
 
1730.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 19 
 
 water courses or marshes, it is evident that the com- 
 missioners did not anticipate either its present com- 
 merce or population. The expense of extending streets^ 
 jof building bridges and of levelling hills and filling 
 marshes, to which their successors have been subjected, 
 and which, unfortunately, increases that of preserving 
 the harbour as improvements increase and soil is loo- 
 sened, have been obstacles scarcely felt in other Amer- 
 ican cities; but requiring immense capitals of them- 
 selves, against which nothing but the great local advan- 
 tages for internal and external trade would have ena- 
 bled the citizens to contend. The alluvion of the falls, 
 spreading from the shore, from Hartford run to South 
 street, already limited the channel of the river on the 
 north side of it, and formed some Islands which con- 
 tinued to be overflowed by high tides, until the islands 
 and shoals were made fast land as they now are. Cer- 
 tainly the commissioners were not regardless of the 
 navigation, or they would not have located the town by 
 the water, yet the exterior lines no where reached the 
 shore, and one street only, Calvert street, appeared 
 to communicate with it; for between the east end of 
 Baltimore street and the falls, there was a marsh, and 
 on the south, Charles street terminated at Uhlers 
 spring branch, or rather a precipice which stood on the 
 south side of it, as did the north end of Calvert street, 
 at a greater precipice, where indeed other commission- 
 ers closed the street by erecting the Court House, which 
 their successors first arched, fto procure a passage un- 
 der it, and others finally removed altogether. 
 
20 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 [ 1730 , 
 
 The situation relative to other parts of the country 
 however, afforded the most direct communication; the 
 proximity of better soil ; the great security presented by 
 the harbour; the abundance of Stone, Lime, Iron and 
 timber, and the proximity of seats for water works, 
 all contributing to make the first part of the town the 
 centre around which additions have been nearly equal- 
 ly made, affords some proof of the commissioners’ judg- 
 ment and foresight. It is to be noticed also, that the i 
 lots towards the river were all taken within the first 
 three days, and not one of those on Baltimore street 
 except that on the north side, next adjoining the great 
 public road, now McClellan’s alley. 
 
 In the same year, Mr. Wm Fell, ship carpenter and 
 brother of Edward, bought of Mr. Lloyd Harris, the 
 tract on the Point, called Copus’s harbour, and erected 
 the mansion, still standing on Lancaster street, some 
 time after. 
 
 It appears that Roger Mathews, Esq. w r as presiding 
 justice at this time, and Thomas Sheridine, Esq. sheriff, 
 but the latter was succeeded the same year by John Hall, 
 Esq. 
 
 The acts of the ensuing session furnish another 
 evidence of the zeal of the founders of our city. Find- 
 ing the money appropriated by law three years before, 
 for erecting a parish church, w r as not employed, they 
 procured the passage of an act the ensuing session di- 
 recting the vestry to purchase a lot for that purpose, and 
 building the church in the town, to be called St. Paul’s 
 church. Lot No. 1 9 w as selected, being the most elevated 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 21 
 
 1731.] 
 
 ground on the plot, and part of that on which St. Paul’s 
 church now stands; and the Rev. Mr. Joseph Hooper 
 the Rector became a taker up of lots the same year. — 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. Benedict Bourdillon be- 
 fore the church was finished; which was not until about 
 the year 1744. 
 
 Down to the year 1758, we have no knowledge of 
 any other churches or meetings for worship here, but 
 of the established churches and of the Society of 
 Friends, or Quakers, of which latter Society it appears, 
 a very great portion of the first settlers of Baltimore 
 county consisted. It was a short time before the set- 
 tlement of the county that they first arose, and were 
 now persecuted in England; and from the time of the 
 establishment of the Episcopal church in the pro- 
 vince, the right of affirmation and other privileges 
 were extended to them and their meetings; that of 
 worship, they and all other Christian sects enjoyed from 
 the first planting of the province. In this vicinity, there 
 were the families of Gorsuch, Giles, Fell, Hopkins, 
 Mathews, Taylor, and others who were Quakers, for 
 whom the last mentioned gentleman appropriated 
 grounds near the one mile stone on the Hartford road, 
 where they erected a meeting house and worshipped 
 many years. 
 
 The county town of Joppa, being afflicted by small 
 pox, the legislature suspended the sessions of the court 
 part of the year 1731. — A circumstance the more un- 
 fortunate for that place as Baltimore w r as then prepar 
 ing to become its rival. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1732 
 
 )o 
 >*** 
 
 In 1732, a new town of ten acres was laid off into 
 twenty lots, valued at 1 50 pounds of tobacco each, on 
 that part of Cole’s harbor which was first improved, east 
 of the falls, and where Edward Fell kept store; belong- 
 ing, it is said in the return of the jury, to the orphan 
 children of Richard Colegate, and called in some re- 
 cords, Jonas , but afterwards Jones’s town, in com- 
 pliment to one of the former owners of the land; of 
 which major Thomas Sheridine, captain Robert North, 
 and Messrs. Thomas Todd, John Cockey and John 
 Boring were commissioners, who also appointed doctor 
 Walker their clerk. Messrs. Sheridine and Cockey 
 being then county justices. 
 
 Major Sheridine had taken up land in the county as 
 early as 1721 and in 1734, purchased the Kingsbury 
 lands at the head of Back river, where the furnace was 
 afterwards erected, and general Smith built a mill. 
 Captain Robert North, who took the lot No. 10 at the 
 north west corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets, and 
 erected the house on lot No. 2 Jones street, in which 
 Mr. John Gross now resides, upon the laying out of 
 Jones’s town, had visited the Patapsco and carried 
 freights in the ship Content, which he commanded, as 
 early as 1723. Mr. Thomas Todd was the son and 
 heir of captain Thomas Todd, who removed from Vir- 
 ginia and purchased the land at North Point in 1664, 
 which had been first taken up by Messrs. William 
 Batten and Thomas Thomas. Mr. John Cockey pur- 
 chased lands near Patapsco in 1728, the year after his 
 brother Thomas settled in the Limestone Valley, on 
 the York road. Mr. Boring was a merchant, whose 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 23 
 
 173 2 ] 
 
 father had bought several tracts of land on Patapsco 
 neck, as early as 1679. 
 
 This town consisted of three streets, or one street 
 with three courses corresponding with the meanders of 
 the bank of the falls, from a great gully at Pitt street, 
 to the ford at the intersection of the old road where 
 French street commences, and which was afterwards 
 called Front, Short and Jones streets; on the last 
 of which, at the south west corner of Bridge street, 
 as since called, and the only cross street, stood Mr. 
 Fell’s store. In consequence of which, the course of 
 the eastern road, instead of passing through French 
 street was directed into these streets by Bridge street, 
 even before the bridge was built. The conditions of 
 settlement were similar to those of Baltimore town, ex- 
 cept that the possessors of lots in this town, vrere to pay 
 the proprietary one penny sterling per lot, annually. 
 
 It is stated that there were 60,000 hogsheads of To- 
 bacco exported annually from the two colonies of Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland, besides 21,000Z. sterling worth of 
 lumber and skins, employing 24,000 tons of shipping, 
 the two colonies being nearly equal in white population 
 and wealth at that time. But great depression was expe- 
 rienced throughout the province, and the low price of 
 the staple caused an insurrection and the destruction 
 of many fields of plants. 
 
 However, the creation in 1733, of bills of credit as 
 a substitute for a currency, as other colonies had done 
 already, appears to have produced a change for the bet- 
 ter, and improvements were soon made on the east side 
 
* \ 
 
 04 ANTALS OF BALTIMORE. [1732 
 
 of the falls, by which, and from the early settlement of 
 Cole, Gorsuch or Jones, it obtained the name Old town. 
 
 The communication with the first town being obstruct- 
 ed by the passage of the falls was so inconvenient by the 
 ford, a bridge was soon erected where Gay street Bridge 
 now is, by the respective inhabitants of the towns. Ed- 
 ward Hall, Esq. was presiding justice in 1732, and 
 sheriff* in 1734, when colonel William Hamilton w'as 
 presiding justice. In this year, a town was laid out at 
 Elkridge Landing, from which produce was brought to 
 the ships laying off* Moales’ point for many years after. 
 
 It would seem however, from the patent to Mr. Car- 
 roll of the tract called Orange, now granted, that ex- 
 cept on the river side or the soil was very good, there 
 yet remained much vacant land even near town. 
 
 In 1735, masters of vessels and others were prohibit- 
 ed under a severe penalty, from casting ballast into any 
 creek or river emptying into the bays, and into the bay 
 itself, above Cedar 'point . 
 
 Messrs. Hanson and W alker having procured a 
 leasehold estate, by virtue of the law for appropriating 
 mill seats by valuation, in addition to the fee simple ob- 
 tained of Mr. Carroll by the former, sold both in 1740, 
 to Mr. Edward Fotterall, a gentleman from Ireland, who 
 imported the materials and erected the first brick house, 
 free stone corners, and the first which was two 
 stories without a hip-roof, in the town. It stood near 
 the north west intersection of Calvert and Chatham 
 streets. Mr. Fotterall returned to Ireland, where he died, 
 and the next year his administrators sold the mill pro 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 25 
 
 17&5.] 
 
 perty to Mr. William Fell, who had just purchased of 
 Mr. William Carter that tract on the point, adjacent 
 to Copus’s harbour, called Carter’s Delight. 
 
 In 17S6, John Stokes Esq. clerk of the county, 
 died, and was succeeded by his son Humphrey W. 
 Stokes Esq. Colonel William Hammond was sheriff, 
 and Richard Gist Esq. presiding Justice. 
 
 In 1738, colonel Nicholas Ridgely was sheriff. 
 Mr. Edward Fell died, leaving a daughter or daugh- 
 ters in England, but bestowed his property here on his 
 brother’s son Edward. 
 
 In 1740, Mr. John Moale died, bequeathing his 
 lands near Baltimore to his two surviving sons 
 John and Richard. In 1741, Thomas Brereton Esq. 
 was clerk of the county. 
 
 It appeared to the inhabitants of Cecil county that a 
 place called Long point , on the west side of North 
 East river, would be an eligible situation for trade, and 
 in 174 2 they procured an Act to lay out the town called 
 Charlestown, with very suitable regulations, including 
 a public wharf, warehouse and inspection of Flour, 
 
 ! which apparently, was brought to the neighbourhood 
 I already from the counties of Chester and Lancaster 
 in Pennsylvania. But the efforts of the founder of that 
 Province, who travelled as a preacher among the Qua- 
 kers on the continent of Europe as well as through 
 the British Isles, to give celebrity to his establishment. 
 
 4 
 
26 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1742. ; 
 
 and which procured a great influx of Irish and Ger- 
 mans there, did not prevent them w 7 ben arrived, from 
 discovering the advantages presented in other provinces, j 
 and a great many who landed on the Delaware, passed J 
 the southern boundary and settled in Maryland, by j 
 which the scite of Baltimore became more eligible than • 
 Charlestown, and the latter was soon deserted. In the i 
 same year Mr. Thomas Harrison, merchant, arrived » 
 from England, and built a house near the north east ! 
 corner of South and W ater streets, buying the lots | 
 nearest the water on each side of South street. 
 
 St. Thomas’s parish was taken from St. Paul’s and the 
 new parish Church of that name, was erected about ten | 
 miles north west of the town on the decease of the Rev. | 
 Benedict Bourdillon, who was succeeded in St. Paul’s 
 by the Rev. Thomas Chase. Major Thomas Sheredine 
 was presiding Justice, and John Ridgely Esq. sheriff. 
 
 In 1744, a new town by the name of Baltimore was 
 laid out upon Indian river, which empties into the At- 
 lantic, and was then in Worcester county, now in Susr 
 sex in Delaware ; but with still less success than the 
 others at Elkridge or Charlestown. The name however 
 is still retained by one of the Hundreds of Sussex 
 county in which the intended tow n w r as located. 
 
 In 1745, the two towns of Baltimore and Jones-1 
 town, were erected into one town by the name of Bal- 
 timore town, and major Thomas Sheredine, doctor G. | 
 Buchanan, captain Robert North, colonel William,! 
 Hammond, captain Darby Lux and Messrs. Thomas* 
 
1745.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 27 
 
 Harrison and William Fell appointed commissioners 
 the two first being then delegates, with John Paca and 
 John Hall Esqrs. Captain Lux commanded a ship in 
 the London trade as early as 1733, and in 1743, pur- 
 chased the lots number 43 and 44 on the west side of 
 Light street where he resided and transacted much bu- 
 siness. Mr. William Lux, his son, was appointed clerk 
 to the commissioners in the place of doctor Walker, 
 who died in the last mentioned year. 
 
 The property of wharves, houses or other buildings, 
 m$de or to be made out of the water , or where it usu- 
 ally flows is secured to the improvers by this act. 
 The commissioners were authorised to levy three pounds 
 for the clerk but had no compensation themselves. 
 
 It was now thought necessary as is usual in Village 
 isettlements, to proscribe the geese and swine from run- 
 ning at large.. At the same session, a law was passed 
 providing for the guage of barrels for pork, beef, tar, 
 pitch and turpentine, the weight of pork and beef in 
 barrels and the marking of tare on flour barrels. 
 
 Mr. W m. Fell dying in 1746, was succeeded by Mr. 
 Alexander Lawson as one of the commissioners. 
 
 The communication by the Bridge, which brought 
 the great eastern road from the Ford directly through 
 both parts of the Town gave value to the intermediate 
 [grounds, and the whole land and marsh containing twenty 
 [eight acres in all, was purchased of Mr. Carroll by Mr. 
 Harrison in 1747 for 1 60/ sterling, and at the ensuing 
 session an act of assembly was passed by which Gay 
 and Frederick and part of Water and Second streets 
 
28 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [ 1747 . 
 
 were laid off, with eighteen acres of ground. This addi- 
 tion, principally on the west side of the falls, contained 
 all the fast land between the eastern limit of the first 
 town and the falls. Takers up of lots were to agree 
 with and pay the owners of the grounds, as for the 
 former addition. 
 
 The commissioners were authorised to open and 
 widen streets or alleys with the consent of the propri- 
 etors, and remove nuisances, and also to hold two an- 
 nual fairs, the first Thursday of May and October, with 
 privileges from civil process during the fairs. House 
 keepers were subject to a fine of 10s. if they did not 
 % keep ladders for extinguishment of fires, or if their 
 chimnies blazed out at top . But, lest the corporate pow- 
 ers granted under this or former laws should be miscon- 
 strued to increase the privileges of the citizens, dimin- * 
 ish the authority of the provincial government or in- 
 fluence improperly the legislature, it was cautiously, 
 “provided nevertheless, that this act nor any thing herein 
 contained, shall extend or be construed to extend, to ena- 
 ble or capacitate the said commissioners or inhabitants 
 of the said town, to elect or choose delegates, or bur- 
 gesses to set in the General Assembly of this prov- 
 ince as representatives of said town.” How different 
 have the fortunes of Baltimore been in this respect, 
 from that of all the other great cities of this continent. 
 They were not only represented in the legislatures of 
 the different provinces or colonies, but, being seats of 
 government, were provided with well digested and suit' 
 able laws, from the personal attendance and knowledge 
 of whole assemblies; and, whilst the proceeds of taxes 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 20 
 
 1747.] 
 
 drawn to the treasuries within them, went into circula- 
 tion again through the inhabitants, those contributed by 
 the Baltimorians go directly from them, and never re- 
 turn but partially to their hands again. 
 
 In 1748 Messrs. Leonard and Daniel Barnetz, from 
 York in Pensylvania, erected a brewery on the south 
 w T est corner of Baltimore and Hanover streets, lately 
 replaced by stores. These gentlemen, if not the 
 first were among the first of the Germans, or the decen- 
 dants of Germans, whose successive emigration from 
 that province, with capital and industry employed here, 
 contributed so essentially to aid the original settlers — 
 the arrival of whom or of their ancesors, it has not 
 been thought necessary to mention in all cases. 
 
 Captain Darby Lux was elected a delegate in the 
 place of Col. Hall. Talbot Risteau Esq. was clerk of 
 the county at this time. 
 
 Messrs. Thomas Sheredine and Thomas Sleigh had 
 bought of Mr. Hurst the year before, and in 1750 of 
 Richard Colegates’ sons, John and Thomas, their sev- 
 eral rights to the residue of Cole’s harbour and Moun- 
 tenay’s neck east of the Falls, when High street from 
 Plowman street to French street, with lots on each 
 side including eighteen acres of ground, are added to 
 to the town. A Tobacco inspection house was erected 
 on the west side of Charles street and near the head of 
 the inlet into which Uhler’s spring emptied; and a pub- 
 lic wharf commenced at the south end of Calvert street, a 
 long time called “the County wharf;” Messrs. Lawson. 
 
30 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1 750, 
 
 Hammond and Lux, three of the commissioners, entered 
 notices of their intention to improve into the water, 
 and did actually erect houses on the bank near the 
 shore, the first of wood, on the east, and the last of brick, 
 on the west side of Light street, near the west end of 
 Bank street, and the other further east, near South street. 
 
 All this part of the town was now closed by a 
 fence, having a gateway for carriages on the north end 
 of Gay street, and another at the west end of Baltimore 
 street, with one smaller for foot passengers upon the 
 hill near the church and towards the old road. For the 
 purpose of making this enclosure there was a general 
 subscription and it was kept in repair by the same 
 means three or four years. — The fence it seems became 
 a prey to the wants of needy inhabitants, and Lloyd 
 Buchanan Esq. was employed to prosecute some of 
 them but found the commissioners not clothed with 
 sufficient legal authority, and their inclosure was discon- 
 tinued. In 1750 doctor Buchanan died leaving besides 
 the above son Lloyd, Archibald who was a merchant, An- 
 drew, George and William, noticed hereafter. The doctor 
 was succeeded in the board of commissioners by Mr. 
 Brian Philpot, an english merchant then lately arrived, 
 and in the assembly, by William Smith Esq. of the 
 north part of the county. Thomas Franklin Esq. was 
 presiding Justice, and so continued more than twenty 
 years, during which time the following gentlemen were 
 appointed to the office of sheriff, viz. Messrs. Roger 
 Boyce in 1750; William Young 1754; Charles Christie 
 175G; Aquilla Hall 1761 ; Robert Adair 1765; Daniel 
 Chamier 1768 and John R. Holliday 1770. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 31 
 
 1751] 
 
 There were other lists of subscription besides the 
 following no doubt, but the object of it was not effected 
 until ten years after. It is also probable that this 
 was induced by the opposing interest and influence of* 7 
 the settlers on the two sides of the falls. The preamble 
 and copy annexed, shows how anxious the first settlers 
 continued to be to improve the town — 44 Whereas, seve- 
 ral acts of Assembly have been made for the enlargement 
 and encouragement of Baltimore town, and foras- 
 much as the said town increases as well in inhabitants 
 as good buildings and trade, and the situation thereof 
 renders it convenient for navigation* and trade, as well 
 with the inhabitants of Baltimore and Anne Arundel 
 counties as the back settlements of this province and 
 Pennsylvania, but no provision hath yet been made 
 by law or otherways for purchasing a lot or lots where- 
 on to build a market house, town house and other 
 necessary buildings for the benefit of said town, and 
 eonveniency of such persons as bring their butcher’s 
 meat and other commodities to sell at market in said 
 town. Wherefore, for the further encouragement and im- 
 provement of Baltimore town, we whose names are here- 
 unto subscribed, do hereby promise and oblige ourselves, 
 our executors and administrators, to pay to the commis- 
 sioners of Baltimore town, or their order, the several 
 sum or sums of money to each of our names affixed, to 
 be applied to the purchasing a lot or lots in said town 
 and building thereon a market house and town hall, 
 in such manner as the commissioners of said town shall 
 direct and appoint, provided the said lot or lots shall be 
 purchased and building began within two years from the 
 
$2 ANNALS OF 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1751. 
 
 date hereof, witness 
 
 our hands aud seals this 
 
 twenty 
 
 third day of April 
 
 1751.” 
 
 Subscription 
 
 
 
 Thomas Sheredine 
 
 19/. 
 
 cur. 
 
 Wm. Hammond 
 
 51. 
 
 cur. 
 
 Thomas Harrison 
 
 15 
 
 cur. 
 
 Alex. Lawson 
 
 10 
 
 cur. 
 
 Brian Philpot 
 
 10 
 
 stg. 
 
 Wm. Rogers 
 
 10 
 
 stg. 
 
 Wm. Lyon 
 
 5 
 
 stg. 
 
 Thos. Sleigh 
 
 10 
 
 stg. 
 
 Thomas Chase 
 
 5 
 
 cur. 
 
 John Randall 
 
 5 
 
 stg. 
 
 Lloyd Buchanan 
 
 5 
 
 cur. 
 
 Wm. Lux 
 
 5 
 
 stg. 
 
 N. R. Gay 
 
 5 
 
 cur. 
 
 
 
 
 Captain Thomas Franklin and John Mathews, Esq. 
 were elected delegates in the place of Messrs. Lux and 
 Sheredine, and in November, William Govane, Thomas 
 Franklin, L. Buchanan Esqrs. and Major Charles Ridg- 
 ley were elected, but the return was defective and they 
 were re-elected in March following. 
 
 In 1752, John Moale, Esq. son of the former gentle- 
 man of that name, sketched a plan or view of the town, 
 which, after corrections by Daniel Bowley, Esq. was 
 published a few years ago by Mr. Edward J. Coale, and 
 exhibits the then state of improvements west of the falls. 
 Including the buildings already noticed, it appears there 
 were about 25 houses, four of which were of brick; and 
 the only one of these now standing, built and occupied by 
 Mr. William Payne, as a tavern, is on the north west cor. 
 nerof Calvert and Bank streets, but the first one erected 
 was that of Mr. Edward Fotterall, between Calvert 
 street and St. Pauls lane. It was pulled down after 
 being with the rest of his property confiscated and sold, 
 because he had returned to Ireland, where his heirs re- 
 sided at the time of the revolution. 
 
 It also appears that one brig, called the Philip and 
 Charles, belonging to Mr. N. Rogers, and one sloop, the 
 
17 52*] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. $f} 
 
 Baltimore, Mr. Lux’s property, and represented in the 
 sketch, were the only sea vessels owned in the town ; but 
 there must have been several vessels owned on the river 
 and neighborhood, for it is stated that in the month ot 
 October, there were upwards of 60 wagons loaded with 
 Flax Seed came to town. Mr. William Rogers kept 
 an inn in the house represented in the view , near the 
 north east corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets and 
 Mr. James Gardner, a school near the intersection of 
 South and Water streets. In the same year, thirty 
 two acres of Coles’ harbour, which Mr. Joshua Hall 
 had purchased of Mr. Carroll, were added to the town, 
 being part of that tract which lay between the town and 
 the lines of Lunn’s lot at the south, west and north of the 
 first town ; commencing at the same point on the river, 
 and including the grounds between McClellan’s alley 
 and Forest lane ran to the falls side, north of the church 
 and city spring, where Mr. John Frazier rented a 
 shipyard and resided. Special penalties were enacted 
 against obstructing the harbor or throwing earth, sand 
 or dirt into the river at this period. 
 
 In the Maryland Gazette of 27th February 1752, is 
 inserted an advertisement for a schoolmaster “of a good 
 sober character, who understands teaching English, wri- 
 ting and arithmetic,” and who, it is added, “will meet 
 with very good encouragement from the inhabitants of 
 Baltimore town, if well recommended.” 
 
 In the Gentlemen’s Magazine for 1753, the popula- 
 tion of the county the preceding year, still including 
 Harford, is stated to consist of 
 
34 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1752 
 
 2692 White men, 
 3115 boys, 
 
 2587 White women, ) 
 
 2951 girls, $ 
 
 11,345 
 
 595 men servants, 
 
 200 women servants, ) 
 
 970 
 
 126 boys, do. 
 
 49 girls, do. $ 
 
 472 men convicts, 
 
 87 women convicts, ) 
 
 571. 
 
 G boys do. 
 
 6 girls, do. $ 
 
 Mulattoe slaves 116, free 196, 
 
 312 
 
 Negroes, including 
 
 eight free, 
 
 4035 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 17,238 
 
 In the same year 1753 a Lottery is advertised for the 
 purpose of raising 450 pieces of eight , or dollars, towards 
 building a public wharf, of which lottery Messrs. John 
 Stevenson, Richard Chase, John Moale, Charles Croxall, 
 William Rogers, Nicholas Rogers, John Ridgely, N. R. 
 Gay, William Lux and Brian Philpot were managers. 
 
 Mr. George N. Myers, a Pennsylvania German 
 moved to Baltimore and another, Mr. Valentine 
 Larsh built an Inn at the south west corner of Balti- 
 more and Gay streets, and Mr. Andrew Steiger, butcher, 
 who first bought of Mr. L. Goodwin, the south w'est 
 corner of Baltimore and Charles streets. Mr. Steiger 
 afterwards, that is in 1756, procured the lot at the 
 north east corner of Gay and Baltimore streets, but on 
 the gable end of the house are fixed the figures 1741 
 still there, being four years anterior to the laying out of 
 that part of the town, and fifteen years before the lot 
 was deeded to him, and in 1759, he purchased of Dr. 
 William Lyon, drained and cleared the wooded 
 marsh in the bend of the falls and then on the east side 
 of the stream, for pasturage for his cattle. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 3 5 
 
 1753.] 
 
 In the meantime 1754, Mr. Moale built the brick 
 store, south east corner Calvert street and Lovely lane, 
 and the dwelling now standing in the rear of St. 
 Peters church. The same year the buildings at the 
 mount were erected by Charles Carroll Esq. barrister, 
 of which the brick was imported, 
 
 Mr. Sheredine dying was succeeded by Lloyd Buc- 
 hanan Esq. and the same year Mr. Nicholas Ruxton 
 Gay, who was surveyor, succeeded Col. Hammond, 
 who had been one of the first commissioners of the 
 town. 
 
 Mr. John Sly came to settle in Baltimore and erected 
 a house on the north side of south Gay street, and Mr. 
 Conrad Smith another on the opposite side; and three 
 years after Mr. Jacob Keeports another one adjoining; 
 in the mean time, Frederick and Peter Myers arrived. 
 
 John Paca, Wm. Govane, Lloyd Buchanan and Wal- 
 ter Tolley Esqrs. are elected delegates, but Mr. Buchan- 
 an being appointed prosecutor, is succeeded by Wm. 
 Smith Esq. Beale Bordley Esq. is clerk of the county. 
 
 The savages, after Braddocks defeat by the French 
 and Indians in 1755, had passed the forts Cumberland 
 and Frederick and got within eighty or ninety miles of 
 the town, in parties of plunder and murder. Although 
 the French abandoned fort Du Quesne on the Ohio 
 1758, the xountry this side of that river was but 
 partially relieved. There is no doubt the growth of 
 Baltimore was promoted by the continuation of the 
 w ar, preventing the extension of the settlements w r es- 
 terly, for within a year after peace the tow r n had ccr- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 36 
 
 [1755 
 
 tainly become the greatest mart of trade in the prov-* 
 ince, if not before the war began. 
 
 Many of the French neutrals forcibly deprived of 
 their property and expelled, took refuge here from 
 Acadia or Nova Scotia in 1756, the place being taken 
 by the British. Some of them vrere received in private 
 houses, others quartered in Mr. Fotterall’s deserted 
 house, in which they erected a temporary chapel. For 
 although the province had been a refuge for perse- 
 cuted catholics in particular, they were surpassed in 
 number by Protestants before any settlement was made 
 in this county, and they had no place of worship in it 
 as yet. At first assisted by public levies authorised by 
 law, these emigrants soon found means by their extraor- 
 dinary industry and frugality, to get much of the 
 grounds on south Charles street, erecting many cabins 
 or huts of mud and mortar, which part was long dis- 
 tinguished by the name of French town. By the same 
 means they or their children converted their huts into 
 good frame or brick buildings, mostly by their own 
 hands, and there are yet some of the original French 
 settlers living there at the age of eighty five years and 
 upwards. Among these French neutrals Messrs. Gut- 
 tro, Gould, Dashiel, Blanc (White) and Berbine, 
 who had suffered least perhaps, attached themselves 
 mostly to navigation and the infirm picked Oak- 
 um. Several houses erected on the west side of the 
 street, from timber cut on the lots by themselves, and 
 yet standing, were occupied by some of them more than 
 sixty years. 
 
1756.] 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 37 
 
 On the other hand the defenceless inhabitants Were 
 greatly alarmed lest the Indians should reach the town ; 
 and we learn from the respectable relict of Mr. Moale, 
 who was a daughter of the late captain North and the 
 oldest native of the place now living, that the women and 
 children were put on board of boats or vessels in the har- 
 bour to be rescued by flight down the bay if necessary, 
 while the inhabitants of the adjacent country were fly- 
 ing to town for safety. 
 
 At the general election in September 1757 Mr. 
 William Govane, captain Thomas C. Deye, doctor Sam- 
 uel O wings and captain John H. Dorsey were chosen 
 delegates, and again in 1758. 
 
 In 1758 Mr. Jacob Myers took the south east corner 
 of Gay and Baltimore streets and built an inn. At this 
 period there also arrived and settled on lots north of 
 Baltimore street, Messrs. Levely, Conrad and Grand- 
 chut the last of whom erected a brewery on north 
 Frederick street. Mr. Daniel Barnet and others who 
 were German Lutherians, bought the lot and erect a 
 small church on Fish street. 
 
 In 1759 Messrs John Smith and William Buchanan, 
 from Carlisle, the first a native of Strabane in Ireland, 
 and the last of Lancaster county in Pennsylvania, pur- 
 chased of Mr. Harrison after having been refused wa- 
 ter lots on terms which they would accept, by Messrs. 
 Moale and Fell, the lot fronting on Gay and Wa- 
 ter streets; building, besides the dwelling houses still 
 
38 
 
 annals OP BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1759. 
 
 there, two wharves of pine cord wood about one thou- 
 sand feet long each, to the channel of the river. Mr. Jo- 
 nathan Plowman, an English merchant lately arrived, 
 bought several acres of ground of Mr. Sligh, adjoining 
 the last addition east of the falls, and built at the north 
 east corner of York now Baltimore and High streets. 
 
 In 1760 Mr. Philpot purchased of Mr. Sligh, most 
 of the peninsula between the falls and Harford run, 
 and built the house at the north east corner of Balti- 
 more street bridge, which caused the bridge afterwards 
 built to be known by that name. 
 
 The same year, Messrs. Larsh, Steiger, Keeports 
 and others, who were German or Dutch Presbyterians, 
 bought the ground north of the church of Mr. Carroll, 
 and built a small place of worship for that religious so*- 
 ciety, of which Mr. Faber was first minister. 
 
 In 1761, Messrs. William Smith and James Sterrett 
 moved from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and improved the 
 first in Calvert street, and the latter at the north west 
 corner of Gay and Water streets, where he erected a 
 brewery, which was burned and rebuilt and burned 
 again soon after the revolution . 
 
 Mr. Mark Alexander, from Cecil county, purchases 
 part of the original lot number one, on the north side of 
 Baltimore street, and afterwards the water lot west side 
 Calvert street, and erects extensive buildings at both 
 places as well as the house south west corner of 
 Charles and north west, now Saratoga street. 
 
 Mr. Melchor Keener, a German arrived from Penn 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 39 
 
 1761] 
 
 sylvania, and two years after erected the house in North 
 Gay street which bears his initials with the date in a 
 niche of the front, for an inn; building a wharf and 
 warehouse on the grounds added to the town by Mr. 
 Howard, below Hanover street, afterwards. In the 
 mean time Mr. S teiger erected the dwelling next to the 
 corner of Baltimore street and Mr. Lytle took the cor j 
 ner house for an Inn, and Mr. Amos Fogg rented the 
 White Horse Inn, south east corner of Front and Low 
 streets. John Paca, Thomas C. Deye, John H. Dor- 
 sey and Corbin Lee Esqrs. are elected delegates. 
 
 From Mr. Edward Fell of William, who held a com- 
 mission in the provincial army, the mill property was 
 purchased by Mr. William Moore, who came from Ire- 
 land and first settled at Brandywine mills, but removed 
 to Baltimore in 1762. 
 
 The next year Mr. Moore sold the upper mill seat to 
 Messrs. Joseph Ellicott and John and Hugh Burgess, 
 from Bucks county Pennsylvania, who built the mill 
 opposite the present jail. Mr. Ellicott sold his interest 
 to Burgess and went away, but returned with his broth- 
 ers John and Andrew, purchased the lands and erected 
 the mills on Patapsco ten years after. 
 
 The Canadian war having terminated in 1763, 
 Messrs. Plowman and Philpot laid out some grounds 
 between the falls and Harford run, into streets running 
 north west to south east and nearly parallel with the 
 former stream, with other streets at right angles with 
 them; and Mr. Fell laid off part of the tracts of land 
 on the east and which his father had purchased of Har- 
 
40 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE* [1763 
 
 ris, Cartel' and others, buying of Sligh himself part of 
 Mountenay’s neck and all two years before resurveyed 
 and patented by the name of Fell’s prospect; with 
 streets north and south and east and west, except on the 
 extreme point itself, where he was governed by the 
 course of the river; which locations were confirmed, 
 and the same added to the town by act of Assembly ten 
 years after. The duties on negroes and Irish ser- 
 vants not protestants, imported by foreigners , were at 
 twenty shillings sterling and twenty shillings currency 
 more on all accounts, to both were added in 1763, forty 
 shillings currency. On all kinds of liquors except from 
 England the duty was three pence per gallon ; on Pork 
 six pence per hundred weight, or one shilling and six 
 pence per barrel; Pitch one shilling; Tar six pence; 
 on dried Beef or Bacon exported the duty was one 
 shilling per hundred weight; and on pickled Pork and 
 Beef one shilling per barrel of two hundred weight; 
 part of which with one shilling per hogshead on Tobac- 
 co exported, was appropriated to the general ex- 
 penses of the province and part to the free schools; 
 to the proprietary one shilling sterling per hogshead, 
 with half a pound of powder and three pounds of shot, 
 or the value, on every ton of foreign shipping entered ; 
 three pence per hhd. to the governor, and the duty of five 
 per cent or tonnage and poundage upon all imports, to the 
 crown. The navigation act of Great Britain confined 
 all the trade to British and colonial merchants and ships* 
 and intercourse with her dominions of Europe only 
 was allowed for Tobacco, no other trade but to her do- 
 minions and the south of Europe. Restricted thus by 
 
ANXALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 41 
 
 1763.] 
 
 a government in which they had no share, the Americans 
 contemned their revenue laws, and whilst they were 
 enforced by the civil authority only as they still were 
 wealth was increased and few complaints were made 
 even by the merchants, on whom all such exactions fall 
 in the first instance . 
 
 Some time before Doctors John and Henry Steven- 
 son arrived from Ireland, the former conducts an exten- 
 sive trade with that and other countries, and the latter 
 entered into the practice of medicine, and commences 
 the stone house rough cast near the York road 
 
 In the same year, 1763, Messrs. John Brow n, Ben- 
 jamin Griffith and Samuel Purviance settled in Balti- 
 more; the former from Jersey, having learned his trade 
 in Wilmington, erected a pottery on the east side of 
 Bridge, now Gay street, and the latter, who came from 
 Donegal by way of Philadelphia, erected a distillery on 
 the south east corner of Water and Commerce streets 
 with a wharf; Mr. Griffith who came from New Castle 
 county, having purchased Fell’s lot adjoining the bridge, 
 rebuilt it by contract and thence it was, to distinguish 
 it from the others when afterwards built, called by his 
 name. 
 
 A new Tobacco inspection house was erected on 
 Mr . Harrison’s grounds, near what is now the south 
 vest intersection of Water and South streets, and a 
 Powder magazine on the falls side, under the hill, 
 lear the north east corner of Washington Square 
 streets; Messrs. William Lyon, Nicholas R. Gay, John 
 Moale and Archibald Buchanan, a majority of the 
 
 6 
 
42 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1763. 
 
 town commissioners, took the corner lot on the north 
 of Baltimore street and west of Gay street on leash 
 of Mr. Harrison, at eight/, sterling per annum, for a 
 market house, which was built by the subscription of 
 the citizens principally. 
 
 The justices of the peace whose jurisdiction 
 out of court, in relation to small debts, had been first 
 limited to the sum of sixteen shillings and eight pence 
 was extended to fifty shillings and some chancery juris- 
 diction was extended to the county courts. 
 
 In 1764 Mr. William Spear, who came from Lancas- 
 ter, took the water lot near Gay street and wharfing out 
 about a 1000 feet to a small Island, erected a bakery 
 there. Mr. Robert Long, who, it is said had persuad- 
 ed Mr. Fell to lay off’ that part of the town, commenced 
 some improvements at the corner of Ann and Thames 
 streets, moved to the country and left his buildings un- 
 finished; some lots were also conveyed to Mr. John 
 Bond by Mr. Fell, but sold out by him. James Heath 
 Esq. was elected one of the delegates in the place of 
 M. Dorsey. 
 
 1 
 
 In 1765, captain Charles Ridgely and Mr. Griffith 
 purchased water lots of Mr. Fell, west of the public 
 wharf; the latter building a wharf and warehouse, which 
 was the first there; and Mr. Benjamin Nelson, ship- 
 w r right, who had moved from Charlestown, Cecil county, 
 established a ship yard in Philpot street;, three years 
 after Mr. Isaac Griest, also from Cecil, took the water 
 lot east of the public wharf. The ensuing year captaiq 
 
1751 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 43 
 
 George Patton, who came from Ireland, erected the 
 wharf on the west end of the point, and three years af- 
 ter, Mr. Jesse Hollingsworth another on the east. The 
 remainder of the water lots being chiefly taken and im- 
 proved in the mean time, by Messrs. Purviance, Wells, 
 Smith, Mackie and Yanbibber, the point containing 
 all the artisans and articles requisite for building and 
 fitting vessels, w T as already a rival of the town. 
 
 Mr. Hollingsworth, from Elkton, and Mr. Yanbibber 
 from Charlestown, Cecil county, joined by their brothers 
 afterwards moved from the point to the town, and madp 
 other considerable improvements. 
 
 The first settlers were in fact at great loss to deter- 
 mine in which part to buy, as most likely to improve*, 
 and those who had sufficient means or enterprize, gene- 
 rally took lots both in town and point. 
 
 Mr. Cornelius Howard, from part of the tract of land 
 called Lunn's lot, then lately re-surveyed by Mr. How- 
 ard, added thirty five acres of it, including the streets cal- 
 led Conway and Barre after those successful opponents 
 of the stamp act in the British parliament, and 
 the dwelling house near the south east intersection of 
 Hanover and Pratt streets, and running between the 
 west side of Forest and the east side of Liberty to 
 Saratoga street, which addition was confirmed by law 
 the same year, aud Messrs. Keener, Myers, Yanbibber 
 and others took water lots of him. 
 
 Messrs. Stevenson, Smith, Lyon, Buchanan, Sterett, 
 Spear, Plowman and others, Presbyterians erected a 
 church on East now Fayette street, where the present 
 ghurch stands, in this year, doctor Patrick Allison be- 
 
44 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1765. 
 
 * 
 
 ing their minister, having fhree years before leased a lot 
 on which they erected a small place of worship on the oth- 
 er side of the same street near Gay street, which they now 
 dispose of to captain Ridgely, who owned the house 
 at the south west corner of Gay and Fayette streets. 
 
 The next year, a law was passed to compel Messrs. ^ 
 Harrison, Lawson and Philpot to fill up the marsh be- 
 tween Frederick street and the falls, and nine commis- i 
 sioners, viz. Robert Alexander, John Smith, William 
 Smith, Jonathan Plowman, William Spear, Andrew 
 Steiger, Charles Ridgely, junr. John Merryman and 
 Benjamin Griffith, or five of them were appointed to lay 
 it off as an addition to the town ; a law was also passed J 
 prescribing a quarantine at the discretion of the govern- « 
 or, on all passenger ships infected by diseases , and an- 
 other relating to the roads of the county. 
 
 In this year, 1766, died Mr. Edward Fell, leaving 
 one son, William, an infant. 
 
 At the election of 1767, John Ridgely, Thomas C. 
 Deye, John Moale and Robert Adair Esqrs. are elec- I 
 ted delegates. Hitherto, the north side of the county 1 
 appeared to have its share of representatives, but none 
 of these Gentlemen resided remote from the town. 
 Mr. Adair who was sheriff resided in the house 1 
 standing at the south east corner of Baltimore and | 
 South streets, which was about that time, struck I 
 by lightning and a Mr. Richardson of Annopolis killed. 1 
 Such had now been the increase of the town, and the 
 inconvenience to which the inhabitants were subjected 
 in attending courts at Joppa, that a law was passed in 
 
1768.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 45 
 
 1768, authorising Messrs. J. B. Bordley, John Ridgely 
 Jr. John Moale, Robert Adair, Robert Alexander, Wil- 
 liam Smith and Andrew Buchanan, commissioners, to 
 build a court house and prison, “on the uppermost 
 part of Calvert street next Jones’ falls.” The former 
 built of brick and two story high, with a handsome 
 cupola, stood where the Baltimore monument now is, 
 until the present court house was erected in 1 808 ; 
 the latter, the prison, of stone, two stories high, also 
 stood on the west end of the same lot, adjacent to St. 
 Pauls lane, now street, until the present county jail 
 was built, in 1800. 
 
 The same commissioners were directed to sell the 
 Court house and prison at Joppa, the courts being ac- 
 commodated in the mean time in the Hall erected for 
 public assemblies over the market, and the prisoners 
 lodged in a log building, near Mr. Chamier the sheriff’s 
 house on the east side of south Frederick street. 
 The subscription towards building the court house, 
 amounting to near 900Z currency, chiefly by inhabitants 
 of the town, did not reconcile the people on the north 
 and east sides of the county and the removal of the 
 records by Mr. Alexander Lawson, son of the late 
 Alexander Lawson and now clerk of the county, was at- 
 tended with some violence and outrage. 
 
 A society formed by Messrs. David Shields, James 
 Cox, Gerard Hopkins, George Lindenberger, John Dea- 
 ver and others, aided by a general subscription, procu- 
 red an engine for the extinguishment of fires in 1769, 
 which was called “The Mechanical Company.” This 
 was the first machine of the kind here, though there are 
 
ANNALS 0 F BALTIMORE. 
 
 46 
 
 [1M 
 
 now no less than eight others, much larger, besides six 
 hose companies, alU which latterly are aided by the 
 funds of the city to the amount of about four thousand 
 dollars a year. The first engine cost ninety nine pounds 
 or 264 dollars — but the same company have procu- 
 red a larger and more powerful engine, as all the oth- 
 ers are. 
 
 Doctor Stevenson converts his new and elegant 
 house, which on that account was called Stevenson’s 
 folly, to the very laudable purpose of a small pox in- 
 firmary, by appropriating- part of it for the reception of 
 young gentlemen whom he inoculates successfully be- 
 fore the practice had become general. 
 
 The exports from Virginia and Maryland at this time 
 included 85,000 hogsheads of Tobacco, and from the 
 middle colonies 751,240 bushels of wheat, 45,868 tons 
 flour and bread ; the amount of all the imports into Eng- 
 land from the two first mentioned colonies $4,401,820, 
 exports $ 3, 779, 061 present currency at four shillings 
 and six pence sterling per dollar; there was therefore an 
 apparent gain to Virginia and Maryland of above 
 $600,000, but the surplus went then as it does now^ 
 to the greater importing and manufacturing inhabitants 
 of the east. 
 
 Messrs. McNabb, Walsh, Stenson, Houk, Hillen, 
 Brown, Whelan, with the French emigrants and others; 
 Roman Catholics having sometime before obtained the 
 lot of Mr. Carroll, erected a part of St. Peter’s Chapel 
 on Saratoga street in 1770; but they had no settled 
 Priest until the arrival of the Rev. Mr. Charles Sewafh 
 ten years after. 
 
AKNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 17 
 
 1770.] 
 
 By a ludricrous suit against Ganganelli, Pope of Rome , 
 for want of other defendant, to recover the advances of 
 Mr. McNabb, become a bankrupt, the church was some 
 time closed at the commencement of the revolution, and 
 the congregation assembled in a private house in south 
 Charles street until possession was recovered. This 
 was sooner than was expected, by the address of captain 
 Galbraith’s company of volunteer militia, who were 
 guarding some Scotch malcontents from North Carolina 
 but desirous not to omit worship insisted upon being 
 marched directly to the church, of which some were 
 members, and demanded and obtained the key. 
 
 In 1771, an act of assembly was passed, “to prevent 
 the exportation of flour, staves and shingles not mer- 
 chantable, and to regulate the weight of hay and mea* 
 sures of grain, salt, flaxseed and firewood.” 
 
 The commissioners of the town were authorised to 
 appoint the inspectors. Mr. Jonathan Hanson, son 
 of the former gentleman of that name who had 
 erected the third, fourth and fifth mills on the falls', 
 was appointed inspector of flour, which continued to be 
 sold by weight until after the revolution. 
 
 The tobacco or warehouse system which was intro* 
 duced for flour at Charlestown, was wisely abandoned. 
 It is of less importance by whom inspectors are appoint- 
 ed, than that they should, like the administrators of the 
 law and all other Judges between man and man, hold 
 their office during good behaviour. Whilst tobacco was 
 a legal tender, than which no system could be better 
 adapted to tempt every planter to become a counterfeiter 
 
48 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1771. 
 
 and produce a bad article, county warehouses and local 
 inspectors were indispensable, but when the tobacco of 
 the state is almost all brought to one place, and no 
 tender one system should be common to both flour and 
 tobacco. 
 
 Messrs. Cumberland Dugan and Lemuel Cravath, 
 from Boston, and the latter the first New England gen- 
 tleman who settled here, traded largely thence; Mr, Du- 
 gan, who had gone from Ireland and married at Boston, 
 took the lot on W ater street and built the honse standing 
 obliquely with the street but parallel with the shore, 
 near Cheapside; about this time also, Mr. William 
 Moore, built the stone house at the south east corner 
 of South and Water streets. 
 
 South street, originally an alley of sixteen and a half 
 feet, was widened from Baltimore street to the water, by 
 the new inspection house, at the instance of N. Rogers’ 
 guardians. Samuel Owings and George Risteau, Esqrs. 
 were elected delegates in the places of Messrs. Ridgley 
 and Adair. The merchants of Baltimore, like those of 
 other English colonial ports, had found the Mediteranean 
 trade the most profitable, and they had the address to 
 limit the exactions of the English ministers by evading 
 the payment of the customs in some instances. 
 
 Among the number of those who arrived and car- 
 ried on trade from Baltimore about this period, besides 
 others mentioned, were Messrs. Hercules Courtenay 
 James Clarke, Thomas Usher, James M’ Henry, David 
 Williamson, David Stewart, Daniel Carroll, David Plun- 
 kett, James Cheston, John Ashburner, Matthew^ Ridley, 
 Wm. Russell, Thomas Russell, Jonathan Hudson, Ro* 
 
1771] Annals of Baltimore. 49 
 
 Robert Walsh, Mark Pringle, James Somervel, 
 Thomas Place, John Riddle, Charles Garts, Wm. Neil 
 and Johnson Gildert, and from other states or other 
 parts of this, Messrs. John McKim, George Woolsey, 
 James Calhoun, William Aisquith, Joseph Magoffin and 
 Henry Schaeffe; and different trades or manufactures 
 were established by other gentlemen, who lately arrived 
 from other parts of the country or from Europe viz. 
 Messrs. George Lindenberger, Barnett Eichelberger, 
 Francis Sanderson, Richard Lemmon, Jacob Walsh, 
 William Wilson, George Presstman, Richardson Stew- 
 art, Robert Steuart, Englehard Yeiser, Christopher 
 Hughes, also Mr. John Cornthwait, who established 
 a tanyard on Wilkes street, the west side of Harford 
 run, and Mr. William Smith, who established the Rope 
 Walk near Bond street, which was the first except 
 that of Mr. Lux’s, but several tanyards had been estab- 
 lished on the w r est side of the falls, above and below 
 Gay street, at or before this period. 
 
 The members, of the bar who resided here, were 
 Robert Alexander, Jeremiah T. Chase, Benjamin 
 NicholsCm, Thomas Jones, George Chalmers, Robert 
 Smith of W. Robert Buchanan of W. Francis Curtis 
 and David McMechin Esqrs. 
 
 The practising Physicians in and near the town, 
 were Doctors Lyon, Hultz, Stenhouse, Weisenthall, 
 Pue, Stevenson, Boyd, Craddock, Haslet, Gray and 
 Coulte$. 
 
 In May 1773, Charles Ridgely, Thomas C. Deye, 
 Aquilla Hall and Walter Tolley, Esqrs. were elected 
 
 7 
 
50 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1773 
 
 Delegates to the General Assembly, and the subversion 
 of the colonial government taking place before the usual 
 period of issuing writs for an election, which was three 
 years, they were the last delegates under that government. 
 Messrs. Moale and Steiger were authorised, at a session 
 in June, to add eighteen acres of ground lying between 
 Bridge now Gay and Front steeets. It was not carried 
 into effect until eight years after, but about eighty acres 
 of Plowman, Philpot and F ell’s lands were added to 
 the town on the east. 
 
 The markets were regulated by law, and the commis- 
 sioners authorised to hire stalls, appoint a clerk, &c. 
 
 Hitherto the relief afforded the poor was determined 
 by the justices, who levied annually from 400 to 1200 
 pounds of tobacco for each person, and there were above 
 200 at this time, who received the value of their levies 
 themselves, or by the hands of some reputable neigh- 
 bour, as was the practice in all the counties until within 
 a few years. The system was liable to great abuses 
 and had become very burdensome, so that the govern- 
 ment loaned 4000 pounds to the county, and Messrs. C. 
 Ridgely, William Lux, John Moale, William Smith, 
 Samuel Purviance, Andrew Buchanan and H. D. 
 Gough, being appointed Trustees of the poor, erect the 
 centre building and east wing of the house on north 
 How ard street. The same law provided for the em- 
 ployment of the poor, as well as a workhouse for va- 
 grants, and the relief being determined by the discretion 
 of the Trustees, no certainty is afforded to tempt idlers ; 
 experience soon proved the benefits of the system, and it 
 has undergone no material change in this respect. 
 
1773.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 51 
 
 The house caught fire accidentally, on the 18th Sep- 
 tember, 1776, and was mostly consumed, but was, except 
 a cupola, rebuilt and the west wing afterwards added. 
 
 At different times Courts of Assize and nisi prius? 
 composed of one or more judges of the provincial 
 court, held circuit courts in the counties, and sometimes 
 prisoners for small debts were relieved by a general in- 
 solvent law, but those law matters were oftener deter- 
 mined at the seat of government, and individuals una- 
 ble to pay their debts obtained special acts for their re- 
 lief. These circumstances, with the necessity of resort- 
 ing to Annapolis to get registers for vessels, to enter 
 and clear them, helped to impede the growth of our 
 Town. However at this time the jurisdiction of the 
 county courts was extended to causes real or mixed, 
 to all debts and criminal offences. A tonnage duty of 
 four pence was laid on the entry of ships towards erect 
 ing a light house on Cape Henry and fixing buoys in 
 the bay jointly with Virginia. That colony had appro- 
 priated 10,000 l. for the purpose, and Maryland 3,600/. 
 but the difficulties of the times prevented the exeoution 
 of the law, until about the year 1788. 
 
 The taxable inhabitants, that is all male persons and 
 female slaves above sixteen years, being 10,498, the 
 free w hite population about 20,000, it became exceeding- 
 ly troublesome to assemble from distances of thirty and 
 forty miles, to which the limits extended northwardly 
 from Baltimore, and it had been necessary in 1769 to 
 authorise the holding of the election for delegates at 
 Bush town after the polls had been closed at Baltimore. 
 The county w r as therefore divided, and that part lying 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 52 
 
 [1773. 
 
 north of the little falls of Gunpowder was erected into 
 a new county, by the name of the then proprietary Mr. 
 Harford, and at the same session, the justices or any 
 three of them were directed to hold three courts a year 
 for the trial of criminal offences exclusively. This 
 was required as the result of an increase of population 
 only, and if any should imagine that it was a differ- 
 ent kind of servants from those introduced amongst our 
 neighbours, they are invited to remember that the se- 
 verity of the British penal laws guaranteed us from 
 any worse description of people than are sent forth 
 from penitentiaries daily. 
 
 After the new limits were fixed, the county became as 
 it is now, a pentagon or five sided figure, bounded on 
 the south by the Patapsco, on the east by the bay, north 
 east by Harford, north by the Pennsylvania line 
 and on the west by Frederick county. It is about 
 forty miles from east to west, and thirty from 
 north to south; divided into seventeen hundreds and 
 twelve election districts, exclusive of the city, and, with 
 it, is said to contain 622,084 acres of land No map has 
 yet been made of the county except that contained in 
 the general map of the state, and a topographical map 
 which would delineate the improvements and natural 
 resources for additional ones, on a large scale, would be 
 as useful to those who contemplate future works, as it 
 would be gratifying to such as have been engaged in 
 those already made. 
 
 At this time, Gay street bridge was rebuilt of wood, 
 and a new one erected at Baltimore street, first of stone, 
 which gave way when finished and the centres Removed, 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 53 
 
 1773-] 
 
 and then of wood, ftnd on Water street for the first 
 time, another of wood ; to the two last of which it was 
 necessary to raise causeways from Frederick street 
 across the marsh. 
 
 On the 20th of August, Mr. Wm. Goddard, printer, 
 of Rhode Island, moved from Philadelphia and com- 
 menced the publication of the first newspaper, which 
 was issued once a week, under the title of “Maryland 
 Journal and Baltimore Advertiser,” from a house in 
 South street, east side, near the corner of Baltimore 
 street; until which time it was usual to take the papers 
 from and send advertisements to either Annapolis or 
 Philadelphia. Soon after, Mr. Joseph Rathel issued 
 proposals for a Circulating Library here, but without 
 success. 
 
 The importance of the trade and intercourse had al- 
 ready produced the establishment of a line of packets 
 and stages, by the head of Elk, to and from Philadel- 
 phia, and a coffee house or hotel was opened at thePoint. 
 
 The bills of credit had depreciated in all the colo- 
 nies, and fell here to 200/. for 100/. sterling before 
 the year 1 7 50, but had recovered their credit in Mary- 
 land, and bills of exchange were quoted at sixty five 
 and two thirds to sixty two and a half; Wheat six shil- 
 lings per bushel. Flour twenty shillings per cwt. Bar 
 Iron twenty six pound per ton, Pig Iron eight pound per 
 ton, Salt two shillings, Sugar forty five to sixty shillings, 
 Pork eighty five shillings, Tar thirteen shillings, Tur- 
 pentine twenty two shillings and six pence. Tobacco 
 was generally shipped for account of the Planters, but 
 Eastern shore was not worth more than elevep 
 
51 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [177S. 
 
 and three pence and Elkridge from twenty to 
 thirty shillings, there was none of the kinds now cal- 
 led bright yellow or kite foot, cultivated then. 
 
 Although the legal currency and money of account 
 remained as fixed by the coins one hundred years be- 
 fore at six shillings per dollar, the par at this period 
 must be considered by general assent, at seven shil- 
 lings and sixpence, and so the legislature established 
 the money by the law entitled “an act for the payment 
 of the public creditors,” and this rate was confirmed 
 directly after the declaration of Independence. 
 
 Messrs. Douglass and Hallam had presented the 
 inhabitants with some theatrical performances, in a 
 warehouse which stood at the north west corner of Bal- 
 timore and Frederick streets, and now encouraged by 
 the friends of the Drama erect a small Theatre near 
 the intersection of Albemarle and George, now Water 
 street, where they performed until the war; all those 
 amusements being then prohibited, they removed to the 
 English West India Islands. However a company 
 w ith Mr. Wall performed in York, now Baltimore street 
 in 1781, and Mr. Hallam returned after the w r ar, with 
 Mr. Henry and built another Theatre near Queen, now 
 Pratt street, to accommodate the town and point. 
 
 Until this period the hills on which the Cathedral and 
 Hospital are erected, and the grounds west of Greene 
 street where Mr. Lux had established a Rope walk, and 
 the south shore of the river from Lee street, where 
 Mr. Thomas Mogan set up the frame of a ship, to the 
 fort point w T ere covered with forest trees or small plan- 
 tations. The grounds between the town and point, cab 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ,1773] 
 
 ■ 5 $> 
 
 led Philpot’s hill, remained an open common. The 
 last fair was held on Mr. Howard’s grounds between 
 Liberty and Greene streets, where races were aho rafe 
 before the revolution. Most of the timber fell a prey 
 to the wants of necessitous inhabitants during the cold 
 winters of 1779 and 1783, and improvements did not 
 commence even on Mr. Philpot’s grounds for some 
 years after. 
 
 Messrs. John and Charles Wesley had visited Geor- 
 gia as missionaries in 1735, but soon returned to Eng- 
 land. In 1740, Mr. John Whitfield arrived there and 
 passed through Baltimore on several visits to the north. 
 But now several followers of Mr. John Wesley having 
 arrived in America and visited Baltimore, amongst oth- 
 ers the Rev Messrs. Asbury, Rankin, Webb and King, 
 are joined by Messrs. Jesse Hollingsworth, George Wells, 
 Richard Moale, George Robinson, John Woodward and 
 others, and a society is formed and a church erected in 
 1773, in Strawberry alley, and the next year part of the 
 same society erect another church in Lovely lane. — 
 Two years after on the twenty first of May, the preach- 
 ers held their first conference in this town, three former 
 being held in Philadelphia; but the society was yet only 
 an auxiliary to other churches, as the preachers were 
 still considered laymen, the members received the sacra- 
 ments with the societies to which they had been attach- 
 ed until after the revolution. 
 
 Messrs. Griffith, Shields, Lemmon, Presstman, 
 McKim, Cpx and others buy the lot and erect a part 
 of the church on Front street for the Baptist society 
 the Rev. John Davis from Harford officiating oc- 
 
56 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1773 
 
 casionally, but they were not regularly constituted 
 until 1785, when the Rev. Lewis Richards was chosen 
 minister. 
 
 The German Lutherans, of whom were Messrs. 
 Lindenberger, Wershler, Hart wig, Hoeckle, Rock, 
 Grasmuck, Levely and Barnetz, doctor Wiesenthall and 
 others, with the aid of a Lottery, erected a new church 
 in Fish now Saratoga street, the Rev. Mr. Gerock being 
 their pastor, having been assisted in religious duties by 
 visiting clergy of that society from York or Lancaster 
 until now. 
 
 As this town did not appear to be the C apitol of the 
 Province and the population and wealth of the place 
 had ;ot v t attracted the notice of the British govern- 
 ment, the teas upon which it was intended to raise a re- 
 venue were like the stamps, sent to Annapolis, where 
 they meet that fate which would have attended them 
 here, and Baltimore was, like the rest of the confedera- 
 cy, saved from these fatal impositions altogether. 
 
 At the last session of the provincial Legislature 
 which assembled twenty third March 1774, an act pas- 
 sed providing for the appointment by the commissioners 
 of a guager, prohibiting the sale of liquid merchandise 
 before guaging; and another appropriating the sum of 
 4000/. or I0,666f dollars as a loan to make the three 
 great roads leading to the town, to be expended under 
 the direction of Isaac Griest, Benjamin Griffith and 
 Jesse Hollingsworth, and thirteen gentlemen in the 
 county named in the act, supervisors. 
 
 The British government had determined not only to 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 57 
 
 1774] 
 
 increase the exactions on the trade of the colonists, but 
 to enforce them by military power, so that their evasion 
 become almost impracticable. — They were no longer 
 mere matters of form, but tangible substances, and most 
 likely to be resisted where the trade was most extensive 
 and the grievance more severely felt, as was the case to 
 the eastward. 
 
 In the Maryland Journal of the twenty eighth of May 
 1774, a notice appeared of which the following is a 
 copy, “On Tuesday last, a few hours after the arrival of 
 an express from Philadelphia relative to the situation of 
 affairs at Boston, a number of merchants and respectable 
 mechanics of this town met at the Court House and 
 appointed a committee to correspond with the neighbor- 
 ing colonies, as the exigency of affairs may make it 
 occasionally necessary.” 
 
 The news was the arrival of governor Gage with a 
 bill for blocking the port of Boston, and the retreat of 
 governor Hutchinson from the town to Fort Williams 
 now Fort Independence. 
 
 Committees appointed by the several counties met at 
 Annapolis on the twenty second of June, in which Bal- 
 timore county and town were represented by captain 
 Charles Ridgely, Thomas C. Deye, Walter Tolley Jr. 
 Robert Alexander, William Lux, Samuel Purviance Jr. 
 and George Risteau Esqrs. By them, non-importation 
 resolves were entered into ; collections were to be made 
 for the relief of the Bostonians and congressmen were 
 appointed. The congress which met at Philadelphia 
 on the fifth of September, having adopted similar mea- 
 
 8 
 
58 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1774. 
 
 sures, recommended the appointment of town and coun- 
 ty committees throughout the colonies: and on the 
 twelfth of November a meeting of the freeholders and 
 other inhabitants of Baltimore county and town, enti- 
 tled to vote, was held at the court house and the fol- 
 lowing gentlemen were chosen to compose the commit- 
 tee for Baltimore town, viz. Messrs. 
 
 Andrew Buchanan 
 Robert Alexander 
 William Lux 
 John Moale 
 John Merry man 
 Richard Moale 
 Jeremiah T. Chase 
 Thomas Harrison 
 Archibald Buchanan 
 William Buchanan 
 William Smith 
 James Calhoun 
 Benjamin Griffith 
 Gerard Hopkins 
 William Spear 
 
 John Smith 
 Barnet Eichelberger 
 George Woolsey 
 Hercules Courtenay 
 Isaac Griest 
 Mark Alexander 
 Samuel Purviance Junior 
 Francis Sanderson 
 Dr. John Boyd 
 George Lintenberger 
 Philip Rogers 
 David McMechen 
 Mordecai Gist 
 and 
 
 John Deaver 
 
 in all twenty nine, and thirty eight other gentlemen for 
 the county ; of whom Messrs. 
 
 Thomas C. Deye Samuel Worthington 
 
 captain Charles Ridgely John Moale 
 
 Walter Tolley junior doctor John Boyd 
 
 Benjamin Nicholson William Buchanan. 
 
1774 .] 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 59 
 
 or any three of them were a committee to attend the 
 committee meetings at Annapolis, and Messrs. 
 
 Robert Alexander John Moale 
 
 Samuel Purviance junior Jeremiah T. Chase 
 Andrew Buchanan William Buchanan 
 
 doctor John Boyd William Lux. 
 
 or any four of them a committee of correspondence for 
 Baltimore town. 
 
 Of the Baltimore committee, Samuel Purviance, Esq. 
 was elected chairman, and possessing much ardour in 
 the cause which his excellent talents enabled him to 
 promote in an eminent manner, so continued until the 
 new government was organised. Mr. Chase was the 
 first secretary, but as other duties were confided to him, 
 was succeeded by Mr. George Lux. 
 
 After the separation of Harford county, there remain- 
 ed twenty three justices for the town and county, of 
 whom Andrew Buchanan, Jonathan Plowman, John 
 Moale, William Buchanan, William Spear, John 
 Smith, Isaac Yanbibber, James Calhoun, Hercules 
 Courtenay and William Russell, Esqrs. resided in ornear 
 town. Mr. A. Buchanan was presiding justice, Mr. 
 Alexander Lawson, son of Mr. Lawson before mention- 
 ed, clerk of the county, and Robert Christie, Esq. 
 sheriff. Thomas Jennings, Esq. of Annapolis, being at- 
 torney general, attended the courts as occasion required. 
 
 Doctors Hultse, Weisentliall, Craddock and Haslet 
 attended the poor of the county, and Messrs. Oliver 
 Cromwell and Henry Stevenson were the inspectors of 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 60 
 
 [1774, 
 
 tobacco, receiving each certain salaries out of the levy, 
 annually. 
 
 The number of taxable inhabitants in the county, in- 
 cluding the town, was 7410, and the levy 1 7 2 pounds of 
 tobacco each, per po//, together, 1,274,520 pounds. Al- 
 though the rate was in tobacco, the taxables had the 
 option of paying in current money at twelve shillings 
 and six pence per 100 pounds, and the price of the ar- 
 ticlebeing then from fifteen to twenty five shillings in Bal- 
 timore they generally did so of course. Besides 1 1 1,150 
 pounds towards the poor house, the alms of this county 
 included in the above, amounted to 124,700 pounds, re- 
 lieving above 200 persons. It is true, that a great part 
 of the levy w as not for current charges ; in particular, the 
 quantities: 
 
 For grounds and a new tobacco house, 
 
 erecting at the Point, 
 
 183,556 lbs. 
 
 To repay the bills loaned for poorhouse, 
 
 roads, &c. 
 
 177,840 
 
 Indemnity to Harford county, for pub- 
 lic buildings in town which they had 
 
 contributed to build, 
 
 77,333 
 
 Due former Sheriff, 
 
 64,724 
 
 Bridge on Gunpowder, 
 
 20,000 
 
 Town market house, 
 
 3,000 
 
 526,453 lbs. 
 
 Being above two fifths of the whole levy of the year, 
 as above. Although this levy was rendered still more 
 burdensome by the parish rate of ten pounds of tobacco 
 per poll on twp thousand eight hundred and thirty one 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 61 
 
 1774.] 
 
 taxables then rated, the venerable rector, Mr. Chase, 
 undertook the edcuation of several children. A number 
 of others learned the languages &c. from the late Dr. 
 Archer, of Harford, and Mr. James Alcock. 
 
 On the 8th December, the deputies appointed by the 
 several counties met at Annapolis, and resolved, “that 
 they would maintain the association just entered into 
 by congress,” purporting a settled and united resistance 
 of the late acts of the British Parliament, recommending 
 the enrolment of the militia and a voluntary contribu- 
 tion of 10,000 pounds, of which 933 pounds by Baltimore 
 county^ for the purchase of arms and ammunition. 
 Messrs. Richard Moale, William Spear, Isaac Vanbib- 
 ber and Isaac Griest were appointed a committee of 
 this town to observe and report the arrival of vessels. 
 
 In the course of this year, the office of deputy postmas^ 
 ter general was taken from Dr. Franklin by the Ministry, 
 and the communications by mail exposed to the control 
 of English agents. Mr. Goddard, editor of the Mary- 
 land Journal in this town, devised and succeeded in es- 
 tablishing an independent line from Massachusetts, first 
 to Virginia, and afterwards to Georgia, and he was ap- 
 pointed surveyor of the post roads by congress, but they 
 having restored his office to Dr. Franklin the ensuing 
 year, Mr. Goddard was disappointed, and retiring him- 
 self, made his sister ostensible editor of the newspaper. 
 The sister, Miss Mary K. Goddard, who was aided in 
 the editorial department of the paper by several gentle- 
 men of talents and public spirit, kept the post office 
 also, for many years after the return of her brother, and 
 until the establishment of the federal government in 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1774 
 
 1 789, having by her attention and integrity obtained 
 the entire confidence and esteem of the public. 
 
 In the course of the next year 1775, Mr. John Dun- 
 lap of Philadelphia established a weekly paper by the 
 title of “Dunlap’s Maryland Gazette,” under the direc- 
 tion of 'Mr. James Hayes who became editor in 1778 
 but discontinued it, to be revived by his son, as Mr. 
 Goddard’s paper was by himself. 
 
 Early in this year a few gentlemen undertook a cen- 
 sus of the town and it was found that there were five 
 hundred and sixty four houses and five thousand nine 
 hundred and thirty four persons of all descriptions. — 
 The Baltimore committee of observation, imitating the 
 committees in other places, determined not only to pro- 
 hibit the use of Tea, but the landing of English Salt, 
 although the price was near a dollar and two thirds a 
 bushel, and so much wanted, unless a duty of two pence 
 per bushel was paid for the use of the Bostonians. 
 
 The committee had accepted the explanations given 
 by several persons charged with inimical acts, but the 
 people accused Mr. James Dalgleish, a foreign mer- 
 chant, who had declared his aversion to the cause and 
 therefore as soon as he had been published as an enemy 
 he fled for safety. The laws against Roman Catholic 
 teachers still existing, some persons actuated by worse 
 motives, broke up Mr. John Heffernan’s school and he 
 also left the place. Other individuals were also expo- 
 sed to personal violence as it was alledged, from the 
 mistaken zeal of the committee itself or ignorance of 
 the principles by which they should be governed, they 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 m 
 
 1775.] 
 
 published a declaration on the nineteenth of Aprih“that 
 they had in no instance exceeded the line pointed out 
 by congress and the provincial assembly, and abhorring 
 every idea of proscription, the committee call upon 
 persons who have circulated such reports to disclose 
 the author,” they also declare that their meetings had 
 been held in public “and their records free and open for 
 inspection.” An instance of moderation occurred in the 
 case of Mr. James Christie: A letter of his to a rela- 
 
 tion in the British service, which was intercepted, cau- 
 sed him to be arrested and protected, while the conven 
 tion, upon his appeal, fined him 500/. sterling and or- 
 dered him to leave the province. 
 
 Pursuant to a recommendation of congress, the com- 
 mittee prohibited the fair then approaching by desiring 
 the inhabitants to abstain from such assemblages, as 
 well as horse racing, cock fighting, &c. 
 
 Several members of the German or Dutch Presby- 
 terian society attached to the Rev. William Otterbein 
 form a separate religious society which they distinguish 
 by the name of the “German Evangelical Reformed,” 
 and they purchased a lot where their present church is 
 on Conway street and worship in a small house there. 
 
 Before the 1 9th of April when the battle of Lexington 
 took place, the town had formed several companies of 
 each description of arms and every exertion was made 
 to procure ammunition. Amongst others general Bu- 
 chanan the lieutenant of the county, distinguished him- 
 self by his zeal and took command of a company of 
 gentlemen of riper years, and a company of their sons 
 and others, mostly unmarried, who armed and equipped 
 
64 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [ 1775 . 
 
 themselves in an elegant scarlet uniform, put themselves 
 under the command of captain, afterwards general Gist, 
 lieutenant Thomas Ewing and other officers, who with 
 some of the privates became distinguished in different 
 commands in the regular service afterwards, being train- 
 ed by Mr. Richard Carey adjutant, who had arri- 
 ved from New England and had been a member of the 
 ancient artillery company of Boston, then lately com- 
 manded by John Hancock Esq. first president of 
 congress. 
 
 The provincial convention having entered into arti- 
 cles of association in August, declaring in the name of 
 the inhabitants that “they would to the utmost in their 
 power, prosecute and support the then opposition carry- 
 ing on, as well by arms, as by the continental associa- 
 tion.” Provided for regular elections of their succes- 
 sors, and of committee men, by “the freeholders of each 
 county and other free men having a visible estate of 
 forty pounds sterling, or qualified by law to vote for 
 burgesses.” Baltimore county and town were allowed 
 to send five delegates and to have thirty seven commit- 
 tee men, whose powers extended to the general police 
 and local government of the county; the county was 
 also directed to furnish five of forty companies minute 
 men . Several gentlemen volunteered and joined the 
 army before Boston, amongst others Messrs. Richard 
 Carey, David Hopkins and James McHenry, the latter 
 having made some progress in medicine became surgeon. 
 
 At or before this time there arrived and settled in the 
 town, Messrs. Hugh Young, Alexander Donaldson, 
 Christopher Johnston, James Sterling, John Weather- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 65 
 
 1775.] 
 
 burn, George Salmon, John McFadon and others who 
 were foreigners, and Messrs. William Young, Hezekiah 
 Waters, Benjamin May, Peter Hoffman, George War- 
 ner, Anthony Houck and others from this or neigh- 
 bouring provinces. 
 
 Messrs. Robert Alexander, Benjamin Nicholson, 
 John Moale, Walter Tolley Jr. and Jeremiah T. Chase, 
 were elected delegates. The committee of observation 
 was composed of Messrs. Moale, Chase, Calhoun, 
 Nicholson, A. Buchanan, Craddock, Sollers, Gittings, 
 Alexander, Purviance, Wilkinson, Ridgely, of William, 
 Tolley, Darby Lux, John Cockey, William Smith, 
 William Buchanan, William Lux, Dr. Boyd, John 
 Smith, Zacariah Maccubbin, captain Charles Ridgely, 
 Harrison, Griffith, Randall, Thomas Gist, Cromwell, 
 Griest, Deye, Mordecai Gist, Stevenson, Towson Wil- 
 liam Aisquith, John E. Howard, Risteau and Britton; 
 Mr. Purviance, Chairman, Mr. William Lux, Vice 
 Chairman, Mr. George Lux, Clerk, and Mr. McMechen, 
 assistant Clerk. Messrs. Purviance, William Lux, 
 Chase, Alexander and doctor Boyd, were appointed a 
 Committee of correspondence. Messrs. Purviance, 
 John Smith, William Buchanan, Griffith, Griest, Tho- 
 mas Gist Jr. and Darby Lux, were a committee to 
 superintend the trade and import arms. There was 
 .another committee, consisting of Messrs. Moale, Harri- 
 son, Calhoun Sollers, Aisquith, Ridgely of William, and 
 John E. Howard, selected to license suits at law, as re- 
 commended by the Convention, to prevent the abuse 
 of them which the disaffected might make; for some 
 debtors had been rescued from the sheriff already; but 
 
 0 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 66 
 
 [1773 
 
 the courts being still open, they were restored to cus> 
 tody by captain Budianan and captain Gist’s companies, 
 which received a vote of thanks from the Convention. 
 
 Many vessels returning home, learned the commence* 
 ment of hostilities by being searched and stripped of 
 their arms and ammunition, but they soon retaliated, 
 and powder and ball were distributed to the militia. It 
 was soon discovered that it would be highly essential to 
 the safety of the town, to erect a fort on Whetstone 
 Point; a water battery, planned by Mr James Alcock, 
 was commenced under the superintend ance of Messrs. 
 Griest, Griffith and Lindenberger, captain N. Smith 
 commanding the artillery there. 
 
 Three massive chains of wrought iron, passing 
 through floating blocks were stretched across the river, { 
 leaving a small passage only, on the side next the fort^ 
 and the channel was protected by sunken vessels also. 
 
 In a regiment of regular troops, commanded by Coh 
 Smallwood, Messrs. Mordecai Gist, Samuel Smith, 
 David Plunkett, Brian Philpot, and William Ridgely 
 held commissions and raised men in Baltimore. 
 
 A Bermudian sloop was purchased, armed with ten 
 guns, called the Hornet and put under the command of 
 capt.Wm. Stone ; she joined the expedition under commo- 
 dore Hopkins from the Delaware, and on the arrival of 
 which at New Providence that place ^as surrendered, and \ 
 the stores and ammunition brought away; but the Hor- 
 net was driven ashore and lost attempting to enter the 
 Delaware. Congress had recommended a general fast 
 for the 20th July, and it was kept here by the meetings 1 
 of religious societies for worship. 
 
1776.] ANNALS OF B/(LTIMORE: 6t 
 
 On the 8th March, 1776, the Otter ship of war and 
 tenders, made their appearance a few miles below the 
 town. To a population unaccustomed to war, the alarm 
 was great of course, but the women and children flying, 
 were met by volunteers entering to their relief; and cap- 
 tain James Nicholson, of the state ship Defence, which 
 had been a merchantman recently bought of Mr. John 
 Smith, manned partly by captain, now general Smith’s 
 company, as marines, and volunteers from the town, who 
 succeeded, not only in driving away the enemy’s flotilla, 
 but recapturing some merchant vessels of which they 
 had got possession. 
 
 The 5th June, captain Nicholson obtained hiscom- 
 lhission from congress, being the first officer in rank 
 in the United States naval service, and soon after took 
 command of the Virginia frigate. 
 
 Captain William Hallock was also commissioned by 
 congress 10th October, and commanded the Lexing- 
 ton, of 16 guns; in the mean time Mr. Joshua Barney, 
 who had been with the expedition at New Providence, 
 received a commission, and in the Andrew Doria and 
 other vessels, evidenced the utmost courage and address. 
 
 Governor Eden adjourned the assembly from time to 
 time, and by his conduct generally appeared averse to 
 the ministerial measures; but, upon the interception of 
 despatches from the government to him delivered to 
 general Charles Lee, at Charleston, the general wrote 
 to the Baltimore committee to have him arrested : The 
 
 Chairman, Mr. Purviance, applied to major Gist, com j 
 manding the regulars in the town, who sent captain 
 £mith with his company to prevent the escape of the 
 
68 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1776. 
 
 * 
 
 governor, and deliver a letter to Mr. Johnson, president 
 of the council of safety. The council being called to- 
 gether, captain Smith was told that his services were no 
 longer necessary. 
 
 Soon after, the Convention^ in support of the authority 
 of the executive, summoned the chairman and military 
 officers to their bar, and some moderate censure was 
 passed on the principals ; but, satisfied themselves at the 
 time, that the duty of Mr. Eden as governor was in- 
 compatible with the interest of the public, they requested 
 him to leave the country, which he did June 24, by a vessel 
 sent for him by Lord Dunmore, who had commenced hos- 
 tilities and been plundering the Virginians a long time. 
 
 Dunmore coming into the Patowmack, obliged 
 the convention to order a draft of three thousand four 
 hundred militia for a flying camp. Sensible of the gene- 
 ral danger, the members became willing to enlist the 
 feelings and interests of a community so important as 
 that of Baltimore. They now invited the inhabi- 
 tants to participate directly in the government of the 
 state, by authorising them to choose two delegates for 
 the town exclusive of the four for the county. 
 
 Notice of an election of a convention to form a constitu- 
 tion of the state, w as published the 3d July, to be held 
 the 5th August, for the freemen w except such as has been 
 'published as enemies to this country to attend and give 
 in their votes. There appears to have been 472 votes 
 taken, and Messrs. John Smith and Jeremiah T. Chase, 
 were duly elected for the town; and Messrs. Charles 
 Ridgely, Thomas C. Deye, John Stevenson and Peter 
 Sheppard for the county, 853 votes being taken at their 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 69 
 
 1776 .] 
 
 •polls. By a census taken of the P >int, the population 
 thefe consisted of 821 persons of 146 whom were mas- 
 ters of families v r house keepers. 
 
 In the mean time, that is, on the 22d July, the De- 
 claration of Independence was proclaimed at the court 
 house, at the head of the independent companies and 
 the several companies of the militia, with the discharge 
 of cannon, and, says the editor of the Journal, “with 
 universal acclamations for the prosperity of the Uni- 
 ted Sutes.” In the evening the town was illuminated 
 and an effigy of the late king which had been paraded 
 through the streets, was publicly burned. 
 
 Mr. Christie who, as sheriff, had the preceding 
 month published a writ of the governor for a new elec- 
 tion, which the convention had suspended, was notwith- 
 standing invited by the committee to read the act of con- 
 gress, but refusing from a sense of official duty, that 
 respect for his person and character which had produced 
 the invitation was as prompt to excuse him. These 
 feelings were not universal as it appears, and the com- 
 mitteee issued the following resolve dated thirtieth July. 
 
 “This committee do declare their utter disapprobation 
 of all threats or violence being offered to any persons 
 whatever, as contrary to the resolves of congress and 
 the sense of the convention of this province: — That 
 they conceive themselves bound to protect (as far as in 
 their power) the civil officers in the discharge of their 
 duty. That they do expect of, and call upon every 
 good citizen and friend of his country, to assist them in 
 their endeavours to preserve the peace and good order 
 of society; and to prevent all riots and tumults and 
 
70 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1776 
 
 personal abuse and violence to individuals. That the 
 good people of Baltimore, having hitherto been so re- 
 spectfully attentive to the resolves of this committee, 
 on all occasions, they flatter themselves that due regard 
 will be paid to this recommendation.” 
 
 Never was a people more united in opinion on any 
 subject, than w ere the Americans, both natives and em- 
 igrants in condemning and opposing the acts of the 
 parliament of England taxing the colonists. Some 
 however saw in these acts only the selfish design of 
 one class of subjects to relieve themselves by throwing 
 their burthen upon others, and believing the king and 
 the English people generally, exempt from such motives, 
 thought the evils temporary ; so that when the more en- 
 terprising politicians, they who looked to the future in- 
 crease of population and wealth which w r as to take 
 place here, and foresaw that the separation must some- 
 time happen, let the administration of the British gov- 
 ernment fall into the purest hands ; joined to the Cath- 
 olics and dissenters, who had besides the common grie- 
 vances, others of a religious and more delicate kind, 
 and not likely to be removed at any time ; — w hen these 
 descriptions of people united, had declared that the 
 country should be free of all colonial dependence, many 
 individuals of great private virtue and highly esteemed 
 by the people, withdrew from the country. Of these 
 may be mentioned Robert Alexander Esq. who had 
 been a delegate to the convention and to congress; 
 Daniel Chamier Esq. late sheriff of the county; doctors 
 Henry Stevenson and Patrick Kennedy; Mr. James 
 Somcrvel, Merchant, &c. These and others in rett 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 71 
 
 1776 ] 
 
 ring determined generally, that if they could not join 
 their oppressed fellow subjects, they would not oppose 
 them. Some ended their days in peace and obscurity 
 abroad ; others improved the opportunities which they 
 afterwards had to render important services to the sol- 
 diers of liberty who fell into the hands of their enemies, 
 and returned afterwards to remain here. 
 
 The Maryland regiment under major Gist, the col- 
 onel and lieutenant colonel being on courts martial or 
 otherwise absent on duty, was engaged with the British 
 at their landing on Long Island on the twenty seventh 
 of August, and lost in killed, wounded and taken about 
 two hundred and fifty men. . In the flying camp there 
 entered the army from this town and county, Messrs. 
 Howard, Hamilton, W. Sterett, James Winchester, G. 
 Winchester, Ewing, Moore, Croxall, Norwood, Oldham, 
 Colegate, Cromwell, Wilmott, Toole, Riley and 
 McCabe, who recruited men in the town and its vicinity, 
 The American army obliged to abandon New York, 
 were joined by the flying camp, including the Mary- 
 land quota, and several companies raised for the defence 
 of the state, called independent companies. These com- 
 panies with the first regiment under colonel Smallwood 
 himself at White Plains, occupying a post on the right, 
 were attacked on the twenty eighth of October, and lost 
 above one hundred men, but the regiment covered the 
 retreat of the army to Trenton. 
 
 The organization of the troops was so defective in 
 many respects and the terms of enlistment having near- 
 ly ran out, they were disbanded; the officers of the regi- 
 ment and flying camp generally with those of the inde- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [ 1776 . 
 
 pendent companies entered into the brigade to which 
 colonel Smallwood was promoted the year after. The 
 brigade was formed of seven regiments. To it was at* 
 tached some German and ribe companies; in the former 
 of which Messrs. Peter Mackenheimer, George P. 
 Keeports, John Lohra, Christian Myers, Samuel 
 Gerock, John Lindenberger, John Mackenheimer^ 
 John Ritter and George Cole held commissions; 
 Messrs. Nathaniel Smith, John Fulford and Alexander 
 Furnival commanded artillery companies, and Messrs. 
 N. R. Moore, D. Plunket, R. Smith of W. and D. 
 Hopkins took commissions in the cavalry. 
 
 The convention met on the fourteenth of August to 
 form a constitution, allowed to the town its representa- 
 tion of two members, as it still enjoys. Mr. Chase 
 endeavoured to procure a provision for an increase, 
 which he so confidently looked for that he agreed that 
 the town should lose the two they allowed it upon be- 
 coming less populous by one half than any county, if 
 the convention would allow four members when the 
 town should have become as populous as' any county; 
 but it being moved to divide the proposition, the ques- 
 tion was taken on the first clause and carried without 
 a division, and though the last clause was so amended, 
 that to have the increased delegation the population of 
 the town should be equal to that of the largest county, 
 it was negatived by a vote of thirty seven to fourteen. 
 It is probable that Mr. Chase was so disappointed, that 
 he retired, or that advantage was taken of accidental 
 absence on the question,' and as Mr. Sheppard was sick 
 and absent with leave the yeas included only four mem- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1 776.] 
 
 73 
 
 bers of the town and county. Thus we find some of 
 *that jealousy of the town which was manifested by the 
 provincial legislature thirty years before, operating with 
 a patriotic convention, as it still does with a republican 
 assembly, to exclude the people of Baltimore from 
 means which other Americans possess to secure their 
 rights and promote their happiness. 
 
 However, the convention finding that the private arm- 
 ed vessels of the port, and amongst others the Enter- 
 prise, captain Campbell; Sturdy Beggar, McKeel; Har- 
 lequin, Handy; Fox, George Buchanan, &c. would 
 soon bring in enemy’s property for adjudication, estab- 
 lished a court of Admiralty, appointing Benj. Nicholson 
 Esq. judge, David Stewart Esq. marshal, and Wm. Gib- 
 son Esq. register, and before their adjournment suspend- 
 ed the levies to reimburse the loans made for the Alms 
 house and roads, ordering the sums collected to be cre- 
 dited the citizens of the town and county in their 
 common county charges. The balance of these loans 
 was exhibited by a committee of the assembly, at 
 $18,478 in 1817, notwithstanding the suspension, 
 which otherwise, might have been paid in depreciated 
 paper, and if any levies remained in the sherilf’s hands, 
 his property fell to the state under the confiscation act 
 afterwards passed and out of the reach of the county 
 authorities. 
 
 Congress assembled in Baltimore on the twenty sixth 
 of December and occupied Mr. Jacob Fite’s house at 
 the south east corner of Baltimore and Liberty streets, 
 being then the farthest west and one of the largest built 
 in the town and was a long time palled Congress Hall. 
 
 • 10 
 
74 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [Ill 6. 
 
 Philadelphia, from whence congress adjourned, was 
 then rescued by the capture of* the Hessians at Trentorf 
 on the same clay, and the attack of the British at 
 -Princeton eight days after, so happily planned by gen- 
 eral Washington and so boldly executed by the troops, 
 including part of the Maryland line under his command. 
 
 The establishment of the new government was at- 
 tended by no internal difficulties of importance. Charles 
 Carroll, Esq. Barrister, of Mount Clare, one of the 
 late convention and council of safety, was elected a 
 member of the first senate of the state, and the town 
 and county respectively returned the delegates who 
 had represented them in the convention. Mr. Carrolf y 
 barrister, was also appointed chief justice of the gene- 
 ral court but did not accept. 
 
 Most of the gentlemen who were in the commission 
 of the county and town ^vere reappointed county jus- 
 tices by the new government. Andrew Buchanan Esq. 
 being the presiding justice was also lieutenant of the j 
 county, and in that capacity commanding the militia. 
 
 Seven of the justices were constituted an Orphans 
 court and Thomas Jones Esq. register of Wills. — 
 Thomas Jennings Esq. w^as appointed Attorney General, i 
 but declining, was succeeded by James Tilghman and 
 B. Galloway Esq. successively and in 1 778 Luther 
 Martin Esq. being appointed, settled in Baltimore. In 
 the mean time W. Gibson Esq. is appointed clerk of 
 the county court. Mr. Law son former county clerk, 
 retiring to the Eastern Shore, returned after the revo j 
 lution and resided here until his death. Mr. Boberf 
 
1777.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 7S 
 
 Christie, appointed sheriff in 1774, was superseded, of 
 course, and at the election held agreeably to the consti- 
 tution, Henry Stevenson Esq. was returned and duly 
 commissioned for that office under the new government. 
 In the mean time Mr. Christie was compelled to leave 
 the town, but, declaring that the public was indebted to 
 him, appointed Mr. Moses Galloway to settle his affairs, 
 and went to England. 
 
 The jurisdiction of justices of the peace, in matters 
 of debt out of court was extended from fifty shillings 
 to five pounds or thirteen dollars thirty three and one 
 third cents; a new list of Tobacco fees was enacted, 
 and the money fixed at seven shillings and six pence per 
 dollar, as it was in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Jersey 
 and current here sometime. The vendue or auction 
 business was carried on by Mr. James Long and Mr. 
 Thomas Brereton acted as a broker, neither of whom 
 were subject to license as yet. 
 
 The collection of duties which had been prevented 
 by the times was formally suspended in 1777 except 
 the duty on imported slaves. Levies were made as 
 usual but most of the public expenses being for military 
 purposes, were defrayed by paper money of the state or 
 confederacy, and in a year or two the money depreciated, 
 so that the sums levied bore no proportion to the prices 
 of goods and necessary expenditures. 
 
 The committee of observation being superseded by 
 the officers of the new government, and fears being 
 entertained by some, that the ordinary course of law 
 would be inefficient to secure the triumph of liberty, 
 there was a private society called the Whig Club* 
 
76 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1777. 
 
 ganized this year, to detect violatcrs of the laic , as they 
 declared, which v£xed the citizens unnecessarily perhaps. 
 
 The pacific doctrine of the Methodists like that of 
 the Quakers, caused the English preachers amongst 
 them, to be suspected of dangerous political views, and 
 Mr. Asbury himself was taken near town and fined, and 
 afterwards going over the bay, quit preaching and lived 
 in retirement in Delaw are some time. The consciem 
 tious scruples of the ministers of the late establishment, 
 relative to the form of prayer for the new instead of the 
 old government, of the Quakers, Methodists, preachers 
 and others, subject them to pay the treble tax imposed 
 on non- jurors, or leave the country, as most of the rec- 
 tors and ministers of the establishment did. 
 
 Mr. Goddard the printer, became obnoxious for the 
 freedom of his remarks, and w r as- constantly alarmed, and 
 the interference of the club in his case, was formally cen- 
 sured by the legislature during the first session, and Go- 
 vernor Johnson issued a proclamation for his protection. 
 
 By the act of April session 1777, the number of 
 troops of all arms, to be furnished by the state consisted 
 of 2902 men to be taken from each county in proportion 
 to its number of militia. Frederick county was to fur- 
 nish 309, being the most populous, and Calvert the 
 least 74, Baltimore county including the town, w as 
 to furnish 281, which was between a tenth and 
 eleventh part of the whole number from the then eight- 
 teen counties of the state. It seems that the proportion 
 of men and money w hich the state was required to fur- 
 nish for the general defence, w as about the same, that is 
 to say, one tenth or nearly of the whole. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 77 
 
 1777.] 
 
 A great part of the Maryland line, under general 
 Sullivan, was in the attack on Staten Island, 22d Au- 
 gust, ’77, and in some lesser engagements in the Jersies. 
 soon after. 
 
 On the 2 1 st August, Lord Howe’s fleet anchored near 
 the mouth of Patapsco river, but proceeded to Turkey 
 Point, on Elk river, near which the British army under 
 Sir William Howe was landed. The governor issued 
 a proclamation the next day, ordering two full compa- 
 nies of each batallion of militia to march immediately to 
 the head of the bay where the continental army would 
 meet the enemy. 
 
 The independent company now under captain John 
 Sterett, trained as infantry, mounted their own horses, 
 proceeded to watch the enemy on the bay side, and arriv- 
 ing before them at the head of it, joined the main army 
 including the Maryland line near Newport, but were 
 then ordered back by the commander in chief to assist 
 in protecting their homes. 
 
 On the 1 1th September was fought the battle of 
 Brandywine, at which the Maryland line was present 
 and shared the disasters of the day. 
 
 General Smallwood, with Maryland militia, including 
 captains Sterett, Cox and Bailey’s companies from Bal- 
 more, joined General Wayne the 21st September, im- 
 mediately after Grey’s sanguinary night attack on 
 the Americans at the Paoli. 
 
 Those companies in which many citizens who left nu- 
 merous families, dispersed about the country or exposed 
 to the depredations of the maritime forces of the enemy 
 in the bay, went in the ranks volunteers, shared in the 
 
78 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1777. 
 
 route of Wayne and in the more equal conflict at Ger- 
 mantown 4th of October, at which place the patriotic 
 Cox with several of his townsmen, laid down their 
 lives in their country’s cause. 
 
 At the same time colonel Smith commanding a small 
 detachment of continental troops at fort Mifflin with the 
 aid of commodore Hazlewood’s flotilla, in which lieuten- 
 ant Barney then served, was successfully opposing the 
 passage of Howe’s fleet, which had returned from the 
 Chesapeake into Delaware, for which congress voted the 
 colonel a sword ; however, the fort was not long tenable 
 and it was abandoned, some days after he had been 
 wounded and retired across the river. 
 
 The gloom occasioned by the passage of the fleet 
 to Philadelphia was soon reversed, and confidence 
 generally and forever restored, by the new s which arriv- 
 ed here on the 21st October, of the success of General 
 Gates at Saratoga and the surrender of General Bur- 
 goyne and his whole army four days before. 
 
 It w as now found that topsail schooners, sailing best 
 upon a wind and adapted to the use of sw r eeps in chas- 
 ing, were most likely to escape the heavy ships of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Amongst the first of the kind fitted out here was the 
 Antelope, built at N. Point creek by Mr. J. Pearce for 
 Messrs. John Sterett and others, and armed with four- 
 teen guns, under the command of captain Jeremiah Yel 
 lott, who was himself an Englishman lately settled in 
 Baltimore, which made a great many narrow 7 escapes 
 and some captures, but always fortunate voyages. The 
 Felicity, commanded by captain Frederick Folger, w ho 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1777 .] 
 
 79 
 
 had been first officer of the Antelope was scarcely less 
 successful. However, the ship Buckskin, captain Johns, 
 who had the commission of a lieutenant in the navy from 
 congress afterwards; the Nonsuch, captain C. Wells 
 and some other vessels, safely went to and returned from 
 France. 
 
 A part of a committee of congress then at Little York, 
 constituting a navy board, of which William Smith, 
 Esq. was a member, assembled here. The Virginia fri- 
 gate of 28 guns, w as built at the point, w r est side of the 
 public wharf, by Mr. Wells, and put under the command 
 of captain Nicholson, but being chased by the enemy 
 31st December, 1777, w r as run on the middle ground and 
 aken. Capt. Nicholson escaped in the ship’s barge, 
 but lieutenant Barney with his brother William, who 
 was an officer of the paarines, and the rest of the crew 
 fell into the hands of the enemy. 
 
 William Buchanan, Esq. was appointed by congress* 
 commissary general of purchases for the continental ar- 
 my, James Calhoun Esq. his deputy made purchases 
 of supplies here andN. Rogers Esq. became an aid 
 of General Ducoudrais and afterward of General De 
 Kalb. 
 
 In this year died at an advanced age, at his seat in the 
 county, Cornelius Howard Esq. who laid out that part 
 of the town, called Howard’s Hill, leaving three sons,, 
 the eldest of whom was colonel John E. How ard, and 
 two daughters. 
 
 Early in 1778, count Pulaski’s legion of cavalry and 
 infantry, raised partly in this state, w as organized hero. 
 
80 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1778. 
 
 The corps suffered severely in Jersey in the same year, 
 and the next lost their gallant commander in Geoigia. 
 
 On the twenty eighth June the British were unsuc- 
 cessfully attacked but finally retired from the fields of 
 Monmouth in Jersey, where the Maryland line shared 
 the danger and the glory of the day. 
 
 In the militia of the town Messrs. John McClellan, 
 Benjamin Griffith, George Lindenberger, James Cal- 
 houn, Daniel Bowley, Mark Alexander, Stephen 
 Stewart, James Young, Isaac Griest, Britm. Dickin- 
 son, Henry Schaeffe, and George Wells held comm is 
 sions, most of whom had been at camp with captains 
 Moore, Sterett, Cox, or Bailey. They were often on 
 duty, as may be supposed, and on one or two occasions, 
 they assembled courts .martial in Baltimore for the 
 trial of offences against military law, but none capital 
 occurred . 
 
 On the organization of the court of appeals Thomas 
 Jones Esq. was appointed one of the judges, and Wil- 
 liam Buchanan Esq. youngest son of doctor George 
 Buchanan, deceased, succeeds to the office of Register 
 of Wills the next year in the place of Mr. Jones. 
 
 British goods having become scarce, several manu 
 factures, which had been prohibited in the colonies, 
 were now established in or near this town: Among 
 
 others a bleach yard by Mr. Riddle; a linen factory 
 by Mr. McFadon; a paper mill by Mr. Goddard; a 
 slitting mill by Mr. Whetcroft; a card factory by 
 Mr. McCabe; a w r oollen and linen factory by Mr. 
 Charles Carroll; a Nail factory each by Mr. Geo. 
 Matthews and Mr. Richardson Stewart ; Mr. Charles 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 81 
 
 1778 ] 
 
 Williams carried on the Dyeing business, and Mr. 
 William Stenson, who had sometime kept a coffee 
 house near the corner of Holliday and East, now 
 Fayette streets, opened another on a modern and 
 extensive scale, at the south west corner of South 
 and Baltimore streets. 
 
 In the course of this year too, a treaty of alliance 
 was made with France, and, soon after the British left 
 Philadelphia a large fleet under count D’Estaing made 
 its appearance off Chincoteague on this coast. 
 
 The British appear to have abandoned much of their 
 hopes of reducing the States by force and offered terms 
 which would have been accepted three years before. 
 On the other hand the Americans, who had suffered 
 severely for want of camp equipage and materials of 
 war as well as in battle, considered themselves relieved 
 from great exertions, by the arrival of the French and 
 the certainty of effectual aid of their forces, and a period 
 of langour succeeded which was not favorable to general 
 improvement, while the depreciation of the current money 
 and the absence of Messrs. Howard, Rogers and other 
 gentlemen of landed property, who had gone from our 
 town to join the army, contributed, no doubt, to retard 
 its progress here. It was, however, in the middle of the 
 war arrived and settled here, Messrs. Richard Curson, 
 William Patterson, Robert Gilmor, Charles Torrence, 
 Andrew Boyd, Aaron Levering, Henry Payson, Joseph 
 Williams, Peter Frick, George Reinecker, Michael 
 Diffenderffer, Christopher Raborg, John Leypold, 
 Abraham Sitler, George Heide, John Shultze, Baltzcr 
 
 11 
 
82 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1778 
 
 Schaeffer and others, who, by their wealth, credit and 
 enterprize contributed to revive the business of the 
 place. 
 
 On the 4th February, 1779, Mr. Sterett’s extensive 
 brewery, with the warehouse on the south west corner 
 of Frederick and Second streets, then occupied by Mr. 
 Hugh Young, were set on fire designedly as w r as sup- 
 posed, and both entirely consumed. 
 
 The Episcopal congregation had increased so much 
 as early as 1762, as to require a chapel of ease and 
 one was erected at a place called TL, near the head of 
 Middle River: about the same time that additional lots 
 were purchased in town for the use of the parish. The 
 Rev. Mr. Thomas Chase, who w T as above thirty years 
 rector of St. Paul’s parish, and the last appointed by the 
 Proprietary, died the 4th of April 1779, aged 79 years, 
 and the Rev. Mr. William West was chosen to succeed 
 him by the vestry, when a new church w^as erected in 
 front of the old one, and a law procured to open the 
 street in front of it, called New Church, now Lexington 
 street, on the south side of which the vestry leased out 
 lots. Early in 1779, the Maryland line was formed 
 into tw r o brigades, the second of which was put under 
 command of colonel Gist, promoted brigadier general, 
 and doctor McHenry became a secretary to the com- 
 mander in chief. 
 
 Benjamin Nicholson, Esq. colonel of the town mili- 
 tia, resigned the command to colonel Smith. This 
 being the only corps kept up after the peace, sustained 
 that military spirit which was infused into the 5th and 
 
83 
 
 1779.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 other regiments and which the militia of Baltimore have 
 so lately displayed. 
 
 On the 9th July some of the people, offended at Mr- 
 Goddard for the part he took in favor of general Charles 
 Lee after the decision of the court martial which sus- 
 pended that officer, Mr. Goddard was persuaded to sign 
 a public recantation, which he afterwards disclaimed but 
 saved himself by it from personal abuse ; from which, 
 however, one or two persons who defended him did 
 not escape, as they were put into the cart intended 
 for him and carried about the streets. 
 
 A society was formed by the principal merchants, 
 and contributions made by them in October to the 
 amount of 93,000 pounds to be employed in reducing 
 the price of salt by retail, which article they bought 
 and sold at about forty five pounds, or 120 dollars per 
 bushel, paper money, reserving only the expenses. 
 
 The enemy sent a small force into the bay under 
 general Matthews, and the town assembled its forces 
 again, under general Buchanan, who was also about 
 this time chosen to fill a vacancy in the senate, but did 
 not aceept. Matthews landed at Portsmouth but came 
 not much further then. 
 
 David McMechen and Mark Alexander, Esqrs. suc- 
 ceeded Messrs Smith and Chase as delegates and 
 Joseph Baxter Esq. is elected sheriff in place of Mr. Ste- 
 venson wdiose time had expired. 
 
 Died here, while on a visit to his relatives, on the 5th 
 September, Edward Biddle, Esq. one of the representa* 
 :ives in congress from Pennsylvania. 
 
81 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1780. 
 
 As long as the navigation was obstructed by ice, 
 which was until the 9th of March, the winter of 
 1779 to 80 being more severe than any noticed at this 
 place before, the suffering poor were relieved at their 
 own houses by distributions of meal and fuel ; a consid- 
 erable amount, say 9000/. being subscribed by the more 
 fortunate inhabitants. 
 
 Hitherto the merchants of Baltimore had been oblig- 
 ed to get registers, and enter and clear vessels at Anna- 
 polis, but the custom house is now opened, and Thomas 
 Sollers, Esq. naval officer, was authorised to grant 
 registers for vessels here. 
 
 The two years for which the old customs were sus- 
 pended, having elapsed, duties were laid on enumerated 
 articles again, in real money, viz. spirits two pence per 
 gallon, Madeira wine four pence, other wines two pence, 
 coffee and cocoa one shilling per one hundred weight, 
 loaf sugar one shilling and six pence, domestic liquor 
 one shilling, negroes from other provinces thirteen 
 pounds, abroad five hundred pounds, a prohibition; and 
 on exports, tobacco five shillings per hhd, pig iron three 
 shillings and nine pence, and bar fifteen shillings per ton. 
 
 There appears to have entered in one week in May, 
 one brig from France, one ship, three brigs and five 
 schooners from the West Indies. 
 
 The legislature also made provision for the defence 
 of the bay by equipping one large galley, one sloop or 
 schooner and four large barges, and for recruiting the 
 army, besides calling out 1200 militia volunteers, which 
 forces were encreased the following years by four gal- 
 lies and eight barges. The men were to be paid at the 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 8a 
 
 1780 .] 
 
 rate of half a dollar per day, in real money, by the state 
 which received itself, the public dues in cattle, grain, 
 & c. which were often taken by appraisement at this pe- 
 riod. The state provided for its own troops in the con- 
 tinental army as w T ell as it could, first by new bills of 
 credit, to the amount of nearly $J, 000,000, besides 
 the state’s quota of continental at least 20,000,000 more, 
 which were redeemed by new bills called black money, 
 at forty for one. 
 
 Internal improvements received some aid by the sales 
 of many valuable lots in town and estates in the neigh- 
 borhood confiscated, which were in the first instance to 
 be paid for, one fifth in specie and four fifths in the 
 black money. Even these bills depreciated to six or 
 seven for one, but delays attended the payments, and 
 the red money created the next year, for the redemption 
 of the black , fell at first to two or three for one, but soon 
 recovered, and sustained its credit, because there was 
 actually a greater amount of property sold, than the sum 
 in circulation. 
 
 Matthew Ridley, Esq. of the house of Ridley and 
 Pringle, was authorised to borrow and negociated a 
 loan in Holland for the use of the state. 
 
 In consequence of the purchase of Fotterall’s estate 
 -near town, a contest arose for the mill property, which 
 had been sold by his administrators forty years before, 
 and it was decided after ten years litigation, that the fee 
 simple property so disposed of, including the old mill 
 on Bath street, should go to the purchasers under the 
 confiscation act. 
 
 Of the number of fifty six debtors to British mer- 
 
86 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1780. 
 
 chants or manufacturers, who paid the amount of their 
 debts into the treasury of the state in depreciated mo- 
 ney, there were but four or five residents of Baltimore 
 town and county, and these were actuated by feelings 
 which their patriotism inspired more than a desire to 
 avoid a payment, for the merchants here generally, con- 
 demned the measure and memorialised the legislature 
 against its adoption. Those few who had not paid be- 
 fore prohibited in 1776, paid eventually, the full amount 
 without the intervention of the courts of justice to en- 
 force the stipulations of the treaty of peace, on the 
 subject. 
 
 Such were the difficulties attending the transition of 
 one currency to another, that seizures of provisions, for 
 the troops were authorised, which, in ordinary times 
 would have been intolerable, and the rate of the levy 
 which, in the early part of the year, had been fixed at 
 one fourth of the whole valuation of taxable property, 
 was reduced to one and an half per cent, with the option 
 of paying in Wheat at seven shillings and sixpence, 
 Tobacco at twenty shillings, &c. and a scale of deprecia- 
 tion for the settlement of public and private contracts 
 was established on equitable principles. 
 
 General Lincoln had been obliged to surrender 
 Charleston 12th. May, 1780, and the three southern 
 states seemed to have been entirely lost to the union, 
 when general Gates took command of the southern 
 army, including all the troops from Delaware and 
 Maryland south, and notwithstanding the determined 
 valour of these troops, the disasters at Camden and 
 other places, where the Maryland line suffered severely, 
 
1780.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 87 
 
 made it necessary to recall major general Gates and 
 place that department under the command of major gen- 
 eral Nathaniel Greene. The new commander in chief 
 of the southern army passed through town with M. 
 general baron Steuben 6th of November. On the 27th. 
 Mrs. Washington passes to the north and the ladies of 
 Baltimore raise contributions for the soldiers, going to 
 camp. By an accident which happened in trying can- 
 non at Northampton furnace, several persons w r erc 
 wounded and captain Fulford of the artillery, was 
 unfortunately killed. 
 
 The mercury ranged within doors and in the day time, 
 from ninety to ninety seven degrees of Farenheit from 
 the fifth to the tenth July, the first day ninety three and 
 the last ninety seven. 
 
 Early in 1781, we learned the joyful news of the 
 success at the Cowpens, rendered Still more acceptable 
 to the people of Baltimore, by the conspicuous part colo 
 nel Howard had in the victory, and for which he was 
 voted by congress the compliment of a silver medal. 
 In March an association w r as entered into here to 
 circulate the new paper at par value, and in August, a 
 committee of the associators exercised the authority 
 they had assumed, by holding up to public vieu\ 
 through the Gazettes, one of their number who had 
 attempted to take for his goods four times the price at 
 which the same would be sold in specie. Arnold 
 and Phillips landed in Virginia, and the enemy ships 
 traversed the Bay to its head, burning and plundering 
 on both sides, and on the twenty sixth April, six ships 
 
88 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1781 
 
 then at North Point, the citizens assembled and ap- 
 pointed Messrs. James McHenry, Nathaniel Smith, 
 Nicholas Rogers, W. Smith, I. Greist, T. Henderson, 
 and Thomas Johnson a committee to prepare for defence. 
 
 On the 14th of June the volunteer troop of cavalry of 
 town gentlemen, of which captain N. R. Moore was 
 commander, set off to join the army under the Mar- 
 quis De Lafayette in Virginia, and having performed 
 the tour of duty required, returned to town the fourth 
 of August. 
 
 It was in this year Fell’s Prospect w r as first laid off 
 by the commissioners, and added to the town, on the east, 
 and the eighteen acres of Messrs. Moale and Steiger ly- 
 ing between Bridge, now Gay, and French streets, for 
 which authority had been given eight years before. 
 
 The weight of Flour per barrel w as now r fixed at the pre- 
 sent standard of one hundred and ninety six pounds 
 nett, with some other regulations respecting that staple. 
 
 Messrs. John Corntlrwait, Gerard Hopkins, George 
 Mathews, John and David Brown, and others of the 
 society of Friends, who until now r had held their meet- 
 ings at the house on the Harford road, buy a spacious 
 lot and build a meeting house between Baltimore and 
 Pitt streets, where they inter their deceased members. 
 
 On the eighth of September 1781, w^as fought at Eu- 
 iaw r , the last severe battle of the war, where part of 
 the Maryland troops under Colonel Williams, signa- 
 lized themselves again. Here they lost Captains Dob- 
 son and Edgerly, and Lieutenants Duvall and Gould, 
 killed, and Colonel Howard, Capt. Gibson, Capt. Lieut 
 Huo-on, Lieuts. Ewdng, Woolford and Lynn and ensign^-l 
 
 ©7 C* * 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 89 
 
 1781.] 
 
 Moore were wounded, besides a number of Infantry 
 and artillery men. Many of our officers including capts. 
 Plunket, and Sterett and Dr McHenry had been made 
 prisoners and subjected to the hardships of that state, 
 but were duly exchanged or escaped by their address. 
 According to the dispensations of a blessed Provi- 
 dence, not one officer who had gone into the army from 
 this town or county had yet died in the enemy’s hands 
 or fallen in the field of battle during this sanguinary 
 contest. It was only at the moment when peace was 
 about to crown their gallant exertions, in an engagement 
 at James Island where there were but few men on either 
 side, Lieutenant Wilmot of the county, closed an hon- 
 orable carreer. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis continuing his march to the 
 northward was met in Virginia by detachments of 
 the main army under Generals La Fayette and Wayne, 
 some of which passed through Baltimore, and the 
 French fleet under the Count De Grasse having entered 
 the Bay, General Washington suddenly quit the main 
 army and arrived before York town, where the British 
 were immediately invested. General Washington ac- 
 companied by the count Rochambeau, general Hand, 
 major general baron Viomenil, brigadier general Cha- 
 telux and Gen. Clinton passed through town the eighth 
 September, most of the allied army going by water 
 from Elkton to Annapolis. On this occasion the 
 town was illuminated and the following address and 
 answer was published soon after, 
 
 12 
 
90 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1781. 
 
 His Excellency George Washington Esq. General 
 and commander in chief of the armies of the United 
 States of America. 
 
 May it please your Excellency, — The citizens and 
 inhabitants of Baltimore, impressed with the warmest 
 sentiments of respect and esteem, and with the most 
 lively sense of the important services, rendered by you 
 to them and their country, beg leave through us, to 
 congratulate your excellency upon your arrival in this 
 town, and to express the general joy, diffused through 
 every breast, at the return of your excellency to this 
 place. 
 
 It has been with the highest satisfaction, we have 
 found our most sanguine expectations, from your mili- 
 tary talents, exceeded by the abilities you have display- 
 ed, during a series of various fortune, as well in the day 
 of battle, as the hour of distress: your fortitude and 
 perseverence under all our calamities, the wisdom of 
 your counsels, the judicious and mild regulation of the 
 army, your sacred attention to the civil powers of the 
 respective States, and the great address with which our 
 military operations have been conducted, under your 
 excellency’s direction, demand the warmest effusions of 
 gratitude that can flow from the hearts of a free people. 
 
 Permit us also to congratulate your excellency upon 
 the many signal successes that have lately attended the 
 American arms in the southern states, obtained with 
 such distinguished honors to our gallant officers and 
 soldiers, and on the arrival of the fleet of our magnani- 
 mous ally, aided by whose noble and generous exer- 
 tions, we look forward, with pleasing hopes, to the day 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 91 
 
 1781.] 
 
 of peace, when w^e may freely enjoy the bounties with 
 which all-gracious heaven has enriched our country. 
 May your present operations prove successful, and 
 may the grand work in which you are engaged, be hap- 
 pily terminated. 
 
 Our prayers are for your excellency’s preservation, 
 that you may continue approved by heaven, esteemed 
 by virtuous men, and dreaded by tyrants ; and, on the 
 restoration of public tranquility, that you may, in 
 peaceful retirement, enjoy that satisfaction of mind, 
 which the sense of great and noble deeds always in- 
 spires; and may posterity, in the full possession and ex- 
 ercise of that freedom which your sword has assisted 
 to establish, venerate and do ample justice to your vir- 
 tue and character to the latest ages. 
 
 With sentiments of the most profound esteem and 
 respect, we are, in behalf of the citizens and inhabi- 
 tants of Baltimore, your excellency’s most obedient and 
 most humble servants, 
 
 Wm. Smith, 
 
 Sam’l Purviance, Jr. j 
 
 John Moale, > Committee. 
 
 John Dorsey, 
 
 James Calhoun. J 
 
 To the citizens and inhabitants of the town of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Gentlemen — With the warmest sense of gratitude 
 and affection, I accept your kind congratulations on my 
 arrival in this town. 
 
 Permit me, gentlemen, to assure you, that from the 
 pleasure which I feel in having this opportunity to pay 
 
92 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [178L 
 
 my respects to the worthy inhabitants of the town of 
 Baltimore, I participate in your sensations of joy. 
 
 If during the long and trying period, in which my 
 services, as a soldier, have been employed for the in- 
 terests of the United States of America, and for the 
 establishment of their rights, I have acquitted myself to 
 the acceptance of my fellow-citizens: If my various 
 
 fortunes — if my attention to the civil powers of the 
 states, have subserved the general good of the public — 
 in these things I feel myself happy — and in these con- 
 siderations, I rejoice in your felicity. 
 
 The happy and eventful successes of our troops in 
 the southern states, as they* reflect glory on the Ame- 
 rican arms, and particular honour on the gallant offi- 
 cers and men immediately concerned in that depart- 
 ment, fills my heart with pleasure and delight. The 
 active and generous part our allies are taking in our 
 cause, with the late arrival of their formidable fleet in 
 the bay of the Chesapeake, call for our utmost grati- 
 tude, and with the smiles of heaven on our combined 
 operations give us the happiest presage of the most 
 pleasing events — events, which in their issue, may 
 lead to an honourable and permanent peace. 
 
 I thank you most cordially, for your prayers and 
 good wishes for my prosperity. May the author of all 
 blessings aid our united exertions in the cause of liber- 
 ty and universal peace — and may the particular bless- 
 ing of heaven rest on you and the worthy citizens of 
 this flourishing town of Baltimore. 
 
 I am, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, 
 
 Geo. Washington. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 93 
 
 1781.] 
 
 On conducting our brave defenders to the south- 
 ward, the marquiss De La Fayette borrowed a con- 
 siderable sum of money of the merchants of Baltimore, 
 which he employed in buying materials for clothing 
 to be made up in part by the ladies, and of which the 
 repayment was duly effected some time after. 
 
 On the 1 9th of October, lord Cornwallis capitulated, 
 and his whole army being made prisoners, there re- 
 mained no .longer any doubt but that the independence 
 of the states would soon be acknowledged and general 
 peace established. The citizens were soon favoured 
 with opportunities which they joyfully embraced, to 
 offer their congratulations to the commander in chief, 
 the marquiss De La Fayette and others, who had had 
 a share in the glorious event. 
 
 The 13th of December, was appointed and kept as 
 a day of general thanksgiving. 
 
 The land office was opened by an act of assembly 
 passed this year, and the price of the lands fixed first at 
 Is 6d, and afterwards, as the money became more 
 valuable, at half that sum per acre. There were still 
 many thousand acres unpatented in the north west part 
 of the county, and many considerable vacancies 
 were discovered in other parts of the county and taken 
 up several years after the peace. 
 
 The period limited for the first senate was now ex- 
 piring and at the election held this year, Charles Car- 
 roll, Esq. Barrister, was re-elected to the new senate 
 with Messrs. John Smith and James M c Henry of this 
 town. Thomas C. Deye, John B. Howard, Charles 
 Ridgely of William, and Samuel Worthington, Esqrs. 
 
94 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1781. 
 
 were elected delegates for the county. Henry Wil- 
 son, Esq. succeeded Mr. Alexander as one of the mem- 
 bers for the town. 
 
 When the news of the surrender of the british army 
 at York town reached England, the Parliament refused 
 to support the war any longer, Mr. Fox was brought 
 into the ministry, to terminate the war, and negotiations 
 of the preliminaries commenced by him, wer£ prosecut- 
 ed by Mr. Pitt in the spring of 1782. At the first ses- 
 sion of this year, colonel Howard laid off part of the tract 
 adjoining his father’s first addition and that before made 
 by Mr. Hall, and annexed to the town all the grounds 
 east of the street, to which the colonel gave the name of 
 Eutaw street. Beyond that and on the street which he 
 called Lexington street, he laid off a spacious lot for 
 a public market, which was improved and appropriated 
 to that purpose twenty years after. The colonel ap- 
 propriated another spacious lot of ground on Baltimore 
 street west of Eutaw, for the use of the state, should 
 the general assembly accept and make it the seat of 
 government within that period; though an effort was 
 made to carry the removal in the house of delegates at 
 the same session, it was rejected by a vote of twenty to 
 nineteen, and has failed as often as it was proposed as 
 well during the twenty years limited, as afterwards; 
 and whether it is or is not a matter of less interest to 
 the citizens, it is certain that they now view it with 
 more indifference than they do the proportion of repre< 
 sentation allowed them. 
 
95 
 
 1782.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Until this time none of the streets of Baltimore 
 Town except here and there on the side-ways, were 
 paved, and the main street especially, from the depth 
 of soil, was actually impassable some part of the spring 
 and fall seasons, from the market house at Gay street to 
 Calvert street. The town commissioners were there- 
 fore aided in effecting its improvement, become indispen- 
 sable, at the November session, by the creation of com- 
 missioners, of whom there were seven, called special 
 commissioners, empowered to “direct and superintend the 
 levelling, pitching, paving and repairing the streets _and 
 repairing the bridges,” to begin with Baltimore street, 
 in part, and then from place to place as circumstances 
 required. The owners of lots on streets to be paved, to 
 pay $1 66^- per foot front, on lanes or alleys half price. 
 An auction duty was laid, major Thomas Fates being 
 appointed first and sole auctioneer, a tax on public ex- 
 hibitions, to be licensed by the commissioners and 33 a 
 cents per 100 on the assessed property, with an an- 
 nual Lottery towards defraying the expenses. The 
 same law prescribed the extent of porches and cellar 
 doors, the breadth of carriage wheels and removal of 
 nuisances or obstructions in the streets or harbour. 
 
 This Board, which was composed in the first instance 
 of Messrs. William Spear, James Sterett, Englehard 
 Yeiser, George Lindenberger, Jesse Hollingsworth, 
 Thomas Elliot and Peter Hoffman, were made a body 
 politic and corporate, authorised to fill their own vacan- 
 cies, appoint a Treasurer, collect all fines to the use of 
 the city and appoint constables, were also to render 
 their accounts to the Town Commissioners, who now 
 
96 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1782. 
 
 in fact, had little else to perform and little more was 
 wanted at that time to make the charter complete. But 
 at the ensuing session, it was thought too much power 
 had been bestowed on a body of men so constituted and 
 provision was made for their removal, or others in their 
 place, by electors to be chosen every five years. The 
 town commissioners at this period were Messrs. William 
 Smith, John Moale, Richard Ridgely, Daniel Bowley, 
 Hercules Courtenay and John Sterett. 
 
 Mr. Charles Rigdely of John, and others, at Novem- 
 ber session, procured the addition to the Town of 
 those grounds called Gist’s Inspection and Timber neck 
 lying south of the former additions and upon the mid- 
 dle branch ; and Mr. Benjamin Rogers and others, those 
 which lay between Fell’s Prospect and Harris’s creek. 
 These were the last specific additions by act of Assem- 
 bly, and the power given to the corporation to admit 
 other grounds by the consent of the owners, being ex- 
 ercised only in one instance relating to some lots or> 
 north Howard street, between Saratoga and Mulberry 
 streets, no change of limits was effected for many years, 
 nor until the population of the precincts had become 
 equal to a third of the City itself. 
 
 After repeated conquests and sometimes the conquer- 
 ed, captain Barney was made commander of the Penn- 
 sylvania ship Hyder Alley, mounting 1 6 sixes, and on 
 the 5th of June 1782, captured the British ship general 
 Monk of 20 nine pounders; on which occasion the Le- 
 gislature of that state presented him a sword, and the 
 prize being purchased and fitted out by the naval com- 
 missioners of the United States, the command of her 
 then called the Washington , was given to him. 
 
1782,] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 97 
 
 It was in this year also, that Mr. Gabriel P.Vanhorne 
 with Mr. Nathaniel Twining and others, established a 
 line of stage Coaches between Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more, which was secured to Mr. Vanhorne exclusively 
 until 1791; he afterwards extended the line of stages to 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Count Rochambeau returning with his army from 
 York town halted in Baltimore and some of his troops 
 remained until the close of the war. 
 
 Besides the Cavalry and Infantry of the legion of 
 the Duke De Lauzun, the division included the regi- 
 ments of Bourbonnois, Deux Ponts, Saintonge and 
 Soissonnois. The officers among whom were Count 
 Dillon,' ‘Baron Viomenil, General Lavalette, &c. were 
 lodged with private families. The Legion encamped 
 on the ground where the cathedral stands, and the rest 
 of the troops on that eminence near the York road, 
 which the late Mr. John McKim improved and occu- 
 pied, The urbanity of the officers and the correct 
 deportment of the men, established an intercourse be- 
 tween them and the citizens upon terms the most friend* 
 ly and cemented that partiality for the French nation 
 to which the alliance had given rise, and has been so 
 often manifested by the people of Baltimore. Upon 
 his departure the merchants presented an address to 
 jjenerai Lavalette the principal officer then here, ex- 
 pressive of the above friendly sentiments. 
 
 The town was then said to contain 8000 inhabitants, 
 having eight places of worship, viz. Episcopalian, Pres- 
 byterian, Lutheran, Dutch Calvinists, Roman Catho- 
 
 13 
 
98 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE'. [1782. 
 
 lies, Baptists, Quakers and Methodists, that is one for 
 * each society. 
 
 Our Bay was visited by ships of w ar of France and 
 England alternately; some armed barges were particu- 
 larly troublesome to the coasters. On the 5th of July, 
 Captain Simmons in the Brig Ranger, going out of the 
 Patowmack, with his pikes beat of and killed Barry 
 and w r ounded Whaland, two famous barge men, but, on 
 the thirtieth of November three of them attacked and 
 after killing Captain Whalley, killing and wounding 
 sixty five out of seventy five men, the brave survivors 
 being w ithout small cartridges, which . had taken fire 
 early in the action, were captured, w ith the States 
 Galley. This was said to be and with great propriety 
 no doubt, the most bloody conflict which had taken 
 place during the w r ar. Most of our vessels were too 
 formidable for those sanguinary marauders, and the let- 
 ters of marque were numerous and successful . Amongst 
 others the Favourite, captain Buchanan; Dolphin, 
 Forbes; Matilda, Belt; Three Brothers, Travers; Iris, 
 Cole, &c. 
 
 The loans obtained abroad and the payment of gold 
 and silver to the French troops, procured a supply for 
 circulation, and the Bank of North America being 
 opened the paper was superseded altogether. 
 
 Lord North was removed and the earl of Shellburne 
 and Charles J. Fox first, then Mr. Pitt, his successors, 
 made overtures and proposed the acknowledgement of 
 the Independence of the United States. Preliminaries 
 were signed in November, and Charleston was evacu- 
 
1 782.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 99 
 
 ated in December. In the mean time the command of 
 the British army devolved on Sir Guy Carlton. 
 
 Samuel Worthington Esq. was elected in the place 
 of Mr. J. B. Howard for the county, and William Fell 
 son of Edward, Esq. in the place of Mr. Wilson, late 
 delegate for the town, and William M’Laughlin Esq. 
 was elected sheriff. 
 
 Samuel Sterett Esq. was appointed secretary to the 
 president of congress. 
 
 Died at Annapolis on the 29th of May, aged eighty 
 two years, Charles Carroll Esq. who was proprietor of 
 that part of Cole’s harbour which the commissioners 
 purchased of him forty two years before, for the first 
 town: On the fourteenth of October, in this town, at 
 
 an advanced age Thomas Harrison Esq. one of the 
 town commissioners in 1745: At Mount Clare near 
 
 town the 23d of March, CharlesCarroll, Esq. barrister, 
 one of the framers of the Constitution and senators of 
 the state; and on the 30th at his seat in the county, 
 Walter Tolley Esq. formerly a member of the house of 
 delegates, and of the convention of 1774. 
 
 It may be remarked as of the military, that of the 
 characters in civil life who were instrumental in the es- 
 tablishment of our town and government none, except 
 Mr. Cornelius Howard, were removed by death during 
 the eventful period of the war. 
 
 Hostilities w T ere suspended 11th ot April 1783, by 
 Congress, and the joyful news of peace and independence 
 was celebrated on the 21 st, and at night the town was 
 illuminated. The first act of the Legislature was to 
 
100 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [J783. 
 
 admit the entry of vessels from the British dominions, 
 and British subjects were, for some months, permitted 
 to hold registered shipping. 
 
 Messrs. Samuel Smith, Samuel Purviance, Daniel 
 Bowley, John Sterett, Thomas Russell, Richard Ridge* 
 ly, Robert Henderson, Thomas Elliott and William 
 Patterson were appointed Wardens of the port of Balti- 
 more for five years, to be renewed by election of the 
 electors of the special commissioners every live years 
 in succession. They elected Mr. Purviance chairman, 
 and were authorised to make a survey and chart of the 
 basin, harbour and river Patapsco ; ascertain the depth 
 and course of the channel, and provide for the cleaning 
 the same ; and a sum of one penny per ton of every 
 vessel entering or clearing, which was raised to two 
 cents and sanctioned by Congress after the adoption of 
 the Constitution, was imposed, to defray the expense. 
 They were also authorised to make rules respecting 
 wharves and wharfage, and keeping them in repair. 
 There was still no public wharf but that of about 100 
 feet on Calvert street, and no private wharves extend- 
 ed above 200 except those of Messrs Spear, Smith and 
 Buchanan ; so that the space occupied by the water at 
 that time was perhaps equal to double the surface of the 
 present basin and docks. 
 
 Messrs. John and Andrew Ellicott purchased the 
 water lot and extended a wharf on Light street, for fil- 
 ling of which, they used a drag and, with a team of 
 horses, drew the oozy sediment from the bottom of the 
 river. They also procured iron scoops to be used by 
 hand or windlass, with which the same operation Is 
 
1783.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 101 
 
 performed, and was improved by Messrs. Cruse and Cob 
 ver, with the use of horses.' By this means, any part 
 of the upper harbour, called the basin, is made nine feet 
 deep; the water of the point and the river, generally 
 being double that depth at common tides. 
 
 A company chiefly composed of citizens of Bal- 
 timore, was incorporated to make a canal on the Sus- 
 quehana. Soon after the Patowmack Canal Company 
 was established, and in 1 799, another to make a canal 
 to unite the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. 
 
 The defects of the original plan of the tow n now' be- 
 came more burthensome, and on the petition of a num- 
 ber of inhabitants, a law was passed authorising the 
 commissioners of the tow r n to make Hanover lane the 
 width of sixty-six feet, being an extension to the street 
 of that name in Mr. Howard’s addition, assessing the 
 damages sustained and the benefits from which the 
 same should be paid. By the consent of the proprietors 
 of the grounds, the commissioners also opened Holliday 
 street of the w 7 idth of eighty feet, Lemmon street thirty- 
 three feet, Orange lane eighteen feet, and widened East 
 lane, now in Fayette street, from Holliday street to 
 Gay street, to forty feet: Holliday street was extended 
 northwardly fifty feet wdde in 1810. In 1787, Light 
 lane was widened to thirty-eight feet and a half, re- 
 serving the house standing on the icest side , come?' of 
 Baltimore street , and called Light street, but a street 
 called Walnut street, then bounding the town south 
 westerly, was entirely closed, and Forrest street north 
 of Baltimore street which had been laid out sixty-six 
 feet, w T as limited to a lane of eighteen, in 17 92 : when 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 102 
 
 [1783, 
 
 Tammany and Chatham streets, now part of Fayette 
 street, were opened to the width of forty feet. Charles 
 street was extended across two or three docks from 
 Camden to Barre street in 1796, and the docks filled 
 up and from thence Goodman street was opened south. 
 Sharping lane was widened to forty-nine and a half 
 feet from Gay to South streets, and called Second street, 
 of which it was an extension, in 1798 
 
 Most of the gentlemen of the town, who had gone 
 into the army and navy, and held commissions, includ- 
 ing Messrs. Thomas Yates, James M c Fadon, Young 
 Wilkinson, John Deaver, Philip Graybell, and Sabrit 
 Bowen, whose names and perhaps others, should have 
 been included in preceding lists, returned and settled 
 here. 
 
 The following officers of the army of other parts of 
 the state or other states, also settled here, besides 
 general Williams, viz: Messrs. N. Ramsay, John 
 Swann, Rob’t Ballard, Tench Tilghman, John Strieker, 
 William Clemm, Martin Eichelberger, David Har- 
 ris, Frederick Yeiser, Samuel Sadler, John Bankson, 
 John Lynch, Clement Skerrett, and John Brevitt; and 
 Paul Bentalou, esq. who was first a captain of caval- 
 ry in Pulaski’s legion, and had become chief officer 
 and commander of the survivors of that gallant corps. 
 
 Several French gentlemen established commercial 
 houses during or directly after the war, viz. Monbos, 
 Latil, Zacharie, Pascault, Dumeste, Delaporte; and the 
 chevalier D’Anmour, his most Christian Majesty’s con- 
 sul for Maryland and Virginia, fixed himself in Balti- 
 more* 
 
103 
 
 1783.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Captains Plunket and Moore had returned in conse- 
 quence of ill health or reform of the corps in which 
 they had served, and organized the Baltimore troop, 
 the latter acting as lieutenant until declining health 
 obliged the former to go to sea. The following gentle- 
 men, several of whom had served in the Independent 
 Infantry company were amongst those who entered the 
 troop — viz: 
 
 David Plunket, captain , 
 Thomas Russell, lieutenant , 
 Lyde Goodwin, surgeon , 
 Thomas Hollingsworth, 
 William Neill, 
 
 Thorowgood Smith, 
 Christopher Johnston, 
 Abraham Vanbibber, 
 Luther Martin, 
 
 David Williamson, 
 
 John M‘ Henry, 
 
 James Jaffray, 
 
 Richard Ridgely, 
 
 John M‘Lure, 
 
 David Hopkins, 
 
 Archibald Moncricf, 
 
 John Jeffers, 
 
 Francis Grant, 
 
 George Turnbull, 
 
 John Foster, 
 
 Nicholas R. Moore, lieutenant , 
 Mark Pringle, comet , 
 
 Matthew Ridley, quarter master , 
 William Hammond, 
 
 Alexander M‘Kim, 
 
 William Patterson, 
 
 Samuel Hollingsworths 
 Robert Lyon, 
 
 James Sterling, 
 
 John Spear, 
 
 Thomas Yates, 
 
 William Knox, 
 
 John Kirwan, 
 
 William Taylor, 
 
 James Ryan, 
 
 Larkin Dorsey, 
 
 Nathan Levy, 
 
 John Stewart, 
 
 John M‘Alister, 
 
 George Hammond. 
 
 General O. H. Williams married and settled in Bal- 
 timore, being appointed collector and naval officer, in 
 the place of Thomas Sollers, Esq. deceased. 
 
 Directly after the peace several merchants from other 
 states or other parts of this state settled here, among 
 
104 
 
 AN r NALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1783. 
 
 whom were Messrs. Slubey, James Carey, W. Potts, 
 William West, Ilaxall, Van Wyck, Contee, Dali, Stouf- 
 fer, Starck, Kimmel, Isaac Solomon, George Evans, 
 Elisha Tyson, Barton, William Young, Henry John- 
 son and Johonnot; and a number of European gentle- 
 men; among whom were Messrs. S. Wilson, R. Oliver, 
 A. Campbell, James Buchanan, Riddell, S. Liggatt, J . 
 Salmon, G. Salmon, A. Stewart, A. Robinson, Grundy, 
 J. Hollins, Caton, Coopman, Hodgson, Buckler, Nich- 
 olson, Neilson, Schroeder, Seekamp, Ghequiere, Ratien, 
 Konecke, Labes, M’Causland, Hacket, Zollickoffer 
 and Messonier, and established houses of trade; Mr. 
 Adrian Valck being consul for the United Netherlands. 
 By the Minerva, captain Belt ; Harmony, Lysle; Paca, 
 Kell, and other vessels, there were brought a great 
 many Irish and German redemptioners ; and a society for 
 the aid of the Germans not speaking the language of 
 the country, was formed. 
 
 But the late emigrants or refugees from the country 
 were also returning, and it being feared disturbances 
 would ensue, the inhabitants, imitating other places, 
 held a meeting and resolved that they should not 
 be admitted, until the meeting of the general Assembly. 
 
 Those justices who resided in or near town and most 
 frequently occupied the Bench w r ere A. Buchanan, John 
 Moale, W. Buchanan, J. Vanbibber, A. Vanbibber, 
 Geo. Lindenberger, James Calhoun, William Russell, 
 Thomas Russell, James M’Henry, Peter Sheppard. 
 Henry Wilson, Thomas Elliott, John Merryman, Ro- 
 bert Lemmon, Thomas Sobers and Jesse Bussey 
 Esqrs. and the gentlemen of the Bar, besides the attor- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 105 
 
 1783.] 
 
 ney general, Samuel Johnson, Richard Ridgely, Aquil- 
 la Hall, Robert Smith, Zeb. Hollingsworth, James Car- 
 roll, W. H. Dorsey, William Moore, Rinald. Johnson, 
 Archibald Robinson, Robert Milligan, Robert Golds- 
 borough, Henry Ridgely, Peter Carnes and Thomas 
 Gittings Esqrs. Resides some of those gentlemen of 
 the faculty before mentioned and yet living, the prac- 
 titioners at this period were Doctors Johnson, Good- 
 win, Troup, Andrews, Coale, Gilder, and not long 
 after Doctors Brown, Littlejohn, Ross, A. Wiesen- 
 thall and Buchanan. 
 
 On the 16th May 1783 Mr. John Hayes commenced 
 the publication of the paper entitled, “the Maryland 
 Gazette.” This paper with the Journal , then edited 
 by Messrs. Goddard & Angel, gave way to others, and 
 the number has been increased successively to five 
 daily papers; they are chiefly devoted to commerce. 
 
 On the 30th of September, the inhabitants gave a pub- 
 lic dinner to Maj. Gen. Greene on his return from 
 Carolina. An address to the General congratulating 
 him on the successes of the army under his command, 
 was received and answered by him in the most obliging 
 manner. 
 
 On the 4th of November Mr. Sterett’s brewery was 
 burned down. Overcome by this second distressing 
 calamity in which the citizens warmly sympathized 
 with the then venerable sufferer, Mr Sterett declined 
 business during the remainder of his life. But Mr. 
 Thomas Peters moved from Philadelphia and erected 
 the brewery near Water street bridge in the course of 
 
 14 
 
j06 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1785. 
 
 the year, which was also destroyed by fire some years 
 after and rebuilt. 
 
 The British army evacuated New York the 20th 
 November; the Americans entered it the 25th, and 
 the 1 1 th December was a day of thanksgiving through- 
 out the United States. 
 
 In the last week in December, there were cleared 
 out two ships, three brigs and two schooners; a 
 proof of enterprize which did not escape the penetrat- 
 ing eye of General Washington, who, in answer to the 
 address of the citizens 1 Sth December, at a public din- 
 ner given to him, then on his way to Annapolis to re- 
 sign to congress there, that body being threatened at Phil- 
 adelphia by the discontented troops of the state about to 
 be disbanded, thus expressed his pious good will, a good 
 will which Heaven seems to haveblessed in our favour, 
 “receive this last public acknowledgment for the repeat- 
 ed instances of your politeness, and believe it is my 
 earnest wish that the commerce, the improvements and 
 universal prosperity of this flourishing town, may if pos- 
 sible increase with even more rapidity than they have 
 hitherto done,” 
 
 In the course of this year, regular lines of stage 
 coaches were established to Fredericktown and Anna- 
 polis. Col. Howard commenced his improvements at 
 Belvidere and William Gibson, Esq. his dwelling on 
 Price street, west of the town. 
 
 In May, James McHenry, Esq. was appointed a mem- 
 ber of congress in the place of Edward Giles, Esq. de 
 ceased; Zachariah Allen, Esq. was appointed Nota- 
 ry Public, being the first here; and in October, John 
 
1783] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 107 
 
 Sterett, Esq. was elected a delegate to the Assembly in 
 the place of Mr. Fell. 
 
 The ensuing winter proved exceedingly severe ; the 
 bay was closed by ice almost to the mouth of it and 
 the harbour which closed the 2d January, was not 
 clear to admit vessels until the 25th March, nor then, 
 but with much labour in cutting passages, which was 
 sixteen days later than in 1780. At both periods much 
 injury was sustained by the shipping in the bay and 
 on the coast and considerable sums collected to re- 
 lieve the poor. It was stated that the winter had been 
 very moderate in Nova Scotia, while at New Orleans, 
 the river Mississippi was fast closed by ice, which had 
 not been known there before. Happily there has not 
 occurred here such severe winters since, the navigation 
 being generally open until the 5th of January and sel 
 dom closed after the 10th of February, but sometimes 
 open all the year. 
 
 In the year 1784, the Roman catholic congregation 
 having much increased, the Rev Mr. Charles Sewall 
 is settled in Baltimore, and a considerable addition is 
 made to their church on Saratoga street. 
 
 Mr. James Rumsey of Cecil county, procured an 
 exclusive privilege of this state for making and vending 
 boats to be propelled with or against currents by steam, 
 then lately invented ; and an obscure individual navi- 
 gated a large canoe from the Susquehanna into the ba- 
 sin, by turning a crank with a water wheel on each 
 side, which mechanism, applied to the power above 
 mentioned, is like the construction of our present steam 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 108 
 
 [ 1784 . 
 
 boats. Five years after Mr. Cruse erects a steam mill 
 near Pratt street wharf, but the experiment failed. 
 
 Proposals were authorised and published for es- 
 tablishing a Bank, and subscriptions raised to a consid- 
 erable amount, but which then shared the fate of the 
 one proposed by the state four years before. A com- 
 pany was incorporated to cut a canal from the basin at 
 Forrest street to the cove in Ridgely’s addition, and 
 which could have been then effected by the brick ma- 
 kers of the vicinity, free from expence to the public 
 as was believed, if not opposed by some of the proprietors 
 of the ground through which the canal would pass. 
 William Murphy a Bookseller, succeeded in establish 
 ing a circulating library south side of Market one door 
 east of Calvert street, which was soon after purchased 
 and continued by Mr. Hugh Barkley, and Peter Carnes 
 Esq. exhibited the novel spectacle of raising a balloon 
 from the park. 
 
 The Marquis De La Fayette visiting General Wash- 
 ington, was entertained hereby a public dinner the 
 first of September, and received and politely an- 
 swered a congratulatory address from the citizens; at 
 which time the legislature declared the Marquis and his 
 heirs male for ever, citizens of Maryland. 
 
 Provision was made for lighting the streets, and the 
 town commissioners, clothed with the authority of 
 justices, pursuant to law passed this year, appointed 
 three constables and fourteen watchmen, to guard the 
 town. A law was passed to license and regulate public 
 sales and major Yates appointed sole auctioneer, to pay 
 
1784.] 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 109 
 
 half per cent on amount sold, to the special commis- 
 sioners for the use of the town. 
 
 By the account of the special commissioners there 
 was expended and due for paving streets the last year 
 99 52l. 6s. 1 d. and their per diem 149Z. 10s. 0 d. 
 of which 2680Z. 8s. 2d. was received for auction dues; 
 from individuals at 12s. 6d. per foot front 5949Z. 17s. Od. 
 licences, fines, &c. 703Z. 17s. 7 d. the balance paid by 
 the tax of 2s. and 6d. per 100Z. on private property, 
 which yielded 1105Z. 18s. 10 d. in the gross. 
 
 At the close of the war congress had stated the debts 
 of the confederacy at $44,000,000, near 8,000,000 of 
 which was due in France and Holland, and solicited 
 the states to impose duties, as follows, Jamaica Rum 
 4 d. other Spirits 3 d. per gallon, Madeira Wine Is. other 
 6d. Bohea 6d. other tea 2s. pepper 3 d. loaf sugar 2d. 
 brown pothers 1 d. molasses 1 d. coffee and cocoa Id. 
 and goods ad valorem five per cent, and this state passed 
 an act for the purpose, on condition all other states did 
 the same. This was not done, and in 1784 the folio w r - 
 ing duties were levied here; vessels of the state six 
 pence, others one shilling per ton; spirits two pence; 
 Maderia wine six pence; Port and Claret four pence; 
 other three pence; coffee five shillings per hundred 
 weight; loaf sugar six shillings; brown one shilling; 
 green tea nine pence; Souchong six pence; bohea 
 two pence; salt eight pence; ad valorem goods tw r o 
 per centum; and on exports three years only, Wheat 
 flour three pence ; and tobacco two shillings per hogs- 
 head, with a deduction for state built vessels. Three 
 fourths of the proceeds for the continental treasury. — 
 
110 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1784 
 
 At the next session the duties upon exports were abo- 
 lished, but considerable additions were made to the du- 
 ties on imports, and if by British vessels, there being 
 no treaty, the duty was doubled. It is probable that the 
 nett amount received from the customs here previ- 
 ously to the adoption of the federal Constitution 
 and the establishment of United States Collectors 
 was above $200,000 per annum, which the mer- 
 chants of Baltimore advanced then, but is not to be 
 compared with the sums collected here since, for the 
 Treasury of the United States. 
 
 The old market had become wholly insufficient; great 
 divisions took place in locating a new one, and situa- 
 tions on Light and Holliday streets were proposed and 
 preferred by many, but the executors of Mr. Harrison, 
 offering to appropriate the space in Harrison street, in- 
 tended originally for a canal or dock, to that purpose, 
 the inhabitants of the districts subscribed money to 
 erect a market house there. As this would not accom- 
 modate the inhabitants on Howard’s hill, they also sub- 
 scribe to erect one at the north west corner of Hanover 
 and Camden streets. The legislature then ordered the 
 old one to be sold; the proceeds to be applied, three 
 fourths for the Centre market and one fourth for the 
 Hanover market to aid them, and extend the old regu- 
 lations to each ; the first to hold the markets as before, 
 on Wednesdays and Saturdays, the other on Mondays 
 and Thursdays. In the mean time the inhabitants of 
 the Point proceed to erect a Market house on a space 
 appropriated to the purpose by Mr. Fell, holding their 
 markets on Tuesdays and Fridays* which the legisln- 
 
1784.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. HI 
 
 ture confirmed the year after. The Lexington market 
 was erected pursuant to law by the Western Precincts 
 in 1803, and another was provided for the Eastern pre- 
 cincts in 1807, on ground given by colonel Rogers, 
 though not erected till 1819. 
 
 The proprietors of ground on Calvert street and in 
 the meadow, then north of the falls, desirous to extend 
 that street, raised a sum of money to underpin the Court 
 House by three arches. Having obtained permission 
 of the legislature, immediately effected it, removing the 
 earth to the depth of twenty feet; and so it continued to 
 stand, a curious monument of the ingenuity of Mr. 
 Leonard Harbaugh, the architect, as well as of the en- 
 terprise of the contributors, who guaranteed the work- 
 manship to stand more than twenty years. 
 
 A new survey was now ordered to be made of the 
 town, and the inhabitants began to discuss the necessity 
 of a charter. 
 
 Messrs. Garts and Leypold erected a sugar refinery 
 on Peace alley, the east side of Hanover street between 
 Conway and Camden streets; and John Frederick 
 Amelung, Esq. arrived with a number of glass manufac- 
 turers from Germany, and erected an extensive factory 
 on the Monococy, which was afterwards, that is in 
 1799, established on the south side of the basin by his 
 son, and since enlarged by Mr. J. F. Friese. 
 
 As the jurisdiction of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church in America remained in the bishop of London, 
 the revolution prevented regular ordinations, and the 
 Rev. Samuel Seabury, of Connecticut, went there to 
 procure higher orders, but encountered many delays 
 
112 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1784. 
 
 and did not return until June of the ensuing year. In 
 the meantime, the application of the methodist preach- 
 ers produced from Mr. Wesley the appointment of a 
 superintendant of his own here, in the person of Dr. 
 Thomas Coke, in the course of this year. 
 
 On Christmas day the first grand conference of that 
 society was held in Baltimore, when the doctor, assist- 
 ed by other preachers who came with him, constituted 
 a new church, and on the presentation of preachers to 
 the number of sixty, conferred the same station on the 
 Rev. Mr. Francis Asbury : and, the next year, the socie- 
 ty sell the church in Lovely lane and build a new 
 Church on Light street. 
 
 According to the Gazette, there were entered at the 
 custom house, since March 25th, twenty one ships, for- 
 ty one brigs and 49 sloops and schooners, and cleared 
 twenty seven ships, thirty six brigs and forty six sloops 
 and schooners. 
 
 By the act to raise supplies of 1 785, two boards of 
 five gentlemen each, commissioners of tax, were ap- 
 pointed ; one for the town, which was to be assessed 
 separately from the county ; and in the same law, the 
 precincts were described to contain nearly the same 
 ground which have been lately added to the city. The 
 mode of raising the public charges by poll , or masters 
 of families and labourers according to their number, 
 had been abolished by the Constitution, and the state 
 tax or supply which had varied with the value of the 
 current money from three-fourths to one and a half per 
 centum, by the present act, was one dollar on one hun 
 
1785 .] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 113 
 
 valued by the law, at an average of $3^°^, and, being 
 the last supply, the valuation has not been altered, in 
 respect to lands. The property in the town and coun- 
 ty was assessed at the sum of l, 1 703, 6221. or 4,542,992 
 dollars, and the above state tax was $17,03 6 and the 
 levy of the county for the next year 7s. per 100 dollars, 
 $15,991 60. 
 
 The commissioners principal duty appearing to be 
 that of securing the collection of the tax payable to the 
 state, the utility of the office may be doubted, as well 
 as the propriety of fixing the value of property, perhaps 
 three fourths less than the actual current value, when 
 assessors are renewed, as often as there is a general 
 assessment, and all the levies are made by, and all pay- 
 ments made to the councils or levy courts specially ap- 
 pointed, by acts passed ten years after. 
 
 John O’Donnell, Esq. arrived from Canton in the 
 ship Pallas, 9th August, with a full cargo of China 
 goods, being the first direct importation from thence 
 into this port, the value of which he realised here ; and 
 regular packets to and from Norfolk (Va.) were estab- 
 lished by Capt. Joseph White and others of this place. 
 Mr. Harrison’s wharf before spoken of, was extended 
 each side of South street, by the late Daniel Bowley, 
 Esq. one of his executors, and it thence became known 
 by the name of Bowley* s wharf ; Messrs. Purviance, 
 McLure, Thomas and Samuel Hollingsworth, William 
 Smith and Jesse Hollingsworth’s wharves, and the 
 private wharves generally, with Cheapside, were ex- 
 tended. Piles, with the machine for driving then?, 
 were introduced bv the builders of wharves. 
 
 15 
 
114 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1785. 
 
 The German Calvinists erect the church at the east 
 end of Baltimore street bridge, Mr. Boehme being Pas- 
 tor. That part of the congregation attached to Mr. 
 Otterbein, erect the church on Conway street, called 
 Evangelical Reformed, which was slightly injured by 
 lightning the 10th of August, 1792, when a young man 
 was killed on Smith’s wharf, the opposite side of 
 the basin to the church. The other church was sold to 
 the Episcoplians in 1795, and the society erect their 
 present church on Second street, which was struck by 
 lightning 15th July 1804, on raising the steeple and 
 affixing the town clock. 
 
 The plan of a charter for the town, including a 
 Mayor’s Court, was introduced by bill into the Assem- 
 bly; but, placing all power in bodies organised like 
 other old corporations, and leaving the citizens but lit- 
 tle share in their own government, it was wisely op- 
 posed by and as wisely not pressed upon them. Richard 
 Ridgely, Esq. who had moved from Anne Arundel and 
 been some time a member of the Baltimore bar, was ap 
 pointed one of the delegates of this state in congress. 
 
 Col. Howard and George Lux, Esq. presented the 
 commissioners a lot of ground on the west side of 
 the town, for the interment of strangers, which is sane 
 tioned by act of Assembly. 
 
 No companies were yet chartered for insuring vessels 
 and property at sea, but policies prepared by Hercules 
 Courtenay ,Esq. were subscribed by merchants and other 
 individuals, to very large amounts. Similar insurances 
 were effected after wards on policies prepared by Capt. 
 Keeports. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 115 
 
 1765.] 
 
 Capt. Philip Graybell was elected Sheriff for the 
 ensuing year, by a poll for the town and county, of 
 984 votes, after a severe contest with Henry Stevenson, 
 Esq. who had 859 votes, and Capt. Edward Oldham, 
 837, and several other candidates; but no opposition 
 was made to the return of the sitting members of the 
 Assembly. 
 
 The rigid execution of the British navigation act, 
 their regulations for the bank fisheries and occlusion of 
 the West India ports, began to be felt seriously by the 
 farmers and traders ; and the importation of great quan- 
 tities of paper, glass, stoneware, powder and shot, soap 
 and candles, butter, beef, pork, porter, cheese, hats, 
 shoes, nails, hoes, scythes, sickles, jewelry, sadleiy, cop- 
 per and tin ware, and other articles of which the coun- 
 try already manufactured considerable quantities, was 
 prejudicial to the tradesmen ; made all classes anxious 
 for relief, and societies were formed in this and all the 
 sea ports northward, some of which urged the necessity 
 of refusing to admit British goods; others of creating a 
 paper money, and all, the want of greater federal pow'- 
 ers in the confederacy. Of the tradesmen, a committee 
 composed of Messrs. David Stodder, Adam Fonerden and 
 John Gray, commenced a correspondence on the means 
 of protecting and promoting domestic manufactures. 
 
 After Mr. Harrison’s addition to the town in 1747, 
 it became the practice to dispose of lots by leases for 
 long terms, mostly ninety nine years renewable for ever ; 
 the rent received before the war being for a few shil- 
 lings or even a few pence per foot front per annum, and 
 
lit; 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1786. 
 
 frequently without any consideration in hand, so that 
 the landlords derived no adequate compensation when 
 the value of money had fell and property risen: On the 
 other hand, the rents stipulated after the war were so 
 high, that, upon the depression which now took place, 
 the lessees or tenants frequently abandoned the lots, 
 and the town lost some valuable citizens who fled from 
 prosecution, though their only fault or error was an ex- 
 cess of enterprise. Similar causes have produced sim- 
 ilar effects in later times; and it would seem adviseable 
 that, in order to avoid the injury which either party is 
 exposed to sustain, from the variation of the current mo- 
 ney, or in the value of necessaries of life, that some 
 commodity of that description, as Wheat or Flour, 
 should be made a standard for rents reserved in 
 leases hereafter to be made, as was the practice of mer- 
 chants and others both in France and America, in rela- 
 tion to ordinary contracts, during the depreciation of 
 the paper money in each country. 
 
 On the 17th August, 1786, a new theatre built of 
 wood, by Messrs. Hallam and Henry, near Queen, now 
 Pratt, and Albemarle streets, was opened by the old 
 company. 
 
 On the 5th October there was a great fresh, the cur- 
 rent of the falls being met by the tide, overflowed the 
 Centre market space and nearly all the made ground and 
 wharves; John Boyce, Esq. lost his life in attempting 
 to ford the fadls below Hanson’s, now Keller’s dam, 
 all the bridges which were wooden ones, being carried 
 away, and much property and merchandise lost. Bal- 
 timore street bridge was rebuilt by Mr. Jacob Small, 
 
1786] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. H7 
 
 Senr. of wood, in one arch, of a segment of a circle nine- 
 ty feet span, the others in the usual way. On the 24th 
 of July, 1788, a storm of wind and rain raised the water 
 in the harbour above many wharves, and much proper- 
 ty was lost, by being overflowed, but all those wharves 
 have been raised and no such damage has been expe^ 
 rienced since. About ten years after the bridges were 
 all rebuilt, with a new one on Pratt street; after the 
 lapse of another ten years, stone bridges, of two arches 
 each were erected on Baltimore and Gay streets, and di- 
 rectly after, another of three arches at Pratt street, the 
 abutments and piers resting on piles; the commission- 
 ers not succeeding in an experiment to lay the founda- 
 tions in stone at Baltimore street. 
 
 By a considerable freshet on the ninth of August, 
 18 17, the wooden Bridges on Bath and Water streets 
 were floated against the stone ones on Gay and Pratt 
 streets, which were considerably injured by the ob- 
 structions to the passage of the water, and the Centre 
 Market again overflowed. An entire new stone Bridge 
 of one arch, was afterwards erected at Gay street and 
 the other repaired. None of those freshets are attend- 
 ed by hurricanes, nor has the buildings or shipping 
 ever suffered any material injury from wind or hail at 
 this place. 
 
 The consumption of foreign goods had greatly in- 
 creased after the war, not only by increase of popula- 
 tion in towns, but even in the country, where formerly 
 articles of common clothing had been wrought. From 
 the great importations of these, with other foreign 
 goods, mostly on credit or on foreign account ; from 
 
118 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [ 1786 . 
 
 the want of shipping to convey much of our own pro- 
 ducts or, so far as concerns this state, any other cur- 
 rency than specie, and other causes before alluded to, 
 still increasing, the distress of the people increased also. 
 
 Cotton was not then raised for exportation, and the 
 prices of the staple articles of flour and tobacco, falling 
 very low, that distress became pretty general through- 
 out the Union. The certificates of pay due the army, 
 was only worth about twelve per cent for some time, so 
 great and deplorable was the discredit of the confed- 
 eracy. But the legislature through the perseverance 
 of the senate, although much importuned and invited 
 by the example of other states, still pressing them to 
 unite in a general and efficient tariff of duties on im- 
 ports, refused to resort again to the paper money sys- 
 tem. The youth of Baltimore intended for the learned 
 professions hitherto, were sent abroad and mostly to 
 schools in Pennsylvania; but now an Academy was es- 
 tablished under the patronage of the Rev. Doctors 
 Carroll, West and Allison, on north Charles street, 
 where Edward Langworthy Esq. taught the classics, 
 and Andrew Ellicott of Joseph, Esq. surveyor of the 
 United States, the Mathematics, ^Natural Philosophy, 
 &c. which unfortunately, was not long continued. 
 
 According to reports in the gazette of this year there 
 were entered here fifteen Ships, fifty seven Brigs and 
 one hundred and sixty Schooners and Sloops, and there 
 were cleared twenty Ships, fifty seven Brigs and one 
 hundred and fifty Schooners and Sloops, to and from 
 foreign ports and places only. 
 
 The commissioners of the town were authorised to 
 appoint inspectors of salted provisions. 
 
1786.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 119 
 
 James McHenry Esq. resigned his seat in the senate 
 early in 1786. He was succeeded by Daniel Bowley 
 Esq. and at the senatorial election afterwards, John 
 Smith Esq. was re elected, with Richard Ridgely Esq. 
 Captain Charles Ridgely, Colonel J. E. Howard and 
 Richard Ridgely Esqrs. electors for this county and 
 town; and in 1788, James Carroll Esq. who had moved 
 here from Annapolis, was chosen to fill a vacancy, and 
 in November 1789, Daniel Bowley Esq. was again 
 chosen to fill another in the senate. 
 
 Jesse Hollingsworth Esq. was elected one of the 
 delegates in the place of Mr. Sterett. 
 
 On the twelfth of March 1 786, died at his residence 
 in the county, Andrew Buchanan Esq. many years pre- 
 siding justice of the county court and Lieutenant of 
 the county: and in town, unmarried, on the tenth of 
 October, lately a delegate in the Assembly, William 
 Fell Esq. son of Edward, who laid out the point. 
 
 In closing the year by noticing the deaths which oc- 
 curred, the method of annalists is copied, but in connect- 
 ing them with another event which regularly returns, 
 the annual elections, reference to the laws frequently 
 occurs before the names of those by whom they were 
 passed. 
 
 In 1787 Mr. Oliver Evans’ newly invented steam 
 carriage, elevator and hopper boy were patented by 
 the assembly, and the two last generally introduced into 
 the mills about Baltimore, not without claims to origi- 
 nality, on the part of some of the proprietors of mills 
 in this neighbourhood. Messrs. Septimus Noel, Isaac 
 
120 
 
 ANNALS OE BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1787. 
 
 Vanbibber, Robert Henderson, Thomas Johnson, Jer- 
 emiah Yellot, James Clarke and Thomas Elliot were 
 constituted a board to examine and license pilots, with 
 powers of renewal etc, and the rates of pilotage was 
 established. 
 
 The Baltimore fire insurance company was incorpo 
 rated, but this was succeeded by another company, call- 
 ed, the “Maryland fire insurance Company” four years 
 after, and this was succeeded by another, of the former 
 name, in 1807. In the mean time, that is in 1794 
 the Equitable Society for mutual insurance was incor- 
 porated, and in 1816 the Phoenix fire insurance compa- 
 ny; but when the first company was chartered, provision 
 was also made by law for regulating the transportation 
 through the town and storage of Gunpowder. 
 
 The grand jury, Stephen Wilson Esq. foreman, had 
 represented the state of the roads as a public grievance, 
 and that the usual method of repairs was insuf- 
 ficient, two years belorc. The evil had increased and 
 the Frederick, Reisters town and York roads were 
 laid out anew, for which special and permanent taxes 
 were laid and turnpike gates established with rates of toll 
 towards defraying the expense of the county in making 
 and repairing them. In 1796 a turnpike road was au- 
 thorised to be made by subscribers of stock, from 
 Washington to this city, with corporate rights, tolls, &c. 
 But, with others for roads to Frederick and Reisters 
 town, past the next year, was not carried into effect. 
 The two latter roads, with the York and Falls road 
 were severally granted to corporate companies created 
 in 1804 and soon completed, and since that the 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 121 
 
 1787.] 
 
 Washington, Havre de Grace and Harford road compa- 
 nies have been incorporated; indeed all the main roads 
 to and fromthe city. It was also in 1787 that Baltimore 
 street was extended westwardly beyond colonel How- 
 ard’s addition, and an attempt was made to raise a com- 
 pany to introduce into the town a copious supply of 
 wholesome water by pipes, not effected for several years. 
 
 In December Cokesbury College in Harford county, 
 was opened and soon after incorporated. Mr. Asbury 
 and the council of the Methodist church make some 
 progress in establishing Sunday Schools for persons of 
 all descriptions, free of expense. 
 
 To procure the country a greater unanimity in coun- 
 cil, the protection of domestic manufactures and securi- 
 ty to its revenue and intercourse with foreign nations, a 
 new form of confederacy was happily resorted to, and 
 the constitution of the present general government 
 which was formed in 1787, w r as signed by James 
 McHenry esq. of this city, one of the members of the 
 convention, though opposed by his colleague Mr. Martin. 
 The Grand Jury, James Calhoun esq. foreman, present 
 as grievances the number of justices, being twenty; the 
 criminal code, and state of the roads; recommending a 
 circuit court of one law character with a limited num- 
 ber of associate justices, the others to receive fees, &c. 
 On the thirty first December Mr. D. Stodder is robbed 
 between town and point, but by his pursuit five persons 
 were taken and tried, and two, Donnelly and Moony, 
 condemned and executed. 
 
 Captain G. P. Keeports is appointed Notary Public. 
 
 16 
 
]22 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1787, 
 
 Samuel Chase esq. having; moved from Annapolis, is 
 elected delegate, in the place of Mr. Hollingsworth, and 
 Col. Howard appointed member of congress. 
 
 On the 1st of January. 1787, died, John Sterett, Esq. 
 late delegate and formerly captain of the Independent 
 company. 
 
 Next year Mr. McHenry and doctor John Coulter 
 are returned, by a large majority of voters to the conven- 
 tion of the state, which, on the 28th April, 1788, rati- 
 fied the new government; after which, on the 1st of 
 May, there was a grand procession of artists with the 
 ship rigged boat Federalist , w hich captain Barney navi- 
 gated to Mount Vernon afterwards, and presented to 
 Gen. Washington on the part of the merchants of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 The price which the state of Maryland would pay for 
 the advantages of a better union, in abandoning w ithout 
 reserve, the resources of revenue to arise from her cen- 
 tral position and means of trade, could scarcely be an- 
 ticipated, and the security of the home consumption for 
 the products of mechanical labour, required by the 
 tradesmen and intended by the new r government, render- 
 ed its adoption a triumph to them particularly; but care 
 should be taken perhaps, that a reaction does not take 
 place, and foreign markets be sought for at the expense 
 of a more numerous class of citizens, whose labour is 
 employed in procuring more essential commodities. 
 
 The legislature elect Col. Howard governor of the 
 state in November, 1788, and he was re-elected the two 
 succeeding years, as allowed by the contitution ; an honor 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1788.] 
 
 123 
 
 not before conferred on the town ; and not since repeated, 
 but in the election of Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, Esq. 
 in 1815, 181tj and 1817; in which latter year the for- 
 mer governor’s son, John E. Howard, Jr. Esq. was 
 chosen a member of council and re elected the two suc- 
 ceeding years, being the only member selected from this 
 town or county, fo that Board. 
 
 Already the port wardens had expended since their 
 organization, the sum of 71 21 . or $1,898 66f, and 
 some progress made in deepening the harbour. 
 
 It appears that the representations of the grand juries 
 were duly appreciated, for a criminal court was organis- 
 ed for the county and town, consisting of five justices^ 
 Samuel Chase, Esq. being appointed chief justice. Male 
 persons convicted of felonies and some other offences, 
 might be condemned to work on the roads leading to 
 the town, on the streets or harbour; the convicts from 
 other counties being also sent to the same labour. 
 With the chief justice, who received a fixed salary in 
 the county levy, were associated four of the county jus- 
 tices, paid a per diem as they always had been, and who 
 first were, John Moale, William Russell, Otho H. Wil- 
 liams and Lyde Goodwin, Esqs. and last of whom were 
 George Salmon, George G. Presbury, Job Smith and 
 Nicholas Rogers, Esqs. William Gibson, Esq. clerk of 
 the county, was clerk, and the sheriff for the time being 
 sheriff of this court also. This court appointed the con- 
 stables and superintended the night watch, and was an 
 abridgement of the authority of the special commission- 
 ers favorable to the town police, because the court held 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 124 
 
 [ 1785 . 
 
 its commission by a more certain tenure and was better 
 compensated for time devoted to public duties. 
 
 James McHenry Esq. and Doctor John Coulter were 
 elected to the Assembly after a very warm contested 
 election, 600 to 500 votes, and Thomas Rutter Esq. 
 was elected sheriff. At the entrance of Chester river, 
 on the 1 7th of May, at night, captain John De Corse of 
 the packet, was murdered by two ruffians he had taken 
 on board here as passengers. The vessel was brought 
 back to the middle branch and abandoned. Exertions 
 were made to discover the murderers, which resulted 
 in the arrest of Patrick Cassidy, who had forfeited his 
 pardon for former offences by remaining in the state, 
 and was, with one John Webb another convict, execu- 
 ted some time after. 
 
 On the sixth of July the lightning killed a woman 
 and two children between town and point. In March 
 Samuel Purviance Esq. formerly chairman of the com- 
 mittee of this town, and member of the convention of 
 1774, whilst descending the Ohio, with others, was 
 made captive by the Indians and put to death soon after, 
 as was reported and believed. On the twenty fifth of 
 October, died in town, aged sixty five years, the Rev. 
 John S. Gerrock, first minister of the German Lutheran 
 Congregation, being some time assisted and now suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. Daniel Kurtz. 
 
 Early in 1789, William Smith Esq. is elected by 
 general ticket, one of the six representatives of this 
 state in congress, and Robert Smith Esq. in the same 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1 25 
 
 1788 .] 
 
 manner, one of the eight electors of President and 
 Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 General Washington having been unanimously cho- 
 sen President of the United States, passed through 
 Baltimore the seventeenth of April, 1789, on his way 
 to congress at New York. On this occasion he was 
 entertained at supper by the citizens, and, to the ad- 
 dress delivered him, he replied, “the tokens of regard 
 and affection which I have often received from the 
 citizens of this town, were always acceptable, because 
 I believed them always sincere” &c. adding this decla- 
 ration, by the strict adherence to which he secured for 
 his memory that reverence which is now r and probably 
 will ever be paid to true merit by civilized man. “Hav- 
 ing UNDERTAKEN THE TASK FROM A SENSE OF DUTY, NO 
 FEAR OF ENCOUNTERING DIFFICULTIES, AND NO DREAD 
 OF LOSING POPULARITY, SHALL EVER DETER ME FROM 
 PURSUING WHAT I CONCEIVE TO BE THE TRUE INTER- 
 ESTS OF MY COUNTRY.” 
 
 Laws having passed by congress to carry the federal 
 constitution into effect, the President appointed 
 General O. H. Williams, collector, Robert Purviance 
 Esq. Naval Officer, and Colonel Robert Ballard, survey- 
 or of this port. High duties were imposed on wine, 
 spirits and other luxuries, and duties sufficient to pro- 
 tect the domestic manufacture of soap, candles, hats, 
 shoes, nails &c, were laid, fifty cents per ton on foreign 
 vessels, and on other articles imported , seven and a 
 half to ten per cent which were soon after increased to 
 twelve and a half and fifteen per cent, ad valorem 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 I 2ti 
 
 [ 1789 . 
 
 Other appointments were, Thomas Johnson esq. but 
 he declining, William Paca esq. judge of the District 
 court for Maryland; Richard Potts esq. attorney; colo- 
 nel Nathaniel Ramsay, marshall, and captain Joshua 
 Barney, clerk; who held their first session in Baltimore 
 the first June of the year following, but occasionally, 
 at Easton and Annapolis for some years. John White 
 esq. agent for the settlement of continental accounts at 
 Annapolis, declining, captain A. Furnival is appointed 
 post master. 
 
 Alexander McGilvray a well educated half blood 
 chief and other chiefs of the Creek Indians, who had 
 lately been formidable enemies to the south, pass 
 through Baltimore on a visit to the government, and 
 fifteen years after a number of Osage chiefs and others 
 from beyond the Mississippi visit the town. 
 
 Doctors Johnson, Boyd, Goodwin, Brown, Gilder, 
 Buchanan, Wiesenthal, the two last then lately return- 
 ed from Europe, and others form a medical society, of 
 which the first named gentleman was president. The 
 body of Cassidy, lately executed, was obtained for 
 dissection but was discovered by the populace and 
 taken from the gentlemen who were then studying 
 anatomy or surgery in the town. However, doctor 
 George Buchanan delivered a course of lectures on 
 obstetricks. The ensuing year doctor Andrew Wies- 
 enthal delivered a course of lectures upon anatomy, 
 when lectures upon other branches of medical science 
 were also announced ; viz. by doctor George Brown on 
 the theory and practice of Physic, by doctor Lyde 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 127 
 
 1789 .] 
 
 Goodwin on the theory and practice of Surgery, and by 
 doctor Samuel Coale on Chemistry and Materia 
 Medica. 
 
 The essay to form a medical school which those 
 learned gentlemen so early undertook, failed then, to be 
 successfully accomplished by others, when the popula- 
 tion had increased with the wealth and wants of 
 society. 
 
 A great many persons joined the Methodist congre- 
 gation and for the first time, a preacher was stationed in 
 the town, and a church built by that society on Green 
 now Exeter, near Gay street. 
 
 Messrs. Englehard Yeiser and others owning the 
 grounds, cut a new channel for the falls from the 
 lower mill at Bath street, across the meadow to Gay 
 street bridge*, of which channel the bounds are fixed 
 by ordinance of the city in 1803, and the old course of 
 the falls by the court house, gradually filled up. After 
 which it became a dispute to whom the ground thus 
 made belonged, which was finally divided between the 
 parties owning the adjoining lands, where there were dis- 
 tinct owners. Mr. Christopher Cruse who had improv- 
 ed the mud machine whilst in the employ of the port 
 wardens, aided by his son Englehard, erected a grist 
 mill near Pratt street, introduced steam power and 
 ground corn as now done, but failed after expending a 
 considerable sum to effect the completion of his invert 
 tion, for want of capital. 
 
 A society for promoting the “abolition of slavery, and 
 for the relief of free negroes, and others, unlawfully 
 held in bondage,” was organised, of which Philip Rogers^ 
 
128 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1789. 
 
 Esq. was chosen President and Mr. Joseph Townsend 
 Secretary; but some opposition on the part of the state 
 legislature in 1792, caused them to discontinue; upon 
 which they transferred the building they had erected on 
 Sharpe street, for an African School, to the-religious 
 people of colour, who made additions to it. Another 
 society called the Protection Society, was formed in 
 1817, which was intended nearly for the same objects. 
 Of this society the late Mr. Elisha Tyson, of the socie- 
 ty of Friends, was a most active member. Actuated by 
 motives no less benevolent, but guided by more pru- 
 dence perhaps, than their predecessors; many useful 
 persons of colour were duly protected, and incorrigible 
 servants sold and transported, without interference of 
 the magistracy or of the society. 
 
 Samuel Sterett, Esq. was elected in the place of Dr. 
 Coulter one of the delegates to the Assembly. 
 
 Asa relief to the pecuniary distresses of the inhabi- 
 tants an association was formed by Messrs. Caton, Yan- 
 bibber, A. McKim, Townsend and others to carry on 
 the manufacture of cotton upon a small scale, and some 
 jeans and velvets were made. The carding was per- 
 formed by the newly invented machinery and small 
 hand jennies were introduced, and if circumstances had 
 required, would no doubt have been extended and con- 
 tinued. 
 
 With the commencement of the French Revolution, 
 there happened a real or fictitious scarcity in France, 
 Portugal and some other European countries, which im- 
 mediately raised the price of the staple of wheat from 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 129 
 
 1790.] 
 
 80 to 1 25 cents per bushel, and flour in proportion; 
 which soon rendered these means of public relief unne- 
 cessary. It was indeed at November session 1790, that 
 Messrs. Samuel Smith, William Patterson, Jeremiah 
 Yellot, Englehard Yeiser, Robert Gilmor, Thorowgood 
 Smith, Charles Garts, Thomas Hollingsworth, James 
 Edwards, James Carey, Otho H. Williams and Nicho- 
 las Sluby, were authorised to take subscriptions for the 
 Bank of Maryland. $200,000 were subscribed in 
 shares of $100 each, in fourteen days, being two thirds 
 of the capital, which was paid in during the ensuing 
 year, and the institution w r ent into operation upon a por- 
 tion of the capital. William Patterson, Esq. being 
 elected President, and Ebenezer Mackie, Esq. Cashier. 
 
 The entire capital of $300,000 was afterwards com- 
 pleted. The state granted peculiar advantages to this 
 institution, which was perpetual, and reserved no part of 
 the stock or direction. 
 
 Few of the notes of “the Bank of North America,” at 
 Philadelphia, had reached Baltimore at the time, and 
 none of the Banks of New York or Boston, but the 
 officers of “the Bank of the United States,” chartered 
 by congress in 1790, thought proper to open a branch 
 here early in 1792, of which the parent board appointed 
 George Gale, Esq. President, and David Harris, Esq. 
 Cashier. 
 
 The exorbitant dividends made by the first Bank in- 
 dicated the want of another, notwithstanding the loans 
 afforded by the office of the United States Bank; but by 
 
 17 
 
130 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1790. 
 
 their means, a much larger sum was obtained, with 
 much less diffiuclty, for a new one. Accordingly 
 in 1795, the u Bank of Baltimore” was chartered, af- 
 ter an ineffectual attempt to increase the capital of the 
 first Bank The capital of this was $1,200,000, George 
 Salmon, Esq. President and James Cox, Esq. Cashier. 
 The charter of this Bank was limited to twenty years 
 and the state reserving the right to subscribe for 6000 
 shares at 300 dollars each, has actually paid $106,200, 
 and appoints two of seventeen directors annually chos- 
 en. The charter has served as a model for others, and 
 has been itself renewed. 
 
 By an act passed the same session, 1790, Messrs. 
 John Hollins and Joshua Barney are appointed auction- 
 eers, and commence business under the firm of John 
 Hollins & Co. after which the limitation was removed 
 and, by the charter, the auctions are licensed by the city. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. John Carroll, who, in the early part of 
 the revolution had been employed, with others, in a 
 political embassy to the Canadians by congress, on the 
 application of the Catholic clergy, was consecrated in 
 England a Bishop of that church, to reside in Balti- 
 more, and returned here in 1790. In 1796 a small 
 chapel was built on the Point, which was succeeded 
 by St. Patrick’^ church, on Point Market street, in 
 1807. The German Catholics erected the church on 
 Saratoga street, in 1799, and St. Mary’s, a Catholic 
 church at the College, of which Maximilian Godfrey, 
 Esq. was architect, was finished in 1807. Under the 
 auspices of the Bishop, the foundation of the Cathedral 
 in Charles street, the design of which was furnished by 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 131 
 
 1790.] 
 
 the late Benjamin H. Latrobe, Esq. was laid in 1806; 
 and four years after the Bishop became an Arch Bishop. 
 
 Sea vessels paid wharfage one dollar first two days 
 each, and four dollars per day afterwards; and three 
 pence per cord of cord wood. It appears that the port 
 wardens received this year 88/. 19s. 8 d. and expended 
 the same, and that the amount of taxes received or 
 charges paid by the special commissioners, was each 
 1,927/. 17s. 8 d. exclusive of paving accounts. The ex- 
 pense of the new court of Oyer and Terminer of the 
 town and county for the year, was 1,994/. 9s. 6c/.; forty 
 five watchmen and officers, 846/. 3s. Id. total 2,840/. 
 13s. Id. The first account was levied upon town and 
 county property, viz. 1,424,502/. 3s. 9 d. at 3s. 
 
 and Id. per centum; the latter sum was provided for 
 in a balance of fines, licenses and special taxes. There 
 was besides, the amount of fifty five pounds paid for a 
 slave condemned to work on the roads: This might be 
 compensated in his labour, and fair enough; but, the pro- 
 priety of taxing the public to pay for slaves executed, as 
 still practised, whilst free widows and orphans are de- 
 prived of their husbands and fathers, executed pursu- 
 ant to law, without compensation, is more than doubtful. 
 
 According to a list published, the sea vessels belong- 
 ing to this port, consisted of twenty seven ships, 6701 
 tons; one snow, eighty tons; thirty one brigs, 3770 
 tons; thirty four schooners, 2454 tons, and nine sloops, 
 559 tons, together 102 vessels, 13,564 tons. 
 
132 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1790. 
 
 Exports from Baltimore, from 1st October, 1789, to 1st July, 1790. 
 
 Bees Wax 
 
 Butter 
 
 Bread 
 
 Bricks 
 
 Beef 
 
 Candles 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Corn 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Deer Skins 
 
 Flour 
 
 Furs 
 
 Flaxseed 
 
 Fish 
 
 74 casks 
 25 tirkins 
 5,558 bbls. 
 16,100 
 196 bbls. 
 
 23 boxes 
 2,390 lbs. 
 208,195 bushels 
 134 bales 
 51 packages 
 127,284 bbls. 
 
 20 packages 
 2,152 casks 
 1,344 bbls. 
 
 Genseng 
 
 14 casks 
 
 Pig Iron 
 
 571 tons 
 
 Bar Iron 
 
 4 tons 
 
 Meal 
 
 2,954 bbls. 
 
 Pork 
 
 383 bbls. 
 
 Peas and Beans 4,145 bushels 
 
 Rice 
 
 1,286 casks 
 
 Shingles 
 
 2,118,724 
 
 Scantling 
 
 516,690 feet 
 
 Staves 
 
 874,598 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 9,442 hhds 
 
 Tar 
 
 1,140 bbls 
 
 T urpentine 
 
 50 bbls 
 
 Wheat 
 
 228,062 bushels 
 
 According to the first census taken by the general 
 government, the population of the city and precincts in 
 1790 amounted to 13,503 persons of all descriptions, 
 viz. white males 6,422 ; females 5,503 ; other free per- 
 sons 323; slaves 1,255. 
 
 In the fall of 1789 and spring of 1790, there raged 
 throughout the country, commencing at the south, an 
 epidemic called the influenza which was fatal in some 
 instances. It was remarked that the summer of the 
 former year had been uncommonly warm, the mean 
 temperature of the air at Philadelphia for September, 
 being seventy five, and for October sixty-three, with 
 great drought; and that, like the yellow fever which fol- 
 lowed, it was contagious in the atmosphere but not by 
 personal communication. It w as called by some of the 
 faculty an epidemic putrid cold, and w as said to be pro- 
 duced by sudden vegetable putrefaction, as the other 
 disease is thought to be. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 IBS 
 
 1790.] 
 
 On the 7th of May, 1790, the first session of the cir- 
 cuit court of the United States for this district, was held 
 here, by John Blair Esq. of Virginia, one of the Judges 
 of the Supreme Court, and William Paca Esq. district 
 Judge. 
 
 Samuel Sterett Esq. is elected by general ticket, one 
 of the six representatives of this state in congress. — - 
 There was a Chesapeake ticket and a Patawmack tick- 
 et, the former of which prevailed, but Mr. Sterett who 
 succeeded Mr. William Smith, was on both tickets, and, 
 David McMechen Esq. late member, and colonel Sam- 
 uel Smith were returned to the house of delegates as 
 representatives of the town, without opposition. 
 
 On the 28th of June 1790, died at his residence near 
 town, captain Charles Ridgely, one of the framers of 
 the Constitution and many years a delegate of the coun- 
 ty to the general assembly. 
 
 In 1791, Messrs. Robert Gilmor, John O’Donnell 
 Stephen Wilson, Charles Ghequiere, John Holmes and 
 others erected a Powder Mill on Gwinn’s falls, which 
 was continued by the same or others, until 17th of Sep- 
 tember 1812, it was blown up a second time and not 
 rebuilt, other mills having been erected in the mean 
 time, that is, the Etna works, on the same stream, built 
 in 1812, and chartered in 1815; and Bellonaon Jones’s 
 falls, built in 1802 and chartered in 1814, which last 
 has twice exploded, and on each occasion several lives 
 lost, but rebuilt and continued. 
 
 The president appoints George Gale Esq. supervisor 
 of the internal taxes levied by congress. 
 
134 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [ 1791 . 
 
 Judge Chase, still judge of the Criminal Court, is ap - 
 pointed chief justice of the General Court of this state, 
 in the place of Thomas Johnson, Esq. appointed one 
 of the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 By a new organization of the courts of justice, the state 
 is divided into five districts; this county with Anne 
 Arundel and Harford forms the third, and the justices 
 of the peace cease to hold courts or receive any per 
 diem either for civil or criminal matters. The new 
 courts are composed of one Chief Justice for each dis- 
 trict, paid a certain salary from the Treasury, and two 
 associates in each county; a per diem was levied for 
 the associates in the Levy of the counties, and certain 
 taxes imposed towards reimbursing the salaries of the 
 Chief Justices, who had the authority of Justices of 
 the Peace, except in matters of small debts, which the 
 latter justices were still to determine without any fee or 
 reward. 
 
 Thomas Johnson, Esq. was appointed Chief Judge of 
 this district, but he did not accept; and, the jurisdiction 
 of the admiralty court being superseded by the general 
 government, Benjamin Nicholson, Esq. is appointed 
 Chief Judge of this district early in this year; the asso- 
 ciates were General Williams and James Carroll, Esq. 
 Judge Nicholson departed this life the year after his 
 appointment and was succeeded by Joshua Seney, Esq. 
 who resigned in 1796, and Henry Ridgely, Esq. suc- 
 ceeds. In 1792 Col. Howard and William Russell, Esq. 
 were appointed the associate judges of this Court, and 
 successively, Samuel Sterrett, William Owings, Wil- 
 liam Winchester, Edward Johnson, and Elias Glenn. 
 
1791.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 1 3o 
 
 Esqrs. the two last, with Judge H. Ridgely forming the 
 Court when re-organized in 1805. 
 
 A new Presbyterian Church built on the scite of the 
 former one on East street, and is now the north west 
 corner of Fayette and North streets, was dedicated by 
 the Rev. Dr. Allison on the third of July. The 
 plan which is spacious and handsome, was executed by 
 Messrs. John Dalrymple and J. Mosher, builders. The 
 remains of the dead, who had been interred on part of 
 the lot, were then removed to the new cemetry belong- 
 ing to the society, Fayette street. The new church 
 was struck by lightning on the afternoon of the third 
 of August, 1805, but received no material injury. A 
 small church was erected on Pitt street, in 1800 by 
 the associate Reformed Presbyterians, who were visited 
 occasionally by the Rev. Mr. Annan. 
 
 The number of Presbyterians being greatly increased , 
 a “second Presbyterian Church,” on Baltimore street, 
 was built in 1804. Mr. George Milleman architect. 
 Rev. John • Glendy was first minister. A church is 
 erected on Fayette street, Mr. Robert Watts architect, 
 in 1813, also reformed, for which the Rev. JohnM. 
 Duncan was appointed minister; the congregation 
 disposing of the one on Pitt street to a society of Cove- 
 nanters, who chose the Rev. John Gibson for minister. 
 The Presbyterians in 1822, erected another called the 
 third Presbyterian church, on north Eutaw street, of 
 which the Rev. W. C. Walton was first minister. 
 
 An assize of bread was fixed by the special com- 
 missioners, the two penny fine loaf to weigh thirteen 
 ounces. This regulation was succeeded by another 
 
136 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1791. 
 
 directing loaves to be of one pound eight ounces or 
 three pound weight, ten years after, by the corporation. 
 
 Virginia and Massachusetts having ceeded their rights 
 to the north western territory, and the settlements ex- 
 tending beyond the Ohio, a territorial government was 
 organised by congress in 1787, and General Arthur 
 St. Clair appointed governor. But the progress of 
 the settlements was viewed by the Indians as a usurpa- 
 tion of their territorial rights, if not a prelude to 
 their extirpation ; and, countenanced by the fortifica- 
 tions of the British within our lines, they formed a 
 powerful coalition and commenced their warfare on in- 
 dividuals. The general government found it neces- 
 sary to raise a small army for the defence of that fron- 
 tier, in which several of our citizens took commissions ; 
 amongst others, Messrs. William Buchanan, Campbell 
 Smith and George Chase. On the 4th November, 1791, 
 Gen. St. Clair, with a part of the army were suddenly at- 
 tacked near the Miami and actually surrounded by an 
 immense number, who were expert in firing from behind 
 trees and bushes. The Americans defended themselves 
 with great bravery, and finally fought their way through 
 the enemy, but lost in killed and wounded, above S00 
 men, ensign Chase was killed and captain Buchanan 
 wounded. More troops being placed under the com 
 mand of Gen. Anthony Wayne, he, on the 20th August, 
 1794, after a bloody contest in which Capt. C. Smith 
 was dangerously wounded, defeated the Indians near the 
 same place and negociated a treaty of peace with them. 
 
 On the tenth of August a youth was killed on 
 Smiths’ wharf by lightning, which also struck 
 
1791.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 137 
 
 the German church on Conway street. James Cab 
 houn and William Russell Esqrs. and Colonel N. 
 Rogers were appointed justices of the Orphans court 
 for the ensuing year. Colonel Smith and Mr. Mc- 
 Mechen were again returned to the assembly, and 
 Robert Gorsuch Esq. was elected Sheriff on the expi- 
 ration of Mr. Rutters time of acting. 
 
 Samuel Sterett, Esq. agent of Messrs. Vanstaphorst 
 & Co. procured from the state and paid them the 
 amount loaned during the war of Independence; and 
 Jas. Barry, Esq. who had lately came from Portugal, 
 was appointed vice consul for Maryland and Virginia. 
 
 At the periodical election of 1791, John O’Donnell, 
 Esq. was chosen an elector of the Senate, and John E. 
 Howard, Samuel Chase and James McHenry. Esqs. 
 were elected members of the Senate of Maryland. Mr. 
 Chase declined and Daniel Bowley, Esq. w as chosen in 
 his place, and he, resigning in 1793, was succeeded by 
 Robert Smith, Esq. 
 
 In October, 1792, Mr. Potts resigned the office of 
 Attorney of the United States for this district, and was 
 succeeded by Zebulon Hollingsworth, Esq. The at- 
 torneys wdio have succeeded him, were John Stephen, 
 Thomas B. Dorsey and Elias Glenn, Esqs. On the 
 1st November, 1792, was held in this city, the first re- 
 gular general conference of the Methodist church. 
 On the 17th September, 1792, the Rev. Thomas J. Clag- 
 gett was ordained Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church of Maryland, and the Rev. Joseph G. J. Bend 
 succeeds Dr. West, Rector of St. Pauls, deceased. 
 
 18 
 
133 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1792. 
 
 In 1792, the clergymen and ministers of the different 
 sects or churches were incorporated, to receive alms for 
 the poor of every society. 
 
 The Roman Catholic clergy were incorporated, and 
 in 1 7 95, trustees of that church, when the German re- 
 formed congregation was also incorporated. In 1797, 
 the German Evangelical Reformed and Presbyterian 
 churches, and in 1798, the Baptist congregation and the 
 vestry of every parish. In 1S00 the Methodist and 
 Lutheran, and in 1S02, every Christian church in the 
 state. 
 
 An act is passed providing for the inspection of pot 
 and pearl ashes. An act dividing the state into districts 
 to elect members of congress, was passed in 1791, in 
 anticipation of the census then to be returned. Con- 
 gress having fixed the ratio of representation at one 
 member for every 33,000 persons, the general ticket 
 system is abandoned and the state divided into eight dis- 
 tricts, of which Baltimore town and county was the 5th, 
 and elected colonel Samuel Smith one of the eight mem- 
 bers to which the state was entitled. 
 
 As the principles of an independent government are 
 here combined with those of a confederacy of govern- 
 ments, and the constitution of the United States admits 
 the senators as the representatives of the states, it is 
 necessary that the representatives in congress should 
 be elected by the people as direct as possible, and not 
 by the body, or by their state governments, or the con- 
 stitution is not fairly executed and its principles violated. 
 Nor can the delegates to the Assembly constitute them- 
 selves electors of President, while the constitution pro- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 139 
 
 1792 .] 
 
 vides for a distinct body to make choice of that officer, 
 and to retain the authority to elect or appoint others to 
 be electors, which the members of the state government 
 are prohibited to be themselves, is an evasion of the con- 
 stitution, if not a dereliction of its terms. The dis- 
 trict system was therefore wisely extended to the elec- 
 tion of electors, after General Washington’s re- 
 election, in which Messrs. William Smith and J. E. 
 Howard were two of ten electors for this state, and 
 before a canvass was commenced for a successor in 
 1796. That is in 1795, provision was made for the 
 election of electors of President by districts also, and 
 for this the state was divided into ten districts, of 
 which Anne Arundel county, Annapolis and Baltimore 
 town was the fifth and chose one elector. By an act 
 passed in 1802, that is after the general census of 1800, 
 the state was entitled to nine congressmen and the city 
 and county to two members, that is one residing in each, 
 jointly elected. Part of Montgomery county, with 
 Anne Arundel and the cities of Baltimore and Annapo- 
 lis, being one of nine districts, elect two electors of 
 President and Vice-President. In 1805, regulations 
 for the election of senators of the state legislature were 
 passed, the city and county of Baltimore electing one 
 each. 
 
 Seldom more than three of the justices attended the 
 orphans court and the governor and council were di- 
 rected to appoint that number only, any two of whom 
 to act, and by special commission Colonel N. Rogers, 
 G. Salmon and William McLaughlin Esqrs. were np- 
 
140 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1792, 
 
 pointed ; Colonel S. Smith was elected member of con- 
 gress and John O’Donnell Esq. delegate to the assembly. 
 
 The war which commenced on the continent of 
 Europe in 1792, being extended to Great Britian in the 
 commencement of 1793, it became necessary to protect 
 our commerce by a declaration of neutrality, which 
 was announced by the President the twenty third of 
 April, and the merchants of Baltimore presented him 
 an approbatory address soon after. 
 
 The agents of the French convention at Cape Francois , 
 having tendered their liberty to such slaves as should 
 take arms against the former government of Hispaniola, 
 General Galbaud and Admiral Gambis attacked the 
 town, and it was plundered and burned by the seamen 
 and negroes the twenty first of June; and on the ninth 
 of July, fifty three vessels bearing about 1000 white 
 and 500 people of colour, flying from the disaster, ar- 
 rive in Baltimore. Many were quartered in the hou- 
 ses of the citizens, who besides, subscribed above 
 $ 12000, for the relief of such as were destitute. 
 Those more fortunate who brought capitals, entered 
 into trade, others introduced new arts or cultivation in 
 the neighbourhood, and with succeeding arrivals from 
 the southern and western parts of the Island, contribu- 
 ted to encrease the wealth as well as the population of 
 the town. 
 
 Philadelphia being visited by an alarming mortality 
 from the disease called, “yellow fever,” then generally 
 supposed to be imported and contagious, Governor Lee. 
 interdicts all direct intercourse with that city and the 
 
141 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1793. 
 
 admission of infected vessels, appointing Doctors John 
 Ross and John Worthington to be health officers. A 
 temporary hospital to be procured for mariners of such 
 vessels, and a duty, confirmed by congress, of one cent 
 per ton is granted towards the expense. 
 
 Messrs. Thomas Yates and Daniel Bowley commence 
 their improvements on the water between the falls and 
 Harford run. Messrs. Cumberland Dugan and Thomas 
 McElderry commence their wharves below the Centre 
 market, extending from Water steeet to the north side 
 of the channel, a distance of 1600 feet. Nine years 
 after Judge Chase commenced his wharf binding on the 
 west side of the falls. 
 
 Since the last notice in 1 783, there had been a great 
 accession of settlers, amongst whom were Messrs. 
 Hugh Thompson, Edward Ireland, William Lorman, 
 Thomas Tenant, John Holmes, Joseph Thornburgh, 
 Robert Miller, John Donnell, Luke Tieman, Solomon 
 Birkhead, Solomon Betts, James H. McCulloh, Steuart 
 Brown, Leon Changeur, John Carrere, Henry Di- 
 rtier, A. McDonald, J. P. Pleasants, Barclay and Mc- 
 Kean, S. Etting, James Corrie, James Armstrong, &c. 
 
 The subject of a city charter, which had occupied the 
 writers in the papers and the citizens generally for near 
 ten years, was taken up by the legislature in 1793, and 
 an act passed for consideration, but the inhabitants of 
 the Point, and the mechanical, the carpenters and re- 
 publican societies, then lately formed for other purposes, 
 took part in opposition, and it was not carried into 
 effect. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 142 
 
 1793.] 
 
 There was an effort made by a number of merchants 
 to open an exchange for the transaction of business, and 
 the buildings at the south west corner of Water and 
 Commerce streets were fitted up and used for the pur- 
 pose, but after some time was discontinued. George 
 Hammond Esq. having been appointed consul general 
 from Great Britain to the United States; Edward 
 Thornton Esq. now Sir Edward Thornton, is appoin- 
 ted vice consul for Maryland and comes to Baltimore. 
 
 Several Lodges of free masons had been established 
 in Baltimore under the grand lodges of Pennsylvania or 
 Virginia, and as early as 1788, D. Stodder, worshipful 
 master of No. 1 5, now 6, and officers, obtain a warrant 
 from the Grand Lodge of Maryland , held at Easton 
 at different times since the year 1783. On the eighth 
 of May, 1794, the Grand Lodge, Henry Wilmans R. 
 W. G. M. Lambert Smith G. Secretary, assemble in 
 this town. 
 
 A company of mounted volunteers had put themselves 
 under command of capts. Plunket and Moore again, of 
 which Samuel Hollingsworth Esq. who had been an 
 officer in the troop, became commander soon after. 
 A volunteer company of artillery was formed, com- 
 manded by captain Stodder, and a company of riflemen 
 by captain James Allen. 
 
 The Neutrality being much infringed by the mar- 
 ritime powers at war, the President announces a gene - 
 ral embargo for thirty days by congress, and the news 
 was received here with much satisfaction on the twenty 
 eighth of March 1794. On the expiration of which, 
 a captain Ramsdall, who in a fit of intoxication, had 
 
14S 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1794. 
 
 hoisted his colours half mast, at the point, was violently 
 seized by the populace andtarred and feathered, as well 
 as a young man namned Sinton, who had been an appren- 
 tice to Mr. Stodder, who was a ship carpenter, for 
 which the latter was arrested, and denying intentional 
 participation in either case, after much altercation, gave 
 bail, and was with Mr. John Steel and others dischar- 
 ged. The extraordinary pretensions and naval power 
 of the British rendered them most obnoxious and it 
 was thought a war with them could scarcely be avoided ; 
 but as the surest means of preserving peace with 
 honour, the President invited serious preparation here 
 both for offence and defence, whilst his minister Mr. 
 Jay, with the terms of accommodation prescribed, was 
 waiting in London their acceptance. The fort at 
 Whetstone point was repaired and the star fort of brick 
 work, added. It was afterwards ceded to the United 
 States and called fort McHenry. 
 
 Agreeably to the act of congress of the year before 
 and the provisions made by the legislature, Governor 
 Stone appoints Colonol Smith Major General of the 
 third division, Colonel Hall and Howard declining, and 
 Col. Swan and Charles Ridgely of Hampton esq. 
 Brigadier Generals, the first for the third brigade and 
 the latter for the eleventh brigade of Maryland Militia, 
 and a general enrolment takes place. Considerable 
 amendments were made by the assembly during the par- 
 tial hostilities against France in 1798. 
 
 In 1807, a new law was passed, and General Swan’s 
 declining health obliged him to resign, when Colonel 
 Strieker was appointed Brigadier General in his place. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 144 
 
 1794.] 
 
 The cavalry being placed under their own field officers 
 in 1809, General Ridgely resigns, when he is succeeded 
 by Tobias E. Stausbury, Esq. 
 
 Captain Barney having resigned the office of clerk 
 of the district court the year before, took command of 
 a merchant vessel, in which he was made prisoner by 
 the British. They took him to Jamaica, condemned his 
 vessel and affected to try him for piracy; but he was ac- 
 quitted at the moment he was demanded by the Presi- 
 dent, and indemnity was received for the vessel after- 
 wards. Captain Barney was selected to command one 
 of the frigates to be built by the general government, 
 but not being satisfied in respect to rank, he declined, 
 soon after went to France, and entered into the ser- 
 vice of that republic. Commanding in 1797, on the St. 
 Domingo station, he visited the Chesapeake, eluded the 
 British and returned to the cape in safety. Capt. Bar- 
 ney was succeeded by Philip Moore, Esq. as clerk of 
 the District Court. 
 
 The government intending to fit out several vessels 
 of war at this port, captain Jeremiah Yellot is appointed 
 navy agent, and Mr. David Stodder, builder. 
 
 The criminal court was abolished in 1794. The 
 justices of the county court being then Joshua Seney. 
 Esq. chief justice, William Russell and William Owings 
 Esqs. associates, made justices of the criminal court also. 
 Judge Seney resigned, being succeeded as before men- 
 tioned, by Henry Ridgley, Esq. and in the year 1797. 
 the criminal business of the city and county was sepa- 
 rated, and so continued until a new criminal court was 
 organised in 1800. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 145 
 
 1794] 
 
 The opponents of internal taxes, burn the house of 
 Mr. Nevil, excise officer near Pittsburg, and on the 7 th 
 of August, the President issues a proclamation and or- 
 ders out drafts of Militia to go against them ; above 500 
 leave Baltimore under the command of General Smith, 
 Colonels Strieker and Clemm, on the 8th September, 
 who return from the westward, on the submission of the 
 insurgents, towards the close of the year. Before their 
 departure, however, the yellow fever made its appear- 
 ance in the town, and Messrs. Gustavus Scott, George 
 Salmon, Jos. Townsend, Alexander M’Kim, Jesse Hol- 
 lingsworth, Thomas Johnson and Thomas Dixon were 
 appointed a committee of health. There were 344 
 deaths by the fever and other diseases, during the 
 months of August and September; The malady did not 
 cease until the 15th October, and Capt. James Allen, 
 who had conducted his company of Riflemen as far as 
 Frederick, returned invalid, and, with other meritorious 
 citizens, fell a victim to the fatal disease. 
 
 The site of the Hospital was then selected by Capt. 
 Yellot and others, as a temporary retreat for the Stran- 
 gers and Sea-faring people; which being purchased of 
 him in 1798, by the Commissioners of health, for the 
 City, and aided by the State, was improved and contin- 
 ued to be so used, until in 1808, it was leased on cer- 
 tain improving conditions, to Doctors Smyth and Mac- 
 kenzie, who receive the seamen by agreement with the 
 government, or individuals, on terms w r hich the respec- 
 tive parties make ; visitors being appointed by the cor- 
 poration which may also send patients at a stipulated 
 
 19 
 
140 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1794. 
 
 price ; but the Legislature has assumed the property and 
 control of the premises, after the expiration of the 
 lease, by their acts of 1797 and 1816. It was also in 
 1794, that the same Commissioners purchased for a pot- 
 ters field, a lot of ground opposite the hospital ; for 
 which purpose other lots have since been purchased on 
 the East and on the West of the City, at the expense ol the 
 corporation. After the interval of three years, the City 
 w as afflicted wfitli this disease again, and lost many in- 
 habitants; also, in 1799 and 1800, and partially in 1819 
 and 1820. It was at these periods, and particularly on 
 account of the fever, that many citizens fled from the 
 town with their families, where it appears the fever 
 did not reach them, and some of them erected country 
 residences w hich now ornament the vicinity. 
 
 Notwithstanding these apparent obstacles, Messrs. 
 Wignell and Reinagale aided by a subscription of 
 shares, completed a small wooden Theatre on Holliday 
 Street, which Messrs. Warren and Wood, with like as- 
 sistance and during the blockade of 1 81 S, rebuilt of 
 brick, by a design of Mr. Robins, artist, attached to the 
 company; Messrs. Robert C. Long, William Stewart 
 and James Mosher, builders. 
 
 George G. Presbury, Esq. was appointed one of the 
 Justices of the Orphans Court. Alexander M’Kim and 
 Jas. Winchester, Esqs. are elected delegates to the As- 
 sembly, and Henry Stevenson, Esq. is again elected 
 Sheriff. On the 9th June, Died John Smith, Esq. one 
 of the framers of the Constitution, and lately a Senator 
 of the State Legislature; and on the 15th July, Gene- 
 ral Otho H. Williams, collector, late of the Maryland 
 
1794.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 147 
 
 line and Adjt. General of the Southern army. General 
 Williams is succeeded in the collectors office by Robt. 
 Purviance, Esq. Col. Nathaniel Ramsey becoming Naval 
 Officer in the place of Mr. Purviance, Jacob Graybell, 
 Esq. is appointed Marshall of this district, and he has 
 been succeeded by Messrs. Reuben Etting, Thomas 
 Rutter and Col. Paul Bentdlou, successively. 
 
 On the 27th July 1795, a town meeting w r as held at 
 the Court House, and a committee chosen to address the 
 President on the subject of the treaty with England, ad- 
 verse to its ratification. The answer of the President 
 referred the citizens to his answer to the select men of 
 Boston; in which, being disposed to adopt the treaty, he 
 appeals to the principles of conscious rectitude contain- 
 ed in his answer to the address of this town, on his first 
 election to the Presidency, and hopes that experience 
 will justify him. 
 
 In 1785 an act of Assembly had passed to authorise 
 the acceptance of a lot on Saratoga Street, presented the 
 protestant Episcopal congregation by Col. Howard, for 
 a parsonage, which is now finished and occupied by 
 Doctor Bend . 
 
 The Vestry of St. Paul’s parish, purchase the church 
 at Baltimore Street Bridge, which was erected by Jacob 
 Myers and others, Dutch Calvinists, in 1785, and had 
 been injured by the fresh of the ensuing year and re- 
 paired, for an additional protestant episcopal church, to 
 which the Vestry gave the name of Christs Church, 
 and in 1801, they raise the steeple and procure a choir 
 of six Bells. TTpon this acquisition, the Rev, John Ire- 
 
148 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1795. 
 
 land was appointed associate minister of the parish, 
 and Mr. Michael Diffenderffer and others, of the Dutch 
 Calvinist society, who had procured a parsonage on Se- 
 cond Street for their then minister, the Rev. Mr. 
 Boehme, erect their present Church, the steeple of which 
 built by Mr. George Rohrbach in 1803, was slightly in- 
 jured by lightning at the time of raising. The success- 
 ors of Mr. Rochme were, the Revd. Messrs. Pomp, 
 Trultenier, Troyer, Baker and Helfenstein their present 
 minister. 
 
 The tonnage of the State reported soon after the 
 adoption of the Constitution, was 36,305 tons register- 
 ed and 7,976 tons licensed and enrolled vessels, but in 
 1795 the former was 4807 tons, and the latter 24, 470 tons, 
 of which the proportion of the district of Columbia 
 north of the Patowmack was about one seventh; so that 
 in the space of five years only, the proportion of small- 
 er vessels, which at the first period had been less than 
 a fourth of thq. larger kind, had become equal to one 
 half of the increased tonnage, and afforded a conspicu- 
 ous evidence of the great and growing importance of the 
 Chesapeake Bay; while the favorable situation of this 
 town to reap the advantages of its navigation is shown, 
 not only by the known increase of the exports and im- 
 ports, but by observations made by Judge Jones from 
 his then residence at North Point, at which place had 
 been counted passing to Baltimore, in 1795, 109 ships, 
 162 brigs, 350 sloops and schooners and 5,464 bay craft 
 or small coasters. Reference to the increased inspec- 
 tions of fish, will exhibit another practical benefit we 
 derive from this great Southern Lake. According to 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 149 
 
 1795.] 
 
 the reports published, the value of goods entered at the 
 Custom House for exportation from 1st Oct. 1 790 to ist 
 Oct. 1791, was $1,690,930; to 1792, $1,782,861, to 
 1793, $2,092,660; to 1794, $3,456,42 1 ; to 1795, 
 $4,421,924, together, $13,444,796, and the exports from 
 Maryland $20 026,126; so that this town already ex- 
 ported two thirds of the whole amount exported by the 
 State. 
 
 The receipts into the treasury of the U. States for the 
 space of five years, amounted to $2,235,914, of which 
 however, a deduction is to be made for drawbacks paid 
 after the monies were remitted from Baltimore ; and as 
 to the reports of exports, it is to be observed, that no 
 certain rule is enforced to ascertain the value, and that, 
 depending on the discretion of the shipper, it is proba- 
 ble that the quantities and value of the shipments exceed 
 the entries for exportation. 
 
 At this period Mr. Josias Pennington, who had 
 married a daughter of Mr. Hanson, the original owner 
 and Mr. John Taggert, obtained the 3d and 4th mills 
 on Jones’ Falls; and, at great expense in cutting a race 
 through a spur of the granite ridge, which there ap- 
 proaches the tow r n, united the water pow r er of both, for 
 a new and extensive mill, which is now owned by 
 Messrs. Keller and Foreman, within a mile of the navi- 
 gation. Not long after, the Messrs. Ellicotts, taking 
 up the water from Gwinn’s Falls a mile and a quarter 
 above, convey it along the east bank, and obtain an 
 elevation sufficient for three mills of above twenty feet 
 fall each, in succession, which they build at the place 
 where the great western road by Frederick Town, 
 
150 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1795 
 
 passes the stream, and within three miles of the wharves 
 in the town. In consequence of these improvements, 
 and others of the kind made in the neighborhood by 
 Messrs. Tyson, Hollingsworth, &c. the manufacture of 
 flour was greatly increased and little or no wheat was 
 exported afterwards ; and it may now be remarked, that 
 the introduction of other mechanical improvements, 
 which employ an increased population, that are con- 
 sumers, and not growers of wheat or manufacturers of 
 flour, has produced a great disparity between the quan- 
 tities of this article inspected and that exported, yield- 
 ing a certain market for a great proportion of the pro- 
 duct of agriculturists and millers labour, independent 
 of commerce or the demand abroad. 
 
 The rule adopted for the General Assessment of pro- 
 perty being less than a fourth of the current value, had 
 hitherto prevented the difficulties which now occurred 
 between landlords and tenants in relation to the pro- 
 portion of taxes on grounds and improvements, sepa- 
 rately assessed. It was found that the taxes upon the 
 ground, even at the low valuation of property, absolv- 
 ed the rent and sometimes exceeded it, where the pro- 
 perty had been leased at an early day, a id where in 
 fact it had become the most valuable. To avoid this 
 for the future, Judge Chase, and other proprietors of 
 lots, commenced the introduction into their leases of a 
 stipulation that the rent reserved, whatever it might be, 
 should be clear and free of all public dues, and the law 
 expressly provides for the performance of the contract 
 in these cases, but is silent as to the others. To do 
 justice in the former cases it seems to be necessary that 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 151 
 
 1795.] 
 
 the landlords interest in the ground, as far as concerns 
 the payment of taxes, should be determined by the 
 amount of his rent, estimating the capital upon which he 
 shall pay, at the legal rate of interest, reducing that 
 capital again by the difference between the current and 
 the assessed value of the improvements and other pro- 
 perty; so long as such difference is suffered to exist, 
 only; and that the lessee or tenant, who alone is bene** 
 fitted or affected by the rise or fall of the whole premis- 
 es, should pay all the surplus of the tax, or so much 
 less, when so ascertained, be the same more or less. 
 
 Inequalities in the assessments w T ill not be so appar- 
 ent, whilst there is less value assessed, and injustice is 
 often suffered even by many who conceive themselves 
 favoured. But, what is of more importance perhaps, 
 the want of means to enforce the payment of taxes upon 
 the unimproved property of absentees or minors, of 
 which generous minds refuse to become the purchasers, 
 and the taxes upon property of so little value to offer 
 no compensation for the expense of collection, greatly 
 enhances the amount of taxes upon those who can and 
 do pay all, sooner or later. The lien for taxes being 
 permanent, there should be an officer designated to as- 
 certain and receive them, at the time of alienation or 
 any other time, and provision made for disposing of 
 vacant lands and lots for arrears of public dues, at a 
 certain time, and with certain exceptions, the same as 
 if they had never been surveyed or patented, and they 
 actually belonged to the State, the county or the city, to 
 whichever the arrears are due. 
 
 The Baltimore and Maryland Insurance companies 
 
1 52 
 
 ANNALS OP BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1795, 
 
 are formed and incorporated, the first upon a capital 
 paid in, and the latter upon a tenth part and the sur- 
 plus, in negociable notes received with suitable endor- 
 sers, annually. The Chesapeake, Union and Marine 
 Insurance Companies are incorporated in 1804, the two 
 last of which have been discontinued, and in 1819, 
 the Patapsco and Universal Companies, which are still 
 in operation. 
 
 On the 4th of December 1795, Cokeburry College 
 erected at Abington in Harford county by the Metho- 
 dist Society in 1785, was burned, by design as was 
 supposed, and the next year, that is 1796, the same 
 society purchased a spacious building erected by the 
 proprietor of the Fountain Inn for an assembly or ball 
 room, contiguous to the Light-street Church, and es- 
 tablished an academy and free school there. During 
 divine service on the 4th of December of the same year, 
 the church was discovered to be on fire, and both build- 
 ings were unfortunately consumed. The concurrence 
 of these destructive fires on the same day of the year 
 and within so short a period, not only reduced the means 
 of the society, but discouraged them from any similar 
 undertaking of the kind for many years. Perhaps it 
 was a providential dispensation to instruct them that 
 their well intended munificence might be better applied. 
 It may indeed be said, that some of the charities destin- 
 ed to create artificial wants and refinements in a num- 
 ber of fellow beings who might be otherwise exempt 
 from them, would be employed in a way more consist- 
 ant with real benevolence, if appropriated to assuage 
 the tortured minds of those who were involuntarily 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 153 
 
 1795.] 
 
 placed in situations more exposed. By extending to 
 all, the means of polished life and bringing together 
 youth of different circumstances, the one inhales the 
 pride of command which defies parental authority, and 
 the other a spirit of envy, begetting desires which can- 
 not be gratified, and destroying that filial attachment in 
 which the parent should find a reward, while society, 
 which furnishes no adequate substitute for either, be- 
 comes a prey to the want of both. Children of fortune 
 fallen heirs to misfortune, oftener occupy the cells of 
 the Hospital, while they who would not experience a 
 reverse of fortune, without the interference of others 
 zeal are forced to the work house of ignominy from 
 the many necessary and reputable occupations of 
 laborious industry. Alas! how many there are of both 
 descriptions, especially in commercial societies, who, 
 coming short of real wisdom, envy the child of nature, 
 and by the inebriating draft, or other means, premature- 
 ly cut the thread of life and hasten to an awful eterni- 
 ty. 
 
 There are however, institutions for instruction of 
 young and old whose utility is no way equivocal, 
 which are an accumulation of means in the hands of 
 those destined to be the benefactors of society, and do 
 not abruptly interfere with its organization. — Amongst 
 such a circulating library claims a conspicuous rank; 
 and in the same year. 
 
 The Right Revd. Bishop Carroll, the Re yd. Doctor’s 
 Patrick Allison and Joseph G., J. Bend, Doctor George 
 Brown, Messrs. Richard Caton, Thomas Poultney, 
 James Carroll, George W. Field, Robert Gilmor, >iich* 
 
 w *• ' 29 
 
154 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1795. ' 
 
 olas Brice, David Harris and others, form a Library com- 
 pany, which was incorporated the following year, the 
 above named gentlemen being elected officers and man- 
 agers. ** 
 
 John B. Bernabeu, Esq. now Chevalier De Berna- 
 beu, was appointed his Catholic Majesty’s Consul for 
 Maryland, and came here to reside. David M’Mechan, 
 Esq. is again elected in the place of Mr. M’Kim, one of 
 the delegates to the General Assembly. 
 
 Early in the year 1796 Samuel Chase, Esq. Chief 
 Justice of the general court, was appointed one of the 
 associate judges of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States, and James M’Henry, Esq. Secretary of the war 
 department. Judge Seney resigned, and Henry Ridge- 
 ley, Esq. is appointed Chief Justice -of the judicial dis- 
 trict. Doctor Andrew Weisenthal is appointed one of 
 the Judges of the Orphans Court. The jurisdiction of 
 single justices out of Court, in matters of debt, w hich 
 had been extended from 15 to Z10, in 1791, w as still 
 without fees or perquisites ; they then ceased to hold 
 courts, and received no per diem of course; their fees 
 w r ere regulated at this time, 1796, as they now contin- 
 ue: Though they were at all times lower than any where 
 else, and no check to vexatious litigation, the jurisdic- 
 tion w as increased to $50 in 1800, without increase of 
 fees; but, high or low, justice and peace would be promo- 
 ted if the fees were paid into the City Treasury as a 
 fund for Justices salaries. 
 
 The house of General Smith on the North Side of 
 Water Street, w as erected on a plan furnished by him- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1796.] 
 
 L55 
 
 self, and executed by Messrs. John Scroggs, Robert 
 Steuart and James Mosher, builders. 
 
 The charitable Marine Society was formed and in- 
 corporated in the names of Thomas Elliot, David 
 Porter, Thomas Cole, Daniel Howland and others, 
 masters of vessels, or their friends. 
 
 The second general conference of the methodists 
 was held this year, and repeated every fourth year sue- 
 cessively thereafter. 
 
 The legislature authorise the filling up and wharfing 
 Light street, from Pratt street to the opposite side of 
 the harbour, including all the space eastward of Charles 
 street. That part of the city would have been benefit- 
 ted, had the front of the streets leading from the w est, 
 been converted to public docks, to secure a greater ex- 
 tent of landing, especially as the canal to the middle 
 branch, for which new commissioners were now r ap- 
 pointed, was not opened. 
 
 At length, on the last day of the year 1 796, alaw r is 
 passed to constitute the Towm a City, and incorporate 
 the inhabitants by the name of “the Mayor and City 
 Council of Baltimore;” and that the best means were 
 sought by our Legislators, to restrain the errors and 
 promote the happiness of a numerous and mixed society, 
 is proved by the enlightened view’s which they have’ 
 concisely expressed in the following preamble: “Where- 
 as it is found by experience, that the good order , health 
 and safety of large Towns and Cities, cannot be p reset'* 
 ved, nor the evils and accidents to w hich they are sub- 
 ject, avoided or remedied, w ithout an internal power 
 COMPETENT TO ESTABLISH A POLICE AND REFUTATIONS, 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 156 
 
 [1796 
 
 fitted to their particular circumstances, wants and exi- 
 gences.” 
 
 The act of incorporation, which of course abolished 
 the port wardens and town and special commissioners 
 and transferred their powers and some additional au- 
 thority, to a chief executive officer, by the usual title of 
 Mayor, having a qualified negative on the city laws, and 
 a legislative body or council of two branches; the first 
 of two members for each of eight wards, into which 
 the city was divided, pursuant to the act, and beginning 
 at the west, elected directly by the voters of the ward 
 annually, and the second branch of one member for 
 each ward and the Mayor, elected by electors chosen 
 every second year, two for each ward by the voters 
 thereof. A certain residence and a property qualifica- 
 tion were required in all, and the Mayor w T as ex-officio , 
 a justice of the peace in all matters, except the recovery 
 of small debts and w r as bound to enforce the acts of the 
 city legislature, and upon nominations by the second 
 branch, appointing inspectors and other city officers, 
 but no bailiffs or means to pay them. 
 
 The surplus received from certain licenses and fines 
 granted to the Washington College in 1784, was con- 
 tinued to the city, wfith the duties on tonnage and auc- 
 tions, and power to levy a tax upon assessed property, 
 not exceeding fifteen shillings in the 100 pounds, or 
 seventy five cents per 100 dollars It required no little 
 exertion of the talents and influence of Messrs. McMe- 
 chen, McHenry, Robert Smith and Winchester, the 
 senators and delegates at the time, to reconcile the citi- 
 zens to the charter, such as it was, especially those of 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 157 
 
 1796.] 
 
 the Point or Deptford Hundred, who were conciliated 
 by an exception from any tax towards deepening the 
 upper harbour or basin. 
 
 Still the act was introduced as an experiment for a 
 year only, and another was passed the ensuing session to 
 give it perpetual duration, with an enumeration of some 
 of the principal powers. 
 
 Gabriel Duvall, Esq. of Annapolis, and Doctor John 
 Archer, of Harford, are chosen electors of President and 
 Yice President of the United States. James Winches- 
 ter, Esq. was chosen an elector of the Senate for the 
 City, and Charles Ridgely of Hampton, and Charles 
 Ridgely of W. Esqs. for the County. Col. Howard, 
 and Charles Ridgely, of Hampton, Esq. were elected 
 members of the Senate of the State, but the Colonel ap- 
 pointed a member of the Senate of the United States, 
 is succeeded by David M’Mechen, Esq. and Robert 
 Smith Esq. was elected to the house of delegates in the 
 place of Mr. M’Mechen. 
 
 The elections for city officers under the charter 
 took place early in 1797, and resulted as follows: 
 
 James Calhoun, Esq. Mayor. 
 
 Members of the First Branch of the City Council. 
 
 First Ward. — James Carey, Ephraim Robinson — 
 Second Ward, Samuel Owings, Doctor George Bu- 
 chanan — Third Ward, Zeb Hollingsworth, James Mc- 
 Cannon — Fourth Ward, Hercules Courtenay, David 
 McMechen — Fifth Ward, Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam 
 Fonerden — Sixth Ward, Baltzer Schaeffer, Peter Frick 
 — Seventh Ward — James Edwards, Frederick Schaef- 
 
158 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1797. 
 
 fer — Eighth Ward, Joseph Biays, William Trimble. — 
 Her. Courtenay, Esq. was chosen President of this 
 branch. 
 
 Members of the Second Branch: 
 
 First Ward — William Goodwin — Second Ward, 
 Colonel Nicholas Rogers — Third Ward, John Merry- 
 man — Fourth Ward, Henry Nicolls — Fifth Ward, Ro- 
 bert Gilmor — Sixth W ard, Richard Lawson — Seventh 
 Ward, Edward Johnson — Eighth Ward, Job Smith, 
 Esqs. who chose John Merryman, Esq. their Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 William Gibson, Esq. clerk of the county, was ap- 
 pointed Treasurer; Richard H. Moale, Esq. Register* 
 and John Hopkins, Esq. Collector, but the duties of 
 Treasurer and Register were soon after united; Mr. 
 Moale, who had been clerk to the Commissioners, filling 
 both offices. 
 
 One of the first acts of the Corporation was an ex- 
 pression of approbation, gratitude and good wishes to- 
 wards General Washington, passing through the city 
 homeward after the expiration of the second period of 
 his presidential term, in an address dated the 14th 
 March of which the following is a copy. 
 
 To George Washington, Esq. — Sir, to partake of the 
 prosperity arising from your unwearied attention to the 
 welfare of your country — to admire that firmness which 
 has never been disconcerted in the greatest difficul- 
 ties, and which has acquired vigor in proportion to 
 the exigency — to feel that honorable ascendency you 
 have obtained in the well founded opinion of your fel- 
 low citizens, by a wise administration, and the exercise 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 159 
 
 1797.] 
 
 of the virtues of a private life, and to suppress our ad- 
 miration and acknowledgement would be wanting to our 
 own individual sensation, and the just expectation of 
 those we represent. 
 
 Permit, therefore, the Mayor and City Council of 
 Baltimore, amongst the first exercises of their corporate 
 capacity, to gratify themselves and their constituents, 
 in the sincere expressions of regret for your retirement ; 
 their lively gratitude for your public services ; their af- 
 fectionate attachment to your private character; their 
 heartfelt farewell to your person and family ; and their 
 unceasing solicitude for your temporal and eternal hap- 
 piness. In behalf of the Corporation of the City of 
 Baltimore, JAMES CALHOUN , Mayor. 
 
 To which was returned the following reply. 
 
 To the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore. — 
 Gentlemen, I receive with grateful sensibility the hon- 
 our of your address. 
 
 To meet the plaudits of my fellow citizens for the 
 part I have acted in public life, is the highest reward 
 next to the consciousness of having done my duty to the 
 utmost of my abilities, of which my mind is susceptible 
 — and I pray you to accept my sincere thanks for the 
 evidence you have now given me, of your approbation 
 of my past services — for those regrets which you have 
 expressed on the occasion of my retirement to private 
 life, and for the affectionate attachment you have decla- 
 red for my person. Let me reciprocate most cordially, 
 all the good wishes you have been pleased to extend to 
 me and my family, for our temporal and eternal happi- 
 new. GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
160 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1797. 
 
 For some time the French privateers had annoyed the 
 American trade in the West Indies and now our vessels 
 became a prey even in their own ports. Among others 
 the Hope, captain Rodgers, and Plato, Lawrenson, 
 were condemned as lawful prizes. 
 
 The frigate Constellation of 36 guns is built at Har- 
 ris’s Creek, and Thomas Truxton, Esq. appointed com- 
 mander. Captain David Porter, Senior, establishes a 
 signal house on Federal Hill, opposite but near to and 
 in sight of the town, by which the approach of public 
 and private vessels to the Bodkin and North Point is 
 immediately known. 
 
 A congregation of Baptists attached to the Rever- 
 end John Healy, erect a small church on the Point, 
 which was succeeded by the one in Fleet street, m 
 1811, and all that society being previously united, is 
 called the Second Baptist Church. The society in and 
 near Baltimore form an association, called “The Balti- 
 more Association,” and meet here occasionally, and 
 soon after, that is 1798, Trustees of the First Church 
 are incorporated. It was also in 1797, a subscription 
 was got up for a Hall for dancing, and the building wag 
 erected in Holliday street, from a design by Colonel N. 
 Rogers, Messrs. Robert C. Long, James Donaldson 
 Hessington and Lauder, builders, which was called the 
 Assembly Room. 
 
 Mr. George Keating published a small plan of the 
 city, and two years after another was published by Mr. 
 Charles Yarle, which included some of the environs? 
 with views of the above building, and Messrs. Duga* 
 and McElderry’s improvements, market space. 
 
1797.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 1G1 
 
 The criminal business of the city was separated from 
 that of the county, but the justices of the county court 
 remained justices of both, as before. 
 
 Colonel Howard having completed the Senatorial 
 term is re-appointed Senator of the United States for the 
 ensuing six years. Adam Fonerden, Esq. is elected a 
 delegate to the assembly in the place of Mr. McMechen, 
 and Corns. H. Gist, Esq. is elected sheriff. 
 
 On the 19th March, 1797, died in this city at an ad- 
 vanced age, Daniel Dulany, Esq. Barrister, formerly 
 secretary of the province and member of council, and of 
 the upper house under the proprietary government; and 
 on the 2d September, 1792, at Charleston, S. C. where 
 he had closed his military career, married his second 
 wife and settled, General Mordecai Gist, formerly of 
 this place, and first captain of the Independent compa- 
 ny. 
 
 The French directory refused to treat with, or re- 
 ceive the ambassadors of peace, Messrs. Pinkney, Mar- 
 shall and Gerey; the privateers continuing their depre- 
 dations Upon our commerce, and the government sub- 
 jecting individual citizens to great indignities; congress 
 having long since liquidated and paid the former loans 
 made by France, revoke the existing treaties with that 
 nation and prepare for defence. In July, congress voted 
 an addition to the army and naval forces, and author- 
 ised the seizure of French vessels which were armed, 
 manifesting a philanthropic desire to spare private pro- 
 perty by sea as w T ell as by land. In an address to Gen, 
 
 21 
 
162 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 1798. 
 
 Smith, who had then just succeeded in his re-election to 
 congress, a number of the citizens, representing a great 
 majority of the voters of the town, pronounce their ap- 
 probation of the steps taken by government towards the 
 directory. On the 7th November, Gen. Washington 
 who had accepted the command of the army again, and 
 designated Col. Howard to be one of the brigadier gene- 
 rals, if necessary, arrived here and reviewed general 
 Swann’s brigade. On this last visit of the Beloved 
 Chief and Brother, the R. W. Mr. William Belton. 
 Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, pre- 
 sented a copy of their constitution then just revised, 
 and an address, to which the General returned an an- 
 swer highly commendatory of the benevolent purposes 
 of the institution. 
 
 Two new troops of volunteer cavalry were raised, 
 one of Point gentlemen, commanded by Capt. James 
 Biays, and one in town by Capt. Bentalou. 
 
 The ships Baltimore and Montezuema, merchant 
 vessels of this port, w r ere fitted out with twenty guns 
 each, the first commanded by Capt. Isaac Philips and 
 the last by Capt. Alexander Murray. On the 16th 
 November, the Baltimore having convoyed a number of 
 American vessels near the Havana, was met by a Bri- 
 tish squadron under admiral Loring, who invited Capt. 
 Philips on board his ship, and, in his absence, had above 
 fifty men brought away from the Baltimore, as British 
 seamen, which captain Philips resented strenuously and 
 offered up his ship. Upon this Loring returned all the 
 men but five, and captain Philips being without a com 
 mission for his ship, and thinking the government would 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 163 
 
 [1798. 
 
 find some better means of redress, hoisted his flag and 
 proceeded, but was dismissed the service on his return 
 without a trial, by an order of the Secretary of the Na- 
 vy. John Rodgers and Andrew Sterett, appointed 
 Lieutenants of the Navy and David Porter Jr. Midship- 
 man, were on board the Constellation and contributed 
 by their gallant behaviour, to the capture of the Insur- 
 gents French frigate, 9th February, 1799. Besides the 
 above Baltimore gentlemen, there also entered the navy 
 about this period, Messrs. John Ballard, William Peter- 
 kin, Charles Ridgely, John and Joseph Nicholson and 
 George Levely; and another ship was fitted out called 
 the Patapsco, to be commanded by Captain Geddes. 
 
 Notwithstanding the interruptions of the American 
 trade by the belligerents, the staple of flour which al 
 ready got up to eight dollars, continued rising through- 
 out the war, until 1799, the price here vras above ten 
 dollars, and the amount of the exports w T hich was high 
 er that year than any other, before or since, was neces- 
 sarily affected by these high prices, but the country in 
 creased rapidly in wealth as well as population, as was 
 to be expected in such a state of things as then existed 
 in the commercial world. 
 
 To relieve the county courts from duties not judicia- 
 ry, levy courts are organised by law in 1798 and eleven 
 justices appointed for this city and county, take charge 
 of the property and finances. The tobacco inspectors 
 formerly nominated by the vestries, and latterly by the 
 the courts of justice, arc now by this court as are the 
 county constables and overseers of the roads. 
 
 The legislature also pass an act to present abuses in 
 
164 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1798 
 
 the practice of medicine and surgery, the want of which 
 had been announced ten years l efore, incorporating the 
 faculty, prohibiting any from commencing practice there- 
 after without a license from a board of examiners. Thi s 
 restriction was so far modified in 1816, as to permit the 
 graduates of reputed seminaries or colleges to practice 
 without other license. 
 
 The form and dimensions of brick for building, or 
 sale, were established, and in 1807, wooded buildings 
 were prohibited from being erected in the central and 
 improved parts of the city, by ordinance, a prohibition 
 which has been extended since. 
 
 The property of the city subject to taxes, w r as valued 
 at 699,519/. 9s. 2d. pursuant to a general assess- 
 ment law and five commissioners for the city and five 
 for the county appointed. 
 
 At a town meeting on the 7th of September, it was 
 resolved, that a subscription should be opened for mo- 
 ney to aid the distressed inhabitants of Philadelphia, 
 then afflicted by the yellow fever, and on the 15th, the 
 Mayor suspended the communication between the citi- 
 zens. W in. Wilson and Archibald Buchanan, Esqs. 
 are elected delegates. 
 
 On the filth of July, 1798, John Moale Fso. many 
 years presiding justice of the county court and mem- 
 ber of the convention in 1774 for this county, departed 
 this life at an advanced age; on the eleventh of Sep- 
 tember, also at an advancod age, Alexander Lawson 
 Esq. formerly clerk of Baltimore county court; and 
 on the twentieth of October, at his then residence in 
 Queen Annes county, Joshua Seney Esq. late chief 
 
1798.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 165 
 
 justice of this district and formerly member of con 
 gress. 
 
 The Rev. William Du Bourg, now bishop of the 
 catholic church in Louisiana, with other clergymen of 
 that society, then lately arrived from France, establish 
 an academy near the intersection of Franklin and 
 Greene streets in 1791, to which considerable additions 
 were made in 1804, aided by a lottery, with permission 
 of the legislature to grant diplomas in any of the facul 
 ties, and incorporated, Mr. Du Bourg being first Presi- 
 dent. After which the Rev. Messrs. Nagot, Tessier 
 and other clergymen, who had established a theological 
 seminary there, added to this establishment a hand- 
 some church, the style of which is gothic, from a design 
 furnished by Max. Godfroy, Esq. 
 
 The Rev. Doctor Bend and others form the society, 
 for the education of poor female children, which is 
 incorporated by the name of the Benevolent society, 
 and a house built for their reception on Price street, 
 near the western limits of the city. The female hu- 
 mane association charity school is incorporated in 1801, 
 which was superseded by the Orphaline Charity 
 School in 1807. 
 
 The Methodist society established a free school for 
 male children, which was incorporated in 1808, soon 
 after which, the trustees purchased and improved the 
 lot on Courtland street, for its use. 
 
 Capt. J. Yellot who died in 1805, bequeathed the in- 
 terest of $10,000 for the free school of St. Peter’s Con- 
 gregation, as did Mr. J. Corrie, merchant, a large sum 
 
166 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1799 
 
 in 1806, which last however, fell to the heir at law by a 
 defect of the will, and Mr. Janies Dali, merchant, who 
 died in 1 808, bequeathed $5000 towards the education 
 of poor boys. 
 
 Agreeably to the pow r ers of the corporation, an addi- 
 tion was made to the city, of a small parcel of ground 
 situated North of Saratoga street in 1799, and the 
 bounds of Harford street and Canal were fixed, together 
 with the channel of the basin. 
 
 On the 28th May 1799, a fire broke out on the West 
 side of South street, and consumed a number of ware 
 houses and much valuable property, between that street 
 and Bowley’s w r harf. 
 
 In this same year the Revd. John Hargrove, who had 
 espoused the doctrines of Baron Swedenbourg, and oth- 
 ers of that faith, erect the New Jerusalem Temple at 
 the corner of Baltimore and Exeter streets, which was 
 dedicated the ensuing year. 
 
 Heretofore the Citizens had witnessed much confu- 
 sion and turbulence, by the multitudes of people assem- 
 bled at elections for the Town and County, the legisla- 
 ture therefore change the constitution in this respect, by 
 dividing both into districts, the wards of the city serving 
 for districts within the same ; two years after, the man 
 ner of voting was limited to ballots, instead of voice, and 
 these seasons ceased to be riotous as they had been. 
 
 At the session of 1799 a new Court of Oyer and 
 Terminer is organized for Baltimore City and County, 
 and Walter Dorsey, Esq. appointed Chief Justice: 
 George G. Presbury and Job l$mith, Esqrs. Associate 
 Justices. In 1805, William S. Summers, Esq. is ap~ 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE* 
 
 167 
 
 1799.] 
 
 pointed Clerk of this Court; who, dying in 1807, is suc- 
 ceeded by Thomas Harwood. Esq. In 1808, Judge 
 Dorsey resigns and is succeeded by John Scott, Esq. 
 who, dying in 1813, is succeeded by Luther Martin, Esq. 
 In the same year, 1799, James Winchester, Esq. was 
 appointed Judge of the District Court, in the place of 
 Mr. Paca deceased. . 
 
 The Insurgente French Frigate is captured by Capt. 
 Truxton, brought here and fitted out, but was, with Capt. 
 Patrick Fletcher and all the crew, lost at sea the en- 
 suing winter. 
 
 On the petition of the proprietors, Pratt street from 
 Franklin Lane, was directed to be opened to the Falls, 
 and it was then opened from Frederick street, and a 
 bridge erected by Ordinance of the Corporation, to con- 
 nect that street with the one called Queen street* 
 
 Pratt street had been opened w r estwardly as early as 
 1795, and in 1811, a law was passed for extending it 
 eastwardly across Cheapside, Hollingsworth, and Elli- 
 cott’s docks, but this was not effected until another was 
 passed in 1816, including that part of the new street 
 only, which runs from Light street to Pranklin lane; 
 when another law passed to open and extend North 
 lane which was called Belvidere, now North street; and 
 another, to extend Lombard street eastwardly, not yet 
 carried into effect 
 
 At the Falls, North street diverges and the eastern 
 section, still called Belvidere street, is connected with 
 the York Road by a wooden bridge of one arch, 170 
 eet span, built by Mr. L. Werowag, at the expense of 
 the city. By extending and uniting so many streets 
 
168 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1799. 
 
 across an unimproved part of the town which lay be- 
 tween the improved parts each side of the Falls, two 
 towns of the same name, so long separated in fact, an 
 important step was taken to render them mutually ben- 
 eficial to each other, and promote the ultimate prosperity 
 of both. 
 
 Pursuant to an act of # 1 820, Pratt street wa« continu- 
 ed from Gay street, eastwardly, to Frederick street, and 
 an act is passed to open Forest, mow Hillen street, 
 southwardly, from High street to the Falls, not yet 
 effected. 
 
 In 1807 an act was passed to open Centre street, 
 eastwardly from Howard street to the Falls, and a bridge 
 was built there; and in 181 1 St. Pauls, now Saratoga 
 street, was extended from Charles to Fish street, unit- 
 ing those streets. In 1809 Mr. Christopher Hughes 
 obtains a license to extend his grounds, south side 
 of the Basin, northwardly to Lee street, and from For- 
 rest to Johnson street eastwardly, with a reservation of 
 the grounds fronting streets for public use, afterwards 
 rescinded in whole or in part. In 1814, the corpora- 
 tion purchased the water rights, and soon after com- 
 menced the public dock, between town and point, di- 
 recting the course of the Falls into that dock, and 
 putting a draw bridge, exclusive of platform, 60 feet 
 long, at the entrance of it, which is 210 feet wide, so 
 that a direct communication is formed from Chase’s 
 wharf and the west side of the town, to the west end of 
 the Point. 
 
 The port wardens had determined the width of the 
 Falls, before the city was chartered, at 60 feet above 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 169 
 
 1799.] 
 
 Baltimore street bridge and 80 feet below it, and now 
 complete the survey of the harbour, which the corpora- 
 tion confirm in 1805 and 1807, and in 1815, a resolution 
 is passed to sanction the deepening of the bed and 
 walling in the sides of the Falls. 
 
 It was in 1799, Messrs. John Hollins and James A. 
 Buchanan, erect those two spacious houses on the west 
 side of Washington square, Messrs. James Mosher and 
 Jacob Small, builders. 
 
 Archibald Buchanan and George Johonnot, Esqs. 
 are elected to represent the Town in the House of Dele- 
 gates. 
 
 On the 1 5th of December, we learned the decease of 
 General Washington, which happened the day before, 
 and on the first January, funeral rites were celebrated. 
 The military including the regulars then stationed at 
 Fort McHenry, and the citizens, including many from 
 the country, formed a procession to the head of Balti- 
 more street, where an appropriate address was deliver- 
 ed by the Rev. Doctor Allison. From thence the pro- 
 cession returned to Christ Church, and when the bier 
 had entered, the funeral service was performed by the 
 Rev. Doctor Bend, before an immense concourse deep- 
 ly affected at the loss which they had sustained, and 
 anxious to manifest the grateful sentiments by which 
 they were animated towards the memory of the hero, 
 who had so often testified his regard for them, and ren- 
 dered the most important services to their country. 
 
 On the 15th June 1800, President Adams passed 
 
 oo 
 
170 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 [1800. 
 
 through town from the seat of government, then lately 
 moved to Washington, and the corporation presented 
 him an address of congratulation. 
 
 Charles Burrell, Esq. is appointed Post Master; John 
 E. C. Schultze, Esq. his Prussian Majesty’s Consul, 
 and Peter Colin, Esq. Consul of their Majesties, the 
 kings of Denmark and Sweden. 
 
 Doctor John B. Davidge, who had been educated in 
 Europe, and some time settled in Baltimore, commenc- 
 ed a course of Lectures on the principles and practice 
 of Midwifery, to which the next season, he added prac- 
 tical surgery, and the third season demonstrative an- 
 atomy. Those lectures were deilvered at his residence, 
 and though they were never attended by a dozen stu- 
 dents, the Doctor erected an Anatomical Hall near the 
 south east intersection of Liberty and Saratoga streets, 
 being joined by Doctor James Cocke, in the lectures on 
 Anatomy and Physiology, and by Doctor John Shaw, 
 who delivered lectures on Chemistry at his own dwel- 
 ling. The Anatomical Lectures had scarcely commenc- 
 ed in the new hall, when a clamour was raised by some 
 Ignorant neighbors; it was demolished by the populace, 
 and the Doctor’s preparations destroyed; upon which, 
 and for two or three years after, the Anatomical and 
 Surgical Lectures were delivered at the county Alms 
 House. 
 
 The Directory having failed in their warfare in Eu- 
 rope, as they had in their diplomacy with us, solicited a 
 renewal of the Embassy they had rejected in 1798; but 
 losf their power, as well as the form of government un 
 der which they acted, before the arrival of the new r Min- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 171 
 
 1 800.] 
 
 isters, and early i a 1800, General N lpoleon Bonaparte, 
 lately made first consul of toe French republic, con- 
 cludes a treaty of peace with this country; hostilities 
 ceased and the army and navy was reduced here. 
 
 Mr. Marcus McCausland erects the Brewery in Hol- 
 liday street, and a new powder magazine is erected on 
 the south side of the rivtr, by the Corporation. 
 
 The assembly pass a law to authorise the corporation 
 to introduce water into the city, which was not carried 
 into effect. Messrs. Robert G. Harper, William Cooke, 
 John McKim, John Donnell, Robert Gilmor, and others, 
 form a society for the purpose, in 1804, and purchasing 
 the mill property next the city, convey the water by 
 canal and raise it by water power to elevated reservoir? 
 being incorporated in 1808. In the same year Messrs. 
 Joseph and James Bia}~s procure a license to sink pipes 
 and dispose of water from their spring on the point. — 
 
 A number of Gentlemen form a society, which they call 
 “The society of St. George,” to relieve emigrants from 
 England; and the Rt. Rev. Bishop Carroll, the Rev. 
 Dr. Bend, Mr. James Priestly, Doctor Crawford and 
 others form a society by the name of “the Maryland - 
 society for promoting useful knowledge,” both of 
 which societies were discontinued after a few years. 
 
 By the new census the city, without the precincts, con- 
 tain white males, 11294; females, 9606; other free 
 persons, 2771 ; slaves, 2843; prccintes supposed, 5000; 
 total, 31,514, being an increase of 18,011 persons in 
 the last ten years. Gabriel Duvall, Esq. of Annapolis, 
 is again elected an elector of President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent for this district, and Nicholas R. Moore Esq. of the 
 
172 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 [1800. 
 
 county for the sixth district. Owen Dorsey, Esq. is 
 appointed a justice of the orphans court. Robert 
 Smith and James H. McCulloch Esqrs. are elected del- 
 egates, and James Wilson, Esq. sheriff. 
 
 Ixnoculation with vaccine matter having been dis- 
 covered as a preventative for small pox, by Doctor Jen- 
 ner five years before, in 1801 Mr. Wm. Taylor, mer- 
 chant, received from his brother Mr. John Taylor, then 
 in London, a quantity of matter for propagation, and 
 being delivered through Doctor M. Littlejohn physician 
 of Mr. Taylor’s, to Doctor James Smith, he introduces 
 it generally and succesfully. Upon the application of 
 Doctor Smith, the legislature of Maryland becomes 
 the first to sanction the distribution; and in 1809, he is 
 granted a lottery to raise a certain compensation for the 
 distribution of matter gratuitously, during six years; 
 and in 1810, the Rev. Doctor Bend, Wm. Gwynn, Esq. 
 Doctor Smith and others, form a society for promoting 
 vaccination generally, but this society was discontinued 
 and another erected in 1822, of which Doctor James 
 Stewart was President. There was at each of these 
 periods cause to apprehend the propagation of the 
 small pox among the citizens, but when by some exer- 
 tions, the occasion happily disappeared, the society 
 languished and disappeared also. Many institutions of 
 this beneficial kind have failed here, not perhaps, from 
 the want of zeal or perseverance, but because there is 
 less real or permanent want of them, in a country which 
 affords so many inducements to self-government, with 
 the means to procure independence. Unless a certain 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 173 
 
 1801.] 
 
 fund is secured at once, by tax or by donation, for fu- 
 ture exigences ; it seems that societies of voluntary ben- 
 evolence, which are a tax upon charity itself, exhausting 
 the means of those w r ho are disposed to do most good ; 
 which leave the unfeeling miser at liberty to indulge 
 his selfish and unsocial propensities, are often apologies 
 for good governments, and seldom more than auxiliaries 
 to the best; will be of precarious duration, until such 
 revolution takes place in the number and circumstances 
 of individuals and state of society, generally, as shall 
 assimulate us to the Europeans, which happily, must be 
 as remote as it is to be depreciated. 
 
 In the same year 1801, the legislature authorised the 
 building of a Lazaretto, which was accordingly put up 
 by the corporation, on the point opposite fort McHenry, 
 which has lately become one of the bounds of the -city 
 eastward. 
 
 Messrs. Emanuel Kent, Elisha Tyson, William 
 Maccreery, Richardson Stewart, and others, form a soci- 
 ety to furnish medicinal relief to the poor gratuitously, 
 which in 1807 is incorporated by the name of the “Bal- 
 timore general Dispensary,” and relief for drowning per- 
 sons provided, there having been since the foundation 
 and to that time, 6263 patients. This society, for a 
 charitable purpose of all others the most interesting 
 perhaps, has by great exertions outlived most of its co- 
 temporaries, should receive a certain support from go 
 vernment, or be made an appendage of the alms-house 
 permanently provided for, as are other public charges 
 and this itself is in other places. 
 
174 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1801 
 
 Robert Smith, Esq. is appointed Secretary of the 
 navy, the duties of which department had been a short 
 time committed to general Smith; and part of the year 
 1805, the former held the oliice of attorney general of 
 the United States, but returned to the navy department, 
 and was appointed secretary of state in 1805, having in 
 the mean time, that is in 1806, been appointed chancel- 
 lor of the state, and chief judge of this district, but de- 
 clined. 
 
 John Scott, Esq. who had lately removed from Kent 
 county, and Thomas Dixon, Esq. are elected delegates 
 to the assembly, and William Smith, James H. M’Cul- 
 loch and J. T. Worthington, Esqrs. members of the 
 senate, of which James H. M,Cuiloch, Esq. had been 
 chosen elector for the city, and John f . Worthington 
 and. Tobias E. Stansbury, Esqrs. electors for the county. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin IIenfrey, an Englishman, had lately 
 discovered and attempted to bring into use, a species of 
 coal from Gen. Ridgely’s lands, about six miles north 
 east ol the town, but did not succeed. Mr. Henfrey was 
 however, more successful soon after, in discover- 
 ing a method of creating light by gas from wood , exhib- 
 ited experiments here and actually lighted Richmond in 
 Virginia, before any similar discovery w as known. 
 
 On the twenty eighth of August 1802, during a 
 storm of hail the flag staff at fort McHenry on whet- 
 stone point, and a house in Bridge street, w ere struck 
 by lightning. 
 
 On the cessation of hostilities in Europe after the 
 treaty of Amiens, the prices of produce and the amount 
 
1802] ANNALS OP BALTIMORE. 175 
 
 of exports fell considerably, but this state of things 
 was not of sufficient duration to affect the progress o^ 
 the city, or of the country generally. 
 
 The island of Hispaniola was reduced by the French* 
 but was recovered by the blacks assisted by the eng- 
 lish blockading squadron, the next year, when Mr 
 Jerome Bonaparte youngest brother of the then first Con- 
 sul of France, with General Reubell son of the 
 lete Director Reubell, came here on their way home" 
 ward and married. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. James Whitehead succeeds Mr. Ireland 
 as associate minister of St. Paul’s and Christ churches* 
 and a number of members of that church, attached to 
 the Rev. George Dashield, commence the church called 
 St. Peters, in Sharpe street, and soon after a free school 
 for children of that society. Doctor Whitehead remov- 
 ing to Norfolk, is succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Elijah D. 
 Ratoone, as associate minister of St. Paul’s, &c. 
 
 Early in 1802, the prisoners are moved to the now 
 commodious and substantial jail on Mill street. Messrs* 
 Samuel Owings, James Carroll, John Merryman, James 
 Carey and Col. N. Rogers were appointed commission- 
 ers to build the jail on the old lot by an act of 1797, but 
 they procured authority to select other grounds the next 
 session, and then commenced on a plan furnished by 
 Col. Rogers, R. C. Long, Esq. builder. The jail 
 built of stone and brick, stands near the centre of a five 
 acre lot adjoining the falls, from which it is 200 feet. 
 The front south west is 1 57 feet, exclusive of two tow- 
 ers for sewers of twenty-five feet each ; and thirty five 
 feet deep, with projections in rear of each wing; there 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 176 
 
 [1802 
 
 are twenty cells, capable.of containing twenty persons 
 each, or 400 persons in all. 
 
 After the census of 1800, Maryland was entitled to 
 nine representatives in congress, and the electoral dis- 
 tricts were again altered by act of assembly. Balti- 
 more city and county became the 5th, to elect two, one 
 to be a resident of each, jointly elected; and general 
 Smith and colonel Nicholas A. Moore were elected, 
 but the general being appointed a senator of United 
 States, William Maccreery, Esq. is elected to congress 
 in his place. James Purviance, Esq. is elected a mem 
 ber of the assembly in the place of Mr. Scott. 
 
 On the 2 1st August, departed this life, aged 62 years, 
 the Rev. Dr. Patrick Allison, founder of the First Pres- 
 byterian church in this city, who was succeeded by the 
 Rev. James Inglis. Died, also in this city, on the 2d 
 November, aged 63 years, Edward ’Langworthy, Esq. 
 deputy naval officer, and formerly member of congress 
 from the state of Georgia. 
 
 A new act having passed for the inspection of tobac* 
 eo in 1 SOI. The public warehouse on the Point having 
 become insufficient for the quantity of that article 
 brought to Baltimore; the levy court had been author” 
 ised to license another warehouse in 1799, at the in- 
 stance of judge Chase, on terms he disapproved and de- 
 clined. But James Calhoun, Esq. obtains anothor 
 license on similar terms, erected one at the south west 
 corner of Pratt and Light streets, in 1803, when a simi- 
 lar license was granted to Messrs. Dugan and O’Donnell, 
 to erect another at the end of their w harves. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 1803.] 
 
 I i 
 
 During the European peace which succeeded the trea 
 ty of Amiens, Baltimore became the Metropolitan See 
 of the Roman Catholic church in the United States. 
 The trustees determined to build a spacious and sub- 
 stantial Cathedral church, which was commenced three 
 years after. It was also in 1803, that the Right Rev. 
 Bishop Carroll, Mr. James Priestly, who had been some- 
 time principal of a respectable seminary in St. Paul's 
 lane and others, procure a charter lor the Baltimore Col- 
 lege, which by aid of a lottery, was erected on a plain 
 but convenient stile on Mulberry street, the Bishop 
 being appointed President of the Trustees. 
 
 The 7th day of February, 1803, was remarkable in 
 this city for a great fog in the atmosphere, and towards 
 night, a porter employed at Messrs. Peters and Johnson’s 
 brewery, being found in the basin with his horse and 
 dray, was supposed to have missed the way, driven over 
 the end of Bowly’s wharf and drowned. 
 
 Thomas Dixon and Cumberland Dugan, Esqs. are 
 elected delegates to the assembly, and Thomas Bailey, 
 Esq. sheriff; Thomas Rutter, Esq. is appointed a jus- 
 tice of the orphans court. 
 
 In 1804, that part of the proceeds of ordinary and re- 
 tailers licences which should exceed an appropriation 
 for Washington and St. John’s Colleges, and which 
 was given to Baltimore town by the act of 1784 already 
 producing $5000 per annum, was by the legislature, or 
 dered to be paid into the treasury of the State. Fortu 
 nately various attempts to deprive the City of the Aue- 
 
 2 3 
 
178 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 [1804 
 
 tion duties, amounting to somewhat more, have notsuc- 
 eeeded, and by specific application of these with the 
 tonnage duty, to the expense of deepening the harbour, 
 Deptford hundred is taxed like the rest of the City, with- 
 out violating the provisions in the Charter exempting 
 that district. 
 
 Experiments having been made in some other places, 
 to reduce the number of public offences committed, by 
 substituting confinement and labour, instead of public 
 ami degrading punishment, which it was thought had 
 proved successful; the legislature had as early as 1801, 
 published a plan for a similar change in the criminal 
 law of this State, to supersede the “wheelbarrow law,” 
 as it was commonly called, and now resolve to erect a 
 Penitentiary in Baltimore. Messrs. John E. Howard, 
 Thomas Dixon, Josias Pennington, Thomas M'Elderry, 
 Robert C. Long, Levi Hollingsworth, Daniel Conn, 
 Samuel Sterett and George Warner, Commissioners, 
 purchase grounds and erect buildings on Madison 
 Street, near the York road, Mr. Conn being the arch- 
 tect and builder; and in .809, anew criminal code was 
 adapted to the institution, leaving the commission of 
 Murder, Arson, Rape and Treason only, liable to the 
 punishment .of death. In 1804 the Union Bank of Ma- 
 ryland is organized and chartered, William Winches- 
 ter Esq. is chosen President and Ralph Higginbothom, 
 Esq. Cashier. In 1807 the directors build the spacious 
 banking house on North Charles Street, of which Mr. 
 Robert C. Long was architect and w ith Mr. W. Steu* 
 art and Col. Mosher, builder. Messrs Chevalier 
 Andrea and Franzoni performed the sculpture. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 179 
 
 1804] 
 
 The proposed capital was 3,000,000, and 2,312,150 
 dols. including 42,400 dols. by the state, were paid, but 
 shares to the amount of $224,250 were purchased by 
 the corporation itself, and losses sustained previously* 
 a law was obtained 1821, reducing the capital 25 per 
 cent. 
 
 In the mean time, the Mechanics Bank is incorpora- 
 ted, and in 1812 they erect their Banking house at the 
 South East corner of Calvert and East Streets. The 
 capital intended for this Bank was, one Million, of 
 which 640,000 dollars were paid, including 94,625 dol- 
 lars by the State, all which, in consequence of losses sus • 
 tained, were reduced 40 per cent by act of 1821. Edwd. 
 Johnson, Esq. is chosen Elector of President, and An- 
 drew Ellicott and John Stephens, Esqs. delegates. 
 
 On the 4th March 1804, died here, Robert Carter, 
 Esq. aged 76 years, formerly member of the Colonial 
 Council of Virginia; and, at New York, in his 69th year, 
 Commodore James Nicholson, formerly of this town and 
 commander of the public ships Defence, Virginia, Truro* 
 bull, &c. in the war of Independence; and on the 19th 
 Sept, aged 72 years, William Buchanan, Esq. formerly 
 one of the justices of the county and Commissary Gen- 
 eral of purchases for the Continental Army. 
 
 In 1805 the city government pass an ordinance for 
 the inspection of flaxseed, and two years after another 
 for the inspection of butter and lard, and in 1814 ordi- 
 nances are passed for the inspection of lime and char- 
 coal. 
 
180 
 
 ANNALS 6F BALTIMORE. 
 
 1805. 
 
 By a new organization of the courts of justice at the 
 session of 1804 and 1805, the general court was abol- 
 ished and the chief justices of the district courts were 
 constituted a court of appeals. The state was divided 
 into six ^districts, of which Baltimore and Harford coun- 
 ties was the last, Robert Smith, Esq. was appointed 
 chief justice, but he did not accept, and Joseph H. Nich- 
 olson, Esq. of Queen Annes county, was appointed and 
 came here to reside. 
 
 The associates of this court were gentlemen of the 
 law, viz. Benjamin Rumsey and Thomas Jones, Esqs. 
 and the counties ceased to have separate associate justi- 
 ces. Zeb. Hollingsworth, E c q. was appointed in the 
 place of Mr. Rumsey, who did not accept. Judge Jones 
 died in 1812, and was succeeded by Theodorick Bland, 
 Esq. 
 
 The state was divided into eight congressional dis- 
 tricts, and Baltimore city and county being the 5th> 
 elect one member for each by joint ticket. Part of Anne 
 x\rundel county, Annapolis and Baltimore city, being 
 the third of nine districts, elect two electors of Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 In the same year the powers of the trustees of the 
 poor are transfered to the levy court. 
 
 Thomas Dixon, Esq. is appointed a judge of the Or- 
 phan’s court. 
 
 At the session of 1805, Messrs. Tho. McElderry, 
 Henry Payson, William Jessop, Alexander McKim, 
 John McKim, Junior, Thomas Dixon, Thomas Rutter, 
 Robert Stewart and W illiam C. Goldsmith, are appoint- 
 ed commissioners to build a new Court House, and 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 181 
 
 1805] 
 
 having decided on erecting the same on part of the old 
 public ground, North Calvert street, the same is begun 
 according to the designs of Mr. George Milleman, who 
 was builder, and executed the wood work, Mr. William 
 Steuart executed the stone work, and Colonel James 
 Mosher the brick work. 
 
 The county records were removed and the courts 
 held sessions there in 1809, when the old arched court 
 house was taken down. The new building is 145 feet 
 front on Church, now Lexington street, and on Wash- 
 ington Square 65 feet deep; at which end there is a 
 courtroom in each of two stories, 60 by 46 feet; the 
 basement of the whole is arched in stone and brick 
 work, and the Orphan’s court and clerks rooms, where 
 the records are kept, vaulted for safety against fire. 
 
 The grand lodge of Free Masons, of which Doctor 
 John Crawford was R. W. Grand Master, was author 
 ised to raise a considerable sum, by lottery, to aid them 
 in erecting a Masonic Hall, which w as not commenced 
 until eight years after. 
 
 The Friends or Quakers complete their new meet- 
 ing house on Lombard street, Mr. John Sinclair archi- 
 tect, for the accommodation of the members of that reli- 
 gious society on the west side of the city. 
 
 The exports from Maryland, of which nearly all arc 
 from Baltimore, from October 1805 to 1806, amounted 
 to $3,661,131, domestic produce, $10,919,774 of for- 
 eign goods, or a total of $14,580,905, and the receipts 
 into the Treasury of the United States from this city for 
 the year 1806, amounted to $1,224,897. 
 
1 82 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 1805] 
 
 At the same session, 1805,, the corporation are em- 
 powered to exclude Rogers’s addition, on the east, from 
 the operation of city taxes and ordinances, which was 
 never carried into effect; but the interests of the proprie- 
 tors of those grounds have been protected by the act of 
 1816, extending the limits and powers of the City gov- 
 ernment, and providing that the improved parts only* 
 should be subject to direct taxation. 
 
 The City Delegates introduced a bill to alter the con- 
 stitution of the State so as to give the city an additional 
 representation, but on the second reading, it was rejec- 
 ted by the vote of every member present in the House of 
 
 legates , being sixty two, except the two from the city 
 itself. At various sessions afterwards, particularly in 
 1819, 1822 and 1823, it has been attempted to procure 
 this alteration, for two additional members only, as ne- 
 cessary as it is just, by the growth of the city in popu- 
 lation and wealth, creating wants of legislation equal 
 almost to all the rest of the State besides; but it 
 never has been sanctioned by more than one third of 
 the members present. Many of our best citizens are so 
 disgusted at this inconsiderate but oppressive treatment, 
 that they keep themselves aloof from the service of the 
 people, whilst the people altogether are subject to re- 
 proaches from the very body which withholds the means 
 of good government. The acts of assembly relating to 
 our police are defective, sometimes changed without our 
 knowledge or consent, and not a few important objects 
 passed over entirely; because two gentlemen, if they 
 were other Solons or Lycurguses, are physically incom. 
 petent to compile, much less digest in sessions of 60 or 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 183 
 
 1805.] 
 
 90 days duration, all the laws required in such a new^ 
 mixed and growing community as this; and there exists 
 no greater obstruction to that credit and prosperity which 
 should result from patriotism and enterprize, than the 
 want of good laws. 
 
 Ov the 21st January, 1806, there was a public meet- 
 ing of the merchants of Baltimore, at which, in imitation 
 of those of New York and Philadelphia, they resolved 
 to represent to the general government, the difficulties 
 under which commerce laboured from the measures of 
 the belligerents, and pray for redress and protection, es- 
 pecially for the carrying trade. L’Eole, a French seven- 
 ty four, part of a squadron commanded by admiral 
 Willaumez, which was dispersed by a storm on the coast, 
 after eluding two British squadrons, came into the bay 
 with other ships under commodore Khrome, and stripped 
 of her guns, this seventy-four was brought here a wreck 
 and sold. 
 
 Messrs. Sower and Hewes establish a type foundry 
 on Lexington street, which becoming the property of 
 other gentlemen, was transferred to Biddle street. 
 
 William Pinkney was appointed attorney general on 
 resignation of Mr. Martin in 1805, but fixed his resi- 
 dence here the next year and resigned, when he was ap- 
 pointed Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Great Bri- 
 tain; upon which J. T. Mason, Esq. was appointed and 
 soon after John Johnson, Esq. Thomas Jennings, Esq. 
 son of Mr. T. Jennings, former attorney general, acting 
 as deputy here; but in 181 K John Montgomery, Esq. of 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 184 
 
 [1800, 
 
 Harford, was appointed attorney general and came to 
 reside. 
 
 At Chawan, his residence in the county, departed this 
 life on the 5th April, James Winchester, Esq. judge of 
 the United States District Court, and formerly member 
 of the general assembly, and same year, was succeeded 
 by James Houston, Esq. of Kent county; and on the 9th 
 October, at an advanced age, died, Robert Purviance, 
 Esq. collector of the port of Baltimore. 
 
 Gabriel Christie, Esq. of Harford county, is appoint- 
 ed collector in the place of Mr. Purviance, deceased^ 
 and on the death of Mr. Christie, the next year, James 
 H. McCulloch, Esq. is apppointed. 
 
 In 1806, the Rev. Doctor Frederick G. Beasley suc- 
 ceeds Doctor Ratoone as associate minister of St. 
 Paul’s and Christ churches; when a number of the 
 congregation attached to the former, erect the church 
 called Trinity church, in Polly street. Doctor Ra- 
 toone is successively succeeded by the Rev. Mr. 
 Ralph, the Rev. Mr. Hicks and the Rev. Mr. John 
 V. Bartow, the present minister; all the four churches 
 remaining under the jurisdiction of the bishop of the 
 diocese. 
 
 On the 5th July, 1806, departed this life at Dover, in 
 Delaware, aged 70 years, the Rev. Richard Whatcoat^ 
 who w r as ordained bishop of the Methodist church in 
 this city in 1800; in 1808, the Rev. William McKen* 
 dree is ordained bishop, and in 1810, the society erect 
 their spacious church on north Eutaw street, for the 
 accommodation of their members at the west side of the 
 city. 
 

 1806] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 135 
 
 On the 6th July, the foundation stone of the Ro- 
 man Catholic Cathedral church was laid on a square of 
 ground on north Charles street, obtained of Col. Howard, 
 on terms which justly entitled him to be considered a 
 large contributor ; and the outside walls, of grey granite 
 from the vicinity of Ellicott’s mills on Patapsco, were 
 carried up to the entablature in a few years, when the 
 war, with other causes, suspended its progress. 
 
 Alexander McKim, Esq. is chosen elector of senate 
 for the city, and Tobias E. Stansbury and Moses 
 Brown, Esqs. for the county. James H. McCulloch and 
 Thomas McElderry, Esqs. are elected senators, and 
 next year, Elias Glenn, Esq. in place of Mr. McCulloch 
 resigned; and to fill another vacancy in 1808, Thomas 
 B. Dorsey, Esq.. Robert Steuart and Edward Aisquith, 
 Esqs. are elected delegates, and John Hunter, Esq. 
 Sheriff. 
 
 Early in 1807 a company is organised, to procure 
 regular supplies of Calcutta and China goods, for which 
 our traders had become customary of, and indebted to 
 the eastern merchants ; Robert Gilmor Esq. is president 
 James A. Buchanan, Esq. Vice-President, and Mr. 
 Thomas Higginbothom, Secretary. The Ships Lon- 
 pon Packet, capt. Solomon Rutter, and William Bing- 
 ham, capt. John Conyngham, are sent out; on their 
 return during the Embargo, the company divided a 
 handsome interest and was dissolved, but it is to be re- 
 gretted perhaps, that such a company was not renewed 
 , after the last war. 
 
 U 
 
fSt) ANNALS’ OF BALTIMORE. Ig07"j 
 
 The orders of council in England, made to relieve 
 the carrying trade, as it was alleged, hut extending the 
 blockade of the French coasts, producing the retaliating 
 decree of Berlin, and the president rejecting the treaty 
 negociated at London by Messrs. Munroe and Pinkney, 
 the neutrality of the United States became more obnox- 
 ious there, and the maritime warfare more vexatious 
 here in 1807. British seamen taking all opportunities to 
 desert their ships of war, the frigate Chesapeake, 
 destined to compose part of an American squadron 
 against the Barbary powers was attacked off the capes 
 on the twenty third of June, by part of a British squad- 
 ron then laying in the bay ; and, being overpowered, 
 was searched and some of her crew taken out as deser- 
 ters. On the arrival of the news, a. town meeting is 
 held and an address strongly reprobating this violence, 
 was sent to the President, who soon after interdicted all 
 intercourse with the British ships, by proclamation. 
 
 On the 24th August, the ship Othello, captain Glover % 
 from Liverpool, was boarded and taken in Patuxent, by 
 an armed boat fitted out from Baltimore by some French 
 seamen ; but, opposed by contrary winds, they abandon 
 ed her to the captain. As soon as the circumstances 
 were known, commodore Porter, with captains Samuel 
 and Joseph Sterett’s companies, accompanied by some 
 other volunteers, go in pursuit, and bring back the pi- 
 rates. But the act not being committed on the high 
 seas or within the body of any county, neither in the 
 courts of the general government or of the state, was 
 there punishment provided for the case, as it turned out a 
 and they were consequently discharged. However, the 
 
1807.] % ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 jurisdiction of such offences was settled by law the en- 
 suing session of the assembly, and the acts may be 
 tried in any county where the perpetrators may be Hist 
 taken or brought. 
 
 On the 3d of November, soon after the acquital of 
 Aaron Burr, late Vice President, charged with treason 
 and tried before chief justice Marshall and the district 
 judge at Richmond, the populace paraded the streets 
 with the effigies of ^he Chief Justice, Luther Martin, 
 Esq. one of the counsel, Burr and Blennerhasset, which 
 they afterwards commit to the flames, as an evidence of 
 their dissatisfaction with the issue of the trial. 
 
 France and England continue to increase their re- 
 strictions on neutral commerce, the former by the exe- 
 cution of the Berlin decree, blockading England, but 
 partially suspended as to us until now, and the latter by 
 her orders to take British subjects from on board neu- 
 tral vessels, then just announced in the Gazettes. Con- 
 gress lay a general embargo, which is received and en- 
 forced here on the 2 3d of December; it was unlimited in 
 duration, and continued until 16th March, 1809. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to remark that foreign goods 
 rose and produce fell in price immediately ; of the latter, 
 indeed much perished entii’ely, and the growth of the 
 city was checked, with the general sufferings of the 
 country. 
 
 Zealous to extend the medical school they had com- 
 menced, Doctors Davidge, Shaw and Cocke apply to 
 the legislature for the privilege of establishing a col- 
 lege and license to raise funds by lottery to erect suit- 
 able buildings, which are granted ; and their hall in Lon^ 
 
188 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE j ‘ [180T 
 
 bard street, of which Mr. R. C. Long was architect 
 and with Messrs. Towson and Mosher, builders, is com- 
 menced. 
 
 The college, as originally organised, was composed 
 of Doctors Davidge and Cocke, joint professors of anato- 
 my, surgery and physiology; Doctor George Brown, of 
 the practice and theory of medicine ; Doctor Shaw of 
 chemistry; Doctor Thomas E. Bond of materia medica , 
 and Doctor William Donaldson ofJ;he institutes of me- 
 dicine. Doctors Brown, Bond and Donaldson declined, 
 and Doctor Nathaniel Potter was elected professor of 
 the practice and theory of medicine; Doctor Samuel 
 Baker materia medica , and the institutes were united to 
 the professorships of anatomy, &c. Soon after entering 
 upon their duties, Doctor Shaw departed this life, and 
 Elisha De Butts was elected professor of chemistry in his 
 place. Doctor Davidge resigned part of his professsional 
 duties in the college; and Doctor William Gibson, then 
 lately returned from Europe, delivered an introductory 
 lecture on anatomy and surgery, but did not then pursue 
 the course, and the lectures were suspended for a short 
 time. 
 
 The receipts from the customs at Baltimore this year, 
 amounted to $1,440,527 ; the postage paid $29,950, and 
 the hospital money to be paid to the treasury of the 
 United States, for the mariner's fund, 4,504 dollars. 
 
 Thomas B. Dorsey, Esq. is elected a member of as- 
 sembly in the place of Mr. Aisquith. 
 
 Died, at his resi4ence in the county, at an advanced 
 -age, on the 7th of May, Thomas Cockey Deye, Esq. for- 
 merly a member of the house of delegates, of which he 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE* 
 
 189 
 
 1807 .] 
 
 was many years Speaker, and one of the framers of the 
 constitution; and at Ferley, his residence near town, on 
 the 12th of November, Daniel Bowley, Esq. formerly 
 one of the members of the senate of Maryland. j 
 
 In 1808, the Lutheran Society dispose of their old 
 place of worship, and purchasing the adjacent lot, com- 
 modiously situated between, and running from Gay to 
 Holliday Street, erect their present spacious and hand- 
 some Church, of which Mr. George Roerback was ar- 
 chitect ; and Robert Oliver, Esq. erects his house on the 
 West side of South Gay Street, of which Mr. Robert 
 Carey Long was architect, and with Mr. W. Steuart and 
 Col. Mosher, builder. 
 
 The City Hospital is leased by the Mayor and City 
 Council to Doctors Mackenzie and Smyth, or the survi- 
 vors of them, for the term of 15 years, on certain impro- 
 ving conditions; which term was extended in 1814 to 
 25 years, they erecting additional buildings; and since 
 the decease of Dr. Smyth, the uses are confirmed in fa- 
 vor of Dr. Macenzie’s son, by act of Assembly. The 
 Hospital to be used for the treatment of maniacs and 
 diseased persons exclusively, those sent by the corpora- 
 tion, at fixed rates, and to be subject to inspection by the 
 city officers. The Doctors obtained facilities from the 
 state, in loans and lotteries, and erected a centre build- 
 ing of brick four stories, 64 by 56 feet, and two wings 
 120 by 36 feet each, three stories, so that the whole 
 front is above 300 feet from east to west. Messrs. Mil- 
 leman and Dail, architects, and with Messrs. W. Steuart, 
 Mosher and Allen, builders. 
 
190 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1808 
 
 A polemic or Debating Society had been formed sev- 
 eral years before, which held its meetings in the Octa- 
 gon building, west of the city spring, but was succeed- 
 ed by a political club, under the name of “Tammany, ’ 
 and in 1810, another political society under the name of 
 “ Washington,” was established, the latter maintaining a 
 free school for some time, but both societies have ceased. 
 
 On the 17th May 1808, the convention of Bishops, 
 Clergy and Laity of the Protestant episcopal church in 
 the United States assembled in this city, by adjourn- 
 ment from the convention at New York in 1804. This 
 convention adjourned to meet at New Haven in 1811, 
 and conventions are held trienally, but not since at Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 On the 14th March, Judge, a convict, brought from 
 the roads to lodge in jail, and several others, by means 
 of false keys, open their cells, seize upon the arms and 
 wound Mr. Green the keeper and several debtors, one 
 mortally, and make their escape. Four of them were 
 retaken, condemned and executed in the jail lot a few 
 Weeks after. 
 
 In 1808, a society is formed to carry on the Manufac- 
 ture of cotton goods on a very extensive scale, and works 
 are erected for the purpose on Patapsco River, near El- 
 licott’s Mills, being chartered by the legislature and 
 called “the Union Manufactoring Company,” next year 
 the Washington company was chartered, their works 
 being on Jone’s Falls; the “Powhattan works” on 
 Gwinns Falls, and the Athenian company for the sale of 
 domestic goods, were established in 1810. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 191 
 
 18 . 08 .] 
 
 In 1814, Messrs Robert and Alexander M’Kim erect 
 works on French Street, by steam power, and the Frank- 
 lin company erect works on Gwinns Falls; and in 1816 
 the Independent and Warren companies, the latter hav- 
 ing erected very extensive cotton works on Gunpowder 
 near the York road. 
 
 An additional assessment of city property was made 
 this year amounting to 111,111?. 7s. 8d. making the 
 whole subject to city tax at the time ?946,326 19s. 10*?. 
 or 2,522,870 dollars. The assessment continued to be 
 made in the old currency, but the accounts of the city 
 were kept in dollars and cents, from the date of the 
 charter, those of the county were not altered until 1813, 
 when the assessment also was made in the new money. 
 
 On the 4th October 1808, several pipes of gin imported 
 from Holland, having been taken to England on the pas 
 sage and subjected to new duties there, were by consent 
 *of the owner taken to the commons and publickly burned. 
 On the 18th an English journeyman shoemaker, named 
 Beattie, having used some expressions on politicks 
 which offended his fellow workmen, they tar and feather 
 him, and drive him in a cart from the corner of South 
 and Baltimore Streets to the point, and back again, fol- 
 lowed by Mr. Smith the Mayor, who, with a number of 
 citizens at length arrest one of the journeymen and sev- 
 eral other persons ; some of them-after giving bail, were 
 tried and condemned to three months imprisonment and 
 a fine of $50 each, but were all pardoned and the fines 
 remitted by the Governor of the State. 
 
 Pursuant to an act pas- ed at the last session of the 
 Assembly, confirmed by a special convention of delei, 
 
192 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1808. 
 
 gates in the City the 8th February, eight gentlemen are 
 elected in their respective wards, members of the second 
 branch of City Council, as the members of the other 
 branch were elected, and sixteen electors of Mayor by 
 a general ticket ; the property qualifications of the mem- 
 bers of the first branch being reduced to 300 dollars, of 
 the second branch and of the Mayor to 500 dollars ; and 
 at the usual time of meeting of electors 
 
 Edward Johnson, Esq. is elected Mayor of the City, 
 and also elector of President and Vice President. Alex- 
 ander M’Kim, Esq. is elected to Congress and The- 
 odorick Bland ? Esq. member of Assembly, in place of Mr. 
 Dorsey. 
 
 John Scott, Esq. is appointed chief justice of the 
 Criminal court in the place of Judge Dorsey resigned. 
 
 It was necessary in the course of this winter, to make 
 collections for the relief of the poor, suffering for want 
 of employment and adequate assistance from legal estab- 
 lishments. On the 16th March 1809, Congress raised 
 the embargo and trade and prosperity was revived. The 
 exports from Maryland, which in 1807 amounted to 
 14,308,984 dollars, fell the next year to 2,721,106 dol- 
 lars, and rose in 1809 to 6,627,326 dollars. The ton- 
 nage at the last period was, 143,392 tons, of Baltimore, 
 102,434 tons. 
 
 The natural springs of water, with which the soil ori- 
 ginally abounded, being threatened with destruction by 
 other improvements, Jesse Hollingsworth and Peter 
 Hoffman, Esqs. solicit and obtain power to purchase the 
 ground and spring on North Calvert Street for the cor- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 193 
 
 1809 .] 
 
 poration ; and, with Mr. John Davis, are appointed to 
 erect a public fountain there. Eight years after, money 
 is appropriated by the city government, for the purchase 
 and improvement of the springs in the South and East 
 parts of the city, known by the names of Cloppe’s and 
 Sterett’s springs, and soon after a fountain of running 
 water, supplied by the water company, is fixed at the Cen- 
 tre market at the expense of the city. 
 
 In this year were completed the three great turnpike 
 roads, which in are being sixty six feet, by the act of 
 1787, and twenty feet wide, stoned twelve inches deep, 
 altogether about 150 miles in length, cost, including the 
 bridges, above a million and a half of dollars, or 10,000 
 dollars per mile on an average ; but they added as much 
 at least, to the value of the land through or by which 
 they passed, while they secured a constant intercourse 
 with the city and a supply of fuel and provision for the 
 citizens, which, before, was often suspended entirely at 
 the commencement and close of the winter seasons. 
 Since then, the banks have completed the Cumberland 
 road, 58 miles, at an expense of near half a million 
 more, and good gravelled roads have been turnpiked in 
 every other direction. 
 
 It w r as also in 1809, Messrs. John Comegys, James 
 A. Buchanan, David Winchester, and others obtain per- 
 mission to raise 100,000 dollars by lottery, for the pur- 
 pose of erecting a monument to the memory of General 
 Washington; and on the 4th of July, 1815, a marble 
 pillar was commenced by Messrs. W illiam Steuart and 
 Thomas Towson, according to a design furnished by Ro- 
 
194 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1809. 
 
 bert Mills, Esq. on ground given by Col. Howard, at 
 the intersection of John, now Monument and Charles 
 streets. The base or plynth, fifty feet square, is elevat- 
 ed twenty feet ; the pillar is twenty feet diameter at base 
 and 160 feet feet high and finished. On this is to be 
 placed a statue of the patriot whose memory the mon- 
 ument is intended to honor and perpetuate. 
 
 A number of private benefit societies, of tradesmen 
 and others had been instituted, some of which were dis- 
 continued, but in 1809 a charter is granted for “The 
 Carpenter’s Humane Society;” another society is char- 
 tered in 1811 by the name of “The Humane Impartial 
 Society.” In 1814 “the Beneficial Society” is chartered, 
 and two years after “theUnion Beneficial Society,” when 
 the Saint Andrews Society, formed in 1806, is charter- 
 ed; the next year, the Hibernian formed in 1803, and 
 German society of which there was one in 1784, are 
 incorporated; the object of the three last being chiefly 
 intended to assist emigrants lately come into the coun. 
 try, or who may hereafter come. 
 
 The charter of the Bank of the United States expiring 
 without a prospect of being renewed, pecuniary difficul- 
 ties were experienced or anticipated, and the several 
 banks, called the Commercial and Farmers, the Farmers 
 and Merchants, the Franklin and the Marine banks 
 were organized and chartered. 
 
 The capital of these four banks w r as $1,709,100 ac- 
 tually paid, including 83,150 dollars by the state; and 
 two years after, the City Bank w ith 839,405 dollars all 
 private stock. This institution, got up without the 
 State’s sanction, as some others of the kind had been 
 
1809.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. ]95 
 
 produced an alarm in the Legislature which was inju- 
 rious to them all, and was a presage of its destiny. 
 
 On granting it the state tendered the banks an ex- 
 tension of their charters until 1835, provided they made 
 a turnpike road to Cumberland, with the profits of the 
 tolls, &c. which was accepted; next year they are re- 
 quired to pay $200,000 or be subjected to a tax of 20 
 cents per $100 on the capital, which last they also ac- 
 cept, even those banks whose capitals are reduced. But 
 a proposed consolidation of all the banks contained in an 
 act of 1 8 1 5, is rejected . 
 
 In the course of this year, a treaty with England 
 agreed on at Washington, was rejected by the British 
 government, and the frigate Africaine brought over 
 Francis J. Jackson, Esq. to succeed Mr. Erskine as 
 minister. Some of the crew deserted the frigate at An- 
 napolis, and coming here, were arrested and imprisoned 
 at the instance of the British Consul, but much clamour 
 was excited, the seamen were brought before Judge 
 Scott upon a hjabeus corpus and discharged. 
 
 General Smith is re-elected a Senator of the United 
 States; William G. D. Worthington, Esq. is elected a 
 delegate in the place of Mr. Steuart; and William Mer- 
 ryman, Esq. Sheriff. 
 
 An appropriation of 10,000 dollars was made in 
 1808, and the Mayor and City Commissioners directed 
 to build a stone bridge over Jones’ Falls, at Baltimore 
 street. The materials of the first stone bridge remain- 
 ing in the bed of the falls it was found impracticable to 
 sink a coffre dam which rendered it necessary to pile 
 
196 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 18 1GJ 
 
 the foundation of the abutments and pier. This bridge 
 of two arches, built of common quarry stone from 
 Jones’ Falls, furnished with side walks and iron rail- 
 ings, is 40 feet wide and 80 feet long, cost 22,000 
 dollars; Messrs. Lester and Dickenson, builders. 
 
 By the census taken in 1810, it appears that there 
 were, white males, 19,045; females 17,147; other free 
 persons 5,671; slaves 4,672, total 46,555 inhabitants 
 here, including 10,971 in the precincts, that is, 4,050 in 
 the east and 6,922 in the west precinct. The ratio of 
 representation is fixed by Congress at one representa- 
 tive for every 35,000 of free whites and 3-5 of the 
 slaves, which produced no alteration of the number of 
 Congressmen from this state or district. 
 
 Peter Little, esqr. is elected member of Congress 
 for the city and county, in the place of Mr. Moore, and 
 James Martin, esq. is elected delegate to the Assembly 
 in the place of Mr. Worthington. Cornelius H. Gist, 
 esq. is appointed a Justice of the Orphan’s Court. 
 
 On the 28th May, died Thomas McElderry, esq. and 
 15th July, David McMechen, esq. both formerly mem- 
 bers of the Senate of the State; and on the 13th Au- 
 gust, Thorowgood Smith, esq. late Mayor of the city, 
 ajid formerly one of the county justices. 
 
 The council determine to proceed in erecting sub- 
 stantial bridges, and authority is given to the Mayor 
 and City Commissioners to borrow from the banks 
 26,000 dollars towards bridges to be built of stone at 
 Pratt and Gay streets. The Pratt street bridge was 
 undertaken by Mr. Lewis Hart, for 20,000 dollars; 84 
 
1811.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 197 
 
 feet long and 50 feet wide, having three arches, made 
 and finished as the other was. 
 
 The Gay street bridge erected the year after by Mr. 
 John Kennedy, under the direction of the mayor and 
 commissioners, was 60 feet long and 50 feet wide, with 
 two arches, made and finished as the above, cost 1 6,000 
 dollars. The current revenue sufficed to pay the cost 
 of these bridges, including the money borrowed, for as 
 yet there was no permanent city debt. 
 
 The two old wooden bridges at Bath and Water 
 streets were so low, that in the great fresh of 1817, the 
 last was floated against the stone bridge at Pratt street, 
 and the former against that of Gay street, by which the 
 falls water could not pass under them, the west abut- 
 ments were overflowed with the lower part of the town 
 adjacent thereto, and the bridges injured ; the Gay street 
 bridge so much so, that it became necessaiy to replace 
 it by a new one soon after. 
 
 On the 1 6th May, at night, the frigate United States 
 and British sloop of war Little Belt had a serious ren- 
 counter, and the latter was surrendered to Commodore 
 Rodgers, but he refused to receive her, and tendered the 
 commander assistance to repair the ship. 
 
 On the 18th November, fifty one convicts w r ere trans- 
 ferred from the roads to the Penitentiary, by their own 
 option, and on the 24th January following, the fust 
 person is received there pursuant to sentence. These 
 buildings consisted of a spacious dwelling about 60 
 feet square, fronting towards the south and 50 feet 
 from the north side of Madison street, elevated two sto- 
 ries and a basement above ground ; and a wing on the 
 
198 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1807. 
 
 west projecting northerly 156 feet, 30 feet wide, with 
 12 vaulted cells 10 by 20 each, in each of four stories, 
 connected with the dwelling by a close but spacious 
 gallery. The houses are of brick work, executed by 
 Mr. John Shaw, the stone cutters work by Mr. S. Hick- 
 ley; the buildings and the inclosures, include al- 
 together about four acres. These are four feet thick 
 and 20 feet elevation. On the 5th March, 1817 at 
 night, the wing occupied by the criminals, containing 
 about 300, was set on fire, and nearly consumed, but no 
 lives were lost, nor did any person escape, and the 
 wing, which may lodge 500 convicts, was immediately 
 re built, 22 solitary cells being substituted in the part 
 of the wing first appropriated for public worship. On 
 the 28th August, 1820, a mutiny took place in the men’s 
 court, and one convict was killed and two others 
 wounded by the guard; of whom four armed are station- 
 ed on the walls during the day. The want. of private 
 lodgings is the only defect of the establishment. 
 
 Several unsuccessful attempts had been made to pub_ 
 jish periodical w T orks of literary character, but in Sep- 
 tember 1811, Mr. Hez. Niles established his Weekly 
 Register of state papers, and in April 1819, a weekly 
 paper devoted to agricultural subjects chiefly, is estab- 
 lished by Mr. John S. Skinner, under the title of “The 
 American Farmer.” 
 
 At the session of 181 1 the legislature deprived the 
 corporation of the city, of the appointment of inspectors 
 and corders of fire wood, brought by water. 
 
 On the 16th December at night was killed at his re- 
 sidence in South near Pratt Street, Vincent L’Her- 
 
1811 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 199 
 
 mite, hair dresser, from France, who had realised a con- 
 siderable property, notwithstanding eccentricities in re- 
 ligion and politics, which rendered his genuine cha- 
 racter doubtful. He was without any family, and the 
 perpetrators of the act were never discovered. 
 
 Andrew Clemments an industrious french gardner, at 
 the North extremity of Gay street, was killed on the 
 25th October 1817, at night, for which another French- 
 man of the name of John Lamarde, who was in his em- 
 ploy at the time, was tried convicted and sentenced to 
 die, but previous to the time appointed for his execution 
 put an end to his own life in prison; and on the 1 Oth of 
 December, 1821, also at night, Mr. Claude Jolly, who 
 kept a store in South Charles Street, without any family 
 or attendants, was murdered, and the perpetrators of the 
 crime remain undiscovered. 
 
 William Pinkney, Esq. returned from England leav- 
 ing John Spear Smith, Esq. Charge des Affaires. 
 
 On the first of April 1811, Robert Smith, Esq. re- 
 signed the office of Secretary of State, and was offered 
 the embassy of Russia, but declined. 
 
 Jas. L. Donaldson and William Pechin, Esqs. are 
 elected delgates to the Assembly; Edward Johnson, Esq. 
 is chosen by the city an elector of the Senate, and Wm. 
 Pinkney, Wm. M’Creery and Levi Hollingsworth, Esqs. 
 are elected Sentors; and afterwards, in the places of 
 Messrs. Pinkney and M’Creery, N. Williams, Esq. and 
 Dr. Thomas Johnson. 
 
 On the 17th June, departed this life, aged 70 years, 
 Samuel Chase, Esq. one of the associate judges of the 
 Supreme, Court of the United States, formerly Chief Jut;- 
 
200 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 [1811 
 
 tice of the general court, agent of the State in London y 
 member of Congress and one of the framers of the consti- 
 tution of the State. 
 
 On the decease of Judge Chase, Gabriel Duvall, Esq. 
 of Prince George’s county, was appointed one of the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States; and 
 with the judge of the district, continues to hold the Cir- 
 cuit Court of the United States in this city, having late- 
 ly obtained for that purpose, the use of the Masonic 
 Hall. Died also, at his residence in Anne Arundel coun- 
 ty, on the 22 d June, Henry Ridgely, Esq. formerly chief 
 justice of the County Court of this district. 
 
 A prospective and conditional repeal of the decrees 
 of France, not producing any concessions on the part of 
 her antagonist, Congress lay an embargo the 4th April 
 for 90 days. On the 16th May a meeting of democratic 
 citizens is called, and a numerous committee offered the 
 government a pledge of support in case of war with Eng- 
 land or France, or both. War is declared against Eng- 
 land on the 18th June 1812. On the 20th a collection 
 of people, offended at the opposition to the war main- 
 tained in their editorial and other meetings, by the edi- 
 tors of the Federal Republican newspaper, attack and de- 
 molish the office at the N. W. corner of Gay and Second 
 Streets with the presses, types, &c. On the 27th July 
 one of the editors A. C. Hanson, Esq. and several 
 friends of the establishment, having brought the paper 
 from Georgetown, distribute it from a house in South 
 Charles Street, which had been the dwelling of Jacob 
 W agner, Esq. the other editor, and which they propose 
 
1812 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 201 
 
 to defend. In the evening an affray took place, but after 
 killing one person and wounding others, one or two 
 mortally, w T ho were among the assailants, the house sur= 
 rendered to the city officers, and the editor and his friends 
 to the numher of tw r enty-two are conducted in the morn- 
 ing by the Mayor, General Strieker and a few of the 
 militia, to the prison ; here they are again attacked on the 
 ensuing night, and Gen. James M. Lingan of George 
 town, is killed, and Mr. John Thompson tarred and 
 feathered, carted to the point and otherwise cruelly 
 treated; the rest less hurt, but generally beaten and 
 wounded more or less. Some citizens, devoted at all 
 times to their own peace and priv ate affairs, shunned 
 those scenes of contention and violence, others, as is 
 usual in the summer season, were absent in the country, 
 and the rioters having thus, by help of the night and ex* 
 ercise of some artifice, eluded the efforts which were 
 made to restrain them, conceived themselves masters of 
 the city and proceeded to hunt out and expel such as were 
 obnoxious to them ; but, threatening at last to break 
 open the post office, where the offensive paper had been 
 sent for distribution again, an imposing force was assem- 
 bled, they were dispersed and tranquillity restored. 
 
 Presentments were found against many individuals of 
 each party, but all were acquitted and discharged; those 
 who defended the house in Charles Street, at Annapolis, 
 where their trial was removed from Baltimore, the others 
 in the city. 
 
 The citizens petition to have the jail inclosed, and 
 a wall was erected of stone, 1 1 feet high, with a porters 
 
 26 
 
202 ANNALS OF' BALTIMORE. [1812 
 
 lodge, pursuant to an act of the ensuing session, which 
 also provided regulations for the government of the pri. 
 soners, and a tax upon retailers of spirits within the city 
 and precincts, towards the expense of the establishment 
 and repairs. In 181 7, the levy court cause another in- 
 closure with brick, 22 feet high, to be made in the rear 
 of the jail, to afford the prisoners open air and the use 
 of a pump, at descretion of the keeper. On the night 
 after Whitsunday, same year, eight or nine desperadoes 
 having procured some powder, blow up the interior w r all 
 of their cell and rush out, but are most of them retaken 
 and sent to the penitentiary. 
 
 Several gentlemen took commissions in the regular 
 army as soon as w ar was declared, among others Messrs. 
 William H. Winder, George E. Mitchell, Jacob Hind- 
 man, Nathan Towson, R. C. Nicholas, Benjamin Nich- 
 olson, Stephen W. Presstman and Francis Belton; and 
 Capt. Stephen H. Moore marched a company of volun- 
 teers to the Canada frontier. 
 
 On the 18th November 1812, Col. Winder effected 
 a landing on the enemy’s shore, but w T as recalled, and 
 soon after appointed Brigadier General. 
 
 A number of privateers were fitted out directly the 
 war was declared; among others were the Rossie, Capt. 
 Barney; Comet, Boyle; Dolphin, Stafford ; Nonsuch, 
 Levely; American, Richardson; Tom, Wilson, and Re- 
 venge, Miller. 
 
 On the 15th September, departed this life the Revd. 
 Dr. Jos. G. J. Bend, the zealous and eloquent rector of 
 St. Pauls Parish above 20 years, and is succeeded by 
 the Revd. Dr. James Kemp, who in 181 J is consecrated 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 203 
 
 1812 .] 
 
 S ifiragan Bishop of Maryland, and the Revd. Dr. Wm. 
 E. Wyatt is appointed associate minister of St. Pauls and 
 Christ Churches, in the place of Dr. Beasly moved to 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 On the decease of the Right Revd. Bishop Claggett, 
 in 1816, Doct. Kemp becomes Bishop of the diocese, and 
 the first Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church resi- 
 ding in Baltimore. 
 
 At this last period the Revd. Mr. Dashield renounces 
 his connexion with that religious society, and some of the 
 members of St. Peters congregation and others attached 
 to him, erect the church in North Liberty Street, called 
 St. Johns; upon which the Revd. John P. K, Henshaw 
 is chosen rector of St. Peters Church, Sharp Street. 
 
 Mr. John Morton erected an air furnace on the south 
 side of the basin ten years before, and now Mr. William 
 Barker erects the one on North Calvert street, where 
 castings are made for mills, steam engines, &c. 
 
 On the 21st November the extensive and valuable 
 brewery of Messrs. Johnson and Company, was destroy- 
 ed by fire, but was rebuilt soon after. 
 
 Samuel Owings, of Stephen, ^sq. is appointed one of 
 the Justices of the Orphan’s Court. 
 
 Colonel Moore is elected to Congress in the place 
 of Mr. Little, and Edward Johnson, esq. is elected one 
 of the electors of President and Vice President of the 
 United States. William B. Barney, esq. was elected a 
 delegate in the place of Mr. Pechin, and John Hutchins, 
 esq. Sheriff. 
 
 Early in 1813 the bay was entered by part of? 
 
204 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1813. 
 
 British squadron under the command of Admiral War- 
 ren, and few vessels were enabled to pass to or from sea 
 afterwards. It was not thought proper to wait the pre- 
 parations which might be made by government, and the 
 Corporation appointed a committee of supply, consist- 
 ing of Messrs. Mosher, Tiernan, Payson, J. C. White, 
 J. A. Buchanan, S. Sterett, and Thorndick Chase, au- 
 thorised to expend the sum of 20,000 dollars in means 
 of defence; but that being insufficient, a meeting of the 
 citizens in their wards and precincts is called, and forty 
 gentlemen selected, who advise a loan not exceeding 
 500,000 dollars, with an addition to the committee of 
 supply, and Messrs. J. E. Howard, E. Warner, J. Kelso? 
 Gilmor, Deshon, Patterson and Burke are appointed. — 
 To many readers perhaps, it will appear obvious that 
 the creation of such an extra body might be indis- 
 pensable in the disorganized state of the country during 
 the former war, but at this time betrayed a defect in 
 the charter of the city which cases of less interest had 
 already evinced. 
 
 On the 27th April, 1813, General Pike took York 
 on Lake Ontario, but lost his life, as did Lieutenant 
 Nicholson, and Captain Moore was wounded by the ex- 
 plosion of the works of the enemy. On the 5th June, 
 at night, Generals Chandler and Winder were attacked 
 at Stony Creek, in Canada, and after beating off the 
 enemy, fell amongst them and were taken prisoners. — 
 On this occasion Messrs Hindman, Towson and Nicho- 
 las, distinguished themselves and were promoted. 
 
 Mr. Fulton having successfully applied the steam 
 power to water wheels, and had boats constructed upon 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 205 
 
 1813.] 
 
 this plan for passengers upon the North River, Messrs. 
 William McDonald and Co. owners of the line of pack- 
 ets to French Town, on Elk River, procure the Chesa- 
 peake to be built here for the same purpose, by Mr- 
 Flanagan, at the end of McElderry’s wharf. Mr* 
 Charles Gwinn introduces the steam power lor a flour 
 mill in his warehouse at the end of Commerce street 
 wharf, and Mr. Job Smith, in a saw mill on Chase’s 
 wharf. 
 
 Messrs. Worthington, Jessop, Cheston and others, pro- 
 cure the water rights and taking up the waterof Gwinns 
 falls above four miles west of the city, convey it along 
 the East side to within about two miles where they have 
 a fall of eighty feet or more,and being appropriated to five 
 seats, build as many excellent mills within a fe w par- 
 ches of each other, which they call the Calverton Mi ls. 
 
 At the session of May 1813, the Assembly were pe- 
 titioned by the city government, to assume the debts 
 contracting for public defence; and for leave, in the 
 mean time, to levy the necessary amount on the city and 
 precincts, both which the Legislature refused. 
 
 Brigadier General Miller encamped a detachment of 
 2000 militia to aid in defending the city. 
 
 By the general assessment directed by the act of the 
 last session, the property subject to county and city 
 levies, was valued as follows: 
 
 County 2,928,682 
 
 Precincts 960,798 
 
 City 3,325,818 
 
 Total 
 
 $7,215,328 
 
1813 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 206 
 
 The county levy that year upon the whole, was at 
 the rate of $1.03 per cent, and the city tax on the 
 $3,325,848 still limited at 75 cents per cent, but in 
 1817, the limitation was removed and afterwards the 
 city tax was levied at the rate of $2 per cent. The 
 valuation of the same property made at current rates^ 
 in pursuance of an act of Congress, was $3 *,276,269 
 and upon this the sum to be levied for the United States 
 was $48,670. 
 
 Hitherto the accounts of this county had been kept 
 in old money, and the sheriff appointed to collect the 
 levy, but on the decease of Mr. Sheriff Hutchins, the 
 compiler of these annals was appointed collector, and 
 the new money of account which had been already pre- 
 scribed by law, was introduced. The office of sheriff 
 being also vacant by the death of Mr. Hutchins, John 
 Chalmers, Esq. who had been on the return at the pre- 
 ceding election, was commissioned by the Governor and 
 Council to supply the remainder of the term. 
 
 The splendid hall erected for a medical college being 
 prepared, the gentlemen of the faculty procure the in- 
 stitution to be converted into an University by act of as- 
 sembly, passed at the session of 1812, and the faculties 
 of divinity, law and the arts and sciences are annexed to 
 that of physic. The most Rev. Archbishop Carroll was 
 elected provost, but he declined the office and Robert 
 Smith, Esq. was chosen; not long after, Mr. Smith re- 
 signed, and the University elected its present provost, 
 the Right Rev. Bishop Kemp. Doctor William Gib- 
 son, who had then lately returned from Europe, be. 
 came Professor of Surgery in the University and Doctor 
 
207 
 
 1813] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Richard W. Hall, who had divided the duties of the ob- 
 stetrick chair some time, was elected professor of that 
 science. In the mean time, that is on the 13th of Octo- 
 ber, 1813, Doctor Cocke died, and soon after Doctor 
 John Owen was elected professor of institutes; but he 
 declined, and Doctor Maxwell McDowell was elected in 
 his place ; the Rev. Doctor Wyatt is elected professor of 
 divinity; David Hoffman, Esq. professor of law; Doctor 
 William Howard then lately returned from Europe, is 
 elected professor of natural philosophy ; the Rev. John 
 Allen, lately from Harford, professor of mathematics; 
 the Rev. Archibald W alker professor of Humanity and 
 the Rev. Geo. Ralph, professor of polite literature. Doc- 
 tor Gibson removing to Philadelphia, in 1820 Granville 
 S Pattison, Esq. who had lately arrived from Scotland, 
 was elected professor of surgery. To the University 
 Hall built by the aid of several lotteries, has since been 
 added a Museum and Infirmary where the attending 
 physicians are assisted by sisters of charity, and the stu- 
 dents of medicine receive clynical lectures. 
 
 Luther Martin, Esq. is appointed chief justice of the 
 criminal court in the place of Judge Scott, deceased. 
 
 Christopher Hughes, Junior, Esq. is appointed a se- 
 cretary to the ministers sent to negotiate with Great 
 Britain. A Bible Society is formed and chartered, 
 James McHenry, Esq. being President, Alexander 
 Fridge, Esq Treasurer, the Rev. Doctors Kurtz and 
 Inglis, Corresponding Secretaries, and the Rev. Alexan- 
 der McCain Recording Secretary. In 1821, another 
 Bible Society is formed, as an auxiliary of The ilmei'i- 
 can Bible Society , of which auxiliary society, Robert 
 
208 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 [1813 
 
 Smith, Esq. is chosen President, Mr. Roswell L Colt ? 
 Treasuier, Mr. T. Parker, Corresponding Secretary, 
 and Mr. Charles G. Robb, Recording Secretary. — 
 There had been established in the mean ti ne, a Ladies 
 and Young Men’s Bible Societies, and common prayer 
 book and tract societies. 
 
 Mr Thomas W arner is appointed by the city gov- 
 ernment pursuant to authority granted, an assayer of 
 manufactured plate. 
 
 Mr. Rembrant Peale, having some years before ex- 
 hibited the skeleton of a mammouth in Baltimore, fixed 
 his permanent residence here; and, purchasing a small 
 collection of natural curiosities of Mr. James Savage, 
 commenced the building of a museum and gallery of the 
 fine ants in Holliday street. 
 
 On the 17th November 1813, departed this life, aged 
 87 years, near forty of which he had been the pious and 
 respected minister of the German Evangelical Reform- 
 ed Congregation, the Rev. William Octerbein. Since 
 the death of Mr. Otterbein the ministers of that church 
 have been successively the Rev. Messrs. Schaeffer, 
 Hoffman and Snyder, the present minister. 
 
 , Ox the 28th February 1814, a public dinner was 
 given to General Winder, who was on his way from 
 Canada to the seat of government, to obtain terms of an 
 exchange for himself and others, about which the Bri- 
 tish had made particular overtures. 
 
 Admiral Cockburn came into the bay and passed to 
 the head of it, intercepting the packets and coasters, and 
 landing and plundering at several places* 
 
1815.] ANNALS OP BALTIMORE. £09 
 
 Messrs. Peter Little, William Steuart, W. Lemmon, 
 Stephen Griffith, William Neilson, Sheppard C. Leakin 
 George Keyser, John Buck, Charles Stansbury and 
 others, take commissions in the army, and government 
 build here, under the direction of Captain Robert T. 
 Spence, the sloop of war Erie, which is commanded by 
 Captain C. S.Ridgely; the Ontario, Captain Jesse D. 
 Elliott, and the frigate Java by Commodore Perry, but 
 they did not get to sea until after the peace. 
 
 In 1813 Commodore Barney is appointed to the com- 
 mand of a flotilla, and is joi ned here by Messrs Solomon 
 Rutter, R. M. Hamilton, T. Dukehart and others, being 
 fitted early in the spring following proceeded down the 
 bay to meet the enemy. . . 
 
 On the 16th May, was laid by the Grand Lodge of 
 Maryland in presence of Levin Winder, Esq. Governor 
 and R. W. G. Master, the corner stone of the Masonic 
 Hall in St Paul’s Lane, of which Max. Godefroy, Esq. 
 was architect, and Colonel Jacob Small and Colonel 
 William Steuart, builders. 
 
 On the 5th and 25th of July 1814, were fought the 
 sanguinary battles of Chippewa and Bridgewater, in 
 which Cols.Hindman and Towson of the Artillery, con- 
 tributed essentially to the success of the American arms, 
 and afterwards to defend Fort Erie, whilst in the pos- 
 session of the Americans, and long besieged. 
 
 General Winder being exchanged, was appointed by 
 the President Commanding Officer of this district, and 
 made every preparation which depended on him, to de- 
 fend his native State; orders were given the militia to 
 hold themselves in readiness* but few w r ere in the field. 
 
 27 
 
310 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1814 
 
 On the 22 d of August it was ascertained that the Bri- 
 tish Fleet under Admiral Cochrane, entered the bay,, 
 and it was suspected that the army under General Ross, 
 intended to attack the seat of government; General 
 Stansbury of the 1 1th Brigade of county militia, march- 
 ed a detachment towards Washington, including the 5th 
 Regiment of Baltimore Volunteers under Col. Joseph 
 Sterett; a Battalion of Riflemen under major William 
 Pinkney, and two companies of Artillery under Capts. 
 Myers and Magruder. 
 
 The American troops under Gen. Winder, being over- 
 powered by the enemy at Bladensburgh on the 24th, the 
 latter take and burn the Capitol and return to their ship* 
 ping in Patuxent, while the detachment return to Bal’ 
 timore, with the loss of some men. Capt. Miller of the 
 Marine corps wa killed, Commodore Barney, Major 
 Pinkney, Capts. S. Sterett, W. Cooke, Jas. W. M’Cul. 
 loh, W. H. Murray, Charles Earnest, and some others 
 being wounded. The Commodore was taken to Bla_ 
 densburg, but the place with all the wounded put under 
 his charge, being parolled on the enemy’s retiring. 
 
 Expecting an attack here, major gen. Douglass, com- 
 manding detachments of Virginia militia and volunteers 
 with Com. Rogers, Com. Perry, Capt. Spence of the Na- 
 vy, and a few dragoons, regulars and seamen under Gen- 
 Winder, a company of volunteers each from Hagers- 
 town under captain Quantril; from York, under captain 
 Spangler; Hanover, captain Metzgar; Lancaster, C. Ham- 
 ilton. 
 
 The corporation is aided by a committee of Vigilance 
 and defence of 50 citizens; light intrenchments are 
 
1814 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 211 
 
 thrown up on the N. E. side of the town, with some bat. 
 teries, and a redoubt on the South, and several large 
 vessels are sunk at the entrance of the harbour opposite 
 the fort. Much valuable property is removed to the 
 country for safety, with many of the families of the citi - 
 zens and the Banks suspended specie payments. On the 
 1 1 th September, the British squadron under Admiral 
 Cochrane appeal’ off North Point, and the brigade of mi- 
 litia commanded by Gen. Strieker, leave town to meet 
 their troops, which they do next day, near Bear Creek. 
 Here a battle is fought, in which the enemy lose their 
 General, and the Americans Adjutant Donaldson, of the 
 27th Regt. and Lieut. Andre and some other valuable 
 citizens. Major Samuel Moore, Messrs. Cheston, A. 
 and N. Williams, Jas. Gibson and Jas. H. M’Culloctq 
 Esq. collector of the port, acting as a volunteer, and 
 some others, wounded ; Thomas Bailey, Esq. one of the 
 justices of the peace, Mr. W. Buchanan, of James, and 
 a few others, being made prisoners. The 3d brigade 
 are followed to within a mile and a half of the lines by 
 the enemy’s troops, who there await the issue of a bom* 
 bardment of Fort M’Henry from their shipping. Major 
 Armsteads little garris >n, of Capt. Evan’s company of 
 Artillery, was increased by two companies of sea fenci- 
 bles under Capts.B unbury and Addison; a detachment of 
 the flotilia, under Lieut. Redman ; three companies of 
 Volunteer Artillery, under Capts. Berry and Nicholson 
 and Lieut. Pennington, and about 600 regulars under 
 Lt. Col. Steuart and major Lane, in all about 1000 men; 
 there were also two batteries on the main branch of 
 the river above the fort, defended by a small detach 
 
012 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [181 4 
 
 ment of the flotilla and seamen, commanded by Lieuts. 
 Newcomb and Webster. Shells were discharged during 
 24 hours, and the city lost Lieut. Claggett, Sergeant 
 Clemm, and Lieut. Russell and several privates were 
 wounded, not being able from the fort to reach the ene- 
 mys ships. However, the latter find the fort impassable 
 and return down the river, where the land forces are rc- 
 embarked on the 1 4th of the same month. Major Arm- 
 strong was bre vetted Lieut. Colonel. General Scott of 
 the United States army, take command of the militia 
 here, and General Smith resigns, upon which R. G- 
 Harper, Esq. who had settled in Baltimore and held a 
 commission in the volunteer Artillery of the town for 
 several years, is appointed major general of the 3d di- 
 vision; soon after General Strieker resigns and col. Jos. 
 Sterett is appointed Brig. General of the 3d Brigade. 
 
 William Pinkney, Esq. is elected to Congress in place 
 of Mr. M’Kim. Cornelius Howard, Esq. is appointed one 
 of the justices of the orphans court. Thos. Kell, Esq. 
 was elected a delegate in the place of Mr. Donaldson. 
 
 On the 8tli March, departed this life at his residence 
 in the county, aged 63 years, William Maccreery, Esq. 
 and in town on the 27th, aged 85 years, William Smith, 
 Esq. both formerly members of the Senate of Maryland 
 and of Cpngress. 
 
 The 12th of January 1815 was setapartby the Presi- 
 dent, as a day of tasting, humiliation and prayer. 
 
 On the 18th of February following, the President rat- 
 ified the treaty of peace. The news of peace, with the re- 
 pulse of the British at New Orleans, was received here 
 
218 
 
 1815] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 with every demonstration of joy ; the houses being all il- 
 luminated on the evening of the 1 5th of that month, and 
 the 1 3th of April was appointed by the general Govern- 
 ment, a day of thanksgiving for the restoration of peace : 
 
 On the 12th of September 1815, the foundation stone 
 of the Baltimore Monument, erected to the memory of 
 those who fell in defence of the city the year before, was 
 laid in the presence of J. A. Buchanan, S. Hollings- 
 worth, R. Frisby, Joseph Jamison and Henry Payson, 
 Esq. part of the committee of vigilance, the militia, &c. 
 The money was raised by a general and voluntary sub- 
 scription, and the Monument which was designed by 
 M. Godfroy, Esq. executed by Messrs. Baughman and 
 Hoare, the figure and griffons by Mr. Capeleno, stands 
 on the site of the old court house, now called Washing- 
 ton Square. 
 
 After the funds of the city treasury had been exhaus- 
 ted, individuals advanced large sums for the public de- 
 fence, but the banks were called upon by the committee, 
 and loans were made which enabled them to expend 
 $79,000 on public account; and this, when assumed by 
 the city, became the nucleus of the present debt. It 
 was augmented by the purchase of the spring property 
 $37,000 ; dock property 60,000 ; lands for powder house, 
 house of industy, &c. $19,000; opening of streets, &c 
 and improvements on property increased the debt to 
 about $380,000 in 1818, The city accounts, expendi- 
 tures and receipts of the next year, 1819, may be thus 
 stated in round numbers. The interest of the debt, 
 $22,000; expenses of the poor, 25,000; of the main- 
 tenance of prisoners in jail and criminal jurisprudence 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1815 
 
 214 
 
 $15,000; deepening harbor, 20,000; light and watch 
 $20,000; cleaning streets 1 0,000 ; journal of accounts 
 $3000; fire companies $4,000, salaries of city officers 
 and other city charges, 29,000; altogether $150,000 per. 
 annum. This sum is raised from the following sour- 
 ces. Ordinaries 6,000, auctions 17,000, licenses 17,000 
 wharfage and tonnage 8,000, markets 7,000, other rents 
 &c. 5,000, direct taxes 90,000 ; total $ i 50,000. The 
 gross revenue and expenses increase with the population. 
 
 The want of general employment for the labouring 
 class during the war, and the limited extent of the Alms 
 house relief, induced a number of humane and public 
 spirited persons, to subscribe funds towards establish- 
 ing a house of industry, and pursuant to an act of the 
 last session, the corporation authorises a lottery for the 
 same object in 1815. The money received has been 
 employed in the purchase of the old alms house and part 
 of the grounds; but, the want of additional funds, and the 
 provision made for the relief of the poor since, have pre- 
 vented the intended establishment from being carried into 
 operation. 
 
 Attempts had been made to regulate the meetings for 
 business of the merchants, twenty two years before, and 
 the buildings at the S. W. corner of Water and Com- 
 merce streets were, for some time occupied as an Ex- 
 change; but in 1815 a more decisive plan of effecting 
 this object was undertaken by Messrs. William Patter- 
 son, Robert G. Harper, Dennis A. Smith, John Oliver, 
 Thomas Tennant, Robert Smith, Henry Payson, Isaac 
 M’Kim, Henry Thompson, and others, who purchase 
 the grounds fronting on Gay Street from Water to Se- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 £15 
 
 1815.] 
 
 cond Streets, and begin building in solid brick work 
 and rough cast, according to a design of Benjamin H. 
 Latrobe, Esp. Col Jacob Small carpenter, Col. Wm. 
 Steuart stone cutter and Mr. T. Henning bricklayer, 
 were the builders. A part of the grounds being the N. 
 W. corner of Gay and Water Streets, was purchased, 
 finished and occupied by the Uuited States, as a custom 
 house and the opposite corner onGay and Second streets 
 has been in like manner taken by the Bank of the Uni- 
 ted states, the whole east front being 250 feet. The ex- 
 change itself in the centre, occupying a space, vaulted 
 beneath and fire proof, of 141 by 110 feet, with the bu- 
 siness room, 86 by 53, and 115 feet high, to the top of 
 the dome 53 feet diameter, has been occupied from the 
 1st of March 1820. The company was incorporated 
 from its origin, and a chamber of commerce was agreed 
 upon, and organized in 1821, Robert Gilmor, Esq. Pre- 
 sident, William Cooke, Esq. Secretary. 
 
 On the 7th of January a public dinner was given to 
 Colonels Mitchell and Towson. After the war, dinners 
 were given to Commodore Decatur, Gen. Harrison and 
 Gen. Jackson, as they severally visited or passed 
 through Baltimore. The gross revenue accruing from 
 the customs here, amounted to $4,200,500, including 
 $28,162 from the tonnage, of which the quantity of the 
 district was 107,137 tons, and from the post office there 
 accrued the sum of 54,835 dollars * amounts which were 
 not equalled before nor since. 
 
 Col. William Steuart and Christ. Hughes, jr. Esqs. 
 are elected delegates and Matthew Murray, Esq. Sheriff. 
 General Harper is chosen a Senator of the United States, 
 
£16 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 [1815 
 
 but resigns the next year, and is succeeded by Alexan- 
 der C. Hanson, Esq. During the last year of the war, 
 there had been taken out of the county Clerks office, 
 50 5 marriage licenses, but in the first year of the peace 
 the number was 828. 
 
 On the 3d of December 1815, departed this life, in the 
 80th year of his age, the most Revd. Dr. John Carroll, 
 who had been 25 years Bishop and Arch Bishop of the 
 Roman Catholic church; to whom, to the late Revd. Dr. 
 Patrick Allison, who had been the founder and minister 
 of the first Presbyterian congregation about 40 years, 
 and to the late Revd. Dr. Joseph G J. Bend, rector of 
 St. Pauls church above 20 years, the city of Baltimore 
 was indebted for the establishment of many institutions 
 of piety and learning, which, under providence, created 
 some of those sentiments of union and harmony, and 
 acts of patriotism and benevolence on the part of the ci- 
 tizens, which are recorded in these annals, and which 
 have been to many of us, subjects of exultation in times 
 of prosperity as well as consolations in times of afflic- 
 tion. 
 
 Ox the 31st of March 1816, departed this life near 
 Fredericksburg, aged 72 years, the Rev. Francis Asbu- 
 ry, who had been ordained a Bishop in this city thirty 
 one years before, and had travelled in England and 
 America above fifty years, as an itinerant preacher of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 
 At the conference held here the same year, the Rev. 
 Enoch George and Robert R Roberts were ordained 
 Bishops of the same church. The society organised a 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 2l1 
 
 1816.] 
 
 respectable seminary of learning by the name of “As- 
 bury College,” and Doctor Samuel K Jennings is cho- 
 sen principal. After two or three years the college 
 was discontinued for want of adequate funds, but in 
 1818, the society erect their spacious church on Caro- 
 line street, for the accommodation of their members on 
 the east side of the town . 
 
 In 1816 Messrs. Rembrandt Peale, William Lorman, 
 James Mosher, Robert C. Long and William Gwynn 
 form a company for which they procure a charter, to 
 furnish the city and individuals with Gas light, and erect 
 their works on the south west corner of North and Sar- 
 atoga streets. Soon after, Messrs. Richard Caton, 
 Benjamin and James Ellicott, Levy Hollingsworth and 
 others obtain licenses from several proprietors, and em- 
 ploy John Leadbetter to bore for coal in the neighbor- 
 hood, without success. 
 
 Subscriptions to the new Bank of the United States 
 are opened for a capital of twenty- eight millions, and 
 4,014,100 dollars are subscribed here, in the name of 
 15,610 persons, principals and proxies. A branch is 
 opened early in the next year, of which James A. Bu- 
 chanan, Esq. is appointed by the parent board, Presi- 
 dent, and James W. McCulloch, Esq. Cashier, and then 
 the banks generally, resume specie payments, which had 
 been suspended in 1814. 
 
 At the session of 1816, the limits of the city, are ex- 
 tended by an act entitled u An act to enlarge the bounds 
 of Baltimore city,” including the old precincts. Those 
 limits form a parallelogram of about three and a half 
 
 28 
 
218 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1816 
 
 miles from North to South, and four and a half from 
 East to West, and contains in land and water, about 
 10,000 acres surface, all included within the twelve 
 wards of the city. 
 
 In order to prevent future inconvenience from irregu- 
 lar locations and the expense which might arise from 
 changes necessarily made in streets, &lc. thereafter, 
 commissioners are authorised by another act, to survey 
 and lay off streets, lanes and alleys on the grounds 
 added to the city, viz: Messrs John E. Howard, Wil- 
 liam Patterson, William Gibson, William Lorman, 
 Solomon Etting, George Warner, Owen Dorsey, Geo. 
 W inchester, James Mosher, W. McMechen, John Hil- 
 len, Joseph Townsend and Henry Thompson, most of 
 whom accepted, and w ith other gentlemen, substituted 
 to fill vacancies, commenced the locations according- 
 
 iy- 
 
 Provision was made for determining what improved 
 parts of the late addition to the tow n should be subject 
 to the payment of direct taxes, for the ordinary expen- 
 ses of the city government and police; for which pur- 
 pose Robert Lyon, Christopher Carnan and Isaac Dixon, 
 Esqs. residents of the countv, are appointed commis^ 
 sioners; and, the corporation w as deprived of the appoint- 
 ment of inspectors of fire wood. 
 
 By the creation of a new criminal court, the busi- 
 ness of the county of that description is again separated 
 from that of the city and restored to the county court. — 
 This new court, called “The Baltimore City Court,’’ 
 of which one Judge sits daily, is properly a right police 
 court, and preferable to common Mayors’ courts on 
 
1816 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 219 
 
 several accounts; particularly, in that the office is of a 
 more certain tenure; the judges are all law characters, 
 not encumbered by civil proceedings and have jurisdic- 
 tion in capital cases as well as those of less magnitude. 
 Nicholas Brice, Esq. is appointed Chief Judge with a 
 fixed salary paid by the state, and William McMechen 
 and Alexander Nisbet, Esqs. associate judges, paid also 
 in fixed but lesser sums, out of the city treasury. The 
 city court appoints constables and the Mayor is still au- 
 thorised to appoint a certain number of bailiffs, with the 
 power of constables. 
 
 To relieve the county court from the pressure of in- 
 solvent business, three gentlemen of the bar, viz. Jona- 
 than Meredith, Thomas Kell and D. Hoffman, Esqs. 
 are appointed commissioners during pleasure, with fees 
 of office, to examine applicants and grant provisional 
 relief; which board is continued still, with other com- 
 missioners. Messrs. John B Howard, Thomas Hil- 
 len, Thomas Talbot, Thomas Johnson, Henry Ebaugh, 
 Abraham Cole, Peter Little, Samuel O wings and Geo. 
 Everhart, are appointed to employ that part of the 
 funds arising from a tax on banks for free schools, 
 which appertain to Baltimore county. 
 
 The arrivals here from sea this year were 67 foreign 
 and 436 American vessels, but the amount of tonnage 
 registered and licensed was 104,960 tons. 
 
 Captain George Stiles is elected Mayor of the city. — ■ 
 John S. Skinner, Esq. is appointed Post Master, and 
 the -payments into the Treasury of the United States 
 from this office in gross amounted to 5 1,410 dollars. 
 
220 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 1816 
 
 General Smith is elected to Congress in the place of 
 Colonel Moore 
 
 William Pinkney, esq. is appointed minister to Na- 
 ples and Russia, and Colonel P. Little is elected to 
 Congress in his place. Edward Johnson, Esq. is again 
 chosen an elector of President, and Joseph H. Nichol- 
 son, Esq. elector of Senate. Colonel Howard and 
 George Winchester, Esq. are elected members of the 
 Senate of Maryland. The Colonel declined, and Gen- 
 eral William H Winder is chosen; in 1819, General 
 Harper is chosen in place of General Winder resigned, 
 and J. E. Howard, Junior Esq. in place of Mr. Win- 
 chester resigned; and on his resignation in 1820, Rich- 
 ard Carroll, Esq. is chosen. James Carroll, Jr. esq. 
 is appointed a Judge of the Orphans Court, C. Hughes, 
 Junior, esq. is appointed Secretary of Legation aCnd be- 
 comes Charge des Affaires at Stockholm, and Thomas 
 Kell, esq. is elected to the assembly in his place. 
 
 On the 16th of May, departed this life, James Mc- 
 Henry, esq. one of the framers of the constitution of the 
 United States, a Secretary to General Washington in 
 the war of Independence and of the Department of war 
 in 1798. On the 14th of August, at an advanced age ? 
 James Calhoun, esq. first Mayor of Baltimore, and 
 many years one of the justices of the county; and on the 
 7th of October, at his residence in the county, Colonel 
 N. R. Moore, commandant of Cavalry and late member 
 of Congress. 
 
 On the 11th of March 1817, the new Cathedral 
 Church erected by the Episcopalians, called St. Pauls^ 
 
1817] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 22 1 
 
 being within the church 100 by 75 feet, having a hand- 
 some steeple over the vestibule, was consecrated by 
 the Right Rev. Bishop Kemp; of this church Mr. R. 0. 
 Long was architect, and with Mr. J. Wilson, Plasterer, 
 Mr. Thomas Towson, stone cutter and Mr. Elijah 
 Hutton, brick layer, was builder. The figures in re- 
 lief of Christ and Moses, which ornament the pedes- 
 tals were executed by Mr, Capellano; the organ w 7 as 
 made by M. Hall of Philadelphia. The new church 
 thus prepared, the belfry first erected, with the church 
 built in 1799, were taken down, and the lots sold, 
 the remains of the dead being previously removed 
 to the burial ground on German street. 
 
 Several gentlemen associated themselves under the 
 name of “the Improving Company,” to facilitate the 
 opening of streets, by purchasing at their own risk, the 
 property most likely to be injured. It can be said 
 with truth, that, at this period at least, there were not 
 purchasers to be found in Baltimore for property con- 
 demned by any public act, unless a benefit equally gen- 
 eral, was expected from the sale. Nobody, for instance 
 would buy the property of the absentee or the minor 
 put up at auction for some trifling tax, however tempt- 
 ing the prospect of individual gain might be to the pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 Some steps were taken towards the formation of an 
 Importing Company, to supply our own and the neigh- 
 bouring retail merchants, and counteract the injurious 
 effect of foreign capital employed in introducing goods 
 into other places, but was not prosecuted to effect. 
 
 On the first of June, 1817, President Monroe arriv- 
 
222 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [mi 
 
 ed in town and visited Fort McHenry and the scene of 
 the battle of the 12th ot September. He was addressed 
 by the corporation and returning a polite answer, de- 
 clined an invitation to a public dinner. 
 
 The different Marine Insurance Companies deter- 
 mined to have the shoals of the river sounded, and 
 buoys fixed to be a guide to the shipping, which was un- 
 dertaken by captain Lewis Brantz, and the corporation' 
 caused the soundings to be carried throughout the har- 
 bour. But the general government afterwards assumed 
 the charge of the buoys, and in 1820, erected a Light 
 Tower at the Bodkin and another at North Point, 
 which are elevated between thirty and forty feet 
 each. 
 
 At this period, Sunday Schools are organized by 
 the religious societies generally, and the members of 
 the Catholic Church establish a free school for both 
 sexes, which was forthwith incorporated. Mr. John 
 McKim, deceased this year, had requested his heirs to 
 appropriate six hundred dollars ground rents per an- 
 num for the support of a free school, under the direc- 
 tion of the Friends Society worshipping in Baltimore 
 street, which they did accordingly and it was opened in 
 1822, pursuant to an act of assembly; and by the will 
 of Mr. John Oliver, deceased in 1828, the interest of 
 $20,000 was appropriated by him for the education 
 of poor boys, under the direction of the Hibernian So- 
 ciety, of which he had been President some years, and 
 the same was opened pursuant to an act of assembly 
 the year after. At the same time, that is in 1823, the 
 trustees of the Orplialine Charity School, aided by libe- 
 
]817.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 22 3 
 
 ral donations from several individuals, purchase of the 
 trustees of the Baltimore College a part of their grounds 
 on Mulberry street, and erect a spacious school house. 
 
 Messrs. Henry Payson, Amos A. Williams, Isaac 
 Phillips, Charles H. Appleton and others, form a socie- 
 ty and erect a church at the North West corner of 
 Charles and Franklin streets; of which Mr. M. God- 
 froy was architect, Messrs. John Ready, Baughman 
 and Hoare builders, and w r hich they call “the First In- 
 dependent Church,” of wdiich the Rev. Jar ard Sparks is 
 chosen minister. 
 
 The society of the First Baptists erect their commo- 
 dious circular church in Sharpe street. Mr. Robert 
 Mills, architect, Messrs. Milleman, Booth, Diffendall, 
 Rickey and Stubbins, builders. Like too many of our 
 best public edifices, this church, which is eighty feet in 
 diameter and rough cast, is placed at the intersection of 
 two streets, but the ground is elevated, and in other re- 
 spects, very eligible. The Rev. Edmond Reis w ho had 
 been assistant of the Rev. Mr. Richards some time, 
 becomes minister; but is succeeded in 1822, by the 
 Rev. John E. Finley, and part of the congregation at- 
 tached to Mr. Reis, erect the church on North Calvert 
 street. On the removal to Sharpe street the church and 
 grounds on Pitt street are sold, and the remains of the 
 interred there removed to the cemetary south west of 
 the city; but soon after, the old church is let to a third 
 Baptist congregation, the Rev. James Osborne offieiat- 
 img there. 
 
 A society is formed in aid of The Colonisation 
 Society, which w r as established at Washington, to 
 
224 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE [1817 
 
 procure the voluntary transportation of free blacks to 
 the coast of Africa. Colonel Howard, who was a 
 Vice President of the parent society, is chosen Presi- 
 dent of this; Luke Tiernan, Esquire, Treasurer, and 
 Edward J. Coale, Esquire, Secretary. The society 
 have succeeded in inducing a number of the best dis- 
 posed people of colour of this city, to accept their pas- 
 sages ; and, it is to be hoped, that persons of different 
 characters may acquire from the absence of others 
 and diminution of numbers, qualifications which will 
 render them fit subjects for the future settlements in 
 that quarter of the world. 
 
 The duties of the Justices of the Levy Court had 
 so much increased, that it w r as thought adviseable to 
 restore the administration of the public alms of the 
 city and county to a new board of Trustees, with dis- 
 cretionary power as to the out pensioners and general 
 expenditures, which had not been the case formerly; 
 and, provision being made by law, Messrs. James Elli- 
 cott, Robert N. Moale, Richard Waters, Isaac McPher- 
 son and the writer hereof, w r ere appointed trustees for 
 the ensuing year by the Executive of the State. 
 
 The corporation is deprived of the appointment of 
 Inspectors of salted Fish; but, in 182L to prevent the 
 dangerous accumulation of unsound fish within the 
 city, the council determine to erect a house for depo it 
 and inspection on the south side of the harbour, to 
 which all fish must be carried during the summer 
 months; they also provide for the inspection of Ginseng 
 and appoint an inspector thereof, agreeable to the gen- 
 eral powers of the charter. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 225 
 
 1817 .] 
 
 Charles W. Hanson, Esquire, is appointed an asso- 
 ciate judge of the county court of this district, in the 
 place of judge Hollingsworth, removed; soon after, 
 Walter Dorsey, Esquire, is appointed chief judge in 
 the place of Judge Nicholson, deceased, and Judge 
 Bland being appointed one of the Envoys to Buenos 
 Ayres, William H. Ward, Esq. is made associate of the 
 court in his place. Luther Martin, Esq. is re-appoint- 
 ed Attorney General with Nathaniel Williams, Esq. 
 assistant ; particular attornies being appointed to prose- 
 cute in each judicial district, Henry M. Murray, Esq. ap- 
 pointed for this district, and Thomas Kell, Esq. attor- 
 ney in the Baltimore city court. Henry M. Bracken- 
 ridge, Esq. is appointed secretary to the Mission of the 
 United States to Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Edward G. Woodyear, Esq. is elected a delegate in 
 the place of Col. Steuart. 
 
 On the 18th of June departed this life, at George town, 
 aged 70 years, the most Revd. Leonard Neale, Arch 
 Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, and is succeed- 
 ed by the Rev. Ambrose Mareshall, w ho is consecrated 
 the 14th December of the following year. 
 
 An evidence of the great health enjoyed here at this 
 period is found in the returns. The whole number 
 died 1817, was 1323. That is to say, 746 males and 
 577 females; of whom 430 w r ere under twelve months 
 old, and fifty seven are stated to have died of old age, 
 including four above ninety, and two above 100 years 
 old; of the whole number, 390 were coloured persons. 
 
 Jn the disproportion between the mortality of the dif- 
 
 29 * 
 
226 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1816 
 
 ferent sexes is found the melancholy result of habits 
 of life in the one to which the other sex is not addicted. 
 
 The loading of tobacco in the rivers being almost 
 wholly discontinued, the quantity brought to Baltimore 
 was greatly increased and a market continually open 
 through intermediary dealers. Messrs. Amos and 
 George Williams obtained a license to erect an inspec“ 
 tion house on O’Donnell’s wharf; the next year the pub- 
 lic ware-house at the Point was accidentally burned 
 down, and ir* 1820, Mr. Moses Sheppard had another 
 ware-house licensed for him on Light street wharf* 
 when the ware houses of Messrs. O’Donnell and Wil- 
 liams were united under one inspection. The year after* 
 Messrs. Samuel R. Smith and Christopher Hughes ob- 
 tain licenses to erect a w are-house each, on or near 
 Light street wharf, the first of which was built accord- 
 ingly. and two years after, Mr. William Patterson ob 
 tained another license for a ware house on his wdiarf 
 near Commerce street. These ware houses w r ere con- 
 structed to contain about 5000 hogsheads each at a 
 time, and some much more. The charge of inspection 
 was one dollar per hogshead, including the first year’s 
 storage, and twelve and a half cents a year afterwards; 
 the other costs were one dollar and twelve and a half 
 cents per hogshead But the succeeding session, 1823, 
 the assembly determined to hire three of those ware- 
 houses, pay the inspectors fixed salaries and apply the 
 profits, which w^ere considered great, to the use of the 
 state with an increase of twelve an a half cents cost ? 
 leaving to the county one other warehouse for its own 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1818] 
 
 aaa 
 
 growth only , but discontinuing the rest. Under this act 
 the two old warehouses of Messrs. Calhoun & O’Don- 
 nell and Williams were selected for the state, and that 
 of Mr. D ugan for the county. 
 
 By a statement published, the quantity of Maryland 
 tobacco in 1818, was 32, 234 hogsheads, of which were 
 shipped from this port 13,377, and from George town, 
 &c. 8715 hogsheads ; some is shipped by the notes from 
 Patuxent, &e. and as much of that sold here, both for 
 domestic use and exportation, is re-inspected, the returns 
 afford imperfect data, but the stock was increasing at 
 that period, no doubt; 11,565 hogsheads were cleared. 
 
 On the night of the 11th March, 1818, the eastern 
 mail was robbed a few hours after it left the city, and 
 Hare and Alexander were convicted of the fact in the 
 United States Court, and having put the driver in jeo- 
 pardy of his life, were hung in the*jail yard, 
 
 On this occasion, the mode of execution from a cart 
 was changed here from a laudable respect to humanity 
 in the marshall, to a drop or scaffold, with a trap door, 
 and so continued. Two years after, the same crime 
 was committed on the same road, aggravated by the mur. 
 der of the carrier; for which Hutton and Hull were .con 
 victed in the county court, and suffered a Jike ignomeni- 
 ous death soon after; and in 1823, the mail was agaip 
 robbed on the same road, for which three persons, em- 
 ployed in the neighborhood, were sentenced by the 
 United States Court to confinement for several years, 
 which may or may not be a punishment to them, ac 
 cording to their personal habits and inclinations, but cer- 
 tainly no indemnity to an injured community; who, on 
 
228 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1818 
 
 the contrary, must provide for their subsistence and 
 clothing at a considerable expense . 
 
 A number of gentlemen in each county were incor- 
 porated as managers of agricultural societies, in 1807, 
 but those of Baltimore never met; and in 1818, a soci- 
 ety was formed here for that object, of which Robert 
 Smith, Esq. was chosen president, and John E. How- 
 ard, jr. Esq secretary. The society held regular an- 
 nual meetings, and have established exhibitions of agri- 
 cultural products and improvements, with premiums. 
 A board of twelve trustees, of which Charles Ridgely, 
 of Hampton, Esq. is president, and James Howard, Esq. 
 secretary, assemble monthly at their respective farms, 
 being incorporated in 1823. 
 
 Richard Caton. Esq. and others, had commenced the 
 manufacture of copperas, on Magothy river, in 1812, 
 and afterwards, of alum, forming a society, which were 
 incorporated in IS i 8. In the mean time, that is, in 
 1816, Messrs. Howard Sims, and Isaac Tyson, Junr. 
 erected a laboratory for manufacturing chemical paints, 
 and medicine, on Pratt street, which they afterwards 
 transferred to the Washington avenue, and were incor- 
 po ate l at the session of 1823. 
 
 In order to induce the industrious poor to save for 
 future exigencies a part of their present earnings, by 
 offering to them a useful employment of small sums 
 free of commission, &,c. Several societies had been 
 established in London, and elsewhere, of whose consti- 
 tutions the compiler of these annals procured copies; 
 and submitting them to the Right Rev. Bishop Kemp, 
 Messrs. Payson, Lonmin. Ellicott, Appleton, and others. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 229 
 
 1818 .] 
 
 a society is formed early in 1818; and at the ensuing 
 session, incorporated for receiving and placing at inte- 
 rest small sums, called “the Savings Bank,” conducted 
 by twenty four managers, of whom Capt.' Daniel How- 
 land was chosen president. Li the first three years? 
 there were received, from a number of persons, near 
 $80,000. 
 
 In pursuance of the act of 1816, extending the limits 
 of the city, the old precincts were divided into three 
 additional wards ; but now the corporation appoint five 
 commissioners to divide the whole city into twelve 
 wards, which was done as nearly equal as convenient, 
 extending every ward from some point of the river, 
 northwardly; but the variation in the settlement of dif- 
 ferent districts produces a disproportion, which must 
 necessarily render a new division necessary from time 
 to time. 
 
 The number of public carriages licensed, and in use 
 at this time, was, of hackney-coaches, 100; of carts, 
 350; drays, 200; and of scows, or lighters, about 20. 
 
 A society was formed two years before, to distribute 
 medical relief to the poor on the east side of the city, 
 is now incorporated by the name of “the Second Dis- 
 pensary.” The seamen had been some time received 
 into the hospital, by contract, with the lessees. It is 
 stated, that the number admitted this year, was 583, 
 and the expense, 14,052 dollars; after which, the relief 
 was withdrawn from the aged and incurable, several of 
 whom took refuge in the alms-house, and helped to in- 
 crease the number there, with the expense of that insti- 
 
230 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1818 
 
 tution, of which Robert Gilmor, Esq. is appointed one 
 of the trustreos, in place of Mr. McPherson. 
 
 Henry M. Brackenridge, Esq. is elected to the As- 
 sembly in the place of Mr. Woodyear; and John Ste- 
 venson, Esq. is elected Sheriff. 
 
 On the 25th April, departed this life, Lieut. Col. 
 George Armistead, of the U. S. Artillery, and the gal- 
 lant defender of Fort McHenry in 1814, where he 
 commanded until his death. 
 
 On the first of March, 1819, Gen. Andrew Jackson 
 reviewed the 3d and 14th brigades, and accepted and 
 answered an address of congratulation from the Mayor 
 and City Council. 
 
 The winter of 1818, to 1819, had been very mode- 
 rate, but the ensuing summer excessively warm, and the 
 yellow-fever, of which the city had been almost exempt 
 for eighteen years, made its appearance on the eastern 
 part of Fell’s Point. It became necessary to remove 
 from that neighbourhood, and many individuals were 
 provided for at the hospital and adjacent rope-walks, at 
 the expense of the corporation, aided by the donations 
 of the citizens; including the sum of 600 dollars, pre- 
 sented for the purpose by the corporation of George- 
 town, and some valuable presents from the inhabitants 
 of Taney Town and Union Town. The whole num- 
 ber of deaths for this year, were reported to be 2287, 
 of which, 350 of malignant fever, 157 of other fevers; 
 272 of consumption; 258 of cholera morbus; 77 of old 
 age, including in the whole, 571 coloured persons. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1819] 
 
 231 
 
 The distresses of the citizens were greatly increased 
 by the failure of the City Bank, and mismanagement of 
 the office of the U. States, and some other banks, ac- 
 companied by the fall in the price of flour and tobacco 
 in foreign markets, affecting the prices of all kinds of 
 property here. 
 
 These annals afford abundant proof, that the citizens 
 had not overlooked those kinds of establishments which 
 produce the returns of capital and permanent employ- 
 ment, though too many, no doubt, employed their capi- 
 tals in what should have been fruits of revenue. The 
 continental system , which left the most of Europe with- 
 out supplies of tobacco, &c. being overturned by the 
 general peace, confidence was extended in proportion 
 to the demand for the produce which succeeded; and 
 expenditures were gone into which nothing else would 
 excuse. In the mean time, the exactions of the State 
 w T ere not relaxed. The Cumberland road, of 58 miles, 
 costing the banks near half a million of dollars, pro- 
 duced no tolls, while the 20 cents per 100 on their 
 capital, amounting to about $12,000 annually, for the 
 schools, were still collected, even after that of the Union 
 and Mechanics’ Banks was reduced. 
 
 A society was organized for the gratuitous distribu- 
 tion of soup to the necessitous, and soon after, another 
 one for the prevention of pauperism generally; but, the 
 removal of the limitations of the number of out pension- 
 ers of the alms-house, which had been at thirty onlv, 
 for both city and county, and the appointment of mana- 
 gers of the poor in each ward, empowered, as well as 
 the trustees, to send proper objects to the alms-house. 
 
232 ANNALS Of BALTIMORE [1819 
 
 which took place this year, appears to have superseded 
 the use of private charity for adults, in a great measure, 
 and the operations of those societies have been super- 
 seded, as well as public collections for charity. 
 
 It was at the same period that the expenses of the 
 poor of the city and county were separated, and the 
 city relieved from the charges of the county roads alto- 
 gether, so that, the repairs of the jail, alms house and 
 other joint property altogether a small amount yearly, 
 form the chief joint expense. The city had become a 
 greater contributor to the alms house and other county 
 charges than the county, because the amount of proper- 
 ty assessed had not increased in the county as it had in 
 town, and while this change placed the administration 
 of the alms of the citizens within the controul of their 
 representatives in council, the collection of the tax was 
 merely transferred from one collector to another: The 
 
 forty cents additional paid the city collector in 1820, 
 was only the forty cents which had been paid to the 
 county collector the year before, and the county bills of 
 1820 so much less in proportion; for instance. 
 
 The limitation of direct tax originally fixed at 75 
 cents per 1 00 dollars, was also removed and the collec- 
 tion of taxes was authorised to be made by several per- 
 sons in the county as well as in the city. 
 
 William Pinkney, Esq is appointed a Senator of the 
 United States in the place of Alexander C. Hanson, 
 Esq. deceased; Edward Johnson, esq. is chosen Mayor 
 of the city in the place of captain George Stiles, deceas- 
 ed, and Theodorick Bland, esq. is appointed district 
 j udge in the place of James Houston, esq. deceased. — 
 
1819.] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 2 33 
 
 John Montgomery, esq. is 1 cted one of the city dele- 
 gates in the place of Mr. Kell. 
 
 On the first of July, died here, General Levin Win- 
 der, late governor of the state; and on the loth of Au- 
 gust, the Rev. learned and eloquent Doctor James Inglis, 
 Pastor of the First Presbyterian congregation, who is 
 succeeded by the Rev. William Nevins. 
 
 By the census of 1820, there were in the city, in- 
 cluding the precincts and a small part of the county, now 
 within its limits, of free white males 23,922, females 
 24,133, other free persons 10,324, slaves 3 357, total 
 62,738 being an increase in ten years of 16,183, and 
 from 1790, when the first census was taken, of 49,235 
 being about three fifths of the increase of population in 
 the whole state in the same period. For the first time, 
 the census exhibits an excess of females in Baltimore, 
 and is an evidence that the native population is acquir- 
 ing the ascendency, producing a proportion of sexes 
 usual in the eastern states. Of the free people of co- 
 lour the increase, arising chiefly by the arrivals from the 
 counties, has been thirty fold, but of slaves, not two for 
 one; though it is found that, latterly, the mortality of 
 the former, compared with that of the latter is as five 
 or six for one. Although not in the same exorbitant 
 proportion perhaps, there is no doubt but that the 
 mortality of any description of people whose occupa- 
 tion and habits of life resemble those of the above men- 
 tioned class, must be much greater than with others 
 who are less exposed, more prudent or better provided- 
 
 30 
 
234 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1820 
 
 The number of interments the same year, including 
 a few from yellow fever, was 1625, of whom there were 
 390 under one year old, 78 are stated to have died of 
 old age, and of colour d persons 48S. The population 
 of the county has also increased at the expense of' the 
 city, from the establishment of mills and factories. — 1 
 The ratio of representation being fixed at 40,000, there 
 is a large fraction lost to the city. Alexander McKim, 
 Esq. is chosen one of the electors of President, and 
 Thomas Kell, Esq. an elector of the Senate. 
 
 General John Strieker and Isaac McKim, Esq. are 
 elected members of the senate, but the Genei al declin- 
 ing, Reverdy Johnson, esq. is chosen in his place, and 
 upon Mr. McKim’s election to Congress in 1822, he is 
 succeeded by General W. H. Winder. 
 
 Reverdy Johnson, Lewis Eichelberger and William 
 W. Hall, esqs. are appointed commissioners of in- 
 solvents. The district attornies are abolished, and 
 Thomas B. Dorsey, esq. of Anne Arundel, is appointed 
 Attorn y General, and rosecutes here. 
 
 Alexander McKim, Beale Randall and ephen H. 
 Moore, esqs. are appointed judges of the orphans court. 
 Mr. James Martin, Doctor Thomas E. Bond, and 
 Messrs. George Warner, John S. Smith and James 
 Ellicott, are appointed trustees of the poor house. 
 
 John Montgomery, esq. is elected Mayor of the city, 
 and John Barney and John P. K^n^dy, esqs. delegates 
 tothe assembly . > 
 
 Died at Pittsburg, on the second of December 1820, 
 aged sixty-one years, Commodore- J^hua Barney, late 
 commandant of the flotilla in this bay. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 236 
 
 1821.] 
 
 On the 31st May, 1821, the Roman Catholic Cathe- 
 dral, which was began in 1806, was consecrated by the 
 Most Rev. ; Archbishop MaresehaL This building, sus- 
 pended by the war was re-commenced in 1817, by funds 
 arising from a sale of the old cemetery on Charles 
 street, part of their grounds obtained for the Cathedral 
 itself, on Franklin street, and a Lottery, together with 
 individual contributions. The lorm is a Roman Cross, 
 its length on Mulberry street 166 feet, its breadth 77 
 feet, and across thetrancepts 115 feet. The diameter 
 of the dome is 69 feet and the elevation 116 feet, all of 
 mason work, on the outside of which is another dome of 
 wood and coppered, having windows by which light is 
 admitted to the octagon within. 
 
 After furnishing the plan and designs, B. H. Latrobe? 
 Esq. directed the work of this noble edifice; Mr. James 
 Hayden, carpenter; Mr. Sebast. Hickley, stone cutter; 
 Mr. James Powers, bricklayer; Mr. Peter Baudson 
 plasterer, being builders. 
 
 By an act passed in 1319, it was intended to pro- 
 cure more select appointments by locating justices of 
 the peace in wards, increasing some of the fees, limit- 
 ing the number to one or two for each ward, the num- 
 ber i hen acting in town not exceeding sixteen; but 
 the provisions of the law were inefficient. County 
 justices, of whom there were in town and county, 
 above one hundred, continuing to act in the city as oc- 
 casion suited them; in 1821, a new law was passed 
 limiting the numher to thirty six, and retaining a pro- 
 vision which assimilated the power of constables to 
 
236 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 1821] 
 
 that of sheriffs in instituting suits for debt, but without 
 an increase of fees or location of offices. 
 
 The legislature laid a direct tax upon the state to 
 the amount of $'M,000, of which Ba ! timore county 
 including the city, had to pay $9,734, and the next year 
 it was doubled, but the last or present tax was reduced 
 to $15,309. The sums received from Baltimore city 
 and county for 1819, 20 and 21, for licenses, &c. aver- 
 aged $18,696 82. 
 
 Col nel William McDonald is appointed Brigadier 
 General of the third Brigade, in the place of General 
 Sterett, deceased, and Col. John E. Howard, Jr. is 
 appointed Brigadier General of the fourteenth Brigade, 
 in the place of General Heath deceased. Sheppard C . 
 Leakin, esquire, is elected sheriff. 
 
 On the twenty first of August departed this life in 
 the seventy second year of his age, Gen John Swann, 
 formerly Brigadier General of the third Brigade, and a 
 meritorious officer of the cavalry of the revolutionary 
 army. 
 
 The new bridge on Gay street, is finished ; the w T idth 
 of the falls being the span of the arch, is seventy feet, 
 rising eleven and an half feet from the spring of the 
 arch, and fifty feet wide; built of granite from the Sus- 
 quehannah, and all the out side work faced, furnished 
 with side walks and iron railings. — Cost $20,000 
 Messrs. Ring & Frieze, under the direction of the 
 Mayor and the city commissioners, were the builders. 
 
 The commissioners completed the location of streets. 
 Before this arduous operation was effected, for which 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 237 
 
 1822] 
 
 no pecuniary reward was sought, circumstances obliged 
 two gentlemen, who had accepted the office, to resign; 
 and Messrs. Nathaniel Williams, and John McHenry 
 were appointed in their places. So much of the city 
 had been laid out in streets running north and south and 
 east -and west, and at right angles with each other, that, 
 in laying out the new grounds in the same manner, 
 as near as practicable, they consulted the interest of 
 the greatest number of proprietors, as well as the 
 beauty of the place ; and the extension of the old streets, 
 of sixty-six feet width, admitted of intermediate loca- 
 tions of lots 150 feet deep, with fronts on such streets 
 running to an alley of twenty feet. Where different 
 names had been .given to continuations of the same 
 streets, the name of that part which was already most 
 improved, was generally adopted for the whole, as 
 Baltimore street, for York and Dulany streets; and 
 where two or more streets had similar names, that is 
 reserved for one only, and some other name, or names, 
 given to the rest, as Greene street, in the twelfth ward, 
 named in compliment to General Greene, retains it, 
 and the street of the same name, in the fourth ward, 
 connected with Exeter street, is called by that name. 
 
 The commissioners employed Mr. T. Poppleton, who 
 published a plat of the whole city, harbour, & c. em- 
 bellished by views of all the principal buildings. 
 
 A society is formed to loan useful books to the 
 youths of the city, called the Apprentices’ Library, of 
 which Col. James Mosher is chosen president. 
 
 On Sunday, 23d June, the extensive lumber yards 
 on the west side of Jones’ falls, and several houses on 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 238 
 
 [1822 
 
 M'Elderry’s wharf were cckisumed by tire, which it was 
 supposed, was the work of some incendiaries, who also 
 attempted to set on fire some other lumber yards about 
 the same time. 
 
 On the 2d of December, 533 paupers of the city and 
 county, were removed to the new Alms House, at Cal- 
 verton, two miles west of the city. The centre build- 
 ing, of stone rough cast, was erected in 1816 for a pri- 
 vate gentleman, R. C. Long, Esq. architect, now occu- 
 pied by the oversee , physician. Slc is 55 feet front and 
 53 feet deep ; two wings of brick work, on a plan fur- 
 nished by Mr. John Sinclair, W. Mowton builder, are 
 130 by 40 feet, two stories on a basement each, occu- 
 pied by the paupers, connected to the centre by two 
 covered galleries thirty feet each, makes the whole front 
 towards the south 375 feet. A bath house, w ash house, 
 and spacious court yard are in the rear. 
 
 To this important institution is attached a good body 
 of land, on high groimd, but having a stream of w ater 
 through it. The average number of poor of the coun- 
 ty is now 35, besides 44 out pensioners, and the cost 
 $4,456; and that of the city poor 353, besides 94 
 out pensioners, and the cost $20,187, together $24,643; 
 which includes the expenses of relieving about sixteen 
 strangers, admitted in peculiar distress, monthly. 
 
 An act is passed increasing the number of trustees 
 of the poor, viz. three to be appointed by the Execu- 
 tive, and Messrs. John Kelso, Jacob Councilman and 
 Jos. Merryman were appointed, and four by the corpo- 
 ration, w’ho were Messrs. George Warner, P. E. 
 Thomas, William Carman and Dr. T. E. Bond. 
 
18 22 ] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. £39 
 
 Edward Johnson, Esq. is again elected mayor. 
 
 Gen. Smith is elected a member of the senate of the 
 United States in the place of William Pinkney, Esq. 
 deceased, and Isaac McKim, Esq. is elected to fill the 
 vacancy in the house of representatives in the place of 
 Gen. Smith, and also for the succeeding two years. 
 Robert Purviance, Esq. is elected a delegate to the legis- 
 lature in the place of Mr. Barney. 
 
 Col. John Spear Smith is appointed brigadier gene- 
 ral of the 14th brigade, in the place of Gen. John E. 
 Howard, junr. deceased. 
 
 Died at his seat near this city, at an advanced age. 
 Colonel Nicholas Rogers, formerly one of the justices 
 of the county and orphans courts, and aid of Major 
 General Baron De Kalb, in the war of the revolution ; 
 also, in town, Levy Hollingsworth, Esq. formerly mem- 
 ber of the Senate of Maryland. 
 
 A company lately incorporated, erect a Shot Tower 
 on the west side of North Gay street, which was raised 
 more than 1 GO feet above the ground, by Mr. Jacob 
 Wolfe, builder, under the direction of Colonel Joseph 
 Jamieson, President of the company. 
 
 The name of Mr. John Gill, plasterer, who executed 
 the rough and the ornamental work of the Exchange and 
 the Unitarian Church, should have been added as one 
 of the builders of them. 
 
 A number of gentlemen associate together to establish 
 an Atheneum and the institution is commenced by the 
 purchase of books, &c. 
 
240 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1823 
 
 Stevenson Archer, Esq. of Harford county, is ap- 
 pointed chief justice of this district in the place of Judge 
 Dorsey deceased. 
 
 At the ensuing session the eleventh brigade is de- 
 tached from the third division, and General Stansbury is 
 appointed Major General of a new division called the 
 Fourteenth, exclusive of the city militia, and the artil- 
 lery of the city constituted one brigade of which Col. 
 Matthew McLaughlin is appointed Brigadier General. 
 
 In the list of the troop of horse given in 1782, the 
 name of Daniel Hopkins should be inserted instead of 
 David, his brother, and to those names should be added 
 Messrs. Daniel Carroll, of Mt. Dillon, Robert Dorsey, 
 Math. Patton, W. Buchanan of W. and David Rees. 
 
 The average revenue of the state received from Bal- 
 timore city and county for licenses, fines, &c. for the 
 last five years was $21,553,68, and in 1821 was laid a 
 State tax collected the ensuing year of which Baltimore 
 city and county was to pay $9,734, and the next year 
 $19,478, and to be paid in 1824, $15, 309, upon it being 
 discovered that the proportion of 60,000 levied on this 
 city and county was excessive. Two Accademies in the 
 county receive a donation each annually of $400, and 
 the city and county receive out of the tax on the banks 
 for a school fund about 700 dollars a year each. 
 
 Colonel William Steuart and William G. D. Worth 
 ington, esq. are elected delegates to the assembly. 
 
1824 ] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 241 
 
 General John Strieker was appointed Navy Agent at 
 this port, in the place of Captain Jer. Yellott, in 1801, 
 and was succeeded by James Beatty, Esq. in 1809. 
 
 Charles Pinkney, Esq. was appointed Charge at 
 St. Petersburg, on the return of his father, late Minis- 
 ter at that Court, in 1818. 
 
 W.G. D. Worthington, Esq. is appointed Secretary of 
 the Governor of Florida, in 1822, and this year, H. M. 
 Brackenridge, Esq. is appointed Judge of West Florida. 
 
 The following natives or residents of this city, receiv- 
 ed appointments as Consuls or Agents of the United 
 States, at the places annexed to their names successive- 
 ly, commencing with the year 1794 and ending with the 
 present: T. W. Griffith, (the writer,) Consul at Havre; 
 Francis L. Taney, Antwerp; Joseph Foreman, Rot- 
 terdam; Nathan Levy, Agent Cape Hayti; William 
 Y. Purviance, Leghorn; Alexander Hammett, Consul 
 at Naples; Henry Wilson, Nantz; Robert K. Lowry, 
 Laguira; Nathan Levy, St. Thomas; James Brice, 
 Cape Hayti. Some of the gentlemen declined, or 
 did not finally reach the places to which they were 
 appointed, and some were transferred to other situ- 
 ations. 
 
 Edward J. Coale, Esq. Vice Consul of Russia, be- 
 comes Vice Consul of Brazil. Wm. Dawson, Esq. suc- 
 cessor of Mr. Woods, dying here, John Crawford, Esq. 
 is appointed British Consul in 1821. 
 
 On the overthrow of the Monarchy, the Chevalier 
 D’Anmour, first Consul from France, was superseded 
 by Mr. Moissonnier, Consul of the French Republic, 
 31 
 
242 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1824 
 
 then by Mr. Thomas; Mr. Le Villain, who succeeded 
 him, died here in 1800, and was succeeded by Messrs. 
 Sotin, Dannecourt and Arcambal, who was Consul 
 General of the French Empire. Mr. L. F. Le Loup, 
 succeeded Mr. Arcambal, as Consular Agent for the 
 Empire, and in 1815, after the restoration, the Marquis 
 de Fougeres succeeds Mr. Le Loup, Consul for France, 
 and this Agency or Consulate has since been com- 
 mitted to Messrs. Le Loup, Angeluci, Danneri, 
 Theirry, Pelavoine and Henry, in succession. 
 
 F. C. Graff, Esq. is appointed Consul for Hamburg. 
 
 J. F. Hoogewerff, Esq. is appointed Consul of the 
 Netherlands, in the place of C. S. Konig, Esq. deceased. 
 
 Messrs. Geo. W. Rodgers, H. E. Ballard, Jos. J. 
 Nicholson, Wm. Goodwin, J. Woodyear & T. Coale, en- 
 tered the navy in 1804, and afterwards, W. K. Latimer, 
 Jno. Galagher, Wm.C. Nicholson, Benj. Goodwin, Thos. 
 Rutter, H. Henry, H. Scott, F. Sanderson, G. N. Hol- 
 lins, D R. Steuart, Edward C. Pinkney, Franklin 
 Buchanan, Wm. H. Campbell, J. G. Rogers, J. P. Wil- 
 son, H. Y. Purviance, Henry Pinkney, J. McKean 
 Buckhanan, W. M. Glendy, C. H. Little, A. K. Long, 
 George Adams, J. S. Sterett, C. H. M‘Blair, Fre. Cha- 
 tard W. Basset, and Wm. M^Blair. 
 
 Congress having created a Navy Board, Captain John 
 Rodgers is appointed a Commissioner and President in 
 1815, and is continued except when employed in com- 
 mand on foreign service. 
 
 Colonel N. Towson was appointed Paymaster Gene- 
 ral soon after the war. The following gentlemen 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 2 43 
 
 1824] 
 
 entered the Army at different periods, that is to say, 
 in the Artillery, Messrs. J. Schmuck, J. A. Dumes- 
 te, J. H. Winder, Joshua Barney and William Turn- 
 bull; and in the Infantry, James H. Hook, T. Mont- 
 gomery, Bennet Riley, William Belton, William Camp, 
 Reuben Gilder, Thomas Wilson, Henry Thompson, E. 
 H. Courtney, Jos. M Baxley and Thomas Noel. 
 
 On the 21st of December, 1823, a town meeting was 
 held in the Exchange, for the purpose of obtaining the 
 opinion of the citizens on the subject of Canals; not 
 that there were any doubts about the advantages of 
 them, but to know whether the citizens would prefer 
 one to be made first to the Susquehanna, or to the Ohio 
 river; supposing the latter to be continued to Baltimore 
 eventually, and as was provided for by an act of Assem- 
 bly two years after. It appeared that a great majority 
 of the persons attending, gave a preference to the first 
 project. 
 
 And at the Assembly then in Session, an Act was 
 passed to authorise the Corporation of the city to make 
 a Canal to the head of tide water on the Susquehanna, 
 and from thence to the Conewaga Falls, in Pennsylva- 
 nia, if such an extension was permitted by the Legisla- 
 ture of that state; and another act to incorporate a com- 
 pany to make a Canal from tide water on the Potomac 
 to the Ohio, if assented to by the general government 
 and the states through which it would pass. G. Winches- 
 ter, Esq. Judge Bland and Jno. Patterson, Esq. having 
 been commissioned by the state to survey a route for the 
 first mentioned Canal, and report an estimate. 
 
 The next year, that is at the Session of 1824, the 
 
244 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1824 
 
 Assembly adopted and confirmed an act of the Legisla- 
 ture of Virginia, incorporating the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal Company; and in 1825, Stock to the amount of 
 the States’ interest in the Potomac Canal Company, with 
 five thousand additional shares, were to be vested in the- 
 new company on the part of Maryland- 
 
 The same amount of five thousand shares was to be 
 taken in the Susquehanna Company, then again incorpo- 
 rated — the old Susquehanna Canal Company’s interest 
 being secured in this, if the same should be effected- 
 Finding the summit on the direct route to be 1000 
 feet, the Commissioners proposed a Canal of 93 miles 
 from the Falls to the tide, to cost 1,622,000 dollars, and 
 from thence across the necks or points of land, to the 
 city, 36 miles, to cost 764,000 dollars, and at the Ses- 
 sion of 1826, another act is passed, entitled the Penn- 
 sylvania and Maryland Canal Company. 
 
 Both this project and that of the Canal to extend to 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, were abandoned soon 
 after for the introduction of Railways- The city, how- 
 ever, authorised by the state, appropriated §5000 a year 
 for ten years, towards clearing away the obstructions in 
 the bed of the river Susquehanna- 
 
 General Andrew Jackson, then a member of the Se- 
 nate of the United States, was waited on at Washing- 
 ton by Messrs. Winder, Riggen, B- C- Howard and 
 R- S Hollins, on the part of many of the citizens, with 
 an invitation to a Ball to be held in honor of the victo- 
 ry of the 8th of January, at New Orleans, which he po- 
 litely declined; but, retiring from the Senate passing 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 245 
 
 1884] 
 
 homeward, the ensuing year, a Ball was given him on 
 the evening of the 5th March. 
 
 On the 7th October, General Lafayette landed at 
 Fort McHenry, from the steam boat which had been 
 sent, with a deputation of the corporate and military of- 
 ficers for him, to the head of the bay. He was received 
 on landing, by the Governor of the State and the Mayor 
 of the city, and by General Smith, Colonel Howard, 
 Mr. Carroll, Generals P. Stewart, Reed, Benson, and 
 Strieker, Colonel Bentalou, and Mr. Boismartin, as old 
 acquaintances whom he had not seen for 40 years, and 
 addressed them with sentiments of the purest friendship, 
 which was met by like feelings on their part. 
 
 From the fort, the General was accompanied by a mi- 
 litary escort, and the same gentlemen in open carriages 
 to the city, his own in advance — The General entered 
 Baltimore street by Paca street, uncovered, passing un- 
 der very handsome triumphal arches at Eutaw street and 
 the Bridge — crowds of both sexes saluted him as he 
 passed. Returning from Fell’s Point he alighted at the 
 Exchange, and was again welcomed by the Mayor, who, 
 with General Harper, presented to him the civil and 
 military officers, and Messrs- S. Hollingsworth, Wil- 
 liam Patterson, Alexander M c Kim and Nathan Levy, 
 being most of the survivors of the city volunteer troop 
 who had served under him in Virginia, in 1781, and 
 whom he also received in the most feeling manner. 
 That evening the city was brilliantly illuminated in 
 honour of the Nation’s Guest, and on the next evening 
 he was entertained at a splendid ball and supper in the 
 Theatre, Holiday street. 
 
246 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1824 
 
 He was accommodated at the Fountain Inn, Light 
 street, at the public expense ; and there and at the Ex- 
 change, he was every day engaged in receiving the inha- 
 bitants of both sexes, finding time with difficulty, to dine 
 with the Society of Cincinnati and Free Masons, and to 
 call on a few of the families which he recollected of 
 former days, until the 11th, when he left town with an 
 escort for Washington. 
 
 Having made the tour of the Mississippi and the 
 Lakes, General Lafayette visited our city, for the last 
 time, probably, on the 31st July, 1825- He referred 
 on several occasions and in terms of gratitude, to the 
 assistance received here in 1781, as well from the hands 
 of the ladies, in working up cloths for his troops, as from 
 those of the gentlemen, by lending in specie $7 ,256 be- 
 tween them, to purchase materials, already noticed in 
 these Annals; but it may be proper to record the names 
 of those individuals and commercial houses, who were 
 Messrs. 
 
 Samuel Hughes, Hugh Young, 
 
 William Smith, 
 Stewart & Salmon, 
 William Patterson, 
 S. & R. Purviance, 
 John M^Lure, 
 James Calhoun, 
 John Sterett, 
 Richard Curson, 
 Ridley & Pringle, 
 Daniel Bowly, 
 Thomas Russell, 
 
 William. Neill, 
 
 Stephen Steward, 
 
 John Smith, jr. 
 
 Russell & Hughes, 
 Jacob Hart, 
 
 Alexander Donaldson, 
 Russell & Gilmor, 
 James M c Henry, 
 
 Chas. Carroll, Barrister, 
 Nicholas Rogers and 
 Nathaniel Smith. 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 247 
 
 1824] 
 
 At the Session of the Assembly commencing in De- 
 cember, it was proposed to alter the constitution of the 
 State in relation to the test, to the oath of the public 
 officers and the representation of the city in the House 
 of Delegates. The first admitted the Jews to hold 
 office, and the second, reducing various oaths to one, 
 were duly confirmed the ensuing year; but the last, giv- 
 ing the citizens two additional Delegates, was rejected 
 in their house by a vote of 36 to 28, though the citizens 
 at the solicitation of the writer, had generally, and with- 
 out distinction of class or party, petitioned for the 
 change. The Delegates from the Southern counties 
 on each shore, with few exceptions, voting in the ne- 
 gative and against the city. 
 
 The general government procured grounds by assent 
 of the state, and erected Light Houses on Pool’s Isl- 
 and and Thomas’ Point, Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Acts were passed extending the jurisdiction of City 
 Justices of Peace in matters of small debts, to one hun- 
 dred dollars, and to Justices generally, a new jurisdic- 
 tion in actions of trespass, not exceeding fifty dollars 
 damage. These might have been extended with advan- 
 tage to all cases of rent in arrear, which is yet under 
 control of landlords and bailiffs, as in the times of feu- 
 dal vassalage. It is due to the promotion of industry, 
 that landlords should have more prompt means of expel- 
 ling tenants; but, at least, rent should be proved to be 
 due before their property is committed to an executing 
 officer. Among the evidences of a more liberal jurispru- 
 dence than before however, was an Act of the Session 
 of 1820, to provide compensation for the maintenance of 
 
248 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 r [1824 
 
 debtor’s in confinement on Magistrate’s judgments, at 
 the expense of their creditors; and now another to pro- 
 hibit the imprisonment of females for any debts what- 
 ever, which many wished extended to both sexes. 
 
 On the 1 3th February there was a town meeting held 
 to protest against the caucus of Congressmen, to nomi- 
 nate candidates for President and Vice President, and 
 in the course of the summer, ward meetings were held 
 by the friends of General A. Jackson and John Q- 
 Adams, Esq. 
 
 On the 18th of April the boiler of the Eagle steam 
 boat, returning from the Patuxent and Annapolis, ex- 
 ploded, and Henry M. Murray, Esq. State District At- 
 torney, passenger, and some hands, were severely injur- 
 ed. Mr. Murray languished until the 28th, when he 
 died from the accident; which was the first fatal explo- 
 sion in the Chesapeake. 
 
 There was a thunder storm on the 29th June, and 
 one person killed by the lightning, which also extin- 
 guished the gas lights corner of Baltimore and Charles 
 streets. 
 
 Acts of Assembly are passed granting corporate pri- 
 vileges to the Gunpowder Company; the United States 
 Beneficial Society, and the Mutual Insurance Compa- 
 ny — also to remove an obstruction on the south side of 
 Water street; and to open and extend Pleasant street 
 to the Falls, so as to make a direct communication with 
 Hillen street on the opposite side. In order more ef- 
 fectually to promote the intercourse between the east 
 and the west, and the general health of that part of the 
 city, it were to be wished that provision had also been 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 2 49 
 
 1824] 
 
 made, before too much improved, for regrading and 
 raising the pavement of Calvert street, from Monument 
 place to Mulberry street; or, at least at the foot of the 
 declivities in Pleasant and other cross streets. 
 
 The city expended $18,000 on the harbor, and re- 
 ceived but $2,300 from tonnage duty allowed by Con- 
 gress. Property valued at $3,000,000 was taxed at 2 \ 
 per cent; which, with $22,000 from Auctions, and 
 $43,000 from Licences, Rents, Fines, &c. were to de- 
 fray the interest of a stock debt of 465,000 dollars, at 
 5 and 6 per cent per annum, amounting to 24,000 dol- 
 lars; and also to defray the Watching, Lighting, Sala- 
 ries of officers, &c. 
 
 Flour inspected 539,900 barrels. Herrings inspect- 
 ed 46,575 barrels. Tobacco exported 15,523 hogs- 
 heads, leaving 6,287 hogsheads in the warehouses of 
 the city at the end of the year. 
 
 Judge Bland was appointed Chancellor of Maryland, 
 on the death of W. Kilty, Esq.; Elias Glenn, Esq. is 
 appointed District Judge in the place of Mr. Bland, and 
 Nathaniel Williams, Esq. is appointed Attorney of the 
 District in the place of Mr- Glenn. 
 
 Thomas Kell, Esq. is appointed Attorney General of 
 the State. John Barney, Esq. is elected a representa- 
 tive to Congress in the place of Isaac M c Kim, Esq. 
 John Montgomery, Esq. is elected Mayor- B. C. How- 
 ard and J. S. Tj'son, Esqs- are elected Delegates to the 
 Assembly, and Colonel Standish Barry is elected She- 
 riff. At the election of Electors of President and Vice 
 President, Messrs. Geo- Winchester and Dennis Claude; 
 
 32 
 
250 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1825 
 
 candidates favourable to General Andrew Jackson, were 
 chosen for the District- On the 24th May, General 
 William H. Winder departed this life, after a short and 
 severe illness, in the 49th year of his age, and was in- 
 tered with civic, military and masonic honours. As 
 Senator, General Winder is succeeded by Jno. Scott, 
 Esq. A rifle regiment newly organized, had chosen the 
 General their Colonel, in which command he was suc- 
 ceeded by Colonel Standish Barry, and as master of the 
 Grand Lodge of the State, he was succeeded by Colonel 
 B. C. Howard. 
 
 On the 19th December, died of a paralysis under 
 which he had suffered many years, William Buchanan, 
 of Geo. Esq. Register of Wills of this county, and D- 
 M. Perrine, Esq- was appointed to the same office soon 
 after- 
 
 The whole number of deaths for the year is stated at 
 1468, of whom there were 48 slaves and 368 free per- 
 sons of colour. 
 
 Among the unproductive expenditures referred to in 
 the year 1819, of these Annals, might have been dis- 
 tinguished those twelve handsome buildings, erected by 
 Messrs. Robert Mills, John Ready, James Hines and 
 others, on grounds leased of the Water Company, at the 
 intersection of Calvert and Monument streets — And 
 those eight commodious dwellings, erected on part of 
 the grounds of Lewis Pascault, Esq- by that gentleman, 
 M. Rezin Wight and others, on Lexington near Pine 
 street; all of which, being considered too distant for 
 men of business, as most all of our citizens are, would 
 
1825] 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 25 1 
 
 not command rent nearly equal to common legal inter- 
 est- And here it may be added, that of 185,000 dol- 
 lars invested by the State in three Baltimore banks, 
 there was a diminution of the stock and a loss, exclu- 
 sive of all interest thereon since, of 64,000 dollars. 
 
 The first private house of extent, beauty or cost 
 erected afterwards, was that on the N. E. corner of 
 Franklin and Cathedral streets, on a plan of Mr. Mills, 
 of common quarry stone, stuccoed, for John Hoffman, 
 Esq.; afterwards ceded to and occupied by his brother, 
 George Hoffman, Esq. and now, Hugh Birkhead, Esq. 
 erects the spacious dwelling on Charles near Lexing- 
 ton street, according to designs furnished by Mr- J. W. 
 Collins, the builder. It is built of brick, and of that fine 
 material and workmanship for which Baltimore is 
 justly celebrated, or ought to be, and like Mr. Hoffman’s, 
 raised several steps, some of which are within and un- 
 der cover. 
 
 The Directors of the Athenaeum having procured a 
 charter and the spacious lot on the S. W- corner of St. 
 Paul’s and Lexington streets, erect a brick building, 80 
 feet front on the first and 120 feet on the latter, ac 
 cording to the designs of Wm- F. Small, Esq. Archi- 
 tect, who superintended the building, which wa9 stuc- 
 coed in imitation of free stone, by Mr- John Gill. The 
 builders were Messrs. R. A. Shi ply, James Symington 
 and D. Trumbo- For this institution the writer was 
 appointed Secretary, but the multitude of reading rooms 
 opened at the time interfered, and the company rent out 
 offices and places of meeting for other societies. 
 
 The same Architect and builders are employed by 
 
152 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1825 
 
 Messrs- D- Barnum, W. Shipley and J- Philips, jr- to 
 erect the house of public entertainment on grounds ob- 
 tained of various persons, at the S- W- corner of Cal- 
 vert and Fayette streets, running 120 feet on the former 
 and 200, including two mansion houses serving for 
 private entries and accommodations, on the latter, on a 
 basement of granite, and elevated four stories of brick, 
 stuccoed, and an attic of frame work. The whole 
 contains above 200 rooms or separate apartments for 
 public accommodation. At the instance of the writer, 
 who considers the folding sash of Continental Europe 
 alone suited to our climate, they were adopted by Mr. 
 Small for the basement of this house. 
 
 Early in January, the Chamber of Commerce deter- 
 mined that the hundred weight of sugar, hemp, iron 
 and other merchandise, which had consisted of 1 12 lbs. 
 should be reduced to the 100 lbs- only, as tobacco, cot- 
 ton, rice, coffee, &,c- always were- Some years after, 
 the Legislature determined that hay and straw shall be 
 weighed in the same manner by the city inspectors. 
 
 At the session of the present year, the Executive are 
 authorized to appoint four Justices of the peace in the 
 city, to be called and exercise the duties of County Jus- 
 tices, except in the recovery of small debts- Instead of 
 reducing the number or locating any, and adding to the 
 independence of the office, thirty-six are still appointed 
 promiscuously; like the constables, whose fees are in- 
 creased at the same session beyond all proportion, 
 rendering the former more dependant on the latter than 
 they were, for a very inadequate pecuniary compensa- 
 tion, degrade the Commission and abandon both small 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 253 
 
 1825] 
 
 creditor and small debtor, that is the poor generally, to 
 the cupidity of those who should be servants of the office. 
 
 The Legislature resolve to establish houses for the 
 inspection of tobacco at the expense and for the benefit 
 of the state; and those of Messrs- Dugan, O’Donnell and 
 Williams, on the wharf west side of Centre Market 
 dock, and that of Mr. M. Sheppard, on Light street 
 wharf, are purchased and fitted up extensively for the 
 purpose. 
 
 The government of the University of Maryland is 
 transferred to a new Board of Trustees, of which the 
 Governor of the state is President ex-officio, and twenty- 
 one gentlemen named in the law, among whom vacan 
 cies are to be filled by the Executive of the State ; and 
 this Board, besides common corporate powers, is autho- 
 rised to choose a Vice President, appoint and dismiss 
 Provosts, Professors, &c. The proceeds of a Lottery are 
 appropriated to pay for the infirmary, to purchase che- 
 mical apparatus, and for the use of the Faculties of Arts 
 and of Law; all very limited in amount, not paid in hand 
 but uncertain, and not commensurate with the wants of 
 such an institution or the capacities of the State- At 
 a meeting of the Trustees next year, Charles H. Han- 
 son, Esq. was appointed professor of Political Economy, 
 John P- Kennedy, Esq- of History, and Edward C. 
 Pinkney, Esq- Rhetoric and Belles Lettres; the other 
 Professors being continued as they then were. 
 
 A Board of public works, composed of the Governor 
 for the time being, and others, is created and assemble 
 in this city occasionally; and provision is made for the 
 establishment of Public Schools throughout the State; 
 
254 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1825 
 
 but, at the option of the counties, with power in the 
 corporation to adopt them in Baltimore; the whole to be 
 under the direction of trustrees and a general superin- 
 tendent, which is accepted by the city and several 
 counties. 
 
 A toll bridge had been authorized and erected over 
 Patapsco, at Elkridge Landing, and now others are 
 erected at two lower ferries, at the expense of the pro- 
 prietors, and the communication with Washington and 
 Annapolis thereby secured. The Post Master General 
 made a report to Congress on the mail route to Phila- 
 delphia, recommending the construction of a Turnpike 
 Road 35 miles, to cross the Susquehanna by Port De- 
 posit Bridge and connect the Turnpikes already made 
 between the cities; this was to increase the distance 
 three miles; but from surveys ordered by Congress, it 
 appeared that the old route is only 94 miles, and by it 
 the post still travels in winter, and when the mails can- 
 not be sent by steam boats. 
 
 The government of Hayti send an agent to invite the 
 free people of color to migrate to, and offer them means 
 of settling on that Island; of which a considerable num- 
 ber avail themselves, being also encouraged by a society 
 which had been orgariised the year before by the Mayor, 
 Judge Brice, P- E. Thomas and others. 
 
 Two revenue cutters are built here and afford some 
 relief to a class of tradesmen exceedingly well qualified 
 for the construction of fast sailors, but latterly too little 
 encouraged by the General Government. 
 
 President Adams and family passed through the city 
 in September, on their way to Q,uincy, but declines the 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 255 
 
 18 25 ] 
 
 public civilities which the citizens tendered, as he did 
 on their return. 
 
 Horace H. Hayden, Esq. published a very ingenious 
 Essay on Geology, including the subject of original 
 formations near this city and elsewhere, in 1820. And 
 now Daniel Raymond, Esq- publishes a Treatise on 
 Political Economy, containing new and interesting prin- 
 ciples on accumulation, consumption, &c. 
 
 The Legislature assume for the State the entire con- 
 trol of the Flour Inspection, taking from the city au- 
 thorities the appointment of the inspectors. Fire wood 
 brought by water for sale in the city, is regulated entire- 
 ly by the state government; Lumber, Boards and 
 Staves, as well as Hay, were all partly under state con- 
 trol. Having before taken the tobacco warehouses from 
 the government of the county, these measures render 
 the quality of the products of the state, though used or 
 shipped from this city, wholly exempt from the regula- 
 tion or control of the city authorities. The remaining 
 articles of Beef, Pork, Potash, Flaxseed, &c. in the qua- 
 lity of which the Legislature take no interest, because 
 prepared or brought here from other States chiefly, are 
 the only objects left to city management. The inco 
 herence of these measures, point directly to the right of 
 Congress to regulate commerce, and the establishment 
 of particular weights, &c. and the revenue drawn by the 
 State or City, through licences to inspectors of merchan- 
 dise, or otherwise effecting produce, appears to be 
 unconstitutional. 
 
 Acts are also passed to give a preference to deeds ac- 
 cording to time of record, securing the rights of mort- 
 
256 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1825 
 
 gagees; to licence limited partnerships, and to determine 
 the liability of agents and factors. 
 
 Among other acts more especially interesting to the 
 city, are those incorporating the Academy of Sciences, 
 R. Gilmor, Esq. President; the Maryland Institute of 
 Arts, W. Stewart, Esq. President; the Pennsylvania, 
 Delaware and Maryland Steam Navigation Company; 
 the Fireman’s Insurance Company; the Lafayette Be- 
 neficial Society; the Patapsco Fire Engine Company; 
 the iEtna Company for the manufacture of iron, and 
 the Seamen’s Union Bethel Society; which last obtains 
 a lot and erects a small place of worship on Philpot 
 street, Fell’s Point, of which they elect the Reverend 
 Stephen Williams Chaplain- 
 
 Although the commencement of the Sessions of 
 the General Assembly was transferred from the first to 
 the fourth Monday of December, in each year, and this 
 change took effect at this session, it is intended that the 
 Acts of the Session, though passed in the ensuing year, 
 shall be considered as Acts of the year in which the Ses- 
 sion began generally, as for the official year and as 
 heretofore done in this work- 
 
 Mrs. Iturbide, widow of the late Emperor of Mexico, 
 arrives and takes lodgings in this city, and Commodore 
 Porter, who had fitted out here the armament against 
 the West India pirates, and succeeded in arresting their 
 career, being suspended by Court Martial on a charge of 
 exceeding his orders, resigned his commission and en- 
 tered into the Naval service of the Mexican States, de- 
 clared a confederate Republic. 
 
1825] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 251 
 
 On the 15th of January, General Robert G. Harper 
 died suddenly at his town residence, after a very dis- 
 tinguished and useful life, and was interred at Oakland, 
 his seat in the county with civic and military honors. 
 General Strieker declines, and General W. M’Donald 
 of the 3d. brigade, is appointed Major General of the 
 3d. Division, in place of general Harper; and colonel 
 G. H. Stewart succeeds general M’Donald in command 
 of the 3d. Brigade. 
 
 Some of the uniformed volunteer militia of the city, 
 consisting of a regiment of infantry, riflemen, cavalry 
 and artillery each, are formed into a brigade by law, 
 and colonel Geo. H. Steuart is appointed their General. 
 
 The summer was long, dry and warm; the ther- 
 mometer being frequently as high as 94, but the city 
 was not unhealthy. 
 
 Christopher Hughes, Esq. is appointed charge to the 
 kingdom of the Netherlands. W. H. Allen is appoint- 
 ed land commissioner, and Wm. Pinkney, Esq. collect- 
 or at Key West, in Florida. 
 
 Christian Mayer, Esq. is appointed Consul General 
 from Wirtemburg, and Ch. Tiernan, Esq. Vice Consul 
 for Mexico; Colonel Wm. Steuart of this city, is cho- 
 sen a member of the executive council of the State, and 
 so continued during three years successively. 
 
 B- C. Howard and J. S. Tyson, Esqs. are elected to 
 the General Assembly of Maryland. 
 
 General John Strieker died of a protracted illness, 
 much esteemed and regretted, on the 23d day of June, 
 and was interred with civic and military honors. 
 
 33 
 
258 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1826 
 
 For some time the public continued to be entertained 
 by different projects for canalling from the Susquehanna 
 to the City; but before the proposed companies could 
 be formed, accounts were received of the success of the 
 Rail Roads in England, and of two small ones made at 
 Quincy and Mauch Chunk, giving a new turn to the 
 spirit of improvement here entirely in favor of the lat- 
 ter mode of transportation. 
 
 It was on the 12th of February following that a num- 
 ber of citizens assembled to hear accounts of those 
 roads, and agreed to undertake one- 
 
 Accordingly, at the ensuing session of the Legisla- 
 ture, a charter was granted to the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Rail Road Company, appointing Messrs. Isaac M’Kim, 
 Thomas Ellicott, Joseph Patterson, John M’Kim Jr. 
 William Steuart, Talbot Jones, R. L. Colt, Geo. Brown 
 and Evan Thomas to receive subscriptions for a capital 
 Stock of three millions, in shares of 100 dollars each, 
 reserving 10,000 shares for the State and 5,000 for the 
 corporation of the City. Different from Turnpike Road 
 Companies, this has the exclusive right to travel or car- 
 ry on the road ; but the price of carriage is limited at 
 rates much below the former cost of transportation, 
 that is, to four cents per ton eastward and six cents per 
 ton westward, per mile; and three cents per mile for 
 persons, including carriage and tolls in all cases- 
 
 There were also chartered at the same Session, a 
 company to carry on Mining in Mexico, by the name of 
 Temascaltepec; and one the next year by the name of 
 Tlalcotal, and another the year after, called the Ceral- 
 vo Mining Company ; each with 300,000 dollars joint 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 259 
 
 1826 ] 
 
 Stock. These hazardous speculations abroad originat- 
 ed with the English, and were followed here from the 
 want of objects of investment at home, partially sus- 
 pended. 
 
 There originated at this time a plan of forming a 
 Bank to discount from deposits, which is called the 
 Maryland Savings’ Institution, and a charter is granted 
 for 18 years, prohibiting however, any infringement of 
 rights vested in other Banks. 
 
 It was found to succeed as a Joint Stock Company, 
 without issues of notes, and an attempt was made to 
 establish another, which was successfully opposed by 
 the old Banking Institutions. It was discovered, per- 
 haps, that individuals with little or no cash, had become 
 masters of the currency and public credit through the 
 capitals of others, and that the State had been in the prac- 
 tice of conveying away, without valuable considera- 
 r tions, a source of patronage and profit which none but 
 the Sovereign should possess. It was accordingly pro- 
 posed three years after, to establish a State Bank by 
 the capital it possessed in the Banks incorporated, 
 and other public institutions; in the Funded Debt 
 of the United States and in the general revenue, the 
 profits of which should come into the State Treasury 
 and supercede the ordinary taxes. And in respect to 
 Charters granted, it was proposed to purchase the Stock 
 of some one or more of the existing Banks for the 
 State. 
 
 Acts are also passed to charter the Maryland Chemi- 
 cal Works; The Vulcan Furnace Company, and the 
 Independent and Vigilant Fire Engine Companies- 
 
260 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1826 
 
 The administrations of the civil authorities of the 
 City and County are further divided, and half of the 
 charges for repairs of the joint property in the Court 
 House and Jail to be provided for by each, that of the 
 Alms House being so already; the Levy Court and the 
 Commissioners of the tax for the city and for the county 
 being abolished; three commissioners to be elected an- 
 nually, to manage the affairs of the county, exclu- 
 sively. Those first elected are George Harryman, Hen- 
 ry Snowden, and John T. H. Worthington, Esqs. 
 
 The writer had while county Collector, represented 
 the expenses of the Commissioners of tax a useless bur- 
 den; but the policy of limiting the number of Adminis- 
 trators so much, when it appears that from some influ- 
 ence or another, many candidates present themselves, 
 may be considered doubtful if not pernicious. 
 
 The fees of officers of Courts had been subject to 
 taxation by some late acts, which are repealed at this 
 Session, and a general scale of fees established in dol- 
 lars and cents, instead of tobacco, including those for 
 the City Court. To the several judges of this Court, 
 individually, power is given to try all causes where no 
 jury is required; and it seems now, that to create more 
 independence in the judges and stability to this import- 
 ant police Court, it is only necessary to put it on the 
 constitutional footing of other Courts in the State. 
 
 The Judges of this Court and of all the County 
 courts, are directed by an act of this session and sup- 
 plements, to hear complaints against Lunatics; and, on 
 the finding of a jury, send them to a Hospital, or to the 
 Alms House, if paupers, &c. even commit them as oth- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 261 
 
 1826] 
 
 er offenders, if no bail is given. These, with the pow- 
 ers of the Chancellor, may protect society as well as 
 the property of the lunatics, for their interests generally, 
 but does not go to protect their persons or their pro- 
 perty, as the dictates of humanity or the reputation of 
 our Jurisprudence would seem to require. Where the lu- 
 natic dies under suspicious circumstances, there are 
 Coroner’s juries, which may indeed bring punishment 
 as a terror to other offenders in cruelty, but, for the 
 helpless living object, there is no protecting Law. For 
 the want of some authorized registry of births and 
 deaths, many live and die amongst iVmericans unknown 
 to society generally, or to the Laws of the Country. 
 
 The city authorities provide for the building of a 
 dredging machine by steam power for cleaning the har- 
 bor, and it is used successfully soon after. 
 
 Of 1,143,544 tons shipping of the United States, it 
 appears that 84,905 belong to Baltimore, and upon the 
 application of the Assembly, a survey of the harbor is 
 made by the general Government, with a view to the 
 establishment of a Navy Yard; so far the result has 
 been unfavorable, the United States possessing no oth- 
 er property here than a Custom House, which cost 
 $70,000; hiring a Post Office, Warehouses, Hospitals, 
 &c. But about $85,000 have been received from the gen- 
 eral Government since 1816, on account of principal 
 and interest on the City’s advances during the last war. 
 
 On the 20th of July a procession was formed, and 
 an oration delivered by General S. Smith, attended by 
 the public authorities, near the Washington Monu- 
 ment, in honor of the memories of John Adams and 
 
262 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1826 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, who died at their respective homes 
 on the fourth, at very advanced ages and much respect- 
 ed in their private as well as in their public lives. 
 
 The Legislature re-elect General Smith a member of 
 the Senate of the United States this session. There 
 was no change in the Delegation to Congress, but the 
 time of election was protracted thereafter, so that this 
 election now takes place immediately before the meet- 
 ing of Congress, and not the year before the members 
 elect take their seats, as it did, unless when assembled 
 before the annual elections, when the Governor is to 
 order an election. 
 
 U. S. Heath and R. Johnston, Esqs. are elected 
 members of the 11th Senate of the State, but on the 
 resignation of the latter two years after, General J. S. 
 Smith is chosen to fill the vacancy in that body. 
 
 Colonel Jacob Small is elected Mayor, John Strieker, 
 Esq. is chosen a member of the House of Delegates, in 
 the place of B. C. Howard, Esq. W. G. D. Worthing- 
 ton Esq. is appointed a commissioner of insolvents, in 
 the place of R. W. Allen, Esq. resigned; in 1830, 
 M’Clintock Young and Richard Frisby, Esqs. are ap- 
 pointed in the place of Messrs. Eighelberger & Schriver. 
 
 On the 10th of July died at New York, Luther Mar- 
 Esq. in the 83d year of his age. The deceased had 
 been a member of the National Convention, where he 
 opposed the constitution in 1789, and a long time be- 
 fore and after had been the talented Attorney General 
 of this State. 
 
 At his seat near this city, on the 26th of September, 
 Captain R. T. Spence, of the United States Navy; and 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 263 
 
 1826] 
 
 on the 30th, an order was received from the Navy De- 
 partment to celebrate the memory of a commander who 
 was as distinguished by his literary acquirements and 
 the virtues of private life, as in the duties of his pro* 
 fession. And in this city, from a fall in a warehouse, 
 Colonel Paul Bentalou, Marshall of the district, in 
 which place he was succeeded by Thomas Finley Esq. 
 
 Whole number of deaths reported here in the year 
 1826, was 1922, of whom 889 were under 10 years, 
 and 111 above 70 years of age including 429 free col- 
 ored, and 97 slaves ; greatest number 277 in July; least 
 115 in November; 306 of Consumption, 224 Fevers and 
 21 of Intemperance. 
 
 State Conventions are held here by the Advocates 
 and by the Opponents of the administration of the gen- 
 eral government. 
 
 William Patterson, Esq. gives a lot of his ground, 
 part of Fell’s Prospect, on the elevation east of the im- 
 proved parts of the City, for a public square and the re- 
 creation of the citizens, which the Mayor and City Coun- 
 cil occupy, and soon after inclosed and otherwise 
 improved, according to the liberal intentions of the 
 donor. 
 
 On the opening of the subscription here in March, 
 there was more stock taken for the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Rail Road than required, and the commissioners partly, 
 with Mesrs. Carroll, Oliver and others elected directors, 
 who chose Mr. Philip E. Thomas their president the 
 following month. 
 
264 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1827 
 
 According to a report of the managers of the Savings’ 
 Bank for the year, there were deposits of $80 000 
 
 Of which were redrawn 44 000 
 
 And there remained invested 36 000 
 
 Besides the dividends paid semi-annually there were 
 declared of surplussages, now paid, 2 per cent on one 
 year’s, 4 per cent on two year’s, and 6 per cent on 
 three year’s deposits. 
 
 A number of elections occurring on the first Monday 
 of October, rendered a division necessary, and those for 
 the officers of the City are directed to be held on the 
 third Monday of the same month for the future. The 
 district for electing Electors of President and Vice Presi- 
 dent having been so arranged at last session, that the 
 City with Annapolis and Anne Arundel county, called 
 the 4th district, elect jointly two Electors. At the same 
 Session Acts were passed for extending Ensor and 
 Monument streets, and now other acts for opening Lom- 
 bard street, and for closing Ruxton Lane and French or 
 Euhlers Alley, all of which are carried into effect, ex- 
 cept the provision relating to the Lane and Alley. 
 
 Subscriptions being raised to aid in the erection of a 
 building for a Free School, upon the principles contemp- 
 lated by the will of the late John Oliver, Esq. a lot is 
 procured on North street by the Hibernian Society, 
 and a spacious school House erected, finished and occu- 
 pied accordingly. 
 
 In April and May the Ladies of the City got up a 
 Fair and an Oratorio in handsome and successful style, 
 for the relief of the suffering inhabitants of Greece. 
 This method of raising money has since been resorted 
 
1827 ] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 265 
 
 to for objects of charity nearer home, and mostly, with 
 that successful effect which was to be looked for, where 
 so much beauty as our city may justly boast, cannot 
 be displayed in public walks and promenades by the 
 gay and fashionable, as in older societies and places. 
 
 On the 1 5th of October, President Adams returning 
 from the eastward is invited by his friends and accepts 
 a dinner at Barnum’s Hotel, after a visit to the battle 
 ground of the 12th of September. The President ad- 
 dressed the company in a speech of much erudition 
 and energy, referring to the galantry of the Monument- 
 al City, and in the evening was waited on by the Rev. 
 Mr. Eccleston, Vice President of St. Mary’s College 
 with the Students, to whom the President made another 
 address, referring the Preceptor to the fact of having 
 occupied a similar station himself, and the youth to the 
 examples of patriotism furnished by the histories of 
 Greece and Rome. 
 
 The Rev. James Brackenridge sometime the associate 
 of the Rev. John Glendy, becomes pastor of the second 
 Presbyterian Church, and the Rev. F. W. P. Green- 
 wood successor of Mr. Sparks, pastor of the Independ- 
 ent Church is succeeded by the Rev. G. W. Burnap. 
 
 Dr. Nathaniel R. Smith is appointed to the chair of 
 Surgery in the Medical department of the University in 
 the place of Professor Pattison who resigned, and on the 
 decease of Professor Davidge the ensuing year, Dr. 
 John D. Wells succeeds him in the chair of Anatomy, 
 who, after the Lectures of the ensuing season, also 
 died, and was succeeded by Dr. Benj. Lincoln. 
 
 U 
 
266 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1827 
 
 Donations were made and other aid given to a society 
 of colored persons attached to the rites of the Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church, and they having built a house 
 of worship in North street, Bishop Kemp licensed the 
 Rev. William Levington, colored, to officiate thereat. 
 
 Hugh D. Evans, Esq. published an essay on Plead- 
 ing, and J. Y. L. M’Mahon, Esq. announces his inten- 
 tion to publish an Historical View of the Government 
 of Maryland. 
 
 At the Session of Assembly of 1827 an act is passed 
 similar to the one incorporating the Ohio Rail Road 
 Company to incorporate a Company to make a Rail 
 Road to the Susquehanna River, as far as the same can 
 be authorized by this State, and Messrs. C. Ridgely of 
 Hampton, Geo- Winchester, Thomas Wilson, James 
 L. Hawkins, R. L. Colt, S- C. Leakin, Jacob I. Cohen, 
 Justice Hoppe, J. B. Stansbury, H. W. Evans, Wm. 
 Frick, R. Purviance and James Smith were authori- 
 zed to receive subscriptions of Stock to the amount of 
 14,000 shares of $50 each, two thousand shares each 
 reserved for the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and 
 the City of Baltimore, the whole to make a capital of 
 $ 1 , 000 , 000 . 
 
 At the same Session the Washington and Baltimore 
 Turnpike Road Company was authorized to open sub- 
 scriptions and make a Rail Road to the District of Co. 
 lumbia, but it was not effected, and the Ohio Rail Road 
 Company authorized afterwards to make a branch road 
 in that direction; also, to a Company to make a Rail 
 Road from Frenchtown towards Newcastle. 
 
 Among other Acts passed relating to the City, are 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 267 
 
 1827] 
 
 those for the erection of solitary cells in a new wing 
 of the Penitentiary; for the appointment by the Visitors 
 of a Warden of the Jail, superceding the authority of 
 the Sheriff there, as proposed by the writer hereof ten 
 years before; and of the Auctioneers by the Gover- 
 nor and Council with a tax of one per cent on sales 
 in the city, from which $20,000 are to be applied annual- 
 ly if so much is raised, to deepening the harbor. There 
 were at the same period, great exertions made by peti- 
 tions to Congress, from this City and other ports, to 
 restrict the Business of Auctioneers, as injurious to 
 trade and manufactures generally, but without success. 
 
 The Legislature appropriate 3,500 dollars per an- 
 num towards educating twenty Deaf and Dumb children 
 of the City and Counties, and pass Acts of incorpora- 
 tion for the Female Penitents’ Refuge Society; the 
 Young Men’s Bible Society; the Maryland Company 
 for Insurance on Lives, &c. Neptune Insurance Com- 
 pany; Mechanical Fire Company, organized before the 
 Revolution, and the Lanvale Manufacturing Company, 
 which last establishment, situated on Jones’ Falls and 
 near the City, had been commenced without a charter 
 some years before, by other proprietors. 
 
 R. H. Douglass, Esq. is appointed Consul from Saxo- 
 ny; Richard W« Gill, Esq. Vice Consul from Colum- 
 bia, and Stephen Lawson, Esq. Vice Consul from 
 Sweeden; General George H. Stewart and John V. L 
 M’Mahon, Esqs. are elected Delegates to the Assem- 
 bly, and William Ball, Esq. Sheriff. 
 
 Colonel Jacob Hindman, of the United States’ Army, 
 died here on the 1 7th of March, and his death was no- 
 
268 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1827 
 
 ticed in special orders from the Commander in Chief, 
 as became the distinguished merit of the deceased, 
 Soldier and Gentleman. 
 
 On the 12th of October, Colonel John E. Howard, 
 who had been Senator in Congress and Governor, de- 
 parted this life at the age of 15 years and was interred 
 on the 14th with civic and military honors; leaving five 
 children and a child each of two deceased, to divide his 
 property in this City, and every citizen a share in the 
 glory he acquired in the Senate and in the Field, the 
 titles to which have been partly recorded in these 
 Annals. 
 
 And on the 26th of the same month the Right Rev. 
 Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, James 
 Kemp, D. D. returning from a Convention held in 
 Philadelphia, was overturned with a stage coach and 
 received injuries of which he died two days after, aged 
 62 years, much regretted by his pastoral flock, and 
 highly respected by all who knew him for his private 
 charities, assiduous piety and public usefulness. The 
 Bishop was at the time of his decease, Provost of the 
 University and President of the Bible Society of Mary- 
 land, and a zealous officer or member of all the general 
 Benevolent Societies of the City. After which melan- 
 choly event Roger B. Taney, Esq. who had moved 
 from Frederick to Baltimore some time before, was 
 elected Provost; and sometime after, the Bishop was 
 succeeded in the Diocesan Office by the Right Rev. 
 William Stone, of Kent County. 
 
 In the meantime, the Rev. Dr. Wyatt becomes Rector 
 of St. Paul’s, and the Rev- John Johns is chosen Rector 
 
1827] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 26 9 
 
 of Christ Church, for which a separate Vestry is crea 
 ted by law the next year. 
 
 The winter of 1827-8 threatened to be severe, but 
 although there was much frost and some snow in No- 
 vember, the weather proved afterwards quite mild for 
 the season. Shipping continued to enter and depart 
 without intermission, and there was so little ice made 
 in the neighbourhood of the City that many of the 
 citizens who are provided with ice houses and lay in 
 quantities of that useful article in our climate, either 
 for their own consumption or for sale, were disappointed 
 in getting a supply. Before the summer was half over 
 a trade in ice from the Northern States took place for 
 the first time, and several cargoes were brought here 
 and sold for about a dollar per bushel. 
 
 The Courts of Justice had been resorted to by the 
 Clergymen and the Congregations of the First Baptists 
 and the Associate Reformed Church, and partial separa- 
 tions of the members ensued soon after. The latter 
 separatists erect a Church on Courtland street, but those 
 of the Baptist Society hire places of Worship from 
 time to time. ^ 
 
 There was a division among the German Lutherans 
 which resulted in the establishment of a Congregation 
 whose services are in the English Language and they 
 erect a Church on Lexington street, of which the 
 Rev. J. G. Morris is chosen minister. 
 
 In the meantime the Rev. Johannes Ulhorn is asso- 
 ciated in the German Services of the Old Church with 
 the Rev. Mr. Kurtz. 
 
2 70 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1828 
 
 Another division took place amongst the Methodists 
 on account of the Government of Travelling Preach- 
 ers established by Mr. Wesley, and a considerable num- 
 ber of the Society both of the Clergy and the Laity, 
 adopt a more general form, and purchase the Church 
 of St. John in Liberty Street, whose Minister had re- 
 moved to the Western Country and his hearers returned 
 to St. Peter’s generally; and also the Church of the Cove- 
 nanters in which the Rev. John Gibson had officiated, 
 in Pitt street, and this Society erect another in Holli- 
 day street. And there now happened also a division 
 among the Society of Friends or Quakers, on account 
 of doctrines introduced as it was said, by Mr. Elias 
 Hicks, an old and talented Speaker of their Society on 
 Long Island, and the Opponents erect a place of wor- 
 ship on Saratoga street. 
 
 On the opening of Subscriptions in March for the 
 Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road, much more 
 than the requisite number of shares were taken in the 
 City besides a few Shares at York, although the Legis- 
 lature of Pennsylvania had refused to aid or counte- 
 nance the undertaking by a continuance of the contemp- 
 lated Road within that State. George Winchester, Esq. 
 was chosen President of the Board of Directors, who 
 forthwith commenced the necessary surveys as far as 
 the line of Maryland. 
 
 Having with the assistance of a Board of Engineers 
 furnished by the General Government, located the in- 
 tended track of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road be- 
 yond the Falls of the Patapsco River the work is com- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 271 
 
 1828] 
 
 menced on the fourth of July, by a grand Procession 
 of Tradesmen, Manufacturers, Farmers and Merchants 
 with their Standards and Implements, and the laying of 
 the first stone at the South-west limits of the City 
 bounds. This was performed by Charles Carroll of 
 Carrollton, Esq- the only surviving signer of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence then near ninety-three years of 
 age, to whom Congress had just granted the privilege 
 of our ex-Presidents of Franking Letters, and who the 
 Colonization Society had made its President on the de- 
 cease of Judge Washington. 
 
 It was on the same 4th of July the rival enterprize 
 of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, in which this State 
 and City are both greatly interested, was commenced 
 with similar ceremonies, President Adams himself first 
 breaking ground. At the Session just terminated Con- 
 gress had also renewed to this city the two cents per 
 ton duty on vessels entering here, for another ten years. 
 
 Lawsuits between the City and Messrs. Cumberland 
 Dugan and Isaac M’Kim had been long pending; the 
 first claiming the Wharfage at his property on the 
 West side of Centre Market Dock, and the latter as his 
 property on the East side of Gay street Dock. More 
 recently the owners of Wharf property sue the City for 
 Damages to a considerable amount for the obstruction 
 of the Navigation on the Eastern part of the Point, by a 
 diversion of the washings from the City Dock towards 
 their property, none of which suits are yet finally 
 decided. 
 
 Benjamin I. Cohen and W. F. Small Esqs. erect 
 those two handsome houses at the South-west corner of 
 
272 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1828 
 
 Charles and Saratoga streets of which the latter was 
 Architect. 
 
 Mr. Evan Poultney opens a Banking House in Bal- 
 timore street in June, on the principle of the private 
 Banks in Europe, discounting and paying interest on 
 deposits on his own account, and meets with that suc- 
 cess which was to be expected by a person who does 
 not become a rival, but lends his own funds and those 
 which are voluntarily entrusted to him to the first good 
 customer, without other preference or responsibility. 
 
 Messrs. Richard Caton, Charles C. Harper, Evan 
 Poultney and others, having estates in the neighborhood 
 of the City, form a Society and procure charter privi- 
 leges to promote the culture of the Vine which they and 
 others had cultivated partially, but successfully, as ex- 
 periments. 
 
 A Company is formed and a charter obtained by 
 Messrs. Luke Tiernan, R. H. Osgood, Joshua Mezick 
 and others, to make a Screw Dock for repairing Ships’ 
 bottoms, which had been resorted to in other places in 
 lieu of careening and the same being erected at Mr. 
 Ramsay’s Wharf, Thames street, Fell’s Point, was 
 soon after successfully proved by the raising of a 
 vessel of 260 tons. 
 
 Messrs- Francis Price and Eli Moore of New York, 
 for themselves ; Messrs. Lee, Cooper and others of that 
 city, purchase the lands east and west of Harris’ Creek, 
 with the water rights on the north side of the north 
 branch of the Patapsco, from the neighborhood of the 
 Point to the Lazaretto, for which they with Messrs. W. 
 Patterson, Columbus O’Donnel, Ebenezer L. Finley, 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 273 
 
 18 28 ] 
 
 W. Gwynn and others obtain charter rights by the name 
 of the Canton Company, of which Mr. Gwynn is cho- 
 sen President. The enterprize was intended to make 
 an addition to the city, though called Canton, being the 
 name of the principal tract, and the company proceed 
 to clear the woods, lay out streets, squares and lots cor- 
 responding with the plan adopted by the Corporation of 
 the City. 
 
 By an Act entitled an Act for the despatch of busi- 
 ness in Baltimore County Court, passed at the Session 
 of this year, there were to be Terms every month except 
 two for Harford county in the months of March and 
 August^ those of April and November to be county 
 Terms exclusively, with separate Juries for City and 
 County. The powers of each Judge and their compen- 
 sation are extended and the fees of jurymen and wit- 
 neases reduced, and separately and appropriately charg- 
 ed to the city or county according to the business sever- 
 ally. The addition of $800 a year to our Judges was 
 contingent on the receipt of certain fees, and if other- 
 wise no way proportionate to the salaries of the other 
 Judges of the State Courts, where the attendance re- 
 quired is not so great by one half at least, nor is it 
 afforded. But it was soon found that the Legislature 
 had imposed too great tasks on the Judges and that it 
 would be necessary to reduce the Terms to four, which 
 took place soon after- 
 
 At the ensuing Session the Courts of each County 
 are authorized to appoint Commissioners to take depo- 
 35 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 274 
 
 [1828 
 
 sitions for the parties intending to apply for divorces, to 
 be returned by the clerks to the Legislature. 
 
 Among other Laws in which our citizens are inter- 
 ested are those chartering the American Insurance Com- 
 pany, the Maryland and Virginia and the Baltimore 
 and Potomac Companies; the Baltimore Pittston or 
 Coal Company; the Elysville Manufacturing Company; 
 the Baltimore Flint Glass Company; the Maryland 
 Mining^and Maryland Iron Companies; and the Phoenix 
 Shot Tower Company, who erect their Tower on the 
 North-east corner of Front and Pitt streets, built by 
 Mr. J. Wolf, circular, and 23 4 feet high. It may be 
 remarked that the Legislature began to doubt the pro- 
 priety of permanent charters, and frequently reserved a 
 right in the State to regulate and even to tax those 
 Companies during their charters in several instances. 
 On some recent occasious too, the long exploded me- 
 thod of perpetuating trusts of a public character, by 
 power to survivors to fill vacancies is revived, and the 
 number of such Trustees more limited than they have 
 been latterly, all which may be justly considered im- 
 provements in our Legislation. 
 
 A proposition was made in the Assembly to make 
 the Assessment of property throughout the State ac- 
 cording to the real or current value thereof, as was sug- 
 gested by the writer when county Collector, but the 
 plan failed; on the other hand more rigid penalties were 
 provided against Bull baiting, Cock* fighting and other 
 acts of cruelty towards the brute creation, still perhaps 
 deficient in practical effect. 
 
 The decent by the River and water carriage by the 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 275 
 
 18 28 ] 
 
 Bay, of Flour, Whiskey, Timber and other products of 
 Pennsylvania, have greatly increased and will probably 
 continue to increase, with the improvement of the coun- 
 try on the Susquehanna. 
 
 Mr. John M’Kim erects a Chemical Factory on the 
 South side of the Harbor, and Mr. G- W. Waite, a Manu- 
 facture of Chocolate, Mustard, Ginger, Castor Oil, &c. 
 on the City Block, so that by them and others, many 
 kinds of Medicinal Drugs and Paints are furnished be- 
 yond the home demand. 
 
 Mr. Isaac M’Kim erects a Foundry for casting and 
 rolling Copper by the Steam power prepared for his 
 Flour Mill on Gay street Wharf. 
 
 The Ship Building and dependent branches have 
 much revived, and several Vessels of burthen and beau- 
 ty are prepared for Baltimore merchants, sustaining a 
 credit those tradesmen have long enjoyed. It may now 
 be added, that new establishments for other vehicles of 
 transport, such as Steam Boats and Stage Coaches, 
 furnish specimens of workmanship and taste which fairly 
 rival the other. 
 
 Charles Walsh Esq. is appointed Secretary of the 
 United States’ Legation to Spain, and Henry Wilson, 
 Esq. Marshal in Florida. 
 
 At the election of Electors for President and Vice 
 President in November, there was an aggregate Poll of 
 9077 Votes in this City, and an aggregate majority in 
 favor of Benjamin C. Howard and I. Sellman, Esqs. 
 of 468, which was reduced by the Votes of Anne- Arun- 
 del and Annapolis, the rest of the district, to 815 Votes, 
 favorable to General Jackson, who was elected. 
 
276 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1828 
 
 Jacob Small, Esq. Mayor, and General George H. 
 Stewart and T- V. L. M’Mahon, Esq. Delegates, are 
 all re-elected; and George H. Richardson, Esq. who 
 had recently established himself in this City, is chosen 
 a Member of the Executive Council of the State. 
 
 Died on the 29th of January, in the 60th year of 
 his age, the Most Reverend Ambrose Marechal, Arch- 
 bishop of Raltimore, to whom the Roman Catholic So- 
 ciety are indebted for many of the decorations of the 
 Cathedral Church, which he consecrated. He was 
 the uniform patron of all the Benevolent Institutions 
 belonging to his Society, and greatly esteemed by the 
 citizens at large for his pious zeal and amenity of man- 
 ners- The Archbishop was succeeded soon after by 
 the Most Reverend James Whitfield, who had assisted 
 several years in the administration of religious duties 
 in the Cathedral. 
 
 On the 17th of July departed this life aged 63 years, 
 John Montgomery, Esq. late Mayor of this City and 
 one of the Delegates to the Assembly. The deceased 
 had formerly represented the 6th District of this State 
 in Congress and as an Officer of the Baltimore Artil- 
 lery, distinguished himself by his gallantry at North 
 Point. 
 
 According to a report made by the Sunday School 
 Union, there are in the City 56 Schools for Children 
 and Adults of different sexes and colors, separately held; 
 and at the annual Procession of the Children this year, 
 the number was estimated at 4300, and not all attend- 
 ing. This is an undertaking exempt from objections 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 277 
 
 1829] 
 
 which may be raised against Free Schools generally, in 
 a Country where it is advisable to cultivate sentiments 
 of self-respect and independence in those who are Citi- 
 zens, and an inclination to honest labor in those who 
 may become Citizens, without a property qualification. 
 
 However commendable such gratuitous teaching 
 might be, it is a relief to improvident people, while no- 
 thing is done for the succour of those who have been 
 carefully educated by prudent parents, but have been 
 reduced in circumstances by accident or misfortune, and 
 often miserable, when they are too old to begin the 
 world again and provide for themselves. 
 
 On the 9th of August, being the Centenary Anni- 
 versary of the passage of the Law for laying out the 
 Town of Baltimore, the first stone was laid by Col. 
 William Steuart, Deputy Grand Master of the Grand 
 Lodge, with appropriate ceremony, at the commence- 
 ment of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road, 
 which was on the North-west line of the City bounds; 
 contracts being made for carrying the road several 
 miles along the valley of Jones’ Falls, in that direction. 
 
 President Jackson was invited to name the day and 
 assist the Managers in the ceremony of opening the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, but he politely de- 
 clined and tendered the Company his best wishes* This 
 ceremony took place in presence of a great many Stock- 
 holders and others on the 17th of October, and the 
 Canal became a common route for passengers and mer- 
 chandize between the two Bays, affecting in some mea- 
 sure the supplies of this City, but increasing the transpor- 
 tation and Commission Business to an equal value per- 
 
2 78 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1829 
 
 haps; and certainly conducing to the common defence of 
 the Union, if not to the immediate profit of those who 
 had contributed to its immense cost. 
 
 On the 14th of December, thirty-seven persons are 
 drawn by one horse, in a Car with four friction wheels 
 planned by Mr. Ross Winans, of New Jersey, on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, at the rate of about ten 
 miles per hour, or as fast as the horse could trot or gal- 
 lop; which was done in the presence and to the aston- 
 ishment of a multitude of spectators, who, not having 
 witnessed such an exhibition, could scarcely realize the 
 effect. One track of Bar-Iron Rails, imported duty 
 free, fastened on pine scantling and supported by cross 
 sills of locust and cedar, had been completed from a 
 Depot on the West end of Pratt street to Gwinn’s Falls, 
 after very extensive excavations and fillings on the 
 route. There a Bridge 26 a feet wide and 330 feet long, 
 the span of the Arch being 80 feet 4 inches, and the 
 height 82 feet from the foundation to the top of the 
 Parapet, was built by Mr- Lloyd, of granite, faced 
 and jointed, and called the Carrollton Viaduct; forming 
 one of the best and finest structures among the many 
 which ornament our City and Environs. Another track 
 partly on sills of Freestone, and more extended Viaduct 
 over Patapsco River from the East to the West mar- 
 gin, which are used several miles, are made soon after. 
 Thus has the Company’s wealth been appropriated to 
 present uses, as well as to serve and gratify posterity, 
 inasmuch as the workmanship is both durable and hand- 
 some; and it is confidently believed the cheap arid rapid 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 2 79 
 
 1829 ] 
 
 conveyance by the road, will render the extremities 
 within a reduced and trifling distance, as it were. 
 
 On appropriating to State purposes the proceeds of 
 licensed Lotteries generally, the Legislature granted 
 certain portions amounting, with the profits of former 
 Lotteries to $178,000, for the completion of the Wash- 
 ington Monument in this City; enacting that the struc- 
 ture should be considered the property of the State, and 
 that it should have an inscription expressive of the 
 gratitude of Maryland to the Hero and Statesman whose 
 honor and memory the monument was intended to per- 
 petuate. This enabled the Managers to proceed with 
 the Artists, and on the 28th of November was raised 
 the Pedestrian Statue of the man who was declared to 
 be “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of 
 his Countrymen.” It was cut out of fine white marble 
 from the Quarries on the York Road, presented by 
 Mrs. F. T. D. Taylor, the owner, and placed on the 
 top of the Column in the presence of admiring thou- 
 sands of both sexes, from town and Country. The 
 Statue is 16 feet high and was wrought in three sepa- 
 rate pieces from one block of 36 tons, by Henrico Cau- 
 cici, Esq. an Italian Sculptor of merit; each block 
 weighing about 5 = tons when worked, and elevated suc- 
 cessively by means of a pair of Shears attached to the 
 Cap of the Column, by Pulleys and Capstan, planned 
 and directed by Captain James D- Woodside, of Wash- 
 ington, without any delay or accident. 
 
 A plain but commodious residence is prepared for 
 the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church and his 
 successors, which with the enclosure occupies the whole 
 
280 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE 
 
 [1829 
 
 front on Charles street of the Cathedral Lot. It is 
 built of brick according to designs furnished by Wm. F. 
 Small, Esq. and stuccoed. The present Archbishop 
 was a principal contributor to the expense, and has 
 caused the surrounding ground to be laid out and plant- 
 ed in an appropriate style. 
 
 Wm. Howard, Esq. commences his splendid Mansion 
 of Brick painted, at the Corner of Franklin and Charles 
 streets, of which he gave himself the plan with that of 
 an elegant Portico and Pediment supported by lofty 
 Marble Columns, one of which remains an entire piece; 
 and Charles Howard, Esq. his handsome and extensive 
 dwelling on the North-east corner of Washington Place; 
 making with his co-heirs and the sanction of the Legis- 
 lature, an arrangement with the Corporation of the City, 
 to widen Charles from Centre to Madison street to 150 
 feet, and Monument from St. Paul’s to Cathedral street, 
 to 200 feet, forming thus two spacious avenues traver- 
 sing that Square, and increasing the area around the 
 Monument in that proportion. 
 
 Several double rows of Shops had been erected in 
 passages opening into Centre Market, but now Mr. Ja- 
 cob Daley and Associates complete two-story rows in 
 better style, from Harrison street to the Falls, commu- 
 nicating with Pitt street on the other side by means of 
 a Foot Bridge licensed by the City Authorities; to 
 which improvement the proprietors give the name of 
 Bazaar. Although it is desirable to have places of 
 general and safe resort for business or pleasure, and 
 gratifying to find such enterprize and taste rewarded 
 by success, where they tend to restrict the open 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 281 
 
 1827] 
 
 ground and air at the risk of the general health, or in- 
 jurious to the value of property as costly elsewhere, 
 the multiplication of such establishments will be dis- 
 couraged rather than promoted. 
 
 The house which Mr. Peale had erected for his 
 Exhibition of Natural History and the Fine Arts, is 
 sold to the Mayor and City Council for their future ac- 
 commodation, and from a Museum becomes a City 
 Hall; the former establishment being transferred to the 
 extensive brick building on the North-west corner of 
 Calvert and Baltimore streets. 
 
 The Farmers and Merchants’ Banking Company 
 erect a Banking House on Calvert street, between the 
 above mentioned building and Barnum’s Hotel ; and the 
 Savings Institution erect a Banking House at the South- 
 east corner of North and Fayette streets. 
 
 It was proposed in the City Council and Philip Law- 
 renson, Esq. on behalf of a Committee, recommended 
 the introduction of Fresh Water for the supply of the 
 citizens, by the purchase of the water rights at and be- 
 low the Calverton Mills, and canalling a sufficient body 
 of G winn’s Falls to the elevated grounds on the West 
 of the City improvements, at the expense of the Cor- 
 poration, in preference to the purchase of the Water 
 Works and Reservoirs of the Water Company which 
 were tendered at cost. This would be as likely to aug- 
 ment and perpetuate the draining of the useful and or- 
 namental water course of the latter Falls, as the 
 project of diverting that stream from its natural bed 
 through the centre of the present improvements, an 
 36 
 
282 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1829 
 
 advantage which no other of our Sea-ports enjoys, into 
 a course which those improvements may reach hereaf- 
 ter, as proposed after the Freshet of 1817; but neither 
 was agreed to: Nor was another proposition suggested 
 by the writer and applied for by many Petitioners, as 
 well to improve the Police of our overgrown Market as 
 to accommodate the families and tenants in the neigh- 
 borhood, to erect a new Market House on or adjacent 
 to the property of the Water Company and for which 
 that Company offered gratis, a valuable piece of 
 ground on Franklin street from Calvert to Holliday 
 street. The cost of filling estimated at $3000 was the 
 avowed obstacle to the acceptance; so when he had as- 
 certained that a Topographical plan of the County and 
 its improvements much desired, could be furnished for 
 about a similar sum, this also produced a failure. At 
 no distant day perhaps, these and all such endeavors to 
 improve the Government of the City, or promote the 
 health of its Inhabitants may be crowned with success; 
 in the meantime these Annals record so many measures 
 effected eventually which were barely talked of sometime 
 before, that the most obscure individual seeking either 
 the public good or his own gratification, must find in 
 the result ample encouragement to persevere. 
 
 Societies are formed similar to those in the Northern 
 and Eastern States, to receive and instruct Children at 
 early ages, and others to discourage the excessive use 
 of ardent spirits, by total abstinence on the part of the 
 members from all such drinks; and another to establish 
 a house of Refuge for juvenile delinquents; which last 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 283 
 
 1829] 
 
 receives the patronage of the Legislature by a contin- 
 gent appropriation of a large sum of money. 
 
 Among the Laws of the last Session interesting to 
 us, were those for the inspection of Fire-wood in Wood 
 Yards, and the formation of a new Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Charters are granted for a Congregation of Jews; the 
 Theatre and Circus erected on Front street by Messrs. 
 Wildey, Gross and others; the Baltimore and Rappa- 
 hannock Steam Packet Company; the Sugar Refining 
 Company and the Howard Fire Company, increasing 
 the number of Hose and Fire Companies in the City 
 to fourteen. 
 
 Plans are adopted by the Council of the City for ex- 
 tending or widening Bowly’s and South street Wharves, 
 which was to increase the Landing at the expense of 
 the Navigation, the proprietors accommodated aban- 
 doning all claim to Wharfage and paying some part of 
 the expense. It would be well to consider at a time 
 when the clearing out of the Harbor is so expensive 
 and the water in the Falls and the Basin has become 
 so stagnant and perhaps unhealthy, if the project of 
 walling in and deepening the bed of the Falls and 
 opening landings on its banks, as proposed in an Act 
 of 1817, and of doing the same with a Canal into the 
 Middle Branch, provided for by a Law above forty 
 years ago, would not at once relieve and benefit the 
 whole City, when carried into effect. 
 
 A convict of the County made his escape from the 
 Penitentiary and was, with two sti angers lately dischar- 
 ged, engaged in some daring but unsuccessful acts of 
 Felony and of an attack on the Mail near Philadelphia 
 
284 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1829 
 
 where they were tried and one of the latter condemned 
 and executed. 
 
 On the night of the 29th of December, the Steam 
 Sugar Refinery of D. L. Thomas, Esq. was destroyed 
 by Fire, bringing ruin and desolation on a worthy citi- 
 zen and family. 
 
 John S. Skinner, Esq. commences the publication of 
 “The Turf Register,” and soon after transfers “The 
 American Farmer” to G. B- Smith, Esq. by whom it 
 is continued. 
 
 William Wirt, Esq. late Attorney General of the 
 United States, moves to and settles with his family in 
 this City where he had often displayed his talents at 
 the Bar before. 
 
 Establishments are got up in and near the City for 
 making Cotton Canvass and for printing low priced 
 Cottons, with some success. Of the first article, how- 
 ever, the Jersey Manufacturers, and cf the latter, and 
 even in plain Cottons of which we manufacture so 
 much, the Rhode Island and Massachusetts people 
 rival if not surpass us in our own Market. 
 
 It may here be the place to observe in relation to the 
 Home Market for our staple of Flour created by the 
 number of Manufactures, reducing the Exportation 
 of that article, which would appear to be the case 
 from a mere comparison of the quantity returned by the 
 Public Inspectors with that reported as exported by 
 the Custom House, the former being actually about 
 double the latter; that such has been the proportion 
 thus stated, for many years and certainly long before the 
 adoption of a Tariff for the avowed purpose of protec- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 285 
 
 1829] 
 
 tion, or the erection here of extensive Manufactories. If 
 there is an increase of consumption among us or of 
 Shipments coastwise, in proportion to the increase of 
 the article in our Market, it is because there is an 
 increase of City population generally and of Shipments 
 made as returns by our Northern Navigators, or of 
 the cultivation of more Tobacco and Cotton in lieu of 
 subsistences by the Southern Planters. The quantity 
 of Whiskey entered for exportation at our Custom 
 House, bears no proportion to that inspected here an- 
 nually; and though it is feared we use our full share 
 of the intoxicating liquid, yet it would be as illiberal 
 as it would be unjust to charge us with the consump- 
 tion of the apparent balance. 
 
 This may also be the place and time to invite the 
 attention of the citizens of Baltimore and the State too, 
 to the value of the Revenue derived by the Govern- 
 ment of the United States from our Custom House. 
 It would seem that our advantageous locality for com- 
 merce had assisted the State of Maryland to accumulate 
 a very respectable Capital from very moderate Imposts. 
 And this in the short interval between the recog- 
 nition of our Independence with the general peace of 
 1783, and the adoption of the Federal Constitution with 
 the transfer of this source of revenue to that Govern- 
 ment in 1 788, which has received from it nearly a million 
 of dollars annually ever since; but of which a small 
 portion is restored to the State or City by the disburse- 
 ments of that Government, perhaps the greatest part of 
 that small portion indirectly only, through the expendi- 
 tures of the Executive and Congress in that corner of 
 
286 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 [1829 
 
 the State ceded to them ; when the whole at the rates 
 of duty exacted, might have made the State one of the 
 richest in the Confederacy ; riches which, liberally or 
 impartially distributed by our Legislature, would have 
 prevented Baltimore not only from losing the rank it 
 once held among its neighbors, but elevated it at least 
 as fast and as much as any of them. We have there- 
 fore a powerful inducement to strive for an influence in 
 the Government of the Union, somewhat proportionate 
 not only to the means we contribute, but to the attach- 
 ment and fidelity towards it we have sincerely felt and 
 constantly manifested. 
 
 Charles Browning, Esq. a sister’s son of Frederick 
 the last Lord Baltimore, came here and procured suits 
 to be instituted in the Court of the United States, 
 against some of the largest Proprietors on each shore, 
 to recover an alleged interest in arrearages of the Pro- 
 prietary’s former estate in Maryland, and the State hav- 
 ing previously confiscated the Manors reserved, and 
 vested the patented lands, including of course the Town 
 Lots, in the possessors, free and clear of Quit rent or 
 any such charge, even to its own use and so far aban- 
 doning the right of sovereignty in the people at large 
 in favor of the Landholders, took part with them and 
 on the petition of the parties sued, furnished council to 
 assist in their defence. Upon the cause being carried 
 up to the Supreme Court by consent, it was ascertained 
 that the claim was barred by a compromise long before 
 made between Mr. Browning’s parents and the Pro- 
 prietary, and so the Court decided. 
 
 Charles C. Harper, Esq. is appointed Secretary of 
 
1829] * ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 2 87 
 
 the American Legation to France, and follows the new 
 Minister Mr. Rives, to Paris. 
 
 Colonel James Mosher is appointed Surveyor of this 
 Port in the place of Colonel Lowry; Captain Isaac 
 Phillips is appointed Navy Agent in the place of Mr. 
 Beatty; Lyde Goodwin, Esq. is appointed one of the 
 Appraisers of Imports, and Dabney S. Carr, Esq. is 
 appointed Naval Officer in the place of Major Barney. 
 
 Alfred Bujac, Esq. is appointed Consul from the 
 Sicilies; T. I. Bizouard, Esq. succeeds Mr. Cubi, Vice 
 Consul from Rome, and Manuel Valdor, Esq. Consul 
 from Sardinia becomes Vice' Consul from Spain, on 
 the removal to Philadelphia of the Chevalier Bernabue, 
 appointed Consul General. 
 
 Peter Little and James Harwood, Esqs. are appointed 
 Judges of the Orphans’ Court by the Executive of this 
 State, in the places of Messrs. Randall and Moore ; Mr. 
 Little declining, Henry Payson Esq. is appointed to 
 the vacancy, but Mr. Randall is restored, and re-enters 
 the Court with Mr. Joseph R. Ford early in 1830, in 
 the places of Messrs. Harwood and Payson. 
 
 Benjamin C. Howard and Elias Brown, Esqs. are 
 elected to Congress for the District composed of the 
 City and County, in the places of Messrs. Litttle and 
 Barney- 
 
 Jesse Hunt and John Spear Nicholas, Esqs. are 
 elected City Delegates to the General Assembly. 
 
 On the 19th of April died Edward Johnson Esq. 
 late Mayor of this City and formerly a Judge of the 
 County Court, much regretted by his friends and highly 
 respected by the public for his amiable deportment and 
 
288 
 
 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 patriotism. And on the 17th of July, aged 69 years, 
 Qharles Ridgley, of Hampton, Esq. formerly General 
 of the 14th Brigade of Maryland Militia, Senator and 
 Governor of the State; leaving his property except the 
 Hampton establishment inherited by the eldest sur- 
 viving son, to the younger son, four daughters and the 
 children of two others, deceased, and their freedom to 
 all his slaves between the ages of twenty-five and forty- 
 five. 
 
 Having reached the completion of the hundredth year 
 of the Annals of his native place, the Annalist proceeds 
 to take leave of the reader by referring him to some ta- 
 bles annexed, showing in one view the great and rapid 
 growth of Baltimore. To such however as are recent 
 settlers and especially to entire strangers, it may be 
 necessary to explain a few terms which are peculiar, 
 and some matters of greater interest not known to 
 others but familiar to us. The streams were called 
 Falles or Falls by Governor Smith of Virginia, who 
 first explored the Chesapeake Bay, probably because 
 the waters fell over rocks or precipices until they met 
 the tide, where they become and are called Rivers. 
 The points of land stretching into the Bay and divide 
 them, have been and are still called Necks. Among 
 us the West or upper part of the Harbor is called Ba- 
 sin, because it is a pond open on one side only and 
 surrounded by hills which preserve much stillness on 
 the surface of the water; indeed the ebbing or flowing 
 of the tide, which at the entrance of the Bay is about 
 five feet, loose their effects gradually, until here they 
 are governed by the wind more than any other percep- 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 289 
 
 1829] 
 
 tible cause. FelVs Point on the east of the first Town* 
 once almost an island, long separated by an open 
 common and still the chief resort of Seamen, has be- 
 come as much a part of the City in which it was 
 always included, civilly and politically, as any other 
 district. 
 
 Situated in 39 degrees 17 minutes of Northern Lati- 
 tude, at about .200 miles by the course of the River and 
 Ray, from the sea, somewhat greater distance from the 
 Ohio and Lake Erie, about 800 miles from each ex- 
 tremity of the Coast of the United States and only 36 
 miles from the Capital, our position may be considered 
 central. Though the continent is destitute of Volca- 
 noes and we have no mountains in the immediate 
 vicinity to affect our Atmosphere, we experience as do 
 our neighbors, the heat of a parallel Latitude on the 
 Continent of Europe and the cold of England, twelve 
 degrees further north from the Equator, alternately; the 
 changes being also more rapid and violent with us. 
 Actual meteorological observations on the Western 
 border of the City, recorded by Lewis Brantz, Esq. 
 present the general phenomena of our climate in a fa- 
 vorable aspect; for instance, in the years 1817 1819, 
 
 inclusive, the first being a year of Locusts and the last 
 of Yellow Fevers, there were 245 fair days, 206 days 
 of wind in the North-west and South-east quarters, the 
 opposite quarters being known as the most wet or sultry 
 winds; the greatest cold 5 degrees and greatest heat 94, 
 the mean temperature, like the spring water, a little 
 above 52 degrees of Fahrenheit’s Thermometer; the 
 37 
 
290 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1829 
 
 range of the Barometer, one inch thirty-nine hundredths, 
 and the water fallen 36 and a half inches on an aver- 
 age, annually. 
 
 Whatever the extremes may be, the writer is not of the 
 number of those who indulge in reports of experienced 
 changes in the course of a moderate life; he is of the 
 opinion that there neither has been nor will be, from 
 cultivation or other common cause, such reduction of 
 heat or cold as others fancy there has been, while the 
 tropical winds are brought on our Coast with the Gulph 
 Stream and the Northern Lakes are covered by ice near 
 half the year. Nor does he believe that an exchange 
 for the climate of any other habitable part of the Globe 
 should be desired, and this for reasons like those 
 which follow. 
 
 We have in some measure, the warm summer which 
 produces such rapid vegetation in part of Russia sub- 
 ject to greater cold, and our Markets present in their 
 seasons the hardy Apple and Potatoe and the tender 
 Apricot and Cauliflower. The quality of our water 
 fowl and fish is excellent, particularly the wild Duck, 
 Mackarel and Shell Fish, which last seem to grow in 
 quantity with our growth. Long after our Town was 
 laid out, the Inhabitants were taxed to raise premiums 
 for killing Beasts and Birds of prey, which it was the 
 interest of every body to destroy, and with them have 
 partially disappeared the Deer, Pheasants or Partridges 
 and Quails, but of the latter we have occasionally a 
 great abundance even from Baltimore County, as well 
 as veal and butter; our venison comes from the upper 
 branches of the Potomac, from whence also we receive 
 
ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 2 91 
 
 1829] 
 
 the greatest quantity of good Beef and Mutton either 
 slaughtered or on the hoof, and though immense droves 
 of Hogs are sent here from the borders of the Ohio, we 
 esteem the Bacon raised and cured in the neighborhood 
 and other side of the Bay equal to the most celebrated 
 of France or Germany. Our White Wheat and Yel- 
 low Tobacco, both lighter in substance as they are in 
 color, command the highest prices. We receive by water 
 great quantities of Coal and Fire-wood, of which the use 
 is nearly equally divided. All these necessaries and luxu- 
 ries are less costly than formerly, for if our agricultural 
 improvements have not kept pace with the Town popu- 
 lation and consumption our means of communication 
 have; and so continuing, with the extent of Country to 
 which we have cheap access by the Bay and Rivers 
 emptying into it, we should as grateful recipients anti- 
 cipate no future deficiency. 
 
 Risen with rapidity as Baltimore has, it was not un- 
 til lately that the native Inhabitants out-numbered the 
 Foreigners, who are mostly emigrants from Germany 
 and Ireland; and whatever difference there was in the 
 complexions or figures of the Citizens before, those 
 which are now presented more generally among us, 
 bear the appearance of Americans, as if all descended 
 from a common stock, the prevalence of ruddy faces and 
 robust forms has given way to paler tints and lighter 
 persons; nor do they appear less favored with health 
 and long life, than is known to be enjoyed by the emi- 
 grants, while they preserve the temperate and industri- 
 ous habits of their ancestors. 
 
292 ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. [1829 
 
 If there is any excess in the reports of mortality from 
 the list of interments published annually, it may be 
 accounted for in the facts, that the free people of color 
 who compose the greater portion of our common labor- 
 ers and family servants, being like those who are better 
 instructed and should have more discretion, attracted 
 by the facilities, if not the mere novelties of a Town 
 life, come here from the Southern Counties, perhaps 
 as soon as they are manumitted, and almost infallibly 
 when they become aged or infirm; but at no time of 
 life, are as provident as those who have never had any 
 other dependence than that on their parents or their 
 own labor and foresight. 
 
 A view of Baltimore is best taken from the Signal 
 House, first established by the late Captain Porter with 
 the patronage of the Merchants, on one of the many 
 eminences within or bordering our City, called Federal 
 Hill, South of the Basin, to which Mr. Nelson, with 
 the like patronage has lately added a Telegraphic com- 
 munication with the Bodkin Point forming the left or 
 South side of the entrance of the River Patapsco from 
 the Bay, and from which approaching ships are disco w 
 ered long before they are to be seen from the Signal 
 House itself. From this commanding position are seen 
 the Vessels in the Harbor, the remarkable Edifices in 
 the City and the handsome Villas adjacent to it, all dis- 
 tinctly by the naked eye as if they lay at the foot of the 
 observer; and delightful is the prospect, though a sam- 
 ple only of Man’s ingenuity and industry. How much 
 more must the admiration be excited and the veneration 
 extended on turning the sight towards those immense 
 
8129] ANNALS OF BALTIMORE. 293 
 
 White Rocks which seem to have been carried many 
 miles beyond this Eddy of a Basin and their fellows of 
 original formation, by some tremendous Eruption of 
 Fire, Hurricane of Wind or Deluge of Water; and 
 beyond them at certain seasons, those illumined Balls of 
 day and night, the Sun or Moon, merging as it were 
 from a Horizon of Sea, the design, the work of another 
 and far different Intelligence and Power!! 
 
 Descending to our Annals, — The writer hopes that, 
 whatever may be their value, or however adapted 
 to Agriculture or Manufactures the situation of Mary- 
 land and the neighborhood of the City may be, the 
 Citizens will continue to cherish the Commercial Enter- 
 prize to which its rise is chiefly due and, as they hope 
 for happiness and prosperity too, they will remember 
 that, while they triumph in the increase of numbers 
 they will have to contend with the usual growth of vice 
 in populous Cities: That Laws being made by Men 
 not Men by Laws, especially in a Republic where there 
 is neither Test nor established Religion, it behooves 
 them to guard against the hypocrisy of Avarice and 
 Ambition, and seek their agents for the Government of 
 the City and elsewhere, among those who have some- 
 times set less value on private than public interest. 
 And, with submission it may be added, these will be 
 found among such only, as, believing their Works do 
 follow them, nor doubting that He who made the 
 eye and the ear will see and hear what His creatures 
 may not, feel that something may be won or lost besides 
 wealth or fame, poverty or obscurity, even here but 
 certainly, much more hereafter. 
 
The Population of Baltimore by the several Census. 
 
 790- 
 
 — 13 
 
 503 
 
 1S00 26,514 
 
 1810 46,555, 
 
 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 Votes for Mayor. 
 
 1st 
 
 Ward 
 
 4,477 
 
 5,433 
 
 496 
 
 2d 
 
 it 
 
 7,512 
 
 9,263 
 
 824 
 
 3d 
 
 «i 
 
 6,548 
 
 9,766 
 
 1050 
 
 4th 
 
 it 
 
 6,645 
 
 8,595 
 
 927 
 
 5th 
 
 a 
 
 3,091 
 
 4,026 
 
 563 
 
 6th 
 
 it 
 
 3,469 
 
 4,146 
 
 552 
 
 7th 
 
 ti 
 
 3,460 
 
 3,937 
 
 458 
 
 8th 
 
 tt 
 
 3,592 
 
 4,937 
 
 595 
 
 9th 
 
 tt 
 
 3,579 
 
 4,686 
 
 537 
 
 10th 
 
 it 
 
 6,119 
 
 7,508 
 
 777 
 
 11th 
 
 tt 
 
 5,882 
 
 6,717 
 
 763 
 
 12th 
 
 tt 
 
 8,364 
 
 11,611 
 
 1175 
 
 
 
 62,738 
 
 80,625 
 
 8,717 
 
 The second and third columns show the increase general, and 
 the fourth column that, of the whole population, more than one- 
 tenth are entitled to and exercise the right of suffrage. 
 
 The numbers in 1830, classed by sex and color, viz: 
 
 Free White Males 30,021 Free White Females 31,693 
 
 Free Colored Males 6,166 Free Colored Females 8,622 
 
 Male Slaves 1,661 Female Slaves 2,462 
 
 Baltimore co. census 40,251 State of Md. ditto 446,913 
 Of which the number represented in Congress is, 405,752. 
 
 The Houses in the City in 1829, were: — one story, 1,466; 
 two stories, 8,189; three or more stories, 2,143; total, 12,798, 
 of which above 10,000 are of brick. 
 
 Paupers relieved, monthly City average 409 
 “ “ County “ 47 
 
 Strangers “ “ 67 
 
 Aggregate expense, including Pensions of 156 persons, $27 33 
 cents per head. 
 
 The number of Marriage Licences, City and County, 909; 
 but it does not include all the marriages, since it is still lawful to 
 marry by publication of banns, and the colored people, bond and 
 free, are married without either formality. 
 
 Interments. — Males 985 Females 864 Total 1849; includ- 
 ing Colored, 529; or 429 Free, and 100 Slaves; of whom there 
 were also under 21 years, 993; above 70, 106. 
 
Revenue of the City of Baltimore, from Taxes, Rents, Auctions, Licences, fines, &c. from its Incorporation 
 
 in gross, annually. 
 
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Wheat Flour Inspected since the Incorporation of the City . 
 
 Yrs. 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 1-2 Bbls. 
 
 Yrs. 
 
 Bbls. 
 
 1-a Bbls. 
 
 1798 
 
 247,046 
 
 17,612 
 
 1815 
 
 381,580 
 
 13,525 
 
 1799 
 
 264,211 
 
 18,639 
 
 1816 
 
 387,780 
 
 14,392 
 
 1800 
 
 265,797 
 
 15,227 
 
 1817 
 
 392,676 
 
 12,215 
 
 1801 
 
 349,749 
 
 19,604 
 
 1818 
 
 434,865 
 
 19,052 
 
 1802 
 
 358,705 
 
 21,857 
 
 1819 
 
 454,469 
 
 22,468 
 
 1803 
 
 396,178 
 
 21,060 
 
 1820 
 
 570,551 
 
 23,004 
 
 1804 
 
 255,232 
 
 11,223 
 
 1821 
 
 469,920 
 
 27,766 
 
 1805 
 
 326,988 
 
 17,007 
 
 1822 
 
 413,231 
 
 33,461 
 
 1806 
 
 342,425 
 
 16,698 
 
 1823 
 
 427,366 
 
 30,204 
 
 1807 
 
 479,429 
 
 21,542 
 
 1824 
 
 529,568 
 
 30,664 
 
 1808 
 
 255,191 
 
 5,984 
 
 1825 
 
 497,311 
 
 25,510 
 
 1809 
 
 413,169 
 
 20,219 
 
 1826 
 
 583,671 
 
 25,355 
 
 1810 
 
 354,259 
 
 19,392 
 
 1827 
 
 561,259 
 
 22,921 
 
 1811 
 
 516,269 
 
 27,566 
 
 1828 
 
 537,010 
 
 18,882 
 
 1812 
 
 537,988 
 
 29,423 
 
 1829 
 
 466,144 
 
 15.149 
 
 1813 
 
 285,466 
 
 11,854 
 
 1830 
 
 587,875 
 
 19,865 
 
 1814 
 
 154,816 
 
 2,699 
 
 
 
 
 Other Inspections , from 1811 to 1823, inclusive . 
 
 Yrs. 
 
 Pork. 
 
 bbls. 
 
 Beef. 
 
 bbls. 
 
 Herrings. 
 
 bbls. 
 
 Shad. Lard, 
 
 bbls. kegs & casks 
 
 Butter. 
 
 kegs. 
 
 Domestic Spts. 
 galls. 
 
 1811 
 
 10,847 
 
 2,364 
 
 33,711 
 
 5,338 
 
 5,070 
 
 3,437 
 
 985,941 
 
 1812 
 
 6,590 
 
 5,386 
 
 43,096 
 
 5,556 
 
 5,362 
 
 2,439 
 
 977,031 
 
 1813 
 
 2,722 
 
 1,898 
 
 23,118 
 
 2,706 
 
 2,626 
 
 1,872 
 
 788,139 
 
 1814 
 
 3,488 
 
 902 
 
 18,903 
 
 2,907 
 
 1,461 
 
 1,539 
 
 726,099 
 
 1815 
 
 3,970 
 
 4,284 
 
 25,401 
 
 3,861 
 
 5,465 
 
 5,305 
 
 767,910 
 
 1816 
 
 8,477 
 
 3,315 
 
 45,799 
 
 5,950 
 
 3,933 
 
 6.677 
 
 994,581 
 
 1817 
 
 7,776 
 
 6,631 
 
 51,353 
 
 6,379 
 
 5,105 
 
 7j374 
 
 954,460 
 
 1818 
 
 14,836 
 
 4,605 
 
 56,452 
 
 7,028 
 
 4,686 
 
 3,504 
 
 1,545,720 
 
 1819 
 
 8,746 
 
 4,529 
 
 61,365 
 
 11,672 
 
 6,823 
 
 4,798 
 
 1,487,052 
 
 1820 
 
 8,685 
 
 5,001 
 
 41,452 
 
 7,658 
 
 6,130 
 
 5,410 
 
 1,427,796 
 
 1821 
 
 12,964 
 
 4,458 
 
 46,663 
 
 8,771 
 
 5,229 
 
 1,641 
 
 1,399,647 
 
 1822 
 
 9,992 
 
 2,379 
 
 36,526 
 
 6,595 
 
 15,101 
 
 7,302 
 
 1,578,030 
 
 1823 
 
 7,374 
 
 2,709 
 
 47,222 
 
 6,862 
 
 9,027 
 
 8,502 
 
 1,046,442 
 
Corrected Summary Statement of the Water Power to drive Machinery, within the circumference of a circle of 
 
 twenty miles radius around the City of Baltimore . 
 
 By Lewis Brantz, Esq. 
 
 Names of the Streams | Within 10 miles of Baltimore | Beyond 10 and within 20 miles of Balt. | 
 
 Total power 
 of the streams 
 within twenty 
 miles expressed 
 in spindles. 
 
 0000000000 
 0000000000 
 ©.©©„©©© 0,0 0 , 0 , 
 HOW iO o' cT Tji' cT TjT to 
 C5 O QO CO M r( WOO 
 
 to rH rH I — 1 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 © 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 iH 
 
 Aggregate capacity of the stream 
 expressed in 
 
 *J9AiO & 9SJ0JJ 
 
 O O O OOO 
 
 C5 oj cm so wow 
 
 «> Ot to to 
 
 of 
 
 
 XjauiqoBOJ juepuaddB oqj 
 Suipnpai S9[pujds uohoq 
 
 339.000 
 
 484.000 
 82,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 104.000 
 
 106.000 
 
 | 971,000 
 
 •saaojsniai j93j 9 jo jibj 
 
 co 
 
 OJ Ol CO 10 C« CO 
 
 05 •H' Tji <?* tO tO 
 
 CO Gt 
 
 
 UB9A 
 
 ajoqAi aqj Surjnp ‘sauojsniui 
 jaaj xis died jaqrana u9ai3 b 
 
 9Atjp OJ J98J 0AJ9MJ JO \[MJ B 
 qiiAv ‘UTB9IJS 9qj JO Xiioedeo 
 
 S, 3 3 5 ~ ~ 
 
 C* tO ct 
 
 rH CO rH 
 
 10 OJ rj* o? 
 
 
 •}99j at HBJ jo junouie jbjoj, 
 
 (MHO O' OOO 
 
 0 CO to to to CO to 
 
 — CM Ct HHW 1 
 
 
 Aggregate capacity of the stream 
 expressed in 
 
 uoaioj 9SJ0JJ 
 
 OO OOOO 
 
 CO CO CO cm to C* 
 
 t- CO ^ to 
 
 rH 
 
 
 £i9mqoBtn juBpaaddB oqj 
 3uipnpui sajpuids uojjoq 
 
 352.000 
 66,000 
 
 86,000 
 
 124.000 
 10,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 ci 
 
 n« 
 
 CO 
 
 S9U0JSHIUI J99JXIS JO JIBJ 
 
 CO CO CO <M to CM 
 
 t— CO ^ CO 
 
 r-4 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 MB9£ 9[OqAV 
 aqj Sounp sauojsniin jaaj 
 xis JiBd jo jaqranu u9A|2 b 
 9AIJp*0J ‘*aaj OApMJ JO [IBJ B 
 miAt ‘U1B9JJS oqj JO XjiDBdeo 
 
 11 pair 
 
 11 « 
 
 2 “ 
 
 2 “ 
 
 0 2-5 « 
 
 0 1-5 “ 
 
 
 •j99j ui jjbj jo janoniB jbjoj, 
 
 CO CO 05 (M O CD 
 
 C5 CO to t— to O 
 
 iH CtCOHH 
 
 
 / 
 
 Patapsco Falls, - - - - 
 Great Gunpowder Falls, 
 Little Gunpowder Falls, 
 Jones’ Falls, ----- 
 
 Herring Run, 
 
 Union Run, ----- 
 
 Winter’s Run, 
 
 Patuxent, West Branch, - 
 Patuxent, North Branch, - 
 
 |Totals. 
 
 •99U9Jaj9H jo - 60 ^ 
 
 HCtCOHiOIOt-00 05 0 
 
 
Stock of Maryland in the Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
 
 Road Company, $500,000 00 
 
 of which 150,000 is paid. 
 
 Ditto do. in Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Co. 500,000 00 
 Ditto do. “ “ deferred paid 174,494 44 
 
 Ditto do. in Baltimore and Susquehannah Rail 
 
 Road Company, 100,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Co. paid 50,000 00 
 Ditto do. in Baltimore and Frederick Turnpike Co. 10,000 00 
 Ditto do. in Baltimore and York Turnpike Co. 5,000 00 
 Ditto do. in Union Manufacturing Co. 10,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Bank of Baltimore 174,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Mechanics’ Bank 46,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Union Bank of Maryland 31,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Commercial & Farmers’ Bank of Balt. 26,666 66 
 
 Ditto do. in Farmers’ &> Merchants’ Bank of Balt. 15,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Franklin Bank of Balt. 15,000 00 
 
 Ditto do. in Marine Bank of Balt. 10,000 00 
 
 Maryland it is stated, has Expended in Baltimore, 
 
 
 
 on the Hospital 
 
 50,400 00 
 
 Ditto 
 
 do. 
 
 University 
 
 45,500 00 
 
 Ditto 
 
 do. 
 
 Penitentiary 
 
 184.538 00 
 
 Ditto 
 
 do. 
 
 Tobacco Warehousesl70, 000 00 
 
 The Treasurer of the Western Shore received, from December 
 1st 1829, to December 1st 1830. 
 
 From Auctions 34,010 00 Lotteries 18,437 00 
 
 Tobacco Inspection 27,601 00 Dividends of Banks 31,283 00 
 
 Ordinary Licences 23,000 00 Marriage Licences 7,066 00 
 
 Traders’ Licences 18,368 00 Wharfage 1,561 00 
 
 Fines &, Forfeitures 4,293 00 
 
 Total 165,712 of which at least 7-8 or 144,998 from Baltimore. 
 1829 Imports, 
 
 Exports, American produce in 
 
 American Ships 3,136,053 
 
 Ditto Foreign ditto 425,401 
 
 Do. Foreign produce in Am. Ships 895,978 
 Do. do. in Foreign do. 81,676 
 
 4,128,271 
 | 3,561,454 
 
 | 977,654 
 
 3 
 
 vr 
 
 1830 Balance of Permanent Registered Tonnage 
 11 Temporary do. do. 
 
 11 Enrolled do. do. 
 
 " Licences under 20 tons do. 
 
 " Enrolled Steam Vessels do. 
 
 Vessels, American and Foreign cleared for abroad 313 
 Hospital Money 2,948 
 
 4,539,108 
 27,629 
 4,953 
 12,767 
 398 
 4,861 
 
 9T 
 
 « 
 
 fi 
 
 65 
 
The Export of Pot and Pearl Ashes is very irregular, some years none, and not exceeding 50 Tons in any. 
 
Annual Receipts into the Treasury from 
 Baltimore for 14 years. 
 
 the 
 
 Post Office of 
 
 1817 
 
 - 43,183 43* 
 
 1824 
 
 _ 
 
 36,069 38 
 
 1818 
 
 45,377 66* 
 
 1825 
 
 . 
 
 40,036 48 
 
 1819 
 
 43,541 47 
 
 1826 
 
 . 
 
 41,703 30* 
 
 1820 
 
 36,201 03 
 
 1827 
 
 . 
 
 43,038 67* 
 
 1821 
 
 33,402 74 
 
 1828 
 
 . 
 
 45,382 25^ 
 
 1822 
 
 35,166 66* 
 
 1829 
 
 . 
 
 46,795 795 
 
 1823 
 
 34,924 30 
 
 1830 
 
 - 
 
 48,374 18 
 
 Principal 
 
 Expenditures of the United Slates at or for Baltimore, 
 
 being for the following objects. 
 
 Fort M’Henrv, on Patapsco - 
 Lazaretto, opposite the Fort - 
 Arsenal at Pikeville - 
 
 Custom House - 
 
 Frigate Constellation, Ordinance, &c. - 
 
 “ Insurgente, repaired ... 
 
 Sloop Baltimore - 
 
 “ Montezuma - 
 “ Maryland - 
 
 “ Patapsco - 
 
 Frigate Java .... (say) 
 
 Sloop Ontario - - - “ 
 
 “ Erie 
 
 Cutters, Gun Boats and Flotillas (estimate) - “ 
 
 Light Houses at North Point (2 towers) Bodkin, Pool’s Island 
 (with a bell) Thomas’ and Cove Points, Smith’s Island, 
 and Floating Light at Hooper’s Straights, & Buoys (say) 70,000 00 
 Surveys of Harbor, Roads and Canals - - (say) 15,000 00 
 
 Annual expense of repairs and Artillery-men at Fort and Ar- 
 senal (per estimate) . - - 35,000 00 
 
 Seamen at Float Light, repairing and furnishing Lights, in- 
 cluding Salaries of Keepers - 10,000 00 
 
 Seamen (say 1830, 35) at Hospital - 3,929 00 
 
 Revenue Cutter, Repairs and Crew - - (say) 10,000 00 
 
 Cordage, Canvass, Copper, Bread, Whiskey, and other stores 
 
 bought for the Army or Navy - 60,000 00 
 
 Mail Carriages, per contracts, estimated at the amount of the 
 payments to the Treasury from the Post Office of Bal- 
 timore, for 1830 - - - 48,374 00 
 
 Revolutionary and other Pensioners paid in the same year (say) 21,500 00 
 
 How far the expenditures of the United States on the great West Road, 
 called the Cumberland Road, and on the Canals leading in and out of the 
 Chesapeake Bay, may be useful to Baltimore, is not now susceptible of cal- 
 culation, and may ever remain wholly conjectural. 
 
 131.000 00 
 11,600 00 
 80,000 00 
 70,000 00 
 
 314,212 00 
 53,480 00 
 56,277 00 
 55,732 00 
 
 70.000 00 
 73,104 00 
 
 275.000 00 
 
 75.000 00 
 75,000 00 
 
 200.000 00 
 

 
 
 
 . I 
 
 
 
 
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 7«0 OOSV 
 
 
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 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 V- 
 
 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 NO V 2 
 
 > 2009 
 
 
 
 NOV 2 9 
 
 2009 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY PRODUCTS, INC. #859-5503 
 
BOSTON COLLEGE