I % ' V •V \ \ SECOND LATIN BOOK; COMPRISING A HISTORICAL LATIN READER, Mill Mb imii Halts far tonsldiiig; AND AN EXERCISE-BOOK, ■V \ N * DEVELOPING A COMPLETE ANALYTICAL SYNTAX, IN A SERIES OF LESSONS AND EXERCISES, INVOLVING THE CONSTRUCTION, ANALYSIS AND EECONSTEUCTION OF LATIN SENTENCES. BY ' ALBERT HARKNESS, P. D., PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN BROWN UNIVERSITY. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., 443 & 445 BEOADWAY. 1866. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, Dy D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New*York. 155378 PREFACE. The volume now offered to tlie public is designed to be at once a Reader and an Exercise Book. It is in its plan and arrangement especially adapted to follow, in tlie course of clas¬ sical study, tbe author’s edition of Arnold’s First Latin Book, and accordingly presupposes that the pupil has, by the use of that or some similar work, or at least by the study of Latin grammar, become familiar with the common forms and inflec¬ tions of the language. Starting from this point, it aims to introduce the learner to a true knowledge and appreciation of the structure and spirit of the Latin tongue; and thus to prepare him to enter with success and pleasure upon the consecutive study of some Latin author. It is a matter of regret that classes are often put upon the study of Caesar or Virgil, before they have acquired sufficient knowledge of the structure and idioms of the language to prepare them for any just appreciation of those authors. No¬ thing tends more to lower the standard of true and accurate classical scholarship. To explain more fully the plan of the present work, the author begs leave to specify the following points which are believed to be among its leading characteristics: 1. The Latin, which comprises the reading lessons, pre¬ sents a brief epitome of Roman and Grecian history, and will furnish the pupil with a multitude of facts and incidents at once interesting and instructive. iv PKEFACE. 2. The lessons and exercises, which are carefully adapted to the Latin text and are designed to be studied in connection with it, aim both to develop a complete analytical Syntax and to present a distinct picture of the Latin sentence in all the marked varieties of its form. 3. The analvsis of the structure of the Latin sentence, is designed to be at once simple and symmetrical.* While it aims to follow closely the growth of the simple sentence from its essential elements to its more expanded forms, while it marks the various ways in which these forms combine with each other, giving rise to a variety of complex and compound sentences, and yet further as it traces the combinations of these again with still others of any of the varieties just mentioned, it recognizes only a few well-defined and leading principles per¬ vading and controlling all these changes—principles which the youngest pupil will readily understand and successfully apply. 4. The exercises consist of three distinct parts; viz., 1st. A selection of Latin sentences, illustrative of the par¬ ticular subject of the lesson. These are taken principally from the Latin text, and are designed to be carefully analyzed. 2d. An exercise in changing and reconstructing Latin sentences; in answering historical questions in Latin; or in forming new sentences on given models,—an exercise which the author has found eminently successful both in awakening interest and in giving the learner power and facility in the use of the language. 3d. Translations of English into Latin. The sentences here used are, as far as practicable, conversational, and relate to the historical facts and incidents learned from the reading lessons, thus securing to the pupil a degree of interest and profit which could scarcely be expected from any set exercises on miscella¬ neous subjects. 5. Rules designed to aid the pupil in recognizing the idi¬ oms of the language and in rendering them into good English PREFACE. V are inserted in the volume, and constantly used by means of reference in the notes. This, it is hoped, will not only save the teacher much labor, but will afford him the pleasure of listening to translations comparatively free from those foreign idioms which too often mar the beauty and correctness even of the early efforts of the young student in translating Latin and Greek. In the preparation of the present work, the author has resorted freely to whatever sources of information were within his reach. He has had before him numerous Grammars of the Latin, Greek, and English languages, editions of Latin authors, works on the structure of language, and on the general subject of Philology. Among the Latin Grammars which have come under his notice, the German of Kritz and Berger deserves special mention, as having furnished important aid in the de¬ velopment of the structure and analysis of the Latin sentence. The Latin has been selected from Arnold’s Historiae Anti- quae Epitome, founded on the Lateinisch.es Elementarbuch of Professors Jacobs and Boring. It consists, with a few unim¬ portant exceptions, of selections from the Latin historians, Eutropius, Justin, and Cornelius hTepos. The work of Eutropius was really an abridgment, founded on “the best authorities, and is, in style, plain, concise, and simple:” Justin’s history is made up mainly of selections from Trogus Pompeius, who lived and wrote in the Augustan age; while Nepos belongs to the same period, and was at once the contemporary and friend of Cicero. In the arrangement of the volume, the Roman history is placed before the Grecian, not only because the former is more simple in style, but also because, in the study of Latin, the history of Rome justly claims an earlier attention than that of Greece. The present volume is designed to be used in connection with some Latin grammar; for the purposes of those, however, VI PREFACE. who do not intend to pursue the study to any considerable extent, the summary of Grammar contained in the author’s edition of Arnold’s First Latin - Book may be found sufficient. Accordingly in the preparation of the notes, such grammatical points as seemed to require notice have been explained mainly by appropriate references to the First Latin Book, to the Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard, and to that of Zumpt; thus adapting the notes to the convenience of all who use either of the above works. The author is happy in this connection to acknowledge his obligations to his friends who have aided him in this work; especially to Professors J. L. Lincoln and S. S. Greene of Brown University, for their generous interest in his efforts, and for the valuable suggestions with which they have kindly favored him. With the above statement of the design and plan of the work, the author now commits it to classical teachers, and to the public generally, in the hope that it may not be found unworthy of a share, at least, of the marked favor with which they have been pleased to receive his former work. A. HARKNESS. Providence, April, 1853. i ^pp CONTENTS. READING LESSONS. ROMAN HISTORY. Period. I. Italian and Roman Kings . . • Roman Struggles and Conquests Roman Triumphs .... Civil Dissensions .... Roman Empire .... GRECIAN HISTORY. Traditionary Greece Grecian Triumphs .... Civil Wars in Greece . . . % Graeco-Macedonian Empire . Decline of Grecian Power LESSONS AND EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. Introduction . . . . ^ . . .75 CHAPTER I. SIMPLE SENTENCES. Lesson. L Principal Elements of Sentences; Subject and Predicate.— Declarative Sentences . . . . .78 IL Subordinate Elements; Modifiers . . . ' 80 87 . 40 45 . 54 65 Page. . 1 7 . 14 22 . 82 Vlll CONTENTS. Lesson. Page. TTT. Elements of Sentences, continued.—Interrogative and Imperative Sentences . . • .83 IV. Simple Subject . . . • .85 V Complex Subject.—Modifier; Simple . . .87 YI. Complex Subject.—Modifier, Complex . 91 YIl. Simple Predicate . . . . .93 YIII. Complex Predicate.—Direct Object; Simple . 95 IX. Complex Predicate.—Direct Object; Complex . 97 X. Complex Predicate.—Indirect Object; Simple or Com¬ plex ...... 99 XI. Complex Predicate.—Demote Object; Genitive . 101 XIL Complex Predicate.—Remote Object; Ablative 104 XIII. Complex Predicate.—Direct Object with Attributive Accusative . . . . . .106 XIY Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects; two Accu¬ satives ...... 109 XY. Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects; Accusative and Dative . . . . . .111 XYI. Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects ; Accusative and two Datives ..... 113 XYII. Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects; Accusative and Genitive ...... 115 XYIIL Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects; Accusative and Ablative . . . . .117 XIX. CompUx Predicate.—Combined Objects ; two Datives 119 XX. Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects; Dative and Ablative . . . *' . . 121 XXL Complex Predicate.—Adverbial Attribute; Adverbs . 122 XXII. Complex Predicate.—Adverbial Expressions of Man¬ ner, Means, &o. . . . . . 126 XXTTT. Complex Predicate.—Adverbial Expressions of Time . 129 XXIY. Complex Predicate.—Adverbial Expressions of Place 131 XXY. Complex Predicate.—Oblique Cases with Preposition? as Adverbial Expressions . . .134 CONTENTS. IX Lesson. Page. XXYL Complex Substantive-Predicate.—Modifier; Objective or Attributive . . . .137 XXYII. Complex Adjective-Predicate.—Modifier; Objective or Attributive . . . . .139 XXYIIL Complex Adjective-Predicate.—Modifier; Complex 142 XXIX. Elements of Sentences.—Recapitulation . 144 CHAPTER II COMPLEX SENTENCES. § 1.—Complex Sentences ; unabridged. XXX. Sentence as Subject ..... 152 XXXL Sentence as Predicate . . . .157 XXXH. Sentence as Modifier of Subject or other Noun . 160 < r- XXXHI. Accusative with Infinitive, or Sentence with Quod as Object ...... 165 XXXIY. Dependent Question as Object . . .168 XXXY. Sentence with ut or ne as Object.—Indirect Object 170 XXXYI. Adverbial Attributive-Sentences .—Place . 174 XXXYH. Adverbial Attributive-Sentences .—Time . .377 XXXYHI. Adverbial Attributive-Sentences .—Cause . 182 XXXIX Adverbial Attributive-Sentences.— -Cause; Condition and Concession . . . . .185 C/ » XL. Adverbial Attributive-Sentences .—Manner ; Conse¬ quence and Comparison . . . 191 XLL Complex and Compound Sentences as ‘Elements of other Sentences . . . . .194 § 2.— Complex Sentences ; abridged. XLIL Principal Elements, Abridged . . . .198 XLHL Modifier of Subject or other Noun, Abridged . 202 XLIY. Object of Predicate, Abridged . . . 206 XLY. Attribute of Predicate, Abridged .—Comparison and Participles . . . . . 210 X CONTENTS. Lesson. XLYI. Attribute of Predicate, Abridged; pines ... Paga Gerunds and Su- . 214 CHAPTER III. COMPOUND SENTENCES. 1.—Compound Sentences; unabridged. XLVII. Classes of Compound Sentences . . .218 XLVHI. Formation of Compound Sentences . . 221 § 2. Compound Sentences ; abridged. XLIX. Compound Elements.—Subjects, United . . 224 L. Compound Elements.—Predicates, United . . 228 LI. Compound Elements.—Modifiers of Subject, United . 231 LH. Compound Elements.—Objects of Predicate, United 233 LIH. Compound Elements.—Attributives of Predicate, United 235 LIV. Elements Common to Different Members . . 237 LV. Classification of Sentences.—Recapitulation . 239 Rules for Translating .... 245 Notes ...... 257 Latin-Englisu Vocabulary . . . 287 English-Latin Vocabulary . . . .327 Historical and Geographical Index . , 343 EXPLANATIONS. A. stes magno proelio superaret. ROMAN STRUGGLES AND CONQUESTS. 11 Valor of Titus Manlius Torquatus, 361 B. C. 34 Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post ur- bem conditam Galli iterum ad urbem accesserant, et quarto milliario trans Anienem fluvium consederant. Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam eximia corporis magnitudme fortissimum Romanorum ad certamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilis* simus juvenis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et posteri ejus Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. Valor of Valerius Corvus , 348 B. C.—The Gauls cease to trouble Borne. 35. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno urbis quad- ringentesimo sexto, iterum Gallus processit robore at- que armis insignis, et provocavit unum ex Komanis, ut secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus militum, obtulit; et, quum processisset armatus, corvus ei supra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, bic corvus alis et unguTbus Galli oculos verbe- ravit. Ita factum est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio interficeretur, qui bine Corvlni nomen accepit. Beginning of Samnite Wars, 343 B. C. 36. Postea Romani bellum gesserunt cum Samniti- bus, ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum bonore dictatoris profectus est. Qui quum negotii cujusdam causa Ro- mam redlret, praecepit Q. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equitum, quern apud exercitum rellquit, ne pugnam cum boste committeret. Sed ille occasionem nactus febcissime dimicavit, Samnltes delevit. Ob banc rem 12 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD II. a dictatore capitis damnatus est. At ille in urbem con- fugit, et ingenti favore militum et populi liberatus est; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est seditio, nt paene ipse interficeretur. The Roman Army is made to pass under the yoke, 321 B. G .— The Samnites are conquered , 290 B. C. 37. Duobus annis post T. Yeturins et Spurins Pos- tumius consiiles bellum adversnm Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio Theleslno, duce bostinm, in insidias induc- ti sunt. Ham ad Furculas Caudlnas Romanos pellexit in angustias, unde sese expedlre non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavit, quid facien¬ dum putaret. Ille respondit, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangerentur, aut omnes di- mittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. Pontius utrum- que consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum misit. Samnites demque post bellum undequinquaginta anno- rum superati sunt. War with Pyrrhus , 281 B. G. 38. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentlnis bellum indic¬ tum est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi Pyrrbum, Eplri regem, contra Romanos auxilium poposcerunt. Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Romani cum transmarlno hoste pugnaverunt. Missus «st contra eum consul P. Valerius Laevlnus. Hie, ✓ quum exploratores Pyrrbi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaecun- que a Romanis agerentur. 39. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum vicit. Nox proelio finem dedit. Laevlnus tamen per ROMAN STRUGGLES AND CONQUESTS. 13 noctem fugit. Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos ce- pit, eosque summo honore tractavit. Quum eos, qui in proelio interfecti fuerant, omnes adversis vulneribus et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere videret, tulisse ad coe- .lum manus dicitur cum hac voce: “Ego cum talibus yiris brevi orbem terrarum subigerem.” 40. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit; omnia ferro igneque vastavit; Campaniam depopulates est, atque ad Praeneste venit milliario ab urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad Pyrrhum de captlvis redimendis missi honorifice ab eo suscepti sunt; capti- vos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui pro- mitteret, si ad se transTret; sed a Fabricio contemptus est. 41. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admi- ratione teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissi- mum virum, qui pacem peteret ea conditione, ut Pyr¬ rhus earn partem Italiae, quam armis occupaverat, obti- neret. Romani responderunt, eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia recessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho eum interroganti, qualis ipsi Roma visa esset; respondit, se regum patriam vidisse. 42. In altero proelio cum rege Eplri commisso Pyr¬ rhus vulneratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Inter- jecto anno, Fabricius contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte venit promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi daretur. Hunc Fa¬ bricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. Tunc rex admiratus ilium dixisse fertur: “ Ille est Fabricius, qui 14 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. difficilius ab honestate, quam sol a cursu suo averti pot¬ est.” Paulo post Pyrrhus, tertio etiam proeho i'usus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam rediisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. Period III. — Roman Triumphs. FROM THE FIRST PUNIC WAR TO THE CONQUEST OF GREECE, 146 B. C. First Punic ( Carthaginian) War, 264 B. C. 43. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post ur- bem conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Sici- liam trajecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenosque, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupave- rant, superaverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cornelio Asina consulibus, in mari dimicave- runt. Duillius Carthaginienses yicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mersit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla victoria Romanis gra- tior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, quum a coena re- dlret, pueri funalia gestantes et tiblcen eum comitaren- tur. First Punic War , continued.—Invasion of Africa, 256 B. 0. 44. Paucis annis interjectis, bellum in Africam translatum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pug- na navali superatur; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navibus se recepit; Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proe- liis vicorunt, magnam vim hominum ceperunt, septua* HOMAN” TRIUMPHS. 15 ginta quatuor civitates in fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Romanis petierunt. Qnam qnum M. Atilius Regulus, Romanorum dux, dare nol- let nisi durissimis conditionibus, Carthaginienses auxi- lium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthippum mise- runt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Regulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 45. Non tamen ublque fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum ro- gaverunt, ut Romam proficisceretur, et pacem capti- vorumque permutationem a Romanis obtineret. Ille quum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum dixit, se desiisse Romanum esse ex ilia die, qua in potestatem Poenorum venisset. Turn Romanis suasit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facerent: illos enim tot casibus fractos spem nullam nisi in pace habere: tanti- non esse, ut tot millia captivorum propter se unum et pau- cos, qui ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obtinuit. Regressus igitur in Afncam crude- lissimis suppliciis exstinctus est. End of the First Punic War , 241 B. G. 46. Tandem, C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio con- sulibus, anno belli Puni'ci vicesimo tertio magnum proe- lium navale commissum est contra Liljbaeum, promon- torium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Cartha- giniensium naves captae, centum viginti quinque de- mersae, triginta duo millia hostium capta, tredeciru millia occlsa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem peti¬ erunt, eisque pax tributa est. Captlvi Romanorum, qui tenebantur a Carthaginiensibus, redditi sunt. Poe- Tii Sicilia, Sardinia, et ceteris insulis, quae inter Italiam 16 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. Africamque jacent, decesserunt, omnemque Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum est, Romanis permiserunt. Siege of Saguntum.—The Second Punic War , 218 B. C. 47. Paulo post Punicum bellum renovatum est per Hannibalem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quem pater Hamilcar novem annos natum aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in Romanos juraret. Hie annum agens vicesi- mum aetatis Saguntum, Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis amlcam, oppugnare aggressus est. Huic Romani per legatos denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Qui quum legatos admittere nollet, Romani Carthagmem mise- runt, ut mandaretur Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. Dura responsa a Carthagini- ensibus reddita. Saguntinis interea fame victis, Roma¬ ni Carthaginiensibus bellum indixerunt. Hannibal crosses the Alps , 218 B. C.—Battles of the Ticlmts , Tre- bia , and Lake Trasimenus.—Battle of Cannae , 216 B. C. 48. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyrenaeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam oo- toginta millia peditum, et viginti millia equitum, septem et triginta elepbantos abduxisse. Interea multi Ligu- res et Galli Hannibali se conj unxerunt. Primus ei oc- currit P. Cornelius Scipio, qui, proelio ad Ticlnum commisso, superatus est, et, vulnere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus conflixit ad Trebi- am amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Multi populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam progressua Flaminium consulem ad Trasimenum lacum superat. Ipse Flaminius interemptus, Romanorum viginti quin- que millia caesa sunt. ROMAN TRIUMPHS. 17 49. Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post ur- bem conditam L. Aemilius Panllus et P. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam in- tellectum erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse quam mora, Yarro tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in Apnlia pugnavit; ambo consoles victi^Paullus interemptns est. In ea pngna consulates aut praetorii viginti, senatores triginta capti aut occisi; militum quadraginta millia, equitum tria millia et quin- genti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nunquam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt. 50. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Pomanis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal Romanis obtiilit, ut captivos redimerent; re- sponsumque est a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armati capi potuissent. Hos omnes ille postea ya- riis suppliciis interfecit, et tres modios aureoruin annu- lorum Carthaginem misit, quos manibus equitum Ro- manorum, senatorum, et militum detraxerat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis, Hasdrubal, qui ibi re- manserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus vincitur, perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hominum. 51. Anno quarto postquam Hannibal in Italiam yenerat, M. Claudius Marcellus consul apud Holam, civitatem Campaniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugna¬ vit. Illo tempore Philipjius, Demetrii filius, rex Mace- doniae, ad Hannibalem legatos mittit, elque auxilia contra Romanos pollicetur. Qui legati quum a Roma¬ nis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus cum navibus missus est, qui regem impedlret, quo minus copias in 18 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. Italiam trajiceret. Idem in Macedoniam penetrans re* gem Philippum vicit. 52. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Mar¬ cellas magnam liujns insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni occupaverant; Syracusas, nobilissimam urbem, expug- navit, et ingentem inde praedam Romam misit. Lae vlnus in Macedonia cum Pkilippo et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit; et in Siciliam profectus Han- nonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agrigentum cepit; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, yiginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta, cum ingenti glo¬ ria Romam regressus est. 53. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones ab Hasdrubale interfecti erant. missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Romanorum omnium fere primus. Hie, puer duodeviginti annorum, in pugna ad Tielnum, pa- trem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum Italiam desercre cupientium, auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. Yiginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispa¬ niam missus, die, qua venit, CartbagTnem Hoyam ce¬ pit, iu qua omne aurum et argentum et belli apparatum Poeni kabebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Hos obsides parentibus suis red¬ didit. Quare omnes fere Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno animo transierunt. 54 :. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies laetiores factae sunt. Hasdriibal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, apud Senam, Piceni civitatem, in in- sidias incidit, et strenue pugnans occlsus est. Plunmac autem civitates, quae in Bruttiis ab Hannibale teneban- tur, Romanis se tradiderunt. ROMAN TRIUMPHS. 19 55. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han¬ nibal venerat, Scipio consul orcatus, et in Africam mis¬ sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Cartliaginien- sium, prospere pugnat, totumque ejus exercitum delet. Secundo proelio undecim millia hommurn occldit, et castra cepit cum quatuor millibus et quingentis militi- bus. Syphacem, Numidiae regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, eumque cum nobilissimis Numidis et infmltis spoliis Eomam misit. Qua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensi- bus in Africam redlre jubetur. Ita anno decimo septi- mo Italia ab Iiannibale liberata est. Battle of Zama, 202 B. G. 56. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tentatam, pugna ad Zamam committitur, in qua peri- tissimi duces copias suas ad bellum eaucebant. Scipio victor recedit; Hannibal cum paucis equitibus evadit. * Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam rediisset, ingenti gloria tri- umphavit, atque Africanus appellatus est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum unde- vicesimum quam coeperat. War with Philip .— Cynoscephalae , 197 B. C. 57. Finlto Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicum contra Philippum regem. Superatus est rex a T Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, paxque ei data est his legibus: ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani contra eum defenderant, bellum inferret; ut captlvoa ct transfugas redderet; quinquaginta solum naves ha- beret ; reliquas Romanis daret; mille talenta praesta- 20 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. ret, et obsidem daret filium Demetrium. T. Quinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intulit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem yicit. War with Antiochus , 192 B. G. 58. Finito bello Macedonico, secuturn est bellum Syriacum contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hanni¬ bal se junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio consul, cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus est additus. Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magnesiam, Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Sci- pione coDsule ingenti proelio fusus est. Turn rex An¬ tiochus pacem petit. Data est ei hac lege, ut ex Euro- pa et Asia recederet, atque intra Taurum se contineret, decern millia talentorum et viginti obsides praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Eomam rediit, et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Homen et ipse, ad imitationem fratris, Asiatici accepit. War with Perseus. — Pydna , 168 B. C. 59. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Eo- manorum, P. Licinius consul, contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus est. Eex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Eomani earn praestare noluerunt, nisi his conditio- nibus, ut se et suos Eomanis dederet. Mox Aemilius Paullus consul regem ad Pydnam superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occidit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. LTrbes Macedoniae omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Eomanis se dediderunt. Ipse Perseus ab amicis desertus in Paulli potestatem venit. Hie, multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Eomam rediit in nave Per- ROMAN TRIUMPHS. 21 sei, inusitatae magnitudinis; nam sedecim remorum ordines habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnificentis- sime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- tibus. Ante currum inter captlvos duo regis Ulii et ipse Perseus ducti sunt. Third Punic War, 149-6 B. C. 60. Tertium deinde bellum contra Cartbaginem susceptum est sexcentesimo et altero anno ab urbe con- dita, anno quinquagesimo primo postquam secundum bellum Punicum transactum erat. L. Marcius Censo- rlnus et M. Manlius consules in Africam trajecerunt, et oppugnaverunt Cartbaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus in Africa militabat. Hujus apud omnes in gens metus et reverentia erat, neque quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam contra eum proelium committere. 61. Quum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, ter- tio anno postquam Eomani in Africam trajecerant, con¬ sul est creatus, et contra Cartbaginem missus. Is banc urbem a civibus acernme defensam cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi praeda facta, plurimaque inyenta sunt, quae multarum civitatum excidiis Carthago collegerat. Haee omnia Scipio civitatibus Italiae, Siciliae, Africae red¬ didit, quae sua recognoscebant. Ita Carthago scptin- gente3imo anno, postquam condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris accepit. Corinth taken , 146 B. C. 62 . Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus arma movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad 22 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IV. internecionem vicit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et, viginti quinque millibus ex militibus ejus occisis, Ma- cedoniam recepit; ipsum etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corinthiis quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae civitati, propter in- juriam Romanis legatis illatam. Hanc Mummius con¬ sul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae simul celeberri- mi triumphi fuerunt; Scipionis ex Africa, ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal; Metelli ex Macedonia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophi- lippus dicitur; Mummii ex Corintho, ante quern signa aenea et pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae orna- menta praelata sunt Period IY.— Civil Dissensions . FEOM THE CONQUEST OF GREECE TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH, 31 B. C. • War with the Lvsitanians .— Viriathus , 149 B. C. 63. Anno sexcentesimo decimo post urbem condi- tam Viriathus in Lusitania bellum contra Romanos ex- citavit. Pastor prirno fuit, mox latronum dux; pos- tremo tantos ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Ilispaniae existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Quum interfectores ejus praemium a Caepidne consiile peterent, responsum est, nunquam Romanis placuisse, imperatorem a militibus suis inter- r»w * I1C1. CIVIL DISSENSIONS. 23 Numantia taken , 133 B. 0. ■ 64. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantlnis eivitate Hispaniae. Victus ab bis Qu. Pompeius, ei post eum C. Hostilius Manclnus consul, qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, quam populus et senates jussit infrin- gi, atque ipsum Manclnum bostibus tradi. Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam missus est. Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum correxit; turn multas Hispaniae civitates -partim bello cepit, partim in dedi¬ tionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numantiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit; reliquam provin- ciam in fidem accepit. War with Jugurtha , 112 A C. 65. P. Scipione ISTasIca et L. Calpurnio Bestia con- sulibus, Jugurtbae, Namidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adberbalem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, interemisset. Missus adversus eum con¬ sul Calpurnius Bestia corruptus regis pecunia pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit,- quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Qa. Caecilius Metellus consul Jugurtham variis proeliis vicit, elepbantos ejus occldit vel cepit, multas civitates ipslus in deditionem accepit. Ei sue- cessit C. Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ipsumque Jugurtbam cepit. Ante currum triumpbantis Marii Jugurtba cum duobus filiis ductus est vinctus, ct mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatus. Social or Marsian TFar, 91 A G. 66. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab ur* be condita in Italia gravissimum bellum exarsit. Nam 24 ROHAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IY. Picentes, Marsi, Pelignlque, qui multos annos populo Bomano obedierant, aequa cum illis jura sibi dari pos- tulabant. Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Butilius consul in eo occlsus est; plures exereitus fusi fugatlque. Tandem L. Cornelius Sulla cum alia egre- gie gessit, turn Cluentium, hostium ducem, cum magnis copiis, fudit. Per quadriennium cum grayi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bellum tractum est. Quinto de- mum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei imposuit finem. Bo- mani tamen, id quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis, bello finlto, sociis tribuerunt. Mithridatic War.—First Civil War. — Marius , Sulla , 88 B. C. 67. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto primum Eomae bellum civile exortum est; eo- dem anno etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithridatem, regem Ponti, decretum esset, Marius ei liunc bonorem eripere conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui ad- buc cum legionibus suis in Italia morabatur, cum exer- citu Eomam venit, et adversaries cum interfecit, turn fugavit. Turn rebus Eomae utcunque compositis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mitbridatem coegit, ut pacem a Bomanis peteret, et Asia, quam in vaserat, relicta, regni sui finibus contentus esset. > / , . . I Civil War , continued. 68. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mitbridatem V'incit, Marius, qui fugatus fuerat, et Cornelius Cinna, unu3 ex consulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt, et in- gressi Eomam nobilissimos ex senatu et consulares vi- ros interfecerunt; multos proscripserunt; ipslus Sullae CIVIL DISSENSIONS. 25 domo eversa, filios et uxorem ad fugam compulerunt. Uni versus reliquus senatus ex urbe fugiens ad Sullarn in Graeciam venit, orans ut patriae sub venire t. Sulla in Italiam trajecit, bostium exercitus vicit, mox etiam urbem ingressus est, quam caede et sanguine civium replevin Quatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interflci jussit; duo millia equitum et senatorum pro- ecripsit. Turn de Mitbridate triumpbavit. Duo baec bella funestissima, Italicum, quod et sociale dictum est, et civile, consumpserunt ultra centum et quinquaginta millia bominum, viros consulares viginti quatuor, prae- torios septem, aedilitios sexaginta, senatores fere du- centos. Mithridatic TFar, continued. — Lucullus. 69. Anno urbis conditae sexcentssimo septuagesi- mo sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aurelio Cotta con- sulibus, mortuus est Nicomedes, rex Bitbyniae, et testa- mento populum Romanum fecit beredem. Mitbridates, pace rupta, Asiam rursus voluit invadgre. Adversus eum ambo consules missi variam babuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem victus proelio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. Sed quum se inde Mitbri¬ dates Cyzicum transtulisset, ut, bac urbe capta, totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei, alter consul, occurrit, ac dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse eum a tergo obsedit, fameque consumptum multis proe- liis vicit. Postremo Byzantium fugavit; navali quo- que proelio ejus duces oppressit. Ita una hieme et acstate a Lucullo centum fere millia militum regis ex- stincta sunt. 2 26 BOMAN HISTOBY.—PEBIOD IY. War of the Gladiators .— Spartacus , 73 B. C. 70. Anno nrbis sexcentesimo septuagesfmo octavo novum in Italia bellum commotum est. Septuaginta enim quatuor gladiatores, ducibus Spartaco, Crixo, et Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio ; qui Capuae erat, effuge runt, et per Italiam vagantes paene non levius bellum, quam Hannibal, moverunt. Ham contraxerunt exer- eitum fere sexaginta millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos consules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso proconsule, et, post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno huic bello finis est impositus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. 71. Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mitbridaticum per- secutus regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Cablra civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex ornni regno adduxerat Mithridates, ingenti proelio superatum fugavit, et castra ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque Mi¬ nor, quam tenebat, eldem erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae rege, qui turn ingenti gloria imperabat; sed hujus quoque regnum Lucullus est ingressus. Tigranocerta, nobilissimam Armeniae civitatem, cepit; ipsum regem, cum magno exercitu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum deleret. Sed quum Lucullus finem bello imponere pa* ’•aret, successor ei missus est. Pompey puts down the Pirates , 67 B. C.—Is appointed successor to Lucullus.—Death of Mithridates, 63 B. G. ... / 72. Per ilia tempora piratae omnia maria infestabant ita, ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victorfbus, sola CIVIL DISSENSIONS. 27 navigatio tuta non esset. Quare id bellum Cn. Pom peio decretum est, quod intra paucos menses incredibili felicitate et celeritate confecit. Mox ei delatum bellum contra regem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Quo suscepto, Mitbridatem in Armenia Minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et quadraginta millibus ejus occlsis, vi- ginti tantum de exerciti* suo perdidit et duos centurio- nes. Mitbridates fugit cum uxore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Pbarnacis filii sui seditione coactus, venenum bausit. Hunc vitae finem babuit Mitbrida- tes, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus: contra Ro¬ manos bellum babuit annis quadraginta. Victories of Pompey over Tigranes: he taJces Jerusalem , 63 B. C. 73. Tigrani deinde Pompeius bellum intulit. Ule se ei dedidit, et in castra Pompeii venit, ac diadema suum in ejus manibus collocavit, quod ei Pompeius re- posuit. Parte regni eum multavit et grandi pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et populos superavit. Armeni* am Minorem Deiotaro, Gralatiae regi, donavit, quia auxi- lium contra Mitbridatem tulerat. Seleuciam, viclnam Antiocblae civitatem, libertate donavit, quod regem Tigranem non recepisset. Inde in Judaeam transgres- sus, Hierosolymam, caput gentis, tertio mense cepit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occlsis, ceteris in fidem receptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante triumpbantis currum ducti sunt filii Mitbridatis, filius Tigranis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Prae- lata ingens pecunia, auri atque argenti infinitum. Hoc tempore nullum per orbem terrarum grave bellum erat 28 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD 1Y. Catiline's Conspiracy, 63 B. C. 74. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio con¬ sul ibus, anno ab urbe condita sexcentesimo undenona- gesimo L. Sergius Catillna, nobilissimi generis vir, sed ingenii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibusdam claris quidem sed audacibus viris. A Cice- rone urbe expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in car- cere strangulati sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catillna ipse proelio victus est et interfectus. Caesar Consul , 59 B. C.: in Gaul , 58 B. C. 75. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincendo usque ad Oceanum Britanmcum processit. Domuit autem annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rhodanum, Bhenum et Oceanum est. Britan- nis mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum no nomen qui¬ dem Romanorum cognitum erat; Germanos quoque trans Bhenum aggressus, ingentibus proeliis yicit. Crassus slain l>y the Parthians , 53 B. C. 76. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus con¬ tra Parthos missus est. Et quum circa Carras contra omina et auspicia proelium commisisset, a Surena, Oro- dis rogis duce, victus et interfectus est cum filio, claris- simo et praestantissimo juvene. Reliquiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. Civil War of Pompe.y and Caesar , 49 B. C. 77. Hinc jam bellum civile successit, quo Romani nominis fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e Gal* CIVIL DISSENSIONS. 29 lia rediens, absens coepit poscere alterum consulatum • qnem quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent, contra- dictum est a Pompeio et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exercitibus, in urbem redlre. Propter hanc injuriam ab Arimino, ubi milites congregates habebat, infesto exereitu Roinam contendit. Consules cum Pompeio, senatusque onmis atque universa nobilitas ex urbe fu- git, et in Graeciam transiit; et, dum senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie vacuam urbem ingressus dictatorem se fecit. Defeat of Pompefs party in Spain.—Battle of Pharsalia. 48 B. C.—Death of Pompey. 78. Inde Hispanias petit, ibique Pompeii legiones superavit; turn in Graecia adversum Pompeium ipsum dimicavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugatus; evasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius sequi noluit; dixitque Caesar, nec Pompeium scire vineere, et illo tan turn die se potuisse superari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum ingentibus utrinque copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Kunquam adhuc Romanae copiae ma- jores neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. Pugna- tum est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postremum Pompeius, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexandrlam petiit, ut a rege Aegypti, cui tutor a se- natu datus fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis quam amicitiam secutus, occldit Pompeium, ca¬ put ejus et annulum Caesari misit. Quo conspecto, Caesar lacrymas fudisse dicitur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi quondam sui. 30 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IV. Caesar assassinated in the Senate-House , 44 B. C. 79. Quum ad Alexandrlam venisset Caesar, Ptole* maeus ei insidias parare voluit, qua de causa regi hel¬ ium illatum est. Eex yictus in Nilo periit, inventum que est corpus ejus cum lorlca aurea. Caesar, Alexan* diia potltus, regnum Cleopatrae dedit. Turn inde pro- fectus Pompeianarum partium reliquias est persecutus, bellisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe compositis, Eo- mam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius agere coepisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senato- ribus, equitibusque Romanis. Praecipui fuerunt inter conjuratos Bruti duo ex gen ere illlus Bruti, qui, regibus expulsis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Servilius Casca. Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venis¬ set, viginti tribus vulnenbus confossus est. ♦ The Second Triumvirate , Octavius , Antony , and Lepidus , 43 B. C. —Death of Cicero. 80. Interfecto Caesare, anno urbis septicgentesimo nono bella eivilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Cae- saris percussonbus, Antonius consul a Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo turbata republica, Autonius, multis sce- leribus commissis, a senatu bostis judicatus est. Fusus fugatusque Antonius, amisso exercitu, confugit ad Le- pidum, qui Caesari magister equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; a quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus cum Antonio pacem fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per testamentum fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus extor- sit, ut sibi juveni viginti annorum consulatus daretur. Turn junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam ar- CIVIL DISSENSIONS. 31 mis tenere coepit, senatumque proscripsit. Per Ilos etiam Cicero orator occlsus est, multlque alii nobiles. Battle of Philippi, 42 B. G. 81. Interea Brutus et Cassius, interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Octavianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. Antonius, apud Philippos, Macedoniae urbem, contra eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et Caesar; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius; secun- do Brutum et infinltam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bel¬ lum susceperat, victam interfecerunt. Turn victores rempublicam ita inter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias, Italiam teneret; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus Africam acciperet. Battle of Actium, 31 B. G. 82. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octaviani, Cleopatram, reglnam Aegvpti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleo¬ patra cupiditate muliebri optat Romae regnare. Yictus est ab Augusto navali pugna clara et illustri apud Ac¬ tium, qui locus in Eplro est. Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et, desperatis rebus, quum omnes ad Augustum transi- rent, se ipse interemit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem sibi admlsit, et veneno ejus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus Augustus Romam rediit an¬ no duodecimo quam consul fuerat. Ex eo inde tem¬ pore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor an nos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum Anto¬ nio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus usque ad finem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 32 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD V. Period Y. — Homan Empire. FROM THE DISSOLUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH TO THE DEATH OF DOMIT1AN, THE LAST OF THE CAESARS, 96 A. D. Tiberius, 14 A. D . 83. Tiberius Nero, privignus idem ac gener heres- que Augusti, tot us ab illo di versus fuit; ingenio non solum arroganti truclque, sed etiam occulto, fingendis- que virtutibus subdolo. Principia ejus imperii mode- rata, Germamci Caesaris metu. Quo exstincto, metu solutus, mores solvit. Sed ejus*petulantiae a Livia matre, quam reverebatur, non nibil obstitum. Rege Cappadociae, per speciem amicitiae, evocato retentoque, ejus regnum in provinciam redegit. Herodem Agrip- pam, in custodiam tradidit, quia publice precatus erat, ut Caium, Germamci filium, videret Augustum. Inter haec, Livia matre demortua, in omne ruit crudelitatis genus. Drusum Caesarem, ex se genitum, affectati regni suspectum, veneno sustulit. Neronem ac Dru¬ sum, Germamci Glios, nepotes suos, fame necavit. Se- jani praefecti praetorii instinctu, Romam primorum civitatis caedibus polluit. Sed tandem ira PrincTpis in ipsum vertit crudelitatis auctorem. In Capream insu- lam quum secessisset, earn infamem reddidit sua nequi- tia luxuque. Ad ultimum, deliciis confectus, ad Mise- num exstinguitur, principatus sui anno vicesimo tertio. Caligula, 37 A. D. 84. Caius Caligula, Germamco et Agrippina gem- tus, in castris militari habitu educatus, ex eoque Cali¬ gula dictus est. Is primo quidem haud indlgnum se ROMAN EMPIRE. 33 German ico patre, ac populi Romani favore, praebuit. Sed brevi tyrannus exstitit, Tiberio immanior. Quum plurima vesanae mentis deliria edidisset, et adversum cunctos ingenti avaritia, libidine, crudelitate saevlret, interfectus in palatio est anno imperii tertio. Claudius , 41 A. D. 85. Claudius Nero, Caligulae patruus, ab eo ad lu dibrium reservatus, imperii successor fuit; bonus prin* ceps magis, quam sapiens. Britanniam et Orcadas in¬ sulas, sine proelio ac sanguine, subegit. In amlcos adeo effusus, ut A. Plautium, ob res in Britannia pros- pere gestas triumphantem, Caesar ipse prosequeretur, elque Capitolium conscendenti laevum tegeret latus. Illud dementer, quod, praeterito Britannico filio, Nero- nem privlgnum lieredem imperii fecit. Itaque privlgni fraude pater cum filio exstinguitur. Tenet fama, vene- num Claudio ab Agrippina conjuge in boleto datum. Annos imperavit quatuordecim. Nero, 54 A. D. 86. Nero, Germanici ex filia nepos, Caligulae avun- culo magis, quam avo, se similem praebuit. Agrippl- nam matrem, Octaviam conjugem, Antoniam amitam, aliosque cognatione proximos, Senecam quoque prae- ceptorem, Lucani poetae patruum, ipsumque Lucanum, necavit. Ad haec magnam urbis partem, obscuris aedibus informem, per ludum incendit, ut Trojae re- praesentaret incendium: culpam poenamque in Chris- tianos transtulit. In re militari nihil omnlno ausus, Britanniam paene amlsit. A senatu hostis judicatus, e palatio fugit, et in suburbano se liberti sui interfecit, 2 * 34 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD Y. trigesimo et altero aetatis anno, imperii quarto decimo ] atque in eo omnis familia Augnsti consumpta est. Galba , 68 A. D., Otho and Vitellius , 69 A. D. 87. Sergius Galba, Caesar ab exercitu creatus, Ne- roni successit. Sed nimia severitas breve ejus imperi- um fecit. Othonis insidiis mense septimo jugulatur. 88. Otbo Silvius. invaso imperio, baud diuturnior co, quem sustulerat, Caesar fuit. Quippe, a Yitellio, qui a Germanicis legionibus imperium acceperat, ad Cremonam levi proelio victus, voluntariam mortem op- petiit mense imperii quarto. 89. Yitellius, a Vespasiani ducibus multo cum dede¬ core captus, per urbem raptatur nudus. Tandem jugu- latus, praecipitatur in Tiberim mense imperii octavo. Vespasian, 70 A. D. 90. Yespasianus buic successit, factus apud Palaes- tlnam imperator; princeps obscure quidem natus, sed optimis comparandus. A Claudio in Germaniam, dein- de in Britanniam missus, tricies et bis cum hoste con- flixit, duas validissimas gentes, viginti oppida, insulam Yectam, Britanniae proximam, imperio Bomano adje- cit. Romae se in imperio moderatissime gessit: pecu¬ niae tantum avidior fuit, ita ut earn nulli injuste aufer- ret; quam quum omni diligentia colligeret, tamen stu- diosissime largiebatur, praecipue indigentibus. Placi- dissimae lenitatis, ut qui majestatis quoque contra se reos non facile punlret ultra exsilii poenam. Sub hoc Judaea Romano accessit imperio, et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nobilissima Palaestlnae. Acbaiam, Lyciam, Rbodum, Byzantium, Samum, quae liberae ante boo ROMAN EMPIRE. 35 tempus fuerant, item Thraciam, Ciliciam, Commagenen, quae sub regibus amlcis egerant, in provinciarum for- mam redegit. 91. Oflensarum et inimicitiarum immemor fuit: convicia, a causidicis et philosophis in se dicta, leniter tulit: diligens tamen coercitor discipllnae militaris. Hie cum Tito filio de Hierosolymis triumphavit. Per haec quum senatui et populo, postremo cunctis amabi- lis ac jucundus esset, exstinctus est in villa propria, circa Sablnos, annum aetatis agens sexagesimum no- num, imperii nonum et diem septimum: atque inter Divos relatus est. Titus, 79 A. D. 92. Huic Titus filius successit, qui et ipse Vespasia- nus est dictus ; vir omnium virtutum gen ere mirabilis adeo, ut amor et deliciae humani generis diceretur. Romae tantae civilitatis in imperio fuit, ut nullum om- nlno punlret, convictos adversum sese conjurationis ita dimiserit, ut in eadem familiaritate, qua antea, ha- buerit. Facilitatis et liberalitatis tantae fuit, ut negaret quemquam oportere tristem a principe discedere ; prae* terea quum quodam die in coena recordatus fuisset, nihil se illo die cuiquam praestitisse, dixerit: “Amici, hodie diem perdidi.” Hie Romae amphitheatrum ae- dificavit, et quinque millia ferarum in dedicatione ejus occildit. 93. Per haec inusitato favore dilectus, morbo periit in ea, qua pater, villa, post biennium, menses octo, dies viginti, quam imperator erat factus,-aetatis anno altero et quadragesimo. Tantus luctus eo mortuo publicus fuit, ut omnes tanquam in propria doluerint orbitate. ‘ 36 ROMAN HISTORY.—PERIOD Y. Senatus, obitu ipslus circa vesperam nunciato, nocte irrupit in curiam, et tantas ei mortuo laudes gratiasque congessit, quantas nec vivo unquam egerat, nec prae- senti. Inter Divos relatus est. Domitian , 81 A. D. 94. Domitianus mox accepit imperium, frater ipslus junior; Neroni, aut Caligulae, aut Tiberio similior, quarn patri, vel fratri suo. Primis tamen annis mode- ratus in imperio fuit, mox ad ingentia vitia progressus, libidTnis, iracundiae, crudelitatis, avaritiae, tantum in se odii concitavit, ut merita et patris et fratris aboleret. Interfecit nobilissTmos ex senatu : dominum se et deum primus appellari jussit: nullam sibi nisi auream et ar- genteam statuam in Capitolio poni passus est: conso- brlnos suos interfecit: superbia quoque in eo exsecra- bilis fuit. Expeditiones quatuor babuit: unam adver- sum Sarmatas; alteram adversum Cattos ; duas adver- sum Dacos. De Dacis Cattisque duplicem triumphum egit: de Sarmatis solam lauream usurpavit. Multas tamen calamitates iisdem bellis passus est. Quum ob seel era universis exdsus esse coepisset, interfectus est suorum conjuratione in palatio, anno aetatis quadrage* simo quinto, imperii quinto dectmo. Funus ejus cum ingenti dedecore per vespillones exportatum. et ignobi- litcr est sepultum. TRADITIONARY GREECE. 37 GRECIAN HISTORY. Period I.— Traditionary Greece. FROM THE FOUNDING OF ATHENS BY CECROPS, 1556 B. C., TO THE PERSIAN INVASION, 490 B. 0. The Early Kings of Attica. 95. Ante Deucalionis tempora Athenienses regem habuere Cecropem Aegyptium; quem, ut omnis anli- quitas fabulosa est, biformem tradidere,'quia primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit. Huic successit Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis regioni nomen dedit. Post hunc Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus Minervae ur- bem sacravit, et nomen civitati Athenas dedit. Hujus temporibus aquarum illuvies majorem partem populo- rum Graeciae absumpsit. Superfuerunt, qui in montes se receperunt, aut ad regem Thessaliae Deucalionem ratibus evecti sunt; a quo propterea genus humanum conditum dicitur. Per ordinem deinde successionis regnum ad Erectheum descendit, sub quo frumenti sa- tio apud Eleusin a Triptolemo reperta est. In hujus muneris honorem noctes initiorum sacratae. Tenuit et Aegeus, Thesei pater, Athenis regnum: cui quum Theseus successisset, Atticos demigrare ex agris, et in astu, quod appellatur, omnes se conferre j ussit. The Founders and first Princes of other Cities. 96. Argivorum rex primus Inachus exstitit; cujus filius Phoroneus vagos homines ac dispersos in unum coegisse locum, et moenibus legibusque sepsisse memo* ratur. Danaus, quinquaginta generis per totidem filias 38 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD I. contrucidatis, Argos occupat. Cadmus, Europae frater, literas e Phoenicia deportavit in Graeciam ; Thebas in Boeotia condidit. fthadamanthus in Lvcia, Minos in Greta, summa cum severitatis laude regnarunt. Pelops quoque, Tantali filius, Pisae rex, deductis colonis, Pelo- ponneso nomen fecit. Grecian Colonies. 97. Turn Graecia maximis concussa est motibus. Achaei, ex Lacomca pulsi, eas occupavere sedes, quas nunc obtinent: Pelasgi Athenas commigravere ; acer- que belli juvenis, nomine Thessalus, natione Thesprotius cum magna civium manu earn regionem armis occupa* yit, quae nunc ab ejus nomine Thessalia appellatur. Lycurgus , 884 B. C.: Some of his Laws. 98. Ea tempestate clarissimus Graii nominis Lycur¬ gus Lacedaemonius, vir generis regii, fuit severissima- rum justissimarumque legum auctor, et discipllnae con- venientissimae yiris: cujus quamdiu Sparta diligens fuit, excelsissime floruit. Ac primum quidem populum in obsequia principum, j'lrincipes ad justitiam imperio- rum formavit. Parsimoniam omnibus suasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione mercium jussit. Auri argentlque usum, velut omnium scelerum mate- riam, sustulit. Fundos omnium aequaliter inter omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publice jussit, ne cujus di- vitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberes in agrum deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxu¬ ria, sed in opere et laboribus agerent. Yirgines sine dote nubere jussit, ut uxores eligerentur non pecuniae. Maximum honorem senum esse voluit. Haec quoniam TRADITIONARY GREECE. 39 primo, solutis antea monbus, dura videbat esse, aitcto* rem eorum Apollinem Delphicum fingit. Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jurejurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos, prius- quam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphi- cum proficisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutan- dumque legibus videretur Deo. Proficiscitur autem Cretam, ibique perpetuum exsilium egit, abjiclque in mare ossa sua moriens jussit, ne, reliquiis suis Lacedae- monem relatis, Spartani se religione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur. Institution of the Olympic Games.—Decennial Archons at Athens. —Annual Archons. 99. Clarissimum deinde omnium ludicrum certa- men, et ad excitandam corporis animique virtutem effi- cacissimum, Oljmpiorum initium habuit, auctore Iphi- to Elio. Is eos ludos* mercatumque instituit ante annos quam Roma conderetur septuaginta. Hoc sacrum eo- dem loco instituisse fertur Atreus, quum Pelopi patri funebres ludos faceret. Quo quidem in ludicro, omnis- que generis certaminum Hercules victor exstitit. Turn Athenis perpetui Archontes esse desierunt, quum fuis- set ultimus Alcmaeon: coeperuntque in denos annos creari; quae consuetudo in annos septuaginta mansit: ac deinde annuis commissa est magistratibus respubli- ca. Ex iis, qui denis annis praefuerunt, primus fuit Charops, ultimus Eryxias; ex annuis, primus Creon. Legislation of Solon, 594 B. C. 100. Quum Draconis leges crudeliores essent, quam ut possent observari, legitur Solon, yir justitia insignis, 40 GRECIAN HISTORY,—PERIOD If. qui velut novam civitatem novis legibus conderet Quo munere ita functus est, ut et apud plebem et opti mates, diuturnis antea dissidiis agitatos, parem inlret gratiam. Hujus viri, inter multa egregia, illud quoque memorabile fuit. Inter Atbenienses et Megarenses de Salamlne insula, quam sibi uterque popillus vindicabat, prope usque ad interitum dimicatum fuerat. Post mul- tas clades acceptas, Atbenienses legem tulerunt, ne quis illud bellum reparandum proponeret. Solon igitur quum opportunitatem quandam yidisset insulae vindi* candae, dementiam simulat; habituque deformis, more vecordium, in publicum evolat; factoque concursu ho* minum, versibus suadere populo coepit, quod vetaba- tur; omniumque animos ita inflammavit, ut cxtemplo bellum adversus Megarenses decerneretur, cfc, devictis hostibus, insula Atheniensium fieret. Period II. — Grecian Triumphs. FROM THE PERSIAN INVASION TO THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, 431 B. C. Darius invades Scythia: prepares to invade Greece. 101. Multis in Asia feliciter gestis, Darius Scjtbis bellum intulit, et armatis septingentis millibus homi- num, Scythiam ingressus, quum hostes ei pugnae potes- tatem non facerent, metuens, ne interrupto ponte Istri, reditus sibi intercluderetur, amissis octoginta millibus hominum, trepidus refugit. Inde Macedoniam domuit: et quum ex Europa in Asiam rddiisset, hortantibus amlcis ut Graeciam redigeret insuampotestatem, clas- GRECIAN TRIUMPHS. 41 sem quingentarum navium comparavit, eique Datim praefecit et Artaphernen; hisque ducenta peditum mil- lia, et decern equitum dcdit, causam interserens, se hos- tem esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum anxilio Iones Sar¬ des expugnassent, suaque praesidia interfecissent. Battle of Marathon , 490 B. C. 102. Praefecti regii, classe ad Euboeam appulsa, celeriter Eretriam ceperunt, omnesqueejus gentis cives abreptos in Asiam ad regem miserunt. Inde ad Atti- cam accesserunt, ac suas copias in Campum Marathona deduxerunt. Is abest ab oppido circiter millia passuum decem. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atiieniensibus auxilio fuit, praeter Plataeenses; ea mille misit mili- tum. Itaque horum adventu decem millia armatorum completa sunt: quae manus mirabili flagrabat pugnan- di cupiditate: quo factum est, ut plus, quam collegae, Miltiades valuerit, qui unus maxime nitebatur, ut pri- mo quoque tempore dimicarent. Ejus auctoritate im- pulsi, Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque idoneo castra fecerunt; deinde postero die, sub montis radicibus, vi summa proelium commiserunt. Datis et- si non aequum locum videbat suis, tamen, fretus nu- mero copiarum suarum, confligere cupiebat; eoque magis, quod, priusquam Lacedaemonii subsidio venl- rent, dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem pe¬ ditum centum, equitum decem millia produxit, proeli- umque commlsit. In quo tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athenienses, ut decemplicem numerum hostium profli- garint; adeoque perterruerunt, ut Persae non castra, sed naves petierint. Qua pugna nihil est nobilius; nulla enim unquam tarn exigua manus tantas opes piostravit 4:2 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD II. Xerxes invades Greece , 480 B. G. 103. Quum Darius, bellum instauraturus, in ipso apparatu decessisset, filius ejus Xerxes Europam cum tantis copiis invasit, quantas neque antea neque postea babuit quisquam: hujus enim classis mille et ducenta- rum navium longarum fuit, quam duo millia oneraria- rum sequebantur: terrestres autem exercitus septin- gentorum millium peditum, equitum quadringentorum millium fuerunt. Cujus de adventu quum fama in Graeciam esset perlata, et maxime Atbenienses peti dicerentur, propter pugnam Maratboniam, miserunt Delpbos consultum, quidnam facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pytbia respondit, ut moenibus ligneis se munlrent. Id responsum quo valeret, quum intelli- geret nemo, Themistocles persuasit, consilium esse Apollinis, ut in naves se suaque conferrent: eum enim a deo significari murum ligneum. Tali consilio proba- to, addunt ad superiores totidem naves triremes: sua¬ que omnia, quae moveri poterant, partim Salamlna, partim Troezena, asportant; arcem sacerdotibus pau- cisque majoribus natu, ac sacra procuranda tradunt; reliquum oppidum relinquunt. Actions at Thermopylae and Artemisium , 480 B. <7. 104. Hujus consilium plerisque civitatibus displice- bat, et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque missi sunt delecti cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Thermopylas occuparent, longiusque barbaros progredi non paterentur. Hi vim bostium non sustinuerunt, eoque loco omnes interierunt. At classis communis Graeciae trecentarum navium, in qua ducentae erant GEECIAN TEITJMPHS. IS Atheniensium, primnm apud Artemisium, inter Euboe- am continentemque terram, cum classiariis regiis con- flixit: angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne mul- titudine cireumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio discesse- rant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Eu- boeam snperasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo. Quo factum est, ut ab Artemisio discederent, et exadversum Athenas, apud Salamina, classem suam constituerent. Battle of Salamis, 480 B. C. 105. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit astu, idque, nullis defendentlbus, interfectis sacerdotibus. quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cujus fama perterriti classiarii quum manere non aude- rent. et plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas quisque discederent moenlbusque se defenderent; Themist5- cles anus restitit, et, universos esse pares posse aiebat, disperses testabatur perituros. Idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui turn summae imperii praeerat, fore afurmabat. Quern quum minus, quam vellet, mo^ veret, noctu de servis suis, quern babuit fidelissimum, ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret suis verbis : adversarios ejus in fuga esse, qui si discessissent, majore cum labo- re, et longinquiore tempore bellum confecturum, quum singulos con sec tar i cogeretur; quos si statim aggrede- retur, brevi universos oppressurum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita, barbarus, nihil doli subesse c redens, p os tridie alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo an gusto man conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium 44 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD II. explicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis Graeciae. Xerxes flies back into Asia. 106. Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habe- bat reliquias copiarum, nt etiam cum bis opprimere posset hostes. Iterum ab eodem gradu depulsus est. Nam Themistbcles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, cer- tiorem eum fecit, id agi, ut pons, quern ille in Helles- ponto fecerat, dissolveretur, ac reditu in Asiam exclu- deretur; idque ei persuasit. Itaque, qua sex mensibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam re- versus est, seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. Sic unlus viri prudentia Grae- cia liberata est, Europaeque succubuit Asia. Haec al¬ tera victoria, quae cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo: nam pari modo apud Salamlna, parvo numero navium, maxima post bominum memoriam classis est devicta. Battles of Plataea and Mycale , 479 B. C. 107. Postero anno quam Xerxes in Asiam refuge- rat, Graeci, duce Pausania, Mardonium, regis generum, apud Plataeas fuderunt: quo proelio ipse dux cecidit, Barbarorumque exercitus interfectus est. Keprehensua Pausanias, quod ex praeda tripbdem aureum Delphis posuit, epigrammate scripto, in quo erat baec senten- tia: suo ductu Barbaros apud Plataeas esse deletos, ej usque victoriae ergo Apollmi donum dedisse. Hos versus Lacedaemonii exsculpserunt, neque aliud scrip- serunt, quam nomina earum civitatum, quarum auxilio Porsae erant victi. Eodem forte die, quo Mardonii CIVIL WARS IN GREECE. 45 copiae deletae sunt, in Asia, ad montem Mycalen, Per- sae a Graecis navali proelio superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Phalenco portu neque magno neque bono uterentur, Themistoclis consilio triplex Piraeei portus constitutus est, isque moenibus circum- datus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequipararet, utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, non sine periculo suo, quum Lacedaemonii legatos Athenas mi- sissent, qui id fieri vetarent. Period III. — Civil Wars in Greece . FEOM THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR TO THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF MACEDON, 3C0 B. C. The Peloponnesian War , 431 B. C. — Pericles. 108. Quum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia sociorumque injuria exercerent, multlque, gra* vi eorum jugo fatigati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circum- spicerent; tota Graecia, ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemu- lae urbi magnitudmem et incrementa inyidentibus, in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud florentes Graeciae res gravius afflixit, saepius susceptum et depositum est. Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, ultionis tempus exspectantes intra moenia se continebant. Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. Clara quidem haec Periclis 46 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. expeditio est habita; sed multo clarior privati patrimo mi contemptus fuit. Nam in populatidne ceterorum agrorum, Penclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditio- nis suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelligens, Peri¬ cles agros reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, navali proelio dimicatum est. Yicti Lacedaemonii fugerunt. Post plures an nos, fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta fecere, quam non nisi sex annos servaverunt. Nam inducias, quas proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona rumpebant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est. Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily , 415 B. C. 109. Quum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses et Syracusanos exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tempore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanis non servarentur, illi denuo legatos Atbe- nas miserunt, qui sordida veste, capillo barbaque pro- missa, conciduem adeunt, populumque lacrymis mo¬ vent, nt, quamvis Peloponnesiaco bello districtus, aux- ilium illis mittendum censeret. Igitur classis ingens decermtur; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et La- maclius ; tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, nt iis ipsis terrori essent, quibus auxilio venerant. Sicilian Expedition , continued . 110. Brevi post, quum Alcibiades revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria secundo Marte pugnant; munitionibusque nrbi Syracusarum circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus inter- cludunt. Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a CIVIL WARS 1 1ST GREECE. 47 Lacedaemoniis petiverunt. Ab bis mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de belli jam inclinato statu audi- visset, auxiliis partim in Graecia, partim in Sicilia con¬ tracts, opportuna bello loca occupat. Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, socios- que obsidione liberavit. In eo proelio Lamachus fort! ter pugnans occlsus est. * Fatal termination of the Expedition , 413 B. C. 111. Sed quum Atbenienses, terrestri bello supera* ti, portum Syracusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone cum auxiliis arcessit. Quo cognito et ipsi Atbenienses in locum amissi ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copiarum mittunt; et, quasi Graeciae bellum in Siciliam translatum esset, ita ex utraque parte summis viribus dimicabatur. Pri- ma igitur congressione navalis certaminis Atbenienses vincuntur; castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia amittunt. Inter baec mala quum etiam terres¬ tri proelio victi essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut ablrent Sicilia, dum res, quamvis afflictae, nondum ta- men perditae essent. Nicias autem, seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato, manere contendit. Re- paratur igitur navale bellum; sed inscitia aucum, qui Syracusanos, inter angustias maris facile se tuentes, te- mere aggressi fuerant, Atbeniensium copiae iterum vin¬ cuntur. Eurymedon dux in prima acie fortissime di- micans, primus cadit: triginta naves, quibus praefue- rat, incenduntur; Demosthenes et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. Ab bis re- lictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit, ipsos de- inde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. 48 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. Demosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria morte *se vindicat: Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dedecore captivitatis. Alcibiades negotiates with the Athenians at Samos.—The Four Hundred, 411 B. C. 112. Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exer- citus Atheniensium, qui apud Samum morabatur, per internuntios colloquitur, polliceturque his amicitiam, si respublica a populo ad senatum translata foret. Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfertur. Qui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exercitu Alcibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi eonstituitur. Statim igitur Athenas scripsit, se cum exercitu ventu- rum, recepturumque a quadringentis jura populi, nisi ipsi redderent. Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, primo urbem prodere Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsilium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestlno malo liberata, summa cura classem instruit, atque ita in bellum adversus La- cedaemonios perrexit. Successes of Alcibiades against the Lacedaemonians . 113. Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum coramu- tatio facta est, ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, perterriti pacem peterent; yicti enim erant quinque terrestnbus proeliis, tribus navalibus, in qui- bus trecentas triremes amiserant, quae captae in hos tium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades simul cum col- legis receperat Ioniam, Hellespontum, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae: quarum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium; ne- CIVIL WARS IN GREECE. 49 que minus multas consilio ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in captos benevolentia fuerant usi. Inde praeda onusti, locupletato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. Cyrus (the Younger) favors Lysander and the Lacedaemonians , 407 B. C. 114. Dum haec geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysan¬ der classi belloque praeficitur; et in locum Tissapher- nis Darius, rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, Ioniae Lydiaeque praeposuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opi- busque ad spem fortunae prioris erexit. Aucti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur, repentlno adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius quum Athenas venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperado fuit, ut statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterent, du¬ els se fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitran- tes. Alcibiades autem, impetum multitudinis veritus, in voluntarium exsilium proficiscitur. Fatal defeat of the Athenians at Aegospotamos , 405 B. C. 115. Itaque Conon, Alcibiadi suffectus, classem maxima industria adornat; sed navibus exercitus de- erat. Nam, ut numerus militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. Plunbus itaque proe- liis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Lysander, Sparta- norum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navibus re- lictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum delevit. Hac enim -clade res Atheniensium pemtus inclinata est. Tributariae civitates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, 3 50 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. Lysandro se tradiderunt; qui, ejectis iis, qui Atheni- ensium rebus studerent, decern in unaquaque civitate delegit yiros, quibus summum imperium potestatemque omnium rerum commlsit. Athens surrenders to Lysander , 404 B. C. 116. Lysander Athenas navigavit, miseramque civi- tatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. Sciebat enim, ncque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et, ne novae advehi possent, providebat. Quibus malis Athenienses fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere; quae an dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est. Quum nonnulli nomen Atheniensium delendum, urbemque incendio consu- mendam censerent, Spartani negarunt, se passuros, ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis alter erueretur; pacemque Atbeniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia deji- cerent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent; de- nique si respublica triginta rectores, ex embus deli- gendos, acciperet. Tyranny of the Thirty. 117. His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari coepit. Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemon iis et Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyranni- dem in cives exercere coeperunt. Quippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt; et, quasi hie nume- rus ad continendam civitatem non sufficeret, septingen- tos milites a victonbus accipiunt. His copiis instructi exhaustam urbem caedibus et raplnis fatlgant: quum* que hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni displicere didi* cissent, ipsum quoque ad terrorem omnium interticiunt CIVIL WARS IN GREECE. 51 Quo factum est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum terrorem pati mallent. Thrasybulus occupies Phyle , 404 B. C. 118. Quum triginta tyranni, praepositi a Lacedae- moniis, servitute oppressas tenerent Athenas, Thrasy¬ bulus (cui nemo fere praeferendus fide, constantia, mag- nitudme animi, in patriam amore) Phylen confugit, quod est castellum in Attica munitissimum, quum non plus secum haberet, quam triginta de suis. Contemp- tus est primo a tyrannis, ignorantibus, nihil in bello debere contemni. Hinc, viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeum transiit, Munychiamque munlvit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, ab eaque turpiter re- pulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedimentisque amis- sis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus non minus pru- dentia, quam fortitudme, nam cedentes violari vetuit: cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; neque quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare vo- luit; neminem jacentem yeste spoliavit; nihil attigit praeter arma, quorum indigebat, et quae ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit Critias, trigin¬ ta tyranndrum acerrimus. The Expedition of Cyrus the Younger.—Retreat of the Ten Thousand , 401 B. C. 119. Eodem fere tempore Darius, rex Persarum, montur, Artaxerxe et Cyro filiis relictis. Kegnum Artaxerxi, Cyro urbes Lydiae, quibus praefectus fuit, testamento legavit. Sed Cyro judicium patris injuria videbatur; itaque occulte adversus fratrem bellum pa- ravit. Quod quum nuntiatum esset Artaxerxi, Cyrum 52 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD III. ad se arcessitum compedibus aureis yinxit, interfecis- setque, nisi mater probibuisset. Quod periculum quum effugisset, Cyrus jam non occulte bellum, sed palam parare coepit; auxilium undique contrabit. Sed quum in proelio commisso fratrem imprudentius aggreditur, hunc quidem equi fuga periculo subtraxit, Cyrus autem a coborte regia circumventus interficltur. In eo proe¬ lio decern millia Graecorum in auxilio Cyri fuere; quae et in cornu, in quo steterant, vice runt, et post mortem Cyri neque armis a tanto exercitu vinci, neque dolo capi potuerunt, sed per indomitas natidnes et gen- tes barbaras, virtute sua conflsi, in patriam revertun- tur. Peace of Antalcidas , 387 B. G.—Phoebidas seizes the Cadmea , 382 B. G. 120. Dum baec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persa- rum, legatos in Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis discedere; qui aliter fecisset, eum se pro boste babiturum: civitatibus libertatem suaque omnia restituit. Fessi tot bellis Graeci cupide paruerunt. Paucis annis interjectis, Pboebidas Lacedaemonius, quum exercitum Olyntbum duceret, itaque per Tbebas faceret, Cadmeam occupavit impulsu perpaucorum The- banorum, qui, adversariae factioni quo facilius resiste- rent, Laconum rebus studebant. Quo facto, eum Lace- daemonii ab exercitu removerunt, pecuniaque multa- runt; neque eo magis arcem Tbebanis reddiderunt. Liberandae patriae propria laus est Pelopidae, qui, ex- silio multatus, Atbenas se contulerat. Ille, quum tern- pus est visum rei gerendae, communiter cum bis, qui Tbebis idem sentiebant, diem delegit, ad inimicos op- CIVIL WARS IN GREECE. 53 primendos civitatemque liberandam, eum, quo maximi magistrates simul consueverant epulari. Quum, vespe- rascente coelo, duodecim adolescentuli Thebas perve- nissent, magistratuum statim ad aures pervenit, exsu- les in urbem devenisse. Id illi, vino epulisque dediti, usque eo despexerunt, ut ne quaerere quidem de tanta re laborarint: qui omnes, quum jam nox processisset, vinolenti ab exsulibus, duce Pepolida, sunt interfecti. Quibus rebus confectis, vulgo ad arma libertatemque vocato, non solum qui in urbe erant, sed etiam undique ex agris concurrerunt; praesidium Lacedaemoniorum ex arce pepulerunt; patriam obsidione liberaverunt. Ejpaminondas.—Battle of Leuctra , 371 B. C.: of Mantinea , 362 B. G. 121. Paucis post annis, Epaminondas, dux Theba- nus, apud Leuctra superavit Lacedaemonios, eoque res utrorumque perduxit, ut Thebani Spartam oppugna- rent, Lacedaemonii satis haberent, si salvi esse possent. Idem imperator apud Mantineam, quum universi in unnm hostes impetum fecissent, graviter vulneratus concidit. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeo- tii, neque tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repug- nantes profligarunt. At Epaminondas quum animad- verteret, mortiferum se vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex bastlli in corpore remanserat, extrax- isset, animam statim emissurum, usque eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id postquam audlvit, “Satis,” inquit, “vixi; invictus eniin morior.” Turn, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est. 54 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IY. Period IY.— Graeco-Macedonian Empire. FROM THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER 323 B. C. Decline of the Grecian States.—Rise of the Macedonian Power. 122. Sine dubio post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedae- monii se nunquam refecerunt; et Thebae, quod, quam- diu Epaminondas praefuit reipublicae, eaput fuit totlus Graeciae, et ante eum natum, et post ejus interitum, perpetuo alieno paruerunt imperio. Atlienienses, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, sed in dies festos appa- ratusque ludorum reditus publicos effundebant, frequen- tiusque in theatris quam in castris versabantur. Qui- bus rebus effectum est, ut obscurum antea Macedbnum nomen emergeret; et Philippus, obses triennio Tbebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestantissimi viri et Pelopidae yirtutibus erudltus, Graeciae servitu- tis jugum imponeret. Philip takes Amphipolis , 358 B. C. 123. Huic regi primum cum Atheniensibus certa- men ad Amphipolin fuit; quibus per insidias victis, quum interficere omnes posset, incoltimes sine pretio dimisit. Post haec, bello in Illyrios translato, multa millia hostium caedit. Urbem nobilissimam Larissam capit in Thessalia, non praedae cupiditate, sed quod exercitui suo robur Thessalorum equitum adjungero gestiebat. Extension of Philip's power. 124. Philippus, quum magnam gloriam apud om¬ nes nationes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Re- GRAECO-MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. 65 ceperant enim per misericordiam, post caedem uni us, duos fratres ejus, quos Philippus ex noverca genitos, velut aemulos regni, interficere gestiebat. Ob banc igitur causam urbem antlquam et nobilem exscindit, et fratres olim destinato supplicio tradit, simulque praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti me- talla in Thracia occupat. His ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum fratres duo, reges Thraciae, disceptationum sua- rum judicem eligerent. Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, instructo exercitu supervenit, et regno utrumque spoliavit. Battle of Chceronea , 338 B. G. 125. Quum, in Scythiam praedandi causa profectus, virtute et numero praestantes Scythas dolo yicisset, diu dissimulatum bellum Atbeniensibus infert, quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Facta igitur inter duas an tea infestissimas civitates societate, legatiorubus Grae- ciam fatlgant. Communem hostem putant communi- bus viribus summovendum; neque enim cessaturum Philippum, nisi omnem Graeciam domuerit. Motae quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt; quasdam autem ad Philippum belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam commisso, quum Athenienses longe majo- re militum numero praestarent, tamen assiduis bellis indurata Macedonum virtute vincuntur. Hon tamen immemores pristmae virtutis ceciderunt; quippe ad- versis vulneribus omnes loca, quae tuenda a ducibus acceperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. Hie dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetustis- simam libertatem finlvit. V 56 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IY. Philip prepares to invade Persia. 126. Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est Non solita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit; non in convi- vio risit; non coronas ant unguenta sumpsit; et, quan¬ tum in illo Puit, ita vicit, ut yictorem nemo scntTret. Atheniensibus, quos pass as infestissimos fuerat, et cap- tlvos gratis remlsit, et bello consumptorum corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia rebus, om¬ nium civitatum legatos ad formandum rerum praesen- tium statum evocari Corinthum jubet. Ibi pacis leges universae Graeciae pro mentis singularum civitatum statuit, conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, ex omnibus legit. Auxilia deinde singularum civitatum describuntur; nec dubium erat, eum Persarum impe* rium et suis et Graeciae viribus impugnaturum esse. Death of Philip, 336 B. C. 127. Interea dum auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias Cleopatrae filiae, et Alexandri, quern regem Epiri fe- cerat, magno apparatu celebrat. Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectandos, medius inter duos Alexandros, et filium et generum, contenderet, Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adolescens, occupatis angustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. Hie ab Attalo indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe querelam ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insiiper adversarium videret, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, ultionemque, quam ab adversario non poterat, ab iniquo judice exegit. Alexander the Great succeeds to the Macedonian Throne , 336 B. C. 128. Philippo Alexander filius successit, et viriute et vitiis patre major. Yincendi ratio utrlque diversa. GRAECO-MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. 67 Hie aperte, ille artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis ill© gaudere hostibus, bic pal am fusis. Prudentior ille con- silio, hie ammo magnificentior. Iram pater dissimu- lare, plerumque etiam vincere; hie ubi exarsisset, nee dilatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini uterque nimis avidus; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de convivio in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere ofierre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in suos saevlre. Kegnare ille cum amlcis volebat; hie in ami- cos regna exercebat. Amari pater malle, hie metui. Literarum cultus utrlque similis. Solertiae pater ma- joris, hie fidei. Yerbis atque oratione Philipp us, hie rebus moderation Parcendi victis filio animus promp- tior ; ille nee sociis abstinebat. Frugalitati pater, lux- uriae filius magis deditus erat. Quibus artibus orbis imperii fundamenta pater jecit, operis totlus gloriam filius consummavit. Beginning of Alexander's Reign. 129. Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandro cura pater- narum exsequiarum fuit; in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumulum patris occldi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes rebellantes compescuit; orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. Deinde ad Persicum bellum proficiscens, patrimonium omne suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa habebat, amlcis divlsit; sibi Asiam sufficere praefatus. Nee exercitui alius quam regi animus fuit. Quippe omnes obllti conjugum libe- rorumque, et longinquae a domo militiae, nihil nisi Orientis opes cogitabant. Quum delati in Asiam es- sent, primus Alexander jaculum yelut in hostllem ter¬ rain jecit; armatusque de navi tripudianti similis pro- 3 * 58 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IT. siluit, atque ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem illae terrae inyltae accipiant. In Ilio quoque ad tumu- los herouro, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. Battle of the Granlcus , 334 B. G. 180. Indc hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae proliibuit parcendum suis rebus praefatus, nec perdenda ea, quae possessuri venerint. In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo millia, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta duae. Hac tam parva manu universum terrarum orbem vincere est aggressus. Quum ad tam periculosum bellum exerci- tum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum patre patruisque militaverant, elegit: ut non tam milites, quam magistros militiae electos putares. Pri- ma cum lioste congressio in campis Adrastlae fuit. In acie Persarum sexcenta millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte quam virtute Macedbnum superata, ter- ga verterunt. Magna itaque caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedites, centum viginti equites cecidere; quos rex magnif ice liumatos statuis equestribus donavit; cognatis eorum autem immunita- tes a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victoriam major pars Asiae ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proelia cum praefectis Darli, quos jam non tam armis, quam terrore nominis sui vicit. Battle of Issus, 333 B. C. 131. Interea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum ac centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Commisso proelio, Alexander non ducis magis quam militis munia exsequebatur, oplmum decus c°eso xege GRAECO-MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. 69 expetens. Quippe Darius curru subllmis eminebat, et suis ad se tuendum, et hostibus ad incessendum, ingeus incitamentum. Macedones cum rege ipso in equitum agmen irrumpunt. Turn vero similis rulnae strages erat. Circa currum Darli jacebant nobilissimi duces, ante oculos regis egregia morte defuncti. Macedonum quoque, non quidem multi, sed promptissimi tamen caesi sunt: inter quos Alexandri dextrum femur levi- ter mucrone perstrictum est. Jamque qui Darlum ve- hebant equi, confossi hastis et dolore efferati, jugum quatere et regem curru excutere coeperant: quum ille, veritus ne yivus venlret in bostium potestatem, desilit, et in equum, qui ad hoc ipsum sequebatur, im- ponitur, insignibus quoque imperii, ne fugam prode¬ rent, indecore abjectis. Turn vero ceteri dissipantur metu, et, qua culque patebat via, erumpunt. Inter captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darli fuere: in quas Alexander ita se gessit, ut omnes ante eum reges et continentia et dementia vinceret. Tyre besieged and taken , 332 B. C. 132. Jam tota Syria, jam Phoenlce quoque Mace¬ donum erat, excepta Tyro, cujus urbis incolae, fiducia loci, obsidionem ferre decreverant. Alexander, quum et classem procul haberet, et longam obsidionem mag- no sibi ad cetera impedimento videret fore, caduceato- res, qui ad pacem eos compellerent, misit: quos Tyrii contra jus gentium occisos praecipitaverunt in altum. Atque ille, tarn indigna morte commotus, urbem obsi- dere statuit. Sed ante jacienda moles erat, quae conti- nenti urbem committeret: magna vis saxorum ad ma- uum erat, Tyro vetere praebente: materies ex Libano 60 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD 17. monte ratibus et turnbus faciendis advehebatur. In- cepto operi et fretum ipsnm, Africo maxime objectum, obstabat; et Tyrii, quicquid ad impediendam molem excogitari poterat, non segniter exsequebantur. Septi- mo demum mense capta est urbs et vetustate originis et crebra fortunae varietate ad memoriam posteritatis inslgnis. Alexander, exceptis qui in templa confuge- rant, omnes interfici, ignemque.tectis injici jubet. His per praeconem nuntiatis, nemo tamen armatus opem a diis petere sustinuit: pueri virgihesque templa comple- ver-ant; yiri in vestibulo suarum quisque aedium sta- bant, parata saevientibus tnrba: qnantumque sanguinis fusurn sit, vel ex hoc aestimari potest, quod intra muni- menta urbis sex millia armatdrum trucidati sunt. Triste deinde spectaculum yictonbus ira praebuit regis. Duo millia, in quibus occidendis defecerat rabies, crucibus affixi per ingens litoris spatium pependerunt. Alexaruler in Egypt , 332 B. C.—lie visits the Temple of Jupiter Hammon. 133. Aegyptii, olim Persarum opibus infensi, Alex- andrum laeti receperunt: nec sustinuere adventum ejus Persae, defectione quoque perternti. A Memphi, Nilo amne vectus rex in interiora penetrat; compositisque rebus ita, ut nihil ex patrio Aegyptiorurn more muta- ret, adlre Jovis Hammonis oraculum statuit. Quatri- duo per vastas solitudmes absumpto, tandem ad sedem consecratam deo ventum est, undique ambientibus ra- mis contectam. Eegem propius adeuntem maximus natu e saeerdotibus filium appellat, hoc nomen illi parentem Jovem reddere affirmans. Ille se vero et accipere ait et agnoscere, humanae sortis oblltus. Con- GRAECO-MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. 61 Bulit deinde, an totlus orbis imperium sibi destinaret pater. Aeque in adulationem compositus, terrarum omnium rectorem fore ostendit. Post haec institit quae- lere, an omnes parentis sui interfectores poenas dedis¬ sent. Sacerdos parentem ejus negat nlllus scelere posse violari, Philippi autem omnes luisse supplicia. Sacrificio deinde facto, dona et sacerdotibus et deo da¬ ta, permissumque amlcis, nt ipsi quoque consulerent Jovem. Nihil amplius quaesiverunt, quam an auctor esset sibi divlni3 hononbus colendi suum regem. Hoc quoque acceptum fore Jovi vates respondit. Yera et salubri aestimatione fides oraciili vana profecto ei videri potuisset: sed fortuna, quos uni sibi credere coegit, magna ex parte avidos gloriae magis quam capaces fa- eit. Rex ex Hammone rediens elegit urbi locum, ubi nunc est Alexandria, appellationem trahens ex nomine auctoris. » j Darius malces his last proposals of Peace. 134. Jam Darius pervenerat Arbela vicum, nobilem sua clade facturus. Hie, quum fides ei facta esset, regl- nam suam quae captlva in Alexandri castris paulo ante decesserat, caste sancteque habitam esse, victus conti¬ nents hostis, ad novas pacis conditiones ferendas decern legatos, cognatorum principes, misit. Neque jam im- perio Alexandri finem destinat Halvm amnem, qui Lydiam terminat: quicquid inter Hellespontum et Eu- phratem est, in dotem filiae offert. Quum Parmenio ingrata regi oratione suasisset, ut oplmum regnum con- ditione occuparet, non bello: “Et ego,” inquit, “pecu- niam quam gloriam mallem, si Parmenio essem.” Di missi legati nuntiant, adesse certamen. 62 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IV. Darius conquered near Arbela , 331 B. C. 135. Alexander, non alias magis territus, sacrificio rite perpetrato, rePquum noctis acquieturus in taberna- culnm rediit. Sed nec somnum capere nec quietum pati poterat: tandem gravatum ammi anxietate corpus altior somnus oppressit. Jamqne luce orta, quum da¬ ces ad accipienda imperia convenissent, Parmenio, re¬ gem saepius nomine compellatum, quum voce non pos¬ set, tactu excitavit. Earo admddum, admonitu magis amicorum quam metu discriminis adeundi, tkorace uti solebat: tunc quoque munimento corporis sumpto pro- cessit ad milites. Haud alias tarn alacrem viderant re¬ gem, et vultu ejus internto.spem victoriae auguraban- tur. Earo in ullo proelio tantum sanguinis fusum est. Tandem Darli aurlga, qui ante ipsum sedens equos re- gebat, basta transfixus est; nec aut Persae aut Mace- dones dubitavere, quin ipse rex esset occlsus. Cedere Persae, et laxare ordmes; jamque non pugna sed cae- des erat, quum Darius quoque currum suum in fugam vertit; victori Alexandro Asiae imperium obtigit. Disturbances in Greece. 136. Dum haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe recuperandae libertatis, ad arma concurre- rat, auctoritatem Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux hujus belli Agis, rex Lacedaemoniorum, fuit. Quern motum Antipater, dux ab Alexandro in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna tamen utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes videret, dimis- sis satellitibus ut Alexandro felicitate, non virtute infe¬ rior videretur, tantam stragem hostium edidit, ut agmi* GRAECO-MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. 63 na interdum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitu- dine yictus, gloria tamen omnes yicit. Alexander invades India. 137. Post haec Indiam petit, nt Oceano finiret im- perium. Cui gloriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta con- venirent, phaleras equorum et arma militum argento inducit; exercitumque suum, ab argenteis clypeis, Ar- gyraspidas appellavit. Quum ad Nysam urbem yenis- set, oppidanis non repugnantibus, fiducia Liberi patris, a quo condita urbs erat, parci jussit. Tunc ad sacrum montem duxit exercitum, vite hederaque non aliter vestltum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque esset. Ubi ad montem accessit, exercitus, repentlno mentis impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchantium more discurrit. The limit of Alexander's Conquests. 138. Quum ad Hypliasim venisset, ubi eum cum du- centis millibus equitum hostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis labonbus fessus, lacrymis eum precatur, flnem tandem belli faceret; aliquando patriae reditusque me- minisset, militumque annos respiceret. Ostendere alius canitiem, alius vulnera, alius aetate consumptum corpus et cicatricibus obductum. Motus eorum precibus, ye- luti finem victoriis facturus, castra solito magnificen- tiora fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis terrere- tur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur. Nullum opus laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostlbus cum gratulatione in haec castra reverterunt. 64 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD IY. Alexander returns to Babylon, 824 B. C. 139. Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam rever- tenti nuntiatur, non solum legationes Cartbaginiensium ceterarumque Africae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Siciliae, Galliae, Sardiniae, nonnullas quoque ex Ita¬ lia ejus adventum Babyloniae opperiri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam ex Magis praedix- it, ne urbem introlret, testatus, bunc locum ei fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho pbilosopbo compulsus, ut Magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus, convivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus in lae- titiam effusus esset, recedentem jam e convivio Medius Tbessalus, instaurata comissatione invltat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semianimis, tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. Death of Alexander, 823 B. G. 140. Quarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, agnoscere se fatum domus majorum suorum, ait; namque plerosque Aeacidarum intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultuantes deinde inilites, insi- diis periisse regem suspicantes, ipse sedavit, v eosque omnes ad conspectum suum admisit, osculandamque dextram porrexit. Quum lacrymarent omnes, ipse non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine ullo tristioris mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Hammonis templo condi jubet. Quum deficere eum amici viderent, quaerunt, quern imperii faciat beredem ; respondit, dignissimum. Hac voce omnes amicos suoa ad aemulam regni cupiditatem accendit. Sexta die, DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 65 praeclusa voce, exemptum digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscentem amieorum discordiam se* davit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus heres, judicio tamen electus esse videbatur. Remarks on the character of Alexander. 141. Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et tri- ginta annos natus, vir supra humanum modum vi ani- mi praeditus. Ornina quaedam magnitudinem ejus in ipso ortu portendisse existimabantur. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum victoriarum accepit alterius belli Illynci, alterius certaminis Olympiad, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimis literarum stu- diis erudltus fuit. Exacta pueritia, per quinquennium Aristotele, philosopho praestantissimo, usus est magis- tro. Accepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis fiduciam fecit, ut, illo praesente, nulllus hostis arma timerent. Itaque cum nullo hoste unquam congressus est, quern non vicerit; nullam urbem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit. Yictus denique est non virtute bostlli, sed insidiis suorum et fraude. Period Y .—Decline of Grecian Power . V FROM THE nEATn OF ALEXANDER TO THE SUBJUGATION OF GREECE BY THE ROMANS, 146 B. C. Aridaeus , the son of Philip, is proclaimed King. 142. Pedites Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem, regem appellant, satellitesque illi ex turba sua legunt, et no¬ mine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in 66 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD V. castris seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Ari- daeus rex agnoscitur. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipater praeponitur: regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur: castrorum et exercitus cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assignatur; j ubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in Hammonis templum deducere. Tunc Perdicca, lustratione castrorum indicta, seditiosos supplicio occulte tradi jubet. Keversus inde, provin- cias inter principes diylsit. Disputes between Alexander's Generals. 143. Post baec bellum inter Perdiccam et Antigo- num oritur, quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in duas partes discurrentibus ducibus, in sua viscera armatur, ferrumque a barbaris in civllem sanguinem vertit. In boc bello Perdicca occlsus est: pluresque ejusdem partis duces perierunt. Et jam finl- tum certamen inter successores Alexandri Magni vide- batur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata est discor- dia. Ptolemaeus et Cassander, Antipatri filius, inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum bellum terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptole¬ maeus Aegyptum cum Afncae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenlce. Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Grae- cia. Asiam et partes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cujus filius Demetrius, prima belli congressidne, a Pto- lemaeo apud Gamalam vincitur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderationis gloria, quam ipslus victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amlcos Demetrii non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper munenbus, di- mlsit; et ipslus Demetrii privatum omne instrumentum ac familiam reddidit, dicens: non se propter praedam, DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 67 sed propter dignitatem inisse bellum, indignatum, quod Antigonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solu3 communis yictoriae praemia corripuisset. The Generals assume the title of Kings. 144. Interea Ptolemaeus cum Demetrio navali proe- lio iterato congreditur, et, amissa classe, in Aegyptum refugit. Hac victoria elatus Antigonus regem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet. Ptolemaeus quoque, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu cognominatur. Quibus audltis, Cassander et Lysima- chus et ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. War in Greece. 145. Omnes ferme Graeciae civitates, ducibus Spar- tanis, ad spem libertatis erectae, in bellum prorumpunt; et, ne cum Antigono, sub cujus regno erant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggrediuntur,— causam belli praetendentes, quod sacratum Apollini campum Cirrbaeum per vim occupassent. Conjuncto exercitu, Aetolorumque finibus devastatis, magnam cladem passi sunt. Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparan- tibns, auxilium multae gentes negaverunt, existiman- tes, dominationem eos, non libertatem Graeciae quae* rere. Irruption of the Gauls into Greece , 279 B. C. 146. Galli, abundante multitudine, quum eos non caperent terrae, quae genuerant, trecenta millia bomi- num ad sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. Ex his por- tio in Italia consedit, quae et Eomam incendit;‘alia portio in Illyricos sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia con- 68 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD Y. sedit, ubi per multos annos bella cum finitimis gessS- runt. Hortante deinde successu, divisis agininibus, alii Graeciam, alii Macedoniam petivere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges non lacesslt) ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mercarentur. 147. Paulo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallomm in Graeciam se effuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus peditum et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit. Yicto exercitu, totlus regionis agros depraedatur. Turn Delplios iter vertit ad Apol- linis templum spoliandum. Hoc templum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undTque impendente, cujus praecipitiis, ut natural! praesidio, defenditur. Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntur munera, quaeque magnificentia sua et gratam liominum yolun- tatem, et Apollinis responsa manifestant. The Gauls are repulsed. 148. Brennus quum in conspectu liaberet templum, ad acuendos suorum ammos, praedae ubertatem militi- bus ostendebat, statuasque cum quadrlgis, quarum in¬ gens copia procul visebatur, solido auro fusas esse affir- mabat. Qua asseveratione ineitati Galli, simul et mero saucii, sine respectu periculorum in bellum ruebant. Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu peditum sexa- ginta quinque millia ; Delphorum sociorumque non nisi quatuor millia militum erant. • Hi plus in Deo, quam in vinbus spei ponentes, cum contemptu liostium resis- tebant, Gallosque scandentes e summo montis vertice, partim saxo, partim armis obruebant. Inter haec tem- plorum antistites, sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pugnantium aciem procurrunt, eos DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 69 hortantes, ne cunctarentur diis antesignanis liostem caedere. Quibus vocibus incensi omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei statim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio montis abrupta Gallorum stravit exercitum, et tempestas insecuta grandine et frigore saucios absumpsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolorem vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam finl- vit. Alter ex ducibus cum decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia excedit. Sed nec fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit; nullus sine labore et periciilo dies; assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infellcis belli reliquias obterebant. Quo pacto evenit, ut brevi ex tanto exercitu nemo su- peresset. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus , invades Macedonia , 274 B. C. 149. Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia in Eplrum reversus fines Macedoniae invadit; cui Antigonus cum exercitu occurrit, victusque proelio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedoniam in deditionem accipit; Anti- gonus autem cum paucis equitibus Thessalonlcam se recepit, ut inde cum conducta Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Rursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyrrhi filio, funditus victus, cum septem comitibus fugiens salutis latebras in solitudme quaerit. A general change of Rulers. 150. Iisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia Pliilippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit; et in Asia, interfecto Seleuco, impubes adhuc rex Antiochus constitutus est. Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptolemaeus, cui ex cri- 70 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD V. mine facinoris cognomen Philopator fait. Etiam Spar- tani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum; et apud Carthaginienses aetate immatura dux Hannibal consti- tuitur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptolemae- us, sicut scelestus in occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. The Romans declare War against Philip , 200 B. C.: Battle of Cynoscephalae , 197 B. 0. 151. Nee multo post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia Romanorum ad spem pristinae libertatis erecta, bellum Philippo intulit; atque ita*quum rex undique urgere- tur, pacem petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium commissum est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Philippum et Flaminlnum, Romano¬ rum ducem. Macedonas Romana fortuna yicit. Frac- tus itaque bello Philippus, pace accepta, nomen quidem regium retinuit; sed, omnibus Graeciae urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessions amissis, solam Macedo¬ nian! retinuit. * - - Perseus plots successfully against his brother's life. 152. Interim regis Macedonum domus intestlnis malis agitabatur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi fili- us, a patre Romam missus, ob inslgnem pudorem mul- ta favoris documenta a senatu accepisset, patri invlsus esse coepit, indignanti, plus momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem patris habuisse. Igi- tur Perseus, major filiorum regis, perspecta patris aegri- tudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud eum crimi- nari, et primo invlsum, mox etiam suspectum reddSre: DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 71 nunc amieitiam Romanorum, nunc proditionem ei pa- tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo para* tas confingit, ad cujus crimlnis probationem immittit indices, testesque subornat. Quibus rebus patrem im- piilit, ut supplicium de innocente sumeret. Death of Philip, 179 B. C. 153. Occlso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo, non negli gentior tantum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam conta¬ in acior erat; nec heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus offensus Philippus impatientius in dies mor¬ tem Demetrii dolebat, et, denique fraude cognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam innoxii Demetrii morte cru- ciabatur. Brevi post tempore, morbo ex aegrituaine animi contract© decessit, relicto magno belli apparatu adversus Romanos, quo postea Perseus usus est. Perseus conquered.—Macedonia a Homan Province. 154. Jam Macedomcum bellum summa omnium virium contentione a Romanis geri coeptum est. Pri- ma equitum congressio fuit, qua Perseus victor suspen- sam omnium exspectationem in sui favorem traxit; misit tamen legatos ad consulem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Romani etiam victo dedissent, impensas belli lege victi suscepturus. Sed consul Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, leges dixit. Dum baec aguntur, Romani Aemilium Paulum consulem creant, elque extra ordinem Macedonicum bellum decemunt; qui quum ad exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fecit. Pridie, quam proelium consereretur, luna nocte defecit; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni portendere vaticinabantur. 72 GRECIAN HISTORY.—PERIOD Y. Quod vaticinium non fefellit. Perseus rex fuga cum decern millibus talentum Samothraciam defertur; quem Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a consule, cum dudbus filiis, Alexandro et Philippo, cepit, cap- tumque ad consulem duxit. Macedonia Romanorum ditioni addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Grae- cia excitantium, principes Romam missi; ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civitatium senatu fatigato, in suam quisque patriam remissus est. The Romans seek occasion to quarrel with the Achaeans. 155. Macedonibus subactis, Aetolorumque viribus debilitatis, soli adhuc ex universa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tunc temporis Romanis videbantur, non prop¬ ter singularum civitatium nimias opes, sed propter con- spirationem universarum. Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divlsi, unum tamen imperium habent, singula- rumque urbium pericula mutuis viribus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, tempestlve fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Spar- tanis a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam man- datum est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi ita- que, omnium civitatum principibus Corinthum evoca- tis, decretum senatus recitant, dicentes, expedlre omni¬ bus, ut singulae civitates sua jura et suas leges habeant. Quod ubi omnibus innotuit, velut in furorem versi uni- versum peregrlnum popiilum trucldant: legatos quo- que ipsos Romanorum viol assent, nisi hi, audlto tumul- tu, trepidi fugissent. DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 73 The Achacans are conquered.—Corinth plundered ly Mummius , 146 B.C. 156. Haec ubi Romae nun data sunt, statim senatus Mummio consuli bellum Acbaicum decernit, qui, omni¬ bus strenue provlsis, pugnandi copiam bostibus fecit. Sed apud Aebaeos omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non'proelium agitantes, vebicula ad spolia bostium reportanda, secum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spectaciilum certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso ante oculos suorum caesi sunt. Conjuges quoque et liberi eorum praeda bostium fuere. Urbs Corintbus diruitur : pcpulusom- nis sub corona venditur; ut boc exemplo cetexis civita- tibus metus novarum rerum imponeretur. 4 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. INTRODUCTION. 157. In Latin, as in English, words are divided, according to their use, into various classes, called Parts of Speech. 158. Parts of speech, either singly or combined, form Propositions ; e. g., Audis. Puer ludit. Thou hearest. The boy plays. 159. Propositions, either singly or combined, form Sentences ; e. g., Equus currit {one prop.). Puer ludit et equus currit {two propositions). The horse runs. The boy is playing and the horse is running. 160. Sentences, in their various forms and combina¬ tions, of course, comprise the Language. 161. The object of all language is the expression of thought. 162. A sentence may express thought, 1) In the form of an assertion , either affirmative or negative. It is then called a declarative sentence; e. g., Puer legit. Puer noi^ legit. The boy is reading. The boy is not reading. i 76 INTRODUCTION. 2) In the form of a question. It is then called an interrogative sentence ; e. g., Qnis legit ? | Who is reading f 3) In the form of a command , exhortation , or en- treaty. It is then called an imperative sen¬ tence ; e. g., Read thou . Let him read. Lege. Legat. 163. In each of the above forms, sentences some¬ times imply passion or emotion on the part of the speak¬ er, and may then be called exclamatory declarative if of the declarative form, exclamatory interrogative if of the interrogative form, and exclamatory imperative if of the imperative form. The emotion , however, does not affect the structure of the sentence, though it often renders it elliptical. 164. A sentence may express, 1) A single thought; i. e., may make but one assertion, ask but one question, or give but one command. It may then be called a sim¬ ple sentence; e. g., Balbus a nullo videbatur. | Balbus teas seen by no one. 2) Two or more thoughts so related to each other that one or more of them are made de¬ pendent upon the others. It may then be called a complex sentence ; e. g., ft Quod ubi Caesar comperit, se in Galliam recepit. When Caesar learned this , he retired into Gaul. Rem.—T he two simple sentences, which compose the above complex , are, (1) Caesar learned this , and (2) Caesar Retired into Gaul. INTRODUCTION. 77 These are, however, so combined that the first does little more than specify the time of the action denoted by the second. Caesar retired into Gaid (when ?) when he learned this. 3) Two or more independent thoughts. It may then be called a compound sentence ; e. g., Balbus a nullo videbatur, ipse autem cmnia vide- bat. Balbus was seen by no one , but he himself saw every thing . 78 SIMPLE SENTENCES. CHAPTER I. SIMPLE SENTENCES. Lesson I. Principal Elements of Sentences ; Subject and Predicate .— Declarative Sentences. [l & 2.] 165. Eveey sentence, however simple, consists of two distinct parts ; viz., 1) The Subject , or that of which it speaks, as puer in the sentence, puer ludit. 2) The Predicate , or that which is said of the subject, as ludit in the above sentence. 166. In Latin the subject is often omitted, because the form of the predicate shows what subject is meant; thus, the single word rides , thou art laughing, is in itself a complete proposition, because the ending es shows that the subject in English cannot be I, he, or they , but must be thou. 167. When a proposition is thus expressed by a sin¬ gle word, that word is always a verb, and the omitted subject, implied in the ending of the verb, is always a pronoun of the same number and person as the verb itself; as Amat, He loves. 168. The analysis of a proposition, or sentence, con¬ sists in separating it into its elements or parts. MODELS. 1. Proposition : Puer ludit, The boy is playing. PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. 79 This is a simple sentence, because it expresses a sin¬ gle thought. Puer is the subject, because it is that of which the proposition speaks. Ludit is the predicate, because it is that which is said of the subject puer. 2. Proposition : Rides, Thou art laughing. This is a simple sentence. Rides is the predicate, because it is that which is said of the omitted subject. The subject is a pronoun of the second person singular ( tu , thou), implied in the ending es of the predicate. 169. Vocabulary. Citadel, arx, arris, f. City, urbs, urbis , f.' Come, venio, venire, veni, ven- tum. Destroy, everto, ever ter e, ti, sum . Flee, fugio, fugere, fugi, fugi- tum ; aufugio, fugere, fugi. Found, condo, dere, didi, ditum. He, Hie, a, ud, or, as subject, it may be implied in the ending of the verb. I, ego, mei , &c., or, as subject, it may be omitted. You, tu, tui, &c., or, as subject, it may be omitted. Teach, doceo, ere, ui, turn. Trojan, Trojdnus, a, um. 170. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze the following Latin , explain¬ ing the omitted subjects: 1. Latlnus imperabat. 2. Imperavit. 3. Troja eversa est. 4. Aeneas aufugit. 5. Aufugiebant. 6. Hie docuit. 7. Docuerunt. 8. Docuimus. II 1. Construct one or more Latin declarative sentences on each cf the following subjects : Puer, puellae, patres, avis, ayes. 80 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 2. Construct three Latin declarative sentences , using the following predicates: Discebant, legebat, currant. 8, Construct five or more Latin declarative sentences with subjects omitted , using as predicates some parts of the following verbs: Ridere, laudare, docere, currere, timere. MODELS. 1. Ridebatis. You were laughing. 2. Laudabitur. He will be praised. III. Translate into Latin. 1. They have come. 2. A citadel will be founded. 8. Cities will be founded. 4. Cities have been found¬ ed. 5. We have been tauglit. 6. The cities had been destroyed. 7. The Trojans fled. 8. You will flee. 9. We were fleeing. 10. I shall come. Lesson II. Subordinate Elements ; Modifiers.—Declarative Sentences . [l & 2.] 171. Both subject and predicate may have qualify¬ ing words and clauses connected with them, to limit or modify their meaning ; e. g., 1. Latinus rex regnavit. ( Latinus the king reigned. Rem. —In this example, rex limits Latinus; i. e., it shows that the predicate regnavit is not affirmed of every one who may have borne the name Latinus, but only of Latinus the king. 4 2. Milites fortiter pugnant. | The soldiers fight bravely. Rem. 1.— Here the predicate is modified by fortiter, showing how the soldiers fight. SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS. 81 % * Rem. 2. —Qualifying words and clauses, whether belonging to the subject or predicate, may be called modifiers. 172. Any modifier, whether in the subject or predi- cate, may be itself modified; e. g., Latlnus, bonus rex, regna- Latinus , the good king , vit. reigned. 173. The subject ( expressed or implied) and the pre¬ dicate are essential to the structure of every sentence, and may, therefore, be called the essential or principal elements of sentences. 174. All modifiers are subordinate to the subject and predicate, and may, therefore, be called the subordinate elements of sentences. 175. Vocabulary. Aeneas, Aeneas, ae. Agriculture, agricultural ae , £* Anchises, Anchises, ae. Call, appello, are, dvi, dtum. Daughter, filia, ae. Early, ancient, antiquus , a, urn. First, primus , a, um. Give, do, dare, dedi, datum. Italian, Itdlus, a, um. In, in (with abl.; sometimes 176. Exercises. with accus., as in matrimo- nium). King, rex, regie. Latinus, Latinus, i. Marriage, matrimonium , i, n. Rome, Roma , ae, f. Saturn, Saturnus, i. Saturnia, Satumia , f. Son,y??ms, i. Time, tempus, oris, n. I. Translate the following sentences , anc? analyze them so far as to show their subjects and predicates, and the separate modifiers of each: 1. Hicdocuit. 2. Hie primus docuit. 3. Hie Italos primus docuit. 4. Hie Italos primus agriculturam do¬ cuit. 5. Troja eversa est. 6. Sub rege Troja eversa 4 # 82 SIMPLE SENTENCES. est. 7. Sub hoc rege Troja eversa est. 8. Aeneas au* fugit. 9. Aeneas Jilius aufugit. 10. Aeneas, Anchlsae filius, aufugit. 11. Hinc Aeneas, Anchlsae filius, au¬ fugit. 12. Hinc Aeneas, Anchlsae filius, cum Trojanis aufugit. 13. Hinc Aeneas, Achlsae filius, cum multis Trojanis aufugit. II. First construct three or more Latin declarative sen - fences ivithout modifiers ; then add modifiers , either to the subject or predicate , or to both. MODELS. Without modifiers. 1. Puer scribebat. The boy was writing. 2. Canis mordebit. The dog will bite. With modifiers. 1. Bonus puer epistolam scribebat. 2. Pasturis canis puerum mordebit. The good boy was writing a letter. The shepherd's dog will bite the boy. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Saturn taught the Ltalians. 2. Saturn was the first to teach (lit. the first taught) the Italians. 3. In very early times he taught the Italians agriculture. 4. They will call the citadel Saturnia. 5. The city was called Pome. 6. Latinus gave his daughter to Aeneas. 7. Latinus the king gave his daughter in marriage to Aeneas. 8. Latinus the king gave his daughter in marriage to Aeneas, the son of Anchises. INTERROGATIVE AND IMPERATIVE SENTENCES. 83 Lesson III. Elements of Sentences , continued.—Interrogative and Im • joerative Sentences. [3 & 4.] 177. Interrogative sentences are used in asking ques¬ tions, and may be introduced, 1) By an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or ad¬ verb ; e. g., Quis venit ? Quot sunt ? Unde venis ? Who has come ? How many are there f Whence do you come ? 2) By one of the interrogative particles, we, wow- we, num ; e. g., Scribitwe Caius ? Nonne scribit ? Num scribit ? Is Caius writing t Is he not writing ? Is he writing ? Rem. 1 . —If ne is used, it must follow some other word, and be joined to it, as in the first example. Rem. 2. —A question with ne asks for information (Ex. 1), with nonne expects the answer yes (Ex. 2), and with num expects the answer no (Ex. 3). Rem. 3.— Ne t nonne* and num y are not modifiers of the predicate, but mere particles showing the interrogative character of the sentence. 178. Imperative sentences are used in commands , exhortations , and entreaties , and take the verb either in * J\ T onne, strictly speaking, is compounded of the modal adverb non and the particle ne ; but we are now regarding it merely as an inten rogative particle. SIMPLE SENTENCES. 84 . the imperative or in the subjunctive mood, and usually in the present tense; e. g., Perge in exsilium. Conservate vos. Yeniat servus. Veniamus. 179. Vocabulary. Alba, Alba, ae, f. Ascanius, Ascanius , i. He, is, ea, id; Me, ilia, illud; or, when subject, it may be implied by the ending of the verb. Go into exile . Preserve yourselves . Let the slave come . Let us come Longa, Longa, ae, f. Reign, regno, are, dvi , dtum. Silvius, Silvius, i. Succeed, sequor , sequi, secutus sum. Who ? Quis, quae , quid ? 180. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze the following sentences , stat¬ ing whether declarative , interrogative , or imperative: I. Ascanius regnum accepit. 2. Quis regnum acce- pit? 3. Purga urbem. 4. Cogitate de vobis. 5. Quis Albae regnavit? 6. Omnes Albae regnaverunt. 7, Conservate fortunas vestras. 8. Quis te salutavit? JSTum Albae regnavit ? Nonne Albae regnaverunt ? II. Change the declarative sentences constructed in the first and second Lessons , to the interrogative or imperative form. MODELS. Declarative. Puer ludebat. The boy was playing. Declarative. Kidebatis. You were laughing. Interrogative. ISTum puer ludebat ? Was the boy playing? Imperative. Ridete. Laugh ye. SIMPLE SUBJECT. 85 HI. Translate into Latin. 1. Ascanius founded a city. 2. Who founded the city ? 8. Let us found cities. 4. Who founded Alba Longa ? 5. Did Ascanius found it ? 6. He did found it. 7. Who was reigning ? 8. Latinus was reigning. 9. Let him reign. 10. He will reign. 11. Who suc¬ ceeded Ascanius ? 12. Silvius succeeded him. Lesson IV. Simple Subject. [5 & 6.] 181. Every simple sentence must have for its subject either 1) A noun; e. g., Puer ludit, or 2) A pronoun ; e. g., Ille ludit. 182. Rule. — Case of Subject. The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative. (See examples above.) [F. B. 609 ; A. & S. § 209 ; Z. § 379.]* 183. In the arrangement of the Latin sentence, the s subject is put, * These references relate respectively to the First Latin Book, to the Latin Grammar of Andrews & Stoddard, and to that of Zumpt, American edition. Bote.— The author indulges the hope that all who may use this book will constantly bear in mind that the writing of Latin cannot, in any way, supersede the necessity of thorough grammatical drills. Both exercises are indispensable to high scholarship, and should go, hand in hand, throughout the entire course of classical instruction. For this reason the Rules of Syntax, as we have occasion to use them in our Exercises, are inserted in this work, with references to the correspond¬ ing rules in the First Latin Book, in Andrews & Stoddard’s Latin Grammar, and in that of Zumpt, 86 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 1) When not emphatic, mng; e. g., Superbus cognomen meruit. 2) When emphatic, Commovit bellum rex. 184. Vocabulary. Boy, puer, eri. Girl, puella , ae. Play, ludo , ere , Zim, lusum. Praise, laudo , are, Rex regnavit. | The Icing reigned. 2) Complex, when thus modified ; e. g., Bonus rex bene regnavit. | The good king reigned well. Rem. —In the first example {Rex regnavit), both subject and predi¬ cate are simple, while, in the second, they are both complex. 187. Modifiers are of two kinds ; viz., 1) Such as limit other words by completing their meaning. These may be called objective modi¬ fiers ; e. g., Mater filiam amat. The mother loves her daugh ter. Amor auri. The love of gold. Rem. —In the first example, filiam not only qualifies amat. but also completes its meaning by showing the object loved. In the se¬ cond example, too, auri both qualifies and completes the mean¬ ing of amor , by showing the object of that love: the love of (what ?) gold. 2) Such as restrict the meaning of other words 88 SIMPLE SENTENCES. by specifying some quality or attribute. These may be called attributive modifiers j e. g., Bonus rex bene regnavit. | The good king reigned well. Rem. 1 .—Bonus expresses the attribute of rex [good king), and bene of regnavit (reigned well). Rem. 2. — It will be observed that the adverb bene sustains the same relation to the verb regnavit as the adjective bonus does to the noun rex; both are attributive, but, for distinction’s sake, the latter may be called the adjective attribute; and the former, the adverbial attribute. 188. The subject of a sentence may be limited, 1) By an objective modifier; e. g., Amor gloriae nos impulit. | The love of glory actuated us. Rem.— This modifier has been very properly called the objective genitive ; though some grammarians regard it as merely attribu¬ tive. It will be readily seen that gloriae , in the above example, expresses no attribute of amor (love) ; it says nothing of the character or qualities of that love ; but simply specifies the object on which it is exercised. 2) By an attributive modifier; e. g., Bonus rex regnat. A good king reigns. Regis filius regnabit. The king's son will reign. Rem. —It will be observed from the above examples that the attri¬ bute of the subject is expressed sometimes by an adjective, and sometimes by a noun used with the force of an adjective. 189. Rule. — Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives and adjective pronouns (whether in the subject or the predicate) agree in gender , number , and case with the nouns which they qualify ; e. g,, Bonus rex. The good king. Bona reglna. The good queen. [F. B. 614; A. & S. § 205.] 190* Rule,— Limiting Nouns. COMPLEX SUBJECT. 89 A noun limiting the meaning of another noun denot* ing a different* person or thing, is put in the genitive^ unless it denotes character or quality , in which case it is accompanied by an adjective, and is put either in the genitive or ablative ; e. g., Pegis filius. The king's son. Puer eximiae pulchritudi- A boy of remarkable beauty nis, or Puer eximia pul- chritudine. [F. B. 624; A. & S. §211 and R. 6; Z. §426.] Rem. —Instead of the genitive of the limiting noun, we sometimes find the dative , or the accusative or ablative with a preposition ; e. g., Troja in Asia eversa est, Troy in Asia was destroyed .—- Transmissus ex Gallia in Britanniam, The passage from Gaul into Britain. 191. In the arrangement of the parts of the complex subject, 1) The adjective precedes or follows its substan¬ tive, according as it is or is not emphatic* e. g., Bonus rex regnat. ] , 7 7 . . . . -r, 7 \ A qood king is reigning. Eex bonus regnat. ) 2) The attributive genitive generally precedes its substantive when the latter is not emphatic; e. &, Aeneae filius regnavit. j The son of Aeneas reigned. 8) The objective genitive generally follows its sub¬ stantive ; e. g., Amor gloriae nos impulit. | The love of glory actuated us. 192. In analyzing a sentence which contains modifi- * See 441. 90 SIMPLE SENTENCES. ers, the pupil is expected to show both the influence of the several modifiers upon the thought, and their gram matical relation to the elements which they limit. MODELS. 1. Regis filius regnabit. | The king's son will reign. This is a simple sentence. Filius is the subject, and regnabit the predicate. The subject filius is modified by regis , showing whose son, viz. the king's. Regis is in the genitive , according to Rule, 190. Regis filius is the complex subject. 2. Rex bonus regnat. | A good king is reigning. This is a simple sentence. Rex is the subject, and regnat is the predicate. The subject rex is modified by the adjective bonus y showing the character of the king (a good king). Bonus agrees with the subject rex , according to Rule, 189. Rex bonus is the complex subject. 193. Vocabulary. Alban, Albanus, a, um. Bite, mordeo , ere, momordi , mor- sum. Brother, frater, tris. Dog, canis, is, c. Five, quinque, indec. Good, bonus, a, um. 194. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze , parsing the complex subjects. 1. Multi Trojani aufugerunt. 2. Anchlsae filius au- fugit. 3. Numa regnavit. 4. Bonus Numa regnabat. Jlill, occido, ere, cidi, cisum. Queen, regina, ae. Romulus, Romulus, i. Shepherd, pastor, oris, m. What? qui, quae, quod? (See F. B. 284.) COMPLEX SUBJECT. 91 5. Remus occisus est. 6. Hie vir occlsus est. 7. Tro ja in Asia eversa est. 8. Rex Albanorum mortuus est. II. 1. Explain position of elements in the above senten¬ ces. (See 183 and 191.) 2. Construct three or more Latin sentences with complex subjects. III. Translate into Latin. 1. What king was reigning ? 2. A good king was reigning. 3. Had not the king of the Albans been reigning? 4. Were the good shepherds killed? 5. Five shepherds had been killed. 6. The brother of Romulus was killed. 7. The shepherd’s son will be praised. 8. The shepherd’s dog will bite. 9. The good queen will be praised. 10. The daughter of the queen has been praised. Lesson VI. Complex Subject.—Modifier ; Complex. [9 & 10.] 195. Any modifier in the complex subject, whether objective or attributive, may itself become complex. 196. Any substantive may be modified in the vari¬ ous ways already specified for the subject. (See last Lesson.) 197. Vocabulary. American, Americdnus, a, um. Citizen, civis, is, c. Himself, lie himself, - ipse, a, um. Increase (trans ), augeo, ere, auxij auctum. Neighboring, finitimus, a, um Number, numerus, i, m. People, populus, i, m. Roman, Romdnus, a, um. State, civitas , at is, f. United, foederdtus, a, um. 92 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 198. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze , parsing the several parts of the complex subjects. 1. Eilius boni regis veniebat. 2. Pastor illlus regio- nis occlsus est. 8. Novae urbis cives occlsi sunt. 4. Eestum Neptuni magni institutum est. 5. Populi illl¬ us virgmes raptae erant. 6. Numerus civium Eoma- norum auctus est. II. 1. In the first three of the above sentences , substitute other complex attributives in place of those now used. MODEL. Eilius pulchrae reginae veniebat. 2. Construct two or more Latin sentences with simple subjects ; then make these subjects complex , by the addition of simple attributives ; and finally put these attributives in the complex form. MODEL. 1. Dux occlsus est. 2. Dux exercitus occlsus est. 8. Dux exercitus Romani occlsus est. The leader was killed. The leader of the army was killed. The leader of the Roman army was killed. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Has tbe number of states been increased? 2. The number of the United States has been increased. 8. Will not the number of American citizens be in creased ? 4. The number of Koman citizens had been increased. 5. The shepherd was killed. 6. Will not the good shepherds be killed? 7. The sons of the good shepherds had been killed. 8. The neighboring SIMPLE PEEDICATE. 93 people came. 9. Did the sons of the neighboring shep¬ herds come ? 10. The shepherds themselves came. Lessor VII. Simple Predicate. [11—13.] 199. The predicate of a sentence consists of two parts, an attribute of the subject and a copula , by which that attribute is predicated or asserted of the subject. 200. The attribute and copula, which form the pre¬ dicate, sometimes appear separately, as when the for¬ mer is expressed by a noun or adjective, and the latter by the verb esse, and sometimes united in one word, in which case they must be expressed by a verb.* 201. The predicate of a simple sentence may, there¬ fore, be, 1) A verb; e. g., Puer ludit. | The boy is playing. 2) The verb esse (or sometimes a passive verb) with an attributivef noun or adjective ; e. g., Cicero fuit consul. Cicero was consul. Terra est rotunda. The earth is round. Eem.—I n the first example, the predicate is not simply fuit, but fuit consul; for the assertion is not that Cicero was (i. e. existed ), but was consul; so in the second example, the predicate is est rotunda, the assertion being that the earth is round. * Even in the verb, the attribute and copula are sometimes repre¬ sented by distinct words, as in the compound tenses; e. g., Rex occlsus est. Here occlsus is the attribute and est the copula. f By an attributive noun is meant one which is used to qualify or describe another noun. 94 SIMPLE SENTENCES. % 202. Rule. — Finite Verbs. A finite verb must agree with its subject in number and person; e. g., Latlnus regnabat. | Latinus was reigning. [F. B. 612; A. & S. §209; Z. §365.] 203. Rule. — Predicate Nouns. An attributive noun in the predicate after esse and a few passive verbs, is put in the same case as the subject, when it denotes the same* person or thing; e. g., Latlnus fait rex. | Latinus was king. [F. B. 613 ; A. & S. § 210; Z. § 365.] For agreement of attributive adjective, see 189. 204. Vocabulary. Amulius, Amulius, i. Be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. Brave,./br£is, e. Choose, elect, lego, ere, legi, lectum. Father, pater, tris. 205. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze , parsing and explaining pre¬ dicates. 1. Silvius Procas fuit rex. 2. Faustulus fuit pastor. 3. Quisestavus? 4. Quae fuit mater ? 5. Urbs fuit nova. 6. Urbes sunt novae. 7. Annuli sunt aurei., 8. Numa rex creatus est. 9. Senatores appellati sunt Patres. 10. Romani bellicosi fuerunt. IT. Construct two Latin sentences with verbs as predi- Hundred, centum, indec. Make, creo, are, dvi, dtum. Senator, senator , oris. 'Who (interrog.), quis, quae ,, quid ? (See F. B. 284.) * See 435. COMPLEX PREDICATE.—DIRECT OBJECT. 95 cates ; two with esse and nouns; and two with esse and adjectives. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who was king ? 2. Latinus was king. 3. Let him be king. 4. Were not the Romans brave? 5. The Romans were brave. 6. Let us be good. 7. We will be good. 8. Who was made king ? 9. Amulius was made king. 10. Was not the city called Rome ? 11. The city was called Rome. 12. A hundred sena¬ tors had been chosen. 13. These senators were called fathers. 14. Who will be made senators ? 15. You will be elected senators. Lessox VIII. Complex Predicate.—Direct Object: Simple. [14 & 15.] 206. The predicate, like the subject, may be limited, I. By Objective Modifiers. II. By Attributive Modifiers. 207. The objective modifiers of the verb-predicate may be divided into three classes ; viz., 1) Direct Objects. 2) Indirect Objects. 3) Remote Objects. Rem. —These objects appear both singly and combined. 208. In tire arrangement of the Latin sentence, the object, of whatever kind, generally precedes its verb; e. g-, Rex helium gerit. Legibus paret. The king is waging war . He obeys the laws. 96 SIMPLE SENTENCES. Rem. —Any word is rendered emphatic by being placed in an unu¬ sual position, especially if that position is near the beginning or end of the sentence or clause. 209. The direct object of the predicate may repre¬ sent, 1) The person or thing on which the action of the verb is directly exerted ; e. g., Caius puellam laudat. Caius praises (what ?) the girl. 2) The direct effect of the action, i. e. the object produced by it; e. g., Caius epistolam scribit. Caius is writing (what ?) a letter. 210. Rule.— Direct Object. Any transitive verb may take an accusative as the direct object of its action. (See examples above.) [F. B. 641; A. & S. § 229 ; Z. § 382.] 2IT. Any thought, which may be expressed by a transitive verb with a direct object, may also be ex¬ pressed by the passive voice of the same verb, having for its subject the noun used as the direct object of the active; e. g., (Act.) Balbum accusant. They accuse BaTbus. (Pass.) Balbus accusatur. BaTbus is accused. Rem. —The agent of the action with passive verbs, when expressed, is generally put in the ablative with a or a&, but as it then be¬ comes an attributive modifier , showing by whom the action is per¬ formed, we shall have occasion to examine it in another place. 212. Vocabulary. Ancus, Ancus, i. Declare, indlco , ere, dixi, dic¬ tum. Enlarge, amplio, are, dvi t dtum. Marcius, Marcius, i. "War, helium; i, n. COMPLEX PREDICATE.—DIRECT OBJECT. 97 213. Exercises. * I. Translate and analyze, explaining position, I. Kuma Pompilius leges dedit. 2. Hie vir sacra instituit. 3. Ancus Marcius suscepit imperium. 4. Numae nepos suscepit imperium. 5. Hie vir urbem ampliavit. 6. Carcerem primus aedificavit. 7. Po- miilus foedus icit. 8. Quis Albam diruit ? 9. Tullus Hostilius Albam diruit. 10. Pex bellum indixit. II. Construct nine or more sentences with objective modi¬ fiers in the accusative—three declarative , three interroga¬ tive, and three imperative. III. Translate into Latin. 1. They have declared war. 2. Will be not declare war? 3. Who has declared war? 4. Will you de¬ clare war? 5. Who founded Pome? 6. Pomulus founded Pome. 7. Who enlarged the city ? 8. An¬ cus Marcins enlarged the city. 9. The city was en¬ larged. 10. Pome was enlarged. 11. Did not Ancus Marcius enlarge the city? 12. Was not Pome en¬ larged ? 13. Who was the first to teach (lit. who the first taught) the Italians ? 14. Saturn was the first to teach the Italians. Lesson IX. Complex Predicate.—Direct Object: Complex. [16 & 17. J 214. The object, and, in fact, any noun, whether in the subject or predicate, may be modified in the various ways already specified for the subject. (See Lesson V.) 5 ( 98 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 215. Vocabulary. Build, aedifico , are, dvi, alum. Capitol, Capitolium , i, n. Commence, inchoo , are, Memmi vivorum. 3) After refert and interest; e. g., Interest omnium. It interests all , or It is the interest of all. [F. B. 642; A. & S. §§215, 216, 219; Z. §§439, 442, 449.] Rem. 1 . —Verbs of remembering and forgetting sometimes take the accusative ; e. g., Memini Cinnam, I remember China. Rem. 2.—According to Key’s Latin Grammar, verbs of memory take the accusative of the object actually remembered, or the genitive of that about which the memory is concerned. 223. Vocabulary. Add, addo, Here, didi , ditum. Ardea, Ardea , ae, f. Besiege, oppugno , are, dvi , d- Friend, amicus, i, m. His, her, its, suus, a, um , refer¬ ring to the subject. Jupiter, Jupiter , Jovis. (See turn. Collatinus, Collatinus , i. A. & S. § 85.) COMPLEX PREDICATE.—REMOTE OBJECT. 103 Lucretia, Lucretia , ae. Other, alius , a, ud. (See F. B. 113, R.) Our, noster , tra , trum. Persuade, persuaded , suasum. Poor, pauper , ms, adj. Pity, misereor , m, miseritus cv misertus sum. Remember, remiiiiscor , ci. Remus, Remus , i. Temple, templum , i. n. Wife, conjux , wyzs. 224. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Vivorum memini. 2. Reminiscatur popiili Ro¬ mani. 8. Reminiscantur veteris incommodi popiili Romani. 4. Reminiscere veteris famae popiili Roma¬ ni. 5. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen meruit. 6. Templum Jovis aedificavit. 7. Ardeam oppugnabat. 8. Oppugnabat urbem Latii. 9. Brutus popiilo per- suasit. 10. Alii nonnulli popiilo persuaserunt. 11. Miseremini sociorum. II. 1. Construct two or more Latin sentences , limiting the verb 'predicate by a genitive. 2. Construct Latin sentences in answer to the following questions: 1. What city did Romulus found ? 2. What be¬ came of Remus ? 3. How many senators did Romulus choose ? 4. What did he call them ? 5. What king added to these a hundred other senators? 6. Who built the temple of Jupiter ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. Pity the poor. 2. We pity the poor. 3. Does he not pity us ? 4. I pity them. 5. They remember the king. 6. Let them remember their friends. 7. Let ns remember our friends. 8. We will persuade 104 SIMPLE SENTENCES. the king. 9. Did the king wage many wars? 10. Tarquin besieged Ardea. 11. The wife of Collatinus slew herself. 12. Lucretia slew herself. 13. Who was Lucretia ? 14. She was the wife of Collatinus. Lesson XII. Complex Predicate.—Remote Object; Ablative. [23 & 24.] 225. After a few verbs, the ablative is used as a re¬ mote object, though it could probably be easily ex¬ plained, at least in most instances, as an adverbial attri¬ butive ; e. g., Lacte vescuntur. They live upon milk , or are nourished by means of milk. Rem.—T he ablative lacte in this example may be explained as an adverbial attributive of means. 226. Kule. — Ablative of Remote Object, The ablative is used, 1) After the deponent verbs utor , fruor , fungor , potior , vescor ) and their compounds ; e. g., Lacte vescuntur. | They live upon milk. 2) After verbs signifying to abound or be destitute of; e. g., Nemo aliorum ope carere No one can be (do) without potest. the assistance of others. [F. B. 644; A. & S. §§245, 25C, Rem. 1, (2); Z. §§460, 465 ] COMPLEX PREDICATE.—REMOTE OBJECT. 105 1 227. Vocabulary. Aid, s., auxilium, i, n. Aid, bear aid, auxilium fero, ferre, tuli, latum. Appoint, creo, are , ri, m. Brutus, Brutus , Z. Confer, tribuo , tum. Consul, consul, wZZs, m. Discharge, fungor , functus sum. Duty, officium , Z, n. Enjoy, fruor, Z, ZZws or cZws sum. 228. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze , parsing objects. 1. Lacte vescunt.ur. 2. Barbari pellibus utuntur. 8. Utatur suis bonis. 4. Fruantur suis bonis. 5. Luce fruimur. 6. Officiis fungebatur. 7. Fuit consul Brutus. 8, Fuit consul acerrimus libertatis vindex. 9. Valerius Publicola consul factus est. 10. Commovit bellum Tarquinius. 11. Consul occisus est. 12. Tar- quinii filius occisus est. 13. Primus annus quinque con stiles liabuit. II. 1. Change the moods of the verbs in the first five of die above sentences ; the indicative to the subjunctive or im¬ perative ,, and the subjunctive to the indicative or impera¬ tive ; and then translate. MODEL. Lacte vescantur. | Let them live upon milk. 2. Construct two Latin sentences , limiting the predicate by an ablative. tor a year, lasting a year, an nuus , a, um. Junius, Junius, i. Life, vita, ae, f. Make, facio, ere, feci, factum ; be made, fio, fieri, factus sum. Matron, matrona, ae. Mourn, lugeo, ere, luxi, luctum . Power, imperium, i, n. Publicola, Publicola, ae, m. Two, duo, ae, o. (See F. B. 317.) Use, utor, i, usus sum. Valerius, Valerius, i. Your, Tester, tra, trum. 5 * 106 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 3. Construct Latin sentences in answer to the following questions: * 1. How many consuls were appointed ? 2. For how long a time was power conferred upon them? 3. What Koman king waged war against the Romans ? 4. Who aided Tarquin ? MODEL. Consiiles duo creati sunt. III. Translate into Latin. 1. He has discharged all his duties. 2. Let us dis¬ charge our duties. 3. Let them enjoy life. 4. Do you enjoy life ? 5. He is using his book. 6. Let all use these books. 7. Will he use this book ? 8. He will use your books. 9. Were not two consuls appointed ? 10. Junius Brutus was consul. 11. Who was made consul? 12. Valerius Publicola was made consul. 13. Did not the Roman matrons mourn for the consul? 14. They did mourn for him. Lesson XIII. Complex Predicate.—Direct Object with Attributive Accu¬ sative. [25—27.] 229. Rule. — Direct Object with Attributive Accusative. Verbs of making , choosing , electing , calling , showing , and the like, are followed by two accusatives denoting the same person or thing ; e. g., Saturnus arcem Saturniam Saturn called the citadel Sar appellavit. turnia. [A. sant becomes aecusat. In number 2, the same sentence is put in the interrogative form. 2. Construct two Latin sentences, limiting the predicate by an accusative and a genitive. 3. Change the sentences, thus constructed, to the passive form, omitting the agent. MODEL. {Act.) Caium proditionis accusant. {Pass.) Caius proditionis accusatur. III. Translate into La,tin. They accuse Caius of trea¬ chery. Caius is accused of trea¬ chery. 1. Who condemned Fabius to death? 2. Was he condemned to death ? 3. He was condemned to death. 4. The dictator condemned the master of the cavalry to death. 5. Will he not accuse us of treachery ? 6. We shall be accused of treachery. 7. I have been ac¬ cused of treachery. 8. You have all been accused of treachery. 9. Were the Eomans put to death ? 10. Must they all be put to death ? 11. Did Pontius re¬ ject his father’s advice ? Lesson XYIII. Complex Predicate.—Combined Objects ; Accusative and Ablative. [40—42.] 254. Pule. — Combined Objects; Accusative and Ab¬ lative. Verbs signifying to separate from, deprive of, &c., take 118 SIMPLE SENTENCES. f the accusative of the direct object, and the ablative of that from which it is separated; e. g., Me luce privant. | They deprive me of light. [F. B. 650; A. & S. § 229 and R. 1, and § 251; Z. §460.] Rem. —Sometimes, especially in poetry, verbs of depriving , JTovus, a, um. Once, semel. 128 SIMPLE SENTENCES. P., P. for Publius. Scipio, Scipio, bnis, m. Take, cupio, ere, cepi, captum. 275. Exercises. Thus, sic. Try, tento, are, avi, alum . I. Translate and analyze , parsing and explaining ad¬ verbial expressions. 1. Duo Scipiones ab Hasdrubale interfecti erant. 2. Quondam Publius Cornelius Scipio patrem singular] virtute servavit. 8. Caius amici sui laborem parvi aestimat. 4. Plurimae civitates ab Hannibale teneban- tur. 5. Hasdrubal strenue pugnavit. 6. Ibi Scipio pugnat. 7. Scipio ingenti gloria triumphavit. 8. Scipio Africanus appellatns est. 9. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum. II. 1. Limit the predicates in the first five of the above examples by attributives of time or place ; interrogative or not , at the pleasure of the pupil. 2. Explain all the adverbs in your reading lesson ; also all the adverbial expressions of manner, means, &c. 8. Construct two or more Latin sentences, limiting the predicate of each , by some attribute of time or place, and then add that of manner, means, dec. MODELS. 1. Turn domum emit. 2. Turn domum auro emit. He then bought the house . lie then bought the house with gold. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who took New Carthage ? 2. P. Cornelius Sci¬ pio took it. 3. How did he take it ? 4. He took it by force of arms. 5. Was not he made consul? 6. ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. 129 When was lie made consul? 7. By whom was he made consul ? 8. He was made consul by the Homan people. 9. The Homan people made Scipio consul then. 10. Thus P. Scipio liberated Italy. 11. Peace will be tried in vain. 12. Let us now try peace. 13. We will try peace once. Lesson XXIII. Complex Predicate.—Adverbial Expressions of Time. [57—59.] 276. Hule. — Time. Time when is expressed by the ablative without a preposition; e. g., Hieme ursus dorrnit. | The bear sleeps in winter. [F. B. 669, A. & S. § 253 ; Z. § 475.] Rem. —The accusative with a preposition is frequently used to denote time, when it is spoken of with reference to the time of anothei event; e. g., Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius regnum accept After the death of Aeneas, Ascanius received the royal power. 277. Hule. —Length of Time. Length of time is generally expressed by the accusa¬ tive ; e. g., Caius annum unum vixit. | Caius lived one year. [F. B. 670 ; A. & S. § 236 ; Z. § 395.] Rem. —The ablative is sometimes used to denote length of time; e. g., Regnavit annis sexaginta, He reigned sixty years. 278. Vocabulary. Against, indicated by the da¬ tive. Antiochus, Antiochus , i, m. Battle, proelium, i, n.; pugna , ac, f. 6* Dqy, dies, ei, m. & f. in sing.; m. in pi. Die, morioi\ onori or moriri , mortuus sum. Fifteen, quindecim. 130 SIMPLE SENTENCES. Fortieth, quadragesimus, a, um. Forty, quadraginta , indecl. Great, magnus , a, um; ingens, tis. Greece, Graecia , a£, &c. Jerusalem, Hierosolyma, drum, n. pi., and Hierosolyma, ae, f. 337. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Tigrani deinde Pompeius bellum intulit. 2. Ille diadema suum in ejus manibus collocavit. 3. Parte regni enm multavit. 4. Armeniam Minorem Galatiae regi donavit. 5. Hierosolymam tertio mense cepit. 6. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. 7. Ab Antonio Catillna ipse proelio victns est. II. 1. Change the first five of the above sentences to the 'passive form , and make the rest interrogative. MODEL. Tigrani deinde a Pompeio bellum illatum est. 2. Construct two or more Latin sentences illustrative of complex elements. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who surrendered himself to Pompey ? 2. John, to whom did Tigranes surrender ? 3 He surrendered to Pompey. 4. Father, will you go to Judea with John, Johannes, is, m. Judea, Judaea, ae, f. Noble, nobilis, e. Surrender, dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum. Tigranes, Tigranes, is, m. Very, indicated by superl. of adj. With, cum ; with pers. pron. and generally with relatives, it is appended to its case, as mecum, tecum, secum , &c. ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES.—RECAPITULATION. 151 me ? 5. I will go with you to the capital of Judea. 6. What city is the capital of Judea ? 7. Jerusalem is the capital of Judea. 8. Catiline was a man of a noble family. 9. Was not Catiline a man of a very depraved character? 10. Caesar waged war against the Germans. 11. The Germans were conquered by Caesar in many battles. 152 COMPLEX SENTENCES. CHAPTER H. COMPLEX SENTENCES. § 1 .—Complex Sentences; Unabridged. Lesson XXX. Sentence as Subject. [76—78.] 338. Entire sentences are often used as elements in tire formation of other sentences. 339. Sentences thus formed are called complex. (See 164.) 340. A sentence thus used as an element may be in¬ troduced, 1) Without any changes of form or structure, as in direct quotation ; e. g., (Simple Sentence.) Caius est beatus. | Caius is happy. ( Complex—Direct Quotation.) Dicunt, “ Caius est beatus.” \ They say, “Caius is happy.” 2) With certain changes to adapt it to the subor¬ dinate rank which it is to occupy in its new position, as in indirect quotation ; c. g., Dicunt Caium esse beatum. They say that Caius is happy. •7 SENTENCE AS SUBJECT. * 153 Rem. —It -will be observed that the subordinate sentence in the above example, in the Latin, takes its subject and its predicate- adjective in the accusative, and its copula in the infinitive, but in the English assumes the connective that, and remains in other respects unchanged. Sometimes in Latin also the rank of the subordinate sentence is indicated by merely assuming a connective, and sometimes by both assuming a connective and changing its own form; e. g., Iter faciebam, quum Balbum vi- debam, I was making a journey, when I saw Balbus. —Quae quum ita sint, egredere ex urbe, Since these things are so, go forth from the city. Here it must be observed that, in the first exam¬ ple, the sentence, “ Balbum videbam,” is united withoit change to the principal sentence by the connective quum, and thus is rendered subordinate to it as in the English ; while in the sec¬ ond, the sentence, “ Quae ita sunt ” (these things are so), not only assumes the connective quum, but also changes its copula sunt to sint, thus becoming “ Quae quum ita sint.” 341. A complex sentence may take an entire sen¬ tence in place of any one of its elements ; i. e., 1) As Subject. 2) As Predicate. 3) As Object. 4) As Attribute. Sentence as Subject. 342. Any sentence, whether declarative, interroga¬ tive, or imperative, may be used in direct quotation as subject; e. g., “ Terra est rotunda ,” est sententia. u Quid casurum est f n est quaestio. f< Nemo in urbe sepelitorj 1 crat lex. “ The earth is round,” is a sentence. “What will happen?” is the question. “Let no one be buried in the city,” was the law. 843. Any sentence, whether declarative, interroga- 7* 154 COMPLEX SENTENCES. tive, or imperative, may be introduced as the subject of another sentence without being directly quoted; it then undergoes certain changes to adapt it to the place it is to hold in the new sentence. I. Changes in Declarative Sentences as Subject. 344. Declarative sentences used as subject, except in direct quotation (see 340, 1) change their own subjects to the accusative, their predicates to the infinitive, and any predicate-adjectives or nouns to the accusative; e. cr D*J Terra est rotunda. Terrain esse rotundam cer- tum est. The earth is round. That the earth is round , is certain. Rem.—H ere the decl. sentence, Terra est rotunda, is used as subject; accordingly its own subject (terra) is changed to the accns. ( ter¬ rain ), and its predicate (est rotunda ) to the infinitive (esse) and the accusative (rotundam). 345. Rule. — Infinitive as Subject. The infinitive mood, either alone or with other words connected with it, may be used as the subject of a verb. [F. B. 608 ; A. & S. § 269 ; Z. § 597.J 346. Rule. — Subject of Infinitive. The subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative (as terram in the above example). [F. B. 655 ; A. & S. §239*, Z. §599.] 347. With a few verbs we find quod with the indices tive as the real subject; e. g., Accessit etiam quod pars equitatus se trans Rhe- num receperat. An additional reason was that a part of the cavalry had crossed the Rhine . 348. Instead of an infinitive sentence as subject, we SENTENCE AS SUBJECT. 155 find ut with, the subjunctive with restat, sequitur, reli- quum est, primum est, proximum est, and the like ; e. g., Sequitur, ut haec enuncia- tio falsa sit. Restat ut omnia doceam. Mos est hominum, ut no¬ lint eundem pluribus excellere. It follows that this statement is false. It remains that I should teach all things. It is a custom of men, that they are unwilling that the same one should excel in many things. Rem. 1 . —In each of these examples, the clause beginning with ut is plainly the real subject, and the preceding part, as sequitur , restat, mos est, &c., the predicate. Thus, in the first example, we may ask, what follows (sequitur ): plainly that this statement is false (ut haec enunciatio falsa sit). Rem. 2.—After non dubium est and the like, we sometimes find quin with the subjunctive; e. g., Non dubium est quin turpe sit, There is no doubt but that it is disgraceful. Here the clause, quin turpe sit , seems at first to be tho subject, but if we observe closely the force of quin as compounded of qui (the old abl. of qui), by which, and ne, not, the sentence may be explained thus, non est dubium , there is no doubt, quin turpe sit, by which (i. e. in accordance with which) this is not disgraceful. Thus explain¬ ed it assumes the nature of a relative clause. II. Changes in Interrogative Sentences as Subject. 349. Interrogative sentences used as subject, except in direct quotation, change their predicates to the sub¬ junctive mood ; e. g., * Quid casurum est ? Quid casurum sit incertum est. What will happen ? It is uncertain ivhat will happen. III. Changes in Imperative Sentences as Subject. 350. Imperative sentences used as subject, except in 156 COMPLEX SENTENCES. direct quotation, change their predicates to the subjunc¬ tive mood (if not already in that mood) with ut or ne ; • e. g-, In urbe mane. Ut in urbe maneas, prae- scribetur. Remain in the city. That you remain in the city will be enjoined. 851. The general.rule for the position of subject and predicate is the same in complex as in simple sentences (325, 326), with this qualification, that the subject-sen¬ tence usually follows the predicates mentioned in arti¬ cles 3-17, 348, and a few others. 352. Vocabulary. Cams, Caius , i, m. Certain, sure, certus, a, um. Dictator, dictator , 6m, m. It is ordered, the order is giv¬ en, praescribitur. It is usual, solet. It is well known, is an admit¬ ted fact, constat . Near, apud. Pharsalia, Pharsalia , ae, f. Pharsalus, Pharsalus , i, f. Uncertain, incertus , Caesar certior fiebat, om- nes Belgas contra popu- lum Romanum conjura- re, et has esse causas. Caesar was informed , that all the Belgians were com spiring against the Ro¬ man people, and that these were the causes. Rem. —Here the compound sentence might stand thus: “ Omnes Belgae contra populum Romanum conjuraverunt , et haefuerunt causae. * When, however, it is made subordinate, its two parts both change their verbs to the infinitive; just as either would have done, if the other had not been used at all. 428. Vocabulary. Adopt measures for or against, consulo, ere, consului, consul- tum; to adopt cruel mea¬ sures, crudeliter consulo, ere, &c. Alcibiades, Alcibiades , is, m. Be occupied, be busy, distrin- gor , i, districtus. Commander, general, dux , du¬ ds, m. Cut off, intereludo , ere, inter- clusi , interclusum. Fortification, munitio , dnis, f. Four hundred, quadringenti % ae, a. Historian, historicus , i, m. Inhabitant, incola, ae, m. & f. Inhabitant of Catina, Catinen- sis , is, or Catiniensis, is, m. &£ People, plebs, plebis, f. COMPL. AND COMP. SENTENCES AS ELEMENTS. 197 Recover, recipio , ere, recepi, receptum. Restore, reddo, ere , reddidi, redditum. Right, rights, jus, juris, n. 429. Exercises. Supplies, commedtus, us, m. Terms, condition, conditio , o- nis, f. Unless, nisi. When, quum , turn — quum. I. Translate and analyze. I. Legati id fieri vetant. 2. LacedaemQnii legatos Athenas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. 3. Themisto- cles muros Athenarum restituit, non sine periculo suo, quum Lacedaemonii legatos Athenas misissent, qui id fieri vetarent. 4. Id responsum quo valeret, quum in¬ telligent nemo, Themistocles persuasit, consilium esse Apollmis, ut in naves se conferrent. 5. In epigram- mate erat haec sentential suo ductu Barbaras apud Plataeas esse deletos, ej usque victoriae ergo Apollmi donum dedisse. 6. Mittitur Gylippus, qui quum de belli jam inclinato statu audivisset, opportuna bello lo- ca occupat. II. Construct two or more Latin sentences, each contain¬ ing one or more complex sentences as elements. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The inhabitants of Catina asked aid of the Athe¬ nians. 2. Why did they ask aid ? 3. Historians say that they asked aid, because the terms of peace were not observed by the Syracusans. 4. When they sent ambassadors to Athens to ask aid, the Athenians were occupied with the Peloponnesian war. *5. Do you know what the Athenian generals did in Sicily ? 6. It is said that they built fortifications in order to cut off the inhabitants from supplies. 7. Who was ap- 198 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. pointed commander of the Athenian fleet, when the senate adopted cruel measures against the people ? 8. Alcibiades was appointed commander, in order that he might recover the rights of the people from the four hundred, unless they should themselves restore them. 2 .—Complex Sentences; Abridged . ♦ Lesson XLII. Principal Elements, Abridqed. [ 114 — 117 .] 480. We have seen that sentences, used as elements of others, are sometimes introduced unchanged, as di¬ rect quotations, and sometimes undergo certain altera¬ tions to adapt them to their new situations ; e. g., Direct Quotation. Dicit, “ Rex venit? He says , u The king is com- mg Dicit regem venire. Indirect Quotation. He says that the king is coming. 431. In either of the above cases, the complex sen¬ tence appears in its full form ; but sometimes a part of the subordinate clause is omitted, as when it can be easily supplied from the rest of the sentence ; the com plex sentence may then be said to be abridged. 432. Sentences are abridged in two ways: 1) A portion of the subordinate clause is omitted, and the rest remains unchanged; e. g., PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS, ABRIDGED. 199 Cupio discere. I desire to learn. Europa minor est quam Europe is smaller than Asia. Asia. Rrv —In the first example, the subject of the subordinate clause (me) is omitted, because it i3 the same person as the subject ol the principal part (ego), and discere retains the same form as il the subject were expressed. So in the second example, the pre¬ dicate of the subordinate clause is omitted, as it can be easily supplied from the principal part, while the subject and connec¬ tive, quam Asia, remain unchanged. 2) A portion, of the subordinate clause is omit¬ ted, and the rest is changed to adapt it to its new situation; e. g., Europa minor est Asia. | Europe is smaller than Asia. ~Rrv —Here it will be observed that not only the predicate of the subordinate clause has disappeared (as in case 1^), but also the connective quam, and that the following noun Asia loses its character as subject, and is put in the ablative. Subordinate Clauses as Principal Elermernts , Abridged. 433. An infinitive sentence used as subject or predi¬ cate may have its own subject omitted, when it ex¬ presses a general truth, or when its subject may be easily supplied; e. g., Turpe est mentlri. | To lie is base. Rol—H ere mtntiri is subject, but its own subject is omitted, be- • cause, the truth being a general one, any subject we please may be supplied: thus, that you, I, any one, should lie, is base. 434. When the infinitive is used as the subject of a sentence, the predicate is sometimes expressed by the copula and a genitive ; e. g., Regis est regnare. u '—- It is the part of the king 'to reign. # 200 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. Rem. 1 . —Here it is obvious that regnare is the subject, and regia est is the predicate. > V Rem. 2.—Combining articles 203 and 434, we have the following 435. Rule. — Predicate Nouns. A noun in the predicate after the verb esse and a few passive verbs, is put, 1) In the same ease as the subject when it de¬ notes the same person or thing; e. g., Cicero fuit consul. | Cicero was consul. \ 2) In the genitive when it denotes a different person or thing ;* e. g., Regis est regnare. It is the part of a king to reign. [F. B. 613; A. & S. §§ 210, 211, R. 8 ; Z. §§ 365, 448.] 436. The infinitive after passive verbs with personal subjects should be treated as a predicate nominative (see 229, 230), and, as the subject of the infinitive is omitted, being the same person or thing as thht of the passive, any predicate noun, adjective, or participle after the infinitive is generally attracted into the nomi¬ native to agree with the subject of the passive verb; e. g-, Rex beatus esse dicitur. Coriolanus occlsus esse di¬ citur. The king is said to he happy. Coriolanus is said to have been put to death . Rem. —It will be observed that beatus in the first example and occi - sus in the second would have been in the accusative to agree with the subjects of the infinitives if they had been expressed, but are here attracted into the nominative to agree with the subject of dicitmr. PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS, ABRIDGED. 201 437. Vocabulary. Accept, accipio , ere , accepi , ac- ceptum. Be wise, sapio , ere, saplvi or 8apii. Besiege, obsideo , ere, obsedi , sessum ; obsididne circumdo , are, datum. Best, optimus , a, (superl. of bonus). Happily, Seaife. Live, ©itw, ere, rm, victum. Lysander, Lysander , ject; e. g., Non audlvit Alexander draconem loquentem. Illud signum ita collocan- dum consules locave- runt. Alexander did not hear the dragon speak (lit. speak- ing). The consuls contracted to have this statue thus pla¬ ced. 450. Instead of a sentence modifying the substantive or adjective predicate, whether objective or attributive, we often find either a gerund, or a gerundive in agree¬ ment with some substantive ; e. g., Epaminondas studiosior audiendi fait. Epaminondas was too fond o/hearing. Rem. —The gerund audiendi depends upon studiosior. See Rule, 443. 451. Instead of a subordinate clause denoting pur¬ pose—indirect object —a gerund, or a gerundive agreeing with some substantive, is often used, and is put some¬ times in the dative, and sometimes in the accusative with a preposition; e. g., Aqua utilis est bibendo. Bourn terga non ad onera accipienda figurata sunt. Water is useful for drink¬ ing. The backs of oxen were not formed for receiving bur¬ dens. 452. The supine in um is sometimes used after verbs of motion in place of a subordinate clause of purpose, e. g-, Legati ad Caesarem gratu - Ambassadors came to Oae- latum convenerunt. sar to congratulate him. 208 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. 458. Bule.— Supine in um. The supine in um follows verbs of motion to express the purpose or object of that motion. (See example above.) [F. B. 676 ; A. & S. § 276, II; Z. § 668.] 454. Vocabulary. Advice, consilium , i y n. Belong to, be to, sum, esse, fui , futurus (with dative). Cadmea, Cadmea , ae, f. Choose, deligo , ere , deleg i, de- lectum. Conon, Gonon , onw, m. Defeat, rinco, ere , mci, mctum. Depart, go, projiciscor , ci,pro- fectus sum. Desist, discedo , ere, discessi , eZw- cessum. Despair, desperation, despera- tio , ems, f. Drive, drive away, jpeZfo, ere, pepiili , pulsum. Engagement, battle, proelium , i, n. 455. Exercises. Exile, banishment, exsilium , », n. Exile, a person banished, ezswZ, wfo's, m. & f. Land, field, ager, agri , m. Naval, navdlis , e. Opening, beginning, initium , n. Order, v., jubeo , ere, jws- sum. Otherwise, aliter. Pelopidas, Pelopidas , ae, m. Pericles, Pericles , &, m. (See F.B. 174.) Theban, Thebdnus , a, wra. Untouched, uninjured, intac- tus , «, -mw. Voluntary, voluntarius , a, m I. Translate and analyze. 1. Pausanias honoratum adversarium vidit. 2. Phi- lippus regnare cum amlcis volebat. 8. Amari pater maluit. 4. Hie metui maluit. 5. Alexander univer- sum terrarum orbem vincere est aggressus. 6. Hie urbem obsidere statuit. 7. Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legatos in Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab ar- OBJECT OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 209 mis discedere. 8. Liberandae patriae propria laus est Pelopidae, qui, exsilio multatus, Athenas se contulerat. II. 1. Construct two or more Latin sentences with ob¬ jects abridged. 2. Construct Latin sentences in answer to the following questions: 1. What state took the lead ( acted as leader) against the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war ? 2. What advice did Pericles give the Athenians in the opening of the war ? 8. Why did he give his own lands to the republic? 4. In how many naval engagements did Alcibiades defeat the Spartans ? 5. Why was Conon sent to take his place ? 6. What became of Alcibia¬ des ? 7. What was the result of the Peloponnesian war ? 8. Who were appointed over the Athenian re¬ public ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who ordered the Greeks to desist from arms ? 2. They were ordered by Artaxerxes, the king of the Persians, to desist from arms. 8. Did they not wish to do otherwise ? 4. To whom belongs the praise of liberating the Cadmea from the Spartans ? 5. This praise belongs to Pelopidas, the Theban exile, who having chosen a day for liberating the state, drove the Spartans from the citadel. 210 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. Lesson XLY. Attribute of Predicate, Abridged. —Comparison and Par- ticiples. [122—125.] 456. Complex sentences involving comparisons of inequality (421, 2) take two different constructions; viz., 1) The connective quam may be used; and then the following noun is generally in the same case as the corresponding noun before quam ; e. g-, Europa minor est quam Asia. Europe is smaller than Asia. Rem. —When the same word belongs to both members of the com¬ parison in Latin, it is generally expressed in the first and omit¬ ted in the second; in English, however, it is expressed in the first, and represented in the second by the pronoun that or those ; e. g., Maris superficies major est quam terrae, The sur¬ face of the sea is greater than (that) of the land. Here the noun after quam ( terrae ) is in the same case as the corresponding noun maris before it. 2) The connective quam may be omitted; and then the following noun is put in the abla¬ tive ; e. g., Nihil est dementia divi- Nothing is more godlike than nius. clemency. 457. Rule. — Comparison. The comparative degree is followed, 1) Without quam, by the ablative. ATTRIBUTE OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 211 2) With quam , generally by the case of the cor¬ responding nonn before it. (See examples above.) [F. B. 636 ; A. & S. § 256 ; Z. §483.] 458. An attributive sentence of time , cause , manner , condition , concession , &c., may be abridged, 1) When its subject is some person or thing men¬ tioned in the principal clause, by dropping the subject and copula , and generally the con¬ nective , and retaining the attributive part of the predicate in the form of a participle , adjec- tive , or noun (according to the‘form of predi¬ cate) in agreement with that noun in the prin¬ cipal clause; e. g., Caesar, in Britanniam pro- ficiscens, Morinos rell- quit. Quidam hanc patriam, hinc nati , urbem hostium esse judicaverunt. Hie, puer duodeviginti an- nbrum , patrem servavit. Caesar , going (i. e. when he went ) into Britain, left the Morini. Some , born here ( though born here), have judged this country to be a city of the enemies. He , (when) a boy of eigh¬ teen years, preserved his father. Rem. —Whenever, in thus abridging a sentence, a participle would be required in the perfect active with an object, the perfect passive must be used in the ablative absolute (see 2 below) with that object, as the Latin has no perfect active; e. g., Hostes, impetu facto, nostros perturbaverunt, The enemy, having made an attack (lit. an attack having been made), put our soldiers into disorder. 2) When its subject is some person or thing not mentioned in the principal clause, by drop- 212 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. ping the connective and copula, and putting the subject in the ablative with the participle, adjective, or noun of the predicate in agreement with it. This construction is called the abla¬ tive absolute ; e. g., Hostes, nihil timentibus nostris , celeriter nostros perturbaverunt. Cicerone console, Catilina ad delendam patriam conjuravit. The enemy , while our sol¬ diers feared nothing (lit. our soldiers fearing no¬ thing), quickly put them into disorder. In the consulship of Cicero (when Cicero was consul), Catiline conspired for the destruction of his coun¬ try. 459. Rule. — Agreement of Participles. Participles like adjectives (189) agree, in gender, num¬ ber, and case, with the nouns to which they belong. (See examples above.) [F. B. 614; A. & S. §205.] 460. Rule. — Ablative Absolute. A noun and a participle, a noun and an adjective, or two nouns, standing grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence, are put in the ablative absolute. (See above examples.) [F. B. 678; A & S. § 257, R. 7 ; Z. §§ 640, 644, 645.] Rem.—P articiples are sometimes used to abridge independent claus¬ es ; e. g., Quos Tyrii contra jus gentium occisos praecipitaverunt in altum, The Tyrians slew them contrary to the law of nations, and threw them into the sea. ATTRIBUTE OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 213 461. Vocabulary. Add, join to, adjungo, ere, ad- junxi, adjunctwm. All, the whole, to tits, a, um. (See F. B. 113, R.) As (before nouns), often un¬ translated. Cavalry, equites, um, m. pi. of eques ; equitatus, us, m. Distinguished, praestans, tis. Epaminondas, Epaminondas, ae, m. Hostage, obses, idis, m. & f. House, home, domus, us & i, f. Instructed, learned, accom¬ plished, erudltus , a, um. Larissa, Larissa, ae, f. 462. Exercises. Keep, have, habeo, ere, habui, Tiabitum. Macedonia, Macedonia, ae, f. Philip, Philippus, i, m. Reside, habito, are, dvi, dtum. Strength, robur, oris, n. Subjugate, impose the yoke of servitude, servitutis jugum impono, ere, imposui, imposi- tum. Thebes, Thebae, drum, f. pi. Thessalian, Tliessalus, a, um. Victorious, expressed by victor, oris, m. in apposition with the noun. Virtue, virtue, utis, f. I. Translate and analyze. I. Alexander, ad Persicum bellum proficiscens, pa- trimonium omne suum amlcis divisit. 2. Philippus, in Scythiam profectus, numero praestantes Scythas do- lo vicit. 3. Alexander yirtute patre major fuit. 4. Hie vitiis Philippo major fuit. 5. Motae quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt. 6. Atheniensibus per insidias victis, Philippus incolumes sine pretio di- mlsit. 7. Post haec, bello in Illyrios translato, multa millia hostium caedit. 8. Philippus, obses triennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, Graeciae servi- tutis jugum imposuit. II. Explain the force of the participles in the above sen « tcnces, showing to what hind of clause each is equivalent, i. c. whether temporal, causal , &c. 214 ABRIDGE]) COMPLEX SENTENCES. MODEL. Ad Persicum helium proficiscens , is an abridged tem¬ poral clause, showing when Alexander divided his pa¬ trimony, viz. on going to the Persian war = when he went , &c. III. Translate into Latin. 1. How long did Philip reside at Thebes ? 2. He was there three years. 3. He was kept as a hostage in the house of Epaminondas. 4. Having been kept as a hostage for three years at Thebes, he returned to Ma¬ cedonia. 5. Having been kept as a hostage in the house of Epaminondas, he was instructed in all the virtues of this distinguished man. 6. On returning (458) to Macedonia, he subjugated all Greece. 7. Hav¬ ing taken Larissa in Thessaly, he added to his victo¬ rious army the strength of the Thessalian cavalry. Lesson XLVI. Attribute of Predicate, Abridged ; Gerunds and Supines. [126—129.] 463. The gerund, as already mentioned (450), some¬ times expresses the attribute of a substantive or adjec¬ tive predicate; e. g., Sapientia ars vivendi pu- Wisdom should be regarded tanda est. as the art of living. Rem. —Thq^forms of tlie gerund are very properly regarded as the oblique cases of the infinitive, and accordingly are the abridged forms of subordinate clauses: thus, ars vivendi , in the first ex¬ ample, literally construed would stand, the art of the to live = the art of living. ATTRIBUTE OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 215 464. Instead of a subordinate proposition modifying the verb predicate, the gerund with a preposition, or a gerundive and a substantive witb a preposition, may be used to express adverbial relations; e. g., Inter ludendum cantabant. Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus. They were singing while playing. Brutus was hilled in liber¬ ating his country. 465. The ablative of the gerund, or of the gerundive in agreement with a substantive, without a preposition often supplies the place of a subordinate clause of cause , manner , means , &c.; e. g., Mens discendo alitur. Loquendi elegantia auge- tur legendis oratoribus. The mind is strengthened by learning. Elegance of speech is culti¬ vated by reading ora¬ tors. For Rules for the government of gerunds and gerundives, see 443, 444. 466. The supine in u may supply the place of an adverbial clause after certain adjectives, whether in the subject or predicate ; e. g., Hoc optimum factu est. | This is best to be done. 467. Rule.— Supine in u * The supine in u is used after adjectives signifying good or bad ) easy or difficult , agreeable or disagreeable , &c. (See above example.) [F. B. 635; A. & S. § 276, III; Z. § 670.] For the use of supine in um, see 452. 216 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. 468. Vocabulary. Alexander, Alexander, dri, m. Arrive, advenio, Ire, adveni, adventum. Deceive, decipio, ere, decepi, deceptum. Delight, rejoice, gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum. Go, hasten, contendo, ere, con - tendi, contentum. Hero ,heros,dis, m. Learn, disco, ere, didici. Macedonian, Macedonicus, a, um ; Macedo, onis, m. Narrow passage, angustiae, a- rum, f. pi. Offer sacrifices, to sacrifice (in honor of parents, &c.), pa - rento, are, dm, atum. Pausanias, Pausanias, ae, m. See, witness, specto, are, avi, dtum. Tomb, tumulus, i, m. Whose, cujus, a, um; cujus; quorum. Youth, young man, adolescent, entis , m. 469. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze. I. Hommis mens discendo alitur. 2. Omnes mul- tum temporis ludendo amittimus. 3. Philippus ad lu- dos spectandos contendit. 4. Atheniensium exercitus in terram praedatum exierat. 5. Philippus, in Scy- thiam praedandi causa profectus, numero praestantes Scythas dolo vicit. 6. Parcendi victis filio animus promptior. 7. Vincendi ratio utrlque diversa fuit. 8. Athenienses miserunt Delphos consultum, quidnam fa* cerent de rebus suis. II. Construct two or more Latin sentences with gerunds, and two or more with supines. III. Translate into Latin. 1. They have learned much by reading. 2. All can learn much by reading good books. 3. Philip learned much by witnessing the virtues of Epaminondas the Theban. 4. Who killed Philip ? 5. Pausanias, hav* ATTRIBUTE OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 217 ing taken possession of (458,1, E.) the narrow passage, killed him. 6. He was going to see the games, when this Macedonian youth killed him. 7. Who succeeded Philip ? 8. Alexander succeeded his father Philip. 9. The father is said to have delighted in deceiving the enemy (lit. in the enemy deceived). 10. The son delight¬ ed iti routing them. 11. At whose tomb did Alexan¬ der offer sacrifices on arriving in Asia? 12. He is said tc have sacrificed at the tombs of the Trojan he¬ roes. % 10 218 COMPOUND SENTENCES. CHAPTER ni. COMPOUND SENTENCES, 1 .—Compound Sentences; Unabridged . Lesson XLYII. Glasses of Compound Sentences . [130 & 131.] 470. A compound sentence is one which consists of two or more independent though related sentences. Rem.— The sentences, thus united, may themselves be either simple, complex, or compound. 471. Compound sentences may be divided into three classes; viz., 1) Copulative sentences, in which two or more thoughts are presented in harmony with each other; e. g., Longas naves aestus com- plebat; et onerarias tem- pestas afflictabat. The water filled the war - ships ; and the storm tos¬ sed the ships of burden. 2) Disjunctive sentences, in which a choice be¬ tween two or more thoughts is offered ; e. g., Audendum est aliquid uni- versis, aut omnia singu¬ lis patienda sunt. Something must be braved by all , or all things must be endured by each. CLASSES OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 219 3) Adversative sentences, in which the thoughts stand opposed to each other; e. g., Difficile factu est, sed cona- It is difficult to do, but 1 bor. will try it. 472. Copulative clauses may be connected by the conjunctions et , atque, ac, que, or nec, neque. Rem. 1 . — Et is the most common, and is used to connect thoughts (or words) of equal importance; que, which is an enclitic (i. e. is always appended to some other word), indicates a more intimate relationship, and is generally used when the second part repre¬ sents something as belonging to the first or derived from it, Ac.; atque is used when the second part is more important than the first; ac, which is abbreviated from atque, never stands before a vowel, and has generally the force of et. Neque and nec have the force of et non. Rem. 2. —Associated with these conjunctions, we sometimes find etiam, adeo, quoque, Ac., and sometimes these last only are used. 473. Sometimes a connective appears in both claus¬ es ; thus, we find the following correlative particles: et—et; quum — turn ; turn — turn = both—and ; non so¬ lum—sed etiam — not only—but also ; ut—ita ; tarn — quam = as—so ; as well—as ; both—and j neque — neque ; nec — nec = neither—nor ; e. g., Et longas naves aestus complebat; et onerarias tempestas afflictabat. Both the water filled the war-ships , and the storm tossed the ships of burden. 474. Sometimes a causal adverb or conjunction ap¬ pears with the copulative, as igitur, ideo, enim , &c., and sometimes the copulative is omitted, leaving only the causal adverb as connective; the sentence, however, retains its co-ordinate character; e. g., Nihil laboras; ideo nihil habes. You do nothing, and accord¬ ingly have nothing. 220 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 475. Disjunctive sentences usually employ some one or more of the following connectives: aut , vel, sive , ve , or the correlatives aut — aut; vel — vel; sive — sive ; seu — seu. (See example, 471, 2.) Rem.—W hen the second member is a stronger expression than the first, or is “really the carrying out of the same idea, vel or sive is often accompanied by etiam or potius ; e. g., Discessus fuit perturbatus, sive potius fuga turpissima, The departure was very disorderly , or rather the flight most disgraceful. 476. Adversative sentences usually employ some one or more of the following connectives: sed, autem , at , verum , vero , tamen and its compounds attdmen and verumtamen , and atqui. (See example, 471, 3.) 477. Vocabulary. And, et , atque, ac, que (encli¬ tic). (See 472, R. 1.) Around, circa , circum. Become or be made unmanage¬ able, efferor , dri, efferatus sum , pass, of effero. But, sed , autem , &c. (476). Chariot, mrrus , -ms, m. Fall (in battle), cado, ere , cecidi, • casum. Few, pauci, ae, a. Fought, commissus , «, wm. High-minded, magnanimus , a, um ; magnificus , a, um. Horse, equus, i, m. Issus, Jssws, ■£, f. Pierce, confodio , confodi , confessum . Prudent, prudens , £&. Slightly, lightly, leviter. Spear, 7ias£&, f. Than, quam, or indicated by ablative after comparatives. Wound, vulnero , 478. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Philippo Alexander filius successit. 2. Pruden- tior ille consilio, hie ammo magnificentior. 3. Vini uterque nimis avidus; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. 4. Perdicca occlsus est, pluresque duces perierunt. 5. De FORMATION OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 221 exercitu Alexandri centum viginti equites ceciderunt, et cognatis eorum immunitates a publicis muneiibus dedit. 6. Quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jun- gunt; quasdam autem ad Philippum belli metus traxit. 7. Commisso proelio, Alexander non duels magis quam militis munia exsequebatur. II. 1. Explain the nature of the connection existing be¬ tween the different members of the above compound senten¬ ces . 2. Construct three or more Latin sentences , illustrating the different hinds of co-ordination. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Philip was prudent, and Alexander was high- minded. 2. Philip was more prudent than his son Alexander, but the son was more high-minded than the father. 3. Alexander conquered the Persian king in a battle fought at Issus ; and there the noblest lead¬ ers fell around the chariot of Darius. 4. Was not Da¬ rius himself wounded ? 5. He was not wounded, but his horses, haying been pierced with spears, became unmanageable. 6. Did many of the Macedonians per¬ ish at Issus? 7. A few of them perished, and the king himself is said to haye been slightly wounded. Lesson XLVIII. Formation of Compound Sentences. [132 & 133.] 479. Compound sentences may be formed by co-or¬ dinating in some one or more of the ways just men¬ tioned, 222 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 1) Two or more simple sentences; e. g., Gryges a nnllo videbatur, ipse autem omnia vide- bat. Gyges was seen by no one , but he himself saw every thing. 2) Two or more complex sentences; e. g., Hi sunt homines ex iis co- loniis, quas Sulla con- stituit; sed tamen hi sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis pecuniis inso- lentius jactarunt. These are men from those colonies which Syllaplant¬ ed ; but yet these are col¬ onists who have become too insolent in their unexpect- edj wealth. 3) Two or more compound sentences; e. g., Graeciae Antipater prae- ponitur; regiae pecu¬ niae custodia Cratero traditur ; sed ' exercitus cura Perdiccae assign a- tur et Aridaeus rex agnoscitur. Antipater is appointed over Greece , and the guardian¬ ship of the royal treasury is intrusted to Oraterus ; but the care of the army is assigned to Perdicca, and Aridaeus is recog¬ nized as king. 4) Simple, complex, and compound, in a single sentence, or either two of the three kinds, as simple and complex, simple and compound, or complex and compound; e. g., Nunquam ego a diis opta- bo ut haec audiatis, sed ilia audietis. I shall never desire of the gods that you may hear these things , but you will hear them. FORMATION OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 223 480. Vocabulary. Ammon or Hammon, Ammon or Hammon, onis, m. Approach, adventus, us, m. Charles, Carolus, i, m. Consult, consulo, ere, consului, consultum. Contrary to, contra. Design, designate, designo, are, dri, dtum. Determine, statuo, ere, statui, statutum. Dutiful, plus, a, um. Egypt, JEgyptus, i, f. Egyptian, JEgyptius, a, urn; the Egyptians, JEgyptii, o- rum, m. pi. Empire, imperium, i, n. Ever, always, semper. Fear, metuo, ere, metui, metu- tum. Former—latter, ille — hie. Gladly, expressed by adj. lae- tus, a, um, in agreement with subject. Go, eo, ire, hi, itum God, deus, i, m. (See A. & S. §53.) John, Johannes, is, m. Jupiter, Jupiter, Jovis, m. (See A.&S. §85.) Latter, hie, haec, hoc. Law or right of nations, jus gentium. Lay siege to, besiege, obsideo, ere, obsedi, obsessum . Love, amo, are, dm, dtum. Oracle, oraculum, i, n. Receive, recipio, ere, recepi, re- cep turn. Slay, kill, occido, ere, occidi, oc- cisum. Tyre, Tyrus, i, i. Tyrian, Tyrius, a, um; the Tyrians, Tyrii, drum, m. pi. Visit, go to, adeo, ire, adii, adi- tum. Whether, sometimes expressed, by an. World, orbis, is, m.; orbis ter- rae or terrdrum. 481. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze. 1. J3gyptii Alexandrum laeti receperunt, nec susti- nuere adventum ejus Persae. 2. JEgyptii, olim Per- sarum opibus infensi, Alexandrum laeti receperunt; nec sustinuere adventum ejus Persae, defectione per- terrfti. 3. Kegnare ille cum amlcis volebat; hie in amicos regna exercebat. 4. Amari pater voluit; hie 224 ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. metui maluit. 5. Parcendi yictis filio animus promp- tior; ille nec sociis abstinebat. 6. Motae quaedam eivitates Atheniensibus se jungunt; quasdam autem ad Philippum belli metus traxit. II. 1. Construct two simple sentences in Latin , and then unite them by some co-ordinate conjunction. 2. Construct a complex sentence , and unite it with the compound formed above. III. Translate into Latin . 1. The Egyptians received Alexander gladly, but the Persians were terrified at his approach. 2. Charles is feared, and John is loved; but the former is said to be a good father, and the latter has ever been a dutiful son. 3. Why did Alexander determine to lay siege to Tyre ? 4. He determined to besiege the city, because the Tyrians, contrary to the law of nations, slew the ambassadors whom he had sent to them. 5. What oracle did he visit in Egypt ? 6. He visited the oracle of Jupiter Ammon to consult whether the father of the gods designed the empire of the world for him. § 2 .—Compound Sentences • Abridged. Lesson XLIX. Compound Elements .— Subjects , United. ♦ [134—137.] 482. The several members of a compound sentence frequently differ from each other only in their subjects. and then these subjects are generally united, and the COMPOUND SUBJECTS. 225 other elements appear but once, though in such a form as to agree with the compound subject; e. g., Romani bella multa gesse- runt. Graeci bella multa gesse- runt. Romani et Graeci bella multa gesserunt. The Eomans waged many wars. The Grreeks waged many wars. The Eomans and Greeks waged many wars. Rem. —Here it will be observed that the predicate and modifiers are the same in both the sentences united to form the compound, and accordingly they appear but once in that compound. Caesar bella multa gessit. Hannibal bella multa ges¬ sit. Caesar et Hannibal bella multa gesserunt. Caesar waged many wars. Hannibal waged many wars. * Caesar and Hannibal wa¬ ged many wars. Rem. —Here it will be observed that the predicate in the compound is changed to the plural to agree with the compound subject. 483. Eule. — Agreement. When the members of a compound subject are unit¬ ed by copulatives (except wee, negue ), the predicate is generally put in the plural; but, when they are united by disjunctives or adversatives , it is generally in the sin¬ gular, if the members themselves are of that number; e. g., Caesar et Hannibal bella multa gesserunt. Caesar aut Hannibal bella multa gessit. Caesar and Hannibal wa¬ ged many wars. Caesar or Hannibal waged many wars. [F. B. 612, R.; A. & S. § 209, R. 12; Z. § 365.J 10 * 226 ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. Rem. 1. —If the subjects are of different persons, the verb agrees with the first in preference to the second, and with the second in preference to the third; e. g., Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, If you and Tullia are well , Cicero and I are well. Rem. 2. —If the subjects are of different genders, any predicate ad¬ jective or participle in the plural generally takes the gender of one of the subjects, preferring the masculine to the feminine and the feminine to the neuter; unless the subjects denote things without life, and then they are usually put in the neuter; e. g., Pater mihi et mater mortui sunt, My father and mother are dead. —Labor voluptasque inter se sunt juncta, Labor and pleasure are united together. Rem. 3.—Sometimes the verb in the singular is used in agreement with one of the subjects connected by copulatives, and is under¬ stood with the rest, and sometimes the verb in the plural is used with subjects in the singular connected by disjunctives, especially when one of these subjects is in the first or second person ; e. g., Omnes animi cruciatus egestas ac mendicitas con- sequatur, Let want and beggary follow all the agonies of mind .— Si quid Socrates aut Aristippus fecerint, efo, ere, ^?e£w>i and ^?e£u, petitum. Wage, infero, inferre , intuli. illdtum. I. Translate and analyze. I. Alexander aperte, Philippus artibus bella tracta- bat. 2. Yerbis atque oratione hie, ille rebus modera- tior. 3. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. 4. Occlso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo, non ne- gligentior tantum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam con- tumacior; nec heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. 5. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipa¬ ter praeponitur ; regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero tra- ditur. II. Give in full the sentences united in the formation of the above compounds. MODEL. Alexander aperte bella tractabat. Philippus artibus bella tractabat. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Did the Greeks ever wage war against Philip ? 2. At one time, all Greece waged war against king Philip, and compelled him to sue for peace. 3. As this peace was rejected ( abl. abs.) by the senate, a battle was fought, and Philip was conquered, and lost all the states of Greece beyond the limits of his ancient pos- CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE^.—RECAPITULATION^ 3 9 sessions^ 4. Who was Perseus ? 5. He was the elder of the sons of Philip, king of Macedonia. 6. A short time after, Demetrius was put to death, and Perseus received the government. Lesson LY. Glassification of Sentences. — Recapitulation. [ 154 — 156 .] 504. Sentences may be divided, according to the form in which the thought is expressed, into three classes; viz., 1) Declarative Sentences , which assume the form of an assertion. 2) Interrogative Sentences , which assume the form of a question. 8) Imperative Sentences , which assume the form of a command, exhortation, or entreaty. 505. In each of the above forms, sentences sometimes imply passion or emotion on the part of the speaker, and may then be called exclamatory declarative if of the declarative form, exclamatory interrogative if of the inter¬ rogative form, and exclamatory imperative if of the im¬ perative form. 506. Again : sentences may be divided according to their structure into three classes ; viz., 1) Simple Sentences , which express but a single thought, i. e., make but one assertion, ask but one question, or give but one command. 2) Complex Sentences , which express two or more 240 ’ CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES: thoughts, so related that one or more of them are made dependent upon the others. 3) Compound Sentences , which express two or more independent thoughts. I. Simple Sentences. 507. The elements of the simple sentence, as we have already seen, are of two kinds: I. Principal Elements ; viz., 1) Subject. 2) Predicate. II. Subordinate Elements ; viz., 1) Objective Modifiers. 2) Attributive Modifiers. 508. These elements appear in two different forms; viz., 1) Simple , i. e., without modifiers. 2) Complex , i. e., with modifiers. II. (a) Complex Sentences. * 509. A simple sentence may become complex by having one or more sentences substituted for one or more of its constituent elements. 510. A sentence thus used as an element in the for¬ mation of a complex sentence, may be itself either sim¬ ple, complex, or compound. 511. The subordinate character of a sentence thus used may be denoted, 1) By a subordinate connective without any change in the sentence itself. 2) By a change of form without the use of a con¬ nective. RECAPITULATION. 241 3) By a connective and a corresponding change of form. (b) .Abridged Complex Sentences. 512. Complex sentences are abridged in two ways : 1) A portion of the subordinate clause is omit¬ ted ; and the rest remains unchanged. 2) A portion of the subordinate clause is omit¬ ted ; and the rest is changed to adapt it to its new situation. Rem.—T he first case, involving only the ellipsis of a part, requires but little attention, while the second, involving a change of structure, should be carefully studied. 1. Change in the Form of the Subject. 513. The subject of the subordinate clause, when changed by abridging the sentence, is put, 1) In the ablative with predicate omitted, as after comparatives without quam. 2) In the ablative absolute with the participle, adjective, or noun, which remains to repre¬ sent the predicate. 2. Change in the Form of the Predicate. 514. (I) The verb-predicate of the subordinate clause, when changed by abridging the sentence, assumes the form 1) Of a Participle. This must agree with some noun in the principal clause, if the subject is omitted, otherwise it will be in the ablative absolute with that subject. 2) Of a Gerund. 3) Of a Supine. 515. (II) Both substantive and adjective predicates 11 242 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES: in the subordinate clause, when changed by abridging the sentence, are put, 1) When the subject is omitted, in agreement with some noun in the principal clause. 2) When the subject is expressed, in the ablative absolute with that subject. III. (a) Compound Sentences. 516. Compound sentences may be formed by co-or¬ dinating any two or more sentences. Rem.— The sentences, thus co-ordinated, may be either simple, com¬ plex, or compound. 517. This co-ordination is of three distinct kinds; viz., 1) Copulative. 2) Disjunctive. 3) Adversative. ( b ) Abridged. Compound Sentences. 518. When the several members of a compound sen¬ tence have one or more parts in common, those parts, as we have seen in the last few lessons, generally ap¬ pear but once in the sentence. 519. Vocabulary. Achaean, Achaeus , a, um ; the Acheans, Achaei , drum, m. pi. Aetolian, Aetolus , a, um ; the Aetolians, Aetoli , drum, m.pl. Apollo, Apollo, Inis , m. Arise, orior, oriri , ortus sum (inflected in most of its parts like verbs of 3d conj.). As slaves, sub corona , i. e. with crowns upon their heads. Corinth, Corinthus , i, f. Dagger, pugio , onis, m. Delphi, Delphi , drum, m. From, on account of, propter. Happen, be effected, fio , fieri, factus sum; how does it happen that, &c., qui Jit ut , &c. Individual, separate, singuli , ae, a , distrib. pi. RECAPITULATION. 243 Invade, invado, ere, invdsi, in- vdsum. % Life, vita, ae, f. Make an irruption, irrumpo, ere, irru/pi, irruptum. Mummius, Mummius, i , m. Perdiccas, Perdiccas or Per die- ca, ae, m. Plunder, spolio, are, dvi, dtum. Put an end to, finio, ire, ivi, itum. Sell, vendo, ere, vendidi, vendi- turn. Strength, power, opes, um, m. pi. Subdue, subigo, ere, subegi, sub- actum. Temple, templum, i, n. Think of, agito, are, dvi, dtum. Union, conspiratio, onis, f. Very powerful, potentissimus, a, um (superl. of potens). 520. Exercises. I. Translate and analyze. I. Perseus victor misit legatos ad consulem, qui pa- cem peterent. 2. Consul Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, leges dixit. 3. Dum haec aguntur, Roma¬ ni Aemilium Paulum consulem creant, eique Macedon- lcum bellum decernunt. 4. Spartanis a senatu respon- sum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res sociorum in Graeciam missuros. 5. Apud Achaeos omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. II. Construct Latin sentences in answer to the following questions: 1. Who was made kir>g after the death of Alexan¬ der ? 2. Who was appointed over Greece and Mace¬ donia? 3. Between which of the generals did war arise ? 4. What became of Perdiccas ? 5. What peo¬ ple made an irruption into Greece a few years after ? 6. Under whom did they invade Greece? 7. For what purpose did they march to Delphi? 8. What were the particulars of their defeat and flight? 9 What became of Brennus ? 244 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. III. Tranclate into Latin. 1. By whom were the Macedonians subdued? 2. Both the Macedonians and Aetolians were subdued by the Romans. 3. The Achaeans were very powerful, not from (on account of) the strength of the individual states, but from the union of all. 4. They were con¬ quered by Mummius, the Roman consul. 5. How did it happen that he conquered them? 6. They were defeated, because they were thinking of the booty, and not of the battle. 7. The Romans destroyed the city of Corinth, and sold all its citizens as slaves. RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 521. Translation consists in transferring thought and feeling from one language to another. To do this correctly and elegantly, the pupil must both get a clear idea of the exact meaning of the passage before him, and must embody that meaning with its full force in the language into which he is rendering. Thus conducted, the exercise of translating from the ancient classics, those living embodiments of great thoughts and stirring sentiments, those finished models of taste and beauty, be¬ comes, in the highest degree, interesting and instructive. To prepare the pupil for, this work, and to form in him thus early the habit of translating into good idiomatic English, is the object of the following rules. They relate to a large class of important idioms found in the Latin, and indicate one or more ways of translating them without doing violence to our vernacular. I. Participles. 522. The participle is much more extensively used in Latin than in English; hence the frequent necessity, in its translation, of deviating from the Latin construction. It must not, however, be supposed that this must always be done, or that it is desirable to attempt it. On the contrary, it often happens that the participle may be more elegantly translated literally than in any other way. The following rules, there¬ fore, whether relating to participles or other subjects, are designed to apply only to those cases in which a literal translation would fail, in point of clearness, accuracy, or elegance, to do justice to the origin&L \ t 246 RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 523. Participles in the perfect and future passive may express the action of their verbs substantively ; they should then be translated by corresponding verbal nouns; e. g., A.d Romam conditam. Ah urbe condita. Post reges exactos. To the founding of Rome. {Lit. To Rome founded.) From the founding of the city. After the banishment of the kings. 524. Participles are sometimes used merely to limit or explain some noun or pronoun; they are then in most instances best translated by relative clauses; e Romulus asylum patefecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accurrerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perie- runt. 8 ; Romulus opened an asylum to which many who had been banish¬ ed from their own states , came. In a battle which was fought {lit. arose) there , all perished. 525. Participles sometimes state the time of an action or event; they should then be translated by a verb or participle with while, when, or after, by a noun with during or after ; or, if in the ab¬ lative absolute, by an active participle in agreement with the sub¬ ject of the leading proposition; e. g., Urbem, omnibus deletis exerciti- Having destroyed all their armies , bus, occupavit. he took the city. Rem.— Sometimes participles, used as above, may be best translated by on with a participial noun ; e. g., Qua re audita, On hearing this. 526. Participles may state the manner, cause , or reason of an action or event; they should then be translated by verbs with as, for, since, &c., or by substantives (including participial nouns) with by, from, through, in, &c.; e. g., Aqua refluens eos in siceo rellquit. The water in or by subsiding left them on dry land. Porsena auxilium ei ferente. As Porsena furnishea him aid, or By the aid of Porsena. 527. Participles may state the condition on which a given ac¬ tion or event depends; they may then be translated by verbs or participles with if or when ; e. g., Accusatus damnabitur I If he is accused , he will be con * t demned. PARTICIPLES. 247 528. Participles are sometimes used to state a concession in connection with a given action or event; they may then he trans¬ lated by verbs or participles with though or although ; e. g., Is hanc urbem acemme defensam cepit. He took this city, though it was valiantly defended. 529. Participles in the future, whether active or passive, often express purpose ; they may then be translated by the infinitive or by & participial substantive with for the purpose of \ &c.; e. g., Ad oraculum Delplncum proficis- He goes to the Delphic oracle to citur, consulturus. consult. 530. Participles may add to a given action or event som efact or circumstance intimately connected with it; they may then be translated, if in the ablative absolute, by a verb agreeing with the noun used in the ablative absolute, otherwise by a verb agreeing with the subject of the proposition in which they stand, and con¬ nected with the verb of that proposition by and ; e. g., Rex ei benigne recepto filiam de- dit. Medlcus nocte venit promittens, ee Pyrrhum occisurum. The king received him kindly, and gave him his daughter. The physician came by night, and promised (lit. promising) that he would kill Pyrrhus. 531. Participles with non may often be best translated by par¬ ticipial substantives depending upon the preposition without; e. g., Non ridens. | Without laughing. 532. Two nouns, or a noun and adjective in the ablative abso¬ lute, as they have the participle of the verb esse implied though never expressed, may be used in the various ways already men¬ tioned for the ablative absolute of participles, and should be trans¬ lated accordingly: sometimes, too, a word denoting the doer of an action can be best rendered by the word which denotes the thing done ; thus, instead of guide, commander , consul, king, &c., we shall have guidance, command, consulship, reign, &c., with a pre¬ position ; e. g., Dues Fabio oonsule. Under the guidance (or command) of Fabius the consul 248 RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 533. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is best translated by the present participle, 1) When it expresses emotion or mental operation, as the Romans speak of an emotion as past, and we as continu¬ ing ; e. g., Hoc facinus rex mirdtus juvenem The Icing admiring this act die- dinrisit incolumem. missed the youth unhurt. 2) When it relates to an action or event which must in strict accuracy precede that denoted by the following verb, and which would yet in English be represented as simul¬ taneous with it; e. g., Populus Romae seditionem fecit, questus quod tributis exhauri- retur. The people made a revolt at Rome, complaining that they were im¬ poverished by tributes. II. Principal Sentences.—Subjunctive Mood. 534. The subjunctive may be used in principal sentences, 1) To express a wish , command , or entreaty ; it may then be translated by the imperative , by the present potential, or by some tense of that mood with a particle of wish¬ ing ; e. g., Secernant se a bonis. Let them separate themselves from the good. 2)- To express an affirmation doubtfully or conditionally ; it may then be translated by the potential mood; e. g., Darent. They would give. III. Relative Glauses. 535. The relative clause often defines some indefinite antece¬ dent, either affirmative or negative, and then its subjunctive should be translated by the indicative; e. g., Sunt qui dicant. | There are some who say. p Eem.—T he subjunctive in relative clauses introduced into propositions with the subjunctive, or the accusative with the infinitive, is also generally best trans¬ lated by the indicative; e. g., Utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae pa¬ ter reliquisset, Whether he would •prefer the kingdom, or the property which his father had left. FINAL CLAUSES. 249 536. The relative clause with the subjunctive sometimes de¬ notes purpose or object ; it should then be translated by the infi¬ nitive, or by that he with the potential may or might ; e. g., Decemviri crcati sunt qui civitati The decemvirs were appointed to leges scriberent. prepare laws for the state. 537. The relative clause with the subjunctive sometimes de¬ notes result ; it should then be translated by that he with will or would , &c., or by the infinitive with as ; e. g., Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui non movear. Nor yet am I so iron-hearted as not to be moved. 538. The relative clause with the subjunctive sometimes assigns a reason for some action or event; it should then be translated by a subordinate clause after because, or by a participial substantive with a preposition ; e. g., O fortunate adolescens, qui tuae 0 fortunate youth in having found virtutis praeconem inveneris. a herald for your bravery, or because you have, Ac. 539. The relative clause with the subjunctive after dignus, in- dignus, aptus, idoneus, and the like, stands in the place of object, and may be translated by the infinitive or by a participial sub¬ stantive with a preposition ; e. g., Vidgtur, qui imperet, dignus esse. | He seems to be worthy to command. 540. The relative clause sometimes introduces a condition or concession ; and then the subjunctive should be translated by the subjunctive with if, provided, or though ; e. g., Nulla res vehementius rempubli- cam continet, quam fides ; quae esse nulla potest, Ac. Nothing tends more to preserve the republic than credit, though this can be nothing, Ac. IY. Final Clauses with Particles. 541. Final clauses with ut may be translated by the infinitive, or by the potential, may or might, with that ; e. g., Romulus, ut civium numerum au- Romulus, that he might increase ggret, asylum patefecit. the number of citizens, opened an asylum. 11 * 250 RULES FOR TRANSLATING. • 542. iinal clauses with ne may be translated by the infinitive with not, or by the potential, may, might, with that—not; e. g., Ne vana urbs esset. | That the city might not be empty. 548. In final clauses after verbs of fearing, ut and ne seem to exchange meanings; ut = that — not, and ne = that or lest; moreover, the subjunctive present must generally be rendered by the future, will , and the imperfect by would ; e. g., Veritus est ne rex bellaret. He feared that the king would wage war. 544. Final clauses with quo may be rendered by the potential, may or might, with that; e. g., Medico aurum dabo quo sit stu- I will give the physician gold that diosior. he may be more attentive. 545. Final clauses with quominus {quo and minus = by which the less, so that the less) may generally be rendered by participial substantives with from ; e. g., Regem impediit quominus pugna- He prevented the king from fight- ret. ing. 546. Final clauses with quin may be rendered by but, but that with the indicative ; as not with the infinitive ; the relative with not, or by participial substantives with from or without; e. g., Non dubxtant, quin dii illud au- They do not doubt {but) that the diant. gods hear this. V. Consecutive Clauses. 547. Consecutive clauses with ut may generally be rendered by that with the indicative, or by as with the infinitive ; e. g., Ita vicit, ut robur hostium delg- He so conquered as to destroy the ret. strength of the enemy. 548. Consecutive clauses with ut after in eo esse, &c., may be rendered on the point of, with a participial substantive ; e. g., In eo erant» ut pacem auro emS- They were on the point of purchas » rent. ing peace with gold. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 251 YI. Temporal Clauses. 549. Quum with the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive in tem¬ poral clauses, may often be translated by the perfect participle with having ; e. g., In Capream quum secessisset, earn Having removed to Caprea, he ren- infamem reddidit sua nequitia. dered it infamous by his profli¬ gacy. 550. Quum with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive may sometimes be translated by the present participle. This use ot the present instead of the past tense arises from the fact that the English often contemplates two events as simultaneous when one of them in strict accuracy must precede the other, while the Latin is strict to mark their precise order; e. g., Quum in Africam venissent, Poe- Going into Africa they conquered nos viegrunt the Carthaginians. 551. Quum with the pluperfect subjunctive in temporal clauses may sometimes be translated by the imperfect indicative. This use of the imperfect instead of the pluperfect is readily explained by reference to the principle mentioned above (see 550) ; e. g., Quum rediisset, respondit. | When he returnedhe replied. 552. The subjunctive in temporal clauses should generally be rendered by the indicative ; e. g., Quum ton aret, militibus impera- When it thundered , he commanded vit, Ac. his soldiers , Ac. 553. The adverb which introduces the temporal clause some¬ times has a correlative in the principal clause; this correlative, however, may generally be omitted in translating; thus, turn — quum = when. The adverbs, antequam , priusquam , and post- quam , are sometimes separated into two parts, one standing in the principal clause and the other in the temporal; this separa¬ tion, however, does not affect the translation; thus, ante—quam and prius — quam = before, and^wsi— quam = after; e. g., Ante triennium, quam Carthago Cato died three years before Car- delergtur, Cato mortem obiit. thage was destroyed. 252 EULES FOB TRA 3 JSLA 3 TS 0 . VII. Causal Clauses. 554. The subjunctive in causal clauses may often be best Trans¬ lated hr the indicative ; e. g.. Quod albis equis triumph asset. . Becmite hs had triumphed vii! white komw. 555. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive after cv&d mar sometimes be translated by the participial ?-?■*'j^:ks with of or for; e. g n Accusams est quod prae-dam ini- ; Es m accus'd of haring vmjustly que divisisset. j tfw'iW the booty. V 111. Conditional Clauses. 555. In conditional clauses the subjunctive is often translated without the auxiliaries, may, might, fhovtld, shavld haze^ doc. This is especially the case when the condition is ret resented ss impossible; e. g., Si quid haberet, daret ] If ks had anything, ke i xmld yiot iL IX. Concessive Clauses. 557. The subjunctive in concessive clauses is general!y best translated without the auxiliaries, may, miff it. Ac.; e. g-, JLltkauph these tiim.pt were hadsc- rous. Fla quamvis ridieula essent. X. Intermediate Clauses. 55S. The suhjunctive in clauses introduced into propositions with the subjunctive., or the accusative with the infnitive. is generally best translated by the indicative ; e. g_, Utrum regnum habere vellet, an 7Ft.sr.A-fr he would prefer the Hsj- bona quae pater reliouiaset dam or iks property which hU father had left XL Dependent Questions. 559. The subjunctive in dependent questions may often be translated by the indicative, and the pluperfect tense by the im¬ perfect ; e. g-, Quum eomperissent, quae mater : When they had learned c ho ilteir fuisaet mother was. INFINITIVE MOOD. 253 XII. Infinitive Mood. 560. The infinitive -with the subject accusative must be trans¬ lated by & finite verb -with the subject nominative in a clause in¬ troduced by that ; e. g., Dixit se regem vidisse. J He said that he had seen the king. 561. The infinitive is sometimes used in the place of a finite verb as the predicate of a sentence; it is then called the histori¬ cal infinitive , and is translated by the imperfect indicative ; e. Tram pater dissimulare. | The father concealed his anger. 562. The infinitive may sometimes be rendered by the partici¬ pial substantive with the preposition of with, ~5LmTZS~G. 567. Sec or neq%e list one- be minn: by axJ jut, some¬ times by Tied only, e^eolr in the thruae rvgtts r / e. g_, bee paneos agrus rrb: ahnrxii Jjm A<£ a&iei isc* *5 yiar flelds i* the city. 558. l~i—quidem ■with one or mere words tetw^en me mm should be rm-'.r.ci by nod erm* / or «*»— mat; e. g„ be nomm qnidem. ; JTo£ r?«i ifc? k^dk. 569. Po#£ standing as an adverb between an sdjecdve and its substantive in tie ablative to denote tinf may sometimes be translated by tie preposition after governing me substantive, in: should usually be rendered iy afterward* ; e. g~ Pauds p:«st amis. J Afer a i'etc yean. A fee yean cfltmcards. 570. Quam vt with me subjunctive, and pdm uf posset with the inhmtive, should be rendered by the ihhrt, and the com¬ parative before quam by me r~-g v -h positive with t'>i; e. g.. Leges emieliores erant, qnn ut , J7t^ lava were too cruet to be cb- possert obserrari. j screed 571. Qui at the beginning of a sentence, or at the beginning of a distinct member of a sentence, is generally i est translated by a demonstrative or personal prononn : and if quum is used in the same connection with qui. it mnst be translated first; e. g n Quae qxrcm ita dnl ’ Since these things are to. Qui quum morbo exstinetas easel ; When he vr as dead. 572. Quo factum ezi. ut, lit. by which it was brought about that, sic factual ezt, vt , and similar expressions, may be rendered by, the rezvlt of which was. that; the ccrr»zequence of which was, that; or by consequently ; e. g., Quo fact um est, ut plus, quam The result of which teas that JTU- oollegae, Mil hades valuerit. tiades had greater influence than his associates. 573. Verbs which are used impersonally in the passive with the dative of the agent, because tl.ey have no direct object in the MISCELLANEOUS. 255 active, are Lest translated by rendering the dative 25 the subject of the English passive; e. g., YobU creditor. I You are believed. Mihi creditor. | I am believed 574. When two or more verbs stand together in the same com¬ pound tense, the copula £**?, to be, is generally expressed with the last in Latin, and omitted vrith the rest; in the English trans¬ lation, however, it should be expressed with the first and omitted with the others; e. g., Eegulos captos et in vincula con- I Revalue km* taken arul ihrcmt intc jectua est. | chain*. NOTEb. FAG* 1. Antiqutesimis. Very early: the superlative is often best 1 translated by very instead of most. Give the regular endings of comparison. F. B. 306 ; A. A S. 124; Z. 104. - Temporibns. 276 ; F. B. 669 ; A. A S. 253 ; Z. 475.- In Italiam. What con¬ struction would have been used with the name of a town ? 282 ; F. B. 674; A. A S. 237 ; Z. 398.- Janiculo. A hill on the west side of the Tiber; not one of the seven hills of Rome, though in¬ cluded within the wall built by Aurelian in the third century. - Italos .... agricnltnram. 235 ; F. B. 645 ; A. A S. 231; Z. 391.- Primus. The first; i. e. he was the first to teach, Ac. 2. Hinc. Hence , i. e. from Troy. - Qoibus. 218 ; F. B. 643 ; A. A S. 223, Rem. 2; Z. 412.- Pepercerat. From parco ; 2d root formed by reduplication and change of vowel. F. B. 222 and Rem.-Ei benigne recepto .... dedit. Lit. gave to him kindly received ; translate, received him kindly and gave (530).-Lavi- nium. Town in Latium a few miles south of Rome. 3. Traustulit. From transfero. - Monte Albano. Mount Al- harms, about 16 miles southeast of Rome.-f^jns. For whom 2 does this pronoun stand?- Romam conditam. (See 523.)- Albae. 280; F. B. 672 ; A A S. 221 ; Z. 398. 4. Hornm regum. Of these kings, i. e. of those who reigned at Alba. -Jove. 457 ; F. B. 636 ; A. A S. 256 ; Z. 483.-Majo- rem. Compare. F. B. 306, R. 3; A. A S. 125, 5; Z. 109.- Quurn tonaret. (552); F. B. 692, 2; A. AS. 263, 5, R. 2 ; Z. 578. — —Ft.... percuterent. (541); F. B. 692; A. A S. 262 ; Z. 531. -Dieebat. What is the direct object of this verb ? or, in other words, what did he say ? Ans. Hunc sonum multo, Ac.- Toni- tru. What case would be required if quam should be omitted? 457 ; F. B. 636, Obs.; A. A S. 256, R. 3; Z. 483.-Ictus, et 258 NOTES. pagk 2 ,... praccipitatus est. (574 '-Albanum lacum. The Alban Lake, 5 miles in circumference, west of Mount Albanus. 5. Minor natu. Lit. smaller in respect to birth or age ; translate. younger. - Utruni regnum, 126. Quantum .... fuit. Lit. as much as was in him ; render, 56 as far as was in his power. - Ad formandum .... statnrn. See 451.-Dubinin erat. This is the predicate affirmed of the fol¬ lowing clause as subject. 127. Ad ludos spcctandos. To witness the games. (529.) See also 451.- Attain. One of Philip’s generals.- Honoratum . . . adversarium. See 449.- Poterat. So. exigere. 128. Yineendi. 442. - Hie — ille. When hie and ille are 57 thus used in reference to two persons or objects just mentioned, hie usually refers to the latter and ille to the former.- Gan- dere. This is an instance of what is called the historical infini¬ tive, and should be rendered by the imperfect indicative. A. A S. 209, R. 5; Z. 599, N. Several other examples of the histori¬ cal infinitive occur in this paragraph.- Amari. This depends upon malle. - Parcendi. 298, 448.- Yictis. Participle used substantively and governed by parcendi. 218.- Nec. (567.) 129. Proficiscens. (525.)- Opes. Object of cogitdbant un¬ derstood ; construed literally the passage would read thus : they thought of nothing if not the riches, i. e. if they did not thinJc of the riches, Ac.; render, they thought of nothing except the, Ac.- Invitae. Best rendered by the adv. unwillingly. 58 130. In exercitu .... duae. Observe that the copulative con¬ nectives between the several subjects are omitted. 487.- Electos. See 449. 131. Caeso rege. Lit. by the king slain ; render, by slaying the king. (523.)- Confossi, efferati. (526.)- Ad lioc ipsum. 59 For. this very purpose. 132. Mace donum erat. Was the property of the Macedonians ; erat agrees with Phoenice, and is understood after Syria. - Sibi .... impedimento. 257 ; A. A S. 227 ; Z. 422.- Occisos. (530.)- Exceptis. This agrees with the omitted antecedent 60 of qui. - His.... nuntiatis. This ablative absolute is an abridged concessive clause. (528.) See also 458. -Opem a diis, Ac. To seek aid from the gods, i. e. by taking refuge in their temples.- Quantumque .... sit. Subject of potest. - Truci- dati sunt. Observe that the participle does not agree in gender with the subject millia, but with viri or homines implied in that subject. „ 133. Aegyptii.... perterriti. This is a compound sentence 284 NOTES. PAGE 60 consisting of two members, each of which is an abridged com¬ plex sentence.- Ventuin est. Impersonal verb.- Consecra- tam deo, undique .... contectam. Abridged attributive clauses limiting sedem. See 440.- Maximus natn. The eldest- 61 Destinaret. Explain mood and tense. 379, 380. -Aeque.... compositus. Abridged clause; explain.- Colendi. Gerund, depending upon auctor. 443. 134. Principes. In apposition with legatos. 440.- Neque. (567.)- JVeque .... Halym. In the previous offers of Darius, this river was designated to be made the boundary of Alexan¬ der’s dominions.- Inquit* What is the direct object of this verb ? 62 135. Non alias* On no other occasion. - Altior. Unusually deep. - Nec aut Persae aut Macedones, be accustomed. Consuetudo (consuesco), inis, f. Custom, usage, habit. Consul (consulo), ulis, m. Consul, Roman chief magistrate. Consularis, e. Consular; subs. one who has been consul, one of consular rank. Consuldtus (consul), us, m. Con¬ sulship. Consulo, ere, ui, ultum. To con¬ sult, consider; with dat. to con¬ sult for one’s good. Consummo, are, avi , atum. To finish, accomplish. Consumo (con, sumo), ere, umpsi, umptum. To consume, wear out, waste. Contego (con, tego), ere, exi, ectum. To cover. Contemno, ere, mpsi, mptum. To contemn, despise, disregard. Contemptus (contemno), us, m. Contempt, scorn, disregard. Contendo, ere, di, turn. To con¬ tend, strive, attempt, labor; betake one’s self, go. Contentio (contendo), onis, f. Ef¬ fort, contest, struggle. Contentus, a, um. Content, con¬ tented. Continens (contineo), tis. Adjoin¬ ing, continuous: subs. f. conti¬ nent. Continentia (contineo), ae, f. For¬ bearance, self-control. Contineo (con, teneo),ere,ui, tentum. To hold, keep, check. Contra, adv. and prep, with acc. Against, opposite to, contrary to ; on the contrary. Contradlco (contra, dico), ere, dixi, dictum. To contradict, object to. Contraho (con, traho), ere, xi, ctum. To collect, incur, contract. Contrucido (con, trucido), are, avi, atum. To slay, kill, mangle. Contumax, dcis. Insolent, disobe¬ dient. Convalcsco, ere, lui. To gain strength, recover. Conveniens (convenio), tis. Be¬ coming, fit, proper. Convenio (con, venio), ire, veni, ventum. To convene, meet, agree, harmonize, befit. Converto (con, verto), ere, ti, sum. To turn, change, alter, convert. Convicium (con, vox), i, n. Re¬ proof. Convinco (con, vinco), ere, ici, ictum. To conquer, convict. Convivium, i, n. Eeast, banquet. Convivor, dri, dtus sum. To feast. Copia, ae, f. Abundance; pi. forces, stores, supplies. Cornu, us, n. Horn, wing of army Corona, ae, f. Garland, crown. 296 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Corpus, oris, n. Body, commu¬ nity. Corrigo (con, rego), ere, exi, ectum. To reform, correct. Corripio (con, rapio), ere, ui, eptum. To seize, lay hold of. Corrumpo (con, rumpo), ere, upi, upturn. To corrupt, bribe, se¬ duce. Corvus, i, m. Raven. Crastinus, a, uni. Of to-morrow. Creber, bra, brum. Frequent, nu¬ merous. ' Credo, ere, idi, itum. To trust, be¬ lieve. Creo, are, dvi, dtum. To appoint, elect, make. Cresco, ere, evi, etum. To grow, increase. Crimen, inis, n. Crime, accusa¬ tion. Criminor (crimen), dri, dtus sum. To accuse. Crinis, is, m. Hair. Crucio (crux), are, dvi, dtum. To pain, afflict, torture. Crudelis, e. Cruel. Crudelitas (crudelis), dtis, f. Cru- elty. Crudeliter (Id.), adv. Cruelly. Crux, crucis, f. Across. Culpa, ae, f. Fault, blame. Cultus, us, m. Culture, necessa¬ ries as food, clothing, , adv. and eonj. used with im¬ perative and subj. Not, that not, lest; after verbs of f earing, that, lest; nequidem, or rot — gai- dem, not even. Xe, interrog. particle, 177, Bern. 1 and 2. Xee or risque, adv. and eonj. Nei¬ ther, nor; and not, not; nee — nee, neque — negue, neither—nor. Xeeessariux, a, urn. Necessary. Xeeo, are, ari, dturn. To slay, kill Xeghgens, tis. Negligent, neglect¬ ful Negligo, ere, exi, ectum. To neg¬ lect, disregard. Xego, are, avi, dturn. To deny, re¬ fuse. Xegotium, i, n. Business, diffi¬ culty. Xemo (inis, gen. not in good use). No one, nobody. Xepos, Otis, m. Grandson. Xegue. (See Xee.) Xegueo, Ire, xvi or ii, itum, irreg. like eo. (See A.