M No.8f m^- fw'j ^ " . ' 't :■> ./; ■ ' «'A , ■' ■ ):■'■" Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/wrightschastewif00adam_0 'BOSTON COELEGE LIBRARY CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. Tit (U'\ A a, E36398 25 ADDITIO^TAL ANALOGUES OF “THE WRIGHT’S CHASTE WIFE.' By W. a. CLOUSTON. The numerous versions of tliis old and wide-spread story should be divided into two groups : I. Those in which there is a test of chastity, and the lovers are entrapped ; II. Those in which there is no such test, but the suitors are (a) entrapped, or (h) engaged to perform unpleasant or dangerous tasks. I. It is probable that some oral version of The Wrighfs Chaste Wife suggested to Massinger the plot of his comedy of The Picture (printed in 1630) : Mathias, a Bohemian knight, about to go to the wars, expresses to his confidant BajDtista, a great scholar, his fears lest his wife Sophia, on whom he doated fondly, should prove unfaithful during his absence. Baptista gives him a picture of his wife, saying : “Carry it still about you, and as oft As you desire to know how she’s affected, With curious eyes peruse it. While it keeps The figure it has now entire and perfect She is not only innocent in fact But unattempted ; but if once it vary From the true form, and what’s now white and red Incline to yellow, rest most confident She’s with all violence courted, but unconquered ; But if it turn all black, ’tis an assurance The fort bj^ composition or surprise Is forced, or with her free consent surrendered.” On the return of Mathias from the wars, he is loaded with rich gifts by Honoria, the wife of his master Ferdinand, king of Hungary ; and when he expresses his desire to return to his fair and virtuous wife, Honoria asks him if his wife is as fair as she, upon which he shows her the picture. The queen resolves to win his love — merely to gratify her own vanity — and persuades him to remain a month at court. She then despatches two libertine courtiers to attempt the virtue of Mathias’ wife. They tell her Mathias is given to the 2G THE Wright’s chaste wife ” : society of strumpets — moreover, not young, but old and ugly ones ; so poor Sophia begins to -waver. Meanwhile the queen makes advances to Mathias, which at first he rejects; but afterwards, seeing a change in his wife’s picture, he consents, when the queen says she will think over it and let him know her decision. Sophia, at first disposed to entertain her suitors’ proposals, on reflection determines to punish their wickedness ; ami, pretending to listen favourably to one of them, she causes him to be stripped to his shirt and locked in a room, where he is compelled to spin flax (like the suitors in our story), or go without food. The other fares no better, and the play concludes with the exposure of the libertines to the king and queen, their attendants, and the lady’s husband. The 69th chapter of the continental Gesta Romanorum (translated* by Swan) is to the following effect : ^ A carpenter receives from his mother-in-law a shirt, having the wonderful quality of remaining unsoiled so long as he and his wife were faithful to each other. The emperor, who had employed him in the erection of a palace, is astonished to observe his shirt always spotless, and asks him the cause of it; to which he replies, that it is a proof of his wife’s unsullied virtue. A soldier, having overheard this, sets off to attempt the wife’s chastity, but she contrives to lock him in a room, w'here she keeps him on bread and water. Two other soldiers successively visit her on the same errand, and share their comrade’s fate. AYhen the carpenter has finished his job, he returns home and shows the unsullied shirt to his wife, who in her turn exhibits to him the three soldiers, wdiom he sets free on their promising to reform their ways. The general resemblance of our story to this Gesta version does not, I think, render it therefore certain, or even probable, that the latter is the source whence it was derived ; since a test similar to that of the Garland (for which a shirt is substituted in the Gesta) occurs both in the Indian original and in an intermediate Persian form, which is of Indian extraction. In the celebrated Persian story-book, N’akhshabi’s Tuti Ndma (Tales of a Parrot), written about a.d. 1306, the wife of a soldier, on his leaving home to enter the service of a nobleman, gives him a nosegay which, she tells him, would remain in full bloom while she was faithful to him. After some time, the nobleman inquired of the soldier how he managed to procure a fresh nosegay every day in mid- winter, and was informed that its perennial bloom betokened his * Here given somewhat more fully than in the additional postscript to the Pivface to the second edition of The Jrright's Chaste Wife, 1869. ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. 27 wife’s chastity. The nobleman sends one of his cooks to try to form an intimacy with the soldier’s wife, hut slie craftily entraps him. A second cook is despatched to learn the fate of the first, and meets with a similar reception. At last the nobleman himself sets off with his attendants — among whom was the soldier — to visit tlic chaste wife. He is received by her with great courtesy, and bis two cooks, dressed as female slaves, are made by the wife to wait upon him at supper. The happy soldier then returns his wife the nosegay, fresh and blooming as ever. The oldest form of the story yet known is found in the groat Sanskrit collection entitled Katlid Sarlt Bdffavad (Book IT., ch. 13) : A merchant named Guhasena is compelled to leave his wife, Deva- smita, for a season, on important business matters. The separation is very painful to both, and the pain is aggravated by fears on the wife’s part of her husband’s inconstancy. To make assurance doubly sure, Siva was pleased to appear to them in a dream, and giving them two red lotuses, the god said to them ; “ Take each of you one of these lotuses in your hand ; and if either of you shall be unfaithful during your separation, the lotus in the hand of tlie other shall fade, but not otherwise.” The husband set out on his journey, and arriving in the country of Kataha he began to buy and sell jewels there. Four young merchants, learning the purport of his lotus and the virtue of his wife, set off to put it to the proof. On reaching the city where the chaste Devasmita resided, they bribe a female ascetic to corrupt the lady, so she goes to her house, and adopting the device of the little she-dog — see ch. xxviii. of Swan’s Gesda Roinanorum ,^ — which she pretends is her own co-wife in a former birth, re-born in that degraded form, because she had been over-chaste, and warns Devasmita that such should also be her fate if she did not “ enjoy herself ” during her husband’s absence. The wise Devasmita said to herself : “ This is a novel conception of duty ; no doubt this woman has laid a treacherous snare for me,” and so she said to the ascetic : “ Eeverend lady, for this long time I have been ignorant of this duty, so procure me an interview with some agreeable man.” Then the ^ ‘Ocean of the Streams of Story,’ written in Sanskrit verse, by Somadeva, towards the end of the 11th century, after a similar work, the Vrihat Ka'hd, ‘Great Story,’ by Gimadhya, 6th century, of wliich no copy has hitherto been discovered. A complete translation of Somadeva’s work, by Professor C. H. Tawney, with useful notes of variants and derivatives of the tales, has lately been published, in two vols., large 8vo, at Calcutta, 2 Taken into the Gesta, probably from the Disciplina Clericalis of P. Alfonsus. The incident is also the subject of a fabliau, and occurs in all the Eastern versions of the Book of Hindibdd, 28 “ THE weight’s chaste WIFE ” : ascetic said : “ There are residing here some young merchants, wdio have come from a distant country, so I will bring them to you.” The crafty old hag returns home delighted with the success of her stratagem. In the meantime Devasmita resolves to punish the four young merchants. So calling her maids, she instructs them to prepare some wine mixed with datura (a stupefying drug), and to have a dog’s foot of iron made as soon as possible. Then she causes one of her maids to dress herself to resemble her mistress. The ascetic introduces one of the young libertines into the lady’s house in the evening, and then returns home. The maid, disguised as her mistress, receives the young merchant wdth great courtesy, and, having persuaded him to drink freely of the drugged wdne till he became senseless, the other 'women strip off his clothes, and, after branding him on the forehead wuth the dog’s foot, during the night push him into a filthy ditch. On recovering consciousness he returns to his companions, and tells them, in order that they should share his fate, that he had been robbed on his way home. The three other merchants in turn visit the house of Devasmita, and receive the same treatment. Soon afterwards the pretended devotee, ignorant of the result of her device, visits the lady, is drugged, her ears and nose are cut off, and she is flung into a foul pond. In the sequel, Devasmita, disguised in man’s apparel, proceeds to the country of the young libertines, 'where her husband had been residing for some time, and, going before the king, petitions him to assemble all his subjects, alleging that there are among the citizens four of her slaves 'who had run away. Then she seizes upon the four young merchants, and claims them as her slaves. The other merchants indignantly cried out that those 'were reputable men, and she answered that if their foreheads wmre examined they would be found marked 'with a dog’s foot. On seeing the four young men thus branded, the king was astonished, and Devasmita thereupon related the w’hole story, and all the peo^Dle burst out laughing, and the king said to the lady : “ They are your slaves by the best of titles.” The other merchants paid a large sum of money to the chaste wife to redeem them from slavery, and a fine to the king’s treasury. And Devasmita received the money, and recovered her husband ; 'was honoured by all men, returned to her own city, and was never afterwards separated from lier beloved. Tests of chastity such as those in the above stories are very common in our old European romances. In Amadis de Gaul it is a garland ; in Perce Forest it is a rose, which, borne by a wife or a ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. 20 maiden of immaculate virtue, retains its bloom, but witliers if tlie wearer is uncliaste. In TrUtram^ Perceml, La Morte d’ Arthur, and Ariosto, tlie test is a cup, the wine in which is spilled by the unfaithful lover or wife who attempts to drink from it. In one of tlie fahliaux of the northern minstrels of Franco the tost is a mantle, ‘ Le Manteaii mal taille’: an English rendering of this, entitled ‘ The Eoy and the IMantle,’ is found in Percy’s Reliques. And in Spenser we have the girdle of Elorimel. II. To the first subdivision («) of the second group of variants, in which there is no test of chastity, but the suitors are entrapped, belongs the fahliau in Barbazan, tom. iii., of ‘Constant du Hamel, on la Dame qui atrappa un Pretre, un Prevost, et un Forestier,’ an abstract of which will be found in the original notes to our story ; also the old ballad of The Friar ivell-fitted, of which some account is furnished by Dr Furnivall in an additional Postscript to his Preface (Second Edition, 1869).^ In an imperfect MS. text of the Book of the Thousand and One Niglds, brought from Constantinople by "Wortley Montagu, and now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, there are two versions: Hights 726- 728, ‘ The Lady of Cairo and her Three Gallants,’ and Hights 738- 743, ‘ The Virtuous Woman of Cairo and her Four Suitors.’ Dr Jona- than Scott has given a translation of the second of these in the sixth volume of his edition of the Arahian Nights: The lady is solicited by the judge, the collector- general of port-duties, the chief of the butchers, and a rich merchant. She makes an assignation with each 1 For members of the E. E. T. S. who possess only the 1865 edition, it may be as well to reproduce Dr Furnivall’s note here : “With The Wright's Chaste IVife may also be compared the ballad of ‘ The Fryer luell-fittcd ; or A Pretty jest that once befel, How a maid put a Fryer to cool in the well,’ printed ‘in the Bagford Collection ; in the Euxburghe (ii, 172); the Pepys. (iii. 145) ; the Douce (p. 85) ; and in Wit and Mirth, an Antidote to Melancholy, 8 VO, 1682, also, in an altered form, in Pills to Purge Melancholy, 1707, i. 340, or 1719, iii. 325 ’ ; and the tune of which, with an abstract of the story, is given in Chappell’s Popular Music, i. 273-5. The Friar makes love to the maid ; she refuses him for fear of hell- fire. Tush, quoth the Friar, thou needest not doubt ; If thou wert in Hell, I could sing thee out. So she consents if he’ll bring her an angel of money. He goes home to fetch it, and she covers the well with a cloth. When he comes back and has given her the money, she pretends that her father is coming, tells the Friar to run behind the cloth, and down he flops into the well. She won’t help him at first, because if he could sing her out of hell, he could clearly sing himself out of the well : but at last she does help him out, keeps his money because he’s dirtied the water, and sends him home dripping along the street like a new- washed sheep.” 3D “ THE Wright’s chaste wife ” : at her own house — of course at different hours — and acquaints her husband of her plan to punish them, and at the same time reap some profit. The judge comes first, and presents her with a rosary of pearls. She makes him undress, and put on a robe of yellow muslin, and a parti-coloured cap — her husband all the time looking at him through an opening in the door of a closet. Presently a loud knock is heard at the street-door, and on the pretence that it is her husband, the judge is pushed into an adjoining room. The three other suitors, as they successively arrive, bring each a valuable present, and are treated in like manner. The husband now enters, and the lady tells him — to the consternation, doubtless, of the imprisoned suitors — that in returning from the bazaar she had met four antic fellows, whom she had a great mind to bring home wdth her for his amusement, lie affects to be vexed that she had not done so, since he must go from home to-morrow. The lady then says they are, after all, in the next room, upon which the husband insists on their being brought before him, one after another. So the judge is dragged forth in Ids absurd attire, and compelled to caper like a buffoon, after which he is made to tell a story, and is then dismissed. The others, having in turn gone through a similar performance, are also sent packing. Tliere is another Arabian version in the famous romance of the Seven Verdrs, wdiich now forms part of the Thousand and One Nights. The wife of a merchant, during one of his journeys of business, had a young man as a substitute, -who happened one day to be engaged in a street brawl, and was apprehended by the police. She dressed herself in her richest apparel, and repaired to the waif, or chief of tlie police, and begged him to release her ‘ brother,’ wdio was her only protector, and against whom hired witnesses had sworn falsely. The waif, seeing her great beauty, consents, on condition that she should receive him at her house. She appoints a certain evening, and the Avalf, enraptured, gives her twenty dinars (about ten pounds of our money), saying, ‘‘Expend this at the bath;” and so she left the waif with his heart busy thinking of all her charms. In like manner — to be brief — the lady arranges wdth the kazf, or judge, the vazfr, or minister of state, and the hajib, or city governor, that they should come to her the same evening, appointing, of course, a differ- ent hour for each. She then goes to a joiner, and desires him to make her a large cabinet with four compartments. The poor crafts- man, also smitten with her beauty, asks, as his only reward, that he should be permitted to spend an evening wdth her. “In that case,” says she, “ you must make a fifth compartment,” and appointed an ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. 31 hour for him to visit her, the same evening slie had fixed for tlie four city officials. AVlien the Avali arrived, she feasted him ahundantly, then taking olf his robes, dressed him in gay-coloured clotlies, and jdied him with wine till he was intoxicated ; and when he had written an order to the jailor to release the young man, lo ! there was a loud knocking at the gate. “Who is coming!” asks the wall, in alarm. “It is my husband,” replies the lady; “get into this cabinet, and I will return presently and let you out.” Thus, as they came, tlie crafty lady entraps the four dignitaries and the poor joiner. Having sent a servant to the prison with the Avail’s order, her lover soon arrived, and they both set off for another city, Avith all the valuables they could carry. In the morning the landlord of the house, finding the gate open, entered, and hearing voices from the cabinet Avas alarmed, and summoned the neighbours. The cabinet Avas carried to the palace of the sultan, Avho sent for carpenters and smiths, and caused it to be broken open, Avhen lo ! he discovered the Avali, the kazi, the vazir, the Inajib, and the poor joiner in their fantastic dresses. And the sultan laughed till he almost fainted, and com- manded the story to be Avritten from first to last. Search Avas made for the lady and her lover, but they Avere never discovered. ^ In the Persian romance entitled Bahdr-i Ddnish, or ‘ Spring of KnoAvledge,’ by Inayatu-’llali of Delhi, a lady named Gohera, Avhose husband Avas in the hands of the police, makes assignations Avith the kotwal (chief of police) and the kazi, one of Avhom is entrapped in a great jar, the other in a chest ; and next morning she causes porters to carry them before the sultan, Avho orders them to be punished, and her husband to be set at liberty. And in the Persian tales of the ‘ Thousand and One Days ’ {Hazdr-yek Ruz), by Mukhlis, of Ispahan (Day 146 ff.), Ariiya, the virtuous Avife of a merchant, entraps, Avith her husband’s sanction, a judge, a doctor, and the city governor. The story is knoAvn, in various forms, throughout India, Avhere, indeed, it had its origin. In the Indian Antiquary^ 1873, there is a translation by G. II. Damant, of a folk-tale of Dinajpur, entitled ‘ The Touchstone,’ in the concluding portion of Avhich a young Avoman consents to receive at her house the kotAval at the first Avatch of the night ; the king’s counsellor at the second Avatch ; the king’s minister at the third Avatch ; and the king himself at the fourth Avatch. She smears the kotwal Avith molasses, pours Avater on him, covers his Avhole body Avith cotton avooI, and then secures him near the windoAV. 1 In the Bodleian MS. of The Nights referred to above, this story is told separately from the Seven Vazirs. — Nights, 726 — 728. 32 THE Wright’s chaste wife ” : The counsellor is hidden under a mat ; the minister behind a bamboo- screen; and when the king comes, last of all, and sees tire frightful figure of the kotwal in the window, he asks wdrat it is, and sbo replies that it is a rakshasa (a species of demon), upon which the king, minister, and counsellor flee from the bouse in dread of the monster. The kotwal is then released, and makes the best of his Avay home in his hideous condition. In IMiss Stokes’ charming Indian Fairij Tales (Xo. 28), a mer- chant’s clever wife, during his absence, takes four hanks of thread to the bazaar to sell, and is accosted in turn by the kotwal, the vazir, the kazf, and the king, to each of whom she grants an interview at her house, at different hours, and contrives to entrajD them into chests. In the morning she hires four stout coolies, wdio take the chests on their backs, and jwoceeding to the houses of her suitors, disposes of them to their sons for various sums of money, telling each that the chest contained something he would value far beyond the sum she asked. A very similar Bengali version, ‘Adi’s Wife,’ is given by Damant in the Indian Antiijuaru,^' vol. ix. p. 2. And there is a curious variant in Xarrain Sawmy’s Select Tamil Tales, Madras, 1839, in which Eamakistnan (an Indian Scogin or Tyl Eulenspiegel) entraps the raja and his domestic chaplain, whom he induces to dis- guise themselves as women, on the pretext that he would introduce them to the beautiful wife of a man who had lately come to lodge at his house. The jester having locked them, one after the other, in the same room, when they recognize each other they are much ashamed, and softly request to be let out, but this Eamakistnan does only after they have solemnly promised to forgive him a hundred offences every day. We now come to a second Sanskrit form of the story in the Kcdlid Sarit Sdgara (Book I. ch. 4), from which the foregoing Indian, Persian, and Arabian versions have evidently been adapted or imitated. The storyteller, Vararuchi, relates that before proceeding to Himalaya to propitiate Siva with austerities, he deposited in the hand of the merchant Hiranyadatta all his wealth for the maintenance of his family during his absence, at the same time informing his wife Upakosa of it, and he thus proceeds : “Upakosa, on her part anxious for my success, remained in her own house, bathing every day in the Ganges, strictly observing her vow. One day, when spring had come, she being still beautiful, though thin and slightly pale, and charming to the eyes of men, like the streak of the new moon, was seen by the king’s domestic chaplain ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. 33 while going to bathe in the Ganges, and also by the head magistrate, and by the prince’s minister ; and immediately they all became a target for the arrows of love. It ha 2 ')pened, too, somehow or other, that she took a long time bathing that day, and as she Avas returning in the evening, the prince’s minister laid violent hands on her; but she with great presence of mind said to him : ‘ Dear sir, I desire this as much as you, but I am of respectable family, and my husband is away from home. How can I act thus 1 Some one might perhaps see us, and then misfortune would befall you as well as me. There- fore you must come without fail to my house in the first watch of the night of the spring-festival, when the citizens are all excited [and Avill not observe you].’ When she had said this, and pledged herself, he let her go ; but as chance would have it, she had not gone many steps further before she was stopped by the king’s domestic chaplain. She made a similar assignation Avith him also, for the second Avatch of the same night ; and so he too Avas, though Avith difficulty, induced to let her go. But after she had gone a little further, up comes a third person, the head magistrate, and detains the trembling lady. Then she made a similar assignation Avith him also, for the third watch of the same night ; and having by great good fortune got him to release her, she Avent home all trembling. Of her own accord she told her handmaids the arrangements she had made, reflecting, ‘ Death is better for a Avoman of good family, Avhen her husband is away, than to meet the eyes of people Avho lust after beauty.’ Full of these thoughts and regretting me, the virtuous lady spent that night in fasting, lamenting her OAvn beauty. “ Early the next morning she sent a maidservant to the merchant Hiranyadatta to ask for some money in order that she might honour the Brahmans. Then that merchant also came, and said to her in private : ‘ ShoAV me love, and then 1 Avill give you Avhat your husband deposited.’ When she heard that, she reflected that she had no Avitness to prove the deposit of her husband’s Avealth, and perceived that the merchant Avas a villain ; and so, tortured Avith sorroAV and grief, she made a fourth and last assignation Avith him for the last Avatch of the same night ; and so he went away. In the meaiiAAdiile she had prepared by her handmaids, in a large vat, lamp-black mixed with oil and scented Avith musk and other perfumes, and she made ready four pieces of rag anointed Avith it, and she caused to be made a large trunk Avith a fastening outside. “So on that day of the spring-festival the prince’s minister came in the first Avatch of the night in gorgeous array. When he had 34 “ THE Wright’s chaste wife ” : entered without being observed, IJpakosa said to liim : ‘ I will not receive you until you have bathed ; so go in and bathe.’ The simple- ton agreed to that, and was taken by the handmaids into a secret, dark inner apartment. There they took off his under-garments and his jewels, and gave him by way of an under-garment a single piece of rag, and they smeared the rascal from head to foot with a thick coating of that lamp-black and oil, pretending it Avas an unguent, without his detecting it. AVhile they continued rubbing it into every limb, the second watch of the night came, and the chaplain arrived ; the hand- maids thereupon said to the minister : ‘ Here is the king’s chaplain come, a great friend of Yararuchi’s, so creep into this box ; ’ and they bundled him into the trunk, just as he was, all naked, with the utmost precipitation ; and then they fastened it outside with a bolt. The priest too was brought inside into the dark room on the pretence of a bath, and was in the same way stripped of his garments and orna- ments, and made a fool of by the handmaids by being rubbed with lamp-black and oil, with nothing but the piece of rag on him, until in the third w’^atch the chief magistrate arrived. The handmaids immediately terrified the priest with the news of his arrival, and pushed him into the trunk like his predecessor. After they had bolted him in, they brought in the magistrate on the pretext of giving him a bath, and so he, like his fellows, with the piece of rag for his only garment, Avas bamboozled by being continually anointed 'with lamp-black, until in the last watch of the night the merchant arrived, file handmaids made use of his arrival to alarm the magistrate, and bundled him also into the trunk, and fastened it on the outside. “ So those three being shut up inside the box, as if they were bent on accustoming themselves to live in the hell of blind darkness, did not dare to speak on account of fear, though they touched one another. Then Upakosa brought a lamp into the room, and making the merchant enter it, said to him : ‘ Give me that money wdiich my husband deposited with you.’ When he heard that, the rascal, observ- ing that the room was empty, said : ‘ I told you that I would give you the money your husband deposited with me.’ Upakosa, calling the attention of the people in the trunk, said : ‘ Hear, 0 ye gods, this speech of Hiranyadatta.’ When she had said this, she blew out the light ; and the merchant, like the others, on the pretext of a bath was anointed by the handmaids for a long time with lamp-black. Then they told him to go, for the darkness was over, and at the close of the night they took him by the neck and pushed him out of the door sorely against his will. Then he made the best of his Avay home, ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. 35 with only tlie piece of rag to cover liis nakedness, and smeared with the black dye, with, the dogs biting him at every step, thoroughly ashamed of himself, and at last reached his own house ; and when ho got there, he did not dare to look his slaves in the face while they were washing off that black dye. The path of vice is indeed a painful one. “ In the early morning, Upakosa, accompanied by her handmaids, went, without informing her parents, to the palace of King Kanda, and there herself stated to the king that the merchant lliranyadatta was endeavouring to deprive her of money deposited with him by her husband. The king, in order to inquire into the matter, im- mediately had the mercliant summoned, who said : ‘ I have nothing in my keeping belonging to this lady.’ Upakosa then said : ‘ I have witnesses, my lord. Before he went, my husband put the household gods into a box, and this merchant with his own lips admitted the deposit in their presence. Let the box be brought here, and ask the gods yourself.’ Having heard this, the king in astonishment ordered the box to be brought. Thereupon in a moment that trunk was carried in by many men. Then Upakosa said : ‘ Eelate truly, 0 gods, what that merchant said, and then go to your houses : if you do not, I will burn you, or open the box in court.’ Hearing that, the men in the box, beside themselves with fear, said : ‘ It is true, the merchant admitted the deposit in our presence.’ Then the merchant, being utterly confounded, confessed all his guilt. But the king, being unable to restrain his curiosity, after asking permission of Upakosa, opened the chest there in court by breaking the fastening, and those three men were dragged out, looking like three lumps of solid darkness, and were with difficulty recognised by the king and his ministers. Tlie whole assembly then burst out laughing, and the king in his curiosity asked Upakosa what was the meaning of this ; so the virtuous lady told the whole story. All present in court expressed their approbation of Upakosa’s conduct, observing : ‘ The virtuous behaviour of women of good family, who are protected by their own excellent disposition only,i is incredible.’ Then all those coveters of their neighbour’s wife were deprived of all their living and banished from the country. Who prospers by immorality'? Upakosa was then dismissed by the king, who showed his great regard for her by a present of much wealth, and said to her : ‘ Hence- forth thou art my sister ; ’ and so she returned home.” ^ Instead of being confined in the zenana, or harem. Somadeva wrote before the Muhammadan conquest of India. 36 " THE Wright’s chaste wife ” : Such is the fine story of the virtuous Upakosa, according to Professor Tawney’s translation, of which the Arabian version in the Seven Vazirs is a rather clumsy imitation. But before attempting a comparison of the several versions, there remain to be adduced those of the second subdivision (/>) of the group in wdiich there is no magical test of chastity, and to which belongs Lydgate’s metrical tale of The Lady Prioress and her Three Wooers, an abstract of which is cited by Dr Furnivall in the original notes to our story. If Lydgate did not adapt his tale from Boccaccio {Decameron, Day IX., Xov. 1), both versions must have been derived from a common source. Boccaccio’s story is to this effect : Awddow^ lady in Pistoia had two lovers, one called Pinuccio, the other Alexander, of wdiom neither Avas acceptable to her. At a time Avhen she Avas harassed by their importunities, a person named Scannadio, of repro- bate life and hideous aspect, died and Avas buried. His death suggested to the lady a mode of getting rid of her lovers, by asking them to perform a service Avhicli she thought herself certain they Avould not undertake. She acquainted Alexander that the body of Scannadio, for a purpose she Avould afterwards explain, AA^’as to be brought to her dwelling, and that, as she felt a horror at receiving such an inmate, she offered him her love if he Avould attire himself in the dead garments of Scannadio, occupy his place in the coffin, and allow himself to be conA^eyed to her house in his stead. To Pinuccio she sent to recpiest that he Avould bring the corpse of Scannadio at midnight to her habitation. Both lovers, contrary to her expectation, agree to fulfil her desires. During the night she Avatcbes the event, and soon perceives Pinuccio coming along, bearing Alexander, Avho Avas equipped in the shroud of Scannadio. On the approach of some Avatchmen Avith a light, Pinuccio throAA^s down his burden and runs off, Avhile Alexander returns home in the dead man’s clothes. Xext day each demands the loAm of his mistress, which she refuses, pretending to believe that no attempt had been made to fulfil her commands {Dunlo]j). Lydgate’s story is a A^ery great improve- ment on this of the illustrious Florentine : the Lady Prioress pretends the “corpse” had been arrested for debt; and the adventures of her three suitors are ingeniously conceived, and told Avith much humour. Under the title of ‘ The AVicked Lady of AntAverp and her Lovers,’ Thorpe, in his Northern Mythology, gives a story Avhich is cousin-german to those of Boccaccio and Lydgate : A rich Avoman in AntAverp led a very licentious life, and had four lovers, all of Avhoni visited her in the evenings, but at different hours, so that no one ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. knew anything of the others. The Long Wapper^ one night assumed the form of tliis lady. At ten o’clock came the first lover, and Long AVapper said to him ; “ AVhat dost thou desire 1 “ I desire you for a wife,” said the spark. — “Thou shalt have me,” replied the AVapper, “ if thou wilt go instantly to the churchyard of our Lady, and there sit for two hours on the transverse of the great cross.” — “ Good,” said he, “ tliat shall he done,” and he went and did accordingly. At half- past ten came the second. “AYhat dost thou want]” asked the Long AYapper. — “ I wish to marry you,” answered the suitor. — “Thou shalt have me,” replied the AYapper, “if thou wilt go previously to the churchyard of our Lady, there take a coffin, drag it to the foot of the great cross, and lay thyself in it till midnight.” — “ Good,” said the lover, “ that shall be done at once,” and he went and did so. About eleven o’clock came the third. Him the Long AYapper com- missioned to go to the coffin at the foot of the cross in our Lady’s churchyard, to knock thrice on the lid, and to wait there till midnight. At half-past eleven came the fourth, and AYapper asked him what his wishes were. “To wed you,” answered he. — “Thou shalt do so,” replied AYapper, “if thou wilt take the iron chain in the kitchen, and dragging it after thee, run three times round the cross in the churchyard of our Lady.” — “ Good,” said the spark, “ that I will do.” The first had set himself on the cross, hut had fallen dead with fright to the earth on seeing the second place the coffin at his feet. The second died with fright when the third struck thrice on the coffin. The third fell down dead when the fourth came rattling his chain, and the fourth knew not what to think when he found his three rivals lying stiff and cold around the cross. AYith all speed he ran from the churchyard to the lady to tell her what had happened. But she, of course, knew nothing of the matter ; when, however, on the following day, she was informed of the miserable death of her lovers, she put an end to her own life. AYe have here a very curious and tragical version of the self-same story which the Monk of Bury — or whosoever was the author — has told so amusingly of the Lady Prioress and her Three AA^ooers. In the Far Hortli, where our story is also current, magical arts are employed in punishment of importunate and objectionable suitors : In the latter part of the tale of ‘ The Mastermaid ’ (Dasent’s Popular Tales from the Norse), the heroine takes shelter in the hut of a crabbed old crone, who is killed by an accident, and the maid ^ A Flemish sprite, whose knavish exploits resemble those of our English Robin Goodfellow. — Thoipe. 38 “ THE Wright’s chaste wife ” : is thus left alone. A constable, passing by, and seeing a beautiful girl at the window, falls in love wdth her, and having brought a bushel of money, she consents to marry him ; but at night, just when they have got into bed, she says that she has forgot to make up the fire; this the doting bridegroom undertakes to do himself, but no sooner has he laid hold of the shovel, than she cries out : “ INIay you hold the shovel, and the shovel hold you, and may you heap burning coals over yourself till morning breaks ! ” So there stood the constable all night, heaping coals of fire on his own head till day- l)i’eak, wdien he w'as released from the spell, and ran home. In like manner, on the second night the damsel casts her spells over an attorney, who is made to hold the handle of the porch-door till morning ; and on the third night the shei'iff is compelled to hold the calf’s-tail, and the calf’s-tail to hold him, till morning breaks, wdien he goes home in sorry plight. — In an Icelandic version, the calf’s-tail is the only device adopted by the young wdtch, but it proves equally efficacious for her purposes. These are all the versions of this wmrld-wide story wdth wdiich I am at present acquainted : some of them are taken from the appendix to my privately-printed Booh of Suiclihdd. Eegarding the immediate source of Adam of Cobsam’s diverting tale, I do not think that w’as the Gesta version, with wdiich it corresponds only in outline ; both were doubtless adapted independently fioiii some orally-current form of the story. If w^e assume that the Kathd Sarit Scigara faithfully represents its prototype of the 6 th century — the Vrihat Katlid — then for the elements of The Wright's Chaste Wife w^e must go to twm different but cognate tales in that collection : for the garland as the test of chastity we have the lotus-flow'er in the story of Guhasena ; and the entrapping of the suitors w’e find in the story of Upakosa. Of the Eastern versions cited, the prototype of The Wright's Chaste Wife is the story of the soldier’s wdfe in the Tuti Ndma — a wmrk, it is true, which does not date earlier than a.d. 1306, but it w^as derived from a much older Persian work of the same description, wdiich again wus based upon a Sanskrit story-book, of wdiich the Suha Saptati (Seventy Tales of a Parrot) is the modern representa- tive. The two stories in the Vrihat Katim — or rather, portions of them — seem thus to have been fused into one at an early date, and reached Europe in a form similar to the Gesta and Adam of Cobsam’s versions. But the story of Upakosa also found its wuy to Europe separately, and not through the Arabian versions assuredly, since these are much later than the times of the Trouveres. Moreover, the ADDITIONAL ANALOGUES. 39 fahliau lias preserved incidents of the Indian story, which arc omitted ill tlie Arabian versions, with comparatively little modification, namely : that of the bath — a common preliminary to farther intimacy in tales of gallantry ; the smearing of the naked suitors with lamp- black and oil — they are ‘feathered’ in the fahliau; and the dogs snapping the heels of the roguish merchant. — That Boccaccio was not the inventor of his version seems evident, from the existence of analogous popular tales in Northern Europe. Be this as it may, Adam of Cobsam’s story has furnished us with a curious illustration of Baring-Gould’s remark : “ How many brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins of all degrees a little story has ! and how few of the tales we listen to can lay any claim to originality ! ” Glasgow, April 18S6. ^rigtnal NO. 84. R. CLAY AND SONS, CHAUCER PRESS, BUNOAV, The Early Englisli Text Society was started hy Dr. Eurnivall in lcS64 for the purpose of bringing the mass of Old English Literature within the reach of the ordinary student, and of wiping away the reproach under which England had long rested, of having felt little interest in the monuments of her early life and language. The E. E. T. Soc. desires to print in its Original Series the Avholo of our imprinted MS. literature ; and in its Extra Series to reprint in careful editions all that is most valuable of printed MSS. and early jirinted hooks. The Society has issued to its subscribers 127 Texts, most of them of great interest; so much so indeed that the publications of its first two years have been reprinted, and those for its third year, 18G6, will follow. The Subscription to the Early English Text Society, which constitutes Membership, is <£1 Is. a year [and £1 Is. (Large Paper, £2 12s. 6c?.) additional for the Extra Series], due in advance on the 1st of January, and should be paid either to the Society’s Account at the Head Office of the Union Lank, Princes St., London, E.C., or by Money Order (made payable at the Chief Office, London, and crost ‘ Union Lank ’), or by Cheques or Postal Orders, to the Hon. Secretary, Wm. A. Dalziel, Esq., 67, Victoria Eoad, Finsbury Park, London, 1ST. All Members who sub- scribe through other channels than the Hon. Sec. are askt to send their names to him, in order to insure an early insertion of them in the List of Members. The Director regrets that the issues of the Extra Series are in arrear. The issue for 1885 will consist of such two of the following Texts, all now at press, as can be got out first ; and the next tivo will form the issue for 1886 : — Charlemagne Romances : Huon of Bordeaux, by Lord Berners, ah. 1532, ed. S. L. Lee, B.A. Part IV. Charlemagne Rornances : The Four Sons of Aymon, by Caxton, ab. 1489, ed. Miss 0. Eichardson. Part II. Torrent of Portyngale, ed. Dr. Adam. Sir Bevis of Hamton, from the Auchinleck and other MSS., ed. Dr. E. Kolbing. \^At Press. Bp. Fisher’s English Works, ed. Eev. Eonald Bayne, B.A. Part II. Hoceleve’s Minor Poems, ed. Dr. E. J. Eurnivall, „ Complaint, The Three Kings of Cologne, 2 English Texts and 1 Latin, ed. Dr. Horst raann. o Early English Text Society. The Original-Series issue for 1885 has been completed by The Oldest English Texts, to the time of King Alfred, edited by H. Sweet, M.A. The issue for 1886 will be chosen from Cursor Mundi, Part YI., with Preface by Dr. E. IMorris, and Essays by Dr. Ilaenisch and Dr. H. Hiipe. \^At Press. ■ Thomas Robinson’s Life and Death of Mary Magdalene, ab. 1620 A.D., edited by Oskar Sommer. [All in type. c. Sir David Lyndesay’s Works, Part VI, ed. J. Small, kl.A. [At Press. The Lay Folks’ Catechism, by Archbp. Thoresby, ed. Canon Simmons i and F. D. IMatthew. [At Press. J 5 . For the Original Series, the following Texts are also preparing : Q. Elizabeth’s Translations, from Boethius, &c., edited from the ^ unique MS. by Walford I). Selby. [A t Press, i Treatise on the Virtues, ab. 1200 a.d., edited from the unique MS. \ by P. Z. Pound, B.A. S: Early English Deeds and Documents, from unique MSS., ed. Dr. Lorenz Morsbach. Merlin, Part lY, containing Preface, Index, and Glossary. Edited j by II. B. AYheatley. e- Gawayne Poems, ed. F. J. Yipan, M.A. Beowulf, a critical Text, &c., ed. 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Eurnivall, M.A. ; tl with A Supplication to om Moste Soueraigne Lorde ; A Supplication of the Poore Commons ; and The Decaye of England by the Great Multitude of Sheep, edited by J. M. Cowper, Esq. 6 s. V. Early English Pronimciation, with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, Part HI. by A. J. Ellis, Esq., E.R.S. 10 s. The PuhUcations for 1872 {one guinea) are : — '. Robert Crowley’s Thirty-one Epigrams, Voyce of The Last Trumpet, Way to Wealth, &c., 1550-1 A.D., edited by ,T. M. Cowper, Esq. 12s. fl. Chaucer’s Treatise on the Astrolabe, 1391 a.d. Ed. from MSS. by Rev. Prof. vV. Skeat, M.A. 10s. ^ The Complaynt of Scotlande, 1549 A.D.. with an Appendix of four Contemporary English Tracts (1542-48 A.D.); Part 1., edited by Dr. J. A. H. Murray. 10s. 6 List of Earltj JEiiglish Text Society’s Boolis. The PuMxcations for 1873 {one guinea) are : — j XVIII. The Complaynt of Scotlande, l.'34.9 A D., with an Appendix of four contemporary Englil Tracts (l542-48j, Part II., edited by Ilr. J. A. H. Murray. 8s. I XIX. Oure Ladyes Myroure, a.d. 1530, edited by the Ilev. J. H. Blunt, M.A., with four full-pa| photolithographic facsimiles by Cooke and Fotheriugham. 24s. | The Puhlications for 1874 {oxie guinea) are : — ! XX. Lonelich’s History of the Holy Grail (ab. 1450 A.D.), from the French of Sires E-obiers Borron, Part I., ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 8s. XXI. Barbour’s Bruce, Part II., ed. ilev. Prof. W. W. Skeat, M.A. 4.s. XXII. Henry Brinklow’s Complaynt of Roderyck Mors (ab. 1542 ' ; and The Lamentacion of a Chr. tian against the Citie of London, made by Roderigo Mors, A.D. 1545. Ed. J. M. Cowper. 9; XXIII. Early English Pronunciation, Part lY., by A. J. Ellis, F.Ii.S. 10s. | The Puhlications for 1875 {one guinea) are : — XXIV. Lonelich’s History of the Holy Grail, Part II., ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 10s. XXV. Guy of Warwick, 15th-century Version, Part I., ed. Prof. Zupitza. 20s. The PuMlcat Ions for 187G {one guinea) are : — XXVI. Guy of Warwick, 15th-century Version, Part II., ed. Prof. Zupitza. 14s. XXVII. The English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (died 1535), Part I, the Te: edited by Rev. Prof. J. E. B. Mayor, M.A. 16s. The Puhlications for 1877 {one guinea) are : — XXVIII. Lonelich’s Holy Grail, Part III., ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 10s. XXIX. Barbour’s Bruce. Part III., ed. Rev. Prof. W. \V. Skeat, M.A. 21s. (large paper, 42s.) The Puhlications for 1878 {one guinea^) are : — XXX. Lonelich’s Holy Grad, Part IV., ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A. 15s. XXXI. The Alliterative Romance of Alexander and Dindimus, ed. Rev. Prof. W. AV. Skeat. 6s. XXXII. Starkey’s “England in Hejiry VIII’s time” : Starkey’s Life and Letters ; Part 1., ed. S. Herrtage, B.A. 8s. The Puhlications for 1879 {one gu inea) a re : — XXXIII. Gesta Romanorum (englisht ab. 1440) : the Early English Versions, edited from the MS and black-letter editions, by S. J. Herrtage, B.A. 15s. XXXIV. Charlemagne Romances: No. I. Sir Ferumbras ; edited from the unique Ashmole M by S. J. Herrtage, B..A. 15s. The Puhlications for 1880 {one guinea') are : — XXXV. Charlemagne Romances; No. II. The Sege off Meiayne, ed. by S. J. Herrtage, B.A. 1! XXXVI. Charlemagne Romances: No. III. The Lyf of Charles the'Grete, englisht by Caxto A.D. 1485, Part I., ed. by S. J. Herrtage, B.A. 16s. The Publications for 1881 {one guinea) are : — XXXVII. Charlemagne Romances: No. IV. The Lyf of Charles the Grete, englisht by Caxtc A.D. 1485, Part 11., ed. by S. J. Herrtage, B.A. 15s. XXXVIII. Charlemagne Romances: No. V. The Romance of the Sowdone of Babylone, ed. Dr. Hausknecht. 15s. The Puhlications for 1882 {one guinea) are : — XXXIX. Charlemagne Romances ; — 6. Rauf Codyear, Roland, Otuel, &c., ed. S. J. Herrtage, B.A. !• XL. Charlemagne Romances : — 7. Huon of Burdeux, by Lord Berners, ed. S. L. Lee, B.A. Part 1. 1 The Puhlications for 1883 {one guinea) are : XLI. Charlemagne Romances 8. Huon of Burdeux, by Lord Berners, ed. S. L. Lee, B.A. Pt II. 1 XLII. Guy of Warwick, the Auchinleck and Gains MSS., Part I, ed. Prof. Zupitza. 15s. The Puhlications for 1884 {one guinea) are : — XLIII. Charlemagne Romances : — 9.Huon of Burdeux, by Lord Berners, ed. S. L. Lee, B.A. Pt Ill.d XLIV. Charlemagne Romances: — 10. The Four Sons of Aymon, by Caxton, ed. Miss O. Richardsc Part I. 15s. The Puhlications for 1885 n'ill he chosen from : — Charlemagne Romances ; — 11 . The Four Sons of Aymon, by Caxton, ed. Miss O. Richardson. Part Charlemagne Romances; — 12. Huon of Burdeux, by Lord Berners, ed. S. L. Lee, B.A. Part HI. Bp. Fisher’s English Works, ed. Rev. Ronald Kayne, B.A. Part II. lAt Press. Hoccleve’s Minor Poems, ed. F. J. Furnivall, M.A., Ph. D. [At Press. „ Compleint, „ „ „ ,, An Alexander Romance, ed. Rev. Prof. Skeat and J. H. Hessels, M.A. LONDON : TRUBNEPt & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL. BERLIN: ASHER & CO., 53 MOHRE)NSTRASSE. Income and Expenditure of the Early English Text Society / or the Year ended December 31, 1879. Treasurer's Cash Account for 1879. o 00 00 Ci lO o: eo rH 0 . 2 r cr. ^ ^ lIj C3 a 111 c3 3^^ 2 ■§ M Of 3 ~ « -fi o • rv" "3 HH 6 d 8 ;^^<3 cS O >03 »n o lo o o t- c rH o c; iQ 00 o (ja r : o S.J y o : H = > be • ^ 30 r . r w 3 . 3 ’r', <3 3 „ 33 r' «-H .N r;3 3 . 3, • Income and Eximuliture of the Eakly English Text Society / or the Year ended 31 December, 1880 . 8 Treasurer's Cash Account for 1880 . 00 OO Treasurer's Cash Account for 1881. CO 53 H W O O m H ><1 w H w CQ t-H o H <1 H "§ rS’ o t^o 005 QO ; iS' «0 oi CO W 05 o o o o o O O O 05 O 05 O 01 O rH O ^•gTc -W . 'S §-*1 « H-( o |2| 'S u o U. J. =51 3 S;r: o S. P -3 o o C ff) p || j J e © g ■£ ^3 .ud I >■>>> 2 o §1 1 S '•It o W 2 - r i'S ,• O o »3 ci ' •• : o 3 t/ o : =: o ‘1 •< iCo 6 c’! 3 - o • • -2 t 'o -,\S ^ to m « iC . H ? •= 2 c ^ ^ "2 _S « “ o ^ -S iz « P 3 QQ n P s cc o E-t~ < S w3 M "m M '3 ^ § « S 63 *u O H . -P km H ^ O 5| PJ. • -I p|2; Examined with the Vouchers and found correct. Income and Expenditure of the Early English Text Society for the Year ended December 31, 1882. 10 Treasurer’s Cash Account for 1882. O <£> O O CO CO O GO CC *- > n:: HI Sfex- o o •- ^ CC) 3 SO pq^pq ® “S'-" ^ w SJ C 5 -«1 pq i> o •- eo o ^ o 'f cc o «C OC - »0 ' " " J 9 16 ;-£S W o p< . ^ ■ o _,. i; 33 o _ sli ^ o ^ o 3 a) •S (S O! 4^ ^ " *'CQ^ b r-- I S> ^ rr) ti I 2 i H -^.5^ I -S^o <1 rh t>^ 00 si O c3 c3 PhAh a «<5 O) i ^ ^ «0 c3 c5 c^ C/3 ^ yj S O O O) ^ c- c r! rn' oi t>: odd XX o o o XXX H • ; Hi • • ry, O 5 o-^ M Pa2 H ® -< c3CO g'll £'C >< tn03 Ph o Q !?; h) o : 8 ■ ® 8 ^ M.S 52 « w O M !^5 . ^ (X> w 03 tP (D 00 yg CO «> CO t> o O 00 i-H 03 O s. 14 11 CO O CO O CO CO 00 1 15 £ 181 0 e«o iM 0^ ® 2 O 00 P? CO N 00 rH IM l> ^ rH CO H O XU bS WE ShX XX w. • J>H WH EW he PX PE EX Income and Expenditure of the Early English Text Society for the Year ended December 31; 1884. 12 Treasurer's Gash Account for 1884. cq o ^ * S J.'^ . I He 00 eo o 00 O CQ - t-H .Pm ■ c Ph I ^ ^ HH ^ i; c ® c P- o ^ o O t. XXX O Ci CO O 00 00 CO o o (M CO 00 ©q O 00 Jit CC C3 S y- OT •^0 0^0 S.5 r-: cit>; - - H . : ; • ■ l-J CO O « o'=^ V, .S pcc ^ tHOWr P O o O O « 05 o o « oq l« « O »ffl •>? CC lO 00 o !« . gr P be O P ■< o s pj Ci 03 C5 rt bj H ca O « >» ^ « «) PP 00 .^•oo «c 05 O 0^0 io o CO I-* CO CO o o CO oq (M oq oq t-5 Se; H O .S3 ft p SS HPd : >» « I J. 5 00 c § feg H ^ S5 -flTS C gJ P P O oi _ ^ .p B 2 P? o .2 3 P o ai jH o SI I 2 Income and Ex;penditure of the Early English Text Society /or the Year ended December 31, 1885. Treamrere Cash Account for 1885. 13 o o ec .-I O CO ^ CO O !>• lO «-r • j: be- a. "S " CO oJOJ O O 1 o o , CO CO 30 CO s> CS 5 o : c -iS 043 ^ S S , . <1 ci'-^ a -S bb5 « § ~ .a o ^ I g s 3i^ o .. o VI : r4 . ^ •02 6 c3 <1^.0 m he P^d H • to O If , > < M eo ei m 00 ••f o ® C5 O rH 1C (M rH 00 ^ 1 (M CC 00 1C 00 . - w y^zn W . 1-2 !?5 Sd' .S PS . Es *^PS .0 pel P<1 ■■ '■:■ |\- ,'fta \t i t I i. - 4 ^- i » 1 V .' 1 fi | 3 . 55 ' „ ■“^1 ? ■f ' . .w ' SjU. I, , r r'; -1 L. /-D ^ i '- ^■ .^3 ..; v^ ' • 5 t. , ’ j- R- ? J-, 1 "'■ 'i- • M f* -' L . . - ^>5 ^ If' -f 4 ^' f- ^ -• r ■3‘v j ' px] f '-S ..-S . : - i- #-/»** s ,,^T! oaft* > J' 1 .* pf; ’5 w i M .*!;;• *f-' -■' i»«: .. > pw «r\ ‘- ■ - - T S 2 ^ - 9 . ■*^ I, ^ jfiSi § ’ . ' *4 s 5 - I a w • T'^gr- ^ ?' ^ I *■ . \v l-H iSi {If ■ fr'-^ ’ f' •& 1^' ET'- 4 f| § f* ; 'Sj-'' M ^ ^ ...#■4 1^'. -■^1 i g % »=» • i' ■pn 4» l‘ s 2v ■'»'.§ ■4.1 ' 1 £?■ 'j 5>' ' 15 LIST OF MEMBELS. COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT. DIRECTOR: FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, M.A., Ph.D. TREASURER) HENRY B. AVHEATLEY, ESQ. HON. SEC. : W. A. DALZIEL, ESQ., 67 Victoria Road, Finsbury Park, London, N. HON. SEC. for America : PROF. F. J. CHILD, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. J. MEADOWS COWPER, ESQ. ALEXANDER J. ELLIS, B.A., F.R.S. HENRY HUCKS GIBBS, M.A. SIDNEY J. HERRTAGE, B.A. REV. PROF. LUMBY, B.D. F. D. MATTHEW, ESQ. REV. DR. RICHARD MORRIS. REV. PROF. J. E. B. MAYOR, M.A. DR. J. A. H. MURRAY. EDWARD B. PEACOCK, ESQ. REV. PROF. SKEAT, M.A., LL.D. HENRY SWEET, M.A. W. ALDIS WRIGHT, M.A., LL.D. PROF. ZUPITZA, Ph.D. ( With jjower to add Workers to their number.') BANKERS : THE UNION BANK OF LONDON, Princes Street, E.C. PUBLISHERS : TRUBNER & CO., 57 k 59, Ludgate Hill, E.C. A star or dagger is prefixed to the names of those who subscribe to the Extra Series; a star {*) for the small paper, and a dagger (t) for the large paper. Ainsworth, Dr. R. F., Cliff Point, Lower Broughton, Manchester. Alderson, Rev. H. E., St. PauPs College, Stoney Stratford. Alexander, George Russell, 42, Sardinia Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow, f Alexander, John, 68, Regent Street West, Glasgow. Alexander, Walter, 4 Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow. *Allsopp, a. P., Hindlip Hall, Worcester. Allyn, j. (Bookseller), Boston, U. S. A. (by Triibner & Co.). Amery, j. Sparke, Druid House, Ashburton, Devon. *Amherst College Library, Amherst, Mass., U. S. A. (by Allen). Amhurst, Wm. A. Tyssen, Didlington Hall, Brandon, Norfolk. Angus, Rev. Joseph, D.D., Regent’s Park College, N.W. *Asher & Co., Messrs., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. (3 sets). *Astor Library, New York, U. S. A. (by Stevens). 16 List of Members of the L. JE. Text Soc., 1886 . *ATHENyEUM Club, Pall Mall, S.W. ^Atkinson, Eev. E., D.D., Clare College Lodge, Cambridge. * Atkinson, Rev. J. C., Danby Parsonage, Grosmont, Yorkshire. Austin, Stephen, Hertford. Avery, Arthur R., 40, Belsize Park, Hampstead, N.W. *Baer, Messrs. J. & Co., Frankfort (by Triibner & Co.). Balliol College, Oxford. *Barwell, Thomas, The Woodlands, Kirby Muxloe, Leicester. *Berlin University Library (by Asher and Co.). *Binns, Rev. William, Stourton Lodge, Arno Road, Oxton, Birkenhead. ♦Birmingham Central Free Library, Ratcliff Place, Birmingham. ♦Birmingham Library, C. E. Scarse, Esq., Union Street, Birmingham. ♦Blackman, Frederick, 4, York Road, Lambeth, S.E. ♦Boardman, Eev. Charles, D.D., St. Wilfrid’s Presbytery, Longridge, Preston. Bombay Asiatic Society (by Trubner and Co.). Bond, Dr. E. A., C. B., Chief Librarian, British Museum, W.C. ♦Boston Athen.eum Library, U. S. A. Boston Public Library, Boston, IMass., U. S. A. (by Triibner &, Co.). Bottomley, Edward, Greenfield, Manchester (by Trubner & Co.). IBowen, H. Courthope, 3, York St., Portman Sq., W. Brackett, Dr. J. R. Montpelier, Vermont, U. S. A. ♦Breslau University Library (by Asher fc Co.). ♦Brooke, Col. Thomas, Armitage Bridge, Huddersfield. ♦Brooki,yn Mercantile Library, New York, U. S. A. (by Allen). Brown, Arthur Henry, Brentwood (by Trubner & Co.). ♦Brown, Prof., (Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand (by Trubner & Co.). ♦Brushfield, Dr. T. N., The Cliff, Budleigh-Salterton, Devon. ♦Buckley, Rev. Wm. Edw., Rectory, Middleton Cheney, Banbury. Burns, James T., Kirliston, Edinburgh. Burnside, W., Pembroke College, Cambridge. ♦Burton on Trent Institute, Union St., Burton-on-Trent. Carperter, j. Estlin, I;eathes House, Fitzjohn’s Avenue, Hampstead, N.W. ♦Chamberlain, Arthur, Elm House, Arthur Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Chance, Dr. F., Burleigh House, Sydenham Hill, S.E. Chappell, William, F.S. A., Strafford Lodge, Oatlands Park, Wey bridge Station. Cheltenham College Library, Cheltenham. Cheltenham Library, 5, Royal Crescent, Cheltenham. ^Chetham's Library, Hunt’s Bank, Manchester. ♦Chicago Public Library, Chicago, U. S. A. (by Stevens). Chichester, Lord Bishop of. The Palace, Chichester. ♦Chorlton, Thomas, 32, Brazennose Street, Manchester. Christian, Rev. George, Redgate, Uppingham, Rutland. ♦Christiania University Library, Norway (care of Mr. T. Bennett, Christiania). ♦Christ’s College, Cambridge. Churchill, Miss Caroline, 23, Stanley Gardens, Netting Hill, London, W. ♦Cincinnati Public and School Library, Cincinnati, U. S. A. (by Stevens). (’LINTON, H. R., Hollywood, Forest Hill, S.E. ♦Clinton Hall Association, New York, U. S. A. (by Trubner k Co.). Cohen, Arthur, 6, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. f C oleridge, The Right Hon. Lord, 1, Sussex Square, Hyde Park, W. Coleridge, Miss Edith, Eldon Lodge, Torquay. ♦Compton, Rev. Lord Alwyne, Castle Ashby, Northampton. List of Members of the E. E. Text Soc., 188G. 17 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U. S. A. (by Allen). *C0WPER, Joseph Meadows, Watling Street, Canterbury. Cox, Rev. Thomas, The Crescent, Hipperholme, Halifax. Craig, Dr. W. J,, 8, Grenville St., Brunswick Sq., W.C. (by Triibner & Co.). Crossley, James, Stocks House, Cheetham, Manchester. CuLLEY, M. T., Coupland Castle, Wooler, Northumberland {Extra Series only). CUTHBERT, A., Glasgow (by Mr. Maclehose). *Dabis, Miss, 1, Crofton Cottages, Cambridge. *Dalziel, W. a., G7, Victoria Road, Finsbury Park, London, N. {lion. Sec.). Darbishire, R. D., 26, George Street, Manchester (by Triibner & Co.). *Dartrey, The Earl of, 3, Curzon Street, W. Davies, Rev. J., 16, Belsize Sq,, South Hampstead, N.W. (by Triibner & Co.). Dawes, Rev. Dr. J. S., Newton House, Surbiton, Surrey. Deighton, Bell, & Co., 13, Trinity St., Cambridge. Denton, Rev. W., 22, Westbourne Square, W. Derby, Earl of, 23, St. James’s Square, S.W. fDEVONSHiRE, The Duke of, Devonshire House, Piccadill)^, AV. Dickson, Thomas, H. M. General Register House, Edinburgh. *Dowden, Prof. Edward, Winstead, Temple Road, Rathmines, Dublin. Durham Cathedral, the Library of the Dean and C ha pter. *Dykes, Frederick, Wakefield. *Earle, Rev. Professor J., 15, Norham Road, Oxford. Edinburgh University Library (by Williams & Norgate). Elworthy, Fredk. T., Foxdown, AVellington, Somerset. *Evans, Sebastian, Heathfield, Alleyn Park, West Dulwich, S.E. *Everard, C. H., Eton College, Windsor. *Exeter College, Oxford. Faunthorpe, Rev. John P., Whitelands Training College, 35, King’s Road, Chelsea, S.W. Ferris, O. A., Fairview, Dartmouth Park Avenue, Upper Holloway, N. *Finance, Rev. Gerard de, St. Pierre de I’Etang du Nord, Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands, Brit. N. America. ■^Fisher, Right Rev. Mgr. J. H., St. Edward’s College, Liverpool. *Ford, John Rawlinson, 25, Albion St., Leeds. *Fox, Francis F., Yate House, Chipping Sodbury. *Freiburg University Library, Baden. *Fry, Danby P., 138, Haverstock Hill, N.W. ♦Furness, Horace Howard, 222, West Washington Sq., Philadelphia, U. S. A. ♦Furnivall, Dr. F. J., 3, St. George’s Square, Primrose Hill, London, N.W. {Director.) Gaisford, Rev. T. A., 2, Devonshire PL, Bath (by Triibner & Co.). ^Gibbs, Henry H., St. Dunstan’s, Regent’s Park, N.W. *Gibbs, Mrs. M. B., Tyntesfield, Bristol. Gill, Thomas Richard, 39, Amersham Rd., New Cross, S.E. ♦Gilman, Arthur, 11, Mason Street, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. ■““Gissing, Algernon F., 10, Barstovv Sq., Wakefield. ♦Glasgow University Library (by Mr. Maclehose). ♦Goodison, John (by Asher & Co.). Gordon, Rev. Robert, 6, Mayfield Street, Newington, Edinburgh (by Mr. Stevenson). Goulburn, Very Rev. Dr., Dean of Norwich, Norwich. Gray, Arthur, Jesus College, Cambridge. ♦Greifswald University. (By Asher & Co.) Grevel, H., 33, King St., Covent Garden, W.C. 18 List of Members of the LJ. LJ. Text Soc., 1886 . ♦Guildhall, Library of the Corporatiox of London, E.C. ♦Hailstone, Edward, Walton Hall, Wakefield (by Mr. J. Wilson). ♦Hales, Professor J. W., 1, Oppidan’s Road, Primrose Hill, N.W. Hall, Joseph, Grammar School, Manchester. Hamburg Stadt bibliothek. Hanson, Sir Reginald, iO, Boundary Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. ♦Harris, Mortimer, 10, Angell Park Gardens, Brixton, S.W. ♦Harris, William, 20, Elvetham Road, Edghaston, Birmingham. Harrison, Professor J., Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, U. S. A. (hy Triihner & Co,). ♦Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. (hy Allen). Harvey, W. Fred., 2, Temple Gardens, Temple, E.C. ♦Hay, C. a., 127, Harley Street, W. Heales, Major Alfred (F.S.A.), The Chimes, Streatham Common, S.W. Helwich, Professor H. R., 29, Neugasse, Oberdobling, Vienna, Austria, ♦Henderson, T., County School, Bedford. Hertz, Dr. W., Munich (hy Triihner & Co.). Hessels, j. H., Cambridge. Hetherington, j. Newby, 62, Harley St., London, W. ♦Hodgson, Shadworth H., 45, Conduit Street, Regent Street, W, Holme, J. Wilson, 84, Old Jewry, E.C. ♦Howard, Henry, Stone House, Kidderminster. Hull Subscription Library, Albion Street, Hull. Hulme, E. C., 18, Philheach Gardens, South Kensington, S.W. Hutchinson, Edward, the Elms, Darlington. I’Anson, James, jun., Fairfield House, Darlington. ♦James, Colonel Edward C., Ogdenhurg, St. Lawrence County,New York,U. S. A. ♦Jenkins, James, M.D., C.B., Nevinston, Maunamead, Plymouth. ♦Johns Hopkins Library, Baltimore, U. S. A. (by Allen). Johnson, G. J., 36, Waterloo St., Birmingham. Johnson, Dr. Henry, Brunswick, Maine, U. S. A. (by Triihner Sc Co.). Jones, Rev. James, 26, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin. ♦Jones, John Joseph, Abberley Hall, Stourport. ♦Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. ♦Ker, William P., 203, Newport Road, Cardiff. ♦Kersley, Rev. Canon, LL.D., Congham Rectory, King’s Lynn. ♦Kett, Rev. C. W., 2, Haverstock Ter., South Hampstead, N.W. ♦King’s College, Cambridge (by Deighton, Bell, & Co.). ♦King's Inn Library, Henrietta Street, Dublin. ♦Kingsbury, Rev. T. L., Cambridge (by Deighton, Bell, Sc Co.). ♦Klinksieck, F., Paris (by Triihner Sc Co.). Ladies’ College, Cheltenham. ♦Lafayette College, Easton, Penn. U. S. A. Laidlay, a., Seacliffe House, North Berwick, N. B. ♦Lambert, Joshua C., Independent College, Taunton. ♦Leathes, Frederick de M., 17, Tavistock Place, Tavistock Square, W.C. ♦Leeds Library, Commercial St., Leeds. I.EWIS, Rev. Henry, Principal, Culham College, Oxon. ♦Lister, John, Shibden Hall, Halifax. Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield. ♦Little, E. D., The Mount, Northallerton. Lloyd, Ridgway R., St. Peter’s Street, St. Albans. Lockwood Sc Co., 7, Stationers’ Hall Court, E.C. (by Triihner Sc Co.). ♦London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. List of Members of the E. E. Text Soc., 188G. 19 ♦London Library, 12, St. James’s Square, S.W. *Lounsbury, Prof. T. E., Yale College, New Haven, Conn., U. S. A. *Low, Messrs. S. & Co., 188, Fleet Street, K.C. (by Triibner & Co.). ♦Lowell, Professor J. Eussell, Harvard, Mass., U. S. A. *Luard, Rev. Henry Richards, 4, St. Peter’s Terrace, Cambridge. ♦Lumby, Rev. Prof, J. Rawson, St. IMary’s Gate, Cambridge. Lupton, Francis Martineau, Roundhay, Tweeds. Lushington, Professor E. L., D.C.L. — Park House, Maidstone. McKenzie, John Whitefoord, 16, Royal Circus, Edinburgh. Mackonochie, Rev. Alex. Heriot, St. Alban’s Clergy House, Broohe Street, Hoi born, E.C. *Macmillan, a., Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ♦Manchester, The Duke of, Kimbolton Castle, St. Neot’s. ♦Manchester Public Free Library, Manchester. Marburg University (Extra Series only) (by Williams & Norgate). Markby, Alfred, 0, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C, ♦Marsh.vll, John, 20, Holyrood Crescent, Glasgow (by Maclehose). ♦Martineau, P. M., Littleworth, Esher, Surrey. Mason, C. P., 5, College Gardens, Dulwich, S.E. ♦Masson, M. Gustave, Harrow on the hill. 1\Iatthew, Fredk, D., Quarryton, Hayne Road, Beckenham, Kent. ♦Matzner, Dr. (by Asher & Co.). ♦Mayor, Rev. Prof. John E. B., St. John’s College, Cambridge, ♦Melbourne Public Library (by S. Mullen). ♦Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Mo., U. S. A. ♦Merton College, Oxford. ♦Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. A. ♦Mickleth WAITE, J. T., 6, Delahay Street, Westminster, S.W. Mill Hill School, Hendon, N.W. ♦Mitchell Library, Glasgow. Mohr, E., Heidelberg (by Triibner & Co.). MoNSON, The Right Hon. Lord, 29, Belgrave Square, S.W. Moodie, John, Elton House, Upton St., Stockiiort Road, Manchester. ♦Morison, John, Messrs. W. Collins, Sons, & Co., Bridewell Place, E.C. IMorley, Prof. Henry, 8, Upper Park Road, Haverstock Hill, N.W. ♦Morris, Rev. Dr. Richard, Lordship Lodge, Wood Green, N. I\l0ULT0N, Rev. Dr. Win. F., The Leys, Cambridge. *Mullen, S., 48, Paternoster Row, London, E.C. MiiLLER, Professor Max, 7, Norham Gardens, Oxford. Munby, Arthur J., 6, Fig-tree Court, Temple, E.C. ♦Murray, Dr. Janies A. H., Oxford. ♦Napier, Professor A. S., Headington Hill, Oxford. •^National Library op Ireland, Dublin (by Hodges & Figges k. Co.). ♦Neck, M. G. van. Goes, Holland. ♦New Jersey College Library, New Jersey, U. S. A. (by H. Grevel). ♦New University Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. ♦Newcastle-upon-Tyne Literary and Philosophical Society, Westgate Road. ♦Nicholl, G. W., Ham, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, St. Andrew’s Broad Street, Norwich. ♦Norwich Free Library, Norwich. ♦Norwich, Dean and Chapter of (care of Archdeacon Nevill, The Close, Norwich). 20 List of Members of the L. LJ. Text Soc., 1886 . ^Nottingham Free Public Libraries, Nottingham. Oliphant, T, L. Kington, Charlstieid, Gask, Auchterarder. *Ormerod, Henry M,, 5, Clarence Street, Manchester. *0USELEY, Kev. Sir Frederick Gore, Bart., St. Michael’s College, Tenbury, Herefordshire. *OwENS College Library, Manchester. Paris, La Faculte des Lettres de Paris, M. Thorin, Eue de Medicis (care of Dulaii, 37, Soho Sq., W.). — Extra Series oJily. *Parker & Co., Messrs. Jas., Broad Street, Oxford (2 sets). ^Peabody Institute, Baltimore, U. S. A. (by Allen). Peacock, Edward B., Bottesford Manor, Brigg, Lincolnshire. Peacock, William, 3, Sunniside, Sunderland. *Pearson, Professor Charles H., Haverhill, South Australia (care of Mr. Justice Pearson, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.). Peel, George, Brookfield, Cheadle, Cheshire. Peile, John, Christ’s College, Cambridge. * Penzance Library, Penzance. *Peskett, Arthur George, Magdalene College, Cambridge. Philadelphia Library Company, U. S. A. (by Stevens). ^Philadelphia Mercantile Library, U. S. A. (by Allen). PiCTON, Sir James A., 11, Dale Street, Liverpool. * Plymouth Institution, Athenasum, Plymouth. * Porter, Ed. F., Boley Hill House, Eochester. Portico Library, 57, Mosley Street, Manchester. *Priaulx, Osw. de Beauvoir, 8, Cavendish Square, W. *Price, W. E., M.P., Tibberton Court, Gloucester. Procter, Eev. Francis, Wilton Vicarage, North Walsham, Norfolk. *PuBLic Eecokd Office, London, E.C. (by Triibner & Co.). Queen’s College, Cork. Queen’s College Library, Belfast. Head, Eev. Stephen G., Barton St. Mary, Brandon, Norfolk. Eeeks, Joseph W., St. George’s Cathedral, Southwark, S.E. Eees, G., Overseers’ Offices, 27, Bridge St., Birkenhead. *Eeeve, Henry, C. B., G2, Eutland Gate, S.W. *Eeform Club, Pall Mall (by Mr. Eidgway). *Eeichel, H. E., University College of North Wales, Bangor. Eeilly, Francis S., 21, Delahay Street, Westminster, S.W. Eiley, Athelstan, 32, Queen’s Gardens, Bayswater, W. Egberts, Eobert, Queen’s Terrace, Boston, Lincolnshire. Eochdale Free Public Library, Eochdale. *Eonksley, James George, 12, East Parade, Sheffield. ’*‘Eotton, J. F., 3, Boltons, West Brompton, S.W. *Eound, P. Zillwood, 30, South St., Greenwich, S.E. ♦Eoyal Institution, Albemarle Street, W. Eoyal Irish Academy, 19, Dawson Street, Dublin. *Eoyal Library, Windsor Castle. Eoyal Library, Munich (by Triibner and Co.). *Eoyal Library, Stockholm (by Triibner & Co.). *Eoyal Society op Literature, 4, St. Martin’s Place, Charing Cross, W.C. *Euskin, Prof. John, LL.D., Brantwood, Coniston. *Eussell, Thomas, Ascog Bute, Eothesay. ^Eutgers College Library, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U. S. A. *St. Andrew’s University Library, N. B. *St. Catherine’s College, Cambridge (by Deighton, Bell, & Co.). 21 List of Members of the E. E. Text Sue., 188G. *St. John’s College, Cambridge (by Deigliton, r>cll, & Co.). *St. John’s College, Annapolis, IMaryland, U. S. A. (by Stevens). *8t. Louis Public School Liruary (by Stevens). *St. Mary’s College Library, Oscott, Birmingham. Salt, Samuel, Gateside, Silecrot’t, Cumberland. Saunders, G. Symes, M.B., Devon County Lunatic Asylum, E.xminster. Schipper, Professor (by Trubner &; Co.). Schwartz, l\liss L., Park Street, 43, Utrecht, Holland. ♦Science and Art Department, Cromwell Pvoad, South Kensington, S.W. 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(by Trubner & Co.). ♦Stephens, Professor George, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ♦Stonyhurst College, Blackburn. ♦Strassburg University Library (by Trubner & Co.). ♦Sullivan, Right Hon. Edward, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 32, Fitz* william Place, Dublin. Sunderland Subscription Library, Fawcett Street, Sunderland. ♦Swain Free School, New Bedford, Mass., U. S. A. (by H. Grevel). Sweet, Henry, Manstield Cottage, Heath St., Hampstead, N.W. Tancock, Rev. 0. W., The School House, The Close, Norwich. ♦Ten-Brink, Professor Bernhard, Ph. Dr., Strassburg (by Trubner & Co.). Tennyson, Lord, D.C.L., Farringford, Isle of Wight. ♦Terry, Frank C. Birkbeck, The College, Dumfries PL, Cardiff. Thompson, Rev. W. H., D.D., Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Thring, Rev. Edward, Uppingham Grammar School, Rutland. {Extra Series only.') ♦Tinkler, Rev. John, Arkengarth Dale Vicarage, Richmond, Yorkshire. Toole, The Very Rev. Canon Laurence, Bedford House, Hulme, Manchester. ♦Toronto, University of, Canada (by Allen). * Torquay Natural History Society, Torquay, Devon. Totter, T. N., Norton Place, Fallowfield, Manchester. ♦Trinity College Library, Cambridge (by Deigliton, Bell, & Co.). Trinity College Library, Oxford. Tubingen University Library (by Trubner & Co.). ♦Tulane University (by H. Grevel). ♦Turner, Robert S., A. 5, Albany, Piccadilly, W. Unger, Professor C. R., Christiania, Norway. ♦University College, Aberyswyth. University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. r 22 Lid of Members of the E. E. Text Soc., 1886 . University Library, Utrecht. ♦Upsala Academy (by Triibner & Co.). *Van Name, Addison, New Haven, Connecticut, U. S. A. (by Allen). *Vassar College Library, Pokeepsie (by H. Grevel). *ViCTORiAN' Parliament, Library of, Melbourne (by Mr. Geo. S. Robertson, 17, Warwick Square, E.C.). *ViLES, Edward, Pendryl Hall, Codsall Wood, near Wolverhampton. ViPAN, Frederick John, 31, Bedford Place, W.C. {Extra Series only'.) Vloten, Dr. J. van, Haarlem, Holland. *Walmsley, G. G., 50, Lord St., Liverpool. *Walton, Charles, 22, Newington Butts, Southwark, S.E. * Washington, Library of Congress, U. S. A. (by Allen). *Watkinson Library, Hartford, Conn., U. S. A. (by Allen). * Watson, Robert Spence, Moss Croft, Gateshead-on -Tyne. * Wedgwood, Hensleigh, 31, Queen Anne Street, W. *Wheatley, Henry B., 12, Caroline St., Bedford Sq., W.C. {Treasurer.') *Whitaker, J., 11, Warwick Lane, E.C. (by Triibner & Co.). *White, George H., Glenthorne, St. Mary Church,- Torquay. Whitney, Henry Austin, Boston, Massachusetts (by Triibner & Co.). *WiLCOCKS, Horace Stone, 32, Wyndham Square, Plymouth. *WiLKiNSON, Miss Isabel E., 2, Park Side, Cambridge. Williams, Sydney, II, Henrietta Street, Coven t Garden, W.C. Wilson, Edmund, 8, Osborne Ter., Beech Grove, Leeds. *WiLSON, Edward S., 6, Whitefriar Gate, Hull. Wilson, Richard M., Fountain Street, Manchester. 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