B|Piiillii|;^;:?;^'|;is Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/sheppsworldsfairOOshep Shepp's World's Fair Photographed. Being a Collection of Original Copyrighted Photographs Authorized and Permitted by The Management of the World's Columbian Exposition, Consisting of Photographs of the Original Buildings; The State Buildings; the Buildings of Foreign Nations; The Court of Honor ; Exhibits ; The War=Ship Illinois ; The Lagoon ; Temples ; Pavilions ; Gardens ; Fountains ; Statues ; The Midway Plaisance and its Scenes. All Described in Crisp and Beautiful Language. James W. Shepp and Daniel B. Shepp, Authors of " Shepp*s Photographs of the World,** the most famous book of modern times. PUBLISHED BY . GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO., 358 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 723 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1893, By D. B. SHEPP, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. The Illustrations In this Book are from original photographs, copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Copying them in any form is unlawful, and notice is hereby given that persons guilty of in= fringing on the copyright will be immedi- ately prosecuted. PRESS OF ALFRED M. SLOCUM CO. PHILADELPHIA, PA / WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. HASLOW N. MIQINBOTHAM, President. FERDINAND W. PECK, Vice-President. ROBERT A. WALLER, 2d Vicb-Presioent HOWARD O. EDMONDS, SECRETARr. Chicago, J.un.e.....l.9.th.» 1 893. The illustrations in this publication, issued by the Globe Bible Publishing Conpany of Chicago and Philadelphia are from original photographs of the World's Columbian Exposition, the use of which is authorized and permitted by the Exposition management. PREFACE. ;N HIS BEAUTIFUL poem, " Locksley Hall," Lord Tennyson wrote of "The Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World." This was then merely the poet's dream, a beautiful vision surely, but seemingly very far from realization. In the Polish language the words poet and prophet are synonymous, and Tennyson is hardly cold in his grave before the prophetic nature of his muse has become apparent. At Jackson Park, Chicago, for the first time in human history, mankind is called to gaze upon such a parliament, and such a federation, brought about by no mere law of necessity, welded by no political subtleties, but born of the development of civilization, and the growing feel- ing of human brotherhood. Not only have the seventeen Republics of the Western Hemisphere met in fraternal association but the hoary monarchies of Asia, the sturdy sovereignties of Europe, the barbarous tribes of Africa, the freedom-loving children of Australia, have all come to "The Mother with the ever open doors. The feet of many Nations on her floors. And room for all the World about lier knees." Not empty-handed have they come, as mere holiday guests to gaze upon the ample stores of New World wealth, but witli treasures such as Solomon in all his glory never saw, and of which neither Greece nor Rome, at tine imperial height of their magnificence, ever dreamed. Each nation Inas become a revelation to the other. No nation can longer wrap the mantle of self-conceit about it and lie down to (5) 6 PREFACE. pleasant dreams of superiority. Japan just emerged from the darkness of conservatism, her almond eyes still blinking at the new light of civilization pouring in upon her like a flood, triumphantly shoulders France the Queen of Art, and spreads before the astonished gaze of mankind, artistic and horticultural miracles that any race might envy. Even turbulent Guatemala marks her taste and progress by a building so beautiful and novel as to wring homage from the most enlightened judges, while the pomp and glory of oriental architecture are rivalled by the faultless beauty of the interiors of the buildings of Norway and Sweden. Each -nation cannot fail to be proud of the other, and the United States of America proud of them all. Why have the nations answered our call with such unanimity, and what makes this country a peculiarly felicitous meeting-place? it is because of the general feeling that the United States of America is the World's big brother, that in the veins of this nation flows the blood of all the races of the earth, and that here the wanderer from the most distant shores may feel at home. That the starry banner guarantees to all the right of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." That here Old World feuds are buried and a new order of universal friendship and hospitality is established. Since 1780, fifteen and a half millions of the population of the older countries have arrived on these shores, as immigrants, and all have found warm welcome and unfettered opportunity. Here the Englishman finds a greater England. He may travel three thousand miles continuously to find his language spoken and his law revered by happy millions. Here the hishman rinds the Home Rule, for which he craves, and the Scotchman has a better chance to exercise the splendid qualities of his race than in his own noble but sterile land. The German finds in this new fatheriand all and more than his own country could supply, and sees on the glory roll of Columbia's history Teutonic names shining with resplendent lustre. The Frenchman, always striving after an ideal liberty, finds it here, and in the development of this sister Republic fondly dreams he sees the future of his own beloved land. PREFACE. 7 We might catalogue the nations of the earth, and, standing on the highest pinnacles of the Rocky Mountains, call the long roll in tones of thunder, and from some corner of this great land some voice would cry "Here!" as the name of each nation was called. At Babel, God spake the nations apart, and put strange language in their lips that they might dwell asunder. Here he has called them together again and, under the sacred flag of Liberty, made them one. What has the United States done to receive this glorious gathering? Jackson Park with its architectural splendors might be considered sufficient answer, but that is only part of the story. The city in which the Fair is placed is in itself the foremost wonder of the World. Though New York is indeed an imperial metropolis, and standing there at the gates of the Continent on Manhattan Island, she receives our guests with the dignity and grace of a queen, yet her dominions are too small and the needs of her teeming population too imperative to admit of the display and territory necessary for a great World's Fair. Again, it was not well that those who came to visit us should merely toy with the fringes of our National robe; they must see the nation itself in its homes, its cities, towns and villages. They must learn from our great railroad systems how our engineers have subdued nature to their will and triumphed over almost insurmountable obstacles, while all that human art and ingenuity could devise has been lavishly used for the safety and luxury of the traveling public. Chicago also supplies every requisite for such a celebration. With a population of over a million, in the centre of a vast railroad system stretching gigantic arms to the confines of the continent, washed by the waters of Lake Michigan, one in that mighty chain of lakes flung down like silver shields of sleeping gods in the midst of our wondrous land, palpitating with tremendous energy, and hot with a definite enthusiasm unknown to the cooler East, ambitious to excel, and willing to strain every nerve to win the crown of a wodd's approval and applause, with almost unlimited territory at her disposal, and a lavish disregard for money where local pride is concerned, she is certainly an ideal place in 8 PREFACE. which the Dream City of the Exposition should have birth. The city of Chicago contributed ^^,000,000 toward the Fair, and ^3,600,000 towards beautifying the city in readiness for the multitude of expected visitors. The police force has been reorganized and is equal to any body of public officers in the wodd, while her patrol system is a miracle of efficiency. The water of Lake Michigan, which forms the drinking supply of this great Western metropolis, is the seventh in the world as to purity, and only equalled in two cases on the Continent of America. Some have thought that this nervy Western city would impress its rawness on the Exposition, and thus disappoint the fastidious taste of European visitors. Far from this ; with a self- abnegation not only remarkable but truly laudable, Chicago has cheerfully refrained from interference save only in such matters as would render secure the safety and comfort of the multitude. She feels that the true Exhibition is not to be found in Jackson Park alone, but that Chicago, and through her all the new cities of the West are brought into the full light of the Wodd's criticism. She has approached and completed her task with a dignity and grace that has won a hearty burst of approval from the sunrise gates of Maine to California's sunset shores. Now as to Jackson Park itself, this is the setting of the magnificent architectural jewels, shining in splendor before the astonished sight of mankind. Beneath that surface of undulating green and variegated foliage lies a tremulous pestilential swamp. To-day it is the Venice of the Western World, and when myriads of electric lights pierce night's sable mantle and shed their opalescent rays upon the sapphire waters of the lagoons, it presents a fairy scene of inexpressible splendor, reminding one of the gorgeous descriptions in the Arabian Nights when Haraun al Raschid was Caliph. Thirteen glorious structures of the beautiful tint of time-kissed ivory are mirrored in the deep waters and represent the contribution of tfie most generous government in the wodd to the grandest Exposition this planet has ever witnessed. Columns such as art-loving Greece and Rome, or Egypt under the Ptolomies, might have envied in vain, stretch in PREFACE. 9 graceful vistas between the buildings and their annexes, and statues rising proudly meet with unblinking eyes the mysterious light that modern science has placed in rivalry with the golden glory of the sun. The Court of Honor with its flashing fountains, the wooded island once a barren strip of sand protesting against the surrounding marshes a-e sights to dream of, not to tell. (Those who wrought these miracles must have been very near to God ; such genius, such patience and such exquisite taste has been displayed, and in the remotest hamlet of the United States, the lesson of American skill they teach, must be felt and appreciated.) Northward we see the foreign settlement of nineteen beautiful structures, many of them fronting on Lake Michigan, and all of them gems of taste and architectural skill, while still farther north a glorious galaxy of forty State Buildings attest the deep interest taken by all parts of the country in this great Exposition. These are not by any means all of the lovely structures before us, but what we cannot describe in a preface, our book will describe for us in a fashion sure to fascinate all who read. Surely the United States has measured up to the full stature of the requirements of the world's host, and Chicago has been a worthy handmaid in the great plan. Now as to the Fair. Who can describe the wonderful exhibits therein contained ? The Corliss engine which created such wonder at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 was of only ^000 horse power, while the targe engine in Machinery Hall is of 14,000 horse power, with supplementary engines, bringing the total up to 24,000 horse power, while the boilers are over 600 feet long. This is one of the initial facts of the Fair. All else is in proportion. Germany exhibits a marvellous 130 ton Krupp gun representing nearly ^1,000,000 in value, while the other exhibits of the Fatherland, especially in the line of electricity, surpass in bulk and cleverness those of all other nations. France comes to us with her Gobelin Tapestries, her marvellous porcelain from the world-famous Sevres manufactory ; pictures of great artistic and financial value and a bewildering assortment of other manufactures, dazzling, ingenious and beautiful, well worthy her artistic and industrial renown. Even Greece comes to us with delicate fabrics and still more important replicas of ancient statuary, and the wondrous lo PREFACE. discovery by Schleimann at Mycenae. In fact, the nations have engaged in most generous rivalry, and the result is an indescribable treasure-trove of all that can please the eye or redound to the use of man. We recall Whittier's lines in his Centennial Ode : " Art and Nature met in truce. And Beauty made the bride of use." Surely this is true of the marvellous exhibitions at the Fair. For pure pleasure seasoned with instruction we turn to the Midway Plaisance ; here we are confronted with a medley of national amusements, and stand face to face with the homelike scenes of foreign life. A sliding railroad extends along the south of the Plaisance, and enables us to view at leisure village scenes of Dahomey, Germany, Austria, the Malay Archipelago, Egypt, Holland, Tunis, Java and Japan ; while even the Esquimaux are represented by a collection of Igloos, Kayacks, Oomiacks and all that goes to make up the outdoor and indoor outfit of the typical Innuit. Morocco, Pompeii and the Sandwich Islands greet each other across the centuries, while China, Tunis, Algiers, Egypt and Turkey offer spectacles of the forms in which their population seek employment. Nor is the Midway Plaisance destitute of mechanical wonders. The Ferris Wheel rises like a great animate skeleton ; a captive balloon stimulates dreams of aerial navigation, while a natatorium invites to the cool embraces of the crystal element. The Tower of Babel introduces us to the dewy dayspring of the world's history, while modern glass factories present us with crystallized rainbows and other translucent and opalescent marvels infinitely fascinating. A trip along the Midway Plaisance is a liberal education in itself. One shoulders the world as he moves. The tongues of uncounted nations ripple forth the genial speech of welcome; all is gaiety, life and beauty. Removed from the humdrum of the outer wodd we are whirled along in a maelstrom of inexpressible delight, until we feel as though we had eaten of the fabled lotus and drifted into paradise while we slept. No one seeing the marvels congregated in Jackson Park could fail to cry, " Great is America and the glory thereof." CONTENTS. PAGE Dedication of Exposition, October 22, 1892, 19 Opening Day, May i, 1893, 21 Court of Honor, Looking West, 23 Statue of file "Republic," 25 Peristyle, 27 Columbus Quadriga, 29 Columbian Fountain, 31 Administration Building, . 33 Looking East from Administration Building, 35 "Industry," South of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 37 Southwest Corner Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 39 West Entrance Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, . . 41 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 43 Elevator, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, .... 45 Looking South from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, , 47 Looking Southwest from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 4g Looking West-Southwest from Roof of Manufactures and Libera! Arts Building, 51 Looking West from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 53 Looking Northwest from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, . 55 Search-Light, Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 57 Fireworks, No. i 59 Fireworks, No. 2, 61 Exhibits in Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. General Interior View 63 United States. page Cotton Goods, 65 Woolen Goods, 67 Fire-Arms, 69 Silverware, 71 Watches, 73 Umbrellas and Parasols, 75 Austria. Pavilion -jj General Interior, 79 Bohemian Glass 81 Vases, " Liberty " and "Progress," 83 Denmark. Pavilion, 85 General Interior, 87 France. Pavilion, 8g Section of Pavilion, 91 Within the Pavilion, 93 Bronzes, 95 Drapery, 97 Furniture, 99 Silverware, loi Sevres Vases, 103 Germany. Pavilion, 105 Dress Goods, 107 Laces, 109 Porcelain, iii II 12 CONTENTS. PAGE Ceramics, 113 Toys, 115 Great Britain. Exposition Clock, 117 Irish Spinning-Wlieel, 119 Royal Worcester, 121 Wall Paper, 123 India. Art Work, 125 Italy. Pavilion 127 Norway. General Interior, 129 Art Work, 131 Russia. General Interior ". . . . 133 Siam. Pavilion, 135 Switzerland. Interior of Pavilion, 137 Grand Basin. Colonnade from the Grand Basin, 139 Looking North from Colonnade, 141 " Plenty," North Front Agricultural Building, .... 143 Bridge and Administration Building from Agricultural Building, 145 Agricultural Building, 147 North Front Agricultural Building, 149 "Four Nations," Agricultural Building, 151 "Horses," Agricultural Building 153 Exhibits in Agricultural Building. p^^^ General Interior, 155 Colorado, 157 Minnesota, 159 New Jersey, 161 Ohio, 163 Pennsylvania, 165 Wisconsin 167 Wyoming, 169 Canada, Ontario, 171 Canada, Northwest Territories, 173 Cape of Good Hope, 175 Cuba, 177 Machinery Hall, 179 East Entrance Machinery Hall, 181 North Entrance Machinery Hall, 183 Allis Engine, Machinery Hall, 185 Switch-Board, Machinery Hall, 187 Exhibits in Machinery Hall. United States. General View 189 Cotton Machines, 191 Wood-working Machines, 193 Germany. Marine Engine, 195 Great Britain. Compound Gas Engine, 197 Triple Engine, 199 Transportation Building, 201 Golden Door, Transportation Building, 203 CONTENTS. 13 Exhibits in Transportation Building. pagi; General Interior View, 205 France. Railway Wheels, 207 Italy. Sicilian Cart, 209 Mines and Mining Building, 211 Exhibits in Mines and Mining Building. General Interior, 213 Idaho, 215 Washington, ■. 217 Wyoming, 219 Canada, 221 Electricity Building, 223 Exhibits in Electricity Building. General Interior, 225 United States. Exhibit No. i, 227 Exhibit No. 2, 229 France, 231 Germany, 233 Great Britain. General View, 235 Combined Engine and Dynamo, 237 Wooded Island. Looking South trom Wooded Island, 239 Boone and Crocket Club, 241 Ho-o-den Palace, 243 Japanese Tea-Garden, 245 Horticultural Building, 247 PAGE East Entrance Horticultural Building, 249 Exhibits in Horticultural Building. California, 251 Florida, , 253 Idaho, 255 Illinois, 257 Missouri, 259 New York, 261 Washington, 263 Canada, 265 Germany, 267 Portugal, 269 "Puck" Building, 271 White Star Building and Woman's Building, 273 Interior View White Star Building, 275 59th Street Entrance, 277 Woman's Building, ; 279 Exhibits in Woman's Building. Cincinnati Room, 281 Kentucky Room, 283 New York Room, 285 Germany, 287 Siam, 289 Fisheries Building, 291 South Portal, Fisheries Building, 293 Exhibits in Fisheries Building. United States, 295 New South Wales, 297 Art Building 299 United States Government Building, 301 14 CONTENTS. Exhibits in United States Government Building. page Interior Department, 303 Treasury Department, 305 Smithsonian Institute, 307 Convent of La Rabida 309 Krupp Building, 311 Krupp Gun, 313 Siam Exhibit — Forestry Building 315 Quebec Exhibit — Forestry Building, 317 Anthropological. Cliff-Dwellers, 319 Ruins of Uxmal, 321 Movable Sidewalk, 323 Terminal Railway Building, 325 Choral Hall, 327 On the Beach, 329 Battle-Ship "Illinois," 331 Looking South along the Beach 333 Marine Cafe, 335 Esquimau Village. Group in Esquimau Village, 337 Esquimau Hut, 339 Viking Ship, 341 Spanish Caravels. Santa Maria, 343 Nina, 345 Pinta, 347 State Buildings. Arkansas, 340 California 351 Interior View 353 PAGE Reception-Room 355 Raisins, 357 Oranges, 359 Mining Exhibit, 361 Colorado, 363 Connecticut, 365 Delaware, 367 Florida, 369 Idaho, 371 Interior View, 373 Illinois, 375 Reception-Room, 377 Agricultural Exhibit, 379 Indiana, 381 Iowa, 383 Kansas, 385 Kentucky, 387 Louisiana, 389 Maine, 391 Maryland, . 393 Massachusetts, 395 Michigan, 397 Minnesota, 399 Missouri, 401 Montana, 403 Nebraska, 405 New Hampshire, 407 New Jersey, 409 New York, 411 North Dakota, .413 CONTENTS. 15 PAGE Ohio, 415 Pennsylvania, 417 Reception-Room, . '. 419 Liberty Bell, 421 Rhode Island 423 South Dakota, 425 New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, 427 Texas, 429 Utah, ... . 431 Vermont, 433 Virginia, , 435 Washington, 437 Interior View, 439 Timber, 441 West Virginia, 443 Wisconsin, 445 Foreign Buildings. Brazil, 447 Coffee Garden, 449 Canada, 451 Ceylon, 453 Colombia, 455 Costa Rica, . . . . - 457 France, 459 Germany, 461 Interior View, 463 Great Britain, 465 Guatemala, 467 Hayti, 469 India, 471 PAGE New South Wales, 473 Interior View, 475 Norway, 477 Spain, 479 Sweden, 481 Turkey, 483 Venezuela, 485 Midway Plaisance. Irish Industrial Village, . . 487 In the Irish Village, 4S9 Hagenbeck's Animal Show, 491 Javanese Village 493 Entrance to German Village, 495 Within the German Village, 497 Egyptian Obelisk, 499 Interior of Turl WiaLMyw imn inil!!!!!llll I Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Columbian Fountain. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. The Administration Building is the pride and glory of the Fair. It lifts its golden dome radiantly above the other buildings in the Court of Honor, and may be seen from almost every part of the Exposition Grounds. Its cost was ^43^,000, a greater sum if we take size into account than was expended on any other building in the Fair. It overlooks the grand basin which stretches between the Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and the Agricultural Buildings, and thence under the penstyle to the Lake. Richard M. Hunt of New York, President of the American Institute of Architecture, planned and designed the building. It covers an area of 2^0 feet square and is built in the form of four pavilions, each eighty-four feet square and connected by a magnificent central dome, 120 feet wide and 260 feet high, and surrounded with a balustrade at the abutting angles. The second story is also sixty- five feet high and is ornamented with Ionic pillars, while forty feet above is the octagonal base on which the great dome rests. There are four great entrances, fifty feet long, and fifty feet high, very deeply recessed, forming monstrous niches for groups of allegorical statuary. As you pass the grand entrance and look up into the central dome you observe that the lower story consists of eight arches, surmounted with a wide band of frieze, in the panels of which figures stand out in bold relief. The frieze is twenty-seven feet wide. Between each pair of entrances is a loggia fifty feet wide connecting the partition with the rotunda, while in the centre of the interior dome which rises 200 feet above the floor, is an opening fifty feet in diameter, which lets in a flood of light from the dome overhead. We might also state that the building is partially lighted by huge screens set in over the great entrance doors. In the panels, between the grand arches, the names of all the nations and states participating in any manner whatever in the great Exposition, are inserted in letters of gold. Round the dome, at the top of the arches, a band of white moulding extends, its cuts and crevices worked in gold. On the moulding eight panels rest, each with a gilt slate supported by two winged female figures. On each slate some great discovery is recorded, as the mariner's compass, printing, the law of gravitation, gunpowder, the explanation of the theory of the solar system by Copernicus, the steam engine, vaccination, and the electric telegraph. Copyrighted by the World's Coium'sian Exposition. Administration Building. LOOKING EAST FROM ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. From the balcony of the Administration Building we obtain a splendid view of the Columbian Fountain just beneath us, and the silvery waters of the Grand Basin spread out like a web of glistening tissue. To the left is one of the electric fountains, now quiet, but only waiting for the shades of night to fall, to flash and gleam with radiant splendor. A little beyond we see a white arched bridge spanning the lagoon, massive in appearance as one of those bridges built over the Seine in Paris by the great Napoleon. The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building next appears, that great treasure-house of the nations, which tells so much of the progress of humanity. At the end of the Grand Basin the attractive peristyle is seen formed of beautiful pillars in Grecian style. It is ^oo feet long and i^o feet high. It connects Music Hall with the Casino. These are situated at the two extreme points of the Grand Basin. Viewed from any point it is beautiful, but to be seen to advantage no position is better than that we now occupy. In tlie centre of the peristyle there is a great arch surmounted by the Columbus Quadriga by D. G. French of Boston, who is also the sculptor of the splendid statue of the " Republic" seen in the foreground of the arcli. Tlie peristyle is a practical base for a multitude of statues which gleam brightly before us. At the extreme right of the peristyle is the Music Hall, 246 feet long, 140 feet wide, and three stories high. It has an auditorium with a seating capacity of 2500, and the stage accommodates 3^00. High-class music is here dispersed. From our present elevation the colossal groups in front of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building look small and insignificant. Far to the east, the flashing waters of Lake Michigan spread out like a diamond sea. It is a scene over whicli the gods might linger, and dream that heaven had descended to earth, and that once again man walked sinless in Eden. Well may an American be proud of the genius of his countrymen, which has called this wondrous creation from the trembling swamp. In any atmosphere and any weather the scene is inexpressibly lovely. When the mists of morning curtain the buildings they have a far-away appearance and every detail is softened, and when the sun rises, gradually the mist falls lower and lower like filmy garments cast off from the gleaming limbs of goddesses. 34 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Looking East from Administration Building. "INDUSTRY," SOUTH OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. South of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building and fronting the grand basin, stands the colossal statue of labor, one of the most noticeable of the' many on the grounds. The group consists of a sturdy son of toil, one hand clasping the long handle of an old-fashioned Celtic spade, the other resting on the collar of a gigantic horse, against which he leans. The sculptor has been careful not to idealize his subject too highly. The impression the group leaves upon the mind is that of splendid reserved power. The horse is of the sturdy Flanders breed, noted for endurance. Every muscle is clearly brought out. The massive hoofs rest upon the pedestal as though conscious of the immense weight of the animal they support. The head shows a slight m.ixture of blood somewhat resembling those of the horses seen in the French Provinces. The harness is of the simple kind used by the ploughmen, and the idea of a plough-horse is carried out by the skillful bobbing of the tail. The man leaning against tlie horse is a splendid specimen of the agricultural laborer, long-limbed and stalwart; his bare arms show the corded muscles of practised strength, and his long, powerful limbs seem well fitted to carry him over the rich furrows of the well-ploughed field. But it is the face that holds one's attention. This is no stolid boor, no slave of some callow lordling or country squire, but a man every inch of him, and an intelligent man at that. Full of independence, his eye looks out from beneath his broad-brimmed hat as though challenging equality with the countless thousands who come to gaze on him. Such a look must have been in the eyes of those men whom Wat Tyler led eighty thousand strong to the capture of London when Richard the Second was king. As they moved along they sang the quaint doggerel : "When Adam delved and Eve span Where was then the gentleman?" They could all understand that it had in it the germs of modern socialism, the death-knell of the classes, the morning song of the masses. Pnnce Albert, Queen Victoria's royal spouse, wrote truly in one of his p-oems now little known, 'TIs of tl'.e peasants, hardy stock, the race of giants are. 36 Copyrighled by the World's Columbian Exposition. Industry," South of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, SOUTHWEST CORNER MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. As we cross the bridge over the lagoon between the Administration and tlie Electricity Buildings, we see first a very handsome rostral column, surmounted by a tlgure of Neptune holding a trident. Four huge Polar bears, two on each side, and wonderfully faithful to life, ornament the bridge, and a rostral column of similar design to that already mentioned, stands immediately in front of the southwest corner of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. The exterior of this entrance is comparatively plain, consisting of two huge outer arches which reach nearly to the roof of the building, with four smaller arches on the inside, opening into the structure. The arches support a dome richly painted, and forming practically a beautiful pavilion. A delicate tracery of toned silver divides the sides of the dome into squares, the ground color of which is blue. The centre is also blue to represent the sky, and is dotted with silver stars. Two semicircular mural paintings are above the carved frieze of the inner arches. They represent the arts of War and Peace. War is illustrated by a hunting scene; the central ilgure is mounted on a spirited white horse; two noble hounds are held in by a leash, on which they strain as though anxious to be free, while a muscular attendant holds them back. Tlie trophy of the chase is the body of a noble stag, strung from a pole resting on the shoulders of two stalwart men, while other figures bearing arms complete the scene. The arts of Peace are illustrated by tliirteen figures ; Poetry, history, art, sculpture, medicine and geometry, all doing homage to a goddess seated on a throne. The colors are very bright, and the pictures form an extremely effective clecoration. The outside pillars of this pavilion are perfectly plain, while those which support the inner arches are flecked with gold at the capitals. The view to be gained from this point is very charming; westward a vision of beauty, the many towered Electricity Building, looms up; to the south the Agricultural Building in its wealth of sculpture gleams across the lagoon. The entrances to this immense building are all very beautiful, and the greatest height of the exterior arches is probably ninety-seven feet. The Corinthian style of architecture prevails. The great pavilion entrances at the four corners of the main building are intended to harmonize with the great portals. -.8 Copyrighted bij the World's Columbian Exposition. Southwest Corner Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. WEST ENTRANCE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The west entrance to the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building bears a strong, even a striking, resemblance to the entrance to Hyde Park, London. It is approached by a bridge over the lagoon which connects it with the Electricity Building. This bridge is ornamented by single statues of wild animals by Kemeys and Proctor, the latter the sculptor of the splendid horses in the Columbian Quadriga. Under the bridge, the waters of tlie lagoon move sleepily as though in no hurry to leave their lovely surroundings, and gondolas glide beneath the arches filled with happy sightseers. The portal consists of three arches, a large central one and two smaller ones at the sides. Four Corinthian columns ornament the facade, and each is crowned with an eagle with outspread wings. We speak so often of Corinthian pillars or columns that it would not be amiss here to relate the legend from which this style of architecture takes its name. Vitruvius tells us that the philosopher Callimachus once paid a visit to the grave of a Corinthian virgin to whom he had been very much attached. A large basket of llowers had been placed upon it, and the philosopher left the place, his sorrow in some measure assuaged. A second visit, however, sliowed him that the basket had been overturned by the winds, and that vines and flowers were growing around it. The effect was so beautiful that Callimachus adopted it as an ornament for the capitals of the pillars then in vogue. Thus, according to tradition, a mere accident gave to the world one of the most beautiful architectural decorations with wliich we are acquainted. There is no other reason for calling these columns Corinthian than this legend affords. They are really more akin to tlie Ionic order. From this entrance the vast facade of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building runs parallel with the lagoon. It presents a great contrast to the Electricity Building just across the bridge, which curves outward and presents numerous towers upon its summit. This building forms one of the best points from wliich to view the grounds, as there is a walk thirty feet wide around the roof. The huge glass dome lets a flood of light into the structure, which enables the visitor to view the multitudinous exhibits with ease, and bathe his eyes in the gorgeous opulence of color that distinguishes the pavilions of the various nations and states. 40 ^^S' Hirrii rri! -rii 11 ilii 111 'ill ■ij f I ^WlJili,mf!_fjfl /^■\ /^h. mmm Bfll Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. West Entrance Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. This Building is the grandest and most impressive on the grounds. It is not so stately and gorgeous as some others, but for grandeur of design, boldness of construction, faultless proportions and amazing extent it must class as a wonder of the world. It covers an area of 1687 by 787 feet, and in its main portions it is 200 feet high. It is more than a tliird of a mile long, a sixth of a mile wide and covers thirty acres of ground. The central court is 12^7 by 387 feet. The roof which towers above is supported by gigantic steel trusses 210 feet high and spanning the entire width. A nave 107 feet high, having a gable roof 114 feet high, runs round this court. The whole building is a revelation of immensity. It would be difficult to describe the style of architecture, for it is a melange of the best in all. It stands like a great white mountain on the lake shore and may be seen at a great distance. The facades contain two-storied arched bays, tliirty-five on each side and twenty-two at each end. There are pavilions at each corner and in the centre of each facade. An immense dome crowns tlie whole. The roof is tinted a pale sea-green. On entering, one is astonished at the great flood of light let in from the dome. From it five immense chandeliers, containing numerous electric arc lights are suspended, which turn night into the semblance of day. The building is traversed from north to south by a great aisle fifty feet wide intersected midway by another running east and west. From these jut off avenues twenty-five and fifteen feet, giving easy access to every part of the building. Where the two great aisles intersect in the centre, the clock tower rises 13^ feet above the floor. It looks as though carved from alabaster. It is arched on all sides to permit the passage of the multitude. It has a clock dial on each side and a chime of nine bells; the largest, which strikes the hour, weighs 3700 pounds. The whole chime weighs 7000 pounds. All the great nations of the earth are represented in this building by a variety of exhibits too bewildering for detailed description. Enough to say that the many-colored pavilions, some of them fashioned exquisitely, the treasure-trove of rare and delicate fabrics, the marvelous display of ceramics and glittering glass, make a scene worthy of the fabled realms of fairy-land. 42 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. ELEVATOR, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Close by the Japanese Exhibit in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, we find one of those wonders of human inoenuity, which in this age of wonders might be passed without the attention it deserves — the Otis Elevator. It is said that whoever causes two blades of grass to grow where but one grew before is a benefactor to the human race ; and whoever can lift us nearer heaven, wlnether by morality or machinery, certainly deserves well of his kind. It should be remembered that the building in which this elevator is placed is the largest in the world, that it covers with its floors an area of forty-four acres, and that it contains such a bewildering profusion of human handiwork as man never before saw. So great is the mass of material that it would take months to view the various exhibits intelligently. Multitudes pass through the building daily, and so great is the attraction on the lower floor, that few would ever go into the galleries were it not for the Otis Elevator. There are thirty great staircases which give access to one gallery fifty feet wide, and to eighty-six of smaller dimensions, projecting from this. The staircases are twelve feet wide, and the view to be obtained from the galleries is of surpassing interest, yet few care for this, desiring only to gain a viev/ of the vast panorama of Jackson Park, its beautiful buildings and silvery ribbons of gleaming water, alive with gondolas and electric launches. To reach the roof of tliis great building, we must use the Electric Elevator, which ascends 220 feet in one minute of time, yet the motion is so easy that no one could possibly be inconvenienced by the speed. There are four cars in the shaft, each capable of containing fifteen persons, so that sixty people may ascend at once to viev/ the charming scene. The terraces upon the roof afford ample accommodation for a large number of people. One can easily get a comfortable seat, and from this glorious vantage-point view the wondrous scene below. We can see far out on the lake, and the southern portion of the city of Chicago lies unveiled before us. There can be no stranger sensation than this. Beneath us a gathered world displays its myriad wares. All that genius and skill could accomplish since the world began, are here. Around us rise such marvels of architecture as the world never before sav/, with the quivering lake making a silvery frame for the entire picture. 44 i bK § .E a 2 1 3 I ^ 1 i- I ^ I 1 u C3 <♦- 3 n o > S LOOKING SOUTH FROM ROOF OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Standing on the roof of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building and looking south, we get a very beautiful view of the Fair Grounds. Immediately below us is a silvery sheet of water in which numerous wliite buildings and glistening statues are delicately miraged, and the towering statue of the " Republic " seems to bathe in its cool embraces. This is the Grand Basin. Over it electric launches and gondolas glide smoothly. At night the white walls surroundirig the basin are lighted with innumerable electric lights, producing the effect of myriad stars pinioned to the earth. To the left looms up the Casino, which is in reality a magnificent restaurant situated at the south end of the peristyle. The roof is thronged with statues which from our elevation look' like white- robed spectators of the scene, immediately back of the Casino, we see the reproduction of the Mediaeval Convent of La Rabida, filled with relics of Columbus, and other objects of ancient Spanish history. South of the Convent appears the building erected for the accommodation of the great ip-ton Krupp gun, sent here by Herr Krupp of Essen, at the request of the German Emperor; the building also contains manj/ other pieces of heavy German ordnance. Farther south we see the Leather Building, and behind it tlie structure devoted to Forestry, Directly in the rear of the latter is the Electric Power House, where the electricity is generated for illuminating the grounds. The Intramural Railway separates this group of buildings from the dairy and the Anthropological Building. Directly before us loom up the beautiful proportions of the Agricultural Building, surmounted by its graceful dome and Martini groups of statuary, the " Four Nations " for the four corner pavilions ; also groups of a Man with Horses, a Maiden leading Cattle, Abundance, and The Triumph of Ceres. To the right of the Agricultural Building we catch a glimpse of the Colonnade, which is the entrance to the Stock Pavilion. Hidden by the Agricultural Building is the South Pond, on the banks of which stands an interesting cluster of windmills embracing the most ancient and modern varieties. Far southward to the right, the great prairies stretch in an unbroken level, and to the left Lake Michigan spreads her quivering waters, gleaming and sparkling in sun and shadow, curving about the Park like the blade of a great silver scimitar. 46 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Looking South from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM ROOF OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Is it a dream or are we cheated by some wonderful mirage such as sometimes Inaunts the gaze of mar- iners far out to sea? We rub our eyes, but the scene is still there. Golden and crystal domes, towers, spires, belfries, minarets, mighty buildings massive as mountains yet delicate as goldsmith's finest work, peopled by a multitude of statues of men and animals, gods and goddesses. How has this wonder risen from the barren praihe and the swamp ? We think of the lines : ■'What is it, fasiiioned wondrously that, twin-born witli tjie brain, Marks man from every meaner thing that bounds across the plain, Or gambols in the mighty deep, or sports in summer air ? * -;:- :rc * ;1: :;: :^ It is the hand, the human hand, interpreter of will." What marvels the will's interpreter has wrought here ! Looking before us our attention is attracted by the Golden Dome of the Administration Building which stands in the centre of the Court of Honor. We are instantly carried in thought to Paris, where under the Golden Dome of the Hotel des Invalides calmly reposes the bust of the great Napoleon, whose restless spirit so long dominated Europe. In front of it, like an ivory galley floating on the waters, the Columbian Fountain appears. It is rimmed by gushing circles of silvery water, forming miniature cascades as it plashes down the terraced basin. Around it the steeds of Neptune rear their snorting crests. On both sides electric fountains may be seen which at night burst out into myriad jets of jewelled water, shot through with all the colors of the rainbow, now green as any emerald, now red as the burning heart of the ruby, then a delicate sapphire, changing to the liquid yellow of the topaz, and again glistening like molten silver to change, as with the touch of a magician, into the varied hues of the diamond. Beyond this to the left, the vast Machinery Hail engages our attention; its magnificent northern portal crowned witli winged victories might hold us entranced for hours. But we cannot linger. Our eyes follow the long line of pillars that surround the building, as though to hold firmly within their barriers the treasures of human intelligence that it enshrines. It is the abode of giants, whom pigmy man has called from the realm of mind into the realm of matter, to ai'd him in the stubborn task of transforming the world. 48 i?L. pXiJii^' _____ .,..-^< iTOii ii; nil-' ...4d#«*^' ,.:,,^aw^-- ii HI'- iiirniimM-iMf^'"^"-^— ■■^■j'-.---''-- CofjyrtghteU by the World's Columbian Exposition. Looking Southwest from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. LOOKING WEST SOUTHWEST FROM ROOF OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Naturally our eyes first fall upon the Golden Dome of the Administration Building, hut they must not rest there. The great Electricity Building is before us, its numerous towers rising above the corner pavilions and tlie entrances. Forty years ago such a building would not have been necessary. Then tine telegraph was still young, a giant at play, hardly yet harnessed to the chariot of progress. The electric pulse did not yet beat beneath the broad bosom of the Atlantic, and men would have laughed at the idea that the time would ever come when the submarine cable would divide the world thrice, and leave something over for a good start on the fourth. Then cities were lighted with oil-lamps, or gas of hardly greater brilliancy, and men never dreamed that streets, cliurches, theatres, offices, hotels, and private houses would be brilliantly lighted by touching a button. A man would have been called crazy who asserted that human speech could be carried looo miles on a wire, and messages in plain tones delivered hundreds of miles. That old world seems very far away now. How bewildered our grandfathers would be if they could rise from their graves and see how business is now done; how cars run without horses, turning as by magic and stopping instantly as at word of command ; how rooms are kept cool by electric fans, and servants called by electric bells ; how diseases are cured by electricity, and how it is made to do the will of man in thousands of ways ! Our .poor ancestors would wish to retire hastily from a world that has gone so far beyond them. Edison, whom we reverence as the modern wizard, would not receive from them the golden medal of well-earned fame, but ratlier the chill dungeon, or even the fate of the martyr. All these thoughts surge into our minds as we gaze on the wonderful building before us. What mysteries it contains, what wonders are yet in store for us ! Once the lives of men were flat and tame as the prairies we see in the distance, now through this great agent, as this building has sprung up from the level plain, our hopes for humanity are constantly up-springing, for we feel that God would never have given us this great power in charge if He did not love His people. The promenade on which we stand forms a splendid vantage point for extended observation. 50 mJ', f^^Lt^'f^''^*^'": '-^^ Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Looking West Southwest from Roof of Manufactures and Libera! Arts Building. LOOKING WEST FROM ROOF OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Like a magnificent Tuii^ " _"'i,iii5i-.«Mi'^; Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Looking West from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. LOOKING NORTHWEST FROM ROOF OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Below us we see tlie northern end of the Wooded Island surrounded by the lagoon. On the island directly opposite the Agricultural Building stands the Ho-o-den Palace for which the Japanese government appropriated the sum of lioo.ooo. It consists of three edifices; one near the water is three stories high and is a reproduction of a monastery, Kurkakuja the Ho-o-do, dating back to lo^^, and in the form of the fabled Phoenix, or its Japanese equivalent. The whole is surrounded by a Japanese landscape garden. Japan has presented the buildings to Chicago, and will maintain a museum in them. Before us, on our right, we see a portion of the Government Building, a beautiful edifice, filled with the exhibits of the United States government, and beyond is a portion of the beautiful Fisheries Building, with its roof of glazed Spanish tiles and graceful architectural hues. In the rear the Turkish Building looms up. It is built entirely of wood, and its exterior panels are masterpieces of the wood-carver's art. A portion of the Art Building next attracts our attention. It is an architectural poem, a piece of frozen music. It contains the greatest paintings of modern artists. Emperors and kings have contributed to its treasures from their private collections, and men of genius of all lands have aided to people it with statues and embellish it with almost priceless bronzes. The name of no great civilized nation is absent from its roll of exhibitors. In the centre of the picture we see the Illinois Building, a reproduction of the State-house, the largest of all the edihces erected by the States. Farther to the left we catch a glimpse of the roof of California's unique State Building, and to the extreme left of the picture stands the Woman's Building, that great triumph of the energy, ingenuity, and tlie inexhaustible resources of American womanhood. Northward lies Chicago, wreatlned in murky clouds of smoke, a city of labor and of passionate unrest, yet lying so near to this other city of pleasure, a city of stern fact beside a city of dreams, a city of grim buildings beside this vision of pure whiteness. It seems odd indeed that Chicago, the motlier of western energy and impulse, should ever have given birth to this pale child of pleasure, cradled in Jackson Park, by the gleaming Lake. 54 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Looking Northwest from Roof of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. SEARCH-LIGHT, ROOF OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. It is night in Jacl L. Q c u O GERMANY— LACES, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The laces are set in cases of plush and ebony, and came from the town of Plauen, in Saxony. This is the chief town in Germany for the manufacture of white goods of all kinds. The manufacture of these was introduced by the Swiss in 1970, and since that time the prosperity of the place has gradually grown. Looking at this picture, one is reminded of the hardships consequent upon its production ; many women toil for years on a single piece, with the characteristic patience of the Chinese ivory-carver. Bent over the frames or pillows, they soon become hollow-chested and round-shouldered, and yet they can earn only a miserable pittance ; most of them in Belgium and in Germany receiving only from twenty-tlve to thirty cents a day. The wealthy class, who purchase these delicate goods, little think that they buy human lives with the material. Some Old Point lace is as precious as diamonds, and many of the patterns have been lost to the world, or at least the secret of their production lias been lost. When Louis XIV. published the Edict of Nantes, which banished hundreds of thousands of his most industrious subjects, some took with them the secret of making lace in intricate and beautiful patterns ; the hardships they encountered in their new homes prevented the practice of their art, and much was forgotten. The lace industry suffered much also from the French Revolution ; so savage and bar- barous were the massacres, that whole families were exterminated, and with some of these the secret of deli- cate lace-making perished. Old pieces of these forgotten patterns still bring a large amount of money, and are eagerly sought after by connoisseurs. The curtains in our picture are of thread guipure, and are very handsome. There are also oriental laces, and some of fine silk thread. There are also in this exhibit a bed-cover of thread guipure, and one of thread guipure trimmed with congress canvas, also curtains, table-covers, and draperies for chairs. Some of the fans in this exhibit are of lace mounted in silver, mother-of-pearl and ivory, and there is one grand display of gold and silver embroideries, for uniforms, altar-cloths and ecclesiastical vestments, with epaulets, and all the trimmings of the uniforms of generals, marshals and naval officers of high rank. One firm exhibits a great society banner of rich silk, covered with embroidery. It is a wonderful display. 108 i Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Germany — Laces, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. GERMANY— PORCELAIN, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. This exhibit of Royal Saxon Porcelain is well worth the attention of the curious. The great vase in the foreground is a real work' of art; the delicately enameled pictures on it appear to have been set into a frame- work, instead of painted on the material, it would be difficult to find, in so small a space, such a study of the many forms into which porcelain can be made, as we see here ; yet the practical side is not overshadowed by the ornamental. There is a dinner set of i8o pieces, each piece having a different picture on it, and each picture perfect of its kind. The effect of this painting is very similar to that of the old works in oil we see in Italy, or the richly stained glass in cathedrals. This ware was the favorite porcelain of L(3uis Philippe, who made a great collection of it. It seems curious that the origin of this porcelain was due to accident. In 1700, a young man, much given to the study of alchemy, fled to Dresden to escape the charge of practising magical arts. Augustus II., the Saxon Elector, employed him to make experiments in medical chemistry, and ultimately with pastes and clays used in the manufacture of ceramics. He worked hard for his royal master, who kept liim closely confined in the castle of Meissen, that his discoveries might not become common property. For nine years he labored assiduously, making many failures, but producing better stoneware than had hitherto been known. In 1710, he began to see the way out of his difficulties ; he produced a paste which, however, was too gray for his purpose ; at last he noticed that the hair powder with whicli his wig was dressed was heavier than usual, and asked where it came from. He was informed that it was a fine powdered white clay from Aue, near Schneeberg, in Saxony. He immediately sent for some of it, and found that with it he could produce true porcelain, like that of China and Japan. When the Elector saw this, he established the royal factory at Meissen, five miles from Dresden. It was practically a prison, surrounded by high walls and carefully guarded ; none but workmen were admitted, and these were sworn to secrecy under pain of imprisonment for life. The first work done was in imitation of the ware of China and Japan; but, in 1721^, the production of miniatures and flowers was begun, and thus the modern character of Dresden porcelain was established. no Copyrighted by the World's Coiumbian Exposition. Germany — Porcelain, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. GERMANY— CERAMICS, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. It is hard to realize that tliis exliibit is only .one of works in baked clay, for it is very beautiful. Some of the figures are in what is called biscuit, which is plain baked clay without gloss. Others are what is called soft pottery, made of line clay covered with a slight vitreous glaze; most of the old Greek pottery is of this description. Some is enameled, or of clay covered with a vitreous coating, made opaque by the use of white oxide of tin ; majolica is made in this manner. All kinds are here, majolica, faience, terra-cotta and ornamental stone-ware. Some of the vases of the former ware have the appearance of satin, and are very finely finished. This ware is also used for ornamenting fireplaces, and makes a beautiful figured tile. Many of the old Dutch and German fireplaces were thus ornamented, and the tiles are very valuable. There is also a great deal of terra-cotta ware ; the use of this material is very ancient. There is a relief in the Louvre twelve by eighteen inches, dating from the fifth century B. C. Strictly speaking, all articles in baked clay may be called terra-cotta, but the meaning is usually limited to articles which do not come under the head of pottery, such as statuettes and busts; it was customary in olden times to place a number of terra-cotta figures near tombs. The subjects usually treated of were incidents in the life of tlie deceased, such as boxing, wrestling, the chariot race and so forth; death was rarely depicted; thus tlie dumb clay was made to speak the language of affection and remembrance. The government of the United States has done wisely in making a collection of Indian potteiy, such as was made by the Zunis and Navajoes; some future historian may find in it valuable data. It is a pity that we must let the pottery in the Exposition go from us; it is a world in itself. In the State buildings of Utah, Arizona, Oklahoma and New Mexico, there is a great deal of valuable ware, wliile Guatemala, Vene- zuela and Costa Rica have rich collections. Ancient and modern pottery abounds. Nearly every race and age have contributed to swell the treasure. Etruscan graves have been ransacked, and Egypt, Greece and Rome have their representation. Some of the tiny clay figures in the Mexican Exinibit are marvels of careful workmanship, and there are others equally good. Every phase of life is depicted with startling truthfulness. 112 J GER MANY— TOYS, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. There is on the Fair Grounds a house devoted entirely to children, but the real Mecca of the child's pilgrimage is to the Sonneberg exhibit of toys, in the German Pavilion, in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. The German, above all things else, is a family man, and devotes the best of his life to the good of his children. It is not then wonderful that Germany should be the land of toys, and that the world should go to her for those fanciful devices which amuse and often instruct children. A glance at our picture will show the wonderful variety of toys exhibited by a single firm. Time was when all the German dolls looked alike; they might be ever so tiny and so large, they might open and shut their eyes at the pleasure of the owner, and even wail faintly when the body was pressed between the finger and thumb, but the same blonde, complacent face, the same blue wondering eyes, the same flaxen hair, was sure to be in evidence. Now all is changed. France, with her piquant-faced dolls, used to lead the way; to-day Germany treads sharply on her heels, and the spirituelle brunette in every form and style holds equal empire with the placid blonde. In the foreground of our picture a jaunty horse is seen attached to an old-fashioned coach, in which is a Christmas tree, covered with a bewildering profusion of toys, dainty and grotesque. The Christmas tree is dear to the heart of the German child. Chnstmas eve, after the little ones have knelt at the mother's knee and lisped the sweet prayer — " Christ kindcheii, komm, Mach mich fromm, Das ich zu Dir in Himmei Uonim" — there is little sleep, and early in the morning they are awake and astir to see what the good Herr Nicholas has done for them. In this picture a rash young lady doll strides the proud steed that draws the Christmas tree. Toys of every description, yachts, steamboats, dogs, horses, the whole fanciful world of a child is before us. The little ones stand and gaze, and even grown-up persons turn away and sigh as they remember the rag- babies and clumsy carts of their youth, and compare them with what children can now enjoy. This exhibit will be retained by the childish memory long after more important features of the Exposition have faded away. 114 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Germany — Toys, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. GREAT BRITAIN— EXPOSITION CLOCK, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. This stately and beautiful clock stands in the middle of the lovely pavilion of the gold- and silversmiths, in the department of Great Britain ; it is the finest clock in the Exposition. The modeling is rich and fascinating, and covers a great variety of subjects. There are scenes representing international sports, such as cricket, polo, base-ball, la crosse, and the like; the figures are very spirited and true to life. Corn and cotton plants are very effectively arranged on the panels. The figures representing games revolve every hour. Portraits of several of our presidents, with medallions of Queen Victoria and Benjamin Franklin, form part of the decoration. It is surmounted by a miniature reproduction of Bartholdi's statue of " Liberty Enlightening the World." The four handsome dials record the time in Paris, London, Chicago and Madrid, and its sweetly toned chime of West- minster bells plays our national air, "Yankee Doodle," and "God Save the Queen." The clock was specially designed for the Wodd's Fair,. and is a lovely memonal of the Exposition. This production is octagonal in form, and is made of the finest American walnut with richly gilt ornamentation. The Columbian shield, which we see to the left of the picture, was modeled in silver taken from Mackay's mine in Nevada. Four scenes are depicted on it ; the first represents the priest blessing the mariners when they started on their voyage of discovery ; the second shows Columbus triumphantly pointing out the promised land ; the third, the raising of the Spanish flag upon the shore; and the fourth, the reception of the great Admiral by Ferdinand and Isabella; every detail is exquisitely executed. Three handsome gold caskets form part of this exhibit ; one is modeled after that in which the freedom of the city of London was presented to Mr. Gladstone, and another which served for the same ceremony when the Emperor of Germany visited England. The Shakespeare casket is a marvel of art ; it is beautifully damascened, and shows hgures of Tragedy and Comedy on either side of the poet's portrait. The Waterloo Cup is a ravishing vase, surmounted by a greyhound, exquisitely modeled. This pavilion is indeed an Aladdin's Cave of treasures. There is nothing in the whole Exposition to equal the work in gold and silver seen here. We are delighted with the taste and skill displayed by the artists of Old England. ii6 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Great Britain— Exposition Clock, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. GREAT BRITAIN— IRISH SPINNING-WHEEL, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. This picture represents one of the most unique objects in the Fair; it is the handiwork of the exhibitor, a very intelligent Irishman from Belfast. His father also made spinning-wheels, and the work of both father and son is said to be the best in Ireland. This particular wheel has been presented to the Princess May, who recently married George, Duke of York, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. The fair young bride has accepted the gift, and has sent the ingenious donor a very graceful note of thanks. A wheel like this has also been presented to Queen Victoria, and in the picture Her Majesty may be seen busily engaged in spinning ; it is said that she is an adept in the art. Mrs. Gladstone is also possessed of one, presented to her by this exhibitor, and the gift was pleasantly acknowledged by her, and also by her excellent husband. It may be interesting to know that one was also sent to Mrs. Grant, the wife of our great general, and was for a time an ornament of one of the rooms in the White House. This wheel is made of native Irish walnut, which is very hard and dark, and takes a beautiful polish. The spindle is made from, the iron of an Irish pike, used in the rebellion of 1798, and the treadle is in the form of a harp. It is curious that a portion of a weapon used by rebels against their sovereign, should hnd its way into a royal home, but our ingenious Irishman must have remembered the text of Scripture which tells of the time when "swords shall be beaten into plowshares, and spears into pruning-hooks." A pike could not be turned into better use than this, nor could any gift show more plainly the friendly feeling growing up between Ireland and England. We must not imagine this wheel beautiful only as a mere toy or household ornament; it is formed for work, and is entered against all the other wheels in the Fair, to spin for a purse of one thousand dollars. Curiously enough, this exhibitor has only this single piece in the Fair ; a plain workman's exhibit. We hope the royal lady, when she receives it, will like it all the better for having taken this trip across the water and for being christened in the World's Columbian Exposition. Though spinning by hand is regarded as a lost art, we shall never lose interest in the old time spinning-wheels, which remind us of the early industry of our maternal ancestors. 118 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Great Britain — Irisli Spinning=Wheel, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. GREAT BRITAIN— ROYAL WORCESTER, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The exhibits of Great Britain and Ireland will be found in a splendid pavilion in this building. The structure would better be described as a series of booths and stores, many of them very tastefully constructed and hung with beautiful tapestries and silken draperies. The entrance is in the form of a tower, decorated with flags and blazoned with the arms of Great Britain and Ireland. It is very difficult to know where to begin a description of this wonderful exhibit. First, then, let us glance at the display of Royal Worcester. Many pieces of this beautiful ware belong to Queen Victoria, notably a superb vase, bearing date 1798, and valued at }^6ooo. The ware is arranged on shelves and tables, and its value may be judged by the prices marked on some of the plates, which range from ^64 to ^iio. Looking at the delicate ivory ground tone of this v/are, with the rich golden traceries and raised medallions of its ornamentation, one would hardly judge of the queer material of which it is made. They are china clay and china stone from Cornwall, feldspar from Sweden, fireclay from Stourbridge and Brosely, together with flint and calcined bones. The industry was introduced into Worcester by a physician, in 17^1. Other pottery here is deserving of notice. There are two fine vases in Doulton ware, called after "Columbus" and "Diana." The first shows a figure of the great Admiral gazing on the land he had just discovered ; on it also are two beautiful pictures of cupids, one awake and the other asleep, by a renowned painter. The Diana vase represents the goddess of the chase resting on the summit, surrounded by appropriate symbols. There are other fine vases and portrait plaques in this collection. There are a great many interesting relics in cases, among them the crown won by the Duke of Sussex at the coronation of Queen Victoria. There are also punch-bowls in gold and silver. In the Celtic exhibit we see the harp of Brian Boru who ruled Ireland in the early part of the eleventh century. Surrounding this harp are golden mitres, reliqua- ries, crosiers, torques and bracelets. The English exhibit is especially rich in ornate table furniture, the hand- some china being only a small part of the display. Many of the pieces of Wedgwood seen here were once the property of royalty; the ruling House of England has shown rare kindness in permitting their use. 120 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition Great Britain — Royal Worcester, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. GREAT BRITAIN— WALL PAPER, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. This pretty little booth stands nearly in the centre of the department of Great Britain. It is only ten by eighteen feet, but small as it is, it contains twenty different styles of wall paper. Rooms decorated with these papers would certainly look cliarming. One style, made in Chelsea, England, is embossed gold on light-toned olive, with a lovely frieze of China roses, netted in an exquisite tracery of vines. Another style is what is known as Greek pattern; the figures are raised in gold and white, and a frieze of briar roses goes with it; the roses look as though they were embossed on velvet. We turn next to a paper of larger pattern; great palm leaves in Roman gold, spread over a blue ground, and looking like precious metal, so heavy is the gilding. The frieze is almost startling, as it represents giant poppies, such as fleck with flaming red the wheat-fields of England. Passing through the door in the centre, we find ourselves in another compartment of like dimensions; our eyes are first attracted by the Haddon frieze, a deep-toned velvety paper, that would look very effective in a great hall or banquet-room. The Elizabethan dado. Louvre tilling, has an antique look and resembles old embroidery on a ground of blue. Another specimen of the Elizabethan dado is faii^itly frosted, and, when on a wall, would look as though tiny drops of dew had been sprinkled over it. The Trianon ceiling, Haddon filling, is made to represent tlie decorations in the palace of tlie Trianon. It is of spiral pattern, with red and yellow flowers intermingled. The combination is rather daring, but as it is intended for ceiling, much would depend upon the color tone of the wall. The last specimen we see is somewhat better; it is the Elizabethan ceiling. Toko filling. Otiner varieties are about us, but they are so much like the patterns we see every day, as to need no description. Tliis Exposition affords excellent material for the study of wall decoration, not only in paper and tapestries, but by visiting the pavilions of the different nations; each has its own method of ornamentation. Some, like that of Austria, are hung with embossed leatner; others are draped with cloth, in tasteful designs; they should not be overlooked in the study of the Fait, for our own manufacturers may receive many new and valuable suggestions, through a comparison of ideas with other exhibitors. 122 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition, Great Britain — Wall Paper, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. INDIA— ART WORK, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. This beautiful booth is of carved black wood from Bombay. The facade shows the artistic skill of those who accomplished the work. A strong smell of sandal-wood, so common to oriental structures, greets us as we enter; it is from several cabinets made of that wood, one of them from Mysore, a marvel of intricate carving. Many pieces of black-wood furniture are here ; in color it resembles ebony, being only a shade or so lighter, and it is said to be as hard and durable as teak. Tables, chairs and cabinets are carved with grotesque devices. Elephants, camels, horses, gods, goddesses, men, women, birds and fishes, all seem to have come alike to the artists. The work is all done by hand, and is as smooth as marble to the touch. There is here also a very fine screen of teak-wood, elaborately carved ; it required several years to finish the details. On some of the tables we observe many small articles in silver ; these were made in Cashmere and Cutch, where the cleverest silversmiths and metal-workers in India are found. The objects are very various, representing statuettes, small baskets, pagodas, temples, pins and other toilet articles. The silver has the appearance of age ; it looks so dark that at first glance we are misled into the opinion that it is oxidized. The Chinese treatment and character prevail in the ivory, which is of very fine texture. We note some lovely scarfs for tables, worked in gold and silver thread, on silk and velvet, and also some rugs such as the upper class Hindoos love to possess. The table-covers in subdued colors are also very beautiful. An interesting part of the collection is several ivory inlaid portraits, and a curious kind of embroidery called beetle-wing, which looks as though made of iridescent flakes. The display of brass-ware is profuse and very curious. Trays of hammered brass or of the plain metal abound. Here are baskets looking as though woven of willow, censors, gongs, bells, shields, boxes, and even table furniture, all of brass from Benares, the Holy City of India. Some of this brass is plain, other pieces are enameled in different colors ; the result is wonderfully charming. The art is said to be a secret among the people of' Benares ; none of the European nations have as yet discovered how it is accomplished. We turn from this little corner of the Orient, feeling that we have learned much of our Aryan brethren. 124 Copyrighted by the Worla's Columbian Exposition. India — Art Work, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. ITALY— PAVILION, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. One who enters Italy's pavilion, stands in the midst of an embarrassment of riches. There are two things which Italy particularly needed — namely, light and room. Much of the beauty of the exhibit is lost from need of the former, and the crowded condition of the various sections easily proves the lack of the latter. The outside of the pavilion is an art gallery in itself ; beautiful statues in Parian marble and massive figures in bronze are intermingled with daisies, pictures and terra-cotta hgurettes in bewildering profusion. There is a huge bronze lion at the main entrance. Passing this ferocious-looking beast, we come to a wonderful collection of mosaics, tables, boxes, mantels and iewelry of every variety, impossible to describe. The Neapolitan exhibit is full of interest. There is one case of exquisite Etruscan jewelry, encrusted with beautiful gems. The display of silver filigree is also very fine. Looking at the numerous examples of pale pink and red coral ornaments from Naples, one finds it very hard to obey the tenth commandment. It is doubtful that America has ever before seen such a wonderful treasure-trove of this delicate pink and red material. The ingenuity of the Italian artists seems to have been taxed to the utmost to produce these wonderful designs. The Venetian exhibit is rich in colored glass, tortoise-shells, statues, inlaid wood, furniture, rich brocades and draperies; and Milan is in no sense inferior; her furniture is some of the finest in Italy, and many of the cabinets she exhibits are perfect gems of art. It would be about as easy to publish the directory of a large city as to name the statues in bronze, marble and wood scattered everywhere. There are many beautiful pictures and a profusion of brocades, carpetings, tapestries and rich velvet hangings, while there are also several compartments filled with furniture from the Royal Palace, some of it of the time of Louis XIV. In her display of laces, Italy is not far behind France, and, in fact, it is clear that the Italian lace finds a ready sale in the French capital, as one of the booths is fitted up to represent a Paris branch of a great Roman tlrm. Mirrors from Venice, richly decorated china from Florence, musical instruments, and statuary from all over the kingdom, confuse the senses and impress upon the dullest mind the marvelously artistic progress and the great industrial wealth of sunny Italy. 126 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Italy— Pavilion, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. NORWAY— GENERAL INTERIOR, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The Land of the Midnight Sun has a plain pavilion of Norway pine fronting the central aisle in the great building devoted to Manufactures and Liberal Arts. Our eyes are first attracted by a profusion of rugs worked in silk and worsted by the women of Christiania. The colors are admirable imitations of the Smyrna and Turkestan rugs familiar to the lovers of art. In the centre of the pavilion a monument consisting of seven different kinds of native marble looms up. The work is of exquisite finish, the beauty of the stone fully compensating for the absence of redundant ornamentation. Cases of dainty lacquered jewelry, with beautiful mosaics, next attract the attention. There are drinking-cups, mirrors, brooches, bracelets, necklaces and a variety of other charming articles, some of them eminently grotesque, but all possessed of pronounced beauty. Some wonderful embroidery is also on exhibition; sets of doilies, more beautifully wrought than those which the Princess May so lately received as a wedding gift, tell of the industry and taste of the ladies of the North-land. Wood-carving, which engages the attention of the deft Norseman in the long winter nights, is to be seen on every hand, but the really interesting part of the exhibit and that most thoroughly Norse, is to be found at the sides and upon a raised platform at the eastern end of the pavilion. There may be seen a splendid display of hunters' weapons, spears, knives, snow-shoes, with numerous trophies of the chase, such as the heads of deer and elk, and the skins of many animals. The snow-shoes are particularly interesting, some of them being over twelve feet long. A graceful stuffed reindeer, fully harnessed and attached to a sleigh, shows the method of winter transportation. Sleighs and other vehicles commonly used are also on the platform, with figures of Norwegians in the national costume; in the centre and at the back of the platform there is a reproduction of a Norwegian house; a gray-haired old man sits on the steps; beside him a blushing pair, evidently bride and groom, are standing with a conscious look upon their faces, and a Norwegian dandy stands on the extreme left of them. Another interesting exhibit is a gun capable of firing five cartridges in quick succession. It has been adopted with a slight change by the United States — our gun being able to fiie seven shots instead of five. 128 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Norway — General Interior, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, NORWAY— ART WORK, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The pavilion of Norway is across the avenue, opposite that of Sv/itzerland. Its panels are adorned with pictures of the scenery of the country and, judging by them, it must be grand and picturesque, in some respects surpassing even Switzerland. This picture is a good portrayal of the nature of her exhibits ; there is scarcely a more interesting collection in the building. The lovely rugs here seen are hand-made by Norwegian women; they are colored to represent Turkish carpets, and the arrangement of their display is admirable. These ladies have also made chair-covers, and wall-hangings of the same material. Both here and in the Denmark display, it is surprising to note the number of women exhibitors ; the fair sex in Scandinavia must be very industrious. This beautiful cabinet in the foreground is of rich, dark wood ; the carving is very bold and grotesque, the drinking-horn in the centre being especially well executed. All the Norwegian wood-carving is of the same bold character; the strokes are strong and nervous; the artists seem to have little disposition for elaboration, and seem to draw on their imagination for an infinite number of grotesque ideas. There are a large number of carved beer tankards, boxes and pins, and all would be readily known as Norwegian. To the left of the picture, we see a large map of Norway, which covers the entire wall. That long strip of rugged land has been the nursing mother of a brave and gallant race. As one looks around him here, he is struck with the genuineness of the material about him ; everything is for use, instead of show. One entire side is devoted to the exhibition of every imaginable variety of tourists' articles, such as guns, fishing-rods, snow-shoes, leather garments, and the vehicles used throughout the country for transportation. Some of the silverware in this exhibit is very old, and furnishes us with good examples of the skill of the ancient smiths. There are also several exhibits of national costumes, the bright colors of which are very attractive, and, as there are many life-size figures in the pavilion, clad in the garb of the different parts of the country, a good opportunity is afforded for studying them. Norway is neither very large nor very rich ; but, when we leave this pavilion, passing right by the corner shown in our picture, we feel that we have been into the home of a clean, bright, intelligent and sturdy people. 130 I Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Norway — Art Work, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. RUSSIA— GENERAL INTERIOR, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The Russian Pavilion adjoins tliat of Norway, it is of darl< pine elaborately carved. Over tlie central entrance the arms of Russia, done in gold and colors, glow richly from a green and blue shield. There are several stained windows in the Pavilion which cast a rich light on the exhibits. As we enter the eastern portal, the religious bent of the Russian mind is made apparent to us. A picture of the patriarch Pliilaret, with hands uplifted as if in blessing, greets us to the right. On the left-hand side is an ikon or Russian religious picture, and a crucihx upon which the image of the suffering Saviour is extended. The Russian exhibit is rich in figures and ornaments of chased silver, the action of some of the mounted figures being particularly hne. A large collection of enameled gold jewelry from Moscow is well worth the careful study of the antiquarian, for much of it is truly unique, and some of it shows great age. Siberian and Persian stones, such as malachite, beryl, chrysolite and various kinds of agate, dressed and undressed, are also on exhibition. There is a large assortment of work in jewelled mosaic, and some in gold and silver richly encrusted with turquois and pearls. The turquois seem to play a very prominent part in the Russian exhibit ; belts, suspenders, girdles, bracelets and necklaces are all decorated with this beautiful stone. Blue seems to prevail over all the other colors in the ornamentation of jewelry. There is also some splendid furniture from St. Petersburg — tables, chairs, cabinets and sofas. The work is all done by hand. One table and chair alone cost ^1,300,000, while some of the cabinets are exquisite; but when we come to the display of furs, words fail us. They are simply indescribable. A Ion rov/ of bears, some of them holding small animals before them, form an odd barrier to the exhibit. There are sables from Kamtchatka worth $6,300,000, and beavers worth $2,^00,000. Skins of polar bears, silver foxes, ermines, tigers, brown bears, and a large number of animals are used in upholstering, furnishing, covering foot-stools, etc. There is also a beautiful model of a memorial chapel to be erected to the memory of the Czar Alexander H, who was killed by the Nihilists. A multitude of bronzes, all typical of active, passionate life, fitly represent the taste of the world's most aggressive nation in the practical use of its valuable possessions. 132 a Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Russia — General Interior, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. SIAM— PAVILION, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. Near Spain's great arched pavilion, Siam has a tiny pagoda-like structure, distinctively national. It stands upon a platform and looks more like a large toy than a building erected for the display of a country's arts and manufactures. The dark wood of which it is constructed is heavily gilded in strange patterns, and the pillars of the entrances are wreathed in golden vines with dragons and griffins. Colossal tusks of elephants, some of them worth ;^2ooo, are placed in pairs around the building. Rare old cabine-ts, inlaid with mother- of-pearl, may be seen before we ascend the platform. There are many of these the property of the Siamese royal family, which took almost a lifetime to make, and are inlaid with small pieces of highly polished carved wood. Entering the pagoda, we see a number of strange musical instruments, which do not impress us with the skill of the Siamese in the divine art. They consist mostly of drums, gongs, tom-toms, and other noisy instruments ; the carving on some is very wonderful. The pictures on the walls are made of shells, and represent religious and mythological subjects. The display of beautifully colored shells is very fine. Ivory plays a prominent part in this exhibit ; whole cases are filled with carvings of elephants, birds, animals and drinking-horns. We are especially interested in a row of models showing the construction of the houses in Bangkok, the Siamese capital, and also a house such as the boatmen of the Me-Kong River live in. The people of this country are very fond of the water; roads being almost unknown, river-travel is very common, and a great number of people, as in China, live altogether in boats, some of which are elaborately decorated. Works in copper and brass are abundant here, and one may view the curious domestic utensils of a nation that is very little known. Near these, household gods, idols with most complacent faces, seeming to be perfectly convinced of their divinity, look sleepily down upon the curious throngs of irreverent strangers, who offer them no worship. The mats of Siam are quite as fine as those of Japan, and are used either for the floors, for beds or for tapestries. Some fabrics, rich with barbaric gold and gems, have been sent by the Queen, and her subjects have contributed specimens of the cloth used in the manufacture of the garments of the rich and poor. 134 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Siam— Pavilion, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. SWITZERLAND— INTERIOR OF PAVILION, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. The Swiss pavilion is exceedingly pretty, being of dark wood enlivened with bands of gold, and draped with heavy crimson plush, ornamented with golden ferns. The arms of the Swiss Cantons are over the main entrance. On every side you turn, you are confronted with clocks, watches and musical boxes. The variety of watches is marvelous ; some of them are of plain gold, while others are enameled in various colors and studded with precious stones. Some are sufficiently tiny to be set into a ring or a scarf-pin, while others are equal in size to the old-fasliioned turnip, carried by our grandfathers. The clocks are miracles of clever wood-carving, representing chalets and tents ; the dials of some are supported by grotesque griffins and animals. A perpetual concert is going on in the Swiss department : rows on rows of musical boxes are continually called upon to repeat their melodious repertoire to admiring audiences. The industries of Switzerland are as varied as its landscape. In the manufacture of scientific instruments, she stands well forward among the nations ; her files and tools of all kinds are excellent and are honestly fashioned. The painstaking work of her artists is evident in the furniture display; one beautiful sideboard, richly carved, is valued at ^4000: it must be remembered that it is entirely of wood, and the real value lies in the artistic work. Some lace curtains made by hand, and v/orth ^^00 a pair, occupy another case; and near by there is a quantity of hne needlework wrought by the deft fingers of Swiss ladies. The Lapidists of Switzerland are accounted excellent; the specimens of cut stones here support their reputation, and their jewelry, especially in the matter of hligree, is unquestionably artistic ; but it is when we come into the section devoted to wood-carvings that our power of description fails. There is one large picture carved in wood, of the " Last Supper," by Leonardo da Vinci. Houses, animals, furniture, canes, almost everything that enters into ordinary use is here illustrated. The great bear of Berne, with arms out- stretched as if to administer a drastic hug, does duty as an umbrella-stand. The walls, which are covered with red plush, are ornamented with pictures of Swiss scenery, while the arms of the Cantons are suspended above them. This picture shows the musical boxes in the exhibit ; the Swiss are famed for making the best in Europe. 136 Co;jyn'yhtf:ci by the Worla's Columbion Exposition. Switzerland — Interior of Pavilion, Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. THE COLONNADE FROM THE GKAND bAbllN. Standing beside the Grand Basin on the bridge spanning the South Canal, we gain a most excellent viev/ of the Colonnade, which with the Agricultural Building and Machinery Hall forms three sides of a hollow square, with a bridge making the fourth. The Canal is in the centre and reflects like a mirror the statuary and the beau- tiful buildings on either side. There is hardly a prettier bit of scenery on the grounds than this; all that art could do to make it beautiful has been accomplished. The borders of the Canal are ornamented with gigantic figures of elk and buffalo, with two splendid groups, one representing a woman leading bulls with wreathed horns, and the other a handsome pair of horses, one with cart harness, and the other with carriage harness upon it. A stalwart son of toil stands beside each horse. Immediately in front of us, facing the central arch of the Colonnade, a reproduction of Cleopatra's Needle towers to a great height; four lions couchant are on the sub-base; while above them, on the four corners of the sub-base, four eagles with outspread wings rest on cannon-balls. An inscription in different languages offers fraternal greeting to the people of various nationalities who attend the Fair. Directly beyond the Needle, uniting the Agricultural and the Machinery Buildings, is the Colonnade. The arch in the centre is extremely handsome and forms the grand entrance to the offices of the Intramural Railway. There are groups of statuary on each side of the facade of the arch; one represents Victory standing in a chariot holding a wreathed spear, and the other a yoke of oxen with a boy leading them. The Colonnade extends from the central arch on either side; its pillars rest on sub-arches, of which tliere are five on either side, in front of the main arch there are two magnificent panthers, and at each side of the Colonnade is a square building; one with tinted or wreathed columns, called Assembly Hall, and the other a Station of the Intramural Railway. On either side of the Colonnade there is a row of arches unsurmounted with pillars, but having a low balustrade on top, which completes the connection with the two large buildings already mentioned. The whole forms a very tasteful piece of architecture, and makes a beautiful background for the Canal and the many statues that adorn its borders. The live-stock pavilion is immediately in the rear. n8 ^ Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. The Colonnade from the Grand Basin. LOOKING NORTH FROM COLONNADE. The first object that confronts us is the great obelisk. On tine upper section of the base, four American eagles resting on globes are placed, and on the lower base four couchant lions rest in massive strength. The four faces of the pedestal are engraved in different languages, with a welcome to those who attend the Exposition. The words are as follows: "Four hundred years after the discovery of this continent by Christopher Columbus, the nations of the world unite on this spot to compare, in friendly emulation, their achievements in art, science, manufacture and agriculture." Four electric fountains surround this monument and, when in play, shed a brilliant light upon it. The south canal, a gleaming sheet of water connected with the lagoon, lies directly before us. To the left, is Machinery Hall, that vast storehouse of wonderful machinery, most of it in motion, and filling the structure with the din of whirring wheels, and other mechanisms. Farther on the same side, we obtain a glimpse of the Electricity Building which shrines the myriad marvels, that enable man to chain this giant to his will. To the right, the Agricultural Building appears, fitly named a palace, and outvying those of many sovereigns. Beyond the south canal lies the Grand Basin, which is hidden from our sight by the two bnxid bridges, at the ends of which stand four great Neptune columns, like imm(wable white sentinels. On the extreme right, looms up the vast Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, from and into which a steady stream of humanity is constantly pouring. Far in the distance we see the dome of the Illinois State Building, modeled after that of the capitol in Springfield. Along the water's edge, and close to the landing piers, we observe a number of gondolas; these form a very pleasant feature of the Exposition. Native gondoliers have been imported from Venice to row them, and they have already learned to ask the passengers for the price of a glass of beer; it would be a hard-hearted person who could resist their dark, pleading eyes when they hold out their hands. To glide on these smooth waters in the evening time, when the buildings are lighted up and the air is cool; to hear the murmur of the multitude about you, and the happy songs of young people in the other gondolas, is an experience not easily forgotten. 140 Looking North from Colonnade. Copyrignted by the World's Columbian Exposition. "PLENTY"— NORTH FRONT AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Before the north front of the Agricultural Building and facing the statue of " Industry," we see the group represented in our picture ; one of the beauties of these statues is, that they are placed so near the water, that one can see their reflection, and better study the details. The woman in this picture is in perfect harmony with the noble animal she leans against ; she is not of the goddess type ; no serene mystery envelops her ; there is no atmosphere of majesty about her; this is a simple countrywoman, such as one might see any day in the year in rural regions. How strong, yet proportionate, are the arms! How large and flexible the hands! Her garment is in keeping with her occupation, being a hide rudely fashioned into a primitive dress, such as shepherds have worn from time immemorial. In her face we see that dreamy look, common to those who are much alone in the helds. In ancient times tlie daughters of kings and princes attended cattle, so that this figure is quite in keeping with history. The cow against which the woman leans, is perhaps a little too modern for the figure ; it is of the Holstein breed, chosen probably on account of its massive proportions ; it is full-fed, sleek and beautiful, with a grand head and great, mild eyes. The olden Greeks showed an excellent appreci- ation of beauty when they called the Queen of Olympus, "The Ox-eyed Juno," for nothing can equal the expressive mildness of the eye of a cow or an ox. The distinguishing mark of the Agricultural Building is the profusion of statuary on and about it. Philip Martini's "Four Nations" ornament the corners; there are twenty "Signs of the Zodiac," two groups representing "Ceres," twenty figures of "Abundance," four pediments representing "Agriculture," and four groups of the "Seasons." The paintings are not less characteristic ; the main entrance is adorned with scenes representing the protecting deities of agriculture ; Cybele appears in her chariot drawn by young lions, and near her is King Triptolemus in another chariot, drawn by winged dragons, while figures of fertility and abundance may be seen on every side. In the frieze- work are long processions of animals, and wreaths of fruits and flowers form no mean share in the embellishments. The sculptors and painters must have racked their brains to produce so many varied forms. 142 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Plenty" — North Front Agricultural Building. BRIDGE AND ADMINISTRATION BUILDING FROM AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Standing on the northwest terrace of the Agricultural Building, we see a massive bridge crossing the south canal wliich forms one of the transepts of the water plan of which the Grand Basin is the nave. Broad steps lead up to it, on the buttresses of whicli tropical plants are placed. The piers of the bridge are ornamented with the figures of animals. A noble elk with horns wide-spread, every muscle of his strong body visible, makes a prominent hgure in our picture. One of the wonders of the Fair is the large number of wild animals one meets with in sculpture at every turn, most of them natives of this continent. It will be a surprise to many of our eastern fiiends to discover that so large a number of untamed denizens of the forest still linger in our midst. The pliable nature of staff has made it a very happy medium for the reproduction of these varied forms, giving them all the beauty and more of the stiffness of marble. Immediately beside the bridge, rises a great rostral column surmounted by a gigantic figure. There are many of these separate columns on the grounds. They date from old Roman times when it was tine custom in case of a great victory at sea to raise such a column in honor of the victors, and often the names of successful warriors were engraven on them. It was considered a great honor to have such a pillar raised to commemorate an action. This was the spirit in which Napoleon the Great raised the great Vendome Column in Paris after it had been cast down by the mob. The piers of the bridge are very staunch and strong, looking as though they were built for centuries instead of for the accommodation of a multitude for a few months. The balustrades are plain, but handsome and attractive. Many pleasant moments are spent leaning over the bridge, and watching the boats go underneath. The building in the right-hand corner of the picture is that devoted to Electricity. It is directly across the Basin. There are many other bridges on the grounds, but this is the most happily placed for the sightseer. The use of the gondola on the waters of the Exposition is a misnomer. Venice this can never be; nor is it like, nor does it remind you of Venice. New as it is to our experiences, the buildings, the statuary, the enveloping atmosphere, are all American. The gondolas seem like a gentle joke. 144 ^,,y;'-^.^ ^^'«e;W^< Copyrighted iy t e V^'orld's Culumbian Exposition. Bridge and Administration Building from Agricultural Building. AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. The Agricultural Building stands very near to the shores of Lake Michigan and almost in line with Machinery Hall, with which it is connected by an arcade. It is 900 by 800 feet and the annex building ^00. The cost of the building was $618,000. It is a long one-storied structure, but is not on that account destitute of grace. Its entire length runs along the lagoon, and its Ionic pillars mirrored in the water produce a very pleasant effect. The general height is about sixty-five feet, while on either side of the main entrance we see two magnificent Corinthian pillars, fifty feet high and five feet in diameter. There are in all five pavilions, one on each corner, and the largest, 144 feet square, in the centre. Those at the corners are connected by curtains, which form an arcade round the building. The main entrance is sixty-four feet wide, and leads into a vestibule through which you pass into the rotunda, which is 100 feet in diameter, crowned with a splendid glass dome rising 130 feet and flashing back in pretty colors the rays of the sun. At a little distance on a dull morning the dome presents the effect of pure crystal. It is one of the gems of the Exposition. As we gaze on the exterior of this great building we are reminded of the Duomo of Milan by the profusion of statuary, though of course the architecture is very different. In the main vestibule and in all the entrances, groups of statuary splendidly executed, meet the eye. The corner pavilions, the domes of which are ninety-six feet high are also surmounted by groups of statuary. Committee rooms and a bureau of instruction occupy the first floor near the main entrance. There are also parlors for ladies, and club rooms for gentlemen. Broad staircases lead up to the second story where there is an assembly room capable of accommodating 1^00 persons. The entire structure covers nine acres of ground. To the north of the building we see the foreign exhibits; to the south, the domestic. The extreme west gallery is devoted to the brewing interests. All the large brewing firms of the country are represented. Whiskey and tobacco are exhibited close by. Other parts of the gallery are given over to the display of mineral waters ; milk products, sweetmeats, and chocolate preparations are all in elegant booths The eastern division of the gallery is the home of the cereals. 146 •™ ^ mt m '". i Bi «i B! i Hil', il'^"'?- .'^ ■„'■'■"' :'•' r t " .'"1 -. «»- ySSmi^h. : Mi^'ii^i^. , -L Mm rmd a g fe s ia iim amit=iMJt. ^-Mu'Jkssf^ s^-mr^^Bwrn fcl,"^-' ■^^ '^''^S&S^ ^ Copyrighted by ihe World's Columbian Exposition. Agricultural Building. NORTH FRONT AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Truly this is a World's Fair; the flags of all nations appear upon the buildings, and their bright colors and numerous devices delight the eye. This picture was taken at the side of the Columbian Fountain ; from this place every structure, figure, column and bridge, we see is white; for this reason, the collection of buildings in Jackson Park, which nearly all present the same appearance, has been propedy termed, "The White City." Imagine, if you can, a building such as this stretching for 800 feet along the Grand Basin; it presents a forest of pillars, and looks as though carved out of a mountain of snow; the glass dome shimmers like a glacier in clear Alpine light. There are nineteen classes of exhibits in the building, the first being cereals, grasses and forage plants. It is amusing to note the attitude of the different visitors toward this class. Some pass the grains and grasses by without any attention whatever, being interested only in the decoration of the booths and pavilions, v/hile others scan them with tlie greatest care, and spend hours going from sheaf to sheaf, and from case to case; you may be sure that the latter are farmers. The farmers' wives are interested in the next two classes, such as bread, biscuit, pastes, starch and gluten; also sugars, syrup and confectionery; they flock to these exhibits and ask many intelligent questions. Many more are interested in the machinery, which is of amazing variety. It would be very hard to classify some of the objects shown. British Guiana has a number of stuffed animals, birds and serpents, with Surinam toads, ugly alligators, ant-bears, wild hogs and monkeys. Sibena shows pottery, war implements, and even native jewelry. In another display we see Panama straw hats, models of native houses, musical instruments, boats, fishing-tackle, shells and coral; while Germany makes a great specialty of beer. All these are in great contrast to the exhibits of the United States, which are very generally confined to the products of the soil and to agricultural implements. In the western part of the building we see the agricultural colleges and experimental stations of this country occupying a space of 8600 square feet. Looking out over this building, we feel perfectly convinced that Mother Earth will be able to support her children for ages to come, even if they are a little more crowded than the present population. 148 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. North Front Agricultural Building. "FOUR NATIONS," AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Martini's beautiful group, the " Four Nations," reminds us of the group in the centre of the Monumental Fountain in the Luxembourg Gardens by Carpeaux, but it is by no means an imitation, for it has many original features. Carpeaux figures carry a sphere with a globe inside, and seem to whirl in a wild dance through space. Nor have his figures the airy lightness of those of Martini's work. This group decorates the corners of the four pavilions of the Agricultural Building. The figures represent the four races, or in other words, the four principal families of the human race, inhabiting Europe, Asia, Africa and America. The globe implies that the figures beneath it stand for all the races of the world. The globe is hollowed out to secure lightness and the better to resist the wind at the elevation on which it is placed. The feet of the figures rest solid upon the pedestal. The bodies are all young and lithe, the draperies winding about them in a single graceful festoon. Their arms are uplifted and form a sort of circle round the globe. Martini used only one figure for the group and added different lieads as his time was too short to allow work on other models. Gazing at these figures it v/ould seem almost impossible to realize that they are identical in pose, the apparently whirling movement concealing the fact, but so it is, as close examination will reveal. Martini is represented by other architectural sculptures of great merit. In his groups of a Man with Horses and a Woman with Cattle, he has employed the same device as with the "Four Nations;" only one figure served as a model, but there are several very clever decorative details which conceal the fact. His figures of abundance on the signs of the Zodiac are sumptuous and refined. They hold aloft in their shapely arms, tablets inscribed with the emblem of the months. His groups of a Shepherd and his Dog and a Shepherdess and her Flock are marvels of their kind. The amount of work he has accomplished is enormous, and does a great deal toward rendering the Agricultural Building one of the finest of the Fair. He has shown an extraordinary and fertile imagination, directed by excellent good sense and disciplined taste. Such masterly productions in every instance speak well for the future decoration of American cities and public buildings. 150 5 bfl » C ? 03 * 3 3 < C '-Jj Z 3 O a. "HORSES," AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. One of the striking groups on the Agricultural Building is that of tlie "Man with Horses," by Martini. It is one of his conceptions of pastoral life, and is intended as a companion-piece to the "Woman with Cattle." The figure of the man in the centre is striking in the extreme, grave and powerful. He stands like one of the kings of the early world between the magnificent animals he is supposed to lead. He seems to hold the horses rather by the magic of his presence than by any visible restraint. One garment is worn in Eastern style, leaving the right shoulder and brawny chest bare, and falling in a few graceful folds to the knee. Another garment is flung lightly over his left shoulder and rests there, dropping in natural folds ; both arms are bare, one linked lightly through the bridle rein of the horse on his left liand, the other holding a huge club. The limbs are formed in massive mould, the articulation of the knees being particulady hne. The face is that of a man in the full vigor of life, the head being crowned with wayward curls. The horses are truly noble creatures. That they were formed from one model there can be no doubt. Their necks are nobly arched, their eyes seem to gleam with eager fire, and their small ears are pointed well forward, as though listening to sounds from below that spur and excite them. The nostrils are widely distended, and they chafe upon the bits, as though eager to be off. They remind one of Job's splendid picture of the war horse that "clothes his neck with thunder, and scents the battle afar off." The hoofs are in harmony with the general aspect of impatience which Martini has given the steeds. They paw the ground nervously and, though the man appears so calm, it is quite evident that too little pov/er is necessary to restrain them. The outrunners are two youths, made only for the draperies flung lightly over their shoulders. They seem to be engaged in friendly rivalry and peer at each other round the shoulders of the horses with faces full of saucy mischief. It v/ould be very hard in- deed to tlnd fault with this group. It is very pleasant to look upon, and forms an admirable ornament for the Palace of Agnculture. An ancient sculptor would feel almost at home in this city of statues and splendid build- ings. We feel a thrill of exultant surprise as we view the grand work around us. x52 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. " Horses," Agricultural Building, GENERAL INTERIOR AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Never in the history of the world has an Agricultural display of one-tenth the magnitude of this been seen. There is so much to see on the ground floor that, though the galleries are full of treasures and have some very handsome pavilions, they are comparatively seldom visited. It is impossible to give a just idea of the treasures to be seen on the main floor ; we have space to mention only a few of the exhibits. Germany occupies a large space, and her exhibit includes a pavilion made of chocolate, and a large statue of Germania, made of the same material. Canada has sent a cheese weighing 22,000 pounds, and her other exhibits are very creditable. France has a very tine exhibit of grasses and grain in stalk, with mixtures of chocolate and other interesting materials. Spain exhibits a miniature of the Eiffel Tower in Spanish pepper. Cape Colony shows skins, wools, and natural products, such as stuffed wild animals. The principal display made by Brazil is in coffee. Many of the States have fine exhibits. Pennsylvania has a pavilion situated at the junction of the main aisles in the centre of the main building. The walls inside and out are covered with corn, grasses and vines ; agricultural implements of all kinds are used in the designs. In the centre of the pavilion is an imitation of the Liberty Bell hung in a sort of cupola, made of grain and grasses. A fireplace of colonial pattern is made of corn, and an easy-chair of corn-stalks. On the walls are displayed 166 different kinds of grasses. The Woman's Silk Culture Association, of Philadelphia, has a display of silk grown from cocoons of tineir own raising, and American flags made of the same material. Near the Pennsylvania exhibit is the Iowa Corn Palace, the columns of which are made of corn. This pavilion is extremely pretty. Indiana has a handsome pavilion constructed of broken ears of corn. Ohio has a Grecian Temple, the columns being made of glass filled with grain. Kentucky uses a great deal of tobacco, hemp, and flax on its pavilion. New Jersey, in playful humor, presents us with a large mosquito m.ade of corn. New York has boxes and jars filled with grain and other agricultural products. Nearly every State and Territory has assisted in the display, by exhibiting its agricultural treasures. 154 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. General Interior Agricultural Building. COLORADO— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. The State of Colorado occupies 2680 square feet in the Agricultural Building; her pavilion is surrounded by a frieze of grains and grasses, and the pillars and sides are tastefully decorated with bunches of wheat in fan patterns. As we enter, a pyramid of great yellow ears of corn is the most conspicuous object, and a case to the right contains over one hundred and sixty varieties of the grasses of the State, arranged in panels and carefully tabulated. Long rows of glass jars are filled with specimens of the seeds, nuts and beans grown in the State. Though Colorado is so distant from the Fair, yet she has managed to keep up a fine exhibit of root crops. Her potatoes are large and tine, and her onions are, for size and it is also said for flavor, as fine as any in the world. Turnips, carrots, beans, and many kinds of garden fruits are displayed, all showing the fer- tility of the soil, particularly in the eastern part of the State. Specimens of the Colorado flour are pointed out with pride ; it is very white and dry, and ranks among the first in the markets of the world. We are not allowed to forget that Colorado is a great wool-growing State; in fact, can raise this valuable commodity at the rate of ten cents per pound ; samples of the wool are shown. As a great deal of attention is devoted to grazing, the State has been careful to show the quality of its grasses. Cattle are so plentiful that a four-year- old steer can be bought for ten dollars ; the cheapness of pasturage brings this about. The agriculturist in Colorado has two great enemies with which he must do constant battle — the locust, or grasshopper, and the Colorado beetle. The former sometimes appears as early as April and does great damage to the young crops. The beetle generally confines its ravages to the potato; but between them both, the farmer is kept busy. This State has a very tine exhibit in the Horticultural Building, consisting of a profusion of grapes of many varieties of color, huge apples and pears in glass jars, with other fruits. Colorado has made very rapid progress since her admission into the Union as a State, in 1877. Her mining interests have developed so greatly that she now ranks next to Pennsylvania, and in this Exposition, her display in the Mines and Mining Building is probably the best ever made by a State. She has a great future before her. 156 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition, Colorado — Agricultural Building. MINNESOTA— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. As we walk alon.s; the great avenue in this building, we are amazed at the profusion of corn ; the great yellow ears are everywhere, in pyramids, on pillars, in friezes, and in great pendant bunches. The Minnesota pavilion is an exception to the rest, as wheat forms its principal decoration. The front of the pavilion consists of three arches, the two central pillars very prettily designed. On a booth within, Minnesota proudly styles herself, " The banner wheat State," and surely this exhibit makes good her boast. We never before saw such fat, rich-looking grain. Huge sheaves of wheat, rye and oats fill several of the cases, and decorate the tops of others. We find the custodians very ready to give information ; from them we learn that the State produced 2^,000,000 bushels of various grains last year; 70,000,000 bushels of wheat, and ^,000,000 of flax. Twenty-tlve counties have sent 400 samples of wheat and rye in the straw, and 3 5^0 specimens of grass. One great case of oats is shown which represents part of the fifteenth consecutive crop grown on the same ground. Large glass cylinders are filled with samples of the soil of several farms, and show the sub- and upper-soil depth ; it would not seem difficult to produce splendid crops on earth like this ; one would only have to " tickle the ground with a hoe, to make it laugh with a liarvest." The lot of the Minnesota farmer is an enviable one, compared with that of his New England brother, who has to bring his crops from the rocks. Tobacco and sugar, the latter of very hne quality, are also here. We do not hnd so great a variety of products displayed by this State as by some others, but everything we do see is remarkably good. We understand that the exhibit was not specially selected, but taken at hazard, just as the farmers sent in tine articles. One of the excellent features of the Agricultural Exhibits of the United States is, that farmers have charge of them in nearly every case; they are practical, intelligent men, who know thoroughly the nature of the materials they display ; many of them are taking notes on the products of other countries, and will doubtless carry home with them very valuable hints for the farmers. This exhibit must do incalculable good to the agricultural interests of the country, and cause the production of many new and better crops. The friction of minds is the birth of ideas. 158 Copyrignted by the World's Colun.bian Exposition. Minnesota — Agricultural Building. NEW JERSEY— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. This beautiful pavilion covers 2000 square feet, and is one of tlie best erected by the Eastern States; most of the others are mere enclosures, the reason being that none of these States expect to attract immigrants as those farther west do, so their display is more patriotic than commercial. The fretwork over the arches of the New Jersey structure gives it a very pretty effect; for some reason New Jersey seems to be generally spoken of as the land of the mosquito and the swamp, but a glance at these exhibits will soon teach us to revise such an opinion, if we ever entertained it. Peaches and small fruits are here seen in perfection, and form a pleasant change from the corn and wheat so profusely scattered through other pavilions. Tliey look luscious in the pretty glass jars, and would form a good advertisement to catch summer boarders. There is a good display of garden produce, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes and other root crops. Jersey raises millions of bushels of potatoes, and they are as fine as any in tlie world. As those exhibited in this pavilion decay, they are replaced by others from the New Jersey farms, so that a good showing is thus maintained. A great feature of the exhibit is a system of photographs, showing the crops in the field, and many of them are here. The very sheaves we see harvested have been brought to the Exposition, and the long rows of potatoes just dug out of the hills, have contributed their quota to this collection. The value per acre of the farm-lands of New Jersey is greater than that of any other State, except possibly Massachusetts. Tlie Jerseyman knows well how to treat his land; he cannot plough up great tracts of virgin soil like the western farmer, so he has learned to apply all the food to the land that science and utility dictate. Many kinds of fertilizers are seen here, and also careful analysis of the soil. Corn, rye, wheat and grass, the latter especially fine, form some of her products, and a little tobacco is also grown. A very pleasing tribute has been paid the Indians; a little tent formed entirely, of corn is called the Indian's Gift. It should not be forgotten that tobacco is another gift we received from the red man, and it well becomes us to be grateful to that brave race which our pushing civilization has so rudely rooted from the soil. No race has lived without bestowing some benefit on the world-. 160 New Jersey— Agricultural Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. OHIO— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. This pavilion is very ingeniously constructed; it is built in the form of a Grecian temple with two wings. In all there are fifty-two pillars ; twenty-six on the square front, facing the main aisle, twelve smaller ones on the wings, and ten very large ones on the portico. The pillars are all glass cylinders filled with grain, peas and beans, and the effect is very beautiful. The roof is supported by steel rods, which run through the glass columns, and are hidden by the grain and beans. The bases and capitals are of gilded wood. Much of the exhibit is arranged on the steps of the temple, and along the walls just within the columns. There is a very handsome rustic piece here, consisting of a plow, rake, hoe and shovel, covered over with seeds of various kinds. Twenty-four varieties of leaf tobacco form a portion of the exhibit on one side ; on another, eighty large glass jars tilled with seed, peas and beans are seen. In all, there are two hundred and twenty-five of these jars on the steps. The interior of the building contains a great display of corn in the form of a pyramid, with numerous grasses for which different sections of the State are noted. The farm tools, of which we spoke above, remind us that this building contains the greatest display of agricultural implements ever brought together. They are to be found in the machinery annex of the Agricultural Building, and consist of light-running, friction- less roller and ball-bearing twine binders, mowers and reapers; some are furnished in burnished silver and gold plate. There are also machines for harvesting, binding and husking corn. The exhibit is made historical by models which show the gradual development of such machinery from the earliest self-binders to those of the present time. It may be well said that there is nothing new under the sun, for here we find a reaper made by the Gauls, in the first century of our era. Another object of interest is the plow used by General Israel Putnam, said to be the one he left in the furrow, when the news reached him of the battle of Lexington ; it is a clumsy affair, compared with the plows in use to-day. The State of Ohio is one of the greatest purchasers of implements of agriculture, and her exhibits here show that they are put to excellent use. The soil of the State is wonderfully fertile, and the farmers, especially of the western zone, are most intelligent and enterprising. 162 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Ohio — Agricultural Building. PENNSYLVANIA— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. This pavilion is a worl< of art, the decorations being as fine as any in the Fair. Our picture shows the bust of William Penn above the keystone, which is surrounded by designs in seeds and corn. The central panel shows the arms of the State, which is an exquisite piece of work, resembling mosaic, yet the materials used are only beans and pumpkin seeds, the eagle over the shield being made of the latter. Entering, we find most of the exhibits, such as grain, maple syrup and seeds in keystone-shaped bottles; and three arches, six rows forming an arch, all of jars of this shape, filled with cereals. Our attention is attracted by a very pretty display of silk, from the cocoon to the spool, arranged neatly in a case. This State is beginning to give more attention to silk culture, and has a society formed for the purpose of encouraging it. One hundred and sixty-six varieties of native grass are seen, some used as decorations, and others in separate exhibits. One could hardly believe that so many kinds of grass are grown without visiting this exhibit. Pennsylvania has one special feature that is extremely creditable; four cases, each containing sixty-four pictures, show Western farmers how rural Pennsylvanians live; the exteriors and the interiors of her country homes are shown; the poorer, as well as the more pretentious buildings; these two hundred and fifty-six pictures are the work of a young woman. Miss Annie Belle Swayne. In the centre of the pavilion, we see a reproduction of the old Liberty Bell in grain, hanging from a rustic tower; it is often repeated in the embellishments of Pennsylvania's exhibits. At one side of the building there is a beautiful old-fashioned fireplace, made in corn and wheat ; even the andirons are of that material. It is just such a fireplace as we see in the old farmhouses of the State; beside it is a grand- mother's chair made of corn-stalks; it is a good, durable, roomy chair and not merely an ornament. The flooring, or hearth, of the fireplace is made of sections of corn-cobs, smoothed to look like mosaic. It is thought that the State will make permanent provision for this exhibit in the capitol at Harrisburg, or in one of the colleges of the State, for it would really be a great mistake to scatter or lose an exhibit so perfect in its nature, and also so artistic as this; we hope that Pennsylvania will retain it. 164 Copyrighted by the Worla's Columbian Exposition. Pennsylvania — Agricultural Building. WISCONSIN— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. This is the pavilion of the great State of Wisconsin, and, though the exhibit consists mostly of glass jars, tilled with grain, peas, beans and various seeds, there are all the staple products of the State, together with wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, sorghum and tobacco. The tobacco of Wisconsin is much sought after, and is used for cigar-wrappers ; it is not very long since this State was almost covered with dense forests, and even yet her lumber interests are vast ; her policy of attracting immigrants, by giving them free land, has led to the most happy results. No other State has such a diverse population settled in colonies within her borders. A larger number of Scandinavians than can be found elsewhere, are here ; they came to this country poor, but their industry and abstemiousness, and the generosity of the government, have worked out their success. Along the shores of Lake Michigan, whole German villages may be found ; Swiss and Belgians have also their colonies, and all prove good industrious citizens ; many of them have goods in this exhibit. The climate of Wisconsin is modified by its many lakes, which raise the temperature in winter and depress it in summer ; the result is that many semi-tropical fruits and plants may be raised, giving a wide range to her vegetation. Her forest trees are very numerous and valuable, among them being the oak, poplar, hickory, maple, elm, ash and hemlock. Above the Wisconsin pavilion, we see in one picture a section of the Egyptian Exhibit, largely consisting of cigarettes, displayed in glass cases with mosque-like domes. These cigarettes are said to be the best in the world, and are made of finely cut Turkish tobacco, flavored with opium. In Egypt, men and women, alike, smoke. The consumption of cigarettes in the harems is very large, and the industry is consequently flourishing. Formerly, cigarettes were all made by the smoker, who carried with him a tobacco-pouch, and little book of rice paper for the purpose, but the increasing demand made the manufacture profitable, and now we have automatic machinery, which cuts the paper, gums the edges, measures the right allowance of tobacco, wraps it up, makes the gummed edge adhere, cuts the ends, and packs the cigarettes. There seems to be no limit to human ingenuity, whether in Occident or Orient. All are bound together by that mystic cord of intelligence. i66 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Wisconsin — Agricultural Building. WYOMING— AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. We do not see a large number of exhibits in this Wyoming booth, but it is something to ]y the World's Columbian Exposition. United States— General View, Machinery Hall. UNITED STATES-COTTON MACHINES, MACHINERY HALL. We have before us a wonderful exhibit of cotton machinery. There are at least twelve different machines used in tine making of cotton goods, the first is the opener, in which the raw cotton is placed on a feeding table; a ■ pair of rollers takes it from the table, and it is subjected to the action of a beater, which is a cylinder with several rows of teeth. Air is forced through the newly-opened cotton to carry away the dust and particles adhering to it; it then passes through several other rollers and beaters till delivered to calenders, when it is formed into laps for "scutching." The "scutcher" resembles the "opener," and passes the cotton on to the carding machine, which has three cylinders, one large and two smaller. The large cylinder does the carding, and passes the cotton to the second, or "doffer," which, in turn, sends it on to the "taker in." From thence, it goes in a long light fleece to the machine called a "drawing frame," where it is thinned out and still farther stretched; its next trip is to the "slabbing frame," where it is twisted and wound on bobbins. Its journey is not yet ended; it must now be taken to the roving machine, where it is prepared for use in spinning: from this, it goes to the throstle, and thence to the self-acting mule, where its wanderings practically end. Sir Richard Arkwright, who invented the first cotton jenny, was once a poor barber with very little trade, who in his leisure moments devoted his thoughts to the improvement of facilities for spinning. His machine was the parent of all we see here. The Hindoos have, from a remote period, spun and woven cotton by hand; their machinery is very primitive ; in fact, ten dollars could buy it all, and yet they can weave finer material than we can with our mechanical wealth; their loom consists of a few reeds, and sometimes sticks, and may be carried about and set up as easily as an artist's easel, either under the shade of a tree, or in the fields. Here they may be seen at work patiently producing material that defies our ingenuity; two loops under the gear serve as treadles, and into these he inserts his great toe; the warp is laid out upon the ground, the whole length of the piece. The trade is hereditary, and those born in the families of weavers are said to possess a prehensile toe from birth, which if true must be a great convenience. , 190 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. United States— Cotton Machines, Machinery Hall. UNITED STATES— WOOD-WORKING MACHINES, MACHINERY HALL. We note here a large assortment of machinery used for car-builders, railway-shops, sash, blind and door factories, and also planing-mills. One very novel invention transforms the plainest wood, such as pine, bass, birch, poplar and spruce into beautifully polished imitations of quartered oak, and other high grade woods. There is also a marvelous assortment of saws, with curved, wicked-looking teeth; some large, some small, but all cunningly contrived to eat their way into the very hearts of the giants of the forest, and carve out forms of utility and beauty. We counted fourteen varieties in one exhibit alone. Everything required for fitting up saw- mills is here, and the complete appurtenances of a shingle-mill. People bred in the city, who have never had an opportunity to see a great lumber-mill, can view its workings and learn how the timber is prepared that is used in their houses. Here are the great singing saws that rend the mighty logs, which lie prone on the movable cars, and are delivered helpless captives to their doom. Next come the great planing-machines, which seem to swallow the boards for a moment, only to cast them out smooth as though polished. We next see how window-frames are made, how they are shaped by the moulding-machines, and fitted for joining by the mortisers and tenoners. It takes a very short time to make a large frame for a door. All the roughness is removed by sandpapering-machines, and boring-machines make the holes for nails and screws. Wonderful turning lathes seem to glide round the wood, and shape it into almost any form. The parts of many of these machines are numbered, so that if any portion breaks down, it may be removed and speedily replaced. Barrel, keg and stave machinery make an interesting exhibit. The smallest pieces of wood are utilized. There is great economy here. Old-fashioned machines tended to waste; now we have compressors even for sawdust, and machines for the manufacture of wood-pulp. So many of these devices appear, their work is so rapid, and their capacity so great, that it would seem impossible that our forests could long resist their attacks. The saws have a hungry look, as though eager to get to work on even the toughest timber, and the great planing-knives look inexorably savage. It is a great display, and gives one a sense of respect for the genius of the human intellect. 192 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. United States— Wood=Working Machines, Macliinery Hall. GERMANY— MARINE ENGINE, MACHINERY HALL. When Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic, his little squadron was propelled by the wind, which played upon sails of lateen and canvas. Robert Fulton, with his uncouth steamboat, pointed out the way for modern inventors, teaching them that wind and tide might be conquered by the genius of man. Since screw propellers have taken the place of paddle-wheels in ocean steamers, the increased speed which they required has inspired man with a desire to construct massive and powerful machinery, of wonderful durability and capable of performing Herculean tasks. For the last six years a great advance has taken place in marine engineering by the development of triple expansion engines such as seen in this picture. Since these engines were brought to their present state of perfection, both for safety and convenience, they have been largely adopted by ship- builders and others interested in marine construction. \n the most common construction of these engines, three cylinders are arranged in line, working on cranks ; piston valves are usually liked, and these are worked by some definite valve gear, and not the usual link motion. One of the greatest advantages is that the space that would be taken up by eccentrics upon the shaft is saved, and longer main bearings are possible. We turn from this great engine to consider the gas and naphtha motors near. These are fitted for use in any moderately sized launch, and are considered the best of their kind. We have heard a great deal about smokeless powder recently, and only a few months ago the Kaiser witnessed a battle near Berlin in which it was used. Here we see the machinery with which it is made, as also that used in the manufacture of powder for blasting and for military purposes. Some gas and petroleum engines seen here are of great interest. The factory in which they are made employs one thousand workmen, and has produced some of the hnest engines in the worid. Even ice machines are here, curiously scanned by those conversant with such matters, to see if these possess features of construction better than our own. Some engines here are the largest constructed on the European continent. In some respects this exhibit is like a great dissecting-room ; every part of an engine or machine lies before us; each as curious in its way as a bone of the human body. 194 Copyrighted by the Worla's Columbian Exposition. Germany-Marine Engine, Machinery Hall. GREAT BRITAIN— COMPOUND ENGINE, MACHINERY HALL. This engine is in tlie exhibit of Great Britain in Machinery Hall. The principle involved is the economical use of steam, in conjunction with a condensing apparatus by which the steam is discharged into a chamber in which a vacuum has been produced. This enables tne engine to effect the same results with fourteen pounds less steam to the square inch. The economy is apparent, and the gain in space is evident. The steam is first taken into the small cylinder, and when it has performed its v/ork, the remaining energy is transferred to the large cylinder; both cylinders practically operating as one, they being coupled to the same shaft. The steam after leaving the larger cylinder is conveyed, as stated, through the condensing chamber, and when condensation is completed, it is returned to the boilers as hot water, thus economizing heat and avoiding the ill effects of cold water upon a heated boiler. The most novel feature here is the attachment of the governor to the inside rim of the flywheel, insuring the most perfect regulation of speed. Generally speaking, the gov- ernor is belted to the shaft, and operates by centrifugal force, which must in its nature be uncertain. This arrangement secures direct action and readily controls the speed of the engine. Another novel feature is the transmission of power from the flywheel through the means of a series of cables, of which eleven may be seen in the picture. Each cable has its own groove space on the flywheel and the wheel to which the power is transmitted. This minimizes the chance of accidents such as are often caused by the breakage or slipping of large belts. This engine has a distinctively foreign look ; we have none like it in this country. Our type of compound horizontal engines is what is known as tandem ; that is, the small, high pressure cylinder is attached directly in the rear of the lov/ pressure, and works on the same driving-rod. The powerful appearance of this engine will strike one at once. In English machines we note the same conjunction of force and economy. Nothing is wasted and nothing slighted ; every ounce of steam tells. As to ornament, they have little or none. Our machines with their neat appointments and polished surfaces look like gentlemen of leisure by the side of sturdy farmers with their shirt-sleeves rolled up for work. 196 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Great Britain — Compound Engine, Machinery Hall. GREAT BRITAIN— TRIPLE GAS ENGINE, MACHINERY HALL. Where will the development of human ingenuity end ? Before us is an engme which is practically three engines in one. The power which runs this is generated from the combustion of gases in the tliree cylinders we see. The gas is conveyed to the cylinders through ordinary pipes, allowed to mix with a proper proportion of air, then ignited by a spark from an electric wire, the resulting explosion being the power propelling the piston. In this case the three cylinders are independent of one another, though they connect with the same shaft. In the ordinary gas engine, it is absolutely necessary to turn a wheel once round, thus starting the engine by manual power. In this case, only a part of circuit is necessary, as that is sufficient to ignite the gas in one of the cylinders. The desirable qualities of a gas engine are, first, the cheapness of gas as feeding fuel, the little space required for the development of tremendous energy, and the saving of labor in Ixmdling coal, and the ashes that result from its use. It also prevents dust, which would otherwise often clog the machinery, and in some cases cause accident. Nor does it require the same amount of attention necessary as engines run by steam, there being no danger of explosion. The same principle is used in petroleum engines, a spray of the oil being ignited by a spark. A very large number of gas engines have been introduced in the last ten years, but, since electricity has been applied to produce power, these engines are not so much in demand, and will, in the course of time, disappear. Even those most improved, which excite our wonder to-day, will shortly be consigned to the realms of the past. It is only in books such as these that they can be preserved to tell the coming generations something of what their fathers accomplished. The electrical attachment of this engine will be noticed in front, with spaces for the wires to pass through. The action of the engine opens and closes the valves, and causes the ignition of the gas by creating the electric spark. The compact appearance of this machine is a strong point in its favor, and its easy gear movement and freedom from dust make it valuable in any factory where fine mechanical work is carried on. The power is automatically gauged by the resistance, and this is a result readily appreciated by the economist. 198 1 ^ » 4) ^ P3 a> c "So c UJ o "5. U H I c *n 03 53 I. O TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. The Transportation Building lies west of tine Court of Honor and tine lagoon, and between the Mines and Mining Building, and Horticultural Building. From the east it commands a splendid view of the Floral Island and a branch of the lagoon. The details of tlie building are simple, but rich, somewhat on the Romanesque order. The decorative embellishments are exceedingly sumptuous. It is 960 feet in length by 296 feet in width, and cost 5^370,000. The central cupola is 16^ feet high and is reached liy eight elevators, which are built in the form of a circle. The main entrance is formed of an immense arch, or rather a series of receding arches covered with bas-reliefs, carvings and mural paintings done in gold-leaf; it is this fact which gives it the name of the Golden Door. This showy portal sets off the other details of tlie building, which consists of a con- tinuous arcade with subordinated colonnades and entablature. The cupola exactly in the centre of the building rises 16^ feet from the ground. Grouped about the various entrances are drinking-fountains, statues, seats and terraces. The interior of the building consists of a broad nave with aisles. The roof is divided into three divisions. Westward to Stony Island avenue, a great triangular annex covering nine acres extends. The buildings ,are only one story in height. Along the central nave long rows of locomotive engines are placed. Among the class of exhibits is the "Comet," the f u'st locomotive engine ever run in America. It was brought from England by an English company in 1831. The "Sampson," "Old Ironsides" and "Albion," also very old engines, form part of the display. At the south end of the building is a model of the great steam hammer used in the iron worl Ik ■ 1 I) Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Wyoming— Mines and Mining Building. CANADA— MINES AND MINING BUILDING. When a government clasps hands with the people in the furtherance of a great Exposition, it is sure to be a success. The government of Canada has realized this, and we find everywhere her overruling and helping hand. Here each of the five provinces has a collection of minerals, the names of wliich would hll a fair-sized catalogue. Among these are several specimens of uncut gems, such as onyx, chrysolite, agate, chalcedony and beryl. The rest of the exhibit is of an intensely practical nature. Bituminous coal is shown by one great railroad company, and petroleum, which is, in its nature, a first cousin of the dusky stone, is shown in all its forms. The salient feature of the exhibit is a stone sepulchre; those who have a nervous dread of being "a brother to the insensible rock and to the sluggish clod, which the rude swain ploughs with his share and treads upon," will find comfort in looking at this; it looks as though, well-housed in it, one could defy decay, and laugh at the worms — those grim crumb-gatherers under humanity's table. Tlie idea is not new ; in old Celtic graveyards, we find stone sepulchres, such as this, covered with those inscriptions so full of " hope and yet of heart-break," common to all who mourn their dead. Not only does Canada show a house for the dead, but the houses of the living have not been forgotten ; such building-stone as we see here might well enter into the construction of palaces. Granite, red and gray, freestone, and a stone much resembling our serpentine, are seen and, where it is cut in blocks, the disposition of the crystals portends durability. We also find prepared grains of grapliite, and the mineral prepared in every method, with pig-iron, asbestos, and clay ; much of the latter is sufficiently fine for the use of the potter. To some of us who are taxpayers and live in great cities, one exhibit is especially interesting, that of paving-stone. Some of the contractors, whose pavements have to be removed every few years, might well look at these and learn what paving really means. As we wander among the rough heaps of stone and ore in this building, it is very hard to realize how much of our comfort depends upon the proper manipulation of this material. The whole earth is for our use. Light, rain, and dew come from the sky. For three miles above us, the atmosphere keeps clear the current of breath. 220 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Canada — Mines and Mining Building. ELECTRICITY BUILDING. The Electricity Building fronts south on the Court of Honor, north on the lagoon, east on the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, and west on the Mines and Mining Building. It is one of the richest looking structures on the grounds. A portico runs along the whole southern front. It is 360 by 690 feet, and covers an area of five and one-half acres. Its cost was ^401,000. The architects were Messrs. Van Brunt and Howe, of Kansas City. While the area is five and one-half acres, the floor surface devoted to exhibits is nearly nine acres. The exterior walls are composed of a succession of Corinthian pilasters, three feet, six inches wide and forty-two feet high. They rest upon a stylobate about eight feet long. The general plan is a horizontal nave 11^ feet wide and 114 feet high, pierced in the centre by a transept of equal proportions. The nave and transept have a pitched roof with a range of skylights at the bottom of the pitch, while the roof of the rest of the building is flat, sixty-two feet in height and also provided with skylights. From without, the height of the walls is sixty-eight feet. Looking from the roof of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, we notice a tower 19^ feet high. The north pavilion is between these. The second story has a number of galleries connected by two bridges and reached by four grand staircases. There is a pavilion at each of the four corners of the building, surmounted by open towers i6g feet high. The whole is constructed to secure a grand illumination at night; 24,000 incandescent and nearly 4000 arc lights are employed for this purpose. Witlnin the building v/ill be found the exhibits of the great electrical companies of this and many foreign countries. On the highest towers are powerful search-lights, which bathe the buildings at night in a flood of noonday radiance. To effect the outdoor illuminations, 8000 arc lamps of 2000 candle power and about 130,000 incandescent bulbs of sixteen candle power are used. But not all the electricity used in lighting the grounds is stored in this building. Machinery and devices for electric lighting are found in all parts of the Exposition, and many of them are really excellent. The Intermural Railway has its own electric motor power. The greatest spectacular effect probably is created by the flash-lights in the tall towers on the grounds. Electricity Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. GENERAL INTERIOR— ELECTRICITY BUILDING. Before us stands the colossal statue of Benjamin Franklin ; his face is turned upward, his hand holding the key with which he hrst drew electhcity from the passing cloud. We enter the building, and our first impression is of its vastness, for here are buildings, each of considerable size, witliin it. Before us is a Greek temple resembling the Erechtheum at Athens, guarded by two winged sphinxes, reminiscences of ancient Egypt. We pass up the steps, and enter a cool hall, on the sides of which we see photographs of the principal telegraph buildings of the world ; the wings of the building also contain an exhibit ; without, is a pillared court, and foun- tains on either side lead us, for a moment, to forget that we are in one of the most remarkable buildings of the world. Before us spreads a long vista of machinery ; to the left is an electric car, complete in all its appurtenances, and in the centre is a brilliantly-lighted revolving pavilion with a high tower, also crowned with a globe of light. The two ends of the structure are ornamented with great stars, plaques and shields, in electric lights that scintillate every moment, now faint and dim, now brilliant as the noonday sun. We know that everything here is for use, and that the dominating idea is a commercial one, yet all is beautiful : each machine seems to be tended lovingly by affectionate hands, and shines with gratification. What electricity cannot do would be easier to state than what it can do. We feel a sense of uneasiness in moving about; great staring eyes are watcliing our every movement ; they are only lamps for railroad engines, in many different colors, but, like the eyes in some portraits, they seem to follow us. Here are also bnlliantly-lighted electric watches, and binnacles for ships, lighthouses and government buildings, and near by are electric burners of all kinds, from the tiny globe to the great search-light. Many nations are competing here; we must realize that almost every wheel tinat moves, almost every light that burns, is a challenge from one nation to another. What a curious, furious, playful giant electricity is ! Here is one man making graceful traceries on glass, and inscribin names on mugs as souvenirs of the Fair, while another is explaining a mighty engine, used for controllin dredging operations; here also is the model of an underground system of electric lighting. 224 a .Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. General Interior — Electricity Building. UNITED STATES— EXHIBIT No. i, ELECTRICITY BUILDING. One of tine great features in this exliibit is a two tliousand liglit alternator, one of the underlying principles of which, is the utilization of certain elements of the alternating current, by virtue of which, when an electrical conductor carrying a current of this kind is placed in proximity to another conductor, currents are produced in the second conductor, which may be employed for producing light and power. The dynamo delivers to the primary conductors of the system, alternating currents of comparatively high pressure, which may be carried, at a small cost for wire, to a considerable distance from the source of supply. The transformers, as they are called, consist of two coils of wire, insulated most carefully one from the other; a core or magnetic circuit of iron is then formed by building up, within and around these coils, thin sheets of soft iron; the purpose of the iron core being to exalt and intensify the inductive action, which would occur, though in a less degree, in the coils themselves without the iron. One of these coils is placed in connection with the conductor conveying the high pressure current, and the other in connection with the circuit of the incandescent lamps. Current and poten- tial indicators come next in order; these indicate the current's power, and gauge its distribution, while the ground detector shows the amount of earth that gathers on the outside circuits. Switch-boards are also exhibited, having a central fuse placed on porcelain, which operates to open the circuit of the machine, on the occasion of an excess of current. One very curious device is a lightning arrester, which diverts the electric flash to the earth, and thus saves the machine. The machinery for incandescent street lighting comes next in order for, though the arc light is generally used, there are cases, such as in small towns, and where the foliage is dense, when this system may be used to advantage. Fan motors, such as operate the fans in hotels and halls, are here open to examination, as are also sockets for street lamps, constant current arc dynamos, automatic regulators and commutators represent part of the machinery for generating power, while arc lamps, hanger-boards, hoods and weather-protectors form part of the lighting paraphernalia. To look at these is like living in a new world, where all is strange and weird, for over these machines hover life and death. 226 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. United States— Exhibit No. i, Electricity Building. UNITED STATES— EXHIBIT No. 2, ELECTRICITY BUILDING. Here we have one of the largest single exhibits in the Exposition. All that electricity has cione is shown in this display ; the secret means of transmitting power lies before us. We see inductive coils, and converters of the latest types, with direct and alternating dynamos, fitted for railroads or stationary machinery. Here, coiled up like a great serpent, lies the cable through which electric whispers circle round the world. It is sur- prising to think that forty years ago, there was not an inch of such cable in existence, and that now it girdles the planet thrice. Some of the motors that we gaze on, are the Jacks of all trades of the mechanical world ; some of the large organs in our great cities are furnished power by them, and they are found to do the work better, and more steadily than water-power or steam ; they are applied also to mining plants, printing-presses, wood-working machinery and even to the cutting of gems by lapidists. When it is understood that one of these motors consists of thirty-six parts, it will readily be seen that great care must be observed in their con- struction. The motors for railroads here are. said to be the best in the world; they have wrought a revolution in railroad travel : hardly more than six years ago, the public was obliged, in large cities, to travel in dirty, slow- going trams, drawn by horses, worn out and shabby, or by lazy mules, or else in smoky, dust-begrimed cars; electricity applied to street car travel has changed all this. Now some of the more enterprising electric street railway companies have handsome palace cars, fitted up luxuriously with cushioned seats, carpeted floors, and paneled in the choicest woods. These cars are propelled by electricity, generated at a central station, and trans- mitted through a trolley-wire running parallel between the tracks, about eighteen feet above the ground, and carried through the trolley arm of the car into the motor, which is situated between the wheels under the body of the car. It is easily controlled by a lever worked by tlie motorman, and it can be propelled backward or for- ward at a rate of eighteen to twenty-five miles an hour. In this exhibit we also find every appurtenance for electric lighting, with cut-out boxes, pole, and hoods, and special weather-protectors. They are fortunate, indeed, who looking at these machines and devices, are able to uriderstand their mysteries. 228 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. United States— Exhibit No. 2, Electricity Building. FRANCE -ELECTRlCiTY DUILDING. If there is anything in whicli the French excel, it is in tliose finer phases of science which deal with the practical use of electricity. The French Exhibit in tlnis building is not very large, and at first glance would not seem to be very interesting, but a very little time suffices to absorb our interest and hold our attention. Here are electric search-lights, said to be the finest in the world, though Germany contests that claim. Around us are also all things used in telegraphy: wires, cables, keyboards, and a complete model of an underground system. The secrets of the speaking wires are laid bare, that all may see and wonder. Those plain wires so oddly twisted have a deep meaning for the intelligent mind. The French not only exhibit their progress in using electricity, but show quite a library of volumes on the subject. It is evident that a great literature on the subject has grown in the last few years. The application of electricity to the plating of metals forms one branch of this exhibit ; spoons, ladles, rings and cups, demonstrating the art, are shown with a large number of galvan- ized bronze ornaments. Perhaps the most curious use to which electricity is put is in its application to dentistry, both in filling and in extracting teeth, yet so thoroughly has this giant of the air been disciplined that it is confidently predicted that electric dentistry will soon be general. True to their genius, the French have also applied electricity to musical instruments, several of which are exhibited. The French are excellent cooks, as we all know, and it is hardly to be wondered at that they have trained electricity to perform the duties of the kitchen. In the gallery of this building, they have a fine exhibit of electric cooking apparatus. The French exhibit is in the centre of the building, occupying two blocks, both numbered i6; she has, however, three or four other exhibits in the northwest and northwestern bay of the edifice. Our picture represents the exhibit of Lighthouse lamps, being the most modern of their kind. One is said to be of 200,000 candle-power, the brightest light on earth. Looking at the reflectors, even in the daytime, one cannot help admiring the ingenuily with which the powerful light is utilized. The application of electricity to surgery and therapeutics, as also of the electric current for the diagnosis of disease, forms a special feature of the French exhibit. Copyrighted b'j the bond's Columbian Ex/josition. France — Electricity Building. GERMANY— ELECTRICITY BUILDING. Germany's exhibit in this building is as various as her genius in other departments; they are in a sort of jumble, however; here is a system of telegraphic instruments extending from the infancy of the art to the present time; surveying instruments, with all the latest improvements form an excellent showing, and electric watches, that can be consulted as well by night as by day, are by no means uninteresting. We hear much of the logs kept by seamen as to the distance traveled, and also the latitude and longitude; in old times illiterate captains pored for hours over their books trying to set down these items; now electricity has stepped in to their assistance, and they can call this force to their aid. Galvanic batteries and physicians' appliances are also here, and prove that if (as some assert) medicine is not a science but a grand system of guesswork, it has at least brought science to its aid in excellent fashion. An electric machine for testing the level of water is another curiosity, and serves to enhance our opinion of German ingenuity. These are only instruments, however; the very part of the exhibit that the careless would pass by without notice, is in some respects the most impor- tant. There is a great display here of cables and transmitting material, cast steel, and iron wire, as also of copper and bronze for telegraphs, telephone, and electric cables with fencing wire ropes, steel barb fencing, and galvanizers. They may seem of little moment, but without them, electricity would be, as far as its service to man is concerned, a giant without arms. But, if the lightnings of the heavens have been put to use, they must also be restrained from doing damage to man, so we find here lightning-rods for vessels as well as other structures, not differing essentially from our own, but all warranted to hold at bay the tyrant of the sky, and balk his evil intentions. To those who are slow at figures, an electric reckoning-machine would be a great boon. We find one here which, in the truest sense, is a lightning calculator that keeps pace with the swiftest mind on earth. Of course there are motors here, too many to describe, but a more interesting exhibit is made of electnc street cars, which are run from Lauffen to Frankfort on the Main, a distance of 12 tr miles, said to be the longest stretch of electric transmission power in the world. 2^2 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Germany— Electricity Building. GREAT BRITAIN— GENERAL VIEW, ELECTRICITY BUILDING. Great Britain appeals to our attention in a very different manner from tliat of Germany. There is nothing noisy, nothing massive here. All is suggestive, telling the story of what might be, rather than what is. The first thing we notice is an electric speaking apparatus, intendecl to take the place of the telephone, with no batteries or electric calls, but a system of tubes, through which a natural and intelligible conversation may be conducted for a great distance. Another invention may be very valuable. It consists of a pneumatic sluice valve which enables carriers to be dispatched to any part of a large building, without stopping the flow of air, thus greatly increasing their capacity for work. One firm shows switches and switch-boards, which are intended for use in central station work, or where several dynamos are to be run together, and are so constructed that any dynamo can be run to any circuit, without interference with the lights; the leads from the dynamo enter at the bottom row of binding-posts, and tlie lines are also connected with the top row of posts; by use of the transfer-pins which accompany each switch-board, any test can be made either for current or electro motive force, or even for leakage, without in any way breaking the force of the circuit. One very useful invention is the electric heater seen here; the inventor feels sure that the time will soon come when houses and whole streets will be, not only lighted, but also heated with electricity; when furnaces, stoves and steam heaters will be dispensed with, and we shall enjoy the luxury of houses free from coal dust, and the unpleasant effluvia of steam. We hope the time will soon come, and we feel very kindly to this machine, that may help to bring it about. But that on which Great Britain particularly prides herself is her system of telegraphy ; she exhibits telegraphic apparatus dating from 1837, the year of Victoria's coronation, including the first specimen of under- ground work practically used ; early five and double needle instruments, with a series of improvements, were gradually adopted. This is a most instructive display, and shows that the work of our countryman, Morse, was not only appreciated in England, but caught up and improved upon in a marvelous manner. Those who call Englishmen slow, may learn something from the mother country yet in this exhibit here in America. 234 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Great Britain— General View, Electricity Building. GREAT BRITAIN— COMBINED ENGINE AND DYNAMO, ELECTRICITY BUILDING. American engineers and mechanics lead tine world in most things, but in the construction of machines such as this, we are unfortunately far behind. The real cause for this is probably due to the limited market found here, and not to the dullness or incapacity of our mechanics. Large and relatively slow-speed generators, coupled to vertical compound engines of several hundred horse-power, are the general European practice. European capitalists are satisfied with smaller and slower returns for their investments, and are contented with slow-speed engines, which are alone possible to the prevailing forms of construction there. This is a fast country, rush and hurry govern our lives; we get off at a railway station, and eat a meal in five minutes that would take a European an hour to masticate, and everything else is in proportion. Our running machinery must be faster running, and take up less space, and produce greater results, for every dollar expended. A slow-speed generator, or dynamo, must be looked upon with great favor by lighting and railway companies in this country. Every transformation or transmission of energy is a loss of money, and it is consequent that when the crank shaft of the engine is the armature shaft of the dynamo, the loss is greatly minimized. The normal resistance of an armature is strictly torsional, and the difference v/ill be quickly appreciated between the power required when spinning it by the end, against that required to drive it under the transverse strain of a heavy belt. Space is also saved; fully twice as much generating capacity, with like accessibility and convenience, can be gotten into a given floor space, with a coupled dynamo, as compared with a direct belted generator. In the item of attendance and maintenance, the coupled generator possesses evident advantages in eliminating the belt account wholly, and largely reducing the oil and waste account. The humming noise consequent upon the use of belting is entirely absent; in fact, the comfort of operation, as well as the economy in expenditure, alike recommend it. The attention paid to this engine by those who visit the Fair, and are of a mechanical turn of mind, is the best testimonial to its value, and -we shall see as a result its larger adoption throughout the country. It is an urgent orator, whose voice we must hear, if we would hold the sceptre in this line. 236 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Great Britain— Combined Engine and Dynamo, Electricity Building. LOOKING SOUTH FROM WOODED ISLAND. This picture is tal Xi a> 3 a CLIFF-DWELLERS. This picture represents one of the most unique exhibits of the Fair, and most interesting to the American archaeologist. It seems to rise right up from the level road, with great seams and fissures in its sides, two of them being entrances. The people, walking on top of it, look like mere pygmies, the height is so great. One can hardly believe that it is not a work of nature, it is so realistic. It is modeled after Battle Rock Mountain, in Colorado. Entering, we find ourselves in a new world ; the last castles of an extinct race are before us ; one set of buildings represents the ruins found in Mancas Canon, and is so placed as to resemble, as neariy as possible, the place of its discovery. It is high up on a rock, the only way of reaching it being by fibre ladders. The structures have a castellated appearance, and are many storied. The walls are slit here and there to secure light, and the doors are without the arch, the lintels being long blocks of stone, or heavy logs of wood, laid squarely on their supports. Mortar and cement have been used in their construction, and the stones have been squared by some unknown instrument, as no iron has yet been found in the ruins, Another series of these buildings is high up in the cave, and set in a lofty rift. It resembles some cliff dwellings which have never been entered by white men, as no means of approach has been found. On one side of this structure, the rooms of the cliff-dwellers are shown ; they are all circular, with cemented floors and curious fireplaces, having a draught peculiar to these buildings. The cliff-dwellers buried their dead in their own Inouses, by making a sort of stone chest or coffin, and putting the corpse in with the knees doubled up to the chin ; sometimes the limbs were broken in the operation. Several mummies were found in these curious coffins. One of these great cliff palaces had tv/enty-three rooms, twenty-two feet long. The buildings had store-houses in them for grain and food; the floors were formed by laying heavy beams over the walls of the lower story; smaller timber was placed transversely over these; then twigs and brush, with a heavy coating of cement, were placed over all. A museum, in one of the chambers, contains many valuable relics of the race, such as mummies, skulls, bones, pottery, pieces of cloth, weapons, and tools. 318 Cliff = Dwellers. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. RUINS OF UXMAL. In the department of anthropology, there is one great exhibit that could not be housed in the building, called in the catalogues, " The Ruins of Yucatan," but consisting mainly of Ruins from Uxmal. These interesting remains stand in front of the Antliropological Building, and look weird and strange amid their modern surroundings. They were built ages before Columbus discovered America, probably by the Toltecs or Chicmecs, and prove that a very ancient civilization existed on this continent. The original materials were marble and lime-stone ; the keystone is absent, the stone-work being kept in position by the weight of the stone above it. The central building is from the ruins of Labna, and is a good illustration of the nearest approach to an arch made by the ancient inhabitants of Yucatan. To get at these ruins, a jungle tangle had to be chopped away, but their state of preservation is wonderful. The House of the Serpent is also shown ; the body of the great feathered serpent, Kukulkan, is carved into the stone-work, all ab(xit the building. In another place we see the so-called " House of the Governor," from the ruins of Uxmal, then " The House of the Nuns," with portions of the same great structure. There are also two monoliths here, with specimens of curious carving, and tablets covered with hieroglyphics. The bases of the buildings are covered with vegetation, and the stones which we see are some that fell from the original ruins. Looking at this picture, we cannot fail to be struck with the skill shown in tlieir construction. The race capable of erecting such edifices, must have advanced far on the road to civilization ; the architecture is entirely original ; no buildings yet discovered in the world resemble them. The altars are riclily decorated with conventional sculpture, and in some cases huge tablets covered with inscriptions prove that this race was not without literary capacity. Deep in the Central American wilderness, many such ruins are found; of course, they were originally the great structures of large cities, but the houses of the poorer classes have perished, leaving only palaces and temples. We know, however, that these cities were inhabited by a gentle race, whose offerings to their gods were water, flowers and fruits ; and who, unlike the fiercer Aztecs, were averse to bloodshed; their policy was communistic, much as that of the Zunis to-day. 320 Ruins of Uxmal. Copyrighted by the World's Coiunibian Exposliiu MOVABLE SIDEWALK. This curious structure extends the full length of the pier and, when crowded with people, presents a very interesting spectacle. It will accommodate ^6io persons, who are carried along at various speed; part of the walk moves at the rate of three miles an hour, and the remainder at six miles : three hundred and fifteen cars suppoi't the structure, making a chain 4300 feet long ; the propelling power is formied by ten street car motors, and the wire and trolleys are concealed beneath the platform, so that we move along, little suspecting the power that impels us. The seats will hold four persons and, if a passenger desires, he can step with comparative ease from one platform to another. This pier is large enough to hold about 40,000 persons, and has few equals in length in the world. Its construction was commenced in September 1892, and it required over three months to finish it; it covers over thirteen acres of ground; a vast amount of timber, 6^00 cords of stone, and 151 tons of iron were used in its construction. The piles on which it stands are thirty-five feet in length, the water about the pier is from six to eighteen feet in depth, and the piles are driven deep into the bed of the lake. There are two or three other curious methods of locomotion at the Fair ; on the Midway Plaisance, we see the Sliding Railway, an elevated structure, the rails of which are broad and flat on top ; there are no wheels, so the car is supported on iron shoes, hollowed out and resting upon the rail; the water is fed into the hollow of the shoe and escapes, by pressure, between the rails. The Ice Railway is another curiosity in this line ; at first sight, it looks like a great toboggan slide ; it occupies a space sixty by four hundred feet ; real ice and snow lie between the tracks, it is made by the refrigerating machinery of a great New York concern; the total length of the tracks is eight hundred and seventy-five feet; the sleighs glide merrily along, filled with happy people whose laughter mingles with the jingling of the bells. It is curious to see people sleighing with the thermometer at go degrees, but we are so cloyed with wonders here that nothing surprises us greatly. Everywhere there is motion ; electric Launches, Gondolas, the Intramural Railway, the Sliding Railway, the Ice Railway, and the Movable Sidewalk; land and water alike are alive with happy people. 322 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Movable Sidewalk. TERMINAL RAILWAY BUILDING. At last we have reached the grounds ; we step off on the platform and, having secured oui' tickets, pass through the gates on to a wide, covered platform with several entrances opening into the Terminal Station. Thirty-five tracks run into this station, and it is said that forty-three thousand passengers may be loaded at once on its trains. The building is lofty, its aisles stretching in long avenues on either side, as we pass through. Here are first-class restaurants and refreshment-rooms, with cigar-stands and places for the sale of trinkets and souvenirs. There is a gallery in the second story from which the multitudes, as they land, may be conveniently seen and studied. The high, white walls give an impression of coolness, which is the more marked from the glare without. The front of the building is extremely handsome, entirely in keeping with the splendid architecture of the other structures on the grounds. Passing through, we are directly before the Administration Building, and the glimpse we get of the Grand Basin beyond, and the great buildings on either side, gives us a very fair momentary idea of the grandeur of this Exposition. To the south of us. Machinery Hall looms up, not only a triumph of the Fair, but a tribute to the mechanical genius of the whole world. To the north, the red Trans- portation Building appears, while that is flanked by the structure devoted to Mines and Mining. Looking upv/ard, the golden dome of the Administration Building towers far above us, a triumph of art and beauty. We pass through this building and, under the great rotunda, we find a model of the United States Treasury Building at Washington, made out of silver coin. This is really the only exhibit here, as all the other rooms are devoted to administrative purposes. Here is the general rendezvous for those v/ho have arranged to meet friends, as the vast, empty hall, save for a few settees at the sides, enables one to distinguish persons readily, while in the other buildings we are lost in a maze of avenues and lanes. It is extremely pleasant to be thus set down in the very heart of this "White City," and from this point, to wander out to glean our little harvest of knowledge and entertainment. The means provided to bring strangers from the city to the Fair Grounds are as ample and as excellent as could be desired. By land and water, every convenience is afforded. 324 4 la ^ III / i i priv • ' TflTT- t?^ [-*» S C a CQ RHODE ISLAND BUILDING. Even little Rhode Island felt that she could not afford to be absent from the galaxy of States represented at the Fair. Her building is of two stories, and cost ^10,000. She contributed $5'o,ooo toward the State exhibit and has presented her attractive little building to Chicago. There are many interesting things in this cottage. We enter a square reception-room, and to the left notice a marble mantel. At first, it does not appear very interesting, but a glance at the card above us informs us that it came from the old colonial mansion in Providence, Rhode Island, in which the plan was formed for the destruction of the British naval schooner, "Gaspee," which plan was executed by the citizens of Providence, June 9, 1772. This was really the beginning of the Revolution, and was the first naval battle fought, to be soon followed by tlie capture of the "Matthias" off the coast of Maine. The building lias recently been pulled down to make way for a block, but the original parlor was purchased intact by William R. Talbot, of William Street, Providence, Rhode Island. He has incor- porated it in his own house. There is an interesting portrait of Major Barton, who captured the British Major Preston in a somewhat ridiculous manner and another excellent portrait of Commodore Oliver H. Perry, v/hose motto, borrowed from the heroic Lawrence, was, "Don't give up the ship." An insignificant little print in a rude, old-fashioned looking frame is well worthy of special attention. It represents the Vernon House, still standing at the corner of Clark and Mary Streets, Providence, Rhode Island. It was loaned by its owner, during the Revolution, to Louis XVI., of France, for the accommodation of the French soldiers under Count de Rochambeau, who came to aid tlie cause of Liberty. The frame, which looks so insignificant, is made from the wood of the house of Joseph, the youngest son of Roger Williams. Tliere are also pictures of many of the colonial governors, among them that of Governor William Codington is especially fine. There is a very pretty little parlor for ladies, attractively furnished, and well patronized by the fair sex of Rhode Island who come to the Fair. The general interior tone is cream color, and the cottage effect of the building is relieved by the large Ionic pillars, which tower on either side of the main entrance. 422 Rhode Island Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition- SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING. There are ii,ooo feet of floor space in the State Building of South Dakota. The building is in the Romanesque style ; the exterior is gray, and it has a beautiful pillared entrance. Polished sandstone and jasper are arranged in semicircular forms over the main portal. The pillars are of very highly polished stone and give a beautiful effect to the building. As one enters, there are small parlors on either side, looking cool and comfortable. Passing these, we find ourselves beneath a rotunda which lets in a flood of light. To our right, a large number of petrifactions are on view; many of them being whole sections of trees, the largest about three feet in diameter. The wood has become agatized, and is very rich in color. There is one particularly beautiful specimen from Arizona. A Swiss chalet composed of many colored minerals with gabled marble roof is a very ingenious and interesting object. South Dakota must have some very precocious young people within its borders, for there is a model of a miner's cabin built of tiny logs, and also showing the methods of small placer-mining pursued in that State. The model was made by a boy fourteen years old, a resident of Deadwood, South Dakota. In the centre of the rotunda, a column surmounted by an eagle rises, and close by are some tine specimens of tin ore and blocked tin. Silver ore and rough blocks of jasper may be seen close by the tin exhibit. In a small room adjoining, i6o varieties of sweet-smelling grasses surround the wall; and in the centre of the room, a great variety of preserved fruits in glass jars are on view. A large South Dakota sheep, with very small head and huge fleece, greatly resembling the Merino breed, surmounts the fruit exhibit. There are also a great variety of fossils in this building, many of them of antediluvian animals of mammotJT proportion. South Dakota appears to be rich in these ancient remains. There are also committee and reception-rooms in the building, for ladies and gentlemen. At the entrances, huge blocks of the red sand- stone of which the Indians used to carve their peace-pipes, may be seen. The building is a veritable museum of interesting objects, and deserves the evident attention it receives from visitors, who appreciate the rapid strides which have been made by the far Western States in all matters pertaining to progress. 424 South Dakota Building. Copyrighted by the Woiia's Columbian Exposition. NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, AND OKLAHOMA BUILDING. These three Territories liave in common constructed a very attractive building. Each subscribed ^25'oo toward the cost of erection. Arizona contributed ^30,000, New Mexico ^2^,000, and Oklahoma $2^00, toward their exhibits in other departments. Their building is 120 feet square; in front of the building rises a huge cube of coal, and on either side cacti tower over twelve feet high. A large rockery is covered with plants of the same species, though of smaller growth. Entering, we find ourselves in a comparatively small room, the walls of which are hung with Indian curiosities. Our attention is immediately attracted to a magnificent war bonnet consisting of a head-band of colored eagle feathers, with two long bands descending from it, the feathers standing straight out and highly colored. These are intended to fall down the back of the wearer. Tlie matei'ials used are eagles' feathers, porcupine quills, and Iroquois shells. Articles of wearing apparel, made of buckskin and oi'namented with beads and colors, show that the Apaches are not destitute of vanity. The room in wliich we are is rendered very attractive by a frieze of corn and grasses, with designs of the same around the v/alls. There is in the New Mexico room a goodly display of Pueblo curiosities. One entire side is occupied by idols of every size, and in all sorts of grotesque attitudes, some of them greatly resembling monkeys, and others mere square blocks, with holes perforated in them, to show where the features should be. We are not prepared for tl^e line display of potteries and household utensils accredited to the worshipers of such crude deities. Yet in the ceramic art they certainly excel, as this display clearly proves, while some of their textile fabrics are firmly woven and tastefully colored. We have here a good opportunity to compare the civilization of the Pueblos with that of the so-called cliff-dwellers, and it is greatly in favor of the former. The pottery of the latter is ruder, and their fabrics are less skillfully manipulated. These curiosities were collected by the ladies of San Juan County, New Mexico. The glaze used on some of the large bowls made by the Pueblos is a secret known only to the Indians; it is very durable and brilliant. Upstairs there are reception-rooms, hung round with gaudy Indian blankets. Many other valuable exhibits are in the building. 426 Copyrijhteil bij the WorlilS Columbian Exposition. New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma Building. TEXAS BUILDING. The Texas Building is in the style of the old Spanish Mission, identified with the early history of the State. The dimensions of the building are 85' by 2^0 feet, and it is 70 feet high. The private subscriptions of the State toward the Exposition amounted to ^300,000, of whicli the great city of Galveston contributed fully one-lialf. The building is delightfully located, being surrounded by trees, which gives a delicate tone to the white staff. A very handsome piazza, decorated with palms and flowers extends around the building. As we enter, we notice small parlors on either side which open out on the piazza. Passing these, we find ourselves in a large square central hall, the walls of which are tinted Egyptian red. At one end of the hall there is a platform raised about three feet above the fioor; back of tlie platform there is a large picture of General Sam Houston, called the Dawn of Texan Liberty. It is a very fine picture, well-calculated to recall those stern and bloody days, when men of iron nerve and indomitable courage lifted the Lone Star banner against the tyranny and oppression of Mexico, and for a time stood alone a sovereign State without associates. Standing there in the dim cloistral light, we think of the heroic defence of the Alamo, and the ultimate massacre of many of its brave defenders. It seems like a lesson in ancient history, and it is very hard indeed to realize that only very recently some of the last participators in those bloody frays have passed away. On the panels above the pillars, the lone star — white, on a red ground — is frequently repeated, and between these emblems many beautiful fiags are hung. The second fioor is taken up with a gallery of prettily ornamented arches, and glass doors at the side which separate the gallery from cool verandas, shaded by trees and littered with easy-chairs. Narrow stairs ascend to the turrets from the gallery, and a fine view may be obtained by those who care to climb. The prevailing feeling as we enter this building is one of rest and quietness. It is safe to say that for privacy mingled with placid sociability, none of the State buildings can compare with that of Texas. There are many curiosities and relics in the building appertaining to the history of Texas. The State is an Empire in itself, and its exhibits show the immense progress that has been made in every brancli of science and industry. 428 Texas Building. Copyrighted bij the World's Columbian Exposition. UTAH BUILDING. The building of this great Territory is of two stories, 48 by 84 feet in surface extent. As we approach it, we are greeted by a lieroic bronze statue of Brigham Young, the father of tlie Territory, and the Grand High Priest of Mormonism. Before we enter, we pass through a gate which is a fac-simile of the " Eagle Gate " of Salt Lake City. It consists of four pillars, the first two of which are surmounted by an eagle with outspread wings which forms the apex of the arch. There is a semicircle, or portico, supported by Ionic pillars in front. Entering, we find ourselves in a semicircular chamber, to the right is an exhibit of boots and shoes made in Salt Lake City, and a little beyond that is one of the most interesting displays to be found on the Exposition grounds; two large cases, one against the wall and another upon a stand near by, are devoted entirely to the remains of the Cliff Dwellers, that ancient race which inhabited America before the light of history dawned on these shores. In February of this year, 1893, a rich discovery was made ; some of the Cliff tombs were opened, and mummies, surrounded by their domestic utensils and weapons of war, were found. In the case against the wall, there are nine skulls, evidently those of a very intelligent race; there are also complete mummies of a man, a woman and a child, with pottery, trays, wooden swords, stone axes, and very many other curious articles, the use of some of which is unknown. In the case near by are the contents of one of these dwellings which was opened February 16, 1893. The mummy of a large man, evidently a chief, forms the centre of the collection ; around him there are a large number of articles which were buried with him ; bundles of thin sticks, the use of which is not known ; matting made of river flag, which was found under the mummy, gourds, pottery, wooden swords, mats and axes ; in fact, all the wealth of that primeval race is here gathered. There are many other pre-historic Indian relics arranged in the cases around the room. There is a good collection of modern Navajo jewelry, fabrics of various kinds, Indian cradles, moccasins, arrow cases and the like. One is surprised to find some very beautiful specimens of Utah silk, manufactured in Salt Lake City, with remarkably handsome laces and veils, showing the progress and industry of the people of Utah. 430 V ■j^*^^ "'^•^^ ^i^^^r^v*-- .^^iS^^m ^^JK.. '"' .^^Wt^i^^^k' yiwA-jjiJ HBRiT*J7;|S!Qp|?u . 1 '.t'ltw ■^^■fejc^^>^[fflW Bpwilw^a^y ■?^ -.^ ^:^^ffl| ^^^Sfe. •C^M^ ■■-'^M HhP' • - ^^^^^hH Hk^^^^ r^^-J^' VraB^^^^H lE^ p^rsr "-""^ i^HM ^^^^ [pi^^lH^SH HH^Sfai'v^.Iffi^ -- — — ^ — II 1 1 1 III ^ , f ^^t^asiMHH^Hn^^sTjl^ [r^^^MHentf r^- •.-•;!^ I !" :i* J^. ir! r *r *hff?!!!n»i iiVAm •-^ " ^ *^ rt(. ^*^ Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Utah Building. VERMONT BUILDING. To say that the building erected by the State of Vermont is original would be but lightly expressive of the truth. It is unique. There is nothing like it on the Fair grounds, probably not in the world at the present time. When the visitor first enters it there is a slight feeling of disappointment ; one looks in vain for exhibits, but after a little time it dawns on the more intelligent that the building is itself an exhibit, and truly wonderful. It is in the Pompeiian style of architecture made familiar by the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Passing under a carved portal, we enter a paved court-yard. The floors of the court-yard and the pavilion are of marble, from the quarries in Rutland, Vermont. In tlie centre of the yard there is a very handsome fountain representing youth renewing the stream of life. The fountain and basin are also of stone quarried in the State. To the right and left of the court-yard are the reception- and toilet-rooms, very neat and comfortable. The chief point of attraction, however, is the pavilion in the centre. From a shaft on either side two figures rise repre- senting the greatest industries of the State, agriculture and quarrying; four beautiful caryatides form the supporting pillars of the portal ; they are splendid figures and produce an extremely rich effect. There is a semicircular Pompeiian window v/ith figures representing " Freedom" and " Unity" above the portal. Entering, we find ourselves in a circular chamber floored with marble. The only furniture is a table and a fev^' chairs with a full- size painting of Chief-Justice Morrill, done in oil. The marble of wliich all the floors are made is especially noticeable. Thousands of the men of Vermont are engaged in quarrying ; in fact, it is one of the chief industnes of the State. Much of this stone is used for monumental purposes ; it is so fine and may be so beautifully polished. In the town of Barre alone a single granite quarry covers more than seventy acres, and more will be worked in a short time. Most of the workmen are of native stock, for Vermont has fewer for- eigners in proportion to its population than any other State in the Union. One of her exhibits is unique and praiseworthy; in a special building near the V/hite Horse Inn, the art of making maple sugar is shown; the thin sap is placed in huge boilers and boiled down till it becomes a thick syrup. 4?2 Vermont Building. Copyrighted bij the Worla's Columbian Exposition. VIRGINIA BUILDING. Virginia has done wisely in giving us a fac-simile of Mt. Vernon, that historic structure so long occupied by George V/ashington. On entering, the library hrst attracts our attention. Under the ancient mantel, violins over one hundred years old may be seen, and above it there is a clock one hundred and thirty years of age. A large cabinet of relics covers one entire side of the room. In it there is a tea-caddy which belonged to Martha Washington ; a knife found in Washington's secretary after his death, his cup and saucer, sword and cane, with many other valuable relics. Opposite, a large bookcase is hlled with the works of Virginia authors, though it is only a partial display, as many could not be secured. Entering another room, we see George Washington's secretary and a small table which were once his property. There is also a fac-simile of a harpsichord, presented by Washington to his adopted daughter, Nellie Custis. In one corner of the room may be seen Dolly Madison's piano, from the home of President Madison, Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia. Another room is occupied by a large statue of Andromache and Astyanax, by Ed. V. Valentine, of Richmond, Virginia. Ascending the stairs, we are confronted on the first landmg by a Grand-Father's Clock, which has kept accurate time for over a century. In one of the small rooms, the plain secretary once used by John Randolph, of Roanoke, may be seen. In another, there is an old four-post bedstead with curtains, an exact fac-simile of that on which George Washington died. Opposite the hall is the Nellie Custis room, in which is a bed supposed to have been occupied by that fortunate young lady; and, more interesting than all, a time-stained chest of drawers once the property of Mary, the revered mother of the Father of his Country; this relic is probably two hundred years old. Several of the rooms are closed; among them that occupied by La Fayette, and the River room. The house is marvelously rich in relics ; one of the curious exhibits in the library is a cloak made entirely from the feathers of the Virginia wild turkey, a bird now almost extinct in that State. There are some fine etchings on the wall, the work of a young lady, and the many rooms of the edifice have a savor of antiquity that is very fascinating. It is continually thronged by crowds of visitors. 434 Virginia Building. Copyrighttd by the World's Columbian Exposition. WASHINGTON BUILDING. Washington, as if to do lionor to her new Statehood, has erected a truly remarl< feet in diameter, floats the Stars and Stripes. Within, there is a model farm, 38 by 48 feet, and a single block of coal weighing 50,250 pounds. There is also a thirteen-foot Mammoth, the largest ever found in tlie world. The whole makes a very unique and interesting collection. Washington has shown her patriotism grandly. Though so lately admitted as a State, her legislature contributed $100,000 toward her exhibits. At the Fair she has large displays in the Departments of Mines and Mining, Fisheries, Electricity, Live Stock, Transportation and the Fine Arts. Her building is an exhibition in itself, and worthily reveals her wealth of ore, timber, marble and granite. Though this is her first exhibit, she compares favorably with her older sisters, and impresses the beholder with a sense of the inexhaustible resources and boundless possibilities of our new commonwealths. Though Washington is the extreme northwestern of our States, her energy and enthusiasm mark her the peer of her older and mightier neighbors, and give promise of making her a formidable rival in the near future. 436 Washington Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. INTERIOR VIEW— WASHINGTON BUILDING. The scene represented in our picture forms a very unique and ingenious exlnibit in the Washington Building. It is a model farm, and beautifully illustrates the life and labor of the agriculturist; here is the home of the farmer of the far West, a plain structure enough, but in houses such as these we fmd a large share of the best brain and muscle of the country. The barn is also a feature; wherever land is good and the farmer is prosperous, we find large roomy barns, and this is no exception, but forms a good advertisement for the soil. In another place we see how the rich earth is broken up ; the fat furrows lie before us, long and straight and even. We think of early spring mornings long ago, when the smell of the fresh-turned earth filled the air, and the unjaded horses answered with alacrity to the rein of the singing farmer. In another place we see the standing grain, each stalk separate; it must have required a great deal of labor and patience to produce this. Here a reaper is mowing down the grain, and raking and binding as it moves; while, close by, a threshing- machine waits to receive its golden tribute. In one corner of the field a little cook-house stands, where the farmer and his men eat the midday meal ; these people are much too busy to waste time by going to the house, so they live in tlie harvest-field through the long day, and lead a sort of gypsy-like existence till the crop is gathered in. To many of the foreigners who have come to see the Fair, scenes like these are of special interest. Everything here is on such a vast scale, that it is refreshing to take in at a glance the whole economy of a great farm. With machinery such as this, our farmers have conquered glorious crops from the soil, and made the wilderness blossom into waving fields of bannered corn, and oceans of rippling golden grain. We think, as we gaze, of the myriad acres in our new States still waiting to be brought under cultivation, and we thank God for a land so broad, so fertile, and so prodigal in fertility, where every man of pluck and industry may thrive. The beauty of the State of Washington lies in the fact that its population is largely from the New England States — a race ready in resource, fertile in plans, and sure to make the most of the splendid oppor- tunities afforded by a virgin soil, and a new country, which will take centuries at least to exhaust. 438 Interior View— Washington Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition, TIMBER— WASHINGTON BUILDING. The huge logs we see in this picture came from the Paget Sound region of the State of Washington, whicii has a very large area of forests. The capacity of the lumber-mills of the State is nearly 800,000,000 feet per year, most of them being in the Puget Sound country. Some of her woods are very valuable; yellow and red fw form the most considerable part of the forests of the country. These trees grow to a great height, and make excellent lumber; white and red cedar also abound, and when polished are very beautiful. The largest trees are of the white pine species ; some of them growing to proportions truly magnificent. One of the curious features of the Exposition is the great variety of woods from the different States, and the diverse forms in which they are exhibited; some are simply in the log, left rough as it came from the forest; others are in slabs, polished to shov/ the delicate grain and texture ; and some of the logs are split down the middle to show the heart of the timber. A section of one great tree shows that it was a sapling when Columbus discovered America. Another has a large room in it, through which the multitude pass, as many as twenty persons remaining in it at one time. A great deal of interest is now being taken in forestry ; many of the States found their woods so rapidly decreasing, that it was feared that tlie rainfall would be seriously affected ; this led to the planting of many trees ; some States having a special day set apart, when the children of tlie public schools take part in the useful work. In Germany, forestry has long been a special science; on the estates of great noblemen, and in the government woods, the greatest care is taken of the trees by the forest-master; the dying branches are carefully lopped ; a sufficient space is left around each tree to give it light and air, and in some cases the bark is carefully scraped to free it from fungous growths. The Russian government has also begun to take great care of her forests, for it has been found that the health of the population is seriously affected by the destruction of the trees. Even in Egypt, tree-planting has become common and, even with a short experience, it has been found that the rainfall is greatly increased. It is possible to stand now with one foot on the desert and the other on cultivated soil. 440 Copyrighted by the Worla's Columbian Exposition. Timber — Washington Building. WEST VIRGINIA BUILDING. The cost of the State Building of West Virginia was |2o,ooo. The wood, of which the interior of the building is constructed, is of the finest sycamore the State could afford, and it takes a very handsome finish. The work also was accomplished by West Virginia mechanics. As we pass the low portal, we see a very handsome fireplace with a deer's head over it. The hreplace is also of sycamore hnely wrought. It is in the second story that the most interesting objects are to be found. To the right of the entrance is the desk at which Generals Lee and Grant signed the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, which practically ended the Civil War. It is of plain mahogany, and by no means an elaborate piece of furniture. Beside it, is the couch on which the two generals sat while they discussed the terms of capitulation. These interesting objects are the property of Mrs. H. E. Spilman, the second daughter of Major William McLean, at whose house the surrender was made; she resides at Spilman, Mason County, West Virginia. The secretary and couch are for sale; the former for ^2000, the latter for )j^iooo. There are some excellent pictures (^n the wall, but an insig- nificant-looking glass case contains objects of much greater importance. One is the original entry for the execution of Major Andre, given from the headquarters at Orangetown, New Jersey, and calling for the execu- tion to take place precisely at five o'clock, October i, 1780, \vh\ch is in tlie handwriting of George Washington. There are also many relics of John Brown; two of his pipes and a pistol taken from him at Harper's Ferry; the original order for his execution by Governor Wise, and endorsed by the sheriff, as also a section of the rope with which he was hanged. Besides these are several autograph letters of the most prominent Confederate generals ; six of General Robert E. Lee's to Governor Henry A. Wise, and two of the governor's replies. The building is gayly decorated with glass, and the large room in which these curiosities may be found is used as a reading- and writing-room for gentlemen. Tlie oil paintings which hang on the wall are, as a general rule, superior to most of those one sees in the State Buildings, and speak volumes in praise of the artists of West Virginia. Visits to these State Buildings are sure to revolutionize our ideas of interior decorations in America. 442 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition, West Virginia Building. WISCONSIN BUILDING. Wisconsin has a beautiful little State Building whicli cost ^^20,000. The base of the structure is brown stone from the Lake Superior regions. It is in huge wrought solid blocks. Above, it is of pressed brick, while the shingles are from the northern forests of the State. It has a greater look of solidity than any of the buildings made of staff. It is beautifully finished within with hard wood highly polished, and some admirable specimens of mosaic work. The material used is, with the exception of the onyx, from Wisconsin. The arms of the State are sculptured on the front of the building, which is two stories, gabled roof, and has an upper and a lower balcony. We enter a low door, on the left hand of whicli is a package-room, and on the right the State Bureau of Information. The interior is finished in oak and has a rich effect. The statuary in this building is of remarkable excellence, and is the work of women of the State. That entitled the Genius of Wisconsin, by Nellie Farnsworth Meirs, is deserving of more than passing mention. It represents a woman of heroic proportion, her face full of the brightness and strength of chastest love, witl^ an eagle on her shoulder which she caresses with one hand, while her upturned eyes look affectionately upon the sovereign of the air. The figure is half- draped, and its contours, while opulent, are not redundant. The whole design is very impressive. There is another massive female figure standing on a ruggedly-sketched eagle, the back of which has been hollowed out to form a pedestal. The figure holds a folded flag in the right hand. At the head of the broad stair there is a beautiful stained-glass window of Wisconsin workmanship, through which the light filters upon the rich furniture of the interior. In the gallery there is only one object to attract the attention, which is a beautifully- wrought Spanish banner, liearing tlie arms of Castile and Leon, with the inscription: " To Castile and Leon, Columbus gave a New World." It is said the great admiral desired to have this inscription on his monument. In the library, or reading-room, there is a large bookcase filled with the works of Wisconsin authors, which speaks well for the literary intelligence of the State. Wisconsin is well represented in all departments of the Fair. 444 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Wisconsin Building. BRAZIL BUILDING. Next to Germany, the great Republic of Brazil has expended the most money on her building. It is a gorgeous white palace surrounded by grounds artistically laid out. It was erected by a Brazilian architect. The style is in tlie French Renaissance. The exterior is richly carved and the whole is surmounted by a majestic dome with a graceful campanile at each corner. The lower floor is devoted to the exhibition of many varieties of coffee, and products of the forests of the country. Without, there is a beautiful pavilion in which free coffee is served to all who desire it. The pillars of the great central hall are of the Corinthian order, the capitals foliated and heavily gilded. A soft light filters through beautifully stained-glass windov/s, and pervades the building with a rare-toned radiance. Ascending the broad stairs, our attention is first attracted by the green and yellow flag of Brazil. It has a blue centre with twenty white stars representing the twenty provinces or states of the Republic. This upper room is beautiful beyond praise. Above, rises a glorious rotunda supported by a circle of square pillars. Immediately beneath is a pyramid of red plush surrounded by divans and forming a pedestal for a marble statue of Mercury. The upholstering is deserving of mention ; the carpets and draperies alone cost in excess of ^5'ooo. There are immense pictures on the walls, showing great arflstic merit. The largest of all, and not the least excellent in execuflon, represents the taking of the oath of allegiance to Dom Pedro the First. Another is a panorama of Rio de Janeiro, near which is a magnificent profile map of the same place. The rest of fliis floor is occupied by offices and reading-rooms, and in spite of the vast proportions of the building, there is a comfortable air about everything. The roof may be reached by spiral iron stairs, placed one at each side of the northern end of the great upper hall. Ascending to the roof, a glorious view presents itself; the white dome rises like a dream above us, a shapely mountain of snow; the four dainty campaniles make lovely watch-towers; far before us stretch the blue waters of the lake; we look down upon the Fisheries Building, the Administration Building, the Agricultural, the Woman's and the Illinois State Building. The Brazilian Building has no equal among the State and National edifices on the grounds. 446 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Brazil Building. COFFEE GARDEN. There is one thing that America is bound to learn from this Exposition — that is, how to make coffee. : All the republics south of us seem to vie with one another as to which can best tickle the American palate with the grateful and odorous beverage. Guatemala, Venezuela, Costa Rica and Brazil, each serves coffee in her own way, and tries to impress upon the drinker that her own is the very best. Brazil was one of the last countries to be ready to entertain her friends; her splendid building was long under the hands of carpenters, painters and decorators, but now she is fairly in the swim, and the fragrant aroma of excellent coffee greets us; as we drav/ near. That the Brazilian coffee is popular with the multitude, is very evident; the crowd sits around tables, and seems thoroughly to appreciate the treat; we take a seat also, and a nimble-footed damsel brings us a steaming cup of the amber fluid ; we sip it for a moment, and feel that here is indeed coffee ; we have taken coffee with Turks and Egyptians, and found the flavor delightful ; we have dropped into the rustic booth of Costa Rica, and a dark-eyed daughter of the south presented us with a ravishing cup of the beverage Venezuela has also enticed us, but this is best of all ; we think of the muddy mixture, misnamed coffee, sc; often drank in country places; we remember the coffee made of parched corn, and even of the dried crusts o : Boston brown-bread ; all the makeshifts of country life return to us with force, and we ask ourselvei' whether tlie people sitting here will ever be able to return to them. Will not the memory of this coffet forever preclude the use of a poorer beverage ? There is no doubt that Brazil will find the United States a gooi customer for her coffee, for the so-called Mocha wlnich is foisted on our markets, and the fine old govern men Java in common use, are really inferior to this; and there are so many varieties of it; table after table i covered with coffee in sacks, and bags, and cases; even the floors are piled in some places with bags of th, delicious berry, and those in attendance are very ready to explain to us the name and character of each variety These coffee-gardens are useful schools for the housewives of this country, and will enable them to take t!^, their country homes something of the experience of our southern neighbors. 448 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Expositiott. Coffee Garden — Brazil Building. CANADA BUILDING. The Canadkm building rises in front of the medieval structure erected by the Spanish government. It is a very graceful edifice intended as the official headquarters of the Canadian Commission. One side fronts on the Lake, while across the street from it, is the more imposing building of Great Britain; between the two, and within sight of the entrance to the New South Wales Building, the Albert Memorial Fountain is very propedy placed. It is in memory of the husband of Queen Victoria who died in 1861. All the British depend- encies and colonies contributed toward its erection. The grounds about the building are very tastefully laid out. The grass is close-shaven and green as an English lawn, and fountains playing constantly keep the flowers bright with diamond drops that glitter in the sunshine. The wood of which the edifice is composed is from the four great provinces of Canada, and was put together by Canadian workmen. Everything within is distinctively Canadian. Trophies of La Crosse sticks ornament the v/alls, but otherwise the building does not contain any exhibits. It possesses one curiosity, however, in a banner commemorating the battle of Stony Creek, which was fought by the British against the Americans early in the year 1813. Numerous flags hang from the pillars, and greatly brighten the interior. Upstairs there are reception- and lunch-rooms, while a balcony which extends around the building gives- an opportunity to all to enjoy the scenery of the Lake and Jackson Park. The color of the building is a French gray, and the large dome which rises above the structure has a very imposing appearance. The first Canadian exhibit which reached the Fair was very characteristic and in a measure complimentary to this nation. It consisted of thirteen huge logs containing 1^34 feet of lumber. These logs were intended to represent the thirteen original colonies which were the seed of this great Union. Canada is an empire in herself, and the number and value of her exhibits give definite proof of her inex- haustible resources. They embrace a great variety of grain, edible roots, seed, domestic animals, minerals, timber, wool, the products of fisheries and dairies, and a vast variety of manufactured articles. One of her exhibits in the Agricultural Building is a cheese weighing 11 tons; another, a block of pure nickel weighing 4600 pounds. 450 Canada Building. Copyrighted by the Worla's Columbian Exposition. CEYLON BUILDING. The building in which Ceylon has stored her treasures is of dark wood surmounted by a dome sus- tained by richly-carved pillars, and has two wings covered with a profusion of carving. It is constructed of twenty-two different kinds of wood, of which Ceylon produces two hundred varieties. The building represents an old Buddhist temple of Anaduraphura, said to be nearly fifteen hundred years old. The interior arrangement has been faithfully copied; the gilded frames represent scenes in the life of Buddha, Vishna and Siva. In one place we see Gautama in his father's palace; another view represents him in the yellow gown of the beggar, holding out a wooden bowl for the alms of the charitable; and again he is represented as sitting under the great Bo tree v/hich was the first temple of his faith. At one end of the long building a huge gilt statue of Buddha, with folded arms and dreamy eyes, may be seen, and near it one of Vishna, richly decorated in gold and colors. There are many books in the Bali and Cingalese tongues, mostly religious works. Carvings in ivory and bronze, huge polished feet of the elephant, basket work of all descriptions, and innumerable samples of tea, form a confusing medley. Models of temples and pagodas, with others, showing the cultivation of rice and tea, make a very interesting exhibit. Some of the largest elephant tusks in the Exposition may be seen here, and this huge beast appears in many varieties of material, from dainty trinkets in ivory and silver to mammoth statues in bronze. There are many figures robed in the Cingalese costume, and also some native soldiers and policemen, looking as though they were proud of their uniform. The less civilized races of Ceylon are also represented; there is a very spirited group of Nuddahs just returning from a hunting expedition; they are almost destitute of clothing, and their dark bodies glisten from the exercise. One holds a dead rabbit in his hand, while others have spears, bows and axes ; in fact, all the paraphernalia of war and the chase. As there are few railroads in Ceylon, it is interesting to see a Royal Mail Coach, such as is used in traveling through the island. There are four natives in it, evidently devotees on their way to some sacred shrine. The specimens of wood-carving in this building are numerous and beautiful. 452 Ceylon Building. Copyrighted by the Worla's Columbian Exposition. COLOMBIA BUILDING. The building of Colombia does not differ essentially from those of the other South American Republics, but it contains a mass of treasure astonishing to the visitor. Two great tribes, or nations, of Indians dwell within her borders — the Chibchas and the Quimbayas, and the work of their ancestors forms a large feature of the exhibit. The natural resources of the country are very great; eighty kinds of wood, all in the rough state, are placed round the walls. The berry of the chocolate bean, and bottles of pousse cafe made from it, with rum and other liquors, many of them strange to northern palates, appear side by side with a wealth of native nuts and medicinal barks and roots. Resins, gums, tobacco of excellent quality, rubber, copal and vegetable fibres are only a few of the many valuable productions of the soil displayed, while, of course, many varieties of coffee are on exhibition. A large collection of snakes next attracts our attention. If Colombia is an earthly paradise, as its citizens assert, it has a plentiful supply of the species of reptiles that seduced our first parents. A case of beautiful humming-birds, more than five hundred in number, is well worth a visit. They look like flying gems, some glowing with the blooded color of the ruby, and others of brilliant emerald, or gorgeous blue and yellow. "Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these." We come now to the carvings in wood; these consist of a multitude of figures made by the Indians, and dealing with every side of native life; some are so tiny as to be almost microscopical, yet the features and details of the dress are perfect. Others are clothed in the very fabrics worn by the Indians, and look remarkably lifelike. Some of these larger figures are made in wax, colored to represent nature. Even the deformities of the originals are faithfully portrayed. Farther on, in another room, we are confronted with a pile of gold ore ; ^8,000,000 worth of the precious metal was shipped from Colombia last year. The gold-producing districts are Antioquia, Tolima and Cauca. The most wonderful exhibit is yet to be mentioned ; whole cases full of antique musical instruments, made by the Indians before the Conquest, and still of sweetest tone, with other interesting relics, line the wall. Gold, in ornaments and figures, too numerous to describe, show the wondrous skill of these early goldsmiths. 454 Colombia Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. COSTA RICA BUILDING. The Building of Costa Rica is intended to represent an Aztec Temple ; the exterior is yellowish in color. The real interest is within. This Republic appears to be rich in fur-bearing animals, and immediately on entering the low portal we are confronted with some of the finest specimens in the Exposition ; the variety of furs is very surprising; while not so numerous, they seem fully equal in quality to the finest Russian article. Several cases in one corner of the building are filled with shells ; very large and beautiful tortoise-shells, highly polished, are in this exhibit. Odd fish are shown in glass jars, and on the wall the arms of Costa Rica are displayed in lovely fresh-water shells. Among the curiosities there is a very large root of tine sarsaparilla tree, so large, in fact, that it is difficult to realize its relationship to our small sapling. The fruits of Costa Rica are represented by very tempting-looking wax reproductions. It is curious to note these tropical dainties in close contiguity to the display of furs. The golden coins, bank bills and currency of the Republic fill a large case, and form a very interesting study. Costa Rica is also rich in minerals, and has a large pyramid formed of them in the central hall. Silks are shown in abundance, and some of the embroidery upon the dresses, the work of ladies of Bogota, would be hard to rival anywhere. Upstairs, there is a very distinctive collection ; ingenious pictures made of shells and feathers decorate the walls. The educational department is filed with books and maps, and a pavilion with native furniture, draped in brown brocade, is a principal point of interest. Those who arranged the Costa Rican display in this building are deserving of the highest credit for the system they have observed. The Herbarium is very complete; raw-silk ropes, cords, fibres and fabrics are deftly arranged. The science of ornithology is exemplif ed by cases of beautiful birds arranged according to their species. At the end of the great upper room there is a very creditable panorama of mountains, streams and trees, on the latter of which are perched monkeys and birds, while other animals sport around. A liberal display of bunting gives a cheerful tone to the interior. There is a little cafe on the lower floor in which Costa Rica coffee is dispensed. It is said to be of a very excellent flavor; the odor is delightful. 456 Costa Rica Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. FRENCH BUILDING. The French Government Building is beautifully situated on the lake shore, northwest of the Ceylon Building. It practically consists of two edifices ; the smaller, which is devoted to the exhibits of the city of Paris, is connected with the main building by a semicircular colonnade. The space between the two structures is devoted to French landscape-gardening. The building is entirely of staff, and is beautifully decorated with statuary and painting, the walls of the colonnade being entirely covered with pictures representing French historical subjects. It is in the style of the French Renaissance, but one story high, and covers an area of 2^0 by 175' feet. The exhibit in tlie Paris building is of special interest ; the detection of chme, and the ident- ification of criminals have, judging from the pictures seen here, been reduced to a fine art. Measurements are taken of the hands, ears, feet and other features of the criminal classes, and models are carefully made. The way in which the streets of the city of Paris are cleaned is also illustrated, even to the brooms used by the crossing-sweepers. One of the rooms of this pavilion is hung with Gobelin tapestry and tilled with curious works of art in bronze and bisque. In the main pavilion is the Lafayette Room, which contains some of the best French pictures in existence. It is also rich in relics of the great Frenchman, who left a life of ease and luxury to cast in his lot with this nation in its struggle with the mother-country ; in fact, it holds all the gifts, mementos and relics that could possibly be obtained, wliich throw light upon the relations held by Lafayette toward the United States. The sketches for this building were made in France, and models of the statuary were also sent over, so that the edifice may be said to be essentially French. It is the headquarters of the French officials who attend tlie Fair. Viewing this building, we are forcibly reminded that Paris is indeed France. The very best exhibits come from tlnat gay capital ; and, mercurial as some deem the sons of France, there is a dominating, practical sense about their work that cannot be gainsaid. The models of the schools' - prisons, and sewerage system of the city of Paris display organic genius, and may teach many a good lesson to those who come to the Fair from our great cities. 458 CopyriyiiteU by the World's Columbian Exposition. French Building. GERMANY BUILDING. Great Germany has done greatly at tlie Fair. Her exhibits surpass all those of other countries in number, and some of them in manifest excellence. Her building is a composite structure with an odd mingling of ancient and modern arcliitectural forms. It is of stone, wood and staff ; the exterior is painted with wreaths, scrolls and fanciful figures; the base of the building is of gray stone, while the upper verandas are of some rich dark wood. At the base of the towers many colored shields and armorial bearings appear, and in the central tower there is a clock with a chime of bells. These bells were presented to the commissioners by the Emperor and Empress, and the Crown Prince of Germany. The largest weighs 8000 pounds, the next ^000, the smallest 3000. They are rung every day at eight o'clock in the morning and at six in the evening. The interior of the building greatly resembles a church, and is said to be taken from the plan of the cathedral at Nuremberg. In fact, a part of the interior is called the chapel and is devoted to the exhibition of religious objects. The great publishing liouses of Germany are represented here by numerous works. There are 2800 English books published by Tauclmitz of Leipsic, and a mucli larger number of books in German. Each case represents the obtainable literature on special subjects. Thei'e are hundreds of volumes on architecture, many on engravings, and the physical sciences, with complete sets of text-books used in the schools of Germany. There is a splendid model of the Nuremberg clock which strikes the hours and half-hours, and in front of which numerous figures appear, representing eight scenes in tlie Passion Play of Oberammergau. The most interesting feature is the chapel, which is lighted by three magnificent stained-glass windows ; the central one is intended for the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. It is in memory of the sailors who perished in the terrible shipwreck of the United States war vessels in the harbor of Apia, Samoa. In the centre of the chapel there is a life-sized figure of Christ upon the cross. A Roman Centurion in full armor stands near, while Mary Magdalene, kneeling at the Saviour's feet, gazes into His face with an expression of rapt adoration. Mary the Mother of our Lord leans her dropping head upon the shoulder of the apostle John. 460 Germany Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. INTERIOR VIEW— GERMAN BUILDING. Our picture represents a part of the publishers' exhibit in the German Government Building, and also a set of furniture modeled after that in one of the Imperial palaces. The centre of the structure is in the form of a chapel, rich in gilt mouldings and heavy, almost mediaeval decorations. All the colors in this building are subdued and quiet, and as we walk among these books and look at the beautiful buildings and suggestive titles, we feel as though we were in some great library, the only drawback being, that we cannot handle the books. In the school exhibit, we see many beautiful maps and engravings, with specimens of chronography, litho- graphing, and many photographs. A great part of this collection will ultimately find its way into the libraries of our great institutions, and help to enrich them. We have here also a reading-room, where the visitor is privileged to examine any book which may have attracted his attention. The reception-room of the Imperial Commissioner is exceedingly handsome; the carved wooden ceilings are really here on exhibition, and much of the old furniture has been sent by German firms, as an advertisement of their wares. There are some very beautiful carpets spread over the floors, quite as line as any in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. In the chapel, wliich is tilled with a "dim religious light," we see cases of church vestments of velvet, silk, brocades, and linens beautifully worked with gold and silver thread, into appropriate patterns. The altar services, in gold and silver, are the best the goldsmiths' art could supply, and must make many a poor country parson stare, who performs the sacred ceremonies with pewter or silver-gilt vessels. Painted statues of saints sur- round the walls of this chapel ; they form a curious gathering indeed. Next to St. Francis de Assisi, we find St. Patrick with a mitre on his head, and a crosier in his right hand, while his left holds the shamrock, so dear to the hearts of Irishmen. The painting of the statues varies somewhat from the medi^-eval treatment; the colors being less subdued, and the gold laid on with great taste and rare effectiveness. In another room, the floor of which is stone, we hnd a large wood-carving of "The Last Supper." It differs much from the famous picture by Leonard! da Vinci, and it is evident that the carver allowed full play to his own imagination. 462 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Interior View — German Building. GREAT BRITAIN BUILDING. Great Britain's Building is called "Victoria House," and is situated on a little peninsula just north of the north inlet and very near the lake. The battleship "Illinois" is just across the inlet from it. The English Government appropriated $7^,000 for its construction, but private contributors raised the sum to ^12^,000. While from the outside it is comparatively insignificant, within all is comfort, elegance and refinement. It resembles greatly one of the Elizabethan half-timber country houses in which the squires used to hold high revelry when Royal Bess was queen. The entire interior, such as ceilings, wood-work, wall-paper, carpets, was brought from England. Many great English houses have furnished the models followed in the interior construc- tion and the decorations. The ceilings are from Queen Elizabeth's palace at Plas Mahue in Wales; the stair- case and hall from the residence of Lord Hardwicke in Cheshire. It is designed mainly for the headquarters of Sir Henry Finconan Wood, Secretary of the Royal British Commission, and his Assistant and General Superin- tendent, Edmund H. Lloyd. Within there is a superb fireplace and sideboard which cost $21^00. Every appur- tenance of comfort and lu.xury is to be found there, and if at first glance one might wonder where all the money used in its construction went, he has only to step inside and cast his eyes around to cease to be surprised. England has come nobly forward in nearly every department of the Fair, but the greatest surprise she had in store for the worid was the really wonderful collection of pictures she exhibits in the Art Building. The Queen, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinborough and the Duchess of Albany were prominent pro- moters of the display, and readily gave their permission to send all pictures asked for. The names of the greatest living artists and many of the dead are to be found on the list. Ireland and Scotland also are by no means backward, and the Irish fisheries display in the Fisheries Building has already attracted great attention. The English pavilion in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building has attracted a great deal of attention. It is a reproduction of the famous dining-room at Hatheld House, the best specimen of Elizabethan architecture in England. The history of the Cecil family from the tenth century is carved upon its walls. 464 Great Britain Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. GUATEMALA BUILDING. The National Building of Guatemala is very attractive, and may be said to be of distinctive South American architecture. The exterior is of brown stucco, trimmed with green and gold ornaments. Entering, we find ourselves in a cloister which passes entirely around an open court containing a garden filled with tropical plants and flowers. There is a fountain in the centre. The garden is entirely open to the sky. The exhibits in this building are very various. Large bunches of sugar-cane are side by side with coffee, cleaned and uncleaned. Before it is prepared, the coffee is called pergumina, or in the shell, and when cleaned it is said to be "in gold." Guatemala claims that her coffee is far superior to that raised in Brazil and other countries, and that in fact much of the so-called Mocha used, is of Guitemalean growth. There is a large display of medicinal barks and roots, minerals, and special kinds of wood. The building is rich in Indian antiquities, particularly of those of the Quitche nation, that had reached a high degree of civilization long before the Conquest. There are many books in the language of the Quitches, and it is a curious fact that the oldest history of America that we possess is a book written by a grandson of the last king of Quitche, entitled the Popol Vuh. The language is stilli spoken by a large number of people. We find in cases, a profusion of antiquities in stone and clay; cups, mugs, bowls, amulets and figures made to resemble marble, with many talismans and ornaments of the same material. Prominent among these stone articles is a large pestle and trough used by the Indians in the manufac- ture of tortillas. The manufacture of baskets was evidently one of their greatest arts ; some of the specimens being very tine. The Indians made great use of the shell of the Jicara root in which to carry water. They ornament and color the shells with great care, and they make very respectable cups, gourds and bowls. The secret of the dye used has never been discovered by white men. One of the exhibits is four beautifully carved wooden pillars taken from an ancient temple. They are masterpieces of the wood-carvers' art, and compare favorably with the work of the most renowned Hindoo artists. Birds of brilliant plumage form an attractive display. A collection of most beautiful garments gives clear evidence of the extravagance of the natives. 466 Copyrighted Oj tha Wurld's Oulunibian Exposition, Guatemala Building. HAYTIEN BUILDING. The Haytien Building is on a beautiful site just south of the German Building, and very close to that of Mexico. It is a very handsome little structure, built entirely of wood, a story and a half high, and topped in the centre by a small dome. A veranda entirely surrounds it and gives it a very pleasant, cool appearance; it cost ^20,000. Hayti was the first to occupy the site given her in the foreign allotment and, considering the poverty of the country and the uncertainty of its politics, |ioo,ooo, the amount she appropriated for her building and exhibits, was a very large sum. The interior of this building is fitted up in beautifully polished woods, of which Hayti has a very large store, and is divided into rooms for the official representatives to the Fair, and for club purposes. All Haytiens, and in fact all members of the colored race throughout the world, are heartily welcomed there. General Hippolyte, the present President of the Republic, was very anxious that Hayti should make a good showing. Hon. Frederick Douglass, who was United States minister to that Government some time ago, devoted all his energies to that end, and those who view his exhibit will be astonished at the progress she has made since Toussaint I'Ouverture, the Black Napoleon, secured her independence. Hayti was one of the islands first discovered by Columbus, and it seem,s peculiarly appropriate that she should be well represented at the Wodd's Columbian Exposition. The Republic occupies only the western part of the Island, the area being 28,000 square miles. San Domingo includes the remainder, 18,000 square miles. The population is now about 1,200,000, ranging through every shade of color. The Island is very rich naturally, and under a stable govern- ment a great future is before her. Her history in part has been so stormy, and the pressure of foreign nations so heavy upon her, that she has as yet had hardly a fair chance in the national race. What she can accomplish, however, with fair opportunity, the French occupation of the Island fully proved. France had no richer posses- sion. The planters lived like princes on their estates, and the whole country blossomed like the rose. When -Le Clerc was driven out, all this was changed, and anarchy reigned supreme, till Toussaint was succeeded by Christophe, whose stern tactics reduced the captious Haytiens to some show of order and discipline. 468 ;1 ^si ' ■■"''"^^e"^'':^;isaai.^: W»fc.' Haytien Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. INDIA BUILDING. The Indian Building has a most gorgeous exterior, though the style of architecture can not fittingly be called oriental. It is not as imposing as the Swedish structure near it, but is more impressive because of its unbroken facade. Entering, we find ourselves in what appears to be a Bazaar. To the left, a number of gorgeous rugs, some hanging from the wall and others piled in heaps upon tlie floor, reveal the industrial skill of the natives of Hindostan. To the right, a series of small rooms are devoted to the sale of fragrant tea, the pungent odor of v/hich pervades that part of the building. Passing these rooms, we enter an oblong hall surrounded by galleries, and covered with a plate-glass skylight through which the sun shines down with almost Indian radiance. A tall pagoda in the centre forms a resting-place for numerous gods who seem to loll lazily about it like fakirs around the sacred fountain. In this wonderful hall we are frequently reminded of the religion of the Hindoos. On a hard sandal-wood stand we see a beautiful marble miniature of the great Temple Jodhpore, while gods and goddesses in many forms and attitudes stare at us from cabinets, shelves and stands. Two tremendous elephant tusks, with a huge skull of that gigantic animal, grace one of the large pillars. Under the galleries a series of arches mark rows of bazaars in which the most wonderful fabrics are displayed and sold; their beauty is hardly visible in the dim light. So great is the amount of hard sandal-wood, such as tables, panels and even gates, that the heavy odor drifts searchingly through the great hall and adds to the general oriental flavor. Even beneath these dim arches we are confronted with more goddesses, temples and pagodas; one from Delhi is beautifully done in grass, the exquisite carving showing abundant skill. There is also a large gilt figure of Buddha taken from a Berliz Temple and looking blissfully unconscious of the hubbub and traffic all around. The shoes worn by the devout Hindoos in their temples and nowhere else, occupy a case to themselves. Every conceivable pattern in brass, the handiwork of Hindoo mechanics, is in this exhibit. Mosaics from Agra and Jaypore, brass, copper, gold and silver articles from Cashmere, beautiful figures in ivory, terra-cotta and gold from Zurrat and Benares with gates and furniture in sandal-wood complete this display. 470 India Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. NEW SOUTH WALES BUILDING. This is one of the plainest structures on the Exposition grounds. The exterior is absolutely destitute of ornament, save six Ionic pillars which support a piazza that extends the entire length of the building. To the right of the entrance, there is a large case of dried and carefully-mounted wild flowers of Australasia. The walls are absolutely covered with pictures ; our first thought is that we are in a picture gallery, but it soon dawns upon us that we have before us one of the most complete National exhibits in the Fair. The wall to the right is covered with water-colors representing ninety-nine different varieties of flowers. These are the work of Mrs. Ellis Rowan, of Victoria. Some of these flowers are entirely new to us; one is the waratah; it is the national flower of New South Wales, and is of the richest crimson color. The Christmas bush which blossoms at our Christmas time when the Australasian summer is at its hottest, is a tree somewhat resembling the hawthorn, and is prodigal of pink and white blossoms. Another odd flower is the bottle brush, which exactly resembles the brush used by housekeepers to clean the chimneys of lamps ; the color is crimson and yellow. This collection of ninety-nine pictures was offered the government of New South Wales for £5000, but has not yet been sold, as the authorities bid only £45-00 for them. It is a remarkable collection, ranging from the enormous blossom of the gum tree, scarlet, white and cream in color, to the tiny floral gems of the Australasian sod. They were placed here with many others because no room could be found for them in the palace of Fine Arts. It is not a botanist's but rather an artist's collection. The other pictures are equally interesting, and give an excellent idea of the landscape and the life of New South Wales. There are two tine pictures, one of Sydney Harbor, and the other of Botany Bay, with a splendid canvas representing a flock of sheep. Wool is the staple of Australasian wealth. There are several representations of the natives hunting with spear and boomerang. Kangaroos, dingas or v/ild dogs, emus, and other animals peculiar to this colony are frequently reproduced. The flag of New South Wales is the Union Jack of Great Britain, with a blue cross on a white ground in the corner, and five white stars. The motto is " Sic Fortis Ecruria Crevit." 472 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. New South Wales Building. INTERIOR VIEW— NEW SOUTH WALES BUILDING. The greatest surprise in tlie Fair is, to tlie intelligent mind, the display of New South Wales in the various departments. In the Transportation Building, she lias one room all to herself, and uses every inch of space with exhibits of merit. On the walls of this room, hang pictures which fully represent Australian life. To spend an hour liere is like a visit to that country. As grazing was, and perhaps is, the greatest industry of the country, it is fitting that the best picture here should be that of a shepherd driving a flock of sheep ; the sheep of Australia are generally of the small Merino breed, and their wool is the most excellent in the world. The other animals in these pictures are very curious; they are all marsupials, such as kangaroos, wombats, flying-possums, Tasmanian devils, and the like. Those pictures which represent native life have a special interest for the visitor. The natives of Australia, like our own Indians, are dying out; scarcely more than 75,000 exist on the Continent to-day; they differ greatly from the negro, in the shape of their limbs, their long black hair, their soft, large eyes, and lips which, though thick, are not protuberant. Unlike the negro, they never tilled the soil nor built permanent houses ; except on the coast, their bark canoes are made only for the journey of the moment, and then left on the shore to decay. The sea-going canoes are much more service- able. They have no bows and arrows, but axes and spears made of hard wood, and the boomerang, a curved piece of wood, so curiously curved that, when thrown, it will return to the hand of the owner, and often strike objects behind him. Their fishing-nets are made by the women, of the sinews of animals, and are strong enough to hold a large and powerful beast. These people are quite intelligent and readily learn the ways of the white man ; unfortunately his vices attract them more than his virtues. Here we see them fishing, hunting, trapping, and also in their light canoes. It seems almost improbable that a few decades ago. New South Wales formed only a distant prison for English convicts, while now it is an empire in itself, with all the luxury and refine- ment common to older nations. The view of Sydney harbor here, with its splendid wharves crowded with ships, and its great buildings in the distance, gives us some idea of the commerce and power of this colony. 474 Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. Interior View — New South Wales Building. NORWAY BUILDING. In spite of the political union between the two countries, and the fact that Sweden has one of the finest buildings in the foreign section, little Norway was determined to have her own building, and thus the land of the Vikings and the midnight sun, is represented by a dainty little structure on the Lake front. It is of Norway pine within and without, even the posts on which it rests are of the same wood. It is surmounted by a small oblong dome, and has quaint oriel windows, which somewhat remind us of a country church. One curious thing about the building is that it was made in Norway by B. M. Thums and Co., of the city of Dronthiem, and it has not a nail in it, each part being fastened with screws, so that the building may be taken down, and easily erected in any other place. The architect was also a Norwegian, W. Hansteen, of Cliristiania. The edifice is surrounded by grass and trees, and in spite of the immense throngs drifting along the great avenue and lake front, it seems very quiet and retired. There are no exhibits in the building, only a large map of Norway, a few banners, and a picture of the Viking ship; this vessel and her hardy crew really forms Norway's greatest exhibit, although she is represented in the Swedish building, and also many of the great departments. She may well be proud of her gallant little vessel, which attracts the greatest attention from visitors. Her hardy sons have not degenerated from the days wlien the stern sea-kings toyed with tempests as children with rattles, and in the midst of the war of the elements sang songs of their fair-haired wives and little ones, in their huts by the deep dark fjords. Tlie political unrest of Norway does not seem to have interfered with her industries, as a glance at her pavilion in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building will show; no display is more thoroughly characteristic and enjoyable. There are neady 80,000 Scandinavians in Chicago, and the great West contains almost as many as the little Northern Kingdom. These children of the brave land are all heartily interested in her well-being and prosperity, and their royal welcome to the Viking will not soon be forgotten. Temperate, chaste, prudent, and brave, the Scandinavians form some of the best elements in our heterogeneous population, and their children inherit the healthy bodies and loyal temper of their progenitors. 476 Norway Building. Copyrighted by the World's Columbian Exposition. SPANISH BUILDING. The Spanish Government Building stands on the Lal