DUBLIN. 
 
 AN HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 IRELAND'S METROPOLIS. 
 
 EDITED BY THOMAS 0. SUMMERS, D.D, 
 
 NasljbilLe, fRtnn. : 
 SOUTHERN METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE. 
 
 1860. 
 
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY A. A. STITT, 
 SOUTHBEK METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSB, NASHVILLE, TENN. 
 

 xtixtt* 
 
 It is proposed to give in this small volume, 
 some account of a city which rules and graces 
 one of the finest bays of the ocean — the me- 
 tropolis of a country fraught with industrial 
 resources beyond what most others possess, 
 and peopled by a race proverbial for intelli- 
 gence and hospitality, and certainly not in- 
 ferior to their neighbors in many qualities 
 necessary to form a prosperous and influen- 
 tial community. 
 
 2959 ; 
 
 3ST0N COLLEGE LIBRARY 
 HESTNUT HILL, MA, 02167 s/ 
 
C n t * tt i s 
 
 Page 
 PREFACE V 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 7 
 
 SECTION IL 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE.... 29 
 
 SECTION IIL " 
 
 DUBLIN DURING THE BRITISH REFORMATION 60 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES 1 89 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, THE RESTORA- 
 TION, AND THE REVOLUTION Ill 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 DUBLIN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 135 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN TO 
 
 THE YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY 168 
 
DUBLIN. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The earliest authentic notice of Dublin occurs 
 in the geography of Ptolemy, who flourished in 
 the second century of our era. His description 
 of the world as then known begins with Hibernia, 
 an honor which the country received from him 
 because of its being the most western in Europe. 
 His map of Ireland is much more correct in its 
 outline than the one he has furnished of Great 
 Britain : in the latter, the portion now called 
 Scotland is made to bend off eastward, nearly at 
 a right angle from the southern portion. He 
 marks "Eblana" just where Dublin at present 
 stands, and he describes it as " ttoXic" a city. 
 The people inhabiting the range northward as far 
 as the river Boyne, including part of Meath, he 
 calls "Eblani," probably as belonging or subject 
 to "Eblana," though some conjecture that the 
 place took its name from the people, not the 
 people theirs from the place. 
 
 That the words "Dublin" and "Eblana" were 
 
 (7) 
 
8 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 at first one, is obvious. Indeed, it has been more 
 than supposed that a letter has been lost from the 
 original, and that Ptolemy wrote "Z>eblana." 
 "Dublin" is composed of .two Irish words, — 
 "Dubh," black, and "Linn," -water — the river 
 which here empties itself into the sea being of a 
 dark color, from its fit wing over a bog. 
 
 The city was otherwise called " Ath-Cliath," 
 the "Hurdle-Ford," and " Bally Ath-Cliath," the 
 "Town of the Hurdle-Ford." Both names in- 
 dicate that a passage was here made or marked 
 by "hurdles" across the stream. Tradition re- 
 ports that it was constructed for more safely con- 
 veying sheep from one side to the other; but 
 whether it had at all the form of a " suspension- 
 bridge" the account does not explain. 
 
 A fourth name given to the city in olden time, 
 was " Drooni-Choll-Coil," the " Brow of a Hazel- 
 Wood," from its occupying the upper front of a 
 rise of ground, other parts of which were covered 
 with a wood of the kind mentioned. 
 
 Dublin must have been in Ptolemy's day, by 
 report at least, a place of some size and import- 
 ance, or he would not have styled it a "city." 
 We should, however, greatly mistake if we con- 
 ceived it to have been then an aggregation of 
 houses, streets, and public buildings, such as the 
 word suggests to us now. " The ancient Irish 
 were at no trouble in providing for themselves 
 habitations of solid and lasting materials. Their 
 houses were built of twigs and hurdles, and 
 covered with sedge or straw." Buildings of 
 stone and mortar are believed to have been un- 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 9 
 
 known in Ireland before the sixth century. For 
 the introduction of what we call "architecture," 
 the country is indebted to Christianity. The 
 population of "Eblana" were unacquainted with 
 our often costly and trouble-causing superfluities 
 of boarded floors, glazed windows, paved ways, 
 gas-lights, scavengering, sewerage, and police — ■ 
 matters which we moderns are apt to reckon 
 among the necessaries of life. Let the reader, 
 for a moment, in his conception sweep away the 
 present " Dublin ;" then group, without much re- 
 gard to order, a few hundred " cabins," some of 
 them larger than the rest, along the upper part 
 of the range fronting the Liifey, from Cork Hill 
 to Bridge street ; next, clothe the top and south- 
 ern descent of the ridge with a hazel-wood, which 
 he may also carry round the eastern and western 
 sides of the "city," and along between it and 
 the river; finally, let him place a " hurdle-ford" 
 where Whitworth Bridge now stands ; and he 
 will perhaps have as correct an idea of Ptolemy's 
 " Eblana" as a model by Brunetti could supply. 
 
 Three orders of royalty then existed in Ireland. 
 The country had its unity, its divisions, and its 
 subdivisions of sovereignty. It was parcelled out 
 under a large number of toparchs, or petty chiefs, 
 each of whom bore the title of {' king," as was the 
 case in the early times of Palestine and its neigh- 
 bor lands. Above these were five provincial 
 monarchs, "kings" of a higher grade. One of 
 the five reigned over all, as "king of Ireland:" 
 his palace was on the hill of Tarah, in Meath, 
 where he triennially convened the states of his 
 
10 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 realm, for enacting laws and other national busi- 
 ness, and where he entertained his dignitaries 
 with hospitality and magnificence worthy of his 
 supremacy. "Eblana" had its "king," one of 
 the lowest order of royal personages. 
 
 The food of the common people of ancient Ire- 
 land is said to have been "very mean and slen- 
 der — namely, milk, butter, and herbs: from 
 whence," writes Ware, "the Epitome of Strabo 
 calls the Irish herb-eaters." The gentry and 
 nobility lived in higher style. Had we entered 
 a banqueting-hall of the Eblani on a great festi- 
 val day, we might have found the company re- 
 clining on couches of grass or rushes, round a 
 table furnished with griddle-baked bread, milk- 
 meats, and varieties of fish and flesh, both boiled 
 and roast. The cup, too, made of wood, or horn, 
 or brass, filled with beer or mead — "whisky" 
 was then unknown — was passed joyfully from 
 guest to guest, while the metal-strung harp, obe- 
 dient to the touch of skill and taste, sent forth 
 stirring sounds, with which oft mingled those of 
 the martial drum, accompanying the bard's recital 
 of warm affection, of illustrious ancestry, and of 
 heroic deeds. 
 
 Of trade and commerce Eblana had not much 
 to boast: none of its people ranked as "merchant 
 princes." Its Liffey was not crowded with ship- 
 ping which brought in the produce of other lands, 
 or bore away the growth and manufacture of its 
 own. The risk incurred in crossing the bar from 
 the sea, except at certain times of the tide, to- 
 gether with the scanty demands for articles of 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 11 
 
 which there was not a home supply, made the 
 arrival of a foreign vessel an " event" as great as 
 was the visit of a European or American ship at 
 Hawaii or Tahiti fifty years ago. The Eblani 
 had pasturage for cattle and sheep. They were 
 also engaged in agriculture, though of a some- 
 what humble order — the"~Irish plough being, cen- 
 turies later, a small wooden instrument tied to 
 the tail of an ox or a "hobby." Fishing was 
 common. Their boats were of tw6 kinds : one, a 
 canoe formed out of the trunk of a tree, and called 
 a " Cotti," of which a specimen is to be seen in 
 the Royal Dublin Society's Museum. The other, 
 called a " Corragh," consisted of a frame of 
 wicker-work covered with hides, larger, longer, 
 and otherwise more adapted for sea-work, but in 
 materials and structure like the "corracles" still 
 used on rivers in Wales and adjoining parts. It 
 was in a " corragh" that Columba with his twelve 
 companions went from Ireland to Iona, in the 
 sixth century. 
 
 Learning and refinement among the Eblani can 
 be judged of only from what is known of the Irish 
 in general of those times, and even that informa- 
 tion is scanty and precarious. The Ogham in- 
 scriptions are of a very high antiquity. We are 
 told of schools at Tarah, where youths were trained 
 for sacred and civic duties. The Irish warriors 
 were " sworn to be the protectors of the fair, and 
 avengers of their wrongs; and to be polite in 
 word and address to their greatest enemies." 
 " A character without guile or deceit was esteemed 
 the highest that could be given among the ancient 
 
12 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TG 
 
 Irish, and the favorite panegyric of a bard to his 
 hero would be that he had a heart incapable of 
 guile. " The Irish were early acquainted with the 
 game of chess. Their harp and song, too, have 
 attained a world-wide fame. The former is be- 
 lieved to have been kept " sacredly unaltered" 
 from the ages we are speaking of down to com- 
 paratively modern date, when Drayton wrote : — 
 
 " The Irish I admire, 
 And still cleare to that lyre 
 
 As our muse's mother, 
 And think, till I expire, 
 
 Apollo's such another." 
 
 Bacon pronounced, "No harp hath the sound so 
 melting and prolonged as the Irish harp ;" and 
 Evelyn wrote : " Such music before or since did 
 I never hear — that instrument being neglected 
 for its extraordinary difficulty; but in my judg- 
 ment being far superior to the lute itself, or what- 
 ever speaks with strings/' Ancient Erin was the 
 home of poetic genius. Feargus, called " Fion- 
 bell, or the Sweet-voiced," was one of its most 
 distinguished bards. An ode of his composition, 
 delivered extempore, is said to have succeeded in 
 blending in peace and friendship two chiefs, 
 "Gaul the Son of Morni," and "Finn of the 
 flowing locks," who, with their respective follow- 
 ers, had met on a field of strife to contend for 
 spoils they had jointly won from a common foe. 
 The following lines, from a translation of his 
 "War Ode" to Osgar, the son of Ossian, at the 
 battle of Graura, when leading on his troops against 
 Cairbre, the monardh. of Ireland, towards the close 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 13 
 
 of the third century, present a thought truly 
 sublime : — 
 
 " Thine be the battle, thine the sway ! 
 On, on to Cairbre hew thy conquering way, 
 And let thy deathful arm dash safety from his side ! 
 As the proud wave, on whose broad back 
 The storm its burden heaves, 
 Drives on the scattered wreck 
 Its ruin leaves ; 
 So let thy sweeping progress roll, 
 Fierce, resistless, rapid, strong — - 
 Pour, like the billow of the flood, o'erwhelming might 
 along." 
 
 The Cromlechs in the neighborhood of Dublin 
 — one near the Hill of Howth, another on the 
 south of Killiney Hill, and another at Cabin- 
 teely, about a mile westward — show that Druidism 
 was the religion of the Eblani, as it was of other 
 parts of the country. In due form and solemnity 
 their priests ministered at the altar within the 
 circle of stones, presenting, on behalf of the con- 
 gregation outside the sacred enclosure, sacrifices 
 and other homages to their Baalim, the sun, the 
 moon, and the host of heaven. Holocausts of 
 human beings were among the rites prescribed 
 by that superstition. Fire was an object of wor- 
 ship, perhaps by tradition from the Shechina-h. 
 Mountains and trees, also, are said to have had 
 divine honors paid to them. Groves of the oak 
 were not wanting to aid devotion, and afford 
 growth to the mistletoe. Then, as now, the faith 
 of the people hung pieces of cloth on branches 
 near a " holy well/' to imbibe- from the presence 
 
14 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 there a virtue which might be carried away and 
 applied for the removal of disease, or /or some 
 other useful purpose. Moreover, the invisible, 
 but, when angered, desolating Wind, was held in 
 awe and propitiated, lest, neglected, it should 
 break forth in fury and spread havoc around. It 
 was a prevailing opinion that the Round Towers, 
 of which there is one at Clondalkin, about three 
 miles west of Dublin, and another at Swords, six 
 miles north of the city, were Fire-temples. But 
 Dr. Petrie seems to have exhausted the argument, 
 upon the subject, and concludes that they are 
 buildings connected with Christianity. 
 
 It is certain that the gospel had found its way 
 into Ireland previously to the fifth century, in the 
 early part of which, as Prosper' s Chronicle re- 
 cords, Palladius was sent by Celestine, bishop of 
 Rome, "to the Scots believing in Christ/' Ire- 
 land being then called ." Scotia," and its inha- 
 bitants " Scoti," or Scots. How, when, or by 
 whom the Christian faith first came into the 
 country, we know not, but the honor of converting 
 the Irish nation is commonly ascribed to St. 
 Patrick, who came to evangelize them, shortly 
 after the mission and death of Palladius. Sir 
 William Betham, however, than whom few anti- 
 quaries have given more attention to the question, 
 thinks that the true Patrick, whose labors so emi- 
 nently contributed to Christianize the people, 
 lived and* did his work long before Palladius ex- 
 isted. Without entering upon that inquiry, we 
 may notice the account which a tradition gives of 
 the gospel being brought to Dublin. It is, that 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 15 
 
 Patrick, having preached with great success in 
 Ulster and Con naught, came into Meath and 
 Leinster, and took Dublin on his way southward : 
 that having crossed the Finglass river to the 
 rising ground within a mile of the city, perhaps 
 near the site of Phibbsborough, he pronounced 
 upon it a prophetic benediction, affirming that 
 the city "should increase in riches and dignities, 
 until at length it should be lifted up unto the 
 throne of the kingdom :" that when he reached 
 Dublin he preached to the king, Alphin Mac 
 Eochaid, and his subjects, who received the 
 divine message, and were baptized at a well, 
 south of the city; and that the saint founded a 
 church near this well, where now stands St. 
 Patrick's cathedral. This is said to have oc- 
 curred in the year -148. The detail is not vouched 
 for by high authority, but it is the only one that 
 tradition has preserved. 
 
 We have good evidence that the religion 
 taught by Patrick, properly so called, was not 
 that decreed by the Council of Trent, professed 
 in the creed of Pope Pius IV., and disseminated 
 by the propagandas of Rome and Lyons. In 
 other words, it much more resembled New Tes- 
 tament Christianity than modern Homanism. 
 Patrick found a number of churches and bishops 
 in Ireland. He himself formed three hundred 
 and sixty-five churches, and ordained over them 
 an equal number of bishops, and three thousand 
 presbyters ; but he subjected none of them to 
 the Roman see. The worship of the Virgin, 
 transubstantiation, the adoration of images, re- 
 
16 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 stricting the reading of the Sacred Scriptures, and 
 many other things now insisted upon as parts of 
 the gospel, were not then recognized even "by the 
 Church at Rome. In the transactions of the 
 Royal Irish Academy is published a translation, 
 by Dr. Petrie, of a hymn composed by St. Patrick 
 when he was about to visit Temur, or Tarah, 
 and preach the gospel to Leogaire, the monarch 
 of all Ireland. The visit was critical to Patrick 
 himself, and to the cause he was embarked in. 
 The adherents of the old paganism were prepared 
 to withstand, as best they could, the assault he 
 was about to make upon it in its highest places. 
 Though it be not connected with Dublin in par- 
 ticular, yet, as throwing light on the doctrine 
 which Patrick taught there, this " Hymn" will 
 be interesting to the reader, and he shall have 
 the translation of it before him entire : 
 
 "At Temur/' [that is, Tarah, the court of the 
 king,] " to-day I invoke the mighty power of the 
 Trinity. I believe in the Trinity under the God 
 of the elements. 
 
 "At Temur to-day (I place) the virtue of the 
 birth of Christ with his baptism, the virtue of 
 his crucifixion with his burial, the virtue, of his 
 resurrection with his ascension, the virtue of his 
 coming to the eternal judgment. 
 
 "At Temur to-day (I place) the virtue of the 
 love of Seraphim, (the virtue which exists) in 
 the obedience of angels, in the hope of the resur- 
 rection to eternal reward, in the prayers of the 
 noble fathers, in the predictions of the prophets, 
 in the preaching of the apostles, in the faith of 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 17 
 
 the confession, in the purity of the holy virgins, 
 in the deeds of just men. 
 
 "At Temur to-day (I place) the strength of 
 heaven, the light of the sun, the rapidity of 
 lightning, the swiftness of the wind, the depth 
 of the sea, the stability of the earth, the hardness 
 of rocks (between me and the powers of paganism 
 and demons.) 
 
 "At Temur to-day may the strength of God 
 pilot me, may the power of God preserve me, 
 may the wisdom of God instruct me, may the eye 
 of God view me, may the ear of God hear me, 
 may the word of God render me eloquent, may 
 the hand of God protect me, may the .mercy of 
 God direct me, may the shield of God defend me, 
 may the host of God guard me, against the snares" 
 of demons, the temptations of vices, the inclina- 
 tions of the mind, against every man who medi- 
 tates evil to me, far or near, alone or in company. 
 
 "I place all these powers between me and 
 every evil unmerciful power directed against my 
 body, (as a protection) against the incantations of 
 false prophets ; against the black laws of gentil- 
 ism ; against the false laws of heresy; against 
 the treachery of idolatry ; against the spells of 
 women, snaiths, and Druids; against every know- 
 ledge which binds the soul of man. May Christ 
 to-day protect me against poison, against burn- 
 ing, against drowning, against wounding, until 
 I deserve much reward. 
 
 " Christ be with me, Christ before me, Christ 
 after me, Christ in me, Christ under me, Christ 
 over me, Christ at my right, Christ at my left, 
 
18 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 Christ at this side, Christ at that side ; Christ at 
 raj back. 
 
 " Christ be in the heart of each person whom 
 I speak to j Christ in the mouth of each person 
 who speaks to me ; Christ in each eye that sees 
 me ', Christ in each ear which hears me. 
 
 "At Temur to-day I invoke the almighty power 
 of the Trinity. I believe in the Trinity under 
 the unity of the Grod of the elements. 
 
 " Salvation is the Lord's, salvation is the 
 Lord's, salvation is Christ's. May thy salvation, 
 Lord, be always with me." 
 
 The above document, of the genuineness of 
 which no^ doubt appears to exist, may not pre- 
 sent the trust of Christian piety in the clear and 
 strong light of New Testament instruction. It 
 corresponds rather with the mysticism which had 
 begun to creep over the Church about the time of 
 Jerome. But it shows ji heart that looked for 
 help to Christ alone as God our Saviour. It gives 
 no token of the " ever Blessed and Immaculate 
 Virgin," the "never-failing Star of Hope," the 
 " Help of Christians," the " Most Holy Mother," 
 being " constantly and fervently invoked," " as 
 the general patroness of all Ireland," as the 
 synod at Thurles, in the year 1850, prescribed 
 she should be ; although, if at any time that 
 zealous and devout man, St. Patrick, had judged 
 it right and useful to seek her aid, he surely 
 would have implored it under the circumstances 
 which led him to compose the "Hymn" given 
 above. 
 
 The notices which we have of Dublin previous 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 19 
 
 to the arrival of the Danes, an event which is 
 believed to have occurred towards the close of 
 the fifth century, are extremely meagre and un- 
 certain. Almost the only item of information 
 beyond what has been stated, is that about the 
 beginning of the third century a division was 
 made of the country into two portions, by a line 
 running direct across it from Dublin on the east 
 coast to G-alway on the west. The northern por- 
 tion or kingdom was called Leath Quinn, or 
 the Half of Quinn or Conn, and the southern was 
 called Leath Mogha, or the Half of Eoghan, or 
 Mogha, king of Munster. The termination of 
 the separation line eastward is said to have been 
 where High street now stands. 
 
 The Danes were usually called " Ostmen," or 
 men from the east, in Ireland, as in England and 
 France they were called " Northmen," or Nor- 
 mans, men from the north — the name being given 
 in each case according to the relative position of 
 the country whence they came. It is not unlikely 
 that their first landing at Dublin was for trade 
 rather than for war or plunder. The place of 
 their settlement was styled " Ostmantown," now 
 changed into " Oxmantown," a district on the 
 north side of the Liffey, at present partly occu- 
 pied by the Royal Barracks, and perhaps nearly 
 answering to Arran Quay "Ward in the municipal 
 divisions of the city. Some respectable authori- 
 ties maintain that the Danes were unknown in 
 Ireland till near the middle of the ninth century. 
 
 Dr. Lanigan, in his Ecclesiastical History of 
 Ireland, not only rejects the story of the inhabit- 
 
20 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 ants of Dublin and their king having been con- 
 verted by the preaching of St. Patrick, but states 
 that the city had no bishop till the eleventh cen- 
 tury. In the latter particular he is in error, un- 
 less by a " bishop" he intends a prelate of the 
 Romish Church. The name of seven persons who 
 were bishops of Dublin during the seventh and 
 eighth centuries are given by Ware. There were 
 also monastic establishments formed at Kilmain- 
 ham, Clonclalkin, Tallaght, and a few other places 
 in the vicinity. In those times, Ireland was 
 eminent for her schools of learning, and for the 
 piety and zeal of her monks. About the year 
 564, St. Columba and twelve companions left the 
 country and settled in Iona.* Other monks from 
 Ireland located themselves and labored with much 
 zeal in the north of England. Many others, again, 
 passed over to the continent, and devoted them- 
 selves to Christianize and civilize its then barbar- 
 ous population, until the power of Rome's bishop 
 obliged them to conform or flee. What propor- 
 tion, or whether any, of these earnest men went 
 from Dublin or its neighborhood is unknown. 
 
 The venerable Bede records that, in the 
 seventh century, numbers of the nobility and 
 others of England went over to Ireland, on ac- 
 count of the advantages it afforded above their 
 own country for education and religious improve- 
 ment. Among the persons of high rank who 
 thus made it a temporary residence, was Alfrid, a 
 
 * For information on this point, the reader is referred 
 to Dr. Alexander's volume on Iona, in our catalogue. 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 21 
 
 son of Oswin, the king of Northumberland. Os- 
 win, urged by the agents of Rome to recognize 
 her rule, held an assembly for discussing in his 
 presence the difference pf opinion between them 
 and the Irish monks — who till then had minister- 
 ed to his people — respecting the observance of 
 Easter. The design of the conference was to 
 supply argument which would enable the king to 
 form a sound judgment for his own guidance. In 
 the end, Oswin, to make himself sure of the favor 
 of Peter, who was represented as holding the keys 
 of heaven, gave his verdict in favor of the Roman 
 clergy, and the Irish monks were obliged forth- 
 with to leave Northumbria and return to their 
 native land. On the death of Oswin, his son 
 Egfrid succeeded him in the throne, and Alfrid, 
 his other son, withdre% to Ireland, dreading his 
 brother's jealousy. In June, 684, Egfrid sent 
 an expedition, under a commander named Beret, 
 against the district caljed Bergia, lying between 
 Dublin and Drogheda. The marauders spared 
 neither laity nor clergy, things sacred nor things 
 secular, and bore away with them " many cap- 
 tives and much booty." It is possible that the 
 favorable treatment given to Alfrid may have 
 provoked this outrage. Alfrid is said to have 
 become, while in Ireland, " a man most learned 
 in the Scriptures/' and " highly qualified for be- 
 ing placed at the head of a state/' which position 
 he acquired when his brother died. A~ poem, 
 composed by Alfrid, is yet extant in the Irish 
 language, describing, in a lively strain, what he 
 had observed in travelling through various parts 
 
22 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 of the country. It is too long to be inserted en- 
 tire, but three stanzas may be transcribed as given 
 in a translation : 
 
 "I found the good lay monks and brothers 
 Ever beseeching help for others, 
 And, in their keeping, the holy word 
 Pure as it came from Jesus the Lord. 
 
 " I found in Leinster the smooth and sjeek, 
 From Dublin to Slewniargy's peak, 
 Flourishing pastures, valor, health, 
 Long-living worthies, commerce, wealth. 
 
 "I found in Meath's fair principality, 
 Virtue, vigor, and hospitality, 
 Candor, joyfulness, bravery, purity — 
 Ireland's bulwark and security." 
 
 With regard to what is* said of the Irish monks 
 " ever beseeching help for others/' the reader 
 will observe that it was for others, not for them- 
 selves, that they sought assistance ; and it ought 
 to be borne in mind that the Irish monks had it 
 as a law that they were not to live upon alms, 
 but were to support themselves by their own in- 
 dustry. The mention of " commerce" in Lein- 
 ster naturally refers to Dublin, that city being, 
 it is presumed, the principal, if not then the only 
 seaport in the province. Slewmargy is a moun- 
 tain in the Queen's County. In the third of the 
 above stanzas, there are allusions to Tarah, where 
 the monarch of all Ireland held his court. 
 
 Supposing the Danes to have settled in or near 
 Dublin, as before noticed, towards the close of 
 the fifth century, they must have lived on good 
 
, THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 23 
 
 terms with its native inhabitants, for we have no 
 accounts of disagreements between the two parties 
 till about the year 838. By that time, however, 
 they appear to have become masters of the place, 
 and their power had so'increased that it aroused 
 the fears of the local Irish chiefs around. In 
 851, the kings of Leinster and Meath made war 
 upon them, expelled them from the city, and 
 gave it up to pillage by a rude soldiery. But, in 
 the year following, the Danes returned in great 
 power, regained the place, fortified it with a wall 
 and towers, and crowned their leader, Amlaffe, 
 " king" of Dublin. He built himself a royal re- 
 sidence at Clondalkin. Hostilities frequently 
 occurred between him and the neighboring princes; 
 On one occasion they attacked Clondalkin, burned 
 his palace there, and slew a hundred of his 
 servants. He retaliated, by surprising a body of 
 their followers, two thousand in number, all of 
 whom he either killed or made prisoners. He 
 made excursions into the country, and, among 
 other successful enterprises, he plundered and 
 burned Armagh. In 870, he and his son Yvar 
 crossed the channel with an army to assist their 
 brethren, the Danes, against the Saxons in Eng- 
 land. The Ulster Annals relate their return 
 thus : "Amlaffe and Yvar came to Ath-Cliath, 
 out of Albany, with two hundred ships, and 
 brought with them a great prey of English, Bri- 
 tons, and Picts." In 872, Ostin Mac Amlaffe, 
 king of Dublin, invaded the Picts of North 
 Britain with success, but was afterwards slain by 
 his own people. On the other hand, in 890, 
 
24 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 Dublin was taken by Gregory, king of Scotland. 
 Two years afterwards, a great fleet of Danes ar- 
 rived in the Liffey, to assist tbeir countrymen, 
 but on disembarking they were routed near the 
 city with great slaughter. In 916, the Danes 
 sustained the greatest defeat they ever had ex- 
 perienced in the country ; yet, strange to record, 
 in that same year they ravaged the island of An- 
 glesea; and in three years more they vanquished 
 and slew Neill IV., king of Ireland, in a battle 
 near their city. 
 
 The long recital of constantly occurring fights, 
 maraudings, and bloodshed, at which the preced- 
 ing paragraph merely affords a glance, is inter- 
 rupted by a statement that, about the year 948, 
 the Danes of Dublin renounced heathenism and 
 embraced Christianity. As will appear in our 
 next section, it was Christianity as then Roman- 
 ized, not Christianity as it existed among the 
 native Irish, that they received. This circum- 
 stance will account for the outrages the Danes of 
 Dublin continued to practice on their Irish neigh- 
 bors, so strongly complained of by Dr. Lanigan, 
 the ecclesiastical historian of Ireland : " These 
 new converts/' he writes, " did not imbibe the 
 meekness prescribed by the gospel ; for in 950," 
 only two years after their conversion, " the Danes 
 of Dublin plundered and burned Slane ; so that 
 many persons assembled in the belfry perished in 
 the flames." About the time they became nomi- 
 nally Christians, they founded the Abbey of St. 
 Mary, near Ostmantown, their own settlement. 
 As the best sites were chosen for such establish- 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 25 
 
 ments, we may presume that the portion of the 
 city now traversed by Capel street, and its 
 branches right and left, was then a spot the most 
 eligible, for its rich soil, lovely position, and other 
 conveniences, that the Danes had at their com- 
 mand in the neighborhood of Dublin. 
 
 Rapin informs us that Edgar, surnamed the 
 Peaceable, king of England, kept a fleet of four 
 thousand vessels, by which he not only protected 
 his own dominions, but " obliged the kings of 
 Wales, Ireland, and the Isle of Man, to swear 
 allegiance to him, and acknowledge him for sove- 
 reign." This account of the extent of Edgar's 
 rule corresponds with statements in a charter 
 granted by him at Gloucester, 964. In that 
 document he claims to have subdued under his 
 power, " by the propitious grace of God," " to- 
 gether with the empire of the English, all the 
 •kingdoms of the islands of the ocean, with their 
 fierce kings, as far as Norway, and the greatest 
 part of Ireland, with its most noble city, Dublin." 
 It is probable that the " king of Ireland," men- 
 tioned in Raping is the Danish king of Dublin, 
 who was also sovereign of all the Danes in other 
 parts of the country, including Limerick and 
 Waterford. How long the king of Dublin re- 
 mained subject to the king of England is not 
 reported j but coins exist, which were struck at 
 "Dyfelin," or Dublin, bearing the name of Ethel- 
 red, who was next but one in succession to 
 Edgar on the English throne. Consequently 
 there was a "mint" in the city, in the latter 
 half of the tenth century. 
 
26 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 The year 980 saw the Danes of Dublin routed 
 by Malachi, king of Ireland, in an engagement 
 at Tarah; and nine years afterwards, the same 
 Malachi assailed them in their own quarters in 
 Dublin, slew great numbers of them, remained 
 there three-score nights, and pressed them so 
 close in their camp on the shore outside the city, 
 that they had no drink but the salt water. At 
 length they submitted, and agreed to pay an ounce 
 of gold out of every messuage and garden in 
 Dublin, to him and his successors, yearly at 
 Christmas. 
 
 While these matters were transpiring, another 
 person was rising in power, who made his name 
 one of the most famed in ancient Irish history. 
 This was Brien Boroomh, king of Munster, who 
 ere long became king of the whole country. In 
 the year 999, the Dublin Danes ravaged a great 
 part of Leinster, and brought back, among other 
 prisoners, the king of the province, who was one 
 of Brien' s liegeman. Brien, on hearing this, 
 marched with a select body of troops to Dublin, 
 delivered the king of Leinster, banished the Dan- 
 ish king Sitricus beyond the seas, burned a great 
 part of the city, and brought away a considerable 
 quantity of gold and silver, with manufactured 
 goods and other valuable effects. The citizens 
 gave hostages, and were allowed to repair their 
 works. Brien continued to pursue his conquests 
 and depredations in other parts of Ireland. In 
 1013, however, the king of Leinster and the 
 Danes of Dublin joined in a league against him. 
 He laid the province waste to the very walls of 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 27 
 
 the city, and, early in the following year, engaged 
 many of the Irish princes to unite with him in a 
 grand effort either to destroy the Danes, or com- 
 pel them to quit the country altogether. Their 
 monarch, Sitricus, with the Leinster king, were 
 not slow in -snaking preparations to defeat him. 
 Aids came from the Isle of Man and the Hebrides. 
 On Good Friday, April 23d, 1014, the hostile 
 armies met'on the plains of Clontarf, each resolved 
 on victory or death. The place has thence been 
 called the Marathon of Ireland. Both armies 
 were in three divisions. The Danes had a thou- 
 sand men in complete armor, and nine thousand 
 Leinster troops, with their auxiliaries. A portion 
 of Brien's followers were absent. The king of 
 Meath, with a thousand soldiers, came obedient 
 to Brien's call j but had a private understanding 
 with the king of Leinster, that he and his troops 
 would desert Brien in the hour of battle. The 
 conflict was tremendous — the carnage fearful. It 
 began at sunrise, and till four in the afternoon 
 the issue remained doubtful. The Irish battle- 
 axe, wielded with one hand, cleft in twain the 
 armed Dane at a single stroke ; but prodigies of 
 valor were performed by all the combatants, and 
 on both sides the victors of one moment fell vic- 
 tims the next. According to some accounts > 
 Brien's forces gained the day : according to others, 
 the Danes at first gave way, but rallied, and at 
 last prevailed. Brien, it is said, when he had 
 harangued his forces in the early morning, and 
 the signal for battle was given, was not allowed 
 by his followers to head them in the strife, on 
 
28 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 account of his great age, (eighty-three years,) but 
 retired to his tent, where he was attacked, at the 
 close of the engagement, by a party of Danes, and 
 slain. On his side fell, also, his son, a long cata- 
 logue of princely and noble leaders, together with 
 from seven to eleven thousand men. On the 
 other side fell the king of Leinster, almost all his 
 princes and chiefs, and three thousand men : 
 while the Danes lost their principal officers and 
 fourteen thousand men, including the thousand 
 in coats of mail, who, it is said, were all cut to 
 pieces. After the battle, Sitricus, with the Irish 
 Danes, returned to Dublin, and those from for- 
 eign parts went on board their vessels, and set 
 sail homewards. Some report that Brien's body 
 and his son's were interred at Kilmainham, " a 
 village about a mile from Dublin, near an old 
 stone cross f but it is believed by others that his 
 corpse was conveyed to Swords, and then removed, 
 pursuant to his own directions, and buried in 
 Armagh. 
 
 Brien Boroomh is renowned for his superiority 
 in statesmanship and in -music, equally as in war. 
 What is said to have been his harp is preserved 
 in the museum of the Dublin University; but its 
 identity is apocryphal, and were it proved that 
 the instrument was Brien' s, a cjeep sigh would 
 escape one on looking at the relic, that, unlike 
 the harp of the son of Jesse, it was seldom or 
 never tuned to allay an evil spirit, or to celebrate 
 the glorious grace of the Messiah's reign. 
 
DUBLIN SUBJECT TO ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 29 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 . We have mentioned that the Danes of Dublin 
 exchanged heathenism for Christianity, in its 
 Roman form, about the year 948. 
 
 The Black Book of Christ Church has the fol- 
 lowing account of the origin of that edifice : — 
 " Sitricus, king of Dublin, son of Ableb, earl of 
 Dublin, gave to the Blessed Trinity, and to 
 Donate, first bishop of Dublin, a place on which 
 to build a church of the Blessed Trinity, where 
 the arches or vaults were founded, with the fol- 
 lowing lands, viz. : Beal-duleck, [now Baldoyle,] 
 llechen, Portrahern, with their villeins, cows, and 
 corn : he also contributed gold and silver enough 
 wherewith to build the church and the whole 
 court thereof/' The "arches or vaults" are 
 thought to have been places which had been used 
 for storing merchandise, though others conjecture 
 that they were rather cells for devotion. Donate 
 became bishop of Dublin in 1038, and died in 
 1074. The Church of the Holy Trinity, erected 
 by him as above, afterwards became Christ Church 
 Cathedral. He also built the Chapel of St. 
 Michael, which, in course of time, was changed 
 into a parish-church. 
 
30 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 It is probable that the Danes of Dublin received 
 their Christianity from England, by communica- 
 tion with ecclesiastics in that country. Indications 
 of connection with Rome, through Canterbury, 
 are not wanting in the casa of Bishop Donate ; 
 but that connection becomes apparent in the case 
 of Donate' s successor, Patrick. Sir James Ware, 
 in his " Bishops of Ireland/' gives the letter which 
 the king of Dublin sent with Patrick to Lanfranc, 
 the English primate, requesting his consecration, 
 as having been chosen by the clergy and citizens 
 to be their bishop. Ware gives also the formal 
 vow of canonical obedience which Patrick made 
 to Lanfranc and his successors. Ware furnishes 
 likewise two letters which Patrick brought back 
 with him from Lanfranc — one to Godfrid, king 
 of Dublin, and the other to Tirdelvac, king of 
 Ireland : both of them written in that compli- 
 mentary, patronizing, admonitoiy, and hortatory 
 strain, which dignified ecclesiastics of those days, 
 as of our own, well knew how to employ for their 
 purposes, in addressing secular lords. This Tir- 
 delvac is the same king to whom, as Lanigan 
 mentions, Pope Gregory VII., Hildebrand, sent 
 a letter, " much in the style of several others 
 which he wrote to several kings, princes, etc., for 
 the purpose of claiming not only a spiritual, but 
 likewise a temporal and political superiority over 
 all the kingdoms and principalities of Europe. 
 Having insinuated his claim over Ireland, he con- 
 cludes with giving directions to Tirdelvac, etc., 
 to refer to him whatever affairs the settling of 
 which may require his assistance." Thus did the 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 31 
 
 pope's temporal power over nations and -their 
 rulers come in, as it were by stealth, behind his 
 spiritual power. And as it was in the days of 
 Hildebrand, so it is in those of Pio Nono. 
 
 Usher, in his "Religion of the Ancient Irish," 
 gives the following letter from Henry I. of Eng- 
 land to his primate, ordering the consecration of 
 a Dublin bishop, in 1121: " Henry, king of 
 England, to Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 greeting. The king of Ireland hath intimated 
 unto me by his writ, and the burgesses of Dublin, 
 that they have chosen this Gregory for their 
 bishop, and send him unto you to be consecrated. 
 Wherefore, I wish you, that satisfying their 
 requests, you perform his consecration without 
 delay. Witness — Ranulph, our chancellor at 
 Windsor." Usher writes that "all the burgesses 
 of Dublin, likewise, and the whole assembly of 
 the clergy, directed their joint letters to the 
 archbishop of Canterbury at the same time : 
 wherein, among other things, they write thus : 
 1 Know you for verity that the bishops of Ireland 
 have great indignation towards us, and that bishop 
 most of all that dwelleth at Armagh, because we 
 will not obey their ordination, but will always be 
 under your government/ " Hence it appears 
 what an opposition existed between the Irish and 
 Romanist ecclesiastics of the country. The ex- 
 pression used by the Dublin burgesses and clergy 
 is even stronger than Usher has rendered it : 
 "maximum zelum ercja nos"-*- il the greatest 
 indignation towards us." The "indignation" 
 was not less in the Romanists against the Irish. 
 
32 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 There were essential ecclesiastical differences be- 
 tween the two. The Irish churches were self- 
 governed — owning no subjection to the pope. 
 They freely, followed each its own mode of wor- 
 ship : none of them used the Roman. Each 
 church had its bishop : so much so that Roman 
 divines censured Ireland for its "paganism" in 
 having as many bishops as churches. The Irish 
 clergy were not bound to celibacy; for among 
 rules given for their style of dress, one is that 
 their wives should have their heads veiled when 
 they walk abroad. The Irish churches were 
 charged by Romanists with not observing due 
 order in ordaining bishops : in England, indeed, 
 and on the Continent, the ministry of Irish- 
 ordained clergy was often disallowed. The Roman 
 laws with regard to matrimony, the use of chrism 
 in baptism, and the observance of Easter, were 
 not recognized by the Irish Christians. These 
 differences gave rise to strong contentions when 
 the parties came in contact elsewhere; and no 
 doubt the bishops of Ireland looked upon the 
 bishop of Dublin placing himself in the position 
 of a suffragan to Canterbury, instead of being in 
 fellowship with themselves, as the inhabitants of 
 a besieged city would on a person who sought to 
 open its gates to the foe. 
 
 The jurisdiction of the Dublin bishop did not 
 extend beyond the city. Limerick and Water- 
 ford were each of them a bishop's see; and being, 
 like Dublin, Danish settlements, their prelates 
 were of the Roman order, and suffragans of Can- 
 terbury. Gregory, whose application for conse- 
 
THE ENGLISH TAPAL RULE. 83 
 
 cration wo have mentioned, lived to see the 
 long-cherished wishes of the pope and his English 
 primate consummated, in all the Irish churches 
 being placed as one under the sway of Rome. 
 
 Early in the twelfth century, one Gillebert, 
 who, as Lanigan thinks, had been ordained among 
 the Irish, was invited by the people of Limerick 
 to become their bishop. This changed his eccle- 
 siastical relation, and he became intimate with 
 Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury. He took 
 a journey to the continent, and was enamored 
 with the Roman worship, as there celebrated. It 
 occurred to him how much more orderly and 
 respectable the Irish clergy and ritual would be, 
 were they brought into conformity with Rome. 
 The pope eventually made him his legate for Ire- 
 land, and he wrote more than one treatise in 
 furtherance of his favorite purpose. " It is prob- 
 able," writes Lanigan, "that Gillebert was encour- 
 aged in his proceedings by Anselm, although it 
 can scarcely be supposed that Anselm supplied 
 him with his bad arguments. " The same author 
 adds, "Gillebert did not succeed, at least to any 
 considerable degree, in setting aside the Irish 
 offices." But the leaven spread. Malachi, 
 bishop of Armagh, successor to the one alluded 
 to in the Dublin letter which we have quoted 
 above from Usher, entered into Gillebert' s views, 
 and went to Rome to solicit two "palls" — one 
 for Armagh, and the other for Cashel — making 
 them archbishoprics. The pope received him 
 graciously, appointed him legate for Ireland in- 
 stead of Gillebert, who had become infirm through 
 2 
 
34 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 age, and promised that the palls should be granted 
 on their being applied for in due form, by dele- 
 gates from a council of the clergy and chief men 
 of the country. A council was held on Malachi's 
 return, and ultimately Pope Eugenius sent Cardi- 
 nal Paparo to Ireland, who conferred four palls : 
 namely, one each upon Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, 
 and Tuain. Thus all Ireland was brought into 
 direct fellowship with the pope, and vowed alle- 
 giance to him as her head. Dublin also ceased 
 to be ecclesiastically subject to Canterbury, and 
 became itself an archiepiscopal see. Then, or in 
 a few years afterwards, several bishoprics in the 
 neighborhood of the city, as Clondalkin, Tallaght, 
 Taney, etc., were merged in the see of Dublin. 
 
 The movement commenced by Gillebert had 
 other than spiritual results. Within four years 
 after Ireland received the palls, Henry II., king 
 of England, obtained from Pope Adrian IV., as 
 absolute sovereign of Ireland in his capacity of 
 vicar of Christ, a bull, formally assigning over 
 the country to Henry and his successors on the 
 throne of England as its lords. The grant* was 
 made by the pope to the king "for extending the 
 borders of the Church, restraining the progress 
 of vice, for the correction of manners, the plant- 
 ing of virtue, and the increase of religion." It 
 empowered Henry to "enter Ireland, and execute 
 therein whatever shall pertain to the honor of 
 God and the welfare of the land." It enjoined 
 the people to "receive him honorably, and rever- 
 ence him as their lord : the rights of their churches 
 still remaining inviolate." It bound Henry and 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 35 
 
 Lis successors to pay to the pope one penny annu- 
 ally for each house in the country. It concluded 
 by exhorting Henry to fulfil his mission for the 
 good of Ireland, that he "might be entitled to 
 the fullness of eternal reward from God, and 
 obtain a glorious crown on earth throughout all 
 ages." This bull from Adrian was variously con- 
 firmed by his successors on the papal throne. 
 
 Henry was too much occupied otherwise to act 
 upon this bull at once. In the mean time, pre- 
 parations were being made for his success, and no 
 doubt the connection which had existed between 
 Dublin and Canterbury favored his interests among 
 the Danes in the former city. In 1162, Dermod, 
 king of Leinster, brought these Danes and their 
 king under his own power. Five years afterwards, 
 O'Connor, king of Ireland, made war on Dermod 
 and the Danes. Dermod, reduced to extremity, 
 applied to the king of England for aid to regain 
 his territories. Henry issued warrants to his 
 subjects, commanding them to furnish Dermod 
 with supplies. The principal person who espoused 
 his cause was the Earl of Pembroke, surnamed 
 a Strongbow," from his power in archery. To 
 engage this lord in his interest, the king of 
 Leinster promised him his daughter in marriage, 
 and his crown in reversion. Strongbow came 
 accordingly, and Dermod recovered his lost pos- 
 sessions, made himself master of Dublin, and 
 appointed Miles de Cogan, an English adventurer, 
 commander of the place. Dermod died in 1171, 
 and Strongbow became king of Leinster, includ- 
 ing its metropolis, Dublin. Henry, hearing of 
 
36 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 his success, became jealous; but tin earl visited 
 England, and appeased Henry's wrath by con- 
 senting to surrender Dublin to him, and to hold 
 the province under him as liege-lord. 
 
 In October, 1172, Henry himself crossed the 
 channel from Milford to Waterford, with a fleet 
 of two hundred and "forty vessels, bringing with 
 him many of his court and nobility, four hundred 
 knights or men-at-arms, and four thousand sol- 
 diers. On landing, he received the submission 
 of the English settlers : Strongbow did homage 
 to him for the crown of Leinster ; and, in his 
 progress towards Dublin, many of the Irish princes 
 offered him their allegiance. At Dublin, Strong- 
 bow formally ceded the city to him, and he ap- 
 pointed Hugh de Lacy its governor, who bore the 
 titles of bailiif, seneschal, and guardian or custos : 
 under the Danes, its chief magistrate had been 
 called " 3Ior Maer," Great Steward. Henry 
 then went southward, and attended an ecclesias- 
 tical council at Cashel, wherein all matters affect- 
 ing the Irish churches were arranged according 
 to the will of the Roman pontiff. On returning 
 to the metropolis, he gave the laws of England to 
 his Irish subjects, held a parliament, and estab- 
 lished courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Com- 
 mon Pleas, and Exchequer, on the model of 
 those in London. Henry spent his Christmas in 
 Dublin, with truly royal feasting and splendor. 
 There being no place in the city large enough for 
 his use, he " caused to be erected a royal palace, 
 framed artificially of wattles, according to the 
 custom of the country," on a spot outside the 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 37 
 
 walls, where Dame lane enters George's street. 
 This palace " was a long pavilion, like a cabin, 
 which, being well-furnished with plate, household 
 stuff, and good cheer, made a better appearance 
 than ever had been before seen in Ireland. Many 
 of the Irish princes nocked thither to pay their 
 duty to the king, not without admiration and ap- 
 plause of his magnificence/' His object herein 
 was to establish his power in the country by at- 
 taching the chiefs and people to himself, giving 
 proofs of his good will towards them in order to 
 secure theirs in return. Before his departure, at 
 Easter, he granted the city of Dublin to the peo- 
 ple of Bristol : " Wherefore," says the charter, 
 " I will and firmly command that they do inhabit 
 it, and hold it of me and of my heirs, well and 
 in peace, freely and quietly, fully, and amply, and 
 honorably, with all liberties and free customs 
 which the men of Bristol have at Bristol, and 
 through my whole land." 
 
 Earl Strongbow died in 1177, and was buried 
 with great solemnity in Christ Church cathedral, 
 where a monument was placed to his memory, 
 which still exists, though much injured and 
 defaced. The record of his death states that he 
 was interred "in sight of the cross." Happy 
 had it been if all who undertook the cure of 
 souls, in those and other times, had been as con- 
 cerned that men should know the doctrine of the 
 cross for their salvation while living, as the eccle- 
 siastics who arranged the obsequies of Strongbow 
 were to lay his corpse within view of the crucifix, 
 which the spirit of Antichrist has substituted as 
 
38 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 a refuge for the soul in the place of a living faith 
 in Christ ! 
 
 During the time that the English power was 
 being established in Ireland, the archbishopric 
 of Dublin was held by the celebrated Lawrence 
 O'Toble. At first he opposed Henry's projects, 
 but afterwards acquiesced in them. We read of 
 him, that although he studiously avoided all popu- 
 lar applause, yet his charity to the poor, and 
 hospitality to the rich, could not be concealed. 
 He caused every day, sometimes sixty, sometimes 
 forty, and at least thirty poor men to be fed in 
 his presence, besides many whom he otherwise 
 relieved. He entertained the rich splendidly and 
 elegantly, with variety of dishes, and several sorts 
 of wines, yet never tasted of the repast himself, 
 contented with coarser fare. In 1179, he attend- 
 ed the second general council of the Lateran, and 
 while there obtained a bull from the Pope Alex- 
 ander, confirming the dioceses of Grlendalough, 
 Kildare, Ferns, Leighlin, and Ossory, to his me- 
 tropolitan see. 
 
 When Cardinal Paparo gave palls to Armagh 
 and Dublin, he did not sufficiently appoint in 
 what relation the two sees should stand to each 
 other. To Comyn, who followed 0' Toole in that 
 of Dublin, Pope Honorius III. granted that he 
 should be primate in his archdiocese, and that no 
 prelate should have jurisdiction over him therein, 
 save the pope or his legates. A controversy of 
 some centuries' duration arose between Dublin 
 and Armagh on this subject. The sign of pri 
 lnatial rank and prerogative consisted in the cross 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 39 
 
 of the prelate being carried upright before him. 
 Popes, councils, parliaments, were variously ap- 
 pealed to, and gave judgment variously. On one 
 occasion, the archbishop of Armagh appeared at 
 Howth with his cross erect, which some belong- 
 ing to fhe Dublin party observing, they beat it 
 down and drove him out of Leinster. At another 
 time the archbishop of Armagh came to a parlia- 
 ment in Dublin, under the king's warrant that he 
 should have no molestation ; but the archbishop 
 of Dublin would not allow him to appear, because 
 he insisted on having his cross carried upright. 
 In 1345, Fitz-Ralph, of Armagh, procured from 
 King Edward III. authority to bear his cross erect 
 in any part of Ireland. Accordingly he came to 
 Dublin, and remained in the city three days, ex- 
 hibiting the symbol of preeminence, asserting his 
 claim, publicly reading the bulls of popes in 
 support of it, and denouncing excommunication 
 against any who should oppose it. Hewson, the 
 lord justice, the prior of Kilmainham, and other 
 high officials, interfered, (being induced to do so, 
 it is said, by a bribe from the archbishop of Dub- 
 lin,) and put a stop to those proceedings. Fitz- 
 Ralph left the city in great anger. On reaching 
 Drogheda he pronounced the curse of the Church 
 on the parties who had dared to impugn his 
 dignity. This alarmed and humbled them. 
 The Kilmainham prior himself, seized with dan- 
 gerous illness, sent deputies to confess his sin, 
 and implore absolution. He died before their 
 return, and his remains were refused Christian 
 burial; but the grace desired being at length 
 
40 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 vouchsafed, they were then allowed a resting- 
 place in consecrated ground. The next archhishop 
 of Dublin received letters from Edward, revoking 
 those given to Fitz-Ralph, on the ground that the 
 latter had been obtained through misrepresenta- 
 tion. Finally, Pope Innocent VI.' brought the 
 dispute to a close, by ordaining that Armagh should 
 be primate of all Ireland, and Dublin primate of 
 Ireland, answering to the difference, ecclesiasti- 
 caily, between Canterbury and York in England. 
 
 We must now retrace our steps, and notice 
 matters which, in order to avoid breaking the 
 thread of our narrative, we refrained from allud- 
 ing to before. 
 
 The establishment of the abbey of St. Mary, 
 on the north side of the Liffey, and the building 
 of the church of the Holy Trinity, or Christ 
 Church, and that of St. Michael, in the heart of 
 the city, have been mentioned. In 1095, the 
 church of St. Michan was founded between Ost- 
 mantown and Mary's Abbey, by a Dane of that 
 name; and about a century later, archbishop 
 Comyn demolished the old parochial church of 
 St. Patrick, and»erected and endowed a cathedral 
 in its place. In 1146, the nunnery of St. Mary 
 de Hoggins was built not far from the eastern 
 gate of the city, which thence took the name of 
 Dame's Gate, and the memorial of the nunnery 
 is still preserved in the names Dame street and 
 Dame lane. Twenty years later, the great mon- 
 astery of All-Hallows was erected where Trinity 
 College now stands ; and in the same year was 
 also founded the priory of All-Hallows, at Hog- 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 41 
 
 gin's-green, now called Stephen's-green : both 
 the monastery and the priory sprang from the 
 zeal of Dermod, king of Leinster. About the 
 same time, St. Andrew's church was built where 
 the Cattle Market is at present. The abbey of 
 St. Thomas was erected by Fitz-Audelin, butler 
 to Henry II., and its situation is yet known as 
 Thomas court, and Thomas street : it was, how- 
 ever, then " near" Dublin. Earl Strongbow 
 erected the priory of Knights' Templars at Kil- 
 mainham, where now stands the Royal Hospital : 
 their grounds extended across the river, including 
 a portion of the Phoenix Park. In 1188, the 
 priory of St. John the Baptist was built by Alured 
 de Palmer, on what is, in our day, the north side 
 of Thomas street. And, in 1202, William Mar- 
 shall, earl of Pembroke, established the priory of 
 St. Saviour, on the site of the present Four 
 Courts. In 1235, the abbey of St. Francis was 
 erected, and from it afterwards was taken the 
 name of Francis street. In 1259, the monastery 
 of the Holy Trinity was founded by Earl Talbot, 
 where Crow street theatre stood in modern time. 
 The abbey of Witeschan, for Friars Penitent, was 
 founded near the Coombe in 1268 ; and ten years 
 later the monastery of Carmelites, or White Friars, 
 was founded by Sir Robert Bagot, near the pre- 
 sent Whitefriars street. The churches of St. 
 Nicholas Within, St. Werburgh's, St. Owen's, 
 (now Audoen's,) and St. Catharine's, are believed 
 to have existed at that period. So that the Dub- 
 lin of the thirteenth century must have been well 
 supplied with ecclesiastical buildings. Some of 
 
42 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 these establishments had immense property, and 
 their heads were lords of parliament, who had 
 great influence in political affairs. 
 
 The " wall and tower" with which the Danes 
 encompassed Dublin for its defence when they 
 first became masters of it, were, of course, built 
 of masonry, probably, however, of a somewhat 
 rude and frail kind, a step or two in advance 
 upon the "forts" which universal tradition as- 
 cribes to them, and which are so frequently met 
 with in the country. In the year 1000, they re- 
 paired and added to the fortifications, which then 
 became of considerable strength. The city wall 
 went, it is believed, from Cork Hill on the east 
 down to within' some distance of the river, then 
 along, or rather above, the present Cook street, 
 running up the hill through Owen's or Audoen's 
 Arch, and afterwards, a few yards below the top 
 of the rise on the south side, took its course east- 
 ward till it reached Cork Hill. There were seve- 
 ral gates : one on the east, called Dame's Gate ; 
 another towards the west, called Owen's Gate; a 
 third on the north, or north-west, near the present 
 Winetavern street, leading to the river; and a 
 fourth on the south side. Early in the thirteenth 
 century, it was judged that the city required 
 greater security ; and on a representation made 
 to that effect by Meyler Fitz-Henry, the lord 
 justice, or, as the English would say, the lord lieu- 
 tenant, king John granted him a commission to 
 " erect a castle there, in such competent place as 
 he should judge most expedient, as well to curb 
 the city as to defend it, if occasion should so re- 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 43 
 
 quire, and to make it as strong as he could with 
 good and durable walls.' ' It was, if so much could 
 be accomplished, to be a " palace" as well as a 
 " castle." To aid the work, John assigned to 
 Fitz-Henry a debt of three hundred marks (£200) 
 due to the king by one Jeffrey Fitz-Robert. He 
 also ordered the inhabitants to improve the city 
 defences, to defray the cost of which he appointed 
 them an annual fair to be held for eight days, be- 
 ginning on the festival of the " Invention of the 
 Holy Cross/' It is thought that the " castle" was 
 finished by the archbishop Henry Loundres, in 
 1220. It was built on the site occupied by its 
 present successor. The entrance to it was on its 
 north side, from what is called, in consequence, 
 " Castle street," and was secured by two towers, 
 a portcullis, and a drawbridge. What now forms 
 the Lower Castle Yard and parts adjoining, were 
 then called "Sheep's Land," (whence Ship 
 street,) and a lodgment of water there was called 
 the " City Ditch." In 1215, the citizens obtained 
 a royal license to build a bridge over the Liffey 
 where they pleased. The site chosen was probably 
 where we have conjectured the old Ford to have 
 been ; and from this bridge the street leading to 
 it from the city naturally came to be called 
 "Bridge street." "High street," named from its 
 position, was burned down in 1285, and the year 
 following the greater part of the city was con- 
 sumed. It is recorded to the honor of the in- 
 habitants, that they first made a collection to 
 repair the damage done to Christ Church, " before 
 they thought of reedifying their own houses." 
 
44 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 The reader has been informed that Henry II. 
 gave special encouragement to his loving subjects 
 of Bristol to settle in Dublin. A gloomy event 
 followed in connection with their having taken 
 advantage of his permission. Easter Monday, 
 ordinarily accounted bright, acquired the name 
 of " Black Monday." * l The occasion of Black 
 Monday," writes Ware in his "Antiquities," anno 
 1209, "and the original remembrance thereof, 
 arose in Dublin. The city of Dublin, by" reason 
 of some great mortality, being waste and desolate, 
 the inhabitants of Bristol nocked thither to dwell, 
 who, after their country manner upon holy-days, 
 some for love of the fresh air, some to avoid idle- 
 ness, some other for pastime, pleasure, and gaming 
 sake, nocked out of the town towards Cullen's 
 Wood upon Monday in Easter-week. The Beirnes 
 and Tooles, (the mountain enemies,) like wolves, 
 lay in ambush for them, and upon finding them 
 unarmed, fell upon them, and slew three hundred 
 men, besides women and children which they led 
 in their hands. Although, shortly after, the town 
 was upon the report thereof soon peopled again 
 by Bristolians, yet that dismal day is yearly re- 
 membered, and solemnly observed by the mayor, 
 sheriffs, and citizens, with feast and banquet, and 
 pitching of tents in that place, in most brave 
 sort, daring the enemy upon his peril not to be 
 so hardy as ever to approach near their feasting 
 camp." This custom was continued for some 
 centuries. At last, on Easter Monday, in 1578, 
 "the wind and rain were so violent that neither 
 bowmen nor shot could go abroad;" and brave 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 45 
 
 as the then chief magistrate and his compeers 
 might be to face the human " mountain enemies," 
 they shrank from encountering the terrible war 
 of elements. Nor did their valorous successors 
 in following years, except on one occasion, ever 
 feel called upon to resume this old champion-like 
 celebration of " Black Monday." 
 
 In the latter half of the thirteenth century, 
 warm contests arose between the spiritual and the 
 civic rulers of the city. So excessive were the 
 " dues" exacted by the clergy for church services 
 and purposes, that it was resolved to limit their 
 power and reduce their demands. This incensed 
 the archbishop Fulk de Sandford. He excom- 
 municated the mayor and other secular officials, 
 placed the city under an interdict, and had the 
 inhabitants denounced by the pope's legate then 
 in London. In 1268, Sir Robert de Ufford, the 
 lord justice, brought about an adjustment. 
 Among the terms agreed upon were the follow- 
 ing : — If a citizen were guilty of a public sin, 
 he might commute its punishment for a sum of 
 money : if he persisted in it, and it were great 
 and public, he was to be cudgelled (fustigetui-) 
 about the church : on that proving insufficient 
 to reform him, he was to be cudgelled, before the 
 processions made to the cathedrals ; and in case 
 he was still impenitent, he was to be expelled the 
 city or cudgelled through it. The modern use of 
 the horsewhip in Ireland, for administering Rom- 
 anist pastoral discipline, might refer to the above 
 agreement as its precedent. 
 
 Honorable mention is made of John le Dacer, 
 
46 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 the first "provost" of Dublin, as having been a 
 great public benefactor. Besides building two 
 chapels and granting other liberalities to the 
 Church, he provided a marble cistern for the city 
 conduit, such as had never been seen before : he 
 also erected a new bridge over the Liffey, and in 
 a time of scarcity sent out three ships and brought 
 over a supply of corn, bestowing one cargo on 
 the lord justice and the militia, and a second on 
 the Dominican and Augustin friars, reserving the 
 third for the exercise of his own hospitality and 
 bounty. The last-named generosity probably oc- 
 curred in 1310, for we are told that in that year 
 the bakers of Dublin were drawn on hurdles at 
 the tails of horses, through the streets, for using 
 false weights and for other malpractices, during 
 a famine when a " crannoch" of wheat (four Win- 
 chester bushels) sold for twenty shillings, the 
 price in England a few years before (1288) hav- 
 ing been only fourpence per bushel. Another 
 famine occurred in 1331, when the distress of 
 the citizens was singularly " relieved by a pro- 
 digious shoal of fish, called ' turleyhides/ being 
 cast on shore at the mouth of the Dodder. They 
 were from thirty to forty feet long, and so thick 
 that men standing on each side one of them could 
 not see those on the other. Upwards of two hun- 
 dred of them were killed by the people/' 
 
 Besides famine, pestilence frequently made 
 havoc in the cfty. One that occurred in 1348 
 carried off " vast numbers" — a writer of the time 
 says, " fourteen thousand ! " A second came in 
 1361 ; a third, yet more destructive, in 1370 ; 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 47 
 
 and a fourth in 1383, which "destroyed abun- 
 dance of people/ 7 Of one in 1439, "three thou- 
 sand" persons died; of another in 1447, "vast 
 multitudes died." What was the state of medical 
 practice in Dublin during the times we are speak- 
 ing of cannot be satisfactorily ascertained ; but a 
 statement in Messrs. Warburton, Whitelaw, and 
 "Walsh's History, may suggest to us that the heal- 
 in cr art was studied anions the Irish and in Dub- 
 lin at even an earlier period. "In passing," say 
 the authors, " through Mitre alley, an obscure 
 part of the old city, near St. ^Patrick's Cathedral, 
 the eye is attracted by an angular sign-board pro- 
 jecting from the wall, on which is the following 
 inscription, ' Domestic medicine prescribed from 
 Irish manuscripts,' and a couplet of Irish poetry, 
 which is literally, ' Christ, the sick relieve : to 
 their aid I Thee implore/ Attracted by this no- 
 tice, we visited the doctor, in the hope of meet- 
 ing those Irish manuscripts from which he derived 
 his prescriptions. Nor were we disappointed. 
 We found an old man of a genuine Milesian as- 
 pect, possessed of seventy-three very old and 
 valuable volumes of vellum, bound in modern 
 covers. They contained several thousand recipes 
 in Latin and Irish, written in a very beautiful 
 but very old Irish character. The title-pages were 
 wanting, but they were supposed to be a collection 
 of native and other recipes made in the thirteenth 
 century, and from that period traditionally de- 
 scending from family to family." 
 
 Dublin had no school of learning after she be- 
 came Roman, previous to the fourteenth century. 
 
48 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 In 1313, Archbishop Leek obtained from Pope 
 Clement V. a bull for founding "the university 
 of scholars at Dublin," and in seven years more 
 his successor, Bieknor, procured another bull 
 from Pope John XXII. , renewing and confirming 
 the former. Bieknor applied himself with much 
 spirit to perfect the design. The rules of this 
 college are given by Ware. It had power to con- 
 fer degrees, and at its opening several persons 
 received that of doctor in divinity, and Bodiart, 
 dean of St. Patrick's, was made doctor in canon 
 law and chancellor of the university. It was 
 held in St. Patrick's Cathedral. King Edward III. 
 appointed for the university a professor of di- 
 vinity, enlarged the original endownent, and by 
 special writ granted his protection and safe con- 
 duct to the students while going and returning. 
 It had, however, only a feeble and hardly- 
 sustained existence. A vigorous attempt was 
 made to revive it in 1496, when Archbishop 
 Fitz-Simons, at a council held in Christ Church, 
 " assigned certain stipends to the lecturers in the 
 university at Dublin, payable yearly by himself 
 and his suffragans." But we hear nothing of it 
 afterwards. 
 
 In Bicknor's day, indolence and mendicancy 
 seem to have been rampant in Dublin, and he 
 laudably sought to promote industry as well as 
 learning among the people. There was formerly 
 " extant in the registry of St. Mary's Abbey an 
 account of a remarkable sermon preached by him 
 in Christ Church, .against sloth and idleness; 
 wherein he bitterly complained of the mischiefs 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 49 
 
 arising from the strangers and beggars who infest- 
 ed the city and suburbs of Dublin; and so warm 
 was he in his discourse, that he cursed every one 
 that would not exercise some trade or calling 
 every day, more or less. His sermon had such 
 an influence that the then mayor of Dublin ex- 
 ercised his authority on the occasion, and would 
 not suffer any person within his liberties but such 
 as spun or knitted as they walked the streets. 
 Even the begging friars were not excused." The 
 evils thus rebuked and corrected came to the 
 metropolis from the provinces, where we have 
 reason to believe they prevailed a century and a 
 half later. King Henry VII. inquired of Fitz- 
 Simon, archbishop of Dublin, when the latter 
 waited on him at court, why his Irish subjects so 
 often rebelled and made no improvement under 
 the English rule, notwithstanding the advantages 
 which the country afforded. Fitz-Simon referred 
 the king to an explanation he had sent to his 
 majesty in a letter some time before, ascrib- 
 ing the poverty and discontent of the Irish 
 to their " idleness." Let us rejoice that, what- 
 ever may have been the facts of the case then, a 
 disposition towards industry and self-reliance is 
 now growing up rapidly among the people, and 
 that they are, in all parts of the country, coming 
 to regard it as a maxim of common sense and an 
 element of social prosperity, not less than an 
 ordinance of God's word and a principle of his 
 providence, that " If any will not work, neither 
 shall he eat." 
 
 Edward Bruce, brother to the celebrated Ro- 
 
50 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 bert, king of Scotland, invaded the north of Ire- 
 land about the year 1815, marched thence towards 
 Dublin, and, encamping at Castleknock, placed 
 the city in imminent danger. The citizens, to 
 protect themselves, burned some of the suburbs 
 on the west, and, besides other additions to their 
 defences, they built a new wall on the north side 
 of the town, along what is now Merchant's 
 Quay, about four hundred feet nearer the river 
 than the old line. Bruce burned St. Mary's 
 Abbey and plundered St. Patrick's Cathedral, but 
 observing that the city was well prepared to stand 
 a siege, he withdrew towards Naas. Less than a 
 century afterwards, the citizens returned the visit 
 of the Scots ; for, in June, 1405, they fitted out 
 a fleet and " invaded Scotland at St. Ninian's," 
 where their forces " behaved themselves valiantly 
 and did much mischief." They subsequently 
 sailed down the channel and committed some de- 
 predations on the coast of Wales, bringing back 
 with them the shrine of St. Cubie, which trophy 
 they deposited among the relics in Christ Church. 
 For the great services thus rendered by the citi- 
 zens in creating division among his enemies the 
 Scots and Welsh, King Henry IV. granted that 
 the mayor of Dublin should thenceforth have a 
 gilt sword borne before him, for the honor of 
 the king and his heirs, as was customary with the 
 mayor of London. 
 
 Feuds and disaffections prevailing in Ireland, 
 to the weakening, if not peril, of the English 
 power there, King Richard II. had funds for visit- 
 ing that country placed at his disposal by his 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 51 
 
 clergy and parliament. At Michaelmas, 1894, 
 he landed at Waterford with four thousand men- 
 at-arms and thirty thousand archers, the duke of 
 Gloucester, ^he earls of Nottingham and Rutland, 
 and other of his nobility, accompanying him. To 
 give gorgeousness to his state, he brought with 
 him his crown jewels. Not fewer than seventy- 
 five Irish chiefs, each bearing the title of " king," 
 waited upon him in Dublin and humbly tendered 
 their submissions. They were perfectly charmed 
 with his royal pomp and hospitality, and perhaps 
 were yet more pleasurably excited by the con- 
 descending notices to which so great a potentate 
 admitted them, for Richard and his courtiers con- 
 versed with them, through Castile, one of his at- 
 tendants, and the Earl of Ormond, both of whom 
 understood the Irish language. The four prin- 
 cipal princes were treated with marked favor 
 above the rest. They were informed that his 
 majesty was disposed to confer upon them the 
 order of knighthood. But, in their simplicity, 
 they did not at first understand the value of this 
 grace, and they expressed some surprise that 
 knighthood should be considered any addition to 
 the rank they already held. " Every Irish king," 
 they said, " makes his son a i knight' at seven 
 years old, or, in case of his death, the next kins- 
 man. We assemble/' they continued, " in a 
 plain : the candidates run with slender lances 
 against a shield fastened on a stake : he who 
 breaks the greatest number is distinguished by 
 particular honors attached to his new dignity." 
 Richard and his great men acknowledged such 
 
52 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO . 
 
 proofs of early prowess to be highly praiseworthy ; 
 but it was explained that all the states of Europe 
 adopted a more solemn form in bestowing knightly 
 honor. The ceremonial was described in detail, 
 and the four Irish princes, being now able to ap- 
 preciate the boon, accepted it with due thanks at 
 Richard's hand, in Christ Church Cathedral, March 
 25th, 1395, after which these royal personages, 
 thus exalted above their former selves, appeared 
 in robes of state, and were seated at the king's 
 table. Richard having spent nine months in 
 Ireland, was hurried home by information from 
 the archbishop of York and the bishop of London, 
 that in England religion and the Church were 
 in much danger through the spread of Lollard- 
 ism. The prelates told him that the reformers 
 had gone so far as to make appeals to the 
 parliament, and that that body had received 
 them with a degree of attention that greatly 
 alarmed the clergy, so that the king's own piety 
 and authority alone could save the faith from 
 utter ruin. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great spread of Wycliffe's 
 doctrines in England, few traces exist of their 
 having found their way into Dublin, which is the 
 more remarkable from the constant communica- 
 tion which was kept up between that country and 
 the Irish metropolis. But there is evidence that 
 about the time of Wycliffe's birth (1324) opin- 
 ions the reverse of what were deemed orthodox 
 existed in the city. In the year 1327, "Adam 
 Duffe 0' Toole was convicted of blasphemy in 
 Dublin, namely, for denying the incarnation of 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 5o 
 
 Christ, the Trinity in unity; for affirming that 
 the blessed Virgin was an harlot j that there was 
 no resurrection ; that the Scriptures were a mere 
 fable, and that the apostolical see was an impos- 
 ture and usurpation ; and the next year, pursuant 
 to his sentence, was burned on Hoggin Green, 
 near Dublin." It is not unlikely that this man 
 held Waldensian principles ) if so, persons ac- 
 quainted with the representations made of those 
 tenets by Romanist writers, well know what weight 
 is to be attached to the charge of denying the In- 
 carnation, the Trinity, and the inspiration of the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Shortly before this trial and execution of 
 O'Toole, namely, in 1324, Lady Alice Kettle, 
 William Outlaw, her son, and two other persons, 
 are said to have been charged with " witchcraft 
 and enchantments," in the spiritual court of Os- 
 sory; but another authority, judged by Ware to 
 be more trustworthy, records that her ladyship 
 suffered death for heresy, and that she was the 
 first that was ever known to suffer for that crime 
 in Ireland. The chief magistrate of Kilkenny 
 favored the delinquents. His bishop, Ledred, ac- 
 cused him of heresy, excommunicated him, and had 
 him committed to the castle in Dublin. The prior 
 of Kilmainham, however, then lord justice, treated 
 him kindly. The bishop, enraged, went to Dublin, 
 and there charged " heresy" upon the lord justice. 
 A parliament was summoned, who appointed a 
 committee of inquiry. " They examined the wit- 
 nesses apart, and every one of them made oath 
 that the justice was orthodox, a zealous champion 
 
54 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 of the faith, and ready to defend it with his life. 
 Upon this report of the committee he was solemnly 
 acquitted, and prepared a sumptuous banquet for 
 all his defenders." A year or two subsequently, 
 Ledred was himself accused of heresy by his 
 metropolitan, Bicknor, and appealed to the judg- 
 ment of the pope, who exempted him from Bick- 
 nor' s jurisdiction. We have no means of knowing 
 certainly what the " heresy" was which parties 
 thus charged upon each other. It may have in- 
 volved no very serious departure from the faith 
 received and enforced by the Boorish Church; 
 but, on the other hand, it may have been a near 
 approach to evangelical truth. At all events, 
 after Bicknor's death, Pope Clement VI. sent a 
 commission to the new archbishop " to make in- 
 quisition against all such heretics as had fled from 
 the prosecution of Bichard Ledred, bishop of 
 Ossory, into the diocese of Dublin, and had been 
 protected by Alexander Bicknor, and to bring 
 them to due punishment according to the canons." 
 Bale, to whom we shall refer hereafter, in his 
 book entitled " The Great Process against Lord 
 Cobham," having noticed the act of the English 
 parliament, which declared Lollardism to be both 
 treason and heresy, and ordained that a convicted 
 Lollard should be first hung in chains for his 
 treason and then burned for his heresy, says that 
 " many were taken in divers quarters and suffered 
 most cruel deaths. And many fled out of the 
 land into Germany, Bohemia, France, Spain, Por- 
 tugal, and into the Weld [ Wold, open country] 
 of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, working there 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 55 
 
 many marvels against their false kingdom too long 
 to write. " Hence it appears that some Lollards 
 came to Ireland ; but had they been in consider- 
 able numbers, or made much stir in favor of their 
 principles, more information would have been pre- 
 served respecting them than has been handed 
 down to our time. 
 
 In the year 1489, " niusquets" were brought to 
 Dublin from Germany, and six of them, as a 
 great rarity, were presented to Gerald, Earl of 
 Kildare, then lord deputy, which he put into 
 the hands of his guards, as they stood sentinels 
 before his house in Thomas court. They are sup- 
 posed to have been the firs£ firearms even seen in 
 Ireland. 
 
 The impostor Simnel, who had been trained by 
 an Oxford priest to personate the deceased Earl 
 of Warwick, and claimed to be the rightful heir 
 to the English throne, came to Dublin in 1486, 
 and was received by the Earl of Kildare, then 
 lord justice, and other chief officials, with all 
 respect and submission, they being warm partisans 
 of the house of York. He was crowned in Christ 
 Church, under the style of Edward VI. The 
 crown used on the occasion was taken from the 
 image of the Virgin in the nunnery of St. Mary, 
 already mentioned, between the city gate and 
 Hoggin's green, afterwards "College" green. But 
 the year following, the cause of Simnel having 
 become desperate, the ma} T or, Jenicho Marks, 
 humbly besought mercy for himself and the citi- 
 zens from King Henry VII., pleading in apology 
 for their misdeeds the example that had been set 
 
56 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 tliem by the king's representative, the Archbishop 
 of Dublin, and most of the clergy in the country 
 except the Primate of Armagh. In June, 1488, 
 Sir Richard Edgecumbe came with a royal com- 
 mission to receive new oaths of fidelity from the 
 lord deputy, with the nobility, clergy, and people 
 who had been engaged in the revolt, and to grant 
 them a full pardon. It may be observed, as indi- 
 cating the state of education in the city at this 
 period, that several of the parties who subscribed 
 the application to the king for forgiveness, did so 
 by affixing their mark to it, being unable to write. 
 Dublin, under Roman ecclesiastical rule, had 
 its pageant performances on sacred days. The 
 reader will form an idea of these exhibitions by 
 the following outline of the provision for one in 
 the procession on Corpus Christi festival : the 
 account will also show the existence and names 
 of the several city guilds. The glovers were to 
 represent Adam and Eve, with an angel bearing 
 a sword before them. The curriers, Cain and 
 Abel, with an altar and their offering. The ma- 
 riners and vintners, Noah and the persons in his 
 ark, apparelled in the habit of carpenters and 
 salmon-takers. The weavers personated Abraham 
 and Isaac, with their offering and altar. The 
 smiths, Pharaoh and his host. The skinners, the 
 camel, with the children of Israel. The gold- 
 smiths were to find the King of Cullen — (who 
 was he ?) The hoopers, or coopers, were to find 
 the shepherds, with an angel singing Gloria in 
 excehis Deo. Corpus Christi guild was to find 
 Christ in his passion, with the Maries and angels. 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 57 
 
 The tailors were to find Pilate with his fellowship, 
 and his wife clothed accordingly. The barbers, 
 Annas and Caiaphas. The fishers, the apostles. 
 The merchants, the prophets. And the butchers, 
 the tormentors. The reader may comment on 
 the list as he will. Doubtless each corporation 
 felt a gratification in doing its part well, though 
 the degree of complacency must have varied ac- 
 cording to the honor and excellency of what it 
 had to personify. 
 
 What was reckoned an act of gross sacrilege 
 was perpetrated in Dublin, early in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. The partisans of the lord deputy 
 Kildare, and those of the Earl of Orniond, met 
 in St. Patrick's cathedral professedly for an ami- 
 cable conference with a view to adjust differences 
 which had led to much asperity between them. 
 It was a stratagem, however, on the part of Or- 
 niond and his people to get Kildare and his fol- 
 lowers into their power. Words soon gave place 
 to blows. Some of the arrows of Kildare' s men 
 stuck in the images of the sacred edifice. The 
 daring profanation was reported to the pope, who 
 in his clemency absolved the citizens, but, "in 
 detestation of the deed, and to keep up the me- 
 mory of it for ever," ordained that " the mayor 
 of Dublin should walk barefoot through the city 
 in open procession before the sacrament on Corpus 
 Christi day yearly" — a penance duly submitted to 
 till the Reformation, and the performance of 
 which must have given much interest to the fes- 
 tival. 
 
 The year 1535 saw Dublin in one of the great- 
 
£>8 ' DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 est of its many perils. Fitzgerald, son of the lord 
 deputy, was left in charge of it while his father 
 went to England. A rumor was spread that the 
 latter had been seized and beheaded in London. 
 The son, on the 11th of June, came with a party 
 of a hundred and forty horse, and made a formal 
 and entire resignation of his authority to the 
 chancellor, and then forthwith raised the standard 
 of rebellion. He demanded liberty to pass through 
 the city in order to besiege the castle, giving the 
 magistrates some time to consider their reply. In 
 this interval, a large supply of provisions and 
 means of defence were conveyed into the castle. 
 Alderman John Fitz-Shnons, on his own account, 
 furnished its commander with twenty-two tuns of 
 wine, twenty-four of beer, two hundred dried ling, 
 sixteen hogsheads of powdered beef, twenty cham- 
 bers for mines, and an iron chain for the draw- 
 bridge, forged in his own house to avoid suspicion. 
 The citizens then, with the commander's con- 
 currence, agreed to Fitzgerald's demand, on the 
 condition that no injury should be done to them- 
 selves. They had at first sent a messenger to the 
 king for help, and he brought an encouraging 
 answer. The rebels killed Archbishop Allen when 
 he attempted to escape ; and they broke faith with 
 the citizens, by threatening to place some of the 
 children of the latter on their works, to deter the 
 garrison in the castle from firing upon the be- 
 siegers. The citizens at last closed their gates, 
 imprisoning the soldiers who were within the 
 walls, and cutting them off from their comrades 
 outside. Fitzgerald was absent from his camp. 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 59 
 
 On hearing of what had occurred, he hastened 
 back, attempted to take the city, but was repulsed 
 and obliged to retire. The fidelity of the citizens 
 was not unrewarded. The king, Henry VIII., 
 by letters patent, dated February 4, 1538, after 
 reciting the " siege, famine, miseries, wounds, and 
 loss of blood, " they had suffered, granted them 
 "all the building and estates belonging to the 
 dissolved monastery of All-hallows, near Dublin, 
 lying in the counties of Dublin, Meath, Louth, 
 Kildare, Tipperary, Kilkenuy, and elsewhere in 
 Ireland, at the rent of four pounds, four shillings, 
 and three farthings/ 7 And, further, to repair the 
 weakened and ruined great forts and towers of 
 the city and its walls, he confirmed to them, for 
 ever, a formal grant of nearly forty pounds a year, 
 with an annual gift of twenty pounds from him- 
 self. 
 
 The hill on which Dublin stood was not yet 
 entirely cleared of the " hazel-wood' ' which at 
 first gave it the name of "Ath-Cliath," for the 
 annals record that during the quarrels between 
 the two factions of Orniond and Kildare, the 
 former "came down with a great host of Irish- 
 men, and encamped in Thomas Court Wood/' 
 What is now Dame street was then an " avenue" 
 leading from the city gate to Hogges, or Hoggin' s, 
 Green. 
 
60 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 DUBLIN DURING THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 The city had been for five hundred years under 
 the spiritual yoke of Romanism, and, during 
 nearly four centuries out of the five, the secular 
 power of England had, for upholding its own in- 
 terests, been joined with that spiritual dominion 
 in both countries. In profound yet contented 
 servitude to the pope, Ireland remained till Henry 
 VIII. had numbered more than thirty years on 
 the English throne. Continental Europe had 
 been convulsed throughout : the monk of Wit- 
 temberg had made the Vatican quake to its foun- 
 dations : Great Britain was in the midst of the 
 tumult attending a revolution in her faith ; but 
 Ireland slumbered on, as if drugged to stolidity or 
 death under the pontiff's sway. Having little 
 intercourse with other nations, she was so engross- 
 ed with the local interests and strifes of her peo- 
 ple, that she neither cared for nor knew much of 
 what was passing elsewhere. Many of the Irish 
 clergy, same even of prelatic rank, were ignorant, 
 indoJent, and immoral ; and occasionally their ex- 
 actions were painfully oppressive. But the clergy 
 were considered the almoners of grace, and the 
 lords of conscience, and it was believed that in 
 
IIIE BRITISH REFORMATION. 61 
 
 proportion to the amount of "carnal tilings " de- 
 manded by the Church, and to the cheerfulness 
 with which those demands were acquiesced in, 
 would be the degree of heavenly benediction 
 vouchsafed from the " holy mother" to her much- 
 loved and much-loving children. Priest-ridden 
 as the latter were, the want of self-respect and 
 self-reliance, the want of manly independent 
 thought and action, the habit of hanging upon 
 others and succumbing to them, which Popery 
 generates, tended to keep the population at ease 
 and even satisfied beneath, the sacerdotal yoke. 
 Clerical influence then, as now, beguiled Irish 
 patriotism to believe that English rule was the in- 
 cubus to be got rid of in order to uplift the people, 
 and that the papal supremacy must be clung to 
 as the only protecting and sustaining agency that 
 could deliver from what was denounced as a 
 usurped and crushing tyranny. Little did its vic- 
 tims think that the papal supremacy was itself 
 the chief tyranny. 
 
 When, therefore, Ireland first heard of the "Re- 
 formation/' the intelligence stirred no kindling 
 sympathy in her heart. Previous movements had 
 more or less prepared other countries to welcome it. 
 England had had its Wycliffe: Bohemia, its Husa 
 and Jerome : Switzerland had its Zuingle : Ger- 
 many, its Luther : France, its Calvin : Scotland, 
 its Knox. But in Ireland no herald had come to 
 prepare the way of the Lord : no native champion 
 had arisen there to assert His claims upon her 
 homage : no Irishman ventured to raise a banner 
 for his brethren to rally round and escape from 
 
62 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 their Babylonian thrall : no Irishman lifted his 
 voice to warn his brethren of the " mystery of 
 iniquity" that bewitched them, and to proclaim 
 to them the "mystery of godliness" which brings 
 freedom and health, and life for evermore. What 
 was at first, and for not a short time afterwards, 
 done to make Ireland Protestant,, was for the most 
 part effected by the English government obliging 
 the clergy and laity to adopt the English ritual, 
 as an obedience due to the king's will, and to be 
 enforced by the king's authority. The project 
 was dealt with as .a matter of state-regimen 
 more than of conscience towards God. The aim 
 was rather to secure conformity of " bodily ex- 
 ercise" with outward regulations, than to renew 
 the spirit to the faith of Christ ; and this conform- 
 ity was sought by the application of pains and 
 penalties, more than by the intelligent and kind 
 persuasions of Christianity. Happily, there has 
 been since learned " a more excellent way." 
 
 When Henry received the crown, he was a 
 zealous Romanist. Some dozen years after- 
 wards came forth his book on the Seven Sacra- 
 ments, written against Luther, and which obtained 
 for him and his successors, from the pope, the 
 title of " Defender of the Faith." In course of 
 time, he found it convenient to repudiate the pa- 
 pacy of Rome, and appropriate its prerogatives to 
 himself over his own realm. But Romanism was 
 still to be the religion of his country; the prin- 
 cipal change being that he who was its sovereign 
 was to be its pope also. Cardinal Wolsey, when 
 legate, had seized forty monasteries, and applied 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 63 
 
 their properties to found a new college at Oxford. 
 Henry judged that he could now do at his plea- 
 sure what AYolsey had done ; and he disposed of 
 the religious houses and estates in his kingdom 
 accordiug to his royal will and pleasure. That 
 he still designed no change of creed, except in 
 the matter of supremacy, is evident from the act 
 passed by his parliament, and called the " Bloody 
 Bill," which, by its first provision, consigned any 
 party who denied the " real presence" to death 
 by burning, and allowed no mitigation of the sen- 
 tence even if the heresy were solemnly abjured. 
 After Henry's marriage with Catherine Parr, in 
 1543, he became less hostile to the reformers. 
 But it was not till the accession of his son, Ed- 
 ward VI., that the royalty of England became 
 truly engaged for Protestantism. Next arose 
 Mary, and, with her, Romanism returned to the 
 high place from which it had been expelled. She 
 was followed by Elizabeth, when a " uniformity" 
 which excluded Romanism and often tried to an- 
 nihilate English Puritanism, was affirmed, and 
 was continued under her successor, James I. 
 
 It may be thought that the contents of the 
 foregoing paragraphs are foreign to our subject — 
 that they concern England, Ireland, and the 
 Reformation, rather than Dublin. ■ But the well- 
 informed reader is aware how much proceedings 
 about religion bore on the affairs of the city, and 
 how closely the history of Ireland's metropolis is 
 interwoven with that of Ireland itself, and of 
 England alsto. 
 
 Greorge Brown, provincial of the Augustinians 
 
Gl DUBLIN DURING 
 
 in England, was consecrated archbishop of Dub- 
 lin, in March, 1535, in the place of Allen, whose 
 murder has been already noticed. He was ap- 
 pointed a commissioner for abolishing the pope's 
 supremacy, and establishing that of the king in 
 Ireland. The task, however, proved greater than 
 he was equal to, in consequence of the devoted- 
 ness of the Irish clergy to the Roman pontiff. 
 He advised the lord Cromwell that a parliament 
 should be convened to carry the measure, which 
 was done in the year following, when Brown pro- 
 posed the act for establishing the king's suprem- 
 acy, " in a short speech," setting forth that kings 
 were head over all in their dominions, that even 
 Christ paid tribute to Ciesar, and that kings and 
 emperors, in the early ages of the Church, gov- 
 erned bishops and even popes themselves. Lord 
 Brabazon seconded Brown's proposal, and it was 
 adopted. The pope was quickly apprised of this, 
 and sent over a bull of excommunication against 
 all who should acknowledge Henry's claim, and 
 great numbers of the clergy and laity, English as 
 well as Irish, set themselves against it. However, 
 through many difficulties, Henry's government 
 kept its stand in Dublin and in the country. 
 
 On the loth of June, 1541, another parliament 
 met in Dublin, and ordained that henceforth Ire- 
 land should be made a " kingdom" instead of a 
 "lordship," as hitherto, and that the king of 
 England should be also "king" of Ireland. The 
 contents of this statute were announced the next 
 Sunday in St. Patrick's Cathedral, in presence 
 of the lord deputy and many peers in their robes 
 
THE BRITISH KEFORMATION. 65 
 
 of state, with other principal persons ecclesiasti- 
 cal and secular. On that occasion, royal grace 
 was exercised in pardoning and liberating prison- 
 ers. There were also great feastings, tourna- 
 ments, and running at the ring on horseback, 
 with grand civic processions in which the mayor 
 bore the mace before the lord deputy; and the 
 comedy of the " Nine Worthies" was acted for 
 the entertainment of the citizens. The same par- 
 liament which gave to Henry the style and title 
 of " king of Ireland/' also confirmed to him the 
 full and free disposal of all its abbeys and other 
 religious houses, a power which he had already 
 exercised upon some of those in and near Dublin. 
 
 It is said that Brown, before he left England 
 to be made archbishop of Dublin, " advised the 
 people to make their applications to Christ alone, 
 for which doctrine he was much taken notice of." 
 Probably his bias against the Roman opinions of 
 mediation, inclined him to favor the king's" su- 
 premacy. After coming to Ireland, he became 
 yet more favorable to the reformed views. In 
 1538, he obtained a warrant for removing images 
 and relics from his cathedrals, a measure which 
 greatly provoked the Romanist party. But, 
 though sincere, Brown had not the bold, God- 
 trusting zeal, required in a reformer. He was 
 fettered and enfeebled by his belief in the king's 
 supremacy over the creed and the Church, and 
 could not make any movement in favor of religion 
 without sanction from the court. 
 
 Not until the fifth year of Edward VI. were 
 decided steps taken towards introducing the re- 
 
66 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 formed faith into Ireland. Under date of Feb- 
 ruary 6, 1551, a royal order came to the lord 
 deputy that the Church Liturgy, as it had been 
 translated into English, should be used in the 
 Irish churches. The order was laid before an as- 
 sembly of the prelates and other leading clergy, 
 called together in Dublin. Some of them were 
 exasperated at the king's interference in Church 
 affairs. Dowdal, the Armagh primate, threatened 
 the deputy with the clergy's curse; and after 
 warm contention, he and many others withdrew. 
 Brown gave, as his reason for accepting the order, 
 the duty of obeying his king. A proclamation 
 was issued enjoining the use of the new liturgy, 
 but it intimated no change in this prayer-book of 
 King Edward from the old mass-book, except the 
 circumstance of its being a translation into Eng- 
 lish. Public worship was first celebrated accord- 
 ing to the new rubric, on Easter Sunday, in 
 Christ Church Cathedral, before the lord deputy 
 and other authorities. Few churches in the coun- 
 try adopted it. A new lord deputy endeavored to 
 conciliate Dowdal, but in vain : so the primacy 
 was withdrawn from Armagh and transferred to 
 Dublin. Brown became primate of all Ireland \ 
 and Dowdal left the country, but did not formally 
 vacate his archbishopric. 
 
 King Edward's prayer-book is believed to have 
 been the first instance of printing in Ireland. 
 Its title ran — ■" The Boke of common prayer and 
 administracion of Sacramentes and other Rites 
 and Ceremonies of the Churche after the use of 
 the Churche of England. Dubliniae, in ofiicina 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 67 
 
 Humfredi Poweli, cum privilegio ad imprinien- 
 duui solum. Anno Domini M.D.LI." 
 
 The government found it almost impossible to 
 supply ecclesiastical vacancies with men of Pro- 
 testant convictions. Two divines, however, came 
 to Dublin in 1552, namely, Hugh G-oodacre, ap- 
 pointed to Armagh, which Dowdal had abandoned 
 though not resigned, and John Bale, appointed 
 to Ossory. They were consecrated by Brown and 
 other prelates, in Christ Church Cathedral, on the 
 2d of February. Brown and his assistants in the 
 ceremony were for using the old Roman form on 
 the occasion, lest, by adopting the English one, 
 they should offend prejudice and create disturb- 
 ance. Goodacre was willing to meet their wishes, 
 but Bale, who was made of sterner stuff, would 
 not consent. The point was yielded to him. He 
 also required that the " altar" should be covered 
 with a cloth as a "table," and that " nonprinted" 
 bread, not the " wafer," should be had for the 
 communion ; and to his wishes in this respect 
 Brown and his co-prelates had to give way. To 
 their great surprise, no tumult ensued. Grood- 
 acre died in Dublin about three months after- 
 wards : his death was ascribed to poison. Bale 
 went to his charge, and of his ministry wrote : — ■ 
 " My first proceedings were these : I earnestly 
 exhorted the people to repentance for sin, and 
 required them to give credit to the gospel of sal- 
 vation j to acknowledge and believe that there 
 was but one God, and him alone, without any 
 other, sincerely to worship ; to confess one Christ 
 
G8 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 for an only Saviour and Bedeemer, and to trust 
 in none other man's prayers, merits, nor yet de- 
 servings, but in his alone for salvation. I treated 
 at large both of the heavenly and the political 
 state of the Christian Church; and helpers I found 
 none among my prebendaries and clergy, but ad- 
 versaries a great number. I preached the gospel 
 of the knowledge and right invocation of God. 
 But when I once sought to destroy the idolatries 
 and dissolve the hypocrites' yokes, then followed 
 angers, slanders, and in the end slaughters of 
 men," His labors in Ireland were of short dura- 
 tion, for on the death of Edward and accession 
 of Mary he had to leave the kingdom ; but he 
 came back to England in Elizabeth's reign and 
 joined the Puritans. Bale had studied at Cam- 
 bridge, was a man of great learning, and the 
 author of numerous works on theology and other 
 subjects. He has been censured for his vekeni- 
 ence ; and, in straightforward earnestness of 
 purpose and endeavor, his habits presented a 
 wide contrast to those of Brown ; but he was not, 
 as his censurers would have us to believe, more 
 violent than Luther, Knox, and other leaders in 
 the assault on Bomanism in the sixteenth century. 
 We may safely assume that the relative position 
 of Popery and evangelism in Ireland would be 
 far different from what it is, if, instead of indulg- 
 ing in lukewarmness, time-serving, and self-seek- 
 ing, the parties professing the gospel had always 
 cherished self-sacrificing earnestness like that of 
 Bale, without his faults — faults probably more 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 69 
 
 characteristic of the age than of the man. Law- 
 rence Huinfryd, dean of Winchester in 1550, no 
 mean authority in the case, wrote of him : — 
 
 " Plurima Lutherus patefccit ; Platina multa : 
 Quredani Vergerius ; cuncta Baloeus habet ;" 
 
 which Harris translates, with more of rhyme than 
 elegance, yet not without some spirit : — 
 
 " Platina hath much unveiled ; but Luther more ; 
 Vergerius many things ; but Bale hath tore 
 Away the mask that pope and Popery wore." 
 
 The reader, it is hoped, requires no apology for 
 this notice of such a man, though he was con- 
 nected with Dublin only by two circumstances — 
 his consecration there, as before stated, and his 
 escape in a sailor's dress, on board a vessel there, 
 when he fled from Kilkenny to the continent in 
 peril of his life, in consequence of Popery again 
 coming into power. 
 
 We have spoken of Archbishop Brown with 
 somewhat reserved approval. We think it would 
 have been better for himself, for the truth, for 
 Dublin, and for Ireland, if he had possessed more 
 moral courage ; but we have intimated no doubt 
 of his honest dissent from Rome. Ware tran- 
 scribes a sermon which he, Brown, preached in 
 Christ Church, perhaps on the day when the Eng- 
 lish liturgy was first used. Part of it has been 
 thought somewhat prophetic of the course of the 
 Jesuits, then just coming on the stage of Europe. 
 His text was Psalm cxix. 18, " Open thou mine 
 eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of 
 thy law." After applauding the translation of 
 
70 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 the Scriptures into the vulgar tongue, eulogizing 
 the government, and exposing the folly and sin 
 of worshipping and trusting images, he proceeds : 
 11 But there are a new fraternity of late sprung 
 up, who call themselves Jesuits, which will de- 
 ceive many, who are much after the Scribes' and 
 Pharisees' manner amongst the Jews. They shall 
 strive to abolish the truth, and shall come very 
 near to do it ; for these sorts will turn themselves 
 into several forms : with the Heathen, an Hea- 
 thenist ; with Atheists, an Atheist ; with the 
 Jews, a Jew; and with the Reformers, a Re- 
 formade : purposely to know your intentions, 
 your minds, your hearts, your inclinations, and 
 thereby bring you at last to be like 'the fool that 
 said in his heart there was no God. These shall 
 spread over the whole world, shall be admitted to 
 the councils of princes, and they never the wiser ; 
 charming of them, yea, making your princes re- 
 veal their hearts and the secrets therein unto 
 them, and yet they not perceive it, which will 
 happen from falling from the law of Grod, by neg- 
 lect of fulfilling of the law of Grod, and by wink- 
 ing at their sins ; yet, in the end, Grod, to justify 
 his law, shall suddenly cut off this society, even 
 by the hands of those who have most succored 
 them and made use of them, so that at the end 
 they shall become odious to all nations : they 
 shall be worse than Jews, having no resting-place 
 upon the earth, and then shall a Jew have more 
 favor than a Jesuit/' Brown could hardly have 
 described the history of the Jesuits, during the 
 latter half of the eighteenth century, more cor- 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. W 
 
 rectly, had lie foreseen what then occurred in 
 their expulsion from every Roman Catholic coun- 
 try in Europe, and the suppression of the order 
 by a bull from Pope G-anganelli in 1773. But 
 Brown's vision of the future seems not to have 
 embraced the subsequent revival and reestablish- 
 nient of the brotherhood within the last fifty years, 
 and the ascendency it is now seeking to acquire 
 over the affairs of these countries, of Europe at. 
 large, and of America. ^ 
 
 Mary, on coming to the throne in 1553, gave 
 no token of resorting to those measure for exter- 
 minating Protestantism which not long afterwards 
 struck terror into England's heart. The lords 
 justices and privy council, in Dublin, issued a 
 proclamation, making it lawful to attend the mass, 
 but leaving all persons free to act as they chose 
 in the matter. Afterwards, the Roman Catholic 
 religion and the pope's supremacy were again es- 
 tablished. Dowdal was recalled to Armagh and 
 reinvested with the primacy. Brown of Dublin 
 and four other prelates were removed from their 
 sees, because they were married men. Bale, of 
 Ossory, as before named, had to flee for his life. 
 All the other bishops, however, were continued 
 in their sees. Indeed, the whole affair passed off 
 most quietly, so little hold had Protestant princi- 
 ples taken of the population. Persecution was 
 scarcely heard of in Ireland, because there was 
 little to persecute. This induced many of the 
 English Protestants to cross over and reside where 
 they would be free from the deadly violence to 
 which they were exposed in their own land. 
 
7*2 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 "Among others, John Hervey, Abel Ellis, John 
 Edmonds, and Henry Hough, all Christian men, 
 transported their effects to Dublin, and became 
 citizens thereof; one Thomas Jones, a Welsh- 
 man, and a Protestant priest, privately officiating 
 among thein." This was in 1554. But in a 
 year or two the queen's government began to cast 
 their eye upon the refugees, and an act " for re- 
 viving three [English] statutes, made for the 
 punishment of heresies/' was passed in a Dublin 
 parliament. Perhaps it was deemed enough for 
 the present to have these statutes held up in ter- 
 rorem, for nothing appears to have been done 
 towards putting them in force. 
 
 However, it would have been anomalous if 
 Protestants had continued to enjoy life and liberty 
 where popery was in strength. Within two 
 months of the queen's death, namely, in October, 
 1558, the storm which had broken with desolat- 
 ing fury upon all that was dear to truth and god- 
 liness in England, began to move westward, and 
 threatened to make havoc of the same in Ireland. 
 Barely has the historian had to record a more 
 singular deliverance than in the case now referred 
 to. It is; perhaps, generally known, but must 
 not be omitted here. The reader shall have the 
 account as given by Sir James Ware's son : 
 
 " Queen Mary, towards the end of her reign, 
 this year granted a commission for to call the 
 Protestants in question here in Ireland, as well 
 as they had done in England; and to execute the 
 same with greater force, she nominated Dr. Cole, 
 sometime dean of St. Paul's in London, one of 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 73 
 
 the commissioners ; and so sent the commission 
 by this said doctor. And in his journey coming 
 to Chester, the mayor of that city, hearing that 
 her majesty was sending commissioners into Ire- 
 land, and he being a churchman, waited on the doc- 
 tor, who in his discourse with the mayor took out 
 of his cloak-bag a leather box, and said unto him, 
 1 Here is a commission that shall lash the heretics 
 of Ireland,' calling the Protestants by that title. 
 The good woman of the house being well affected 
 to the Protestants and to that religion, and also 
 having a brother, named John Edmonds, a Pro- 
 testant and a citizen in Dublin, was much trou- 
 bled at the Doctor's words. But she, waiting her 
 convenient time, whilst the mayor took his leave 
 of the doctor, and the doctor was complimenting 
 him clown the stairs, opened the box and took the 
 commission out, and placed in lieu thereof a pack 
 of cards, with the knave of clubs faced upper- 
 most, and wrapt them up. The doctor coming 
 up to his chamber, suspecting nothing of what 
 had been done, put up his box as formerly. The 
 next day, going to the water-side, wind and wea- 
 ther serving him, he sailed towards Ireland, and 
 landed on the 17th of October, 1558, at Dublin. 
 Then coming to the castle, the Lord Fitz- Walter 
 being at this time lord deputy, sent for the doc- 
 tor to come before him and the privy council, who 
 coming in, after he had made a speech relating 
 upon what account he came on, presented the box 
 to the lord deputy, who causing it to be opened 
 that the secretary might read the commission, 
 there appeared nothing save a pack of cards, with 
 
74 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 the knave of clubs uppermost; which not only 
 startled the lord deputy and the council, but the 
 doctor, who assured them he had a commission, 
 but knew not how it was gone. Then the lord 
 deputy made answer, * Let us have another com- 
 mission, and we will shuffle the cards in the mean- 
 while/ The doctor, being troubled in his mind, 
 went away, and returned into England, and com- 
 ing to the court obtained another commission : 
 but staying' for a wind at the water-side, news 
 came to him that the queen was dead. Thus," 
 adds Ware, " G-od preserved the Protestants in 
 Ireland from the persecution intended." As 
 authorities for this extraordinary narrative, the 
 writer of it mentions the Earl of Cork's " Me- 
 morials," Sir James Ware, and the two Primates 
 Usher. He adds, that when Lord Fitz-Walter 
 went to England after Elizabeth's accession, the 
 deputy related the circumstances to her majesty, 
 which so delighted the queen that she " sent for 
 the good woman named Elizabeth Edmonds, by 
 her husband Mattershed, and gave her a pension 
 of forty pounds per annum durante vita, for sav- 
 ing her Protestant subjects of Ireland." 
 
 The new queen, Elizabeth, was proclaimed in 
 Christ Church, Dublin, before the end of Novem- 
 ber, with the usual ceremonies. On the 27th of 
 August following, Thomas, Earl of Sussex, landed 
 at Dalkey, which seems to have been then a port 
 of more importance than at present. He lay that 
 night at Sir John Travers's house at Monktown. 
 On the morrow, being Sunday, he came to Dub- 
 lin, and was met by the mayor and aldermen on 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 75 
 
 Stephen's green, when he, the lord deputy, took 
 the mayor by the hand, asked the aldermen how 
 they did, and said, " You be all happy, my mas- 
 ters, in a gracious queen. " That night he lay at 
 one Mr. Peter Forth' s house, because the house 
 at Kilmainham, the usual residence of the de- 
 puty, once belongiDg to the Knights Templars, 
 had been damaged by a great tempest the year 
 before, and was not yet repaired. The next 
 morning he rode to St. Patrick's, and then to St. 
 Sepulchre's, where he kept his court. On the 
 30th he attended worship in Christ Church, 
 where Sir Nicholas Darly sang the litany in Eng- 
 lish, after which the lord deputy took his oath of 
 office. These ceremonies being ended, his lord- 
 ship rode back to St. Sepulchre's, inviting the 
 mayor and aldermen to dine with him. Soon 
 after, the use of the mass-service was forbidden 
 by proclamation. Orders came to the dean of 
 Christ Church to remove from the cathedral all 
 popish relics and images, and to paint and whiten 
 it anew, putting sentences of Scripture upon the 
 walls instead of pictures. This work was begun 
 May 23d, 1559. In the same year the Arch- 
 bishop of York sent over two large Bibles in Eng- 
 lish, one for each of the cathedrals, Christ Church 
 and St. Patrick's. They were put up in the 
 choir, and crowds of people nocked to see and 
 read for themselves the sacred Scriptures of truth. 
 So great was the demand thus created for Bibles, 
 that John Dale, a Dublin bookseller, imported 
 and sold for the London publishers not fewer 
 
76 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 than seven thousand copies in the two years end- 
 ing- with 1566. 
 
 The lord deputy haying visited England to 
 consult the court how he should manage re- 
 specting the affairs of the Church, returned in 
 1560,. with instructions to call an assembly of the 
 clergy, and to proceed with the establishment of 
 the Protestant religion in Ireland. The convocation 
 met. Some of the ecclesiastics were much anger- 
 ed, and one of them, William Walsh, bishop of 
 Meath, having preached against the prayer-book, 
 was, by the queen's commands, deposed and put 
 in prison. By an act of parliament, the eccle- 
 siastical jurisdiction was restored to the crown, 
 and a new oath of supremacy appointed : the use 
 of the common prayer was enforced, and all sub- 
 jects were obliged to attend the service of the 
 Church. English not being then the spoken lan- 
 guage of the country, except in Dublin and a few 
 other principal towns, it was ordered that where 
 the people did not understand English, the ser- 
 vice should be performed in Latin I The reason 
 of this arrangement is not explained : possibly it 
 may have been from a wish to meet the prejudices 
 of Romanists, or from a fear of countenancing 
 the Irish language, of which the English author- 
 ities seem generally to have had an instinctive 
 dread. 
 
 Long before Elizabeth's time, great improve- 
 ments had taken place in the house-building 
 and general plan of Dublin. The structures of 
 wattles plastered with clay had generally given 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. ^77 
 
 place to those of " cage-work " — a framework of 
 timber having the compartments filled up with 
 brick or with wattles plastered, such as are yet to 
 be seen in Chester and some other old English 
 towns. Shingles, tiles, and slates, were taking 
 the place of sedge and straw for roofing j although 
 there were some thatched roofs in the city in the 
 time of Charles I. One of the " cage" houses 
 remained in Cooke street till about the middle of 
 the last century : it was taken down on the 27th 
 of July, 1745. "On an oak beam," says White- 
 law, " carried over the door the whole length of 
 the said house, was the following inscription cut 
 in large capitals and a fair Roman character, no- 
 thing damaged by time in the space of one hun- 
 dred and sixty-five years, except in one part where 
 an upright piece of timber, being morticed into 
 it, had received the drip, and was somewhat 
 rotted : — qui fecisti coelum et terram bene- 
 
 DIC DOMUM ISTAM, QUAM JOHANNES LUTREL ET 
 
 JOHANA NEI CONSTRUI FECERTJNT, A. D. 1580, 
 
 ET ANNO REGNI REGINiE ELIZABETHS 22. ' TllOU 
 
 who madest the heavens and the earth bless this 
 house, which John Lutrel and Joan — caused to 
 be built in the year of our Lord 1580, and in the 
 twenty-second year of the reign of Queen Eliza- 
 beth/ " Many other houses of the same sort 
 were to be seen in the city and suburbs when this 
 author wrote, namely, in 1766; but the one he 
 considered to be the oldest and most remarkable 
 was in Skinner's row, near the Tholsel : it had 
 been called " the Cairbre," and was described as 
 
78 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 having been the residence of the lord-deputy 
 Kildare, in 1532. 
 
 The " Tholsel," from toll-stall, or place where 
 tolls were paid, above named as existing in 1766, 
 was the successor of a previous one in Eliza- 
 beth's time, which also stood where now Nicholas 
 street joins Christ Church Place, lately Skinner 
 How : it occupied the angle formed by the junction 
 of the two, having its front towards the cathedral. 
 "Newgate," the common jail, was a building of 
 a square form, having a tower at each corner : it 
 was one of the city gates, and stood in what was 
 then called Newgate street, now Corn market, 
 between New Row and High street. The Dublin 
 "Bridewell" of Elizabeth's day was about half- 
 way on the road from the city to where the col- 
 lege was built. The "Hospital" was on the 
 river-side, near where Fleet street now is. The 
 " Inns" of that time were followed in their site 
 first by an " Infirmary," and then by the present 
 " Four Courts." 
 
 The " Castle" was to have been built as a 
 " palace" in addition to a fortress, but means had ' 
 not been forthcoming for the purpose, and the 
 representatives of the sovereign held their court 
 at Thomas Court, or at St. Sepulchre's, the re- 
 sidence of the archbishop, or in the house of the 
 Knights Templars at Kilmainham. Elizabeth, in 
 the third year of her reign, 1560, commanded 
 the lord lieutenant and council " to repair and 
 enlarge the castle of Dublin, for the reception of 
 the chief governors." The particulars of what was 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 79 
 
 done in obedience to this order are not given us, 
 but we are told that in 1567 the lord-deputy, Sir 
 Heury Sidney, " repaired and beautified' ' it. 
 Whatever the improvements were, they seem to 
 have been neither adequate nor very durable, for 
 within some seventy years afterwards it was in a 
 ruinous condition, and Archbishop Laud wrote to 
 the lord-deputy Wentworth to " vindicate to God's 
 service" St. Andrew's church, which had been 
 used by his lordship as a stable. 
 
 The " walls" of the city, in Elizabeth's reign, 
 were in extent nearly as described in our last 
 section, excepting that they now enclosed the space 
 which then lay between them and the river. The' 
 principal streets within them were Castle street, 
 Skinner How, High street, Newgate street, St. 
 Nicholas street, St. Werburgh's street, Back lane, 
 Cooke street, Bridge street, Winetavern street, and 
 Fish-shamble street. Merchant's Quay was the 
 place where vessels landed their cargoes, and mer- 
 chants carried on their business in imports and ex- 
 ports. Wood Quay, also, then existed. Between 
 these two quays, at the foot of Winetavern street, 
 stood the Custom House, called the " Crane." Be- 
 yond the walls on the south of the Liffey, were St. 
 Andrew's, St. Michael-le-Pole's, St. Peter's, St. 
 Stephen's, St. Bride's, and St. Catharine's 
 churches, and St. Patrick's Cathedral ; with Tho- 
 mas street, New Row, Francis street, Patrick street, 
 Bride street, and Sheep street, more or less built, 
 while indistinct rudiments showed themselves of 
 the Coombe, New street, Kevin street, George's 
 lane, and Dame street. A lodgment of water, 
 
80 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 called the City Ditch, ran from what is now Ex- 
 change court, to the foot of Nicholas street, having 
 a bridge over it at Pole's gate, at the foot of 
 "Werburgh's street. The other gates were St. 
 Nicholas's at the foot of St. Nicholas street, New- 
 gate, Orinond gate, whence we now have '•'Worm- 
 wood" gate at the foot of New Row, Bridge gate 
 opening from Bridge street to the Bridge, and 
 Dame's gate leading into Dame street. The last 
 was the principal entrance to the city, and was 
 " armed" with a portcullis. As part of the city 
 wall at the river end of Fish-shamble street, stood 
 Finn's or rather Fynn's Castle, also called Proute- 
 fort's, a place of some strength, thought to have 
 been built about the middle of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, and to have been named from its owner. 
 
 Parliament street and Essex street did not exist 
 in Elizabeth's time : they, with Essex gate, were 
 formed about 1672, when the Earl of Essex was 
 lord lieutenant. Their place was, at the period 
 we are describing, occupied by a creek, or small 
 harbor for boats, which ran up from the river to 
 near the head of Dame street. Here Archbishop 
 Allen embarked when he fled from Fitzgerald in 
 1535, but, being driven on shore at Clontarf, he 
 was discovered and put to death by the rebels. 
 Along where we have Sycamore alley, Temple 
 bar, Fleet street, and Poolbeg street, was covered 
 with water at every rise of the tide. A village, 
 called " Hoggins," occupied part of the space 
 between George's lane and what is now Dawson 
 street, probably about our Grafton street, and the 
 village u Green" extended to the river : the name 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 81 
 
 is thought to have come from the mnmciy which 
 stood there, " Ogh," in Irish signifying a " vir- 
 gin." " Stephen's green" then existed, so called 
 from the church of St. Stephen, which stood near 
 it, but there was no road from it to Hoggin's 
 green except through George's lane. Almost 
 all the range beyond New Row, Thomas street, 
 Francis street, Patrick's street, Sheep street, and 
 Dame street, was considered " the country." 
 
 One bridge crossed the Liffey, namely, at the 
 foot of Bridge street. There was also the " Ford" 
 of St. Mary's Abbey, perhaps where Essex bridge 
 has been since built. On the north side of the 
 river were the Abbey and its lands, St. Michan's 
 church, the Inns, and Ostmantown ; with Church- 
 street, Mary's lane, and Pill lane. The Liffey, 
 more or. less, flowed over what is Ormoncl Quay, 
 Upper and Lower, and the adjoining parts. 
 
 " Grood Queen Bess" made herself highly popu- 
 lar with the Dublin people, by the grant of three 
 public clocks, which were put up, one at the 
 Castle, a second at the Tholsel, and the other at 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral. She also raised the value 
 of the coin, so that the Dublin " shilling" passed 
 for " nine-pence" in England. 
 
 A writer of this period tells us that " the hos- 
 pitalitie of the maior and sherriffes for the year 
 being is so large and bountifull, that surelie very 
 few such officers under the crowne of England 
 keep so great a port, none I am sure greater. The 
 maior, over the number of officers that take their 
 dailie repast at his table, keepeth for his yeare in 
 a manner open house. And, albeit, in terme time 
 
$2 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 Lis house is frequented as well of the nobilitie as 
 of other potentates of great calling ; yet his ordi- 
 narie is so good, that a verie few set feasts are 
 provided for them. They that spend least in their 
 inaioraltie, (as those of credit, yea, and such as 
 hare the office have informed me,) make an ordi- 
 nate account of five hundred pounds for their 
 viand and diet that year : which is no small summe 
 to be bestowed in housekeeping, namelie where 
 vittels are so good cheape, and the presents of 
 friends diverse and sundrie." It will, however, 
 be seen that by the end of the queen's reign "vit- 
 tels" had ceased to be " so good cheape," and that 
 the chief magistrate's hospitalities must have de- 
 clined, or that his expenditure thereon must have 
 greatly increased. 
 
 We have now to record the establishment of 
 the Dublin University, Elizabeth's great boon to 
 Ireland. 
 
 It has been noticed that an institution of the 
 kind was commenced, and existed for some time 
 languishingly, at an earlier period, but at length 
 died away. In 1568, a Dublin parliament pro- 
 jected another, to be supported by voluntary con- 
 tributions j and the lord deputy, with other wealthy 
 persons, promised liberal assistance. Representa- 
 tions were forwarded to London in order to obtain 
 the sanction of the crown. Many delays and 
 difficulties occurred to prevent this design from 
 being carried into effect as quickly as it deserved. 
 In 1590, it was renewed with greater vigor. St. 
 Patrick's Cathedral had been occupied for the 
 former university, and it was proposed to appro- 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 83 
 
 priate that edifice for the one now contemplated, 
 but the archbishop, Loftus, would not give his 
 •consent, though zealous for the undertaking. 
 However, accompanied by the lord chancellor and 
 clergy, he met the mayor, aldermen, and commons, 
 at the Tholsel, and after setting forth the advan- 
 tages of having a seat of learning in the city, 
 intimated that her majesty would be highly 
 pleased if they would give the decayed monastery 
 of All-Hallows, which Henry VIII., her father, 
 had made over to the city, as a site for the erection. 
 The mayor and corporation at once acquiesced. 
 Applications for aid were made to the country, 
 and from Cork, G-alway, and other places, about 
 £2000, equal to £14;000 now, was received to- 
 wards the expenses of building, etc. The foun- 
 dation-stone was laid by the mayor, on the loth 
 of March, 1591. The queen's charter of incor- 
 poration bears date March the 30th, 1592 ; and 
 in January, 1593, the college was opened. It 
 was based on liberal principles, much more so 
 than is Oxford or even Cambridge, all Protestants, 
 Conformists, or others, being eligible for its pro- 
 vostship and fellowships, as well as admissible to 
 its advantages for education; but, in less than 
 half a century from its beginning, Archbishop 
 Laud greatly modified its constitution. Arch- 
 bishop Loftus was the first provost, and the first 
 three fellows were William Daniel and two Pres- 
 byterians from Scotland, who had been sent over 
 by James VI. to watch his interests, and employed 
 themselves as schoolmasters in the city. The first 
 scholars, or students, were Abel Walsh, James 
 
84 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 Usher, and James Lee. To some of the parties 
 connected with the university iu its earliest days, 
 we must devote a few sentences. 
 
 The name best known among them is that of 
 James Usher — a name that reflects honor upon 
 his country and his age. He was born in Dublin 
 on January the 8th, 1580 : his father was one of 
 the six clerks in chancery; his uncle, Henry Usher, 
 was Archbishop of Armagh. The child Jauies 
 learned to read from two aunts who had been blind 
 from their birth, but taught him the Bible from 
 their recollection of it on its being read to them : 
 he ever called it the " best of books." He was 
 placed, for acquiring the elements of learning, 
 under the care of Fullarton and Hamilton, the 
 two Scottish schoolmasters, above referred to as 
 made fellows of the college. James Usher entered 
 college when only thirteen years old : Hamilton 
 was his tutor there. In his nineteenth year, while 
 yet a student, he accepted a challenge thrown out 
 by Fitz-Symoncls, a Jesuit, to a public disputation 
 on the Protestant faith. The Jesuit reckoned on 
 an easy triumph, but the stripling vanquished the 
 giant. After a second conference, the latter de- 
 clined a third. On this Usher wrote to him : the 
 Jesuit sent no reply. He afterwards said of the 
 discussion, " There came to me once a youth of 
 about eighteen years of age, of a ripe wit, when 
 scarce, as you would think, gone through his 
 course of philosophy, or got out of his childhood, 
 yet ready to dispute on the most abstruse points 
 of divinity." The same Jesuit called Usher 
 u Acatholicorum doctissimas ,> — the " most learned 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. " 85 
 
 of the not-Catholics." In 1601, he was ordained 
 by his uncle, the primate, and preached a series 
 of controversial sermons in Christ Church with 
 great success. What he afterwards became is 
 known to the world. 
 
 William Daniel, one of the first fellows of the 
 university, was the first or second who took there 
 the degree of doctor in divinity. He was conse- 
 crated Archbishop of Tuani in 1609. He was 
 an eminent scholar, and translated the New Tes- 
 tament out of Greek into the Irish language; 
 which work was printed in quarto, and dedicated 
 to King James I. It was reprinted in 1681, at 
 the expense of the Honorable Robert Boyle. 
 Daniel also translated the English Common 
 Prayer into Irish. This was printed in 1608, 
 and dedicated to the lord deputy, Sir Arthur 
 Chichester. 
 
 Archbishop Loftus took the honorary title of 
 "provost" to the college at its opening, in order 
 to countenance the undertaking, but shortly re- 
 signed the oifice, and arranged that Walter Tra- 
 vers, $ Puritan, who had been joint-fellow with 
 himself in Trinity College, Cambridge, should 
 succeed him. Travers was afternoon preacher at 
 the Temple church, London, where Hooker, author 
 of the Ecclesiastical Polity, preached in the morn- 
 ing. The two ministers were strongly at variance 
 on doctrinal and ecclesiastical matters : the same 
 pulpit, in one part of the day, was antagonist to 
 itself in the other. Hooker took deep umbrage, 
 and failing to carry the mind of the congregation 
 with him, appealed to a higher authority, Whit- 
 
86 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 gift, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who, says 
 Thomas Fuller in his Church History, a silenced 
 Travers from preaching in the Temple or any- 
 where else. It was laid to his charge : — 1. That 
 he was no lawful ordained minister of the Church 
 of England. 2. That he preached here without 
 license. 3. That he had broken the order made 
 in the seventh year of her majesty's reign, that 
 erroneous doctrine, if it came to be publicly 
 taught, should not be publicly refuted, but that 
 notice thereof should be given to the ordinary, to 
 hear and determine such causes, to prevent public 
 disturbance." Hearing of what had thus occurred 
 in London, Loftus wrote to Travers, inviting him 
 to the provostship of the Dublin college. Travers 
 acceded, and remained in that office till ill-health 
 obliged him to resign in 1601, when he returned 
 to England. Fuller gives him the highest cha- 
 racter. " Sometimes," he writes, " he did preach; 
 rather when he dared than when he would : de- 
 barred from all cure of souls for his nonconform- 
 ity." Usher, who had studied under him, held 
 him in high veneration, and, when Travers .was in 
 poverty for conscience' sake, offered him money; 
 but Travers " returned a thankful refusal thereof." 
 He "bequeathed all his books of oriental lan- 
 guages, (wherein he was exquisite,) and plate 
 worth fifty pounds, to Sion College in London. 
 ! if this good man had had a hand to his 
 head, or rather a purse to his hand, what charita- 
 ble works would he have left behind him ! But," 
 continues Fuller, in concluding a pretty full ac- 
 count of him, "in pursuance of his memory, I 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 87 
 
 have entrenched too much on the modern times. 
 Only this I will add, perchance the reader will be 
 angry with me for saying thus much ; and I am 
 almost angry with myself for saying no more of so 
 worthy a divine." 
 
 The University, in its charter of incorporation, 
 was styled Collegium Sanctce et Individual Trini- 
 tatis Juxta Dublin a Sercnissimd Regind Eliza- 
 betkd Fandatum. The " Juxta" is inappropriate 
 to describe its position now, its situation being in 
 one of the greatest thoroughfares of the city. 
 Its first buildings formed a square, the principal 
 of them being on the north side. Within a few 
 years of its commencement, its revenues failed in 
 consequence of a rebellion in the country, and 
 applications had to be made to the government 
 for funds to prevent its being finally closed. The 
 necessary aid was granted, and this university is 
 at present second to neither Oxford nor Cam- 
 bridge in the ability and zeal of its professors, its 
 general regulations, or the conduct of the resident 
 students. But " Trinity/' in its beginning, had 
 a very humble form compared with the noble 
 establishment of our own day, including its hand- 
 some frontage, its magnificent library and its 
 chaj)el, its examination-hall, its dining-hall, its 
 printing-office, its squares, its spacious park for 
 recreation, its botanic garden on the east, and its 
 observatory on the west of the metropolis it 
 adorns. 
 
 The rebellion which imperilled the infant col- 
 lege was only one of a succession which kept the 
 country in ferment to nearly the close of Eliza- 
 
88 DUBLIN DURING BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 belli' s reign, when the English power came to be 
 generally acknowledged. Of the distress occa- 
 sioned by these wars, some opinion may be formed 
 by the following account of the prices at which 
 provisions were sold in Dublin in the year 1602, 
 signed by John Tirrel, the mayor. Wheat had 
 risen from 36s. the quarter to 180s.; barley-malt 
 from 10s. the barrel to 43s. ; oatmeal from 5s. 
 the barrel to 22s. ; peas from 5s.' the peck to 40s. ) 
 oats from 3s. 4cZ. the barrel to 20s. ; beef from 
 26s. 8cZ. the carcase to £8 ; mutton from 3s. the 
 carcase to 26s. ) veal from 10s. the carcase to 
 29s. ; a lamb from Is. to 6s. ; a pork from 8s. to 
 30s. If we multiply these prices by seven, to 
 give their equivalents in our own money, the 
 sums almost exceed belief, and show that if 
 money were not in proportion much more plenti- 
 ful than it is with us, the cost of what are con- 
 sidered necessaries must at that period have 
 been, with most persons, tantamount to a prohi- 
 bition of them. 
 
DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I. 89 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I. 
 
 Allusion has already been made to the fre- 
 quent occurrence of pestilence in Dublin. In 
 the year 1575, a plague broke out on the 7th of 
 June, and continued till the 17th of October, 
 carrying off at least three thousand persons. The 
 city is described as having been then so depopu- 
 lated, by deaths or desertions, that grass grew in 
 the streets and about the ohurch-cloors. The 
 niaj'or and sheriffs held their court at Glasman- 
 ogue, and the lord deputy resided at Drogheda. 
 In 1604, the same calamity began in October and 
 continued till September, 1605. It broke out 
 again the next year, and continued till the year 
 following. Yet the annals record that in the year 
 1610 the inhabitants of the city and suburbs 
 amounted to twenty thousand. The density with 
 which the people were crowded together, the 
 want of sewerage, and, equally, of cleanliness 
 and ventilation, with the malaria from the swamps 
 bordering on the river and elsewhere near the 
 city, must have almost compelled disease in some 
 of its worst forms to hold the place as its den 
 and throne. 
 
 Notwithstanding all that Elizabeth's govern- 
 
90 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 ment had clone to make Ireland Protestant, little, 
 yery little, had been effected. The poet Spenser 
 gives an appalling account of what he had ob- 
 served to be the state of both clergy and laity in 
 the country, and he places in humiliating contrast 
 the earnestness of the Roman priesthood and the 
 supineness and selfishness of what he calls " the 
 ministers of the gospel." 
 
 Lord Bacon thought much for Ireland, and in 
 1601 wrote to Cecil, secretary of state, urging 
 " some course of advancing religion indeed, where 
 the people is capable thereof; as the sending over 
 some good preachers, especially of that sort which 
 are vehement and zealous preachers, and not 
 scholastic, to be resident in principal towns, en- 
 dowing them with some stipend out of her ma- 
 jesty's revenues, as her majesty hath most 
 religiously and graciously done in Lancashire; 
 and the re-continuing and replenishing the college 
 begun in Dublin, the placing of good men to be 
 bishops in the sees there, and the taking care of 
 the versions of Bibles, and catechisms, and other 
 books of instruction in the Irish language ; and 
 the like religious courses, both for the honor of 
 God, and for the avoiding of scandal and unsatis- 
 faction here, by the show of toleration in religion 
 in some parts there." Little or no notice appears 
 to have been taken of Bacon's advice. 
 
 It may be hoped that Dublin itself was not so 
 destitute of faithful Christian ministrations in the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century as Spenser's 
 statements show too many portions of the island 
 to have been. Travers, who remained provost of 
 
AND CHARLES I. 91 
 
 the college till 1601, must have had some influ- 
 ence for the truth of the gospel in the city. 
 Usher, also, had been catechist-reader in the col- 
 lege, and, about 1602, was appointed afternoon 
 preacher in Christ Church, where the court at- 
 tended. 
 
 Having mentioned Usher's connection with the 
 college, we may add that the English army, when 
 they had defeated the Spaniards and disaffected 
 Irish in the south of the country, raised among 
 themselves the sum of £1800 to furnish a library 
 for the Dublin University, and placed it in the 
 hands of " Dr. Challoner and Mr. James Usher/' 
 to be expended in the purchase of books for the 
 purpose. The military have seldom perhaps been 
 thus forward in such good works ; but, as we 
 shall see, this was not the last instance of the 
 college library deriving aid from the bountiful- 
 ness of the English soldiery. 
 
 Under the date of 1605, Whitelaw's " History 
 of Dublin" records, " The Jesuits and seminary 
 priests busied themselves greatly in dissuading 
 the people from resorting to Divine service ac- 
 cording to the Act of Uniformity, and the king's 
 proclamation thereon grounded. The lord deputy 
 (Chichester) and council convened before them 
 the aldermen and some of the principal citizens, 
 and endeavored by persuasions and lenity to draw 
 them to their duty. They also exemplified under 
 the great seal, and published the Statute of Uni- 
 formity of the 2d of Elizabeth, in regard there 
 was found to be some material difference between 
 the original record and the printed copies, that 
 
92 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 none might pretend ignorance of the original 
 record, and added thereto .the king's injunction 
 for the observance of the said statute. But these 
 gentle methods failing to have any effect, sixteen 
 of the most eminent men of the city were con- 
 vened into the court of the " Castle Chamber" — 
 answering to the " Star Chamber" in England — 
 " of whom nine of the chief were censured, and 
 six of the aldermen fined each £100, and the 
 other three £50 a-piece ; and they were all com- 
 mitted prisoners to the Castle during the pleasure 
 of the court ; and it was ordered that none of the 
 citizens should bear office till they conformed. 
 The week following, the rest were censured in 
 the same manner, except alderman Archer, who 
 conformed. Their fines were allotted to the re- 
 pairs of such churches as had been damaged by 
 an accidental blowing up of gunpowder in 1596, 
 to the relieving poor scholars in the college, and 
 other charitable uses. This proceeding brought 
 many to an outward conformity." The " blowing 
 up of the gunpowder" mentioned, was an ex- 
 plosion of 144 barrels which had been landed at 
 Wood Quay, and stored in Winetavern street for 
 the use of the Castle. Nearly fifty houses were 
 burned, and about four hundred lives lost by this~~ 
 accident. 
 
 The measures adopted to enforce Protestantism, 
 provoked resistance to the government on the 
 part of the Romanists. In 1607, a conspiracy 
 was formed between the Earls of Tyrone and 
 Tyrconnel, with other leading persons, to seize 
 the castle, cut off the lord deputy and the coun- 
 
AND CnARLES I. 93 
 
 cil, dissolve the state, and set up a new authority. 
 A Roman Catholic who had been invited to join, 
 but who shrank from the design, dropped a letter 
 in the Council Chamber, addressed to Sir William 
 Usher, clerk of the council, giving the particulars 
 of the plan as they had been made known to him. 
 The conspirators were apprised that they had 
 been betrayed, and fled before they could be ap- 
 prehended ; but their estates were confiscated. 
 
 After an interval of twenty-seven years, a par- 
 liament was once more called in 1613. The two 
 parties disagreed on the choice of a speaker, and 
 the Romanists withdrew. Another met the year 
 after ; and a convocation of the clergy was held 
 which adopted a code of " articles" as the Con- 
 fession of the Irish Church. This formulary of 
 faith was prepared by Usher : it was essentially 
 Puritanic, being rigidly Calvinistic in doctrine, 
 and liberal in matters ritual and eccesiastical. It 
 declared the pope to be the Man of Sin • taught 
 that Lent is of merely political, not religious ob- 
 ligation ; and affirmed that the Lord's-day is to 
 be wholly devoted to the service of God. It set 
 forth that the catholic or invisible Church in- 
 cludes all the faithful on earth and in heaven ; 
 but that " particular and visible Churches (con- 
 sisting of those who make profession of the faith 
 of Christ, and live under the outward means of 
 salvation) be many in number ; wherein the more 
 or less sincerely according to Christ's institution, 
 the word of God is taught, the sacraments are 
 duly administered, and the authority of the keys 
 is used-, the more or less pure are such churches 
 
94 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 to be accounted." It makes no reference to the 
 consecration of prelates, as if, in Colly er's judg- 
 ment, done on purpose to avoid the distinction 
 between the episcopal order and that of presby- 
 ters; and Neal thinks it was u contrived to com- 
 promise the difference between the Church and 
 the Puritans :" which effect, he says, it had till 
 1634, wheD, by the influence of Archbishop Laud 
 and the Earl of Strafford, these articles were set 
 aside, and others received in their stead. It was 
 feared that Usher would incur the king's dis- 
 pleasure by the tenor of these articles, and at- 
 tempts were not wanting to prejudice James 
 against him for the leading part he took in the 
 adoption of a confession by the Irish Church, 
 which included much that was contrary to the 
 king's principles. " But Usher," writes Leland, 
 " had the address to guard against the insinua- 
 tions of his enemies; and James was so just to 
 his piety and erudition, that he soon after pro- 
 moted him to the see of Meath." 
 
 A notice of the neighborhood of Dublin about 
 this period occurs incidentally in an account of 
 the state of Ulster, given when James was par- 
 celling out six counties of it which were at his 
 disposal in consequence of confiscations. " Sir 
 Toby Caufield's people are driven every night to 
 lay up all his cattle, as it were in ward ; and do 
 he and his what they can, the woolfe and the 
 wood-kernac" — a marauder living in the wood — 
 "within culiver shot of his fort, have oftentimes 
 a share." " Even in the English pale," he adds, 
 " Sir John King and Sir Henry Harrington, 
 
AND CHARLES I. 95 
 
 within half a mile of Dublin, do the like, for 
 these forenained enemies do every night survey 
 the 'fields to the very walls of Dublin." 
 
 A proclamation for banishing the Roman Ca- 
 tholic regular clergy was issued in October, 1617. 
 But, in five years afterwards, that party opened 
 a university in Back Lane, for the education of 
 persons of their own persuasion : Whitelaw, in- 
 deed, dates this establishment later. When Lord 
 Falkland came over as lord deputy, Usher preached 
 before him in Christ Church, and the Roinan 
 Catholics took umbrage at the sermon as intended 
 to encourage persecution against them : to satisfy 
 them, he delivered an explanatory discourse, 
 which, however, it is likely did not give them 
 the satisfaction desired. In November following, 
 " several popish magistrates, who had refused the 
 oath of supremacy, contrary to the statute of 2 
 Eliz. cap. 1, were censured in the Star Chamber, 
 when Bishop Usher made a speech about the law- 
 fulness of the oath/'" And, in two months more, 
 there was " issued a proclamation requiring the 
 popish clergy, regular and secular, to depart the 
 kingdom within forty days, and forbidding all in- 
 tercourse with them after that time/' 
 
 Notwithstanding all that could be done to sup- 
 press them, the lord deputy found himself unable 
 to keep the disaffected in check. They were aware 
 that the revenue of the country fell seriously short 
 of the expenditure, and that the authorities had 
 not power at command to control them. The 
 troubled state of England on Charles's accession 
 and assumption of arbitrary power, gave yet more 
 
96 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 confidence to the Romanist hierarchy and laity. 
 They judged it a favorable juncture for obtaining 
 a toleration for their religion; and it was not for 
 Charles, in his circumstances, to slight the appli- 
 cations of a party so important. Its leaders were 
 admitted to a conference on the subject with the 
 authorities in Dublin. They intimated that for 
 a partial toleration they would give a voluntary 
 contribution for supporting the army. "A grand 
 meeting of the principal nobility and gentry, in 
 which the popish party was by far the more 
 numerous*, assembled in the Castle of Dublin : 
 they offered large contributions to purchase se- 
 curity to their lands and a suspension of the penal 
 statutes. Lord Falkland, far from discouraging 
 their overtures, advised them to send agents to 
 England, to make a tender of their dutiful ser- 
 vices to the king, and to submit the grievances 
 and inconveniences to which they were exposed, 
 to his gracious consideration/* These movements 
 alarmed the Protestants. Usher and eleven other 
 prelates met in Dublin, and entered a strong pro- 
 test against the measure. This protest was read 
 from the Dublin pulpits, and Usher was requested 
 to explain the grounds of it in a speech before 
 the council for the conviction of the parties it 
 concerned; and his address, though it failed of 
 its purpose, was considered worthy of being sent 
 over to the king, who highly approved of it. 
 
 The Irish agents, however, were successful at 
 the English court. It was greatly in their favor 
 that money and strength were at the time of 
 greater value to Charles, if they were not always 
 
AND CHARLES I. 97 
 
 nearer to his heart, than Protestant orthodoxy. 
 They offered his majesty a hundred and twenty 
 thousand pounds, payable in quarterly instal- 
 ments, on condition of receiving in return certain 
 royal "graces," which were to be affirmed by par- 
 liament. Several of these " graces," it is to be 
 observed, affected the property and trade of the 
 country, and were by all parties reckoned just 
 and beneficial. Respecting ecclesiastical matters, 
 it was agreed that bishops and patentees of dis- 
 solvecTnionasteries should be equally subject to 
 the state burdens with other persons ; and, " as 
 the popish recusants had clamored against the 
 severe demands of the established clergy, it was 
 provided that all unlawful exactions taken by the 
 clergy be reformed and regulated j and the rigor," 
 writes Leland, " with which their (the clergy's) 
 demands had been enforced, may be gathered 
 from the injunction annexed : ' That no extra- 
 ordinary warrants of assistance, touching clandes- 
 tine marriages, christenings, or burials, or any 
 contumacies pretended against ecclesiastical juris- 
 diction, are to be issued or executed by any chief 
 governor; nor are the clergy to be permitted to 
 keep any private prisons of their own for these 
 causes, but delinquents in that kind are hence- 
 forth to be committed to the king's public jails 
 and by the king's officers.' " 
 
 The success of the Irish deputies with Charles 
 well nigh intoxicated the " recusants," as the 
 Roman Catholics were now called. Their worship 
 was openly celebrated in due form and with great 
 pomp. Parochial churches were seized for their 
 4 
 
98 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 service. Their ecclesiastical jurisdiction was 
 strictly administered. JSew friaries and nun- 
 neries were erected. Priests from foreign semi- 
 naries swarmed into the country and its metro- 
 polis, sworn to hatred against England and to 
 allegiance to the pope, under the direction of the 
 Propaganda Fide, then lately established. These 
 swellings of Romanism stirred the fears and the 
 zeal of Protestants. Accustomed to look to the 
 government as their stay, instead of being them- 
 selves valiant for the truth in the use of truth's 
 own weapons, and relying upon God whose the 
 truth and its triumphs are, they obtained a pro- 
 clamation from the government, forbidding the 
 exercise of the Roman Catholic worship. The 
 Roman Catholics despised the proclamation, and 
 became yet more bold, conscious of their superi- 
 ority in the kind of strength on which Protestant- 
 ism was then made to rest as its safeguard. They 
 complained that their agents in England had ex- 
 ceeded their powers in engaging so large a con- 
 tribution to the king, and that the country was 
 not able to bear the impost. Falkland was re- 
 called, and Viscount Ely, the lord chancellor, and 
 the Earl of Cork, lord high treasurer, were sworn 
 lords justices. . They proceeded forthwith to exe- 
 cute the laws against " recusants/' and to compel 
 attendance on the established worship. But in- 
 timation came that such measures were not pleas- 
 ing to the king. The Romanists were in conse- 
 quence cheered on. A fraternity of Carmelites 
 red in public, wearing the habit of their 
 order, and celebrated their worship in one of the 
 
AND CIIAIILES I. 99 
 
 most frequented parts of the city. This was not 
 to be endured. The archbishop and the mayor 
 led a body of troops to their chapel, to disperse 
 the congregation. The congregation, headed by 
 the priests, repelled the assailants : the arch- 
 bishop, the mayor, and the military, had to save 
 themselves by flight. An order now came from 
 London for the seizure of sixteen religious 
 houses for the king's use, and for the transfer 
 of the Eoman Catholic College to the Dublin 
 University. 
 
 Affairs were in this position when Wentworth, 
 afterwards Earl of Strafford, arrived as lord de- 
 puty in July, 1633. He came, resolved to break 
 d<nvn all power in the country, Romanist or Pro- 
 testant, to the king's will as absolute and uni- 
 versal law. Wentworth brought with him Dr. 
 Bramhall, afterwards Bishop of Derry, a man 
 sufficiently endowed with abilities and erudition, 
 but whose ideas of doctrine and discipline were 
 so consonant with those of Laud, that Oliver 
 Cromwell afterwards called him the " Canterbury 
 of Ireland." 
 
 A new influence was now brought to bear upon 
 the Irish Established Church. Some of its first 
 measures had reference to altering the place of 
 the communion tables in the castle chapel and 
 Christ Church cathedral, and ordering the Earl of 
 Cork to take down a family monument lately 
 erected at the east end of the choir in St. Pa- 
 trick's. But its most important work was chang- 
 ing the Church's profession of faith. The 
 Puritanic cast of the Irish Church greatly en- 
 
100 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 couragcd the anti-Laud party in England. " If, 
 therefore/ ' writes Heylin, in his Life of Laud, 
 " the archbishop meant to have peace in England, 
 the Church of Ireland must be won to desert those 
 articles, and receive ours in England in the place 
 thereof/' Heylin' s description of the manage- 
 ment by which the change was brought about, 
 shows Jesuitism of a high order, and proves that 
 the majority of the Irish clergy, with Usher at 
 their head, in convocation at Dublin, were be- 
 guiled to adopt resolves contrary alike to their 
 intentions and convictions. " Usher and his 
 party," says Heylin, " found, too late, that by 
 receiving and approving the English Articles, 
 they had abrogated and repealed the Irish." " To 
 salve this sore/' Usher and some bishops of his 
 opinion, at the next ordinations, required subscrip- 
 tions to the Articles of both churches, which, 
 however, was not required afterwards, through 
 the inconsistency it involved. Usher next applied 
 to the lord deputy to have the former Irish con- 
 fession ratified anew by parliament j but the lord 
 deputy threatened to have that confession burned 
 by the common hangman ; and, when nothing 
 availed on the Irish side of the channel, assur- 
 ances were sent to persons of distinction in Eng- 
 land that the Irish Articles were not recalled. 
 " But all this," Heylin somewhat exuitingly re- 
 cords, " would not serve the turn, or save those 
 articles from being brought under repeal by the 
 present canon." He intimates, that the abroga- 
 tion of the Irish Articles which asserted the sanc- 
 tity of the Lord's Day, removed an objection to 
 
AND CHARLES T. 101 
 
 his majesty's declaration about lawful sports on 
 that day; and he quotes from Fuller, that "the 
 Irish Articles, wherein Arminianism was con- 
 demned in termini's tcrminantibus, and the obser- 
 vation of the Lord's Day resolved Jure Diuino, 
 were utterly excluded/' 
 
 Thus Laud triumphed over the Irish Church. 
 The Dublin college was regulated with compara- 
 tive ease. He was appointed its chancellor, and 
 remodelled its constitution and statutes, so far as 
 policy would allow, after his own mind. To make 
 Laud's victory doubly sure, a court of High Com- 
 mission was established in Dublin : a fit coadjutor 
 to the court of Castle Chamber, or Irish Star 
 Chamber, already existing. 
 
 From affairs ecclesiastical, arranged so ably for 
 Laud by Bramhall, we now turn to affairs ^ecular, 
 not quite so well adjusted for Charles by Weat- 
 worth. In the parliament which sat during the 
 convocation in 1634, the lord deputy obtained in 
 the commons a vote of six subsidies, amounting 
 in the whole to two hundred and forty thousand 
 pounds: the vote was encumbered only with re- 
 commendations as to the modes in which, the 
 money should be applied. The lords were not 
 quite so accommodating. They required a re- 
 dress of " grievances" and a confirmation of the 
 " graces/' particularly the one which limited the 
 king's title to lands. Against their resolve Went- 
 worth entered a protest, founded on an act called, 
 from its author, Poyning's, which required that 
 no bill should be proposed in the Irish parliament 
 that had not been approved by the king in council. 
 
102 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 An apparently trifling incident, but one which 
 was really important, happened in the beginning 
 of this parliament. To prevent danger from col- 
 lisions of opinion which might arise in the heat 
 of debate, an order had once been given that 
 peers, on entering the honse, should leave their 
 swords with the usher of the black rod. Went- 
 worth revived this order. The young Earl of 
 Ormond presented himself at the door, but refused 
 to comply with the usher's demand. The official 
 insisted on his submission. Ormond replied, that 
 if he must receive his sword it should be in his 
 body; and, not waiting for permission, entered 
 the house and took his seat. The lord deputy, 
 highly incensed, summoned Ormond to answer for 
 his conduct. " The young lord appeared, avowed 
 his knowledge of the order, and his own wilful 
 disobedience; but added, that he had received 
 the investiture of his earldom per- cincturam 
 gladii, and was both entitled and bound by the 
 royal command to attend his duty in parliament 
 gladio ductus. Wentworth," continues Lelancl, 
 " was abashed and confounded. He consulted his 
 friends whether he should at once crush or recon- 
 cile this daring spirit. They reminded him of the 
 necessity of gaining some of the great personages 
 of Ireland : of the power, connections, and capa- 
 city of the earl : of the good disposition he had 
 already discovered to the interests of the crown, 
 and of his influence in the house of peers." These 
 considerations weighed with "Wentworth to attempt 
 reconciling the refractory Ormond, who soon be- 
 came a particular favorite at the Irish court, and 
 
AND CHARLES I. 103 
 
 at the age of twenty-four had a seat in the privy 
 council. Winning Orinond over to the king's 
 party was a gain to Charles in Ireland, hardly 
 second in value to Charles's alienating Wentworth 
 from the popular side in England and attaching 
 him to the royal cause. x 
 
 " The splendor of the court of Dublin during 
 the vice-royalty of Strafford," observes the Irish 
 Quarterly Review, " far exceeded any thing before 
 known in the city. ' Other deputies,' says the 
 earl, in 1633, ' kept never a horse in their stables, 
 put up the king's pay for their troop and company 
 in a manner clear into their purses, infinitely to 
 his majesty's disservice, in the example: I have 
 threescore good horses in mine, which will stand 
 me iu twelve hundred pounds a year, and a guard 
 of fifty men waiting on his majesty's deputy every 
 Sunday, personable men and well appointed. Other 
 deputies have kept their tables for thirty pounds 
 a week : it stands me (besides my stable) in three 
 score and ten pounds when it is at least/ The 
 author of the Epistolce Ho-Eliance, writing from 
 Dublin during Strafford's vicegerency, says, ' Here 
 is a most splendid court kept at the castle, and 
 except that of the viceroy of Naples, I have not 
 seen the like in Christendom ; and in one point 
 of graudeza the lord deputy here goes beyond 
 him, for he can confer honors and dub knights, 
 which that viceroy cannot, or any other that I 
 know of. Traflick iucreaseth here wonderfully, 
 with all kinds of bravery and buildings.' A 
 tourist, who had travelled through Holland, the 
 United Provinces, England, and Scotland, tells 
 
101 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 us, in 1635, that l Dublin is, beyond all exception, 
 tbe fairest, richest, best built city he had met 
 with, (except York and Newcastle :) it is far be- 
 yond Edinborough : only one street in Edinborough 
 (the great long street) surpasseth any street here. 
 Here is the lord deputy, and the state and council 
 of the kingdom/ ' This city of Dublin/ conti- 
 nues the same author, ' is extending his bounds 
 and limits very far : much additions of building 
 lately, and some of them very fine, stately, and 
 complete buildings : every commodity is grown 
 very dear. You must pay also for an horse hire 
 Is. 6(7. a day. There are various commodities 
 cried in Dublin as in London, which it doth more 
 resemble than any other town I have seen in the 
 King of Engknd's dominions/ " 
 
 " The excess to which luxury in dress was 
 carried in Dublin about this period, called forth 
 the interference of the legislature, and in 1634 
 it was > ordered by the Irish house of commons, 
 that 'the proposition made against the excessive 
 wearing of bone lace, and of gold and silver 
 lace, should be referred to the consideration of the 
 committee of grievances, to consider what persons 
 and degrees are fifr to use the same, and how, for 
 to report their opinion thereon to the house/ '■' 
 
 Not fewer than fifty peers attended the par- 
 liament called by Wentworth, and they, with 
 the members of the lower house, must have 
 added much to the trade and splendor of the city. 
 Some families of distinction had mansions worthy 
 of their rank. Among them was the Earl of 
 Cork's, at the Dame's gate, near the castle, from 
 
AND CHARLES I. 105 
 
 which the ascent there acquired the name of 
 "Cork Hill." This building was afterwards 
 taken on lease by the government of Charles I., 
 and it was occupied for public purposes early 
 under the common wealth, though by that time it 
 had fallen much into decay. 
 
 Little, it is to be feared, can be said favorable 
 to the state of Christian piety in Dublin at this 
 period. Dr. Joshua Hoyle occupied the pulpit 
 of St. Werburgh's, where he is said to have 
 preached at ten in the morning and at three in 
 the afternoon. He is described as " the friend 
 of Usher, and the tutor and chamber-fellow of 
 Sir James Ware," " a most zealous preacher and 
 general scholar in all manner of learning." He 
 was a fellow and professor of divinity in the uni- 
 versity. He appeared as one of the witnesses 
 against Laud on his trial, and afterwards was a 
 constantly-attending member of the Westminster 
 Assembly of Divines. Wood, in the "Athense 
 Oxonienses," gives him a high character. He- 
 had studied at Oxford, and died master of Uni- 
 versity College there in 1654. 
 
 Notwithstanding all the gayety and appearance 
 of prosperity in the metropolis, the elements of 
 strife already adverted to were generating fearful 
 convulsions in the country. Rome, by its bulls, 
 its nuncio, its emissaries, conspired with Charles's 
 self-seeking tyranny and duplicity, to sever it 
 from England and Protestantism together; but 
 the details of organizations and movements direct- 
 ed to this end belong to the history of Ireland 
 rather than of Dublin. The lord deputy's rule 
 
106 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 here was of the same tenor with that of his mas- 
 ter : it aggravated discontent in the honest and 
 well-disposed, while it cheered on the revolted. 
 Wentworth returned to England, where he was 
 created Earl of Strafford. He was impeached, 
 attainted, and executed. Sir Christopher Wands- 
 ford was appointed lord deputy, but died sud- 
 denly. Sir William Parsons and Sir John Borlase 
 were sworn lords justices in February, 1641. The 
 insurgents had their schemes laid widely, but 
 with so much secrecy that the authorities were 
 totally unaware of their intentions. They had 
 prepared to possess themselves of Dublin, with 
 its castle, and on the 22nd of October they re- 
 solved to effect their purpose on the evening of 
 the next day. 
 
 Providentially for the city, its inhabitants, and 
 the government, one Mac Mahon, a leader among 
 the rebels, had disclosed their projects to a man 
 named Owen 0' Connolly, servant to a Protestant 
 gentleman in the north, hoping to engage him 
 with them. This man came up to Dublin in 
 quest of a friend on the 22d, when he met Mac 
 Mahon, and while they were drinking together, 
 the latter divulged to him the plan for the fol- 
 lowing day. Half-intoxicated as he was, 0' Con- 
 nolly stole away and gave information to Sir 
 William Parsons. The man's appearance made 
 Sir William for the moment pay little regard to 
 his statements. He was told to go and obtain 
 further information. But Tub was hardly dismissed 
 when it struck Sir William that what the man 
 had said was more important than it at first seemed 
 
AND CHARLES I. 107 
 
 to be. He ordered the castle and city to be 
 guarded, and went to his fellow lord justice, Sir 
 John Borlase. The privy council were summoned. 
 3Iessengers were sent to discover and bring 
 O'Counolly again. He was found with the po- 
 lice, who had taken him in charge for not being 
 able to give an account of himself. By his dis- 
 closures, Mac Mahon, Lord Maguire, and some 
 more, were arrested j but other leaders, hearing 
 of the discovery, saved themselves by instant 
 flight. Most opportunely, Sir Francis Willough- 
 by, governor of Gralway Castle, a privy-councillor 
 and an able soldier, reached Dublin at this critical 
 moment. He found the gates closed and the 
 suburbs in much confusion. Hearing that the 
 lords justices and the privy council were in de- 
 liberation at Sir John Borlase's, on the green 
 leading to the college, he went thither. He told 
 them that in the country through which he passed 
 he observed no signs of disturbance, but that an 
 unusual number of strange horsemen had all night 
 been pouring into the suburbs. He recommend- 
 ed an adjournment to the castle for greater secu- 
 rity. The lords justices and council acted on his 
 suggestions, assigned to him the general defence 
 of the place, and issued a proclamation informing 
 the public of the plot discovered, and exhorting 
 to loyalty and courage in self-defence. 
 
 The force at the command of the government 
 did not exceed three thousand men, and these 
 were scattered in garrisons and detachments 
 through the country. In Dublin castle were 
 " one thousand five hundred barrels of powder, 
 
108 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. . 
 
 with proportionate match and bullet, arras f5r ten 
 thousand men, and thirty-five pieces of artillery 
 with all their equipage/' For its security were 
 "eight infirm wardens and forty halberdiers/' 
 being the parade guard of the chief magistrate on 
 state occasions. Willoughby was prompt and 
 energetic. " The council table was his only couch. 
 He could not venture to lay down his drawbridge 
 without the attendance of his whole insignificant 
 guard, until the arrival of a part of his disbanded 
 regiment from Carlisle enabled him to arm two 
 hundred men for the defence of the castle; a 
 body soon reinforced by those who fled for shelter 
 to the capital, and by some detachments of the 
 army recalled from their quarters by the lords 
 justices." 
 
 Nothing could exceed the consternation of 
 the citizens. Rumors the most appalling flew 
 like lightning. Many of the English went on 
 board vessels in the river to return to their 
 native country, and, though wind-bound, preferred 
 remaining on the water to venturing on land 
 again. A fleet of Scotch fishermen offered five 
 hundred of their men for the service of the state, 
 but just as the offer was accepted, they set sail 
 under a false alarm. Four hundred soldiers, em- 
 barked for the service of Spain, and detained by 
 order of the English parliament, were not per- 
 mitted to leave the ships till they were nearly 
 perishing from hunger, and eventually they dis- 
 persed to join the rebel cause. However, under 
 the advice of Sir John Temple, Master of the 
 Rolls, the principal Protestant merchants of the 
 
AND CHARLES I. 100 
 
 city deposited their goods and valuables in the 
 castle, under a guarantee of payment for what- 
 ever should be applied to the public service. 
 Thus provisions were obtained when the treasury 
 was exhausted, and when the magistrates of the 
 city could not or would not advance money to the 
 government. 
 
 Dublin was saved and became tranquil. Not 
 so the country. In the course of the ensuing 
 winter, horrors were perpetrated the accounts of 
 which make the blood- run cold as we read them 
 in our own day. " Forty thousand persons, and 
 by some computations/' writes Godwin, "five 
 times that number, are said to have perished in 
 this undistinguishing massacre." 
 
 Charles, unable to adjust matters with the 
 Parliament, appealed to arms in support of his 
 prerogative. In August, 1642, he unfurled his 
 standard at Nottingham. " A high wind beat 
 down the flag, an evil omen, as it was deemed by 
 some who saw it, and a symbol as it proved of the 
 result of that unnatural conflict. " At length, 
 Ireland became the dernier resort of the royal 
 cause. Ormond was made lord deputy and com- 
 mander of the army. He soon found himself in 
 a position of difficulty between two antagonists — 
 the friends of Protestantism, and the Roman 
 Catholic confederates — neither of whom now 
 cared much for his sovereign, but against both of 
 whom, though hostile the one to the other, he 
 felt it impossible to maintain his ground. The 
 month of February, 1617, found him yet in Dub- 
 lin, but under the necessity of deciding to which 
 
110 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I. 
 
 party he would yield. His choice was in favor of 
 the English parliament. In April, several of 
 their regiments arrived, and in June came their 
 commissioners with more troops. To these Or- 
 mond formally surrendered Dublin, Drogheda, 
 then called Tredagh, and other garrisons j and in 
 July he delivered up into their hands the insig- 
 nia of his authority, and went to England. One 
 of the three persons given by Ormond as host- 
 ages for this capitulation, was the eminent Sir 
 James Ward, " the Camden of Ireland." 
 
 Thus ended the reign of Charles over Dublin. 
 The city was in a most wretched and dilapidated 
 state. By returns dated August, 1644, its in- 
 habitants numbered — Protestants, 2,565 men, and 
 2,986 women j Roman Catholics, 1^202 men, and 
 1,406 women; total, 8,159. But perhaps this 
 census embraced only adults ; or, which is more 
 probable, it did not include the suburbs; other- 
 wise the population had decreased three-fifths 
 during the preceding thirty-four years — a dimi- 
 nution incredible, even with every allowance for 
 havoc made by war, pestilence, and famine. 
 
DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, ETC. Ill 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, THE RESTORA- 
 TION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 On the surrender of Dublin to the parliament- 
 ary commissioners, they appointed colonel Michael 
 Jones to be its governor with the command of 
 the troops. His first care was to repair the walls 
 and otherwise to prepare the city for defence 
 against the army of the confederates which 
 threatened it. Within a fortnight after Ormond 
 had left, Jones marched forth and attacked them 
 at Duggan's Hill, gaining a complete victory. 
 They are said to have had between five and six 
 thousand slain in the engagement ; fifteen of their 
 field-officers, and eighty-four other commissioned 
 oificers were among the prisoners ', while Jones 
 lost only twenty men. Besides artillery and 
 other spoil, sixty-four " fair oxen" fell into his 
 hands, and proved a most seasonable supply. A 
 person giving an account of the battle, wrote, 
 "All their colors we have, which Colonel Jones 
 would not be persuaded to have brought into 
 Dublin with triumph, as savoring (said he) of os- 
 tentation, and attributing to man the glory of this 
 great work due to the Lord alone. ;; By Novem- 
 
112 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 ber, however, the rebel leader, Owen Roe O'Neil, 
 was committing such devastations in the neigh- 
 borhood of Dublin, that not fewer than two hun- 
 dred fires were visible at the same time from one 
 of the church steeples. 
 
 Ormond, still attached to Charles, and think- 
 ing it possible even yet to retrieve his royal mas- 
 ter's affairs, returned to Jreland. In January, 
 1648-9, he concluded a peace with the confeder- 
 ates, in the king's name and behalf. Charlgs, 
 or Glamorgan, whom he accredited for the pur- 
 pose, had often negotiated and made peace with 
 them before, and as often had the terms agreed 
 on been disallowed or broken through. Lord 
 Inchiquin also now made common cause with the 
 Irish : the Scots of Ulster, too, ranged them- 
 selves against the parliament and the " sectaries. " 
 Early in 1649, Oliver Cromwell was appointed 
 by the parliament their lord-lieutenant for Ire- 
 land. He invited the eminent Dr. John Owen, 
 whose " Exposition of the Hebrews" and other 
 works, are yet well known and valued, to accom- 
 pany him as chaplain, and to regulate the affairs 
 of Trinity College. To this, after much difficulty, 
 Owen acceded. The army for Ireland, under 
 Cromwell's command, assembled at Milford Haven 
 in August, and the day before embarking was 
 spent by them in fasting and prayer. 
 
 About this juncture, Dublin was in deep dis- 
 tress. Jones, its governor, was closely pressed 
 by Ormond and the confederates, who had en- 
 camped at Finglass, but on July the 25th had 
 removed to llathmines, on the opposite side of 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 113 
 
 the city. There Jones attacked them with suc- 
 cess. The parliament ordered his dispatch to be 
 printed for the information of the English public. 
 Some extracts from this small old pamphlet may 
 iuterest the reader. The battle is sometimes 
 mentioned as fought at " Bagotrath," a place be- 
 tween Donnybrook and Beggar's Bush, now occu- 
 pied by Upper Bagot street, taking its name from 
 a "rath" or fort there, which, in the thirteenth 
 century, came into the possession of the " Bagot" 
 family. The conflict probably waxed strongest 
 over the lands extending from that place to Rath- 
 mines. Rathniines was then "compassed by a 
 wall about sixteen feet high, and inclosing ten 
 acres of ground." 
 
 The pamphlet has for its title — " Lieutenant- 
 General Jones's Letter to the Council of State, of 
 a Great Victory which it had pleased God to give 
 the forces, in the City of Dublin, under his com- 
 mand on the Second of this instant August, 
 against the Earl of Ormond's and the Lord Inchi- 
 quin's forces before the City." Jones's letter 
 begins : " Right Honorable : the Lord hath bless- 
 ed this your army with good success against 
 Ormond and his, for which God's most holy name 
 be glorified." After giving the particulars of the 
 engagement, he proceeds : " The whole work is 
 the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes; 
 by whose especial providence it was that we should 
 thus engage, we ourselves at first not so far intend- 
 ing it; neither did the enemy expect our doing 
 so ; nor would they have willingly engaged with 
 us ; if it might have been by them avoided, they 
 
114 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 reserving themselves for the coming up of Clan- 
 ricard with his Connanght forces, about three 
 thousand, and the Lord of Ard's with his seven 
 thousand Scots, all ready for marching; Lnchiquin 
 also being looked for, who had the week before 
 gone towards Munster, with two regimeuts of 
 horse, for appeasing some stirrings there by Owen 
 Eoe, raised in his absence. Never was any day 
 in Ireland like this, to the confusion of the Irish, 
 and to the raising up the spirits of the poor Eng- 
 lish, and to the restoring of the English interest, 
 which, from their first footing in Ireland, was 
 never in so low a condition as at that very in- 
 stant, there not being one considerable landing- 
 place left you but this alone, and this also 
 (without this the Lord's most gracious goodness 
 and providence to us) almost gone," etc. " Your 
 honor's most faithful servant, Mic. Jones. 
 Dated Dublin, Aug. 6, 1619." In addition 
 to the numbers slain, Jones took prisoners seven- 
 teen field officers, and more than 150 other com- 
 missioned officers. Of the troops taken, 1,500 
 joined the parliamentary service. "A list of 
 artillery taken .from the Irish at Ramines, the 
 2d of August, 1619. One brass cannon, weigh- 
 ing 7,321 pounds, her length 10 feet, her bullet 
 weighing 44 pounds. One brass demi-cannon 
 eldest, weighing 5,428 pounds, her length 11 J 
 feet, her bullet weighing 32 pounds. Two brass 
 demi-cannon of one mould, each weighing 4,400 
 pounds, their length 9 J feet, their bullet weigh- 
 ing 26 pounds. One square brass demi-culverin 
 weighing 2,800 pounds, her length 11 feet 4 inches, 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 115 
 
 her bullet weighing 12 pounds. One small brass 
 Baker-drake, weighing 600 pounds, her length 4? 
 feet, her bullet weighing 6 pounds. One brass 
 mortar-piece weighing 927 pounds, her shell 
 weighing 100 pounds." " Captain Otway, the 
 messenger that brought this dispatch," says the 
 pamphlet, " who was an actor in that service, re- 
 lates that the enemy marched away with such 
 haste that they left their whole camp, which was 
 very well furnished of all provisions of victual, 
 store of wine, silks and velvet, scarlet and other 
 cloth, both woollen and linen, and some money, 
 all the cattle left in the quarters of Dublin as 
 they found them there. Wednesday, the 8th, 
 was appointed to be a day of thanksgiving in 
 Dublin for this great victory." Besides the cas- 
 tles of Rathmines and Rathgar, Naas, Maynooth, 
 and various other places, surrendered to Jones at 
 that time. The Earl of Fingall and a brother of 
 Ormond were among the prisoners, and it is said 
 that Ormond himself narrowly escaped. 
 
 The news of this " great victory" reached 
 Cromwell at Milford, and is noticed by him in 
 letters written on ship-board when about to sail. 
 About the middle of August, he "landed at 
 Ringsend with 8,000 foot, 4,000 horse, a for- 
 midable train of artillery, and all other neces- 
 saries of war." In Dublin, he " was received with 
 all possible demonstrations of joy ) the great guns 
 echoing forth their welcome, and the acclamations 
 of the citizens resounding in every street. The 
 Lord Lieutenant being come into the city — where 
 the concourse of the citizens was very great, they 
 
116 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 all flocking to see him of whom they had heard 
 so much — at a convenient place he made a stand, 
 and with his hat in his hand, made a speech to 
 them/' This speech was entertained with great 
 applause by the people, who all cried out, " "W« 
 will live and die with you !" 
 
 Cromwell had nothing to detain him in Dublin, 
 beyond making arrangements for governing the 
 city, and for prosecuting the campaign on which 
 he was about to enter : the rout of Ormond by 
 Jones had cleared the way for him in the neigh 
 borhood of the metropolis. In a few days, he 
 with his army marched towards Drogheda, where 
 he promptly gave unmistakable and terrific proof 
 of the course he had resolved to pursue. Carlyle 
 describes it truly : " Oliver descended on Ireland 
 like the hammer of Thor — smote it, as at one fell 
 stroke, into dust and ruin, never to reunite against 
 him more." "To him," Merle d'Aubigne says, 
 " the most energetic way appeared the most hu- 
 mane." Even Sir Jonas Barrington writes of 
 him, " Never was any rebel so triumphant as he 
 was in Ireland ; yet it is impossible to deny, that 
 perhaps a less decisive or less cruel general than 
 that splendid usurper, might by lenity have in- 
 creased the misery in prolonging the warfare, and 
 have lengthened out the sanguinary scenes of an 
 unavailing resistance." 
 
 Owen did not accompany Cromwell to the coun • 
 try. He remained preaching in Dublin till, in a 
 few months, through abundant labors in that and 
 other ways, his health declined, and he returned 
 to his pastorate at Coggeshall in Essex. In a 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 sermon on " The Steadfastness of the Promises 
 and the Sinfulness of Staggering/' preached be- 
 fore the parliament, February 28th, 1649, he lays 
 open the case of Ireland, and pleads in its behalf 
 in a style worthy of himself. "How is it," he 
 asks, " that Jesus Christ is in Ireland only as a 
 lion staining all his garments with the blood of 
 his enemies ; and none to hold him out as a Lamb 
 sprinkled with his own blood to his friends ? Is- 
 it the sovereignty and interest of England that 
 is alone to be there transacted ? For my part, I 
 see no further into the mystery of these things, 
 but that I could heartily rejoice that, innocent 
 blood being expiated, the Irish might enjoy Ire- 
 land so long as the moon endureth, so that Jesus 
 Christ might possess the Irish." In urging his 
 auditors to "do their utmost for the preaching of 
 the gospel in Ireland," he pleads in this strain : 
 "They want it. No want like theirs who want 
 the gospel. I would there were for the present 
 one gospel preacher for every walled town in the 
 English possession in Ireland. The land mourn- 
 eth, and the people perish for lack of knowledge : 
 many run to and fro, but it is upon other designs : 
 knowledge is not increased. They are sensible of 
 their wants, and cry out for a supply. The tears 
 and cries of the inhabitants of Dublin, after the 
 manifestation of Christ, are ever in my view. If 
 they were in the dark, and loved to have it so, 
 it might something close a door upon the bowels 
 of our compassion j but they cry out of their dark- 
 ness, and are ready to follow every one whosoever 
 to have a candle. If their being gospelless move 
 
118 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 not our hearts, it is hoped their importunate cries 
 will disquiet our rest, and wrest help as a beggar 
 doth amis," etc. 
 
 These appeals from Owen to the parliament 
 told better for Ireland than did Lord Bacon's 
 advice to Queen Elizabeth's secretary, half a cen- 
 tury before. In the month after they were uttered, 
 a bill was passed for vesting certain estates in the 
 •hands of trustees for the better support of Trinity 
 College, the erection of a second college, the sup- 
 port of professors in the university, and the main- 
 tenance of a free-school; and on the same day 
 the House resolved to " send over forthwith six 
 able ministers to dispense the gospel in the city 
 of Dublin." 
 
 Perhaps it is to the college and free-school 
 whose erection was provided for by the above bill, 
 or to that college and the one previously existing 
 in Back lane, which had been taken from the 
 Roman Catholics and connected with the univer- 
 sity, that Fuller refers when he writes, "The 
 whole species of the university of Dublin was for 
 many years preserved in the individuum of this 
 one college [Trinity]. But, since, this instrument 
 hath made better music, when what was but a 
 monochord before hath got two other smaller 
 strings unto it — the addition of New College and 
 Kildare Hall." Among the ministers sent over 
 pursuant to the parliament's resolve was John 
 Rogers, a man of much learning, exuberant fancy, 
 and ardent piety, all apparent in his singular quarto 
 entitled "A Tabernacle for the Sun." 
 
 Commissioners came from the parliament to 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 119 
 
 administer the affairs of Ireland, in 1651, and 
 resided in Cork House. They were accompanied 
 by the Reverend Samuel Winter, previously mi- 
 nister of Cottingham, in Yorkshire, whom they 
 made provost of the College, which office he held 
 till the Restoration. Calamy states that Winter 
 relinquished a living of £400 a year in England, 
 for a salary of £100, that he might promote the 
 gospel in Ireland j also that Trinity College, which 
 he found almost desolate, became under his care 
 a valuable seminary of piety and learning. He 
 was most indefatigable : besides presiding over 
 the college, he was pastor of a church in the city, 
 afternoon preacher at Christ Church, the principal 
 service, had a sermon every Sunday morning in 
 St. Nicholas's at seven o'clock, and preached oc- 
 sionally at Maynooth. 
 
 Many other ministers settled in Dublin during 
 the Commonwealth, of whom the best known are 
 Dr. Harrison, Stephen Charnock, author of the 
 treatise on the "Divine Attributes," Samuel 
 Mather, to whom we are indebted for a work on 
 the " Types," being a collection of discourses de- 
 livered in Dublin after the Restoration, and John 
 Murcot, a young man of great promise, and whose 
 ministry seems to have been attended with signal 
 power for usefulness in the city and other parts. 
 From Murcot* s Life, called "Moses in the Mount/'" 
 in a posthumous volume of his works, we learn 
 that people of the highest rank, as well as the 
 public generally, flocked to hear him, and that 
 both in the pulpit and in private he proved him- 
 self to be most earnest for the honor of God and 
 
120 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 the good of souls. Dr. Winter, with, whom he 
 was colleague in the ministry, in an Epistle De- 
 dicatory to the Lord Deputy Fleetwood and the 
 Lord Henry Cromwell, prefixed to the above 
 volume, says of him, " his praise is in the gospel 
 throughout all the churches : I have seldom 
 known of his years a head better hearted, or a 
 heart better headed; the enlargement of whose 
 heart was the enlargement of his abilities." He 
 died in December, 1654, not having completed 
 his thirtieth year, and was buried in St. Mary's 
 chapel, Christ Church : his funeral was attended 
 by the lord deputy, his commissioners, the mayor, 
 aldermen, and great numbers of the citizens, 
 
 Most persons are aware how nobly Oliver Crom- 
 well espoused the cause of the persecuted Pro- 
 testants in Piedmont. In July, 1655, a collection 
 towards their relief was begun in Dublin, and in 
 January the sum of £1,097 Qs. od. was remitted 
 for the purpose by parties belonging to Dr. Win- 
 ter's church. 
 
 About the time we are now speaking of, asso- 
 ciations by mutual agreement for common purposes 
 were being formed in several parts of England, 
 among the ministers of different denominations. 
 The celebrated Richard Baxter was zealous in 
 promoting them. Archbishop Usher approved of 
 them. In their meetings one of the ministers 
 presided as "moderator." Baxter, in his Life, 
 writes that "the Independent churches also in 
 Ireland, led on by Dr. Winter, pastor of their 
 church in Dublin, associated with the moderate 
 Presbyterians there, upon these provocations, 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 and the persuasions of Colonel John Bridges." 
 He gives a letter signed by Winter and other 
 ministers, " In the name of the associated churches 
 of Christ in Ireland. These for the Reverend 
 Mr. Richard Baxter, pastor of the church of 
 Christ in Kidderminster, to be by him communi- 
 cated to the several churches of that association." 
 The letter is dated July 5th, 1655, and breathes 
 genuine Christian catholicity : " The present con- 
 dition of God's people in foreign parts, as among 
 us," say the writers, " calls aloud for a more cor- 
 dial union and communion among all such who 
 desire to fear His name. It is therefore our hearts' 
 desire, not to be wanting in our faith and prayers, 
 resolves and endeavors, to the fulfilling of those 
 exceeding great and precious truths which do 
 eminently centre in these latter days, that Christ's 
 friends may receive one mind and heart, to serve 
 him with one lip and shoulder. We are thereby 
 much encouraged to request your Christian assist- 
 ance and brotherly correspondency, that we may 
 all be the better able, in our several stations and 
 relations, to promote more vigorously the interest 
 of Christ and his people. After the sad shakings 
 of this land, and his many turnings of things up- 
 side down, the Lord is pleased to promise us a 
 little reviving, and to open a door of hope, even 
 in the valley of Achor. Your favorable help is 
 therefore earnestly craved, that Ireland may once 
 more partake of the glad tidings of heaven, and 
 the wants of many thousand starving souls may 
 be seasonably supplied with the bread of life." 
 To the letter from which these sentences are 
 
122 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 taken, Baxter and four other ministers sent a long 
 and cordial response, " In the name of the Asso- 
 ciated Ministers meeting at Kidderminster, August 
 12th, 1655/^ inscribed, "to the Reverend our 
 much-honored Brother Dr. "Winter, Pastor of the 
 Church of Dublin, to be communicated by him 
 to the associated churches in Ireland : These." 
 Under date of "Dublin, January 16th, 1655-6," 
 a letter was sent to Baxter and his brethren, 
 signed by Dr. Winter and five " Elders of the 
 Church of Christ in Dublin, whereof Dr. Samuel 
 Winter is Pastor," "In the name and by the ap- 
 pointment of the rest of the associated churches 
 in Ireland." 
 
 Henry Cromwell was lord deputy at the time 
 this correspondence was going on. He was a 
 truly Christian man, and did much to promote 
 the gospel in the country, and union between the 
 followers of his and their Lord. At his invita- 
 tion, a meeting of the principal ministers of differ- 
 ent denominations, and from the several provinces 
 of the country, was held in Dublin <n April, 
 1648. About thirty were present, including three 
 Presbyterians from the north of Ireland. " He 
 requested their advice respecting the instruction 
 and conversion of the Roman Catholic population, 
 the promoting of peace and unity among all godly 
 ministers though of different churches, the due 
 observance of the Sabbath, and the suppression 
 of heresy and profaneness." They remained for 
 five weeks together, gave Henry their opinions 
 on the topics he had proposed, presented to him 
 an address, and then "returned to their respect- 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 123 
 
 ive homes, with much love, having, during the 
 time of their being together, kept a good under- 
 standing and mutual respect and kindness towards 
 one another. " 
 
 The information we have of secular matters in 
 Dublin, from Cromwell's arrival to the Restoration, 
 is extremely meagre. Colonel Hewson was, in 
 the early part of the time, governor of the city, 
 and General Fleetwood lord deputy. In 1652, a 
 court of justice was erected for the trial of per- 
 sons concerned in the " barbarous murders" com- 
 mitted in the rebellion, and Sir Phelim O'Ncil 
 and others were condemned and executed. The 
 city was tranquil and prosperous. Provision was 
 made for victualling the government vessels as 
 they lay near the city, the absence of which con- 
 venience had obliged them before to go elsewhere 
 for supplies. A weekly postal communicaHon 
 was established with England, by packet to Holy- 
 head. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell died early in September, 
 1658 : his eldest son, Richard, succeeded him as 
 protector, and was proclaimed in Dublin on the 
 10th. Henry was appointed lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland by his brother Richard. " The kingdom 
 continued to enjoy unusual tranquillity, and in 
 no part of the empire did there exist a more cor- 
 dial or general submission to the new protector." 
 But Richard was unequal to his high and difficult 
 position. He summoned a parliament in January, 
 1658-9, which he dissolved in April. The army 
 induced him to resign. The remains of Oliver's 
 last parliament assembled : the government of 
 
124 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 Ireland was vested in commissioners, but Henry, 
 anticipating his recall by the parliament, sent his 
 resignation to the speaker, and retired from pub- 
 lic life: Ranin gives it as the general opinion, 
 that had Henry been made protector instead of 
 Richard, the course of events afterwards would 
 have been widely different from what it was. 
 Early in May, four commissioners came from the 
 parliament to Dublin, and continued undisturbed 
 in power till January, 1659-60, *when a party of 
 general officers seized the castle, declared for a 
 free parliament, and, upon petition from the mayor 
 and aldermen of the city, summoned a convention 
 which met in February. 
 
 While matters were going on thus in Dublin, 
 measures were being taken in England which 
 ended in an agreement that Charles II. should 
 take the throne of Britain. He had, years be- 
 fore, sworn to the solemn league and covenant, 
 and been crowned at Scone : he now promised all 
 manner of good things as he thought might be 
 agreeable to the parties who went to negotiate 
 with him at Breda. On 14th May, 1660, his 
 declaration was accepted by the convention in 
 Dublin, and the authorities there concurred in 
 his restoration. Soon afterwards, Sir Hardress 
 "Waller with his troops seized the castle for the 
 parliament, but was obliged to surrender it after 
 a siege of five days. By the close of the year, 
 the " Restoration' ' was accomplished j lords jus- 
 tices were sworn in to administer the king's go- 
 vernment in Ireland ; and the Duke of Ormond 
 came over as lord lieutenant the following year. 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 125 
 
 The ecclesiastical arrangements of Ireland now 
 reverted to the position in which they were be- 
 fore the English parliament acquired the sove- 
 reignty of the country. Bramhall was appointed 
 to the primacy, and six new bishops were con- 
 secrated for vacant sees. Nonconformists were 
 ejected from the churches and the college, without 
 waiting, as in England, for a new Act of Uni- 
 formity. 
 
 The college was a gainer by the Restoration. 
 Archbishop Usher had died in 1655 : his library, 
 containing ten thousand volumes, which had cost 
 him many thousand pounds, was, together with 
 his collection of manuscripts, then offered for sale. 
 The King of Denmark and Cardinal Mazarin 
 sought to purchase it ; but the officers and men 
 of the parliamentary army in Ireland, nobly re- 
 solving that so great a treasure should not leave 
 the country, raised among themselves the money 
 requisite to secure it, and then freely assigned it 
 for the new college which had been projected in 
 the city. It was placed in the castle for safe 
 custody. When Charles came to the throne, he 
 made a present of it to Trinity College, and over 
 the compartments which it occupies in the library, 
 his royal munificence is commemorated by the fol- 
 lowing inscription : "Bibliotheca Usseriana Ex 
 Dono Sercnissimi Regis Caroli Secundi." Dr. 
 Parr states fliat this contribution then made up 
 the greater part of the college library. 
 
 During the year 1662, some of the noncon- 
 formist ministers who had formally resided in the 
 city returned and regathered their congregations. 
 
126 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 Of these were Samuel Mather and Dr. Harrison. 
 The church of the former met in New Row, the 
 other in Cooke street. A third congregation was 
 formed in Wood street. 
 
 Among the occurrences of the city about this 
 period, mentioned in its annals, are the gift of a col- 
 lar of SS. to its chief magistrate by the king, in 1660, 
 together with a foot company to protect his per- 
 son and sustain his dignity. This was followed 
 in 1665 by the title of "Lord Mayor/' and £500 a 
 year in lieu of the foot company. In October,1666, 
 the lord lieutenant and the council "considered 
 about sending 105,000 bullocks for the relief of 
 London, lately burnt;" but whether they did the 
 generous deed is not explained. The next year, 
 through an apprehension of invasion from France, 
 the militia were enrolled ; and that year was fur- 
 ther remarkable for the birth of the celebrated 
 Dean Swift, in Hoey's court, near the castle, the 
 houses in which were then handsome residences, 
 though now in extreme dilapidation. In 1670, 
 " in consequence of a great storm at new moon, 
 the river overflowed up to Lazar's Hill, now 
 Brunswick street, and the college." St. Ste- 
 phen's Green was enclosed and drained, and a 
 double row of lime trees planted along the wall. 
 New pipes were laid for supplying the city with 
 water. Bells were hung in St. Patrick's, Christ 
 Church, and St. Catharine's. Essex bridge was 
 erected in 1676. 
 
 Not long subsequent to the Restoration, the 
 leaders of the Roman Catholics were on the alert 
 to engage the king to fulfil the stipulations made 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 to them in the peace concluded between his fa- 
 ther and the confederates, in 1648-9. A toleration 
 was in consequence granted them, but not to the 
 extent desired. Shortly after this, the plot of Titus 
 Oates, in England, created alarm in Ireland. 
 Stringent courses were taken by the authorities 
 against the "papists." All Koman Catholic 
 ecclesiastics were ordered to quit the country, and 
 no person of their persuasion was allowed to enter 
 the castle. The titular archbishop of Dublin was 
 thrown into prison. Proclamation was made to 
 seize and confine the relations of " Tories," till 
 the principals were killed or apprehended j also 
 to incarcerate the parish priest on occasions when 
 a robbery had been committed. 
 
 Charles II. died on February 6th, 1684 : James 
 II. was proclaimed in Dublin on the 11th. In 
 the same year, " the Royal Hospital of Kilmain- 
 hatn, at the west end of Dublin, was built at the 
 charge of the army, being a very spacious, state- 
 ly, and commodious building, for aged and maimed 
 soldiers, who are here well maintained/' says Har- 
 ris, "to the number of about four hundred." 
 Ormond and Arran bridges were also erected. 
 
 In January, 1685, the Earl of Clarendon suc- 
 ceeded the Duke of Ormond as lord lieutenant, 
 and having held office twelve months, was super- 
 seded by the Earl of Tyrconnel. This nobleman 
 had already, while having command of the troops 
 as lieutenant general, made the army, as for as 
 possible, Iioman Catholic ; and now proceeded 
 more thoroughly to fulfil his royal master's will, 
 and to promote the interests of his Church, in 
 
128 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 the exercise of his new powers. But he had one 
 aim which he did not dare to avow. He secretly 
 negotiated for separating Ireland from the British 
 crown, and placing it under the protectorate of 
 France. Protestants were removed from the 
 highest law offices, and Roman Catholics appoint- 
 ed in their room. The municipal corporations were 
 cajoled, on various pretexts and promises, to give 
 up their charters, in order to new ones being 
 granted, and if they objected, were pursued with 
 a quo warranto. By this means, the local civil 
 authorities throughout the country became Roman 
 Catholic. Large provisions were made for the 
 Roman Catholic prelates; and dispensations were 
 granted to Protestant Episcopal ministers who 
 embraced Romanism, to retain their benefices, 
 notwithstanding their apostasy, of which a signal 
 instance occurred in Peter Manby, the dean of 
 Deny. In April, 1687, came out James's " De- 
 claration of Liberty of Conscience," by his sole 
 prerogative suspending the execution of the penal 
 laws against Roman Catholics and Dissenters. It 
 extended to Ireland, and was met by addresses 
 of approval, thanks, and professions of loyalty 
 from almost all parties in the country; among 
 others, under the head of " Windsor, June 20," 
 the London Gazette mentions that "An Address 
 from the Presbyterian ministers and the congre- 
 gations in and near the city of Dublin, was trans- 
 mitted hither by his excellency the Earl of Tyr- 
 connel, lord deputy of Ireland; with another 
 address presented to his excellency on the same 
 subject by those of the Congregational persuasion, 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 129 
 
 in behalf of themselves and others meeting in 
 New Row, in Dublin; both which were very 
 graciously received by his majesty/' And in a 
 July Gazette is recorded an address from his 
 majesty's " Dissenting subjects in Minister," and 
 another from the "Presbyterian ministers of 
 Ulster." In fact, that official organ, number 
 after number, so teemed with announcements of 
 these effusions, that one might suppose there was 
 hardly a difference of opinion in the country on 
 the subject to which they referred. 
 
 Now came the memorable year 1688. The 
 reader is referred to histories of Eugland for de- 
 tails of the measures which ended in the substi- 
 tution of William, Prince of Orange, for his; 
 father-in-law, James II., on the throne of these 
 realms — an issue that secured much of what had 
 been struggled for, but not permanently obtained, 
 thirty years before. It is said that Tyrconnel had 
 private knowledge of proceedings with William 
 before James was acquainted with them, and that 
 James received his earliest intimation of them 
 from his Irish lord deputy. James at first treat- 
 ed the movement with contempt, but he soon was 
 made to feel that it was a substantive and strong 
 reality, before which he and his principles had to 
 quail. 
 
 William arrived at Torbay on the 4th of No- 
 vember, and, before the end of December, James 
 left the kingdom and retired to France. A con- 
 vention of the lords and commons of England 
 adjudged that he had, ipso facto, abdicated the 
 throne, which they then offered to William, Prince 
 5 
 
130 DUBLIN 
 
 of Orange, and his princess Mary, James's daugh- 
 ter. The offer was accepted. Ireland had no 
 share in that transaction : Tyrconnel held that 
 country for James. While the English conven- 
 tion were presenting the crown to William and 
 Mary, Tyrconnel was disarming all the Protestants 
 of Dublin and other places over which his power 
 extended. The churches of the city were made 
 depots : Trinity College was converted into a 
 barrack. Sir Thomas Hacket, the lord mayor, 
 Colonel Lutrel, the governor of Dublin, and the 
 lord chief justice Nugent, emulated the lord lieu- 
 tenant in zeal against the Protestants. On the 
 12th of March, King James landed at Kinsale, 
 reached Dublin on the 24th, and called a parlia- 
 ment, which sat till July 20th. Among other 
 doings, it repealed the Act of Settlement, and 
 passed an Act of Attainder against two thousand 
 six hundred Protestants. King, dean of St. 
 Patrick's and locum tenens of the archbishop, 
 then absent, was repeatedly imprisoned, and in 
 great danger through his steadfastness, when the 
 Protestants were proscribed. 
 
 To provide for his necessities James established 
 a mint in Dublin, for coining money out of the 
 worst kind of brass, old guns, and other refuse 
 metal, melted down together. The mass was 
 worth from threepence to fourpence a pound- 
 weight; and by proclamation, dated June 18fch, 
 this money was made current, twenty shillings of 
 it not being worth more than twopence. Of this 
 base coin nearly 390,000 pound* weight were 
 struck and made to pass for the value of nearly 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 1,600,000 pounds sterling, in what were called 
 half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences. In this 
 money the troops were paid, and all business 
 transacted. A coinage of pewter was prepared 
 the next year, but the final defeat of James pre- 
 vented its being issued^ 
 
 Ou the 3d May, 1690, Lutrel, governor of Dub- 
 lin, issued an order commanding all ministers and 
 curates of the several parishes in the city and 
 liberties to send in the names of all male Protest- 
 ants and Dissenters in the several parishes, by 
 the following Thursday, under pain of being 
 treated as spies or enemies. On the 18th, he is- 
 sued another, requiring all Protestants who were 
 not housekeepers, or who had not followed some 
 lawful vocation for three months before, to de- 
 part within twenty-four hours, under pain of 
 death or imprisonment; and all Protestants not 
 of the pwvy council, nor in the king's army or 
 actual service, to deliver up within the said time 
 their arms and ammunition into the stores, on pain 
 of death. He further ordered that no Protestant 
 presume to walk the streets from ten o'clock at 
 night till five in the morning, nor at any time 
 during an alarm ; and that no greater number 
 of them than five should meet and converse at 
 any time, either in houses, streets, or fields, under 
 pain of death, or such punishment as a court- 
 martial should think fit. He also made disobe- 
 dience to many of his verbal orders death. But 
 deliver;i nee was at hand. 
 
 On the day before the last-named edict was is- 
 sued, King William landed at Carrickfergus, near 
 
132 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 Belfast. Some of his officers suggested the pro- 
 priety of remaining for some time in that neigh- 
 borhood, but he said, with a degree of warm re- 
 solve, "I came not to Ireland to let the grass 
 grow under my feet." He at once marched 
 southward. On Tuesday, July 1, he routed 
 James's army in the battle of the Boyne, and 
 the next day took possession of Drogheda. James 
 hastened to Dublin after the battle, called to- 
 gether the council and magistrates, and gave them 
 a farewell address, representing that his Irish 
 troops were not to be depended on, that fortune 
 was against him, and that he should ■ now shift 
 for himself, as they also must do. He charged 
 them not to burn or pillage the city, -and con- 
 cluded by promising to labor for their deliverance 
 as long as he lived. The next morning he left, 
 accompanied by the Dukes of Berwick and Tyr- 
 connel and the Marquis of Powis, for Waterford, 
 whence he embarked for France. On his depart- 
 ure, the principal Roman Catholics fled from 
 Dublin ; the Protestants possessed themselves of 
 the militia arms, formed a committee of man- 
 agement, despatched letters to King William with 
 an account of what had transpired, and invited 
 his presence in the metropolis. On Saturday 
 the 5th, William encamped at Finglass, and the 
 next day, Sunday, he " rode," says Rapin, " in a 
 triumphant manner into Dublin, and went directly 
 to St. Patrick's Church, the cathedral of that 
 metropolis, attended by the bishops of Meath 
 and Limerick j and after the public services were 
 solemnly performed, Dr. King, afterwards arch- 
 
THE RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION. 183 
 
 bishop of Dublin, preached a sermon upon the 
 power and wisdom of the providence of God, in 
 protecting his people, and defeating their enemies. 
 The major and aldermen waited on his majesty; 
 and the people endeavored, by all demonstrations 
 of joy, to express their just sense of their great 
 and happy deliverance. In the afternoon, the 
 king returned to the camp." On the Monday, 
 he published a royal declaration, promising par- 
 don and protection to all who returned and sub- 
 mitted, excepting the leaders in the outrages that 
 had been perpetrated, and even holding out hope 
 to them by an assurance that he would never re- 
 fuse mercy to those who were truly penitent. On 
 Wednesday, July 9th, the king removed the 
 greater part of his army to Crumlin, two miles 
 south of the city, and despatched the remainder 
 of his forces towards Athlone. On the next day, 
 he issued a proclamation, annulling that of James 
 respecting the base money, and reducing its cur- 
 rent value to its real worth. Having appointed 
 brigadier Trelawny to the command in Dublin, 
 William advanced as far as Inchiquin, twenty- 
 two miles on his way to Kilkenny. Towards the 
 end of the month, he came back from Carriek- 
 on-Suir to Dublin, and stayed at Chapel-Izod 
 some days, hearing complaints and redressing 
 grievances. He rejoined the army on the 4th of 
 August, and, having besieged Limerick, he ap- 
 pointed lords justices, and jailed for England 
 from Duncannon Fort, about the 1st of Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 Tbe next year's campaign brought the war in 
 
134 DUBLIN AT THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Ireland to a close. The city of Dublin, "in grate- 
 ful commemoration of their late deliverance by 
 the conduct and valor of King William III., 
 erected his statue on horseback," in College 
 Green, bearing a Latin inscription. It was in- 
 augurated with great solemnity, on July the 1st, 
 1701, being the anniversary of the victory of the 
 Boyne. 
 
 Until the past few years, this statue -was wont 
 to be newly gilt and painted for the same anni- 
 versary. Its new adorning, however, provoked 
 assault and defence between partisans, contests 
 which frequently ended in bloodshed. Its annual 
 decoration, therefore, has given place to an en- 
 during coat of bronze, and it is allowed to stand 
 longer than the twelvemonth round in quietness, 
 unharmed itself, and without offence being given 
 or taken from it among any of the passers by. 
 
DUBLIN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 135 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 DUBLIN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 A London bookseller, who had crossed the 
 Atlantic, and was generally acquainted with men 
 and things, spent some time in Dublin about the 
 commencement of the eighteenth century. His 
 name was John Dunton. He has given a pretty 
 full account of Trinity College, as then circum- 
 stanced. 
 
 " It consists," he writes, " of three squares, the 
 outward being as large as both the inner, one of 
 Which, of modern building, has not chambers on 
 every side — the other has \ on the south side of 
 which stands the library, the whole length of the 
 square. The hall and butteries run the same 
 range with the library, and separates the two 
 inner squares. It is an old building ; as is also 
 the Regent House, which from a gallery looks 
 into the chapel, which has been of late years en- 
 larged, being before too little for the number of 
 scholars, who are now, with the fellows, etc., 
 reckoned about three hundred and forty. They 
 have a garden for the fellows, and another for the 
 provost, both neatly kept; as also a bowling- 
 
136 DUBLIN IN 
 
 green, and large parks for the students to walk 
 and exercise in. The foundation consists of a 
 /provost; seven senior fellows, of whom two are 
 doctors. in divinity; eight juniors, to whom one 
 is lately added; and seventy scholars." A new 
 house was then building for the provost, which 
 was to be " very noble and magnificent. " The 
 same writer speaks of being shown " the gardens 
 belonging to the college, which were very pleas- 
 ant and entertaining. Here was a sun-dial, on 
 which might be seen what o'clock it was in most 
 parts of the world. This dial was placed upon 
 the top of a stone, representing a pile of books. 
 And not far from this was another sun-dial, set in 
 a box, of a very large compass, the gnomon of it 
 being very near as big as a barber's pole. Leav- 
 ing this pleasant garden, we ascended several 
 steps, which brought us into a curious walk, where 
 we had a prospect to the west of the city, and to 
 the east of the sea and harbor : on the south we 
 could see the mountains of Wicklow, and on the 
 north, the river Liifey, which runs by the side 
 of the college." He says, " the library is over 
 the scholars' lodgings, the length of one of the 
 quadrangles, and contains a great many choice 
 books of great value, particularly one, the largest 
 I ever saw for breadth : it was a ' Herbal/ con- 
 taining the lively portraitures of all sorts of trees, 
 plants, herbs, and flowers/' There also he saw 
 Avhat seem to have been the germs of a museum: 
 among other curiosities, " the thisrh-boue of a 
 giant/' " kept there as a convincing denionstra- 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 137 
 
 tion of the vast bigness which some human bodies 
 have in former times arrived to." "At the east 
 end of this library, on the right hand, is a cham- 
 ber called the ' Countess of Bath's Library/ filled 
 with many handsome folios and other books, in 
 Dutch binding, gilt, with the earl's arms im- 
 pressed upon them ; for he had been some time 
 in this house. On the left hand, opposite to this 
 room, is another chamber, in which 1 saw a great 
 many manuscripts, medals, and other curiosities. 
 At the west end of the library, there is a division 
 made by a kind of wooden lattice-work, contain- 
 ing about thirty paces, full of choice and curious 
 books, which was the library of that great man, 
 Archbishop Usher." " The library, at present, is 
 but an ordinary pile of building, and cannot be 
 distinguished on the outside ; but I hear they 
 design the building of a new library ; and I am 
 told the House of Commons in Ireland have voted 
 three thousand pounds towards carrying it on." 
 
 Dunton mentions it as customary to read pub- 
 licly in the chapel of the college, every Trinity 
 Sunday, in the afternoon, the name of Queen 
 Elizabeth, and of every other contributor to it 
 from its foundation, " as a grateful acknowledg- 
 ment to the memory of their benefactors." He 
 then describes the proceedings which took place 
 on the first hundredth anniversary of its opening, 
 a few years before his visit. " On the 9th of 
 January, 1693, (which completed a century from 
 the foundation of the college,) they celebrated 
 their first secular day, when the provost, Dr. Ashe, 
 now Bishop of Clogher, preached, and made a 
 
Id 5 DUBLIN IN 
 
 notable entertainment for the lords justices, lord 
 mayor, and aldermen of Dublin. The sermon 
 preached by the provost was on the subject of the 
 foundation of the college; and his text was, Matt, 
 xxvi. 13, l Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever 
 this gospel shall be preached in the whole world, 
 there shall also this, that this woman hath done, 
 be told for a memorial of her : ' which in this 
 sermon the provost applied to Queen Elizabeth, 
 the foundress of the college. The sermon was 
 learned and ingenious, and afterwards printed by 
 Mr. Eay, and dedicated to the lords justices. In 
 the afternoon, there were several orations in Latin, 
 spoke by the scholars, in praise of Queen Eliza- 
 beth and the succeeding princes; and an ode 
 made by Mr. Tate, (the Poet Laureate,) who was 
 bred up in this college. Part of the ode was this 
 following : — 
 
 Great parent, hail ! all hail to thee ; 
 
 Who hast the last distress survived, 
 To see this joyful day arrived, 
 
 The Muses' second jubilee. 
 
 Another century commencing, 
 No decay in thee can trace : 
 
 Time, with his own law dispensing, 
 Adds new charms to every grace 
 That adorns thy youthful face. 
 
 After war's alarms repeated, 
 And a circling age completed, 
 
 Numerous offspring thou dost raise, 
 
 Such as to Juverna's praise 
 Shall Liffey make as proud a name 
 As that of Isis or of Cam. 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 139 
 
 Awful matron, take thy seat 
 To celebrate this festival : 
 The learn'd assembly .well to treat, 
 Bless'd Eliza's days recall : 
 
 The wonders of her reign recount, 
 In strains that Phoebus may surmount, 
 Songs for Phoebus to repeat. 
 
 She 'twas* that did at first inspire, 
 And tune the mute Hibernian lyre. 
 
 Succeeding princes nest recite : 
 With never-dying verse requite 
 
 Those favors they did shower. 
 'Tis this alone can do them right : 
 To save them from oblivion's night, 
 
 Is only in the Muse's power. 
 
 But chiefly recommend to Fame, 
 Maria and great William's name, 
 
 Whose isle to him her freedom owes ; 
 And surely no Hibernian Muse 
 Can her restorer's praise refuse, 
 
 While Boyne or Shannon flows. 
 
 "After this ode had been sung by the principal 
 gentlemen of the kingdom, there was a very di- 
 verting speech made in English by the Terrce 
 Filius. The night concluded with illuminations, 
 not only in the college, but in other places." 
 
 Thus was celebrated the "first secular day/' or 
 hundredth anniversary, of the Dublin University. 
 The same informant, speaking of the viceregal 
 court, says of the lords justices, " When they, go 
 to church, the streets, from the castle gate to the 
 church door, as also the great aisle of the church, 
 to the foot of the stairs by which they ascend to 
 the place where they sit, are lined with soldiers. 
 
140 DUBLIN IK 
 
 They are preceded by the pursuivants of the 
 council-chamber, two maces, and, on state-days, 
 by the king and pursuivant-at-arins, their chap- 
 lains, and gentlemen of the household, with pages 
 and footmen bareheaded. When they alight from 
 their coach, in which commonly the lord chancel- 
 lor and one of the prime nobility sit with them, 
 the sword of state is delivered to some lord to 
 Carry before them. And in the like manner they 
 return back to the castle, where the seyeral courses 
 at dinner are ushered in by kettle-drums and 
 trumpets." 
 
 Upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 
 many French Protestants came over to Ireland. 
 Their numbers were increased by the officers an/l 
 men of a Huguenot regiment which served under 
 William III., and, on being disbanded, remained 
 in the country. Their principal location was 
 Portarlington, in the Queen's county, where they 
 formed so large and influential a proportion of the 
 inhabitants, that French became the common lan- 
 guage of the place. Not a few of them, however, 
 settled in the metropolis, and proved an important 
 accession to its general intelligence, refinement, 
 industry, and moral worth. The names of French 
 street, Digges street, Aungier street, etc., tell their 
 origin, and those of La Touche and other respect- 
 able families indicate their descent. These refu- 
 gees, in 1695, formed three congregations : two 
 of them Calvinistic, who worshipped in Peter 
 street and Lucas lane, and the other, consisting 
 of persons who preferred a liturgical service, had 
 the use of a chapel in St. Patrick's Cathedral. A 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. lit 
 
 German regiment had also been engaged in Ire- 
 land under William. On the war of the revolu- 
 tion being ended, this corps went to the continent, 
 but when it was disbanded at the peace of Rys- 
 wick, portions belonging to it came over to Dublin 
 with their chaplain, and formed a German Lu- 
 theran congregation, which had a place of worship 
 in Marlborough street. The government of that 
 period greatly encouraged the settlement of foreign 
 Protestants in Ireland. The Nonconformists also 
 had obtained comparative security and freedom. 
 Under the general name of " Protestant Dissent- 
 ers/' they had in Dublin seven congregations, four 
 Presbyterian, two Independent or Congregational, 
 and one Baptist. 
 
 Dr. Narcissus Marsh had been Archbishop of 
 Dublin from 1694 to 1702, in which year he was 
 translated to Armagh. He cliedm 1713. "While 
 he governed the Church in Dublin," writes Har- 
 ris, "he built a noble library, near the palace of 
 St. Sepulchre's, which he enlarged after his trans- 
 lation to Armagh, and filled it with a choice col- 
 lection of books, having for that purpose bought 
 the library of Doctor Edward Stillingfleet, formerly 
 Bishop of Worcester, to which he added his own 
 collection. Aud to make it more useful to the 
 public, he plentifully endowed a librarian and 
 sub-librarian to attend to it at certain prescribed 
 hours. It is estimated that, besides the endow- 
 ment, which amounted to two hundred and fifty 
 pounds a year, he expended more than four 
 thousand pounds in the building and books ; and 
 to make every thing secure to perpetuity, he 
 
142 DUBLIN IN 
 
 obtained an act of parliament for the settling 
 and preserving it." Harris adds, "I am under 
 the necessity of acknowledging, from a long expe- 
 rience, that this is the only useful library in the 
 kingdom, being open to all strangers, and at all 
 reasonable times.'" This library is chiefly valuable 
 for works published prior to its founder's death, 
 only ten pounds annually being available for pro- 
 viding additions except what are obtained by 
 donation. Harris wrote in 1739. Marsh's libra- 
 ry, though a most munificent boon to the city, has 
 long ceased to be " the only useful library in the 
 kingdom." It is not at present resorted to as it 
 once was, partly from its locality and from its 
 worth not being known, but principally from other 
 libraries in the city, including those of the Uni- 
 versity and the Dublin Royal Society, being made 
 nearly as accessible. 
 
 The reign of William III., many as were its 
 advantages to the empire, was not, in all its mea- 
 sures, an unmixed good to Ireland. The fault, 
 however, lay with a portion of his subjects, rather 
 than with the king himself, who seems to have 
 acted, in the case we are about to allude to, more 
 from compulsion than from choice. In Henry 
 the Third's time, and afterwards, the woollen 
 manufactures of Ireland were much sought after 
 in England, and were admitted there duty free. 
 Their excellence was such that the Irish serges 
 won for themselves the epithet of " noble' ' in 
 Italy; and in 1482, the pope's agent at the Eng- 
 lish court asked and obtained, from Richard II., 
 permission to export woollen mantles from Irelaud 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 143 
 
 for Ills own dominions on the same terms. The 
 trade went on more or less prospering, though of 
 course affected by circumstances, till the latter 
 half of the seventeenth century, when it began 
 to excite jealousy among parties engaged in the 
 same manufacture in England. The restoration 
 of quietness and confidence in Ireland after the 
 revolution, induced a number of English capital- 
 ists to come and establish themselves in that line 
 in Dublin, where labor was cheap, and other con- 
 ditions existed advantageous for carrying it on. 
 Several streets in the " Liberty/' and with them 
 the "Weaver's square/' were then built, and soon 
 became the residence of much opulence and re- 
 spectability. The success of this enterprise greatly 
 increased the umbrage, and even produced alarm, 
 in interested parties on the other side of the 
 channel. The latter betook ttieinselves to their 
 parliament. Both the lords and the commons of 
 England petitioned the king to interfere, and 
 check the progress of the woollen trade in Ireland. 
 He accordingly wrote to the lords justices, and 
 by governmental influence induced the Irish par- 
 liament to impose a duty of twenty per cent, on 
 broadcloth exported from Ireland, and of half 
 that amount on serges and baize. This sudden 
 suppression of the Irish woollen manufacture was 
 disastrous to Dublin in the highest degree. Mul- 
 titudes were reduced to beggary, both in the me- 
 tropolis and the country. Happily the incubus 
 then placed on Irish' industry has long since been 
 removed, and the energy and skill of both coun- 
 tries may now, so far as government is concerned, 
 
114 DUBLIN IN 
 
 be put forth at will in friendly competition on equal 
 terms, in any of the world's markets. 
 
 The Irish parliament having thus nearly de- 
 stroyed the woollen manufacture of their country, 
 sought to make amends for the mischief by en- 
 couraging that of linen. The ancient Irish were 
 so partial to their linen as an article for clothing, 
 that, under Henry VIII., laws were enacted 
 limiting the quantity to seven yards for a gar- 
 ment, in making which thirty had previously been 
 employed : the reason of this interference does 
 not appear; but, as we have already seen, the 
 Irish parliament at a later period regarded the 
 " dress" of the people as within the province of 
 legislative cognizance. Whatever censure may 
 justly attach to Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, it 
 is not to be denied that he was a great and lasting 
 benefactor to Ireland in one particular. Observ- 
 ing, when lord deputy, of how much advantage 
 to the country the linen manufacture might be- 
 come, and how well adapted the soil was for the 
 growth of flax, he devoted thirty thousand pounds 
 of his own money to promote the culture of the 
 plant and the increase of the trade. By an act 
 of the eighth year of Queen Anne, a board of 
 trustees was constituted with extensive powers 
 for advancing the manufacture and sale of linens. 
 They first rented a room on Cork Hill as their 
 place of business ; but that accommodation being 
 soon too small, apartments were assigued them in 
 the castle. By the year 1719 the erection of a 
 " Linen Weaver's Hall in or near the- city of 
 Dublin/' was resolved on, parliament voting £3000 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 145 
 
 towards the undertaking. On the 14th of No- 
 vember, 1728, the* great linen hall at the top of 
 Gapel street was opened by public advertisement. 
 For many years it presented all the stir of a first- 
 rate mart* but, through changes in mercantile 
 intercourse, it is now deserted and pervaded by 
 the stillness of a sepulchre, so far as regards occu- 
 pation for its original purpose. 
 
 French refugees brought the silk manufacture 
 to London ; and to their brethren who settled in 
 Dublin, as already described, that city owes its 
 " Spitalfields." The progress of this branch of 
 trade will be noticed hereafter. 
 
 We have mentioned the birth of Swift. It 
 was in 1713 that he became Dean of St. Patrick's. 
 Neither his general conduct nor his writings were 
 always consistent with his profession as a minister 
 of religion, yet he is said to have made some re- 
 forms in the chapter of his cathedral, and he 
 proved himself earnest for his country. In 1720, 
 he acquired great popularity by publishing "A 
 Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manu- 
 factures." That, however, was not the chief 
 service he rendered to the public. In the year 
 1722, the Duchess of Kendal obtained through 
 Lord Sunderland an exclusive patent for' coining 
 half-pence and farthings for Irish circulation, to the 
 amount of £100,800, and then sold the patent to 
 a person of the name of Wood, at Wolverhamp- 
 ton. Wood, to make the best of his bargain, pre- 
 pared a coinage of the basest metal, striking off 
 a few of the standard value, as specimens for ap- 
 
146 DUBLIN IN 
 
 proval at the Mint in London. The whole power 
 of the government was engaged to force the new 
 coinage on the Irish public. Archbishop King 
 protested ; but Swift wielded his pen, under the 
 assumed name of M. B. Drapier, with resistless 
 force against it, in four letters, during the year 
 1724. The authorities offered a reward of 
 "three hundred pounds" (the largest that had 
 ever been offered) for the discovery of the writer, 
 but in vain. The printer was seized; but the 
 grand jury ignored the bill, notwithstanding that 
 the violence of a corrupt judge was exerted to 
 induce them to send the case for trial. The next 
 grand juries of Dublin city and county proscribed 
 all such persons as should attempt to impose 
 Wood's coin upon the kingdom, as enemies of his 
 majesty's government, and acknowledged "with 
 all just gratitude, the services of such patriots as 
 had been eminently zealous in detecting this 
 fraudulent imposition, and preventing the passing 
 of this base coin." At length, the government, 
 in September, 1725, found themselves unable to 
 continue the struggle, and refrained from any 
 further attempt towards making the people sub- 
 mit to the gross and scandalous imposition. The 
 "Drapier" had been throughout known, though 
 not betrayed. He now came forth from his re- 
 treat, beloved, revered, idolized, as the deliverer 
 of his country. At his death, in 1744, he be- 
 queathed a large portion of his property to found 
 a hospital for lunatics and idiots. As he advanced 
 in years, his own mind gave way, and he became 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 147 
 
 a fit object for an asylum, such as he was provid- 
 ing- for others. The hospital was begun in 1749, 
 and finished in 1757. 
 
 Previous to the founding of Swift's Hospital, 
 several other public buildings, besides the Linen 
 Hall, had been completed, or at least commenced, 
 in Dublin, since the century began. Of these 
 may be named the Workhouse, (changed in 1730 
 into a foundling hospital,) and the Royal Barracks, 
 in 1704; in which year also the Castle Market 
 was opened by the civic authorities with "beat of 
 drum." The foundation of a new Custom House, 
 on what is now Wellington Quay, was laid in 
 1707. In 1720, Stevens's Hospital was begun; 
 in 1728, the " Charitable Infirmary" on Inn's 
 Quay, now the hospital in Jervis street, was 
 founded; in 1729, the "North Wall," and in 
 1748, the South Wall from Ring-send, were com- 
 menced. In 1732, the building of the College 
 Library, which was preparing for early in the 
 century, as before noticed, was finished, as was 
 also the Mercer's Hospital in the year following, 
 on what had been the site of St. Stephen's 
 Church. But the principal undertaking of this 
 period was the erection of a building for the ac- 
 commodation of the parliament. The foundation 
 of this magnificent structure — which since its 
 completion has stood almost unrivalled, for its 
 size, in dignified simplicity and elegance — was 
 laid in 1729. The site chosen for it was College 
 Green. The main portion of the building was 
 completed in ten years afterwards, at an expense 
 
148 DUBLIN IN 
 
 of £40,000.* In JL785, an eastern front was" 
 added to afford a separate entrance for the lords, 
 who, however, showed their authority more than 
 their good taste in requiring that its' columns 
 should be adorned with Corinthian capitals, in- 
 stead of Ionic as in the rest of the building. 
 This exception in the architecture is the only 
 blemish in the edifice. Two years afterwards, a 
 western front was supplied, but the example of 
 the lords was not followed, the capitals being 
 Ionic. These additional fronts cost, the eastern 
 £25,000, and the western £30,000. 
 
 A Royal College of Physicians had been estab- 
 lished by charter from Charles II., renewed by 
 William III. ; but the metropolis of Ireland had 
 no general institution for advancing science and 
 the arts previously to 1731. In that year, seve- 
 ral gentlemen, of whom the most active were Dr. 
 
 * John Wesley, in his Journal for August 5-1, 1747, 
 thus speaks of Dublin: "The town has scarce any 
 public building, except the Parliament House, which is 
 at all remarkable. The churches are poor and mean, 
 both within and without. St. Stephen's Green might 
 be made a beautiful place, being abundantly larger than 
 Lincoln's Inn Square : but the houses round about it 
 (besides that some are low and bad) are quite irregu- 
 lar, and unlike each other ; and little care is taken of 
 the Green itself, which is as rough and uneven as a 
 common. (It was so then.) The college contains two 
 little quadrangles, and one about as large as that of 
 New College, in Oxford. There is likewise a bowling- 
 green, a small garden, and a little park, and a new- 
 built, handsome library." — Editor. 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 149 
 
 Samuel Madden and Mr. Thomas Prior, formed 
 a voluntary association, for which, in 1749, a 
 charter was obtained from George II., under the 
 name of the Eoyal Dublin Society. Its specific 
 object was to promote husbandry and other use- 
 ful arts in Ireland ; but it affords to its members 
 the advantages of a general literary as well as 
 scientific establishment. It now occupies the 'once 
 ducal palace of Leinster, in Kildare street, con- 
 taining an excellent library ; two museums, one 
 general, the other agricultural; a reading-room, 
 lecture-room, and board-room; with schools of 
 design in painting, sculpture, and the fine arts. 
 It has professors of chemistry, geology, botany, 
 natural philosophy, etc. Its extensive and well- 
 furnished Botanic Garden at Glasnevin is sur- 
 passed by few in the world. 
 
 A French tourist, giving an account of Ireland 
 in 1734, says : " The better to judge of this 
 people in matters of learning, I have passed some 
 hours in a bookseller's shop, whereof there are 
 a great many in the capital, (Dublin.) I found 
 there is no city in Europe (cceteris paribus) where 
 there are so many good pieces printed, and so 
 few bad. They do not believe this ; but it is be- 
 cause they do not know what is done in other 
 places. Printing and books are cheaper here than 
 in London, but dearer than in Holland, and near 
 a par with France. English editions are sold at 
 the same rate as in London. But the prices of 
 foreign books are exorbitant, and pass all bounds, 
 the prime cost whereof in Holland, whether they 
 be bought new, or at auctions, is very moderate, 
 
150 DUBLIN IN 
 
 and a mere trifle. Coffeehouses here are much 
 frequented : they have the best English papers, 
 the "Amsterdam Gi-azette/' and three good news- 
 papers, taken out of the English, of their own. 
 After the four capitals of Europe, Paris, London, 
 Rome, and Amsterdam, Dublin, I think, may take 
 place. It is a very large, populous, and well-built 
 city.' It stands on near as much ground as Am- 
 sterdam, and would take an oval wall of six miles 
 and a half to encompass it. According to the 
 manuscript account (taken in 1733) of all the 
 several baronies and counties in the kingdom of 
 Ireland, as the same were returned, and are now 
 remaining in his Majesty's Surveyor-General's 
 oflice, there are twelve thousand houses in Dub- 
 lin, which at the rate of ten persons to a house, 
 makes the number of inhabitants amount to one 
 hundred and twenty thousand. The river Liffey, 
 over which there are five stone bridges, runs 
 through the middle of the city : ships of good 
 burthen come up to the lowermost bridge, and 
 unload at the Custom House quay. From this 
 bridge there is a noble view down the river, which 
 is always full of vessels ; and iii winter evenings, 
 when all the lamps are lighted, you have three 
 long vistas, resembling fireworks, both up and 
 down the river, and before your face as you pass 
 the bridge from the old town. The outlets of 
 Dublin into fine fields, the banks of the river, a 
 royal park, the seashore, etc., are very beautiful- 
 and in this far exceed London, and indeed most 
 other cities in Europe which I have seen." 
 The " three good newspapers" referred to above, 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 151 
 
 as then published in Dublin, were "Pue's Occur- 
 rences," begun in 1700, the first Irish newspaper; 
 the "Dublin Gazette," and " Faulkner's Dublin 
 Journal. Essex bridge was then the lowest on 
 the river. The " long vista" before you as you 
 passed over this bridge from the " old town" is 
 Capel street. What would this tourist have said 
 had he come again a century later, and stood on 
 Carlisle bridge, with Sackville street, containing 
 the Post-Office, Nelson's Pillar, and the Rotunda, 
 northwards — the lines of quays, with bridge after 
 bridge succeeding, up the river towards the Four 
 Courts and the Park, westwards — other lines of 
 quays down the river, with the splendid Custom- 
 House, and crowds of vessels, including steamers 
 not a few, and the North Wall Lighthouse, east- 
 wards — Westmoreland street, terminating with 
 the Bank, the University, and College Green, 
 southwards — and d'Olier street branching off to 
 the south-east — and all these ranges well lighted 
 through their whole extent every evening, not 
 with the dingy oil-tins of that now olden time, 
 but with the brilliant gas which modern science 
 and art have given ? 
 
 Handel is yet held in remembrance, and will 
 be till the loftiest strains of human music give 
 place to those yet loftier of the perfected redeem- 
 ed myriads before the throne of God and the 
 Lamb. Dublin is interestingly associated with 
 Handel's history. Fishshamble street is now 
 abandoned to the occupancy of trunk-sellers and 
 such like crafts : a century ago, it was a resort of 
 the fashionables of the city. There yet stands, 
 
152 DUBLIN IN 
 
 within a courtyard, what was the Deanery-house 
 of Christ Church Cathedral, now a parish school 
 and workhouse ; and lower down a building mean, 
 neglected, and in decay, not long since a theatre, 
 but before that a Music-hall, erected by the sub- 
 scriptions of a charitable musical society, and 
 opened on the 2d of October, 1741. Here a 
 musical academy, whose members were amateurs, 
 exclusively moving in the first classes of society, 
 held its meetings, under the presidency of the 
 Earl of Mornington, father of the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, as leader of the band. To Lord Morn- 
 ington we are indebted for the tune called 
 "Ferns" one of the most exquisite that taste has 
 supplied to aid the utterance of devotion. About 
 six weeks after the opening of the Music-hall, 
 Handel came to Dublin on the invitation of the 
 Lord Lieutenaut, the Duke of Devonshire. By 
 the "Account" lately published, it appears that 
 he prepared his well-known production, " The 
 Messiah," in prospect of his visit to the Irish 
 metropolis, and that this incomparably grand 
 composition, including the " Hallelujah Chorus," 
 and "Worthy is the Lamb," m which earthly 
 music seems to have reached the ne plus ultra of 
 its wondrous power, was first performed in the 
 Music Hall, Fishshamble street, on Tuesday, the 
 loth of April, 1742, x 'for the relief of prisoners 
 in the several jails, and for the support of the 
 Mercer's Hospital,. and of the Charitable Infirm- 
 ary on Inn's Quay." The proceeds on the oc- 
 casion amounted to upwards of £^00, or 82000. 
 The " Society of Friends" had formed congre- 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 153 
 
 pit ions in .Ireland during the Commonwealth, 
 and were numerous at the time of the Revolution. 
 Early in this century those in Dublin were sub- 
 ject to gross molestations; but after a while they 
 obtained protection. In the year 1727, their 
 yearly meeting in Dublin recorded on its minutes 
 a " declaration of censure upon the practice of 
 importing negroes from their native country" 
 The first record of a similar resolution in England 
 was from the yearly meeting in London, in 1758. 
 Hence it appears that the public movement 
 against that traffic began in Dublin. 
 
 Subsequently to the revolution, and particularly 
 on the threatened invasion by the Pretender in 
 1715, severe penal' statutes were enforced against 
 Roman Catholics. Among them were some to> 
 prevent the celebration Of their worship. What- 
 ever was done in administering its ritual, had to 
 be performed privately and by stealth. No 
 chapels were permitted, and the priest moved his 
 altar, books, and every thing necessary for the 
 celebration of his religious rites, from house to 
 house, among su>ch of his flock as were enabled 
 in this way to support an itinerant domestic chap- 
 lain ; while for the poorer some wash-house or 
 stable, in a remote and retired situation, was se- 
 lected, and here the service was silently and 
 secretly performed, unobserved by the public eye." 
 In consequence, however, of serious accidents fre- 
 quently occurring to parties -thus crowded toge- 
 ther, combined with a disposition to less severity 
 on the part of the government, the Lord Lieu- 
 tenant, Lord Chesterfield, in 1745, permitted the 
 
154 DUBLIN IN 
 
 congregations to assemble in more safe and pub- 
 lic places. Chapels which had been long closed 
 were reopened, and several new ones were sub- 
 sequently built. 
 
 But Ireland has given many proofs that neither 
 the persecution, ■ nor the toleration, of a false 
 religion by the civil authorities, insures the pre- 
 dominance of tine piety in the community. 
 Among the Protestant denominations, established 
 or otherwise, in Dublin and in the country, at 
 the period we write of, formalism was the order 
 of the day. Early in the century, when Emlyn, 
 co-pastor with Boyse in Wood street, avowed his 
 disbelief in the deity of Christ, Boyse and the 
 other Dissenting ministers, Presbyterian and In- 
 dependent, proved their firm and zealous faith in 
 that great truth. Afterwards John Leland, who 
 had been ordained co-pastor with Nathaniel Weld, 
 in the New Bow congregation, since removed to 
 Eustace street, was honorably distinguishing 
 himself by his various writings in defence of 
 Christianity against the determined assaults made 
 upon it by the leading skejDtics of the age. But 
 by the middle of the century, when Leland was 
 thus earnestly caring for the outworks of the gos- 
 pel, complete listlessness towards the doctrines 
 which are its life and strength and glory as a re- 
 velation of salvation by grace through faith to 
 depraved and guilty and perishing men, was set- 
 tling like- a death-chill upon the dissenters of the 
 metropolis, and upon the generality of their bre- 
 thren elsewhere. And from the account given 
 by the editor of the Life and Times of the Countess 
 
TIIE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 155 
 
 -of Huntingdon, of the parochial or conforming 
 clergy of that period, it appears that vital godli- 
 ness was well-nigh quite extinct. 
 
 Such was the deplorable state of things affect- 
 ing the highest and everlasting state of its in- 
 habitants, when it pleased God, who commanded 
 the light to shine out of darkness, to bring among 
 them some of his servants bearing the light of the 
 knowledge of his glory in the face of Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 The first of these faithful men- was George 
 Whitefield. His sphere of ministry embraced the 
 countries speaking the English language on both 
 sides of the Atlantic. With an eloquence which 
 now flashed and rolled like the elements in a 
 thunder-storm, and then tenderly beamed forth 
 like the sun-ray on the flowers whose head the 
 storm had drenched and made to droop, did he 
 enforce on the people the truths which, under the 
 guidance of the Messrs. Wesley, he had gathered 
 out of God's precious word. The holiness of 
 God as a Being of purer eyes than to behold ini- 
 quity : the perfect excellence of the divine law ; 
 its demand of entire obedience ; its adaptation, if 
 observed, to promote the happiness of man; its spi- 
 rituality, reaching to the most secret thoughts and 
 affections of the heart : the corruption of human 
 nature : the alienation of man from God, and his 
 moral inability to keep the divine law : the sen- 
 tence of everlasting condemnation, which, as the 
 awful but righteous consequence, falls upon our 
 race : the marvellous kindness of God in so com- 
 mending his love to us, " that while we were yet 
 
156 DUBLIN IN 
 
 sinners Christ died for us :' ; the perfect satisfac- 
 tion for sin rendered by his atoning sacrifice : the 
 unutterable condescension and infinite love with 
 which he receiveth sinners : the grace of the 
 Holy Spirit : the necessity of an entire regenera- 
 tion of the soul by his divine agency : forgive- 
 ness through the blood of Christ offered to all 
 who believe : the universal obligation of repent- 
 ance : the requirement of holiness of heart and 
 life, as the evidence of love to Christ, and the in- 
 dwelling of the Spirit, as the author of holiness : 
 such were the grand truths which were proclaimed 
 by the TVesleys, Whitefield, and their coadjutors — 
 derisively called Methodists — and which, in- 
 numerous instances, fell with startling power on 
 ears unaccustomed to evangelical statements and 
 appeals. 
 
 Whitefield's first visit to Ireland was what would 
 be called accidental. On his return from Ame- 
 rica in 1738, the vessel put into the Shannon in 
 distress. He went to Limerick, introduced him- 
 self as a clergyman, and preached in the cathe- 
 dral. Thence he came to Dublin, where his 
 name and fame had preceded him, and he was 
 most kindly received by some leading dignitaries 
 of the Church. He preached in St. Werburgh's 
 and St. Andrew's, to large congregations, with 
 an effect unknown in the city before. This visit 
 was followed by others. When in Dublin in 
 1757, he preached in the open air on Oxman- 
 town Green, and was in imminent danger through 
 the violence of the mob, who stoned and other- 
 wise illtreated him. On this he remarked, that 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 157 
 
 " when "he first came to Dublin the people re- 
 ceived him as a gentleman, but at his last ap- 
 pearance among them they treated him as a<u 
 apostle.'" 
 
 Early in 1747, a minister connected with Mr. 
 Wesley's part of the great movement, arrived and 
 preached statedly in the chapel in Marlborough 
 street, originally built for the use of the German 
 Lutherans. Afterwards, Mr. Wesley himself 
 came ; and notwithstanding much opposition, his 
 followers increased till, in 1756, they built the 
 chapel until lately occupied by them in White- 
 friars street. Mr. Wesley often visited Ireland : 
 after a conference in Dublin in 1790, he left it 
 never to return.* 
 
 A church of the United Brethren was formed 
 in 1750, by the Rev. Messrs. Cennick and La- 
 trobe, who erected the premises still held by that 
 body in Bishop street. 
 
 At a somewhat later date, the Rev. Walter 
 Shirley, rector of Loughrea, and the Rev. Richard 
 De Courcy, afterwards vicar of St. Alkmond's, 
 Shrewsbury, visited the city, and occasionally, but 
 with great difficulty, had access to the parochial 
 pulpits, their doctrine and style of ministry meet- 
 ing with strong opposition from the ecclesiastical 
 authorities. Some respectable individuals who 
 had learned the value of the gospel and felt its 
 
 " :f Mr. Wesley's Journal abounds with interesting re- 
 ferences to Dublin. Since bis time Methodism has 
 multiplied its chapels and its members in Dublin, and 
 stimulated the Established Church and others to zealous 
 efforts. — Editor. 
 
158 DUBLIN IN 
 
 power, opened a correspondence with Lady Hunt- 
 ingdon, known to the world as having consecrated 
 her all to God her Saviour ; and, in connection 
 with her plans, the old meeting-house in Plunket 
 street, then unoccupied, was engaged, and there 
 the true doctrine of Christ was preached, and 
 prayer and praise presented, in presence of crowd- 
 ed assemblies, often including persons of rank, 
 by a variety of truly godly and able men — cler- 
 gymen of the Establishment and dissenting min- 
 isters. Among them were the two just mentioned, 
 and the Rev. Rowland Hill, of London, and the 
 Rev. Samuel Pierce, of Birmingham. Much good 
 was done by converting sinners and infusing spirit 
 and energy among Protestants, in that house of 
 worship. In 1783, the late well-known Bethesda 
 chapel was built by William Smyth, Esq., for the 
 purpose of providing the preaching of the gospel 
 in connection with the forms of the Established 
 Church. It has been well said, that at the time 
 when religion was at a low ebb in the Church of 
 Ireland, and evangelical men were made the ob- 
 jects of ridicule and reproach, the Bethesda 
 chapel was a beacon of light in the midst of 
 darkness.* 
 
 We will -now present the reader with a general 
 notice of the principal additions, combining archi- 
 tectural distinction with public utility, made to 
 the city during the latter half of the eighteenth 
 century. They were — 1st. The Lying-in Hos- 
 pital, in Great Britain street, fronting towards 
 Sackville street. In 1745, Dr. Mosse, eminent 
 
 * See Memoirs of Robert and James Haldane. 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 159 
 
 equally in his profession and for his philanthropy, 
 opened at his own expense a large house in 
 George's street for the accommodation of poor 
 Lying-in women: this was the first institution of 
 the kind in the empire, and from it sprang a cor- 
 responding one in London. In 1751, the first 
 stone was laid of the spacious premises for its 
 accommodation, an undertaking towards which 
 the parliament liberally contributed. 2d. The 
 truly beautiful frontage of Trinity College.* 3d. 
 The Royal Exchange, on Cork hill, founded in 
 1769, and opened in ten years afterwards. Pre- 
 viously the general rendezvous for business among 
 mercantile men had been a portion of the Thol- 
 sel. The present Exchange, though not one of 
 the largest, is considered one of the most richly 
 finished structures in the city. 4th. In 1773, 
 the Blue Coat Hospital, for the education of the 
 sons and grandsons of decayed citizens, was com- 
 menced on Oxmantown green. 5th. The present 
 Custom House, which is considered the most 
 sumptuous edifice of the kind in the world, was 
 commenced in 1781, opened for despatch of busi- 
 ness in 1791, and, with docks, quays, furniture, 
 etc., including accommodation for the Irish de- 
 partment of excise, had cost the public, by the year 
 
 * John "Wesley, in his Journal for April 0, 1758, says, 
 "We walked round the college, and saw what was ac- 
 counted most worthy of observation. The new front 
 is exceeding grand ; and the whole square (about as 
 large as Peckwater in Christ Church) would be beau- 
 tiful, were not the windows too small, as every one will 
 see when the present fashion is out of date." — Editor. 
 
160 DUBLIN IN 
 
 1811, upwards of half a million of money. 6th. 
 The Four Courts, comprising under one roof the 
 several courts of Chancery, Queen's Bench, Com- 
 mon Pleas, and Exchequer. These courts were 
 at first and for a long time ambulatory, being as 
 often held at Carlow as in Dublin. In the be- 
 ginning of the eighteenth century, they occupied 
 a building in Christ Church lane, erected for the 
 purpose in 1695, which also bore the name of the 
 Four Courts. The foundation of the present 
 edifice was laid by the Duke of Rutland, then 
 lord lieutenant, with great ceremony in 1786, and 
 it was subsequently completed, at a cost of about 
 £200,000, in a style which well bespeaks the 
 majesty of the law. It is said not to equal the 
 design of the architect, through the impossibility 
 of obtaining ground in the rear of the premises, 
 sufficient to allow of the central portion being 
 made to stand somewhat retired from the line of 
 frontage shown by the two wings. 7th. Sir- 
 Patrick Dun's Hospital, the foundation of which 
 was laid in 1800. 
 
 With the above enumeration we might include 
 the present Essex bridge, built in 1755 ; Queen's 
 bridge, 1768 ; and Carlisle bridge, opened in 1701 ; 
 also the erection of Granite quays on both sides of 
 the river for confining its waters, which previously 
 flowed up to within eighty feet of the college, and 
 occasioned alarming inundations upon that and the 
 opposite bank. The grand canal was commenced 
 in 1772, and the royal canal in 1789, the former 
 entering the river below the city on the south 
 side, and the latter on its opposite part on the 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 161 
 
 north, both canals opening a communication from 
 the river Shannon with the metropolis and the 
 English channel. But the greatest undertaking 
 of this period was the building of the Poolbeg 
 lighthouse in Dublin Bay, commenced in 1764, 
 with the wall, or pier, about three miles in length, 
 connecting it with the city at Ringsend, and 
 having the Pigeon-house Fort midway between 
 the two. This lighthouse was the first which was 
 provided with candles, as an improvement upon 
 coal-fires. About the same time, candles were 
 substituted for coal-fires in the Howth light ; and 
 in course of time the candles themselves had to 
 give place to argand lamps with reflectors, much 
 to the advantage of the mariner. 
 
 The silk manufacture of Dublin was, in 1761, 
 placed by authority of parliament under the care 
 of the Royal Dublin Society, through whose ex- 
 cellent arrangements the sales, at an establishment 
 opened in the city, for disposing of silk goods, 
 reached an average of £70,000 a year, and the 
 silk manufacture itself, in Dublin, attained the 
 highest state of prosperity. But, after a few 
 years, the legislature forbade the society appro- 
 priating funds to support any house in which Irish 
 silk goods were sold ; and that prohibition seri- 
 ously affected the manufacture. 
 
 About 1706, two persons established a cotton 
 manufactory, and employed six hundred looms. 
 Large sums, both individual capitals and even 
 grants from parliament, were expended in pro- 
 moting that branch of industry, yet with only 
 limited success. The trade however held on, and 
 6 
 
162 DUBLIN IN 
 
 until recently a respectable amount of business 
 was done. 
 
 In the year 1782, persons chiefly connected 
 with the university associated together for the 
 purpose of investigating general literary and scien- 
 tific subjects, and questions connected with the 
 ancient history and circumstances of Ireland. In 
 a few years, they obtained a charter of incorpora- 
 tion under the name of the " Royal Irish Aca- 
 demy," for the study of polite literature, science, 
 and antiquities. Its " Transactions" present a 
 collection of papers which' do honor to the body 
 from which they emanate, and its Museum abounds 
 in articles interesting to the curious in what be- 
 longs to Erin's ancient times. 
 
 The name of " Dean Kirwan" is still mentioned 
 in Dublin, though half a century has gone since 
 his day,- as that of a perfect master and model 
 of pulpit eloquence, who thrilled, and almost did 
 his will with the audiences he addressed. He 
 had been a Roman Catholic, but conformed. It 
 is reported that the late Mr. Grattan said before 
 the House of Commons that, as occupied by Kir- 
 wan, " the preacher's desk became the throne of 
 light." He confined himself to appeals for char- 
 ity, and so great was his popularity that the mili- 
 tary were in attendance to keep order and secure 
 a passage to the church for the nobility and gen- 
 try, of whom the vast congregation on those occa- 
 sions was almost entirely composed. His sermons 
 were most carefully, elaborated, and were spoken, 
 not rend. The collection upon one occasion 
 amounted to eight hundred pounds. By his pub- 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 163 
 
 lished discourses we are led to believe that his 
 forte was delivery ; including appropriate and cor- 
 rect intonation and action, rather than any thing 
 extraordinary in the quality or quantity of thought 
 conveyed. It cannot be said that he was what is 
 called evangelical. But it is reported that be- 
 fore his death his mind underwent an important 
 change, and that he spoke of his former preach- 
 ing thus — " I can compare it to nothing better 
 than to Nero fiddling when Rome ivas on fire." 
 During the American war, when Ireland was 
 in constant danger of invasion from the fleets of 
 hostile continental powers hovering on her shores, 
 she had not more than five thousand regular 
 troops for her defence. The town of Belfast 
 applied to the British government for increased 
 protection. The reply was that all the aid avail- 
 able for the purpose, was half a troop of dis- 
 mounted horse and half a company of invalids. 
 The inhabitants met the exigency themselves, by 
 forming a corps of volunteers. " The noble ex- 
 ample was ardently followed by the country at 
 large, and Ireland soon beheld starting up, with a 
 scenic rapidity, a self-collected, self-disciplined 
 body of forty thousand volunteers." In 1778, 
 the first Dublin regiment was formed, under the 
 command of the Duke of Leinster. The whole 
 force reached the number of eighty thousand 
 men. At their head was the Earl of Charlemont. 
 The host included the wealth and intelligence, as 
 it did the popular strength, of the country. The 
 government supplied arms, and though the vol- 
 unteers were not called -into active service, they 
 
164 DUBLIN IN 
 
 received the thanks of parliament for their loyalty, 
 patriotism, and zeal. But the confederation con- 
 sidered itself formed for the good of the country, 
 and therefore did not limit its views to repelling 
 an invader. It aimed to obtain the redress of 
 Ireland's wrongs. Delegates from its several 
 portions met in Dublin in November, 1783. 
 They marched in procession, -with an imposing 
 military display, to open their deliberations in the 
 Rotunda, and continued their assembly for seve- 
 ral weeks. By their spirited discussions and re- 
 solves, they obtained from the legislature, then 
 sitting, (and of which body not a few of them 
 were members,) several measures favorable to the 
 trade and independence of the country. By de- 
 grees, however, fears arose in some quarters that 
 the convention was going too far. The tide 
 turned and ebbed. Yet numbers remained firm 
 in purpose for achieving what they accounted 
 the complete emancipation u of their own, their 
 native laud." They were encouraged by the re- 
 cent example of the United States. The French 
 ^Revolution gave increased power to their move- 
 ments. The members of the body were for the 
 most part Roman Catholics ; but with them others 
 sympathized in seeking the abolition of civil 
 penalties for religious opinions. A degree of re- 
 lief was granted to the Roman Catholics, in 1793. 
 Three years more had not expired when societies 
 of United Irishmen were formed in all parts of 
 the country. Separation from England and the 
 establishment of a Republican government was 
 projected. Thousands upon thousands were being 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 165 
 
 privately drilled and disciplined to the use of 
 arms in the metropolis and elsewhere. It is said 
 that their numbers amounted to half a million. 
 The leaders, disappointed of aid from France, 
 and perhaps finding discouragement, if not deser- 
 tion, arising in the masses, thought it wise to 
 delay the crisis no longer, and May the 2od, 
 1798, was fixed for a general insurrection. 
 
 Of this purpose the government were apprised 
 some months before, and in March took their 
 steps accordingly. Many persons were arrested : 
 t among others, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who died 
 of the wounds he received in the struggle at his 
 capture. The city was placed under martial law. 
 " Throughout the capital, against which the first 
 fury of the insurgents was to be directed, and 
 where, from its extent, there could never be a 
 certainty that the attack had not already begun, 
 the consternation was universal. The spectacle 
 of awful preparation, which promised security, 
 gave no tranquillity. In the panic of the moment, 
 the measures for security became so many images 
 of danger. The military array and bustle in some 
 streets — the silence and desertion of others — the 
 names of the inhabitants registered on every door 
 — the suspension of public amusements, and al- 
 most of private intercourse — the daily proclama- 
 tions — prayers put up in the churches for the 
 general safety — families flying to England — part- 
 ings which might be final — -every thing oppressed 
 the imagination that a great public convulsion 
 was at hand. The parliament and the courts of 
 justice, wiih a laudable attention to the forme 
 
166 DUBLIN IN 
 
 of the constitution, continued their sittings j hut 
 the strange aspect of senators and advocates 
 transacting civil business in the garb of soldiers, 
 reminded the spectator that the final dependence 
 of the state was upon a power beyond the laws. 
 In Dublin, the domestics of the principal citizens 
 had disappeared, and gone off to join the insur- 
 gents ; while those who could not be seduced to 
 accompany them became the more suspected from 
 this proof of their fidelity : they remained, it was 
 apprehended, for the sole purpose of being spies 
 upon their masters, and cooperators in their in- 
 tended destruction ; and thus, to the real dangers 
 of a general design against the government, were 
 added all the imaginary horrors of a project of 
 individual vengeance." 
 
 The writer of the above, Mr. H. J. Curran, in 
 the Life of his father, the celebrated John Phil- 
 pot Curran, states further: — "Upon the ap- 
 pointed day, the explosion took place. The shock 
 was dreadful. The imagination recoils from a 
 detail of the scenes that followed." "After a 
 short and sanguinary struggle, the insurgents 
 were crushed. The numbers of them who per- 
 ished in the field, or on the scaffold, or were 
 exiled, are said to have amounted to fifty thou- 
 sand : the losses upon the side of the Crown have 
 been computed at twenty thousand lives. 
 
 Upon the rebellion of 1798 followed the Legis- 
 lative Union between Great Britain and Ireland, 
 a measure which encountered strenuous opposi- 
 tion in and beyond the parliament of the latter 
 country, but was at length carried; and on the 
 

 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 167 
 
 27th of March, 1800, the Houses of Lords and 
 Commons waited on the Viceroy at the Castle 
 with the "Articles of Union/' The bills passed 
 in College Green and St. Stephen's for consum- 
 mating it received the royal assent ; and thus, in 
 all due form, the two islands came to have thence- 
 forth only one legislature, as they had for cen- 
 turies been subject to one crown. May they, not 
 merely linked together by law, but influenced by 
 the fear of God and the faith of his gospel, strive 
 in all integrity and good- will, with wisely directed 
 and unceasing endeavor, to become, according to 
 their respective capabilities, blessings to each 
 other, and, as of one heart and of one soul, an- 
 agency for multiplying blessing to the world ! 
 
.< 
 
 168 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION, 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN 
 TO THE YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY. 
 
 On the 1st day of January, 1801, " The Im- 
 perial United Standard was first displayed upon 
 Bedford Tower, Dublin Castle, in consequence 
 of the Act of Legislative Union becoming an 
 operative Law." 
 
 Widely contrasted were the feelings with which 
 persons recognized the flag on that memorable 
 morning, according as they were favorable or 
 otherwise to the new relative position which it 
 sjmbo-llzecl as existing between Ireland and Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Great as may be the aggregate benefits of the 
 " Union" to. the two countries, it was unavoid- 
 able that Dublin itself should suffer by the aboli- 
 tion of the Irish parliament. The measure was 
 to the metropolis what absenteeism- is to the 
 country. According to Dr. Walsh, Dublin, before 
 the Union, was the constant or occasional resi- 
 dence of 249 temporal peers, 22 spiritual peers, 
 and 300 members of the House of Commons. 
 This unquestionably created and sustained for 
 the city a large amount of business, which was 
 
I 
 DUBLIN §INGE THE UNION - . 1G9 
 
 the more important from the limited extent of 
 Dublin's manufactures, mercantile transactions, 
 and enterprise. Yet the city has not altogether 
 sunk under the privation, as many of its inhabit- 
 ants and others foreboded. Changes in the 
 sources and modes of industry and acquisition 
 may take place without absolute ruin to a com- 
 munity; and such changes must, in the progress 
 of soiiety, frequently occur. Dublin has sur- 
 vived, under the Union, for half a century; and 
 it may be hoped that the century's end will see 
 Ireland's metropolis far more nourishing and 
 prosperous than when, at the century's beginning, 
 the Union flag first floated on Bedford Tower. 
 
 The Irish parliament having ceased to exist, 
 the stately structure built for its accommodation 
 'was no longer wanted. In the year 1783, a com- 
 pany had been formed by Act of Parliament and 
 charter, called the "Bank of Ireland," and had 
 hitherto occupied premises in Mary's Abbey. An 
 Act was now passed in the Imperial Parliament, 
 authorizing the sale of the edifice in College 
 Green to the Bank of Ireland. Alterations were 
 made in it to accommodate it to its new purpose, 
 and others to render it more secure if not more 
 beautiful. What had been the House of Com- 
 mons, where Grattan, Plunket, Flood, Burke, 
 Saurin, an4 other men of might, gave forth elo- 
 quent argument which might have honored the 
 Pnyx of Athens or the senate-house of Borne, 
 was changed into the bank cash-office ; and the 
 House of Lords, with its tapestried walls, where 
 nobles assembled in deliberation upon#ieir na- 
 
170 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 tion's interests, and where the representative of 
 majesty sat on the vice-regal throne, was changed 
 into a room for holding meetings of Bank pro- 
 prietors. 
 
 The month of July, in 1803, was made memor- 
 able in Dublin by an insurrection headed by 
 Robert Emmet, a man of ability and of a reput- 
 able position in society. On the evening of the 
 23d, the highly respected Lord Kil warden j chief 
 justice of the King's Bench, returning from the 
 courts in his carriage, was attacked by an infuriate 
 rabble and murdered on the spot. The outbreak 
 " resembled a riot rather than an insurrection, 
 and was alarming only because it was unexpected ; 
 for, notwithstanding the momentary panic which 
 it excited, in a few hours the public tranquillity 
 was restored." 
 
 For twenty years the peace of the city remained 
 unbroken by any serious disturbance. In 1830, 
 the government suppressed the Society of Friends 
 of Ireland, the Anti-Union Society, and the 
 Volunteers of Ireland, as endangering the public 
 tranquillity. During the year following, the late 
 Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., and seven others, 
 were arrested for holding political meetings, con- 
 trary to proclamation. On the 8th of October, 
 1843, a public meeting to be held at Clontarf, un- 
 der Mr. O'Connell, for promoting the repeal of the 
 Union, was prevented by proclamation ; and on 
 the 14th of the same month informations were 
 lodged against that gentleman and his son, with 
 two Roman Catholic clergymen, and five other 
 leaders-*in the movement, for a misdemeanor. 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 171 
 
 Their trial, one of the most arduous and generally 
 exciting to the public mind of the empire, though 
 not the most important, which has occurred in 
 the administration of national justice, commenced 
 on the 15th of January : on the 12th of February 
 a verdict of " guilty'' was returned \ and the con- 
 victed were committed to prison on the 30th of 
 May. An appeal was carried before the House 
 of Lords, who reversed the decision of the court 
 below. The sensation produced upon all parties 
 and classes in the city, when the news of this 
 arrived, was most profound. It is said to have 
 taken the prisoners themselves and their most 
 sanguine friends by surprise. Throughout the 
 city, but especially on the way to the Richmond 
 .Bridewell, where they were confined, all was in- 
 tensely earnest but noiseless stir. In a day or 
 two afterwards, they left the prison, but no riot 
 or even lesser breach of the peace occurred. 
 
 The year 1848 was marked by more threaten- 
 ing movements than had appeared since the re- 
 bellion fifty years before. On the 18th of July, 
 Dublin was proclaimed under the Crime and Out- 
 rage Act; and on the 26th the Habeas Corpus 
 Suspension Act arrived in the city. But the 
 transportation of John Mitchell, under the Trea- 
 son Felony Act r for 'fourteen years, the violent 
 proceedings of other disaffected parties, with 
 their arrest, conviction, and condemnation for 
 high treason, and the commutation of their sen- 
 tence of death to expatriation, are things fresh in 
 general recollection. 
 
 Of calamitous events in Dublin since the 
 
172 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 century began, several must not pass unadverted 
 to. In the latter part of the summer of 1832, 
 the Asiatic cholera appeared for the first time, 
 and hurried off its thousands of victims. On the 
 night of Sunday, January the 6th, 1839, a most 
 terrific storm swept across the city. The evening 
 was heavily still and warm ; about ten o'clock, 
 P.M., the wind had risen; by one next morning 
 it was raging; from three to four was at its 
 greatest fury; and it scarcely subsided till the 
 Tuesday following. Just at the midnight of the 
 Sunday, the Bethesda chapel and premises were 
 on fire. The view of the city from the rear of 
 houses on the canal bank, between Portobello and 
 Charlemont street, was appallingly awful ; the 
 roar of the tempest, the trembling of those com- 
 paratively sheltered dwellings, the blaze in the 
 distance lighting up the sky so as to render ob- 
 jects almost visible as at noon, the consciousness 
 of the havoc which was being made, and, if pos- 
 sible, the yet far- greater havoc that was threat- 
 ened by the flames, awoke sensations which 
 approached what we might suppose would be 
 produced by foretokens of the heavens passing 
 away with a great noise, the elements melting 
 with fervent heat, and the earth and all things 
 therein being burned up. In April, 1849, the 
 cholera again carried off numbers, continuing to 
 prevail with intermitting violence till October. 
 On the 18th of April, 1850, between three and 
 four in the afternoon, a storm like a tornado sud- 
 denly burst upon the city, accompanied with 
 thunder, lightning, and a torrent of hail-stones, 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 173 
 
 many of them nearly {he size of walnuts, by 
 which property to the value of £27,000 was des- 
 troyed. 
 
 Under the head of joyous occurrences in the 
 course of this period the loyal Irish rank as chief 
 far above all others, the visits of two of their 
 sovereigns. His majesty, King George IV., 
 landed at Howth on the 12th of August, 1821, 
 and came in state to the city on the 17th, amidst 
 the warmest acclamations of his subjects. On 
 two nights the city was illuminated. His majesty 
 visited the public institutions, presided at the in- 
 stallation of the Knights of St. Patrick in St. 
 Patrick's Cathedral, and finally embarked at Dun- 
 leary, thenceforth " Kingstown/' on the 3d of 
 September. The king left behind him favorable 
 impressions of his respect for the religious con- 
 victions and feelings of others. It is said that 
 having proposed to visit a nobleman residing a 
 few miles from the city on a Sunday, it was in- 
 timated to him by his lordship that the arrange- 
 ment might occasion much disregard of the Sab- 
 bath in the neighborhood, when his majesty 
 promptly changed the appointment to the next 
 day, Monday. It has also been stated, that when 
 he went in state to a ball given by the Knights 
 of St. Patrick in the Rotunda, all the knights 
 being, as a matter of duty to their sovereign, 
 present at the entrance to receive him ; the king- 
 recognising one member of the illustrious order 
 in attendance whom he knew to be otherwise 
 .minded than to be at home in such engagements, 
 took him most cordially by the hand and said, 
 
174 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 "All ! you're here : well, I know you don't' 
 
 like these sorts of things : good-night, good- 
 night !"« so graciously giving him liberty to re- 
 tire, and then passed on. 
 
 The evening of the 5th of August, 1849, saw 
 anchoring at Kingstown harbor a royal squadron 
 of ten men-of-war, with the Victoria and Albert 
 yacht, haying on board her majesty Queen Vic- 
 toria, with the prince consort, and others of the 
 royal family. On the following morning, the 
 queen, accompanied by Prince Albert and the 
 royal children, made their public entry into Dub- 
 lin, where preparations on the most extensive and 
 magnificent scale had been made to give her 
 majesty the best possible* welcome to her Irish 
 metropolis. Nothing could exceed the enthusiasm 
 with which she was everywhere by all parties and 
 classes greeted, in her progress through the city 
 to the Viceregal Lodge in the Park. At night, 
 the illuminations were most brilliant, and, in 
 many instances, on the costliest scale, but the 
 throngs out to witness them were subjected to 
 the heaviest fall of rain that had occurred for 
 many years. Her majesty during her short stay 
 visited the Glasnevin Gardens, and some of the 
 leading public establishments. An American 
 republican can hardly suppress a smile while 
 reading the following : " "When inspecting the 
 fine library of the College, a copy of Sallust of 
 the fifteenth century, having in it the autograph 
 of Alary Queen of Scots, was shown to her ma- 
 jesty, who was pleased to favor the university 
 with another autograph still more interesting and' 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 175 
 
 estimable, by writing her name on a blank leaf 
 of the Book of Kells, immediately beneath which 
 Prince Albert also affixed his signature, each 
 bearing the date of the day which marked this 
 incident." A levee and drawing-room were held ; 
 by far the most numerous and splendid ever seen 
 in Dublin ; and the uniformly condescending and 
 gracious manner of the queen on all occasions 
 won for her all hearts. The elegant neatness and 
 simplicity of her majesty's dress particularly 
 struck the common people. After partaking of- 
 a collation with the Duke and Duchess of Lein- 
 ster, at Carston, on the morning of the 10th, her 
 majesty and the Prince Albert, with the royal 
 children and attendants, went by rail to Kings- 
 town, and there embarked. The scene on that 
 occasion baffles our attempt adequately to describe 
 it. The day was delightfully fine. The myriads 
 of human beings crowding every spot where 
 standing could be had on land or water ; the men- 
 of-war, with other sailing and steam vessels, in- 
 cluding many belonging to the yacht clubs, 
 besides boats almost beyond count, having every 
 shred of color hoisted and every yarof manned ; 
 the roar of cannon saluting from the quay and 
 ships, as her majesty set foot on board, amidst 
 yet mightier thunderings from the densely throng- 
 ing masses of loyal hearts, whose acclamations 
 almost drowned the roar of the artillery; the 
 royal squadron moving out to sea, the ship La 
 Hogue, of 60 guns, having taken the read, firing 
 her salute, with her flags all hoisted, and her 
 yards covered with her crew ; above all, the glid- 
 
176 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 ing, in truly royal style, of the Victoria and 
 Albert close in along the pier with its multitudes, 
 her majesty on deck ordering the royal standard 
 to be lowered and raised again (an honor never 
 done before except for a royal personage) in token 
 of her gracious farewell to her Dublin subjects — 
 formed altogether a spectacle the like of which 
 no party present had ever seen before, and which 
 all judged it next to impossible they should ever 
 see again. 
 
 The most prominent public edifices erected in 
 Dublin since the Union, have been : — 1st. The 
 King's Inns, commenced and opened before, but 
 the greater portion of it built in 1802. 2d. St. 
 George's Church, begun in the same year. 3d. 
 The College of Surgeons in Stephen's green, 
 founded in 1806. 4th. The Castle Chapel, a gem 
 of architecture, and a cabinet of carved work, 
 begun in 1807, and opened in 1814* 5th. Nel- 
 son's Monument, in 1808. 6th. The General 
 Post Office (far excelling for its size, its junior 
 in St. Martin' s-le-Grand,) founded in 1814, and 
 completed four years afterwards. The National 
 Bank, founded 1842 ; with the termini of the 
 South -Western, Midland, and Drogheda Rail- 
 ways, in the past four years. 
 
 The literary and scientific, educational, medi- 
 cal, surgical, commercial, benevolent, and religious 
 associations and institutions, to which the past 
 fifty years have given birth in Dublin are so nu- 
 merous, that it would be difficult to make a selec- 
 tion for the purpose of explaining their nature 
 and objects in these pages. 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 177 
 
 „ Notice was taken in the last section of a re- 
 viving attention to evangelical truth in Dublin, 
 particularly in the Plunket street and Bethescla 
 chapels. Persons belonging to these places of 
 worship, with others of the Mary's Abbey and 
 Bishop street congregations, formed themselves 
 into a society for bringing over ministers of the 
 gospel from London and other places, to supply, 
 by their visits for a few weeks, the lack of Chris- 
 tian teaching in the city. Since this century 
 began, evangelical piety has greatly increased. 
 Within the last 'twenty-five years particularly has 
 this happy change been manifest in the Estab- 
 lished Church; evangelical activity prevails in 
 many of its parish churches, ecclesiastical activity 
 in all j and to these have been added several vol- 
 untary chapels in which justification by faith is 
 constantly held forth as ' the only doctrine on 
 which man can safely rest his Jiope before Grod, 
 aud which is to be the guide of his life and the 
 joy of his heart while journeying to immortality. 
 It is no unreasonable digression from our narra- 
 tive, we trust,. to pause and affectionately inquire 
 of our reader whether he has experimentally 
 known this great truth ? Whether he has ever 
 felt in all its importance the reality of eternal 
 things ? his state by nature as a perishing sin- 
 ner ? the necessity for repentance from dead 
 works, of a living faith in Christ, and of the re- 
 generative influence of the Holy Spirit ? Fifty 
 or sixty years ago, the Sacred Scriptures were 
 generally uncared for ; there were then only two 
 booksellers in Dublin who sold pocket Bibles : 
 
178 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 one of thern had but two new ones, and the other 
 had not one new one, though he had some two or 
 three old ones. Now, in profession at least, 
 "The Bible, and the Bible only, is the religion 
 of Protestants." At the beginning of this cen- 
 tury, family worship was a rarity among Protest- 
 ant households : now it is observed by a consider- 
 able proportion of them. Then, there were two 
 or three Sunday schools : now, it would be difficult 
 to mention a part of the city which is not sup- 
 plied with them. Then, the theatre was well 
 sustained : now the reverse is the case. Then, 
 except the Methodists, scarcely a preacher in the 
 city opened his lips to warn Romanists against 
 their delusions and teach them the gospel : now, 
 by many ministers in and out ' of the establish- 
 ment, witness is constantly being borne for the 
 doctrine of Christ in opposition to the spirit of 
 antichrist, and large classes meet for discussing 
 the points at issue between the two. Then, 
 practical godliness was as contemned, as it was 
 rare among Protestants : now, perhaps, the dan- 
 ger is of its being assumed and professed where 
 it does not exist, through its having become 
 to a certain extent frequent and respected. 
 
 On the whole, there is probably no city in 
 the world where so great an alteration for the 
 better has taken place in the state and habits 
 of a Protestant population as in Dublin. But 
 the people must press -on. 
 
 This revival of sound piety among the Pro- 
 testants has been accompanied by, if it have not 
 provoked to, greatly increased vigilance and en- 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 179 
 
 ergetic working among the Roman Catholics of 
 the community, who by their many new chapels 
 and other edifices, their thronged attendance at 
 their places of worship, their large pecuniary 
 contributions towards objects specially their own, 
 and their clerical and lay activities for their 
 church, might well put to the blush persons 
 who are yet slumbering in Protestant denomi- 
 nations. 
 
 The following general statement of the po- 
 pulation at different periods during the last and 
 present centuries, will enable the reader to judge 
 of its progress : 
 
 In 1728—146,075. In 1821—185,881. 
 
 1753—128,570. 1831—203,650. 
 
 1777—138,208. 1834—240,273. 
 
 1798—182,370. 1841—232,726. 
 
 1812—176,610. 1851—254,850. 
 
 Showing an increase in Dublin of 22,124 per- 
 sons between 1841 and 1851. 
 
 The woollen, linen, cotton, and silk manufac- 
 tures of Dublin are described as well nigh ex- 
 tinct, notwithstanding several efforts to revive 
 them. " Brewing, iron-casting, and cabinet- 
 making are the principal manufactures in a thriv- 
 ing state." The number of vessels entered with 
 ^cargoes from foreign parts was, in 1840, 247, and 
 "in 1850, 462. " Very laudable exertions are 
 making to establish a respectable foreign import 
 trade ; and from the business habits of the peo- 
 ple, there is every reason to anticipate a result 
 beneficial to the spirited undertakers. Several 
 
180 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 cargoes of .tea from China have been imported, 
 and also importations from Calcutta and the 
 Mauritius. The importations from the West In- 
 dies have also increased, The best symptoms of 
 the improvement of the trade of this port, is 
 found in the annual amount of custom's duties 
 on articles of home consumption. From 1821 
 to 1832, the receipts were nearly stationary at 
 about £600,000. In 1850, they had increased 
 to £874,943." 
 
 We have seen that in the former half of the 
 last century, Dublin had three newspapers : it 
 has now twenty-eight, of which three are daily, 
 sixteen weekly, five thrice a week, two twice a 
 week, and tw® monthly. It has also several peri- 
 odicals, among which are the Dublin University 
 Magazine, the Dublin Review, a leading Roman 
 Catholic journal \ and the Irish Quarterly Re- 
 view, lately commenced. 
 
 A division is made of the city into two nearly 
 equal parts by the river LhTey, over which there 
 are nine bridges, two of them of iron, and the 
 extent of quays along its banks is two miles and 
 a half. It would be impossible to compress into 
 a small portion of our historical sketch of the 
 city any thing like a detail of the various " lions" 
 of the place : for those particulars, recourse must 
 be had to the guide-books, with one out of the 
 many of which no visitor should omit to supply 
 himself. The greatest objects of interest are the 
 University, with its Library of 120,000 volumes, 
 its Museum, and various other buildings — the 
 Royal Dublin Society House, including the Li- 
 
DUBLIN SINCE TIIE UNION. 181 
 
 brary, Museums, and Schools, together with its 
 Garden at Grlasnevin — the Museum of the Royal 
 Irish Academy — the Bank of Ireland, especially 
 its Printing-Office with its mechanism, the pre- 
 cursor and type of that in the Bank of England. 
 If possible, too, the visitor should obtain a view 
 of the Bank, with the College on his right hand, 
 King William's statue on his left, and Westmore- 
 land street towards the river — as seen from the 
 bottom of Grafton street, on a clear night with 
 the moon at full. The Castle, particularly its 
 chapel, the Four Courts, Post-Office, with Sack- 
 ville street, the Exchange, the Custom-House, 
 must not be passed over ; while there are various 
 other edifices upon or within which a visitor may 
 look with pleasure or with profit, as the case 
 may be. 
 
 Dublin has a position above any other city in 
 the United Kingdom, except London, which is 
 the seat of the British court, in being the resi- 
 dence of a viceroy. The abolition of this office 
 was mooted some time ago, but it seems now 
 agreed that matters shall for the present remain 
 in statu quo. The " Castle/' however, is cer- 
 tainly not what it ought to be as a viceregal 
 palace, especially compared with the public build- 
 ings of the city. 
 
 There are in the city two cathedrals, twenty 
 parochial churches, and about the same number 
 of subsidiary chapels, belonging to the Estab- 
 lished Church. The Methodists have eight 
 chapels ; the Presbyterians, five ; the Independ- 
 ents, three; the Society of Friends, two; the 
 
182 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 Unitarians, two ; the Baptists, Moravians, Welsh 
 Methodists, Christian Brethren, Jews, and one or 
 two other bodies, one each. The Roman Catho- 
 lics have nine parochial churches, six belonging 
 to different orders of friars, one Jesuit church, 
 three monasteries, and eight convents. Twenty- 
 two hospitals or infirmaries, with a variety of 
 dispensaries, administer medical or surgical relief, 
 general or specific, to the Dublin poor. The city 
 has two institutions for the deaf and dumb ; two 
 for the blind j four penitentiaries j several educa- 
 tion boards, of which the principal are the Gov- 
 ernment Commissioners, the Church Education 
 Society, and the Sunday-School Society of Ire- 
 land; three Ragged Schools; the Hibernian Bible 
 Society, and some others, for circulating the Scrip- 
 tures, with about a dozen institutions for direct- 
 ing or otherwise aiding the propagation of the 
 gospel at home or abroad; several Protestant 
 Orphan Societies, asylums for the aged and in- 
 firm, and numerous other benevolent agencies on 
 a more or less extensive scale. 
 
 How much the city has extended as time 
 has rolled, may be understood by comparing its 
 present range with the accounts given in former 
 sections of its population, streets, etc. Within 
 the last two centuries there has been added to it 
 by far the greater portion of the liberty, and 
 nearly all the streetage, etc., lying to the west of 
 the Castle and on the north side of the Liffey. 
 The increase includes Mountjoy square, Rutland 
 square, Merrion square, Fitzwilliam square, and 
 Stephen's green : the last named is not the latest 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 183 
 
 formed, but we introduce it last for the sake of 
 stating that it is the largest square in Europe, 
 being nearly a mile in circumference. 
 
 The city of Dublin is under the jurisdiction 
 of a lord mayor, whose official residence, the Man- 
 sion House, is in Dawson street. The corpora- 
 tion consists of the lord mayor, fifteen aldermen, 
 and forty-five town councillors, elected yearly in 
 the proportion of one alderman and three coun- 
 cillors from each of the fifteen municipal wards 
 into which the city is divided. The police force 
 of the city and suburbs is upwards of 1000 
 strong, arranged under seven divisions. The 
 military amount to about 6000, whose principal 
 barracks are the Portobello, Richmond, Royal, 
 Ship street, Mountjoy, Island Bridge, Aldborough 
 House, Beggar's Bush, and the Pigeon House 
 Fort. 
 
 West of the city is the Phoenix Park, the 
 word Phoenix being a corruption of the Irish 
 Floiinuisge, pronounced short Finniske, and sig- 
 nifying fair or clear water, the name given to the 
 ancient manor from a spring in a glen not far 
 from the entrance to the Lodge, and long known, 
 celebrated, and much resorted to as a chalybeate 
 spa. The formation of the park began in 1662, 
 by the Duke of Orrnond, then lord-lieutenant, 
 through the appropriation of the above manor, 
 (which had reverted to the crown after belonging 
 to "the Knights Templars at Kilmainham,) as a 
 royal deer-park, and the purchase of some ad- 
 joining lands to render it of the desired size. 
 Other additions have been made since, and its 
 
184 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 contents are now nearly two thousand acres. In 
 the Park are the Viceregal Lodge, the country 
 residence of the Viceroy, a simple, unimposing 
 structure, with one hundred and sixty acres in 
 demesne and gardens ; lodges for the chief and 
 under-secretaries; the Hibernian School for Sol- 
 diers' Children; the Military Infirmary; the 
 Constabulary Barracks ; Military Magazine ; the 
 Ordnance Survey Depot, and some other build- 
 ings, together with the Wellington Testimonial, 
 the Phoenix Column, and the Zoological Gardens. 
 One thousand three hundred acres of the park 
 are free to the public. 
 
 The suburbs on the south side of the city are 
 extending fast. The township of Piatkmines is 
 the most frequented, and considered to be the 
 most salubrious portion of the environs. The 
 Dublin mountains form a fine background to it as 
 approached from the city. 
 
 To the south-east of the city, at a distance of 
 about seven miles, is Kingstown and its Royal 
 Harbor, to which vessels have access at all times 
 of the tide, and which is the port for the mail 
 packets and government vessels. The Dublin 
 and Kingstown Railway affords a quick transit 
 between the two places. From the top of Kil- 
 liney Hill commanding views are obtained of the 
 range terminating with Dublin to the north, the 
 Dublin mountains on the west, those of Wicklow 
 and Bray Head on the south, and the English 
 Channel on the east. 
 
 Many paragraphs might be taken up with 
 allusions to places and objects, interesting from 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 185 
 
 their antiquity or otherwise, which stud the coun- 
 try around Ireland's metropolis. But we have 
 not room to introduce them. 
 
 And now, with warm assurances of our good 
 wishes, do we bid Dublin, for the present, adieu ! 
 Our heart was with her ere we undertook to 
 sketch her progress from infancy to her present 
 matured and established growth; anc| as we pro- 
 ceeded, the more kindly and strongly did our 
 sympathies cluster around her. She has had her 
 many times of distress and peril. Her times of 
 prosperity have been hitherto few. But dawn, 
 now brightening, promises her a glorious sunrise. 
 Much, as to its being " a morning without clouds" 
 ushering in a day of blessing, depends "on her 
 moral and religious course. The righteousness 
 that exalts a nation is the true elevation of a city. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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