ftbe Iflmversitp tutorial Series. Classical Editor: B. J. HAYES, M.A. - 4 - HOMER: ODYSSEY IX., X. TIIE UNIVERSITY TUTORIAL SERIES. lEMtlons of Xattn anfc <3reefc Classics. (Introduction, Text, and Notes). Aeschylus — Eumenides, 3/6 ; Persae, 3/6 ; Prometheus, 2/6; Septem contra Thebas, 3/6. Aristorhanes— Ranae, 3/6. CAESAR —Gallic War, Bks. 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, (each) 1/6 ; Gallic War, Bk. 1, Ch. 1-29, 1/6; Gallic War, Bk. 7, 2/6 ; Gallic War, Bk. 7, Ch. 1-68, 1/6; Invasion of Britain (IV. 20-V. 23), 2/6. Cicero— Ad Atticum, Bk. 4, 3/6; De Amicitia, 1/6; De Finibus, Bk. 1, 2/6 ; De Finibus, Bk. 2, 3/6; De Officiis, Bk. 3, 3/6; Philippic II., 3/6; Pro Cluen- tio, 3/6 ; Pro Milone, 3/6 ; Pro Plancio, 2/6 ; De Senectute, In Catilinam I., Pro Archia, Pro Balbo, Pro Marcello, (each Book) 1/6. Demosthenes—A ndrotion, 4/6. EURIPIDES— Alcestis, 3/6; Andro¬ mache, 3/6; Bacchae, 3/6; Hecuba, 3/6; Hippolytus, 3/6; Medea, 3/6. Herodotus— Bk. 3, 4/6; Bk. 4, Ch. 1-144, 4/6; Bk. 6, 2/6 ; Bk. 8, 3/6. Homer— Iliad, Bk. 24, 3/6; Odyssey, Bks. 9, 10, 2/6; Odyssey, Bks. 11, 12, 2/6; Odyssey, Bks. 13, 14, 2/6; Odyssey, Bk. 17, 1/6. Horace —Epistles, 3/6; Epodes, 1/6; Odes, 3/6; Odes, (each Book) 1/6 ; Satires, 4/6. Isocrates—D e Bigis, 2/6. Jc VENAL— Satires, 1, 3, 4, 3/6; Satires, 8, 10, 13, 2/6; Satires, 11, 13, 14, 3/6. Livy —Bks. 1, 5, 21, 22, (each) 2/6; Bks. 3, 6, 9, (each) 3/6 : Bk. 21, Ch. 1-30, 1/6. Lucian —Charon and Timon, 3/6. Lysias —Eratosthenes and Ago- ratus, 3/6. Nepos —Hannibal, Cato, Atticus, 1 / 0 . Ovid— Fasti, Bks. 3, 4, 2/6; Heroides, 1, 5, 12, 1/6; Meta¬ morphoses, Bk. 1, 1-150, 1/6, Bk. 3, 1-130, 1/6; Bks. 11, 13, 14, (each) 1/6; Tristia, Bk. 1, 3, (each) 1/6. Plato —Apology, Ion, Laches, ' Phaedo, (each) 3/6; Euthyphro and Menexenus, 4/6. Sallust —Catiline, 2/6. Sophocles —Ajax, 3/6 ; Anti¬ gone, 2/6 ; Electra, 3/6. Tacitus—A nnals, Bk. 1, 3/6; Annals, Bk. 2, 2/6 ; Histories, Bk. 1, 3/6 ; Bk. 3, 3/6. Terence— Adelphi, 3/6. Thucydides— Bk. 7, 3/6. Vergil—A eneid, Books 1-12, (each) 1/6 ; Eclogues, 3/6; Georgies, Bks. 1, 2, 3/6; 1, 4, 3/6. Xenofhon —Anabasis, Bk. 1, 1/6; Bk. 4, 3/6; Cyiopaedeia, Bk. 1, 3/6 ; Hellenica, Bk. 3, 3/6; Hellenica, Bk. 4, 3/6; Oecono- micus, 4/6. A detailed catalogue of the above can be obtained on application. REMOVAL TO 25 HIGH ST., NEW OXFORD ST., W.C. On and after August 26th, 1912 the address of The University Tutorial Press Ld. Warehouse will be 25 HIGH STREET, NEW OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C. See inside for MAP I Zbe TTlmverstt? tutorial Scries. HOMEli : ODYSSEY IX, X. EDITED BY J. H. IIAYDON, M.A. Lond. and Camb., LONDON UNIVERSITY EXHIBITIONER, SCHOLAR, AND HOLD MEDALLIST IN CLASSICS HEADMASTER OF TETT ION IIALL COLLEGE, STAFFS. AND A. H. ALLCROFT, M.A. Oxon., editor of veroil’s af.neid, ho rack’ odes, etc., author of “ latin composition,’ “ THE TUTORIAL HISTORY OF ROME,” ETC. London : W. B. CLIVE, (Untpemfg Cufortdf (preee (University Correspondence College Press), 157 Drury Lane, W.C. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY chestnut hill. , ^AHoWL, A3 INTRODUCTION. § 1. The Epic Poets: Homer and the Greeks.—Epic poetry (eVos) is metrical narrative dealing with the ad¬ ventures of heroes, and their exploits in war. It is one of the earliest forms of literature to make its appearance amongst a people, and though, generally speaking, it ceases to be composed when society becomes more secure and peaceable, the early poems remain as an exaggerated picture of early life. Hence the strangeness and archaic character of the subjects and language alike. The Grecian epics were sung by wandering bards, whose office was held in high honour. Their subjects were infinitely varied, but amongst all stood out specially the legends connected with the cities of Troy in Asia, and of Thebes in Bceotia. Centuries later there was made at Alexandria a collection of the scattered poems which con¬ stituted a complete chronology in verse from the world’s beginning to the dawn of history. This was the Epic Cycle (6 eVt/cos kvkXos), probably so called as being a part of the ordinary curriculum of education (ra lyKVKXia). That portion which formed the Trojan Cycle embraced the following eight works, here arranged in chronological order, i.e., as they stand in the sequence of the tale, not according to their age : i. The Cypria, of Stasinus. ii. The Iliad , of Homer. iii. The JEHthiopis, of Arctinus. iv. The Little Iliad, of Lesches. v. The Fall of Troy, of Arctinu3. vi. The Home-Coming, of Agias. vii. The Odyssey, of Homer. viii. The Telegonia, of Eugammon. Eight or nine ‘ Lives of Homer,’ all of dubious value, have come down to us from antiquity, but we may con¬ clude that hardly anything was really known of Homer’s lb 996 6 INTRODUCTION. life, even in early times, from the single fact that numerous cities contested the honour of being his birthplace. Aldus Gellius tells us that Varro (circa 50 B.C.) inscribed on a bust of Homer the epigram : 'E7rra ttoXcls diepL^ovaiv vepl plfav '0 pLr/pov, 'Lp.vpva, 'P 65 )s, KoXo0c6»', Xa\a/xiv ) > 'Ios,”Apyos, ’Adrjvcu — but other cities such as Chios, Cyme, Pylos, and Thebes in Egypt, either secured a place in the epigram at times, or asserted their claim in a different manner. Perilsps Smyrna received most suffrages in its favour, but Chios had at least two strong arguments on its side ; the author of the Hymn to the Delian Apollo says of himself that he is ri'0Xos avrjp, ohcei 5e Xlop evi iraLTraXo^acrri, and further there was in Chios a family or clan called 'O/irjpiSai, who asserted that they were descended from the poet. The litt’e island of Ios claimed to possess the grave of Homer, and Ithaca also ventured to enter the lists on the score of its connection with Odysseus. There was as much variety in the different dates assigned to Homer. Hellanicus (circa 470 B.C.) selected the date of the Trojan War (1193—1183 ?), others a later one as far down as the time of Lycurgus (800 B.C.), or even later still, all without a shadow of foundation. Herodotus puts Homer and Hesiod not more than 400 years before his own time ( i.e ., circa 850 B.C.). Homer was regarded by the Greeks as their first his¬ torian, and of unimpeachable authority. He is credited by Herodotus with having, in common with Hesiod, ‘ created the Greek theogony,’ that is, with having assigned the gods their names, prerogatives, departments, and characteristics.* The ‘ Iliad ’ and ‘ Odyssey ’ became the standard school¬ books of the Greeks. Directly boys could read they were set to study and learn by heart the finest portions of the two epics, and in many cases even learnt the whole. And this course was taken, not to give the young Greek an appreciation of style or rhetoric, but expressly to form _ * Among the early Greeks all the early Epic poetry was assigned to Homer, including the so-called Epic Cycle. INTRODUCTION. i character and train the moral sentiment. A Greek gentle¬ man held it one of his highest privileges to attend a public recitation of some part of the national poems. The Rhap¬ sodes (pa\j/a)86<$) were professional reciters, of whom we have traces as far back as the seventh century B.c. at many of the prominent Greek cities; and Pindar gives the name t OfX7]pi8aL to those who made it their special business to recite Homer, calling them £ singers of verses stitched ’ or put together ( i.e ., composed). These men wandered from city to city commenting on Homer, as well as reciting portions of the poems. Frequently there were contests in which the Rhapsodes competed for a prize, while at some cities there was a law that a public recitation of Homer should take place at stated intervals; at Athens the occasion was the Panathenaic festival every fourth year. The earliest edition of Homer which is associated with the name of an individual editor is that of Antimachus of Claras in Ionia (circa 410 B.c.), but tradition usually spoke of Peisistratus, the tyrant of Athens, as the first to have the whole edited (540 B.c.). Probably Homer had been reduced to writing for at least two centuries before Anti¬ machus’ date, as the Ionians made use of books as early as the middle of the seventh century. Countless editions had sprung up wherever the Greek tongue was spoken, some¬ times moderately faithful to what may be termed the ndgate text (whether or no this was that published by Peisistratus), but often emended according to the caprice of the individual owner or copyist. § 2. The Homeric Question.—It was at Alexandria that true Homeric criticism began in the third century B.C. Zenodotus and Aristophanes, librarians at that city, each edited the text of Homer, the former emending freely, while the latter was more conservative in his treatment of the MSS. Both were eclipsed by Aristarchus, another librarian, whose two editions were thoroughly equipped with critical apparatus, and completed by full commen¬ taries. And although the true history of our modern text will probably be for ever unceitain, it seems most likely that Aristarchus’ recension is practically its foundation. 8 INTRODUCTION. But even in the Alexandrine epoch there existed a sect of scholars who were not satisfied with the current beliefs with reference to Homer. Their particular heresy was that they assigned the ‘ Odyssey ’ to another author than Homer, being hence styled ol Xupc^ovres, or ‘ Separators.’ Their leaders were Xenon and Hellanicus; their arguments were based on contradictions and inconsistencies between the two poems. However, they met with little acceptance, Aristarchus in particular writing a treatise against Xenon himself, and the theory must soon have died out. From this date till the seventeenth and eighteenth cen¬ turies the orthodox belief in Homer’s personality and authorship was undisputed; but then appeared signs of a coming revolt. (i.) In 1769 appeared Wood’s ‘ Essay on the Original Genius of Homer,’ one chapter of which urged that the art of writing was not known to Homer ; and in 1795 appeared the ‘ Prolegomena ’ of Wolf, who sought to prove that (a) The ‘ Iliad ’ and ‘ Odyssey ’ are not the work of one poet alone, but of many, although a certain Homer com¬ menced the work and completed the major part of it. (b) The poems as we possess them were put together centuries later by Peisistratus’ ‘ revisers.’ The chief foundation for these statements is Wolf’s denial of the ‘ literary use of writing’ at the date 950 B.C., when he conceives that epic poetry was matured; but he also lays stress on the assertion of Cicero and Pausanias that Peisistratus ‘ collected the scattered poems of Homer.’ Wolf further urges that at Homer’s epoch there was no incentive to compose long epics, as the bards of the day only recited poems of moderate length. No extant inscriptions can be dated perhaps earlier than the seventh century B.C., but long before the Greeks began to carve letters on stone they may have been quite accus¬ tomed to write on the ordinary materials, such as leaves, w r ood, or dressed skins, the more so as they had been for centuries in close intercourse with the Phoenicians, whose use of writing dates from almost prehistoric times. Again, it is most probable that Homer’s own words, cry/xara Xvypd INTRODUCTION. 9 (Iliad, VI. 168), refer to writing of some nature; and also that several of the Cyclic poems, which never attained popularity as compared with Homer, could not have come down to us without the aid of writing. Thus Wolfs asser¬ tion with reference to the late use of writing cannot be proved. Secondly, Cicero’s statement about Peisistratus is late and very doubtful, and there is an older tradition that Lycurgus first introduced ( circa 800 B.c.) a complete copy of Homer into Greece. (ii.) Wolf’s immediate followers were Lachmann and Hermann. The former split up the ‘ Iliad ’ into eighteen separate ‘ lays.’ Hermann, however, observed that an undoubted ‘ unity of plan ’ stands side by side with contra¬ dictions and variations of the story, and hence urged that Homer, the original poet, produced a ‘ primitive “ Iliad ” and “ Odyssey,” ’ which by additions and insertions from other hands came to be as Peisistratus left it. (iii.) Wolf, Lachmann and Hermann each considered Homer as the author of brief lays not committed to writing. A new and truer view was presented by Nitzsch. He regards Homer as the great poet, who finds short lays ready to hand, and from them builds up one large and complete epic. The ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ were thus put together (perhaps by the same hand) as early at least as the ninth century B.C. ; later revisers no doubt made slight alterations or interpolations, but we have the whole substantially as Homer left it. (iv.) Grote introduced the theory that the large poem thus based on primitive lays was really an Achilleid ex¬ tended by others into an Iliad. This Achilleid comprised Books I., VIII., XI.-XXII. ; the other books belong ‘ to the same generation,’ but only hinder the course of the main story, ‘ The Wrath of Achilles.’ Thus in Book I. Zeus promises Thetis that the Greeks shall be humbled for the wrong done to Achilles, but does not carry this out till Book VIII.; it follows, therefore, that Books 1I.-VII. are an addition. (v.) Following Grote’s theory in the main, Geddes has recently maintained that the author of the non-Achillean books of the ‘ Iliad ’ is to be identified with the author of the ‘ Odyssey.’ 10 INTRODUCTION. (vi.) The view of the question lately put forth by AV. Christ to some extent reconciles the conflicting opinious given above. He supposes that Homer composed ‘ lays for separate recitation, but also as parts of an Iliad which he kept in view at the same time. This Iliad was ex- ended by himself, as well as added to by others. The different lays (numbering forty) were doubtless written odwn in earlier times, but Peisistratus’ real merit lay in directing that the ‘ Iliad ’ (and ‘ Odyssey ’) as a whole should be authoritatively consigned to manuscript. (vii.) Although criticism has mainly dealt with the ‘ Iliad,’ still attempts have not been wanting to discover the original formation of the ‘Odyssey.’ The most important of these is that of Kirchhoff, who holds that there was, to begin with, a Nootos ’OSi>orcr«os, or * Return of Odysseus,’ corresponding roughly to our present Books Y.-YII., IX., XL, and part of XIII. To this another poet added a ‘ sequel,’ narrating the later adventures of Odysseus after his return to Ithaca, which parts are both held to be older than 800 B.C. Later on a third poet added the ‘ Story of Telemachus ’ (Books I.-IY.), and also the remaining books as we have them now. (viii.) Another recent critic, Fick, holds that until the latter years of the sixth century B.C. the two epics existed in the AEolic dialect, and then were translated into Ionic. Certain AEolic forms were necessarily retained for metrical reasons, and also Ionic additions were made here and there. But it is by no means clear where the line is to be drawn between AEolic and old Ionic, and it is incredible that the ‘ original AEolic Homer’ could have completely dropped out of existence and knowledge in this way. Professor Jebb rejects the two extreme views, which either (with Lachmann) would regard the 1 Iliad ’ as * pieced together out of short lays not originally con¬ nected by any common design,’ or would hold that the ‘ Iliad ’ as a whole ‘ is the work of one poet.’ He points out, however, that recent critics have inclined to assign to Homer the main share in the composition of the poem, and holds that the latter was designed to be an ‘ Iliac!,’ and not an ‘ Achilleid,’ giving, that is, a general picture of the strife between the Greeks and Trojans. INTRODUCTION. 11 > ^ (ix.) With reference to the much - debated question whether the poems were composed in European or Asiatic Greece, it may be noted that the name ‘ Ionian ’ occurs only once (in the ‘Iliad’), ‘Dorian’ only once (in the ‘Odyssey’), the name ‘iEolian’ not at all; if the poems were produced in Asia Minor, ‘ these tribal names could hardly have failed to be more prominent.’ The Greek colonies in Asia Minor are nowhere mentioned in the poems. Further, there are strong marks of a Thessalian origin in certain books of the ‘Iliad.’ From these and other considerations it is probable that the place of com¬ position was Thessaly, the date being roughly the eleventh century B.c. The poem was later brought by emigration to Asia Minor, where it was Ionicised, and where the addi¬ tion of the other books took place. As for the ‘ Odyssey,’ the primary poem, ‘ The Keturn of Odysseus,’ was a short poem, in ahLliknlihqod, which received great amplification when brought over by coloqists to Ionia. § 3. The Tale of Troy.—Dardanus, the son of Zeus, first held sway in thejand of Troy, and from him the Trojans were styled Dardanidse. The grandson of Dar¬ danus was Tros, whence the names Troy and Trojan. He had three sons, of whom one was Ganymede, chosen for his beauty to be Zeus’ cupbearer; the others were Ilus and Assaracus. Assaracus became the ancestor of AEneas, Ilus of Laomedon, Priam, and Hector. As the eldest of the sons of Tros, Ilus succeeded to the throne, and founded the city called after him Ilium. The walls of Ilium were built by Poseidon for Laomedon, who cheated the god of his reward. As a punishment, Poseidon sent a monster to ravage the land, from which Heracles delivered it. In his turn Heracles was defrauded of the promised reward, and in revenge gave the rule to Priam. Of all Priam’s fifty sons, Alexander (Paris) was by far the fairest. While he was tending his sheep on Mount Ida, the goddesses Hera (Juno), Athene (Minerva), and Aphrodite (Venus) appeared to him, and bade him decide which was the most beautiful of the three. On Aphrodite’s promising him the fairest wife in all the world, he gave his award in her favour, and by her aid he sailed to Greece and e- fas . . «' • ^ -■ £ * ** y - t* -" sLt —-. * /e^-V r 'f > C^rVV yar»*4 *-ts 12 ‘ / / (f^. i^V ' i ' / sl-t-'V f- / £ ,.'*• f - ' r INTRODUCTION. carried off Helen, the wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta. The outrage, was regarded as a national one, and after years of preparation nearly 1,200 ships assembled at Aulis in JBoeotia under Agamemnon’s command to transport more than 100,000 men* across the ZEgean. After sailing, a storm drove them back to Greece again. They assembled once more at Aulis, where Agamemnon was forced to offer up his daughter Iphigeneia to appease the wiatli of Artemis, who was detaining the fleet by contrary winds. In spite of the powerful allies whom Priam had gathered to his support, the Greeks stormed and plundered the towns round Troy, driving the Trojans within their walls almost at the outset. But Ilium itself was impregnable, and for nine years the Greeks could make no headway. At length came the period of the ‘ Wrath of Achilles ’ with which the ‘ Iliad ’ opens. Apollo’s anger is roused against the Achseans because Agamemnon refuses to surrender the captive daughter of Chryses, a priest of the god. Achilles bids Agamemnon restore her, which he does, but robs the former of Briseis, his fondly-loved slave. Achilles retires to his tent in anger, while his mother Thetis obtains a promise from Zeus that the fight shall go heavily against the Greeks (Iliad, I.). The following books (II., II.-VII.) are a digression from the main story, comprising the ‘ Catalogue ’ of the Grecian and Trojan allies (II.), the duel of Paris and Menelaus (III.), and then the description of a battle extending over several books (IV.-VII.). The next five books (II., VIII.- XII.) describe the discomfiture of the Greeks within their naval camp, and then follow three more books of battle (II., XIII.-XV.). In 11. XVI., Patroclus puts on Achilles’ armour and leads Achilles’ men to the fight; he is slain and spoiled by Hector. This overcomes Achilles’ obstinacy. In new armour, provided for him by his mother Thetis, he routs the Trojans (II, XXL), and slays Hector (II, XXII.), dragging his body about the walls of Troy. Then he institutes funeral games in Patroclus’honour (II, * Thucydides urges that this estimate is excessive, as such a force would have taken Tioy in a very brief time ; but we are dealing with legend. . /! , pa Kal vpels 6606 T , eyco o av 67T€6Ta Kal aTvoTvpoOL SiopaTa vai(ov. ei!p } 'OSvcrevs AaepTLaSrjs, os 7racri SoXoutlv dv6pd)7roLO-L peXoi, KaL pev KXeos ovpavov lkcl. yaieTaw S' T OaKrjV evSeleXov * ey S' opos a vtyj N ypiTOV elvoo-uJivXXov, dpLTvpeTres' dpefn Se vrproi OP. IX, 10 15 20 2 18 HOMER. 7roAAat vcuerdovcri pdXa cr\e8uv dXXr/XrjcrLV , AovXl\lov re Zdpy] re Kat vXrjeacra Zdiov, at Se r’ dvevOe 7 rpos rj co r’ rjeXiov re, rpr/x^d, aAA’ aya#>y Kovporpolos' ov rot eyw ye Tys yat?ys Swa/xat yXvKeptorepov dXXo I8ecr9 at. 7 } yuiv yrx’ avro9 ’ epvKe Ka Xv\f/8) 81 a 9edo)v , ev (nrecruri yXa^>vpolepu>v dvepos KtKovetrcn 7reXao-crev, ’Lr/xapa). ev#a S’ ey5 7roAti/ eTrpa9ov, toXecra S’ avrors' €K ttoXlos S’ aAo)(ovs Kat KT'rjpara 7roAAa Xol/36vt€$ Saacra/xe#’, 5s prj rts yxot drepfdopevos klol lerrjs. ev9’ > rj rot yaev ey5 Stepo) 7roSt cfievyepev i)pea<$ Tyvwyea, Tot Se yxeya vrjTTLOL ovk eirt9ovro. ev9a Se 7roAAoj/ pev pe9v irivero, TroXXd 8e prjXa e(T(f)a£ov 7rapd 9lva Kat etAtVoSas eAt/yy, YjepiOL' Tore S?y pa Ka/ay Atos a?cra 7rapecrT7] rjpiv aivopopoLcriv, W dXyea 7roXXd Trd9oipev. (TTrjcrdpevoL S’ epdxovro pdx^v Tvapa. vrjvcrl 9orjcLV } /3dXXov S’ dXXpXovs x a ^Krjpea-Lv ey^etvycrti/, 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 ODYSSEY IX. 19 offjpa [xlv tjcjs yv Kat dk^ero Upov fjptap, TO(f)pa 8’ dXe^optevot ptkvoptev 7rXkovas 7 rep kovTas. ?//xos 8’ rjkXtos pteTevtcrcrero /3ovXvrov8e, Kat rore 8>) KtKOves /7ro 8po)9kvT€s. vr]vcri 8’ €7rwyo(r’ dve/xov Hopkrjv vefaXrjyepkTa Zevs XalXairt Oecnrecrip, o'w 81 vecjikeo’crt KaXvxj^ev yalav optov /cat tvovtov ’ opcvpet S’ ovpavoOev vv at ply €7retr’ k^kpovr’ kiviKapcriat, drrta 8k cr(fnv TptyOd T€ Kat Terpa^Od 8tkcr\t(Tev tepop tjv oAoots dvkptoicnv tvovtov e7r’ L^OvoevTa' drap SeKarp kTvkfdipxzv yatrys Atorotfidytov, ot r’ ay#tyoy etdap eSovtnv. kvda S’ e7r’ rjTvetpov (3rjptev Kat d(f>V(TO^d|X€0 , v8iop, alxj/a 8e 8et7ri/oi/ IAo^to $ops 7rapd vrjvcrlv kralpot. avTap l/ret (TLTOto r kTvaaa-dpieO' 7y8e 7 rorr/TOs, 87 ) tot’ lyoV krapovs irpoAtv 7rev9€(r6ai tovras. GO 65 70 75 80 85 20 HOMER. Oi Ttves dvkpes eiev kirl \6ovi (tltov eSovres, avSpe 8vb) Kpivas, rpAarov Krjpv)^ ap’ 07rdo"cr«?. oi 8’ at\p > ol^opcvoL ptyev dv8pdcn Ao)TO(pdyoionv. owS’ dpa A(DTO(j)dyoL py'fiovO’ krapoicnv oXeOpov rjperkpois, dXXd crcfu 8ocrav Awtoio irdo-acrOai. tmv 8’ os r is Xcoroio v dOeplemav LKoped\ oi' pa Oeoien TreTroiOores a^avaroio'tv OVT€ (f)VT€VOVCTLV X € P (T 4 >VT ° V °^ T ' dpObHTIV, aAAa rd y’ dcnrapra kgu dvijpOTa irdvra (fivovrat, Trvpoi Kal ikpovcriv otvov epLO-rd(f)vXov, k at crc/uv Aios 6p/3pos de^ei. ToicTiv 8’ ovt dyopal /3ovXrj(f)6poi ovre Oepurre s, dAA’ oi' y’ w^Awv opeoiv vakovcn Kaprjva kv o"irko-(Ti yXaefrv poicn, Oepicrrevei 8k eiv i}8’ dAo>(a>w, ow8’ dXXijXoiv aXeyovcnv. vr/o-os eVetra Xd\eia Tvo.peK Xipevos rerdivverrat, yair/s KukAcottcov ovre a^Soy our’ d-TroryXov, vX'ipvar 1 * kv 8’ a Tyes d-Kapko-iai yeydaertv dypi at* ow /xew yap 7rdros av^/xoTroH' d.irepvKei, ov8e piv eicroi)(V€V(ri /evvyykrai, oi' re KaO ’ wA^w dXyea irdayovenv Kopvcjycvs opeiov l67rovre?. 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 ODYSSEY IX, 2l out’ dpa TroifxvTjcr lv KaTatcr\eTaL out’ apo-oiTiv, aAA’ rj y’ dtnrapros Kal dvijpoTos yjpara 7rdvra dv8pcov yy-jpevet, fdocrKet 8e re /xry/caSas afyas. ov yap KvKXd)Trecrcrt vees rrapa puXro—dprjOL, ouS’ dvSpes vr](8v evt reKToves, ot Ke Kaptotev vrjas evcrcreXptovs, at Kev reXeotev eKGurra dare €7r’ au6fy)co7rcoi/ tKvev/xevat, old re rroXXd dv8pes err' dXXyjXovs vrjvalv Trepooxrt GdXaercrav' oi Ke crtjuv Kal vrjtrov evKTtptevrjv eKaptovro. ov pev yap tl KaKyj ye, (fyepot 8e Kev topta rrdvra * ev /x€U yd/) Xeipcdves dXos rroXtoto Trap b\9as v8pi]Xol ptaXaKot’ pdXa k’ dtpGtrot dprreXot eiev. ev 8 ’ dpotrts Xetrj' pdXa Kev /3a9v Xyjtov a let ei$ (opas dpuoev, hrel fxdXa irta.p vt r’ ouSas. ev Se Xt/xyjv evoppos, tv ’ ou Xi° €( ^ ^etcr^aros «tto^ out’ ei’uas fdaXeetv ovre Trpvpvrjart dvdxpat, aAA’ cTTiKeXo-avras petvat \p6vov, ets o K€ vavretov 9vpbs errorpvvp Kal eTmrvevaaxrtv dyjrat. avrdp errl Kparbs Xtpevos peet dyXaov vScop, Kpy'jvrj U7 ro o-Tretovs’ Trepl S’ a tyetpot Tre e^rjs S’ efybpevoi iroXcrjv dXa rvirrov eperpols. aAA’ ore 8r] rbv \upov acfaiKopeO’ eyyv g eovra, evOa S’ sV’ e(r\anfj cnreos eiSopev ay^t OaXdxnrrjs vxJxrjXov, 8def)V7j(TL Karrjpeefies. evOa Se TroXXd p7)X\ 6 teg Te /cat atyeg, laved kov ‘ 7 rept S’ avXij viprjXr) SeS//,?yTO Kartopv\eeddi XIOoidiv paKpfjdlv re Trlrvadcv I8e 8pvdlv vipiKopoidiv. evOa S’ dv'i)p evlave TreXdpLos, og />a Ta prjXa 155 1G0 1G5 170 175 ISO 185 g. f»r ODYSSEY IX. 23 OIOS TTOl/JLaiV€(TK€V aTTOTTpoOtV ' OTjSe /X€t’ dXXoVS 7T0)Xar, dXX’ d7rdvev0ev kcov dOepia-na /cat ya/> Qavpa rkrvKro ireXatpiov, ooSe Iw/cetv dv8pi ye crLTOcjidyo), aXXd pc o) vXrpvn vxp^Xkvv opeoiv, 6 re cjyatveraL otov a7r’ aAAwv. S?) rore tovs dXXovs KeXoprjv kpcr/pas kraf.povs avrov Trap vip re pkvetv /cat y'^a epvcrOcu, avrdp eyu) /cptyas krdpcov Soo/catSe/c’ dp [(irons f3rj y* drdp atyeoy dcrKov e^oy pkXavos otyoto fjSeos, dv /xol e'Sou/ce Md/Dwy ’Eoay#eos vlos, Ipevs 'ArroXXoiVos, os’lcrpapov d/x(/>t/3e/3/y/cety, ooye/ca puv crvv 7ratSt TvepLayopzO' yj8e yvvaiKi a^opevot ’ d)K€L yap kv dXcrei 8ev8pypvn <&ol(3ov 5 A7toAA(oi/os. 6 Se /xot 7ropey dyXad Swpa ’ Xpvcrov pkv p.OL eSco/c’ kvepykos €7rra raAavra, Sw/ce Se ptot Kpprppa rravdpyvpov, avrdp eVetTa oivov kv dpufucfyopevcri SuwSe/ca irdaiv dfjyvaaas yj8vv diaipdcnov, Oaov ttotov * ooSe Tts aoxoy 3 / 3 > i / \ > \ if ijecorj OfuoQJV ovo apcpiiroAGxv eve olkco 9 dAA’ avrus dXo\6s re (piXrj rap'o] re pi* ot?/. tw 3’ ore Trivoiev pteAt^Sea ofyoy kpvOpov, kv 8a ras kpTvXr] } ovSe piv kv8ov evpopev, aAA’ kvopeve vopov Kara irlova pyjXa. kXOovres S’ ets avrpov kOrjevpecrOa e/catrTa. rapaol pkv rvptdv fSplOov, (ttclvovto Se dyyea Travra, yavXol re o-Kaef)l8es re, rervyp'ev a, roi? evdpeXyev. eV#’ l/xe /xev Trpdno-O' erapoc Xicraovr’ eTreeaenv rvpQ>v alvvpevovs levai rraXiv, avrap erreira KaprraXlpios €7rt v?ya dopv eplefxovs re Kal dpvas crpKOjv e^eXdcravras eTmrXelv dXpvpov v8(op' dXX’ lyto otj TrtOoppv, ^ r’ ay 7roA8 KepSiov rjev, of^p 1 avrov re iSocpu, i \ €VC7a 0€ TTVp K7J(IVT€S £VV(TCl/lCV 7)0€ KOLL CLVTOL rvplbv aivvpevoi cfxdyopev pevopev re piv evSov ppevoi, ecos errrjXde vepoxv. l/oe 8’ o fdpipov a\6os vXps dfaXeys, tva ol Tr oriSopTrt ov etp, evrocrOev S’ dvrpoio f3aXibv opvpay8bv eOrjKev ' ypxels SI 8elo-avres aTrevo-vpeO' es pvypv dvrpov. avrap o y’ els evpv cnreos pXacre rrlova ppXa Travra jjJlXI, ocrcr’ ppeXye, ra S’ apcreva Xelrre $vprj dpvetovs re rpdyovs re, fdaO elp s eKroOev.a. vXrj^ . avrap eTretr'’ breOrjKe Ovpebv peyav vxpoer' del pas, of3ptpov' ovk dv rov ye 8vo) ipa ol el'rj rrlveiv alvvpevo) Kal ol TronSopmov etp. avrap err el 8p o-rrevcre TTOvrjcrdp.evos ra a epy a, Kal rore rrvp dveimLe Kal elo-idev, ecpero 8’ ppdas' ‘ u) £ecvot, rives eare ; t roOev TrXeW ’ vypd KeXevda ; y n Kara Trpp^cv rj paxj/i8lios dXdXpaQe, ODYSSEY IX. ml O old T€ \rjL(TTrjf)€Sf V7T€tp dXa, TOL T~ dXoOJVTCU \f v)^ds rrap9kpevoL kokov dXXo8arroLcrL cfikpovres f ' d>5 e(f>a9 , ) rjp.LV 8’ avre KaT6ip t/ceraoov re ^ecvcov re, £elvios, 05 ^etj/otcrtv clp’ atSototcrtv 07T7/Set.’ w5 ecfjdprjv, 6 Se p’ aoTt/c’ daet/iero vrj Aet 9vp/Tt05 et5, w £'eti/, ■>} r^Ao(9ei/ etAv/Aov^as, 05 pc 9eov oeue oe youay. to vs Se Sea peXeicrrl rapdov co7rAco-o-aTO 8opirov' pcrQic S’ cos re Aecov opecriTpooSj ov S’ aTr'cXcnrev, ’ey Kara re crdpKas re /cat ocrrea pveXoevra. y)pcls Se /cAacovres dvccrycOopcv All )(ecpas> o^erAta epy’ opocovres, dppyavlrj S’ e^e Qvpov. avrdp a rec KvkAcoi,/' peydXrjv kpTrXrjcraro v?ySvv dv8popca ipeves rjrrap e^ovcr/.v, ^ccp’ cTTLpacrcrdpcvos’ eVepos Se pe Qvpds epvKev. avrov yap kc /cat dppes owrcoAope$’ ai7rvv oXeQpov * ov yap / V > ?• 0 /0~C€y1_y) \ / ocraov u lcttov vrjos eetKocropoto /xeAair?ys, I /£ > / V ) vCAtO / \ c popTLdos evpetijs, ?y r eKivepaa p,ey a Aatr/xa* / if ijjt / / j / /1 toccov erjv ptrjKos, toctctov 77a)^os etaopaatruat. tov pev cxjov t opyvtav eywr aTeKoif/a TapaaTas Kal TapeOrj^ eTapotatv, a7ro£ocai Se KeXevcra. ot S’ optaXov TTObrjcav' eyw S’ e$owca 7ra/}aaTas diap Se Xa/3tov eTrvpaKTeov ev Trvpl kx] Aew. 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J o 8x p? olpto^as ypxlfdxro pvOip' ‘ d) TTOTTOLy y pdXa 8y px TraXa'ixfara Oxa^aO’ t/edret. xctkx tls xvOaSx pd.vTis dvyp yvs re pxyas re, TyXepos Jdvpvpk8ys, os pavToorvvyj e/ce/cacrro Kal pavrxvopxvos Karxyypa Ki>/cAw7recrcriy • 510 os poc xcfrj rade ndvra TxXxvTydxaQai 07r tVoao, yxipwv x£ ’O 8vdpos dpapTrpTxcrOai otuvi rys. dAA’ alx'i riva (fcora pxyav Kal KaXov x8'xypyv xv6d8 ’ eAevcrecr^at pxydXyjv XTnxipxvov dXKyv' vvv 8x p’ xcov oXcyos tx i? ovk orfiOaXpov y’ lijcerat ov8 ’ evoctyOtovd cos k^>dpyv, 6 3 ’ erretra Iloo'etSaam avaKTt ev\€TO X e w’ opeyoiv els ovpavov derrepoevra' e kXvOc, IlocretSaov yanjox^ Kvavoyatra , el kreov ye cro? elpt, Traryp S’ epos ei^eat elvat, 80s py ’OSwtnya irroXuropOtov otKaS’ tKeerOat vtbv Aaeprea), 5 WaKyj evt oIk'l ’ e^ovra. aAA et ot /xot/) eerrt eptAovs r toeetv teat us a/jar’ ev\6pevos, rov S’ eipoto rvrOov, kSexn'jcrev 3 ’ olrjtov dapov tKeerOat. kieXecrOy 8e OdXaerera Karep^opevys vtto Trerpys’ TTjV 8e Trpocro) kpe i, dXX' o ye fieppippL^ev, OTVois d.TroXotaro 7rdcrcu vrjes ev(Texegetic, i.e., explaining rode. This use of the infinitive, in which it corresponds exactly to the Latin dative of pur¬ pose, is the original usage. Cp. the vulgar English, ‘ a good thing for to hear,’ ‘I came for to hear.’ Cp. vv. 88 , 93, 249. For the form, see A. § 27, ii. {a). dm 8 ov: G. § 171, 2 . 36 HOMER, ODYSSEY IX. 4. 08 ’ : the bard Demodocus, who has been singing the story of Troy to the assembled company. avSrjv G. § 160, 1 . 5. ov , . . tC . . . Tt'Xos xapic'a-repov I 4 no delight more complete,’ lit. 4 no more delightful realization,’ reXos often implying 4 final result,’ ‘ perfection.’ For oti (prjpu ( = say . . . not), cp. Lat. nego. In English the negative goes not with the verb of saying, but with the dependent clause or a prominent word in the latter. 6 . ^xTl KaTa • = the later kcltIxi 7 - In Homer the adverb-prepositions have not yet attached themselves firmly to their verbs, and hence so- called tmesis (‘ a cutting,’ or ‘ separation,’ repivio) is common. Cp. v. 19 : vywv xjtto = later inroipvywv. The accent on a dissyllabic preposition is oxytone, but is retracted (becomes paroxytone) when the preposition comes after the word to which it belongs. If exy Kara is read, then ^XV = ‘ prevails,’ and /card belongs to dijpiov, ‘ throughout all the land.’ or’ for ore (probably never for on, which does not allow elision of final t). As regards the subjunctives in vv. 6 - 8 , 10, Homer uses this mood in general sentences (see G. § 231) without av or /ce, where Attic Greek demands the presence of av. 7. &Kovd£covTCU : ‘ listen eagerly,’ an intensive form, with the genitive (like aKove/xev, v. 3) of ‘the person from whom sound comes.’ 8 . 'rmpd, 1 adverbial, ‘ by their side.’ 9. criTOv Kal Kpeicov : genitive after a verb expressing fulness, a genitive of material ; G. § 172, 1. Kpeiwv \ see A. § 10. Kpiyrqpos ‘mixing bowl,’ often of great size, in which the wine was mixed (Kepavvvjuu) with water for drinking. (Attic KparTjpos ; so v. 27, rp^xeta, in Attic, rpaxela ; A. § 3, i.) It was then carried round in a small jug ( irpoxoos ), and poured in the guest’s goblet (deiras). 10. tjjopeV 1 • see A- § 25. Stirdecro-i *. A. § 10. The dative is loca- tival—‘in the goblets.’ €*YX € H 1 • from an earlier form existing side by side with %ew. 11 . tovto tl '. ‘ this in some sort,’ rt limiting tovto. 12. o*oi emphatic, a dative of reference. ‘ But for thee, thy heart . . .’ epa KrjSea for the case, cp. v. 503, aXawrvv. 13. o-Ttvax^w • subjunctive (G. § 216, 2 ), because the action of groaning still lies in the future, although the main verb is in a past tense. 6 c{>pa \ here final, 4 in order that,’ though often temporal, ‘ until,’ or ‘so long as.’ 14. toi : see A. § 14, i., and distinguish from the particle rot, ‘ verily,’ ‘ I tell thee,’ and rot = of, A. § 12, iii. 15. Socrav i.e., edorav. The omission of the augjnent is so frequent in Homer that, except in special cases, it will not be noticed in future. Cp. 7 reXaaaev, v. 39 ; -Rivero, v. 45 ; (3aXXov, v. 55. It is omitted occasionally even in Attic Greek (poetical). 17. ciSct’ : subjunctive from oWa ; see A. § 25, i., and cp. arevax^oj, v. 13. &v \ the addition of this particle only in the second of two co¬ ordinate clauses marks contrast, fnro I see note on #xv Kara, v, 6 . NOTES. 37 18. f-€ivos! = Attic S^os; see A. § 3, ii. : Attic &. G. § 127, i., Note. airoirpoGi: ‘ at some place far away.’ The suffix -Qi denotes place at; e g., avTo0L, 'YK'lo0l irp6. 19. 7ra.cn SoXoicri an instrumental dative, ‘ by reason of all manner of wiles.’ G. § 188, 1. For the form AaepTiaSqs, see G. § 129, 9. 20. Kal. . . iK€t: for the change from a relative to a direct construc¬ tion, cp. G. § 156. (lev: see A. § 14, i. ovpavdv ! the preposition expressing motion towards is commonly dispensed with in Homer, especially with iku and its cognates. G. § 162. 21. Ithaca is a rugged island off the coast of Acarnania, in the west of Greece, and close to Cephallenia ; its modern name is Theaki. ev- SefeXov I ‘clear seen’ (drjXos). Another explanation is ‘western,’ from 8d\ii, ‘the setting of the sun.’ 22. ap.<{>£: adverbial, ‘round about’; cp. v. 8. The usage is too common to require notice, except in particular cases. 23. d\X.Tj\ipriv : A. § 8, i. Dulichium may possibly be Leucadia [Saiita Maura). Same is Cephallenia ( Gephalonia ), Zacynthus the modern Zante. 25, 26. Ithaca is not ‘ low-lying,’ nor is it ‘ farthest up towards the darkness,’ i.e., towards the west. The geography of the Odyssey is vague, elv Attic ev ; A. § 3, ii. Other forms are hi (v. 33), eivl (v. 417). 26. 84 t’ : in Attic prose (except in the phrases oibs re, etc.) re can only answer /ecu' or re, but in Homer it is often a generalizing particle, which cannot be rendered in English, cu I see on rbv , v. 1. f|4Xiov \ A. § 3, v. 28. fjs ya£qs \ either ‘ one’s own,’ or ‘ my own.’ It is a matter of dispute whether the possessive adjective os is only of the third person, or generally of all three persons. 29. Sia Geawv \ 1 fair goddess,’ lit. ‘ bright one of goddesses.’ For the form deaiov (= dewv), see A. § 7, i. Cp. to/cecdw/', v. 101. 30. cm-io-crt: see A. § 8, iii. Supply e/xb as subject to eheu. 31. &s . . • ai/Tcos I ‘likewise,’ the modal adverb of 6 avros, the ame. Distinguish ws, ‘ as ’; <2s (also d>s), ‘ so ’; (is, * to ’ (preposition). 32. Ala£t]: adjective of ^Ea or iEaea, the legendary island of Circe, the enchantress who turned Odysseus’ followers into swine, etc. 33. iroTe: for the distinction between 7rore and wore, and other imilar adverbs, see G. §§ 87, 2, and 27, 2. 34. cos: emphatic, ‘so surely.’ roKqwv : see A. § 7, iii. fjs : here ertainly of the third person, ‘a man’s own,’ ‘ one’s own.’ See v. 28, n. 37. cl 8’ ftye I ‘ but come now.’ el is identical with the later ela and Latin [h)eia, meaning ‘come.’ evunreo : ‘let me tell,’ a hortative sub¬ junctive. G. § 253. 33 TIOMER, ODYSSEY IX. 38. diro Tpo^Gcv with such forms a redundant airb or e£ occurs often, though the suffix -de or -dev itself denotes ‘place whence.’ G. § 61, and cp. 'Yktodev, v. 39. 4<})£r]K€v I A. § 3, v. 39—104. He tells how he and his comrades left Ilium , sacked Ismarus, and visited the Lotus-eaters. 39. The Cicones were a Thracian tribe on the coast W. of the Hebrus ( Maritza ). 40. Tcrpapo) in apposition to Kueiveacn, which it defines more nearly. It was on the coast, at the foot of Mt. Ismarus, near the modern Makri. avTOvs ' ‘ the men themselves.’ Distinguish Zirpadov (2 aor. irepdw) and eirpddrjv (1 aor. pass, ttltt pda kco). 41. ttoAios l see A. § 7, iii- 42. IVrjs adjective used as a substantive ; perhaps polpas, ‘share,’ may be supplied. The genitive is ablatival (G. § 174) after aTep.j36p.evos. |xoi: ethic dative, ‘for me,’ i.e., ‘as far as I could help it.’ See G. § 184, 3, Note 2 ; and cp. v. 64. 43. 8iepo> I ‘ swift, fleet,’ whether from the root of deinv, diaivu, ‘ I moisten’ (hence, ‘moist, fresh, active’), or of dleadai, ‘to flee.’ ev- yepev cp. anodepev, v. 3. 44. T)vw - y€a : ‘I bade,’ see A. § 24, vii. rol ’. see A. § 12, iii., and for the demonstrative use, cp. v. 1, n. peya ; adverbial. G. § 160, 2. 46. €i\{iro8as ‘ trail-footed ’ (eiXvio, ‘ I roll,’ ttovs). 4XiKas ’. [eXlaaio, ‘I twist’), either (i.) ‘with crumpled horns,’ or (ii.) ‘with shambling gait.’ 47. yeywvevv see A. § 3, vii. Cp. pev, v. 20. 48. ctpetovs I ‘ doughtier ’; = apeioves, from apeicov. A. § 13, ii. 49. a<{>’ i/n-rrcov : not ‘on horseback,’ but ‘from chariots.’ Horses were not ridden in Homeric times. 50. XPT • supply papvaadaL, ‘ where it is needful for a man to fight on foot.’ 51. ocra I ‘as many as.’ In Greek as in Latin, the demonstrative antecedent (here roaovroi) is frequently omitted. wpr) ‘ in their season.’ 52. rppioi: not connected with arjp, ‘ the air,’ but with rjpc, ‘ early ’; hence ‘in the morning.’ Trape'c-Tr): ‘stood by us,’ i.e., came upon us. So Trapijv often means ‘ was come.’ Cp. aderat in Latin. 54. pax T P' • to be taken with both CTyaapevoL and epaxovro. Gotjcti cp. aX\r]\r](riv, v. 23. 56. Itpov ijpap t ‘ the goodly day.’ lepos (sometimes ipbs) means originally ‘strong,’ whence its use as an epithet of ptvos, etc. As an epithet of rivers, towns, daylight, etc., it has its secondary and usual NOTES. 39 meaning of ‘ sacred,’ i.e., under divine protection. Perhaps ‘goodly’ will keep up the double meaning, though ‘ goodly ’ and ‘ godly ’ are not connected etymologically. 57. Topa 8’ I the 8e merely marks the beginning of the consequent- clause, and is often so used even in Attic Greek. It cannot be trans¬ lated, and is known as ‘ 8£ in apodosi .’ |ievop,€v ! imperfect (cp. Socrau, v. 15) and intransitive. The accusative belongs to aXe^6/j.evoi.. 58. PovXvtovSc I the suffix -Se signifies ‘motion towards.’ See G. § 61, and cp. ’A Q'qva^e (=’ AOr/vas + Se), aXaSe. {3 ov\vt6s is probably ‘ the time just after mid-day ’ (Frazer), as is clear from its uses in Homer, and as is borne out by the fact that the oxen were, and are always, unyoked after the morning’s ploughing. 59. tot€ St] I ‘then at last,’ Srj being an intensive particle, often with an idea of time; cp. ijSri, ‘already,’ ore 8rj, ‘when at length,’ vv. 76, 181. 61. ot &\Xoi: ‘ we the rest.’ The article implies emphatic contrast. 62. dKax.rjp.evoi • see A. § 24, iv. The accent on two or three of these perf. participles is irregular ; they should be paroxytone. See G. § 26, N. 3 (1). rjTop ", accusative of ‘part affected G. § 160, 1. 63. durp.evoi : ‘ glad at having escaped from death.’ oXecravTes ’ tWv/u not unfrequently means ‘ I lose.’ Cp. the double meaning of perdo. The participle is concessive—‘ even though we had lost.’ 64. dtpa : ‘ after all,’ i.e., as one might have expected. dpujjieXuro-ai; (dyU0i, eX Lcracj, ‘ I twist ’) usually translated ‘ rolling on both sides,’ or ‘curved’; or with Leaf, ‘turning on both sides,’ and so ‘readily wheel¬ ing or steering.’ 65. For the construction of irptv, cp. G. § 240, 2. riva : indefinite, ‘one,’ i.e., here, ‘we’; subject to avcrcu, ^Kaaror being object. It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans to call out thrice the name of one who had just died, probably as a formal farewell to him. erapcov : A. § 3, iv. 66. tnro I notice the accent, and cp. Kara, v. 6, n. 67. verj> 6 ^- 1 TY € P eTa • A. § 5, iii. vqwl: A. § 11, i. 68. XaCXa-rri ‘comitative’ dative, ‘together with a mighty storm.’ G. § 188, 5. iv : dative of the person interested or affected. G. § 184, 3. N. 1. 71. Tpix^a • . • TcrpaxSa,: ‘in three and in four pieces,’ i.e., ‘in shreds.’ avep-oio : see A. § 7, ii. 72. Ka0€}JL€v : = Attic KaOet/ner. Short stem, according to A. § 16, i. 73. auTas I ‘ the ships themselves,’ as contrasted with ra nev (laria). Cp. avrovs, v. 40. avros in Homer almost always has its emphatic 40 HOMER, ODYSSEY IX. meaning. TpmpdvSe: Cp. v. 58, note, f Trpoepecrcra|i€v the common reading is Trpoepvaaapeu, ‘drew’ or ‘drove forward.’ 74. vvKTas . . . ^paTa : see G. § 161. aid! A. § 3, iv. 75. KajxttTio . . . dXyecri: analogous to instrumental datives. 76. Te\eiiovTai! with a neuter plural nominative Homer generally follows the Attic rule (G. § 135, 2), except with nouns representing agents and with numerals ; with this latter group we may perhaps rank TrdvTa, which several times appears with a plural verb when implying ‘ distinct things,’ and 7roXXd. 111. oajnv i ‘for them,’ as in v. 70. Supply oTvov as object to de£et. 112. dyopaC . . . Gc-purres ' ‘places of assembly’ (ayetpw), ‘rules of justice.’ 115. iratSwv . . . aXo^wv genitive as with a verb of ruling. G. § 171, 3. dXXfjXcov ’. genitive (quasi-partitive) with a verb of aiming at, caring for. G. § 171, 2. 116. ^ireiTa I ‘ now,’ introducing a fresh point in the story. Xdx.etct perhaps ‘tangled, overgrown’ (\dxvy, ‘woolly hair’); or ‘fertile’ (Xa%aiVw, ‘I dig’). Another reading is ^7retr’ eXa^eia. irapeK I ‘along¬ side but outside,’ ‘off.’ The island is perhaps Hlgussa, one of the yEgates Insulae off the N. coast of Sicily, as the Cyclopes were supposed to dwell in Sicily. 118. yeydatriv I see A. § 16, ii. 120. elcroixyevtri I A. § 3, vii. p-iv A. § 14, i. Very rarely it stands for the plural, all genders, of the 3rd personal pronoun, and occasionally as a reflexive. 121. teTrovT€s ‘ ply,’ ‘ range.’ e-iru means orig. ‘ I deal with,’ ‘ have to do with’; whence ewopai., ‘ I go with or attend on.’ 42 HOMER, ODYSSEY IX. 124. dvSpwv G. § 172, 1. 125. Trapa (with retracted accent) =-irapsLat ; so $vi, next line, = %veun. Compare the note on Kara, v. 6. ixiXTOTrdpfloi: (pUXtos, ‘cinnabar, vermilion,’ irapeia , ‘cheek’) Leaf suggests that this epithet implies the painting of a face on the bows, of which practice the modern figure-head is the outcome. 126. ot' «€ Kapoiev \ ‘ who might make,’ potential optative, G. § 226, 2. So reXeoLeu, v. 127 ; (pepoi , v. 131. 127. Ivcro-eXpoes ‘ with stout benches ’ (a^Xgara). Others say ‘ well¬ decked.’ The Homeric ship had a small deck (tfcpta) in the bows and at the stern, dcaara is object to reXtoLeu. 128. old t€ TroXXd 1 ‘like as often’ (G. § 160, 2). ola = ‘as,’ is found in all Greek. 129. -irepowo-i : A. § 17, B. iii. 130. oil 1 referring to audpes tcktopcs, v. 126. euKTipeVriv l predica¬ tive, ‘ fair of habitation.’ For ice . . . eicdfiouro, see G. §§ 222 ; 226, 2, translate ‘ who should have made them. The middle voice is used, as the shipwrights would have had an interest in their own action (G. 199, 2). 132. ev ! as ’due, above, v. 126 ; so vv. 134, 136. iroXioio here of two, but generally of three terminations. 134. XetT]: ‘smooth,’ i.e., ‘free from stones,’ ‘loamy.’ 135. del els wpcts *. ‘ever from season to season ’; cp. Latin in dies. vir’ I this reading makes wcap a noun, vir’ ovdas going together —‘ since verily there is richness under the ground.’ But inro with the accusative implies motion, which is hardly admissible here. A better reading is (jt, i.e., virecm, iriap being an adjective. 137. (3aXc-€iv A. § 27, ii. (c). evvasl the ships of Homer’s time were not anchored, but run ashore at night stern-foremost. The stern ( 7 rpdpcur]) was secured by hawsers [irpvpiv'pai.a), and the vessel was pre¬ vented from careening by two large stones ( cvuai) lowered on either side the keel near the prow. 138. peivai : governed by the idea of the preceding eaTiv —‘but men need only run ashore, and tarry a season until,’ etc. Observe that the subject of a verb (as here, pceivai), is often left indefinite till a sub¬ ordinate sentence presents it (here uavTt W). 140. KpctTOS ’. A. § 11, i. 142. KaT€irXeo[i6v ‘to put to land,’ opposed to dud yew, ‘to put out to sea.’ 141. tnro cnreiovs ‘ from beneath a cave,’ the proper meaning of VITO with a genitive, aireiovs = cnrdovs. 143. bpvaiT|v ’. emphatic, and explained by ov8d irpov(j>odveT ’ (im¬ personal) IdecrOai (epexegetic) ; ‘ dark indeed, nor was there light to see.’ NOTES. 43 149. VTyucrt: such a dative of interest, in meaning much like a pos¬ sessive genitive, is as a rule only used of persons (cp. G. § 184, 3, N. 1). 151. 8iav ‘bright.’ Cp. 29. The word is connected with Zeds, At os, etc., Latin dies, divas , and possibly deus. 152. 'fipcytveia \ ‘early,’ lit. ‘early-born’ [rjpi, ylyvo^iai). pododaKrvXos suggests the colour of the streaks of light at daybreak. 153. e8ivedfucr0a \ -pieada is an older form of the termination -pieda. 154. alyio^oio: ‘the aegis-bearer.’ The aegis was a huge shield, ornamented with a hundred golden tassels, and symbolising ‘the storm- cloud.’ According to the myth, it was made of the skin of the goat whose milk fed the infant Zeus [alyls, from cu£, ‘ goat ’). Later the name was given to the breast-plate of Athene. 156. 8o\i)(avA.ovs ‘long-socketed.’ The av\6s is the bronze socket in which the metal point was fixed. 157. 8ia I with Kocrpupdevres. 158. pdXX.op.ev : incipient imperfect, ‘ began to . . 160. Xd*yx. a vov I rarely intransitive — ‘fell by lot.’ ££eXov *. 3rd plural. Distinguish olos (‘such’) and oTos (alone); olos and 6tos are from ots, 6'ts, ‘ sheep.’ 161. es rjeAiov k. concrete. In English abstract, ‘ till sunset.’ 162. dunreTa *. (a privative + aeir, root of elireiv) ‘ untold,’ and so ‘ plenteous. ’ 163. vrjcov I ablatival genitive with et-ecpdi to, ‘ was spent out of.’ 164. 'dKcunroi 1 ‘ each set of us,’ men from each ship, eve'rjv : = evr\v. 167. 4)0o-yyrjv governed by eKedcraopiev according to the grammatical figure called zeugma [tpedyvvpu, ‘I yoke’), i.e., combination, in Avhich one word, usually a verb as here, dots duty in different senses. 168. err\ . . . fjX0ev 1 tmesis. 171. ayopfjv 0ep.evos I ‘held an assembly,’ not ‘ordered’ [dels). G. § 199. 173. cptois irdpoitriv ! i.e., the crew of Odysseus’ ship. 174. twv 8’ avSpwv : 7reipdopiaL regularly takes a genitive. Notice the position of avdpCjv as object of the principal, rather than subject of the dependent clause. 175. In Homer f) (or ¥) • • • *i (or rje) correspond to the Latin vtrum . . . an. Attic Greek requires el (or irbrepov) ...?). Slkcuoi : lit. ‘acting according to custom’ [SIkt], ‘a method pointed ont’j con¬ nected with deiia'vpu), hence ‘civilised.’ 44 HOMER, ODYSSEY IX. 17 7—230. Odysseus with one ship reaches the land of the Cyclopes, and xcaits in Polyphemus' 1 cave with twelve companions. 177. vqos ! perhaps a genitive of place, expressing vague local rela¬ tion ; but more probably oh the analogy of the common construction with eirifia.ivw, as in v. 101. Cp. v. 84, n. 178. ava, . . . Xvi(3€|3T]5 4/ 7 A^th^ ^ • OQQ • A o o . • rni, „ r_ #/ l r»*r/» 233. £ios I A. § 3, vi. The form etws also occurs, v. 376. 234. 'rroTiSopmov [ttot'l = irpbs, bbpirov) ; ‘for his supper,’ i.e., either j ■ t° cook his dinner, or to give light while he was eating. In v. 24 n it means actually * for supper. % Ic'Aa * <54/ 4/hlyi^sUrr-r t '7 . v * ' f X t 9~ * 235. £0?]K€v \ ‘ made,’ a frequent Ionic use of tLOtj/m. 236. dir€cnru[Ji€0’ : A. § 21, i. 238. pd\’ : emphasizing irdvra, ‘ yea, all.’ 6criv : A. § 9, ii. 239. j3a0£irjs 2kto0£v avXfjs : ‘ outside in the deep court.’ The geni¬ tive is one of place (cp. v. 177), common in Homer, especially when, as here, ‘two sides or alternative places are contrasted’ (Monro). The contrast is between the cuuXrjs (without) and the aireos (v. 237) within. Some read ’dvroQev, ‘within,’ which is far simpler. 240. aa'pas I aetpco is the older form of ai'pw. 241-2. &v . . . o\\l(riXov (connected with suns): ‘own’; here, ‘within us.’ 8a- travTwv : best regarded not as absolute, but genitive with hrop, ‘ of u» NOTES. 47 259. toi I ethic dative, * let me tell thee.’ Cp. yoi, v. 42. 261. U'pcvoi I from 'leycu, ‘I strive after,’ ‘make for,’ with lost digamma (distinguish from iryju, ‘I send’; reduplicated, and connected with Latin sero). itXXqv . . . &XXa I ‘ far other.’ Lor the case, cp. v. 252. 263. ’ATpeiSfco *. A. § 7, i. For the patronymic, see G. § 129, 9 (c). 264. peyicrrov {nroupiviov ‘greatest ( predicate ) under heaven.’ 266. ■yovva \ A. § 11, i. The accusative belongs either to Kixavoyevoi or iKd/ied'. to, : ‘ these.’ 267. cl: cp. v. 229. 268. 8cot£vt]v 1 ‘a keepsake.’ 269. alSeto : A. § 17, B. iv. clpev G. § 127, I. 271. aiSoCoicriv to be treated with cu’<5o>s . Others? read diro^vvat., from o£iW, ‘I make sharp or tapering.’ 328. &Kpov predicative, ‘to a point.’ 330. Kcrra o-trelovs as we might say, ‘down the cave,’ towards the interior, kc'xvto A. § 24. peyaX’ ijXiGa : adverbs qualifying woXXy. ■fjXida is from the root of aXis, ‘ enough.’ f 331. irciraXecrGoLi: reduplicated second aorist of 7rdXXw, ‘ I shake’; the old reading v-evaXdaOcu, ‘ to be shaken ’ (from an assumed iraXd {opal), is unsatisfactory. The MSS. read 7re7r aXaxdou (TraXdaaoj, ‘ I sprinkle ’), which is meaningless here. ftvaryov = ijvcoyou. A § 24, viii. 332. To\|rrjtra€v for the mood, see G § 244. pa8tT]criv : for the case, cp. vrjkh 8vpup, v. 272, etc. It is an instrumental dative expressing either manner (‘ through ’) or circum¬ stance (‘ with ’). 362. irept . . . i]\v0€v l = TepirjXOev. KvicXcoira . .. tjjpe'vas the so- called 1 accusative of the whole and part,’ in which one object-accusative is in a manner corrected by a second, the latter being not appositional, but ‘ a second limiting accusative ’ (Monro). 364. rot = croi, A. § 14, i. 365. c|ep£w : A. § 19, ii. 366. Ovtis a proper name, with changed accent (not oUtls) and altered form in the accusative (0 dnv for oOt iva). 367. &XX01: lit. ‘ the others, all my comrades.’ &\\os is often well translated ‘besides.’ 369. £So|jlcu : A. § 25, A. ii. p.€Ta: ‘among.’ ols os, like Lat. suus, which is the same word, is usually reflexive, but occasionally refers to some person other than the subject, as does suus. 371. t] I ‘ he said,’ A. § 17, A. i. 372. kcL8 . . . fjpei: tmesis. For Kad di, see A. § 4, v. 375. vtto crrroSou for the force of the genitive, cp. v. 141. rov p.6x\ov ; ‘ that bar,’ mentioned above. So in v. 378. 377. [rot: ethic, or dative of disadvantage, ‘ to my hurt.’ t avaSui] optative. Some read avadvir], A. § 26, i. 379. ewv : = &v. Sictfjcuvero \ ‘ glowed,’ at a white heat. 380. &ora-ov A. § 13, v. + 383. aepSei's ‘ raised aloft. ’ epeiadds, ‘ resting all my weight upon it,’ is also read. 384. rpvTru): the only place in Homer where the optative occurs in a simile, the subjunctive (without av or xe) being the rule, as in v. 392. In some cases av appears ; e.g., Od. X., v. 216. 385, 386. vTrotrcreiovcn.v . . . €Kaptv : A. § 9.. i. 408. ov8£: Polyphemus means ‘ and not by force.’ The Cyclopes take OSris for ‘no one ’ ovtls , and ovde for ‘or.’ 411. oli ir«s £av 1 A. § 21, ii. 414. d>s causal, ‘ because.’ 416. \}/T]Xacj>6ov 1 A. § 17, B. iii. 418. cl!: cp. v. 317, n. 419. 'fjXirer’1 not ‘ hoped,’ but rather ‘ deemed.’ Spero has the same two meanings, vTprriov I the word is formed from vy- (= not) and eir- ( =to speak) ‘ meaning (1) ‘speechless,’ and hence (2) ‘ childish,’ ‘ foolish.’ Cp. infans. 420. °X’ : cp. ^o%a, v. 551 ; ‘much, far, greatly.’ 423. rjev ’. A. § 3, v. 52 HOMER., ODYSSEY IX, 424. tjSe1 cp, v. 318. 427. aKecov ‘ in silence,’ either an indeclinable adverb or a par¬ ticiple. o-vve'epyoy 1 A. § 18, iii. 428. rfjs : A. § 12, iii. elScos cp. v. 189, n. 429. cri’v ! adverbial, as in v. 289. 4>e'peo-Kev I observe the repetition implied ; A. § 23. 430. trwovT€s ! the plural goes naturally with ro> erdpw, as the use of the dual was rarely systematic, even in the earliest Greek. 433. Kara . . . Xa^cov tmesis. 0ecrir€auoi.o I from the roots of deos, ‘ God,’ and eiiretv, ‘ heaven-spoken,’ and so ‘ wondrous.’ 434. ciwtov I depending on exo/xyy, in its usual middle sense of ‘to cling to.’ G. § 171, 1. 435. vwXepecos 1 ‘firmly,’ ‘ unceasinglyof doub'ful derivation (vr) and Xei7rw ; vi) and dAe/xos, ‘perishable ’; or vp and iXivuu, ‘ I cease ’). crrp€<{}6as 1 ‘on my back,’ or possibly ‘twisting myself into the wool.’ rerX-rjoTL A. § 24, iii. 438. vopovSe 1 cp. /3oeAur6i'5e, v. 58 ; arciOpLjude, v. 451. 439. p.e'|Ar)KQv I i.e., efxepirjKOv. A. § 24, viii. 440. ovGaTa cr^apctyeuvro 1 for the plural verb, cp. v. 109, n. ; the idiom is common in Homer with paits of the body, especially with yvia, ‘ limbs.’ dva£ : ‘master,’ as in v. 452. 442. op9wv 1 i.e., no longer reposing on the ground, lo-raorcov contracted in Attic Greek to icrruruv. G. § 69, Note. 443. ol *. cp. v. 390, n., ‘of his fleecy flocks.’ 445. 4p.ol iruKivd (J>pov£ovTi 1 ‘me with my cunning thoughts.’ The accusative is cognate ; G. § 159, Note 1. (rmvdp.€vos ’ ‘ burdened.’ 447. TTtTrov ! (net connected with irtwwv, ‘ripe’) ‘gentle,’ ‘tender.’ &ri Ptqcjiiv : A. § 9. 477. Ki)(T|cr£(r0cH : ‘ to come home to thee,’ ‘ to find thee out.* 480—525. The Cyclops hurls a rock at the ship, and speaks with Odysseus. 480. KTjpoOi, \ -6l Iccatival, ‘in his heart’; cp. v. 18. 482. KvavoTTpwpoio [ ‘ with dark prow.’ uhavos is ‘glass stained blue with compounds of copper,’ often used to adorn a frieze in the interior of a house, or to embellish a coping (OpiyKos). As applied to the colour of a ship’s prow, the word can only mean ‘ dark.’ [483.] interpolated here from v. 540 (q.v.). 485. Tqv t sc. vija. TjTreipdvSs I cp. v. 438. 54 HOMER, ODYSSEY IX. 486. xe'pdp.€v . . . 6Xe0eyi a p€vov : of any sound, even inarticulate. avS^cravTos 1 of speech, tcu ; = aov. A. § 14, i. For the conditional sentence, see G. § 222. 498. Sovpa ! A. § 11, i. 501. k€kott]6ti A. § 24, iii. 502. all 1 = el'. For the conditional sentence, see G. § 223, with Note 2. 503. aXacoTtlv 1 for the case, cp. v. 12, and G. § 164. Later ipeada l only rarely takes this construction. 504. <}>dcr0at: G. § 269. Originally, ‘ thou shalt be for saying ’ (see note on v. 3), i.e., ‘ thou shalt say.’ 507. p.aXa 8r| : ‘yea in very truth.’ |xe \ cp. pods, v. 450. With travel, cp. KixpcrccrOai, v. 477. 508. &tk€ : A § 23. tjvs \ ‘ good.’ -pvs or evs is the old adjective, of which the adverb ev is the neuter singular. 509. eKeKttcrTO t from Kai.vvp.aL. 510. KvKXc6ireo-(nv : locatival dative, ‘among the Cyclopes.’ Kare- ■yr)pa : A. § 21, i. 512. dp.apTTjcr£s I ‘so surely as.’ In ovSe the negative is repeated, 526—542. The Cyclops again hurls a roclc at the ship. 528. k\50i : irregular non-thematic imperat. of ?k\vov ; A. § 21, i. yai-r\o\e : ‘ supporter of the earth ’ {ycua, £%«), which was considered to be floating in the sea. Kvavo^aiTa : A. § 5, iii., and cp. the note on v. 482. Khavos here refers to the colour of the sea, Poseidon’s domain. 529. ! A. § 17, B. v. 530. |jit) : for the negative see G. § 283, 3. 532. ot: A. § 14, i. ISe'etv : A. § 27, ii. (c). 533. euKxCjxevov passive, ‘ well-build, d cp. A. § 21, i.; G. § 162. ef|v ‘his own.’ Distinguish from eyv ( = fjv), ‘ he was.’ 534. 2\0oi \ optative, expressing a wish ; G. § 251. So evpoi. Join a.7r-o\eaas, and note retracted accent on &7ro ; cp. v. 6, n. 538. d-rreXeOpov : ‘ measureless,’ from a privative and ireXedpov, later irhidpov (100 Greek feet). lv’ from t's (digammated). Cp. the Latin vim. 540. €8evTjo"€v: from the same stem as del, v representing the di¬ gamma of the stem. A. § 2, vi. 542. Tt|v 1 as in v. 485. \4pcrov not the same as in v. 486, but ‘ the strand ’ of the Isle of Goats. 543—566. They return to the Isle of Goats , and , after resting , journey onwards . 545. ei'ar’ I A. § 24, vi. TroTiSeypevoi: A. § 24, v. 550. apveiov : ‘ the ram ’ of v. 432, foil. 551. 8oo-av ’. ‘ gave in chief, when the flocks were parted amongst us.’ 552. -irdo-iv I the dative with Kpareu and avdaaoj seems originally locatival (cp. v. 510). In later Greek they require the genitive ; G. § 171, 3. 553. p.T|pta *. these were portions cut from the thighs, which were then covered with fat and burned, ipwv I A. § 3, vii. For the genitive, cp. vv. 115, 275. 554. diroXotaTo *, A. § 26, iii. 556. Tjpap : cp. v. 161. With vv. 558-560, cp. vv. 168-170 ; with v. 562, cp. v. 178 ; with vv. 563, 564, cp. vv. 103, 104 ; with vv. 565, 566, cp. vv. 62, 63. HARDER VERBAL FORMS (Mainly exclusive of those mentioned in the Notes) IN ODYSSEY, BOOK IX. 10 (poperjcn, (fyopiu. 12 eTrerpairero, ernTpiiroy. 15 Socrav, didupu. 17 ei'Sere, oXSa. 37 evLcnroy, iveiru. 40 Hit pad ov, irepdco. &\eaa, 6X\vpu. 44 rjvuyea, ttvuyya. 47 yeydovevv, yeywveoy. 52 irapeaTT), irapLar-ppu. 53 Trddoip.ev, 7 rau^w. 62 aKaxhtievoi, dxeco. 65 avcrai, atioy. 69 dpibpei, dpvvpu. 72 Kadep.ev, KadcTjpu. 81 dirdwae, airuydboj. 86 e\ovro, aipeoy. 88 7 rpoteiv, TrpoLrjpu. 91 plyev, p.Lyvvpu. 97 \adeadac, \avddvu. 107 TveiroLdbres, irddco. +0* - 118 yeyaacnv, yLyvop.au 126 Kap.oi£v, KapLvo), 129 7 TepowaL, irepdoy. 135 apupev, ap-dco. 149 Ke\ada-r}(TL, KeXXu. 151 diro^pi^avres, diro^pidu). 185 888p.r]To, Sepoy. 190 rbrvKTO, redx w. 194 epvcrdai, epdopai. 196 ( 3 t)v = 8 ( 3 tjv, j3aivuy. 206 776 / 577 , ol8a. 212 ep.Tr\rjaas, epirinXippu 213 oiaaro, oiopai. 2 1 4 67 neip,xopau 274 /cAeat, KeXop.au SeiScpcev, SeiSu. 277 irecpiSoLprjv, (pecSop.ac. 280 Saelco, * Saco ( i.e., ScSaaKoo). 283 /carA£e, Kardyvvpu 285 £vecKev, tv ovetWa p,vpta /cetrat, Kvuryev 81 re 8co/xa TrepLVTevaypgeraL aPAyy y/xara' vv/cras 8’ aPre 7ra/P atSotyys dXoyoicrLV evSovcr ’ IV Te rd-Kycri Kal ev TpyroLci Xe\ecr(TiV. /cat /xei/ twj/ LKopiecrOa tvoXlv Kal Pw/xara KaXd. [xyva 8e 7ravra <£tAet /xe /cat egepeetvev e/cacrra^ ’’IXiov ’AyoyetW re veas Kat votrrov ’A^atwv* /cat yxey lyw rw nravra Kara piolpav KareXega. aAA ore ory Kat eycov ooov yreov ryoe /ceAevor 7re/x7re/xev, oPSI rt /cetvos avtyvaTO, TeP^e 8e Tro/xiryv. 0(0K€ 06 /X ZKOetpaS a(TKOV fooos cvvecopoLO, evOa 8e f3vKTaa>v dvep.u>v /caTeStycre KeXevOa’ Kelvov yap rayiyv dvepuov Troiyae Kyjovttoy, ty/xey Traveyevat y8> opvvp-ev, ov /c’ eOeXyertv. 60 HOMER. vyl 6’ evt yXaefivprj /careSet pkppiQi (paeivrj dpyvpey, iva py rt rra pair v every oX'iyov 7rep' avrdp epot rrvoiyv Zee pvpov t rpoeyieev ayvai, deppa epepoi vyds re /eat arrows* oi’S’ a/)’ epeXXev e/CTeAeetv' airrtov yap d-reoX oyxe#’ dePpa8'iyeriv. evvypap p.ev 6/xcos 7rA eopev ru/cras re Kat ypap , ry 8eKary S’ rj5?y dveepakvero 7rarpts dpovpa, /cat 8y TrvpTToX'eovras eXevcreropev eyyi)s ed^Tes’ eV#’ eyxe yxev yXvievs vttvos e-rryXvOe Ke/c/xxywra, atet yap 7roSa v^yos ei'cd/xoov,, odde rw dXXep Sto^’ erapeov, iva ddererov iKoipeO a irarplSa yaiav * ol 6’ erapoi erreeaeri irpus dXXyXovs dyopevov Kat yx’ ecfiacrav ^ pverdv re Kat dpyvpov ot/caS’ dyeerOeu 8eopa Trap ’ AloXov peyaXyropos 'Imrorddao. S>8e 8e ns ei7T£(TK€V I8d>v es TrXyeriov aAAoi'* ‘ CO TTOTTOL^ (OS 6Sc 7TaCTt

lXoS Kat Tt/XtOS l(JTiV dvOpeorrois, oreeov re ttoXlv Kat yaiav iKyrai. TroXXd pev e/c TpotAys dyerai KeipyXia iySe irorpros, 8r) tot’ eyko KppvKa r OTracro-dpevos /cat eralpov /3pv els AloXov kXvtol Sco/xaTa ’ tov Se Kiyavov GO Satvu/xei/ov irapa fj t’ dXoyo) /cat otaa reKeacnv. eXOovres 8’ es 8kopa Trapd crTaOpolcnv err 3 ov8ou e£6pe0’ * oi S’ ava Ovpbv e0dpf3eov e/c t’ epkovro' ‘ 7TW5 pXOes, ’08v(rev ; tls tol iS kfpdppv paXaKolcn KaOarrropevos kirkeorcnv, 70 ot S’ avea) eyevovTO - rraryp S’ ppelfSero pvO(p' ‘ epp 3 Ik vpcrov ddcrcrov, kXkyyuTre £w vokto? tc /cat pparos elcri KkXevOoi. evO' eTrel es Xipkva kXvtov pXOopev, ou rrepi Trkrprj TjXljSaros TervyrjKe 8iap7repes dp^orepoiOev, 62 HOMER. a/crat Se TrpofiXrjTes kvavrtai dXXyXycnv kv (Tto/juitl tt pov\ov(T iv, apaiy S’ etcroSos c(ttlv, ’kvO' ot y’ ei'orco 7 ravT€s e^ov vkas dpLcfneXicrcras. at pkv dp evTocrOev Xtpkvos kolXolo SeSevro 7 rXr] pkXatvav , aurou €7r’ ka-yaTtrj, Trkrpip khc ire ter par a S^cra?. 'kerryv Se (tkottli]V es TvanraXoecrcTav dveXOioV 6FC/a fJLCV OVT€ fjO(OV OVT ClVOpCOV (pCUV€TO tpyu, KaTrvbv 8’ olov opkopev a7ro )(0ovbs dtorarovra. 8rj tot’ kydv irdpovs irpoteiv rrevOardat iovras, ot t ives dvkpes ttev kirl \9ovl crtrov eSoi/Tes, dv8pe 8v to Kplvas, rplrarov Kypvy^ dp’ oirdartra^. ol S’ taav 6/c/5avT€9 Xetyv o8ov, y 7 rep dpa^at dcrTv8 ’ d(J) vxJ/yXkov opkcov Karaytveov vXyv, Kovpy 8k £vpf3Xyvro 1 rpo derreos vSpevovary 3 9vyarkp tejidtpy Aa torrpvy6vos ’Ai'rt^arao. y pkv dp ’ ks Kprjvrjv KaTeBiprero KaXXtpkeOpov 3 ApraKtyv ' kv9ev yap v8wp it port dc ttv (fikpecrKov' ot Se Trapto-rdpevot rrpocrecfjwveov etc r’ kpkovro , os Tts rcovS’ ei/7 fdacrtXevs /cat Totcrtv dvdenrot' fj 8k pdX ’ avTtKa 7rarpbs kivkv 6 ’ a/xa dyvvpevdorv' ^ W9 Treipovres drep-Trea 8atra cjrepovTO. 0 (f>p ’ ot toi>9 oAckox' A tpevos 7roXv/3ev0eos evTos, Torfrpa 3’ eyw £t<^09 o£u epvcrcrdpevos napd prjpov rw (atto 7ret9 oAeo"avT69 eraipovs. Alairjv 8’ €5 vrjcrov deft u< opt O’ ‘ <£v6a 8’ evaiev K ipis epya t'8ot/xt fdpoTMV Ivoirqv re TrvOolp^v. €(TTrjv 8e (TKOTLpv x’s 7rat7ra Aoea*crav di'eA^tox'j Kat /xoi c’etVaTO kutvos C't^v<^ ( r (1sf~¥ ''3&-1~tV’\tsUy /t* //£/ Se t—voy eratpoicriv 8opevai rrpoepev re TrvOecrOat. 155 aAA’ oTt Sr) cr^eSov rja kk'ov veog dp.cfneXiCTcr'ps, Y ^^ ' .Awy KCU TOT€ Tts /X€ 0fWV dXoffjVfXXTO /XOVVOV loVTCX, ^^ sr»,-vU*+M e**fLi 69 pa aot yxliKepotv eXachov a'eyav eig oSov aprrvv w ^ stu>(t-/lAMji }i t -% t- tv , 5J ,5 tv t,v W ^ iy-V^f ,-^W^l Ik ypcev. o /xer irorapovoe Karr)Lev ei< vofxov vArjs ,) p/»-.-/ // Triopevos’ 8rj yap j xlv e\ev pevos ryeAioto* . _ ^160 ’* ^r-u..^i \ 03 3 \ 5 O / > V / X ~/&bf fid k.^ "^f rov o eyto eKpaivovra par ai ifxpaivoyv 86pv X ^ K€ °v e£ ureiXr}?^ t£+* XT] &>'* CJ/tiAJt Uk 165 ^C/l ^ eLpvcrdprjV' rb ^xev au#t Kara/cAiVag enl yaiy XL OAT » \ ^ \ / t a / \ / &{ \>&t* avrap eyco cnvaorapiT^v pLoiras re Avyovs Te,^ // j /rv 'far*/// ft M r, , V 3 ,x 3 . , l *<**Jt T n!/t* Treio’/xa o , ocrov t opyviav, evo-rpecpes apApoTepcoUev-yfy-^^.. / / TiXe^dpcevos arvve87-jcra 7ro6a9 betvoto TveX/opov, (drjv Se KaraXocfidSeia cfiepm’ h rt v>ya peXaivav eyX €L e^€tSb/xevo9, evret ov ttms rjev err’ bofxov X eL P L (fxcptLV ^ T€ Py' p-dXa yap \xeya OtjpLov rjev. ku.8 8' e/3aXov TTpoTrapoiOe veos, dveyetpa S’ eraipovs [xeiXiXiOLS eTreecrcrL 7rapa(na8ov dv8pa eKavrov * ‘ w eftiXoi, ov yap 7toj Kara8vcr6pe9' dxvv/xevoi 7 rep els ’Ai5ao 86[xovs, 7rplv pLopenp^ov Tpxap e-rreXOij’ dX A’ ayeT’, offxp’ ev V7]l 0o7j f3pcoo-i$ re ttoltl^ re, jxv7jdv7j oo8o8aKTvXos ’Htog, 170 175 180 185 ODYSSEY X. G5 Kal tot’ Jywv dyopyv Oepevos perd 7rderLV eet7rov f k€kXvtc pev pvOivv, kolkol 7 rep Tvo.cryovres eralpoi' w < pLAOL, ov yap r ibp.ev, 07ry £oc/>os ovo oiry rj(Ds, ovS’ diry ?/eAtos (paeerLp/3poTO<$ eler ’ v7ro yatav, oi’S’ 07 ry dvvelraL * a A A. a eppa^opeOa 6 Carer ov, el tls er’ e err at pyres. eyd> S’ ovk oto/xai elvai. eT8ov yap cr kott ltjv es TraLTraXoeererav dveXOtbv vrjerov, ryv irept rrovros diTeLpLros eorreefyavoraL' avTTj 8e yOapaXy Kelrai' kuttvov S’ evl pecvery eSpaieov ocpdaXpoieri Sta 8pvpd rrvKvd Kal vXyvd ws ecpdp.yv, tolctlv 8e KareKXaerOy cfylXov yrop /xvx/orx/xevots epywv AaLcrrpvyovos ’AvTujxxrao Ko/cAa)7T09 T€ /3t?/s peyaXyropos dvSpoepdyoLO. KXaiov 8e Xcyeojs OaXepdv Kara SaKpv ^ eovres’ ctAA’ oo ya/3 Tts rrpy^LS eylyvero pvpopevoLcrLV. avrdp eyco St^a 7ravTas evKvypid as eralpovs ypldpeov, dpyov 8e per' dpefyorepoLercv drracrcra' tojv pev eyd>v ypyov, rwv S’ E9/n>Ao)(os Oeoeedys. nXypovs 8’ tv Kvverj yaXieypeC rrdXXopev coKa* e.K S’ eOope KXypos peyaXyropos Ei’pvAo^oto. O* 5/ */ ~ o / \ >/ 5 c ^ pry o tevaty a/za to; y€ ouco kou etKOcr ercupoL KXalovres' Kara S’ a/x/xe AtVov yoowvTas cnricrdev. evpov S’ ev (dyjcrcnjo-L rervy peva Sw/xara Kt/j/a/s ^eo-Toto"tv Xdes avry KareOeX^ev, e7rel Kai re lXoL, evSov yap rts eTroiXopkvrj peyav Icrrov KaXov dotStaet, 8a7re8ov S’ a7rav dpcfnpepvKev, y) Oeos y)e yvvyp dXXd (f)0eyycope0a Odvarov 5s dp’ k(f)(x)V7](T€v, rot 8e cjyOeyyovro KaXevvres. y) 8 ’ at^’ k£eX6ov(ra Ovpas cot£e efyaeivas Kal /caAef oi 8’ dpa Trdvres atSpetpcrtv' eVovro* El’pvAoxos S’ VTrepeivev, ourdpevos 6oAov eu/at. etcrev S’ elcrayayovo-a Kara KXurpovs re Opovovs re, ev 8e o-(f)LV rvpov re Kal dXcjycra Kal pie At x^ M P® v o nap U pa five up eKVKa’ dvepurye 8e ct/tco Kev re /cat eKiriov, avriK 1 eVetTa pdfi8(p ireTrXy-jyvia Kara ervefyeoienv eepyvv. oi 8e avQ>v pev ^xov KecjyaXds (fxovrjv re rpt^as re Kal 8epa.s, avrdp voos 'pv epiredos, cos to irdpos 7 rep. cos ol pev idr?y' Siypov Se KaOypevos ecrKoirtafovd 260 co? ecjiar , avrdp eyco irepl pev £ic£o? dpyvpoyXov dpouv fSaXopyv, peya \dXKeov, dpefil Se ro£a* roy o axp 7]V0)yea avrrjv obov rjyyjcracrUat . avrdp o y’ dp^orepycrt Xaj3cov eXXuraero yovvtov, iar\ avrdp eyco piv dpeifdopevos Tvpocr'eetTTov’ 270 ‘ IliUyovAo^ ^ 7] roi pev cru per avrov r coo eve X C0 P C 9 ecrOiov Kal ttlvojv KoiXy rrapd vyl peXatvy ' avrdp eyeov etpi, Kparepy Se pot eVAer’ dvdyi eVo? r’ ec^ar’ e/c r’ ovopa^eu* 280 ‘ 7ry 8y avr, co 8vo-ryve, 8t dieptas ep^eai oeo?,, )((opov (uopts aov ; erapoc oe tol ocb eve i\tpK7]s epx^Tcu co? re exx’e? 7rv/cf.vov? KevOpwvas e^ovre?. '/y roa? A veropevos Seap’ ep^eac; oaSe ere cjf>ryyxi ar>Toi/ voerT'/yO^etv, peveets Se cru y’, eV^a 7rep aAAot. 285 dAA’ clye Scy ere kcxkcov eios o£v epvcrddfxevos 7rapd pippov K Lpicy eirdi^aL, cos re KTapLevaL fxeveaLveov. rj 8k cr’ vTro8€L(Tapa iXv 8k pLLV KaXkovcrL OeoL’ y^aXeTrov 8k t opvaereLV dv8pd(TL ye Ovt/tolctl, Oeol 8k T€ -irdvTa SvvavTai. 'E/5/xetas pev eVecr’ dTrkfdp irpos paiepov v OXvprrov vrjorov av’ vXyjeo-crav, eyco 8 ’ Is Sco/xara Kep/c^s ypa, 7roXXd 8k poL KpaSkrj t ropcfyvpe klovtl. edTTjV S’ €IVC OvppCTL Beds KaXXL7rXoKapLOLO * evOa crras e/?o^o _ a J , 6ed 8k poL ckX vev avSrjs. y) S’ a L\f/’ e^eXOovera Ovpas (OL^e ejxaeLvds Kttt KaXeL’ avTo.p ey cov hropyjv di \pvdk(o 8'eiraL, ocfypa ttlol^l, ev Se re (jydppaKov rjKe iv rdSe (fydppaK’ WeXx^ps' ovo€ yap ouoe T6S aAA 09 av?)p raoe pa ptyevre €vvp Kal (fnXoTprL ireirotOopev aAAr/Aottrtv.’ ws es eipova otvov eKipva f]8vv ev dpyvpeip, vepe 8e \pvcreia kv iveXXa' rj 8e rerdprp v8top ecjiopei /cat Trvp aveKaiev 7r oWov vttu r pi7r o8l peydXat, laivero 3’ v8cop. avrdp £7rei 8p ^ecrcrev v8iop evl rj vottl ^(xXkco, Is p dcrdpivOov ecracra Ao’ Ik TptVoSos /xeydXoio } dvprjpes Kepdcracra, Kara Kparos re Kal &p(ov 3 ocfypa pot Ik Kaparov 6vpoepov(ra KaXfj xpvcreir) virep dpyvpeoco Xef3r)ros, VLifacrOai’ rrapd 8e £e } dAA’ rjprjv aAAo cfypoveivv, KaKa 5’ ofrcrero Ovpos. K f r\j e 3 / v j tf 3 03 > V / ipKTj O CO? eVOT](T€V ep Tjpevov OVO £7Tt ertTW \eipa s IdXXovra, Kparepbv 8e pe 7rlv#os ex ovra > ayx* Trapurrapevq eirea rrrepoevra tt pocnjv8a * f rt#’ ovroys, ’OSvcrev, ipao-(ra melv cpayepev re /ceAevets, Xvorov, tv’ 6 eplypas kraipovs.’ 5s ecpapLyv, K LpKrj 8e 8 uk peydpoio (defiyKe tv pa/38ov e\ovcr’ ev X €i Pb Ovpa s 8’ avea)£e orvev eKacrra) (fxxppaKOV dXXo • t5v 8’ Ik ^tev peXecov eppeov, as 7rptv ei>aev (fxxppiaKov ovXopevov, to c rcjnv Trope rrorvia K IpKy’ dv8pes 8’ dip ey'evovro, vewrepot rj rrapos yarav, Kal ttoXv KaAAtoves Kal pel^oves elcopdacrOai. eyvoocrav 8e p’ l/ceivot evv r’ Iv yeparlv eKaaros. c\> e / / 5 J N iracTLV o L/iepoeis vireov yoos, a/xlorL Ovpos 5s e/xev, 5s et Tvarpl8’ tKotaro /cat 7roAtv avryv rpyxetys ’lOdieys, tva re rpdcpev -)}8e yevovTO. Kal pi oXocpvpo/xevoi area irrepoevra 7rpo(ryv8u)v 390 395 400 405 410 415 72 HOMER. c crot /xev voa-TrjoravTL, dcorpecfyes, t 8’ apa ^(AatVas ovXas [ddXev yj 8 e ^tTtora^* 420 425 430 35 440 445 450 ODYSSEY X. 73 Saivvpevovs S’ ev Travras eef)evpopev ev peydpoKTiv. ol S’ e7T€t dXXr/Xovs eiSov <£>pdcraavro r ecrdvra } K.\aiov o8vpopevoi, 7 repl 8e o-revaxlfcro 8(dpa. y 8e pcev d~/X L crrdcra Trpoeryvda 81a 6edo)v’ e 8ioyeves Aaepnd8y, ivoXvpyx^ ’OSi'trcrev, pyKen vvv OaXepov yoov opvvre’ ol8a /cat avry ypev ocr’ ev 7 rovTip Trader’ dAyea IxOvoevn, VO * O \ / > * \ / ryo ocr avapav eplypes eralpoi * £ SaipovC, y8y vvv ptpvyo-Keo irarpldos aiys, tt rot decrefrarov eern crao)6vjvai Kal LKeadai olkov es v\J/opos e av y avrdp epol y’ erreTreldero dvpos dyyvivp, ws t6t€ /xei/ TvpoTrav ypap es yeXtov Kara8vvra ypeda 8o.ivvp.evoi Kpe a r’ d Kipicrj, reXecrov pot VTrocrx^vrLV, ijv 7 rep vTrearyjs, 0Us k(f)dpL 7 ]v, 7 ) S’ a vtik’ aptetf3ero Sea 9edo)v' 1 8toyeves Aaeprtd8rj, roXvptrjyav’ ’OSvcrcreS, p,7]l<€TL VVV a €KOVT€S 6/XCO kvl [XtptVere OLKCO. dAA’ dA Xtjv yprj rptorov 0 S 01 / reXecrat Kal iKeirOcu els ’AtSao So/jlovs Kal eratvxjs Hep(re(f70vet7js, X P V X‘J XP 7 l cro l J '* vov ‘> Q^fdo-Lov Tei/oeoaao, ptdvrpos dXaov, rov re c frpeves eptre8ot e ter tv* rto Kal reOvpujTL voov Trope Uepcrecfroveia, otto rervvcr9at, rol Se (TKial dttrtTOvcrtvd ws eefiar, avrap eptot ye KareKXacrdrj (fitXov prop* KXatov S’ iv Xeyeetrcrt KaOrpievos, ov 8 e vv pot Krjp p9e A’ ert froetv Kal opdv efrdos rjeXtoto. avrap erel /cAaecov re KvXtv 8 opevos re KopeaOrjv, Kal rdre 8 p puv eretrenv dpet/3opevos rpocreetrov* 1 co K LpKTj, res yap ravT7]V o 8 ov rjyepovevtret; els ”A iSos S’ ov rto ns dtfotKero vpl peXatvrjd cos etfodpTjv, 7 ] S’ a vtlk’ dpetfdero 8 la 9edtov‘ c 8 toyeves Aaeprtd 87 ], roXvppyav' ’ Q 8 vcrcrev, pp rl rot pyepovos ye 7 ro9p rapd vrjl peXecr9to, ttrrov 8 e errijeras dvd 9 ’ ttrria XevKa reratrtras ptr9at’ rpv 8 e Ke rot rvotp J$opeao (pepper tv. aAA’ oiror av 8 p vpl 8 d ’ibeeavoto repyjcrps, ev9 ’ aKr 7 j re Xdyeta Kal aAcrea Ilepo-ec^ovetiys, paiepat r’ atyetpot Kal treat toXetrtKaprot, vpa pev avrov KeXtrat er ’ibeeavto /3a9v8tvy , avros o ets Aeoeco tevat oopov evptoevra. ev9a plv ets ’Ayepovra Hvpttf)Xeye9(vv re peovtrtv Kcokdtos 9\ os 81 ) Hrvyos vSards etrrtv droppd)£, r'erpp re £vvetrts re 8 vto roraptov ept 8 ovrtov‘ ev9a S’ eret9\ pptos, yptpcj 79 els reXas, cos ere KeXevw, (369pov opv£at, ocrov re rvyovatov ev9a Kal ev9a , 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 ODYSSEY X. 75 a /icf)’ avTM 8e \°V V X e ^°"^ at 7V ^ (TiV veKvecrcrtv, 7rpajra peXcKp^Tip, peTeiretTa 8e r]8et otW, to rptTov avO ’ SSari* e7ri S’ dXcfnTa XevKa 7raXvveiv. 7roXXd 8e yovvovaOcu veKvio v dpevrjvd Kappva, eXOtov els ’Wdhcrjv crreipav }3ovv , rj ns dp'taTX], p'e^etv ev peydpotcrt 7rvprjV r’ epTrXr](Tepev ecrOXiov, T etpecrtr) S’ du-dvevOev otv tepevcrepev ota> TrappeXav\ os p^Xourt peTaTrpeTret vpeTepotcrtv. avrdp eTrrjv ev^rjcn X'tcrp kXvtcx eOvea veKpdv, evO' olv dpvetov petjetv OrjXvv re peXaivav els epefdos (TTp'expas, avTos S’ aTrovocrcfn TparrecrOai t'epevos Trorapoio pooMV evOa 8e 7roXXal ^v^otl eAeoa-ovrai veKvwv KarareOvijcoTOiv. 8rj tot eiretO' eTapotcrtv eiroTpvvat Kal avtogat prjXa, ra 8rj KaTaKetT’ ecrcjyaypeva vrjXet xo.Xk(£, 8elpavTas KaTdKrjcu, errev^acrOat 8e 9eots €7 rl 7 tovtov eXevtreat IxOvoevTad (os e<^ar’ ; avTtKa 8e xpvcroOpovos r/XvOev ’Ha's. dptjyl 8e pe \Xalvdv T€ x^tova T€ etpaTa etrcrev' avTrj S’ dpyvrj , Xe7TTov Kal ^aptev, 7 repl 8e (A ovrjv fidXeT’ t£vt KaXrjv xpvaelpv, KecfiaXrj S’ eireOrjKe Ko.XvTTppv, avTap ’ey to 8i a Soj/xTpvvov eTatpovs pecXi^iOLS €7 reecrcTL 7rapatTTa8ov dvSpa e/vacrrov* ‘ prjKert vvv el'SovTes atoTeiTe yXvKVV virvov, aAA’ topev’ 8r) yap pot eires' os pot dvevd' krdpcov tepots ev 8u)pacn K.ipKys } \pv)^eos Lpecpwv, KareXk^aro olvofdapekojv. Ktvvpkv cov S’ krdptov opaSov Kal Sov7rov aKovcras k^a7TLvps dvopov(T€ Kal €/t kyv es 7raTpi8a yalav kpyecrO'' dXXyv 8 ’ 7 ^tv o 8 ov reKpyparo KtpKTy, ets ’At 8 ao 8opov s Kat kiraivyp Ilepo'e^oi'etT^s, ^ v Xi/ XPV (T 0 l Ji ^ v0vkXov yrop' k^opevot 8e KaT 5 au#t yocov rtAAovro re ^arras' dAA’ oo yap tis irprj^is kyiyvero pvpopkvoicnv. aAA’ ore S77 p’ €7rt ^ot)v /cat 6lva 0aXd.(rarjs yopev dyvvpevoi OaXepov Kara 8aKpv ^eovres, roffypa 8’ ap’ ol^opevy Kip/cry Tvapd vyl peXaivrj dpvecov Kark8ycrev olv OyXvv re pkXaivav, peta Trape^tXOovcra’ rts av ^eov oi’/< e#eAovra 6(fi9aXpoL(TLV l8olt ’ r) eV0’ 7) eV#a Ktovra ; 555 560 565 570 HOMER, ODYSSEY X. NOTES. A. refers to the Appendix on the Homeric Dialect, G. to Goodwin’s School, Greek Grammar. t marks a variant reading. N.B. Homeric forms not expl lined in the notes will be found (or similar forms) in the Appendix. 1- 76. Odysseus and his company are entertained at the JEolian isle, and are sent homewards. Through folly they are driven hack to the isle. 1. AIo\£t]v Vetrov ‘ identified later with Strongyle ( Stromboli ), the volcano of the Lipari isles, N. of Sicily ; but such identification is impossible where the whole st'>ry is fabulous. 2. 'TiriroTaS-qs ‘ G. § 129, 9 (a). 3. re’, generalising and untranslatable, often with 8c ; cp. IX., 26, n. juv irepicp. IX., 6, n ; supply cgt'lv. 4. dva8c'8po|x€: ‘runs up.’ ‘The perfect expresses a lasting condition s ! observe accent, ‘alike’; distinguish from o'yuws, ‘never¬ theless.’ 'irXeop.ev ! cp. 7 ropev, v. 7. There is no historic present (G. § 200, Note 1) in Homer. 29. Trj 8 €kTa ! A. § 24, iii. 32. iroSa vqos evcopcov ! ‘ was guiding the vessel’s sheet.’ The sheet is the rope, fastened to the outer foot of the sail, by which it is hauled taut or let go. to> ! = tlvl. Note the accentuation. f 36. AloXou ! with this reading, the penultimate syllable must be scanned long before X. There is an emendation AtoXoo (A. § 7, ii.), where the final syllable must be lengthened before p. 'IiriroraSao ! A. § 7, i. 37. cl'irea-Kev ! cp. A. § 23. 38. a>s ! exclamatory, ‘ how !’ 39. oxecov . . . tK-qrai! the epic writers do not yet regard the presence of av in such ‘conditional relative’ sentences as necessary (G. § 234), but such a construction is exceedingly rare in Attic Greek. For tfrewi', see A. § 14, iv. 41. XtpSos ! genitive of material dependent on Keip.r]\ia. 42. o-viv! ‘ along with us,’ adverbially; or by tmesis with ^xovres, ‘ holding together,' as empty. NOTES. 79 43. i\oTT]Ti! instrumental, ‘ through friendship.’ 44. I8cofji60a : G. § 253. 8tti I A. § 14, iv. 45. Scrcros tis I rts makes oaaos indefinite, but is scarcely translat¬ able by ‘ -soever.’ Cp. IX., 11, toutS ti, ‘this kind of thing.’ 46. «s I IX., 31, n. vfKTjcrev intransitive, ‘ prevailed.’ eTafpcov with /3ov\r). 48. irovTovSc: cp. IX., 58, n. 50. 4yp6p.€vos A. § 21, iii. dp.vp.ova : connected with yeyfoyaL. 51. d'rroc|>0Lp,Tiv ! A. § 26, i. rj€ . . . fj t cp. IX., 175. -jrecrwv vltttco often represents the passive of (3aX\w, as dirodvr^Kw that of airoKTeivto, and eS iraaxl: adverbial. 95. cr^cGov I ‘ moored,’ implying the result of the continuous action expressed by the imperfect ^x ov > v - 91. oios . IX., 160, n. 96. avrov : ‘ there,’ ‘ on the spot.’ 98. 2pya : i.e., neither ploughed lands nor vineyards and oliveyards. 100-2. Cp. IX., 88-90. 103. itrav . . . o8ov : ‘ went along the track,’ an accusative on the analogy of that with a transitive verb. Cp. v. 75, and IX., 227, n. 104. acrruSe I IX., 58, n. 105. £vp.pX/»]VTo : A. § 21, i. 107. KciT€pf|(r€TO : A. § 20, iv. 108. c|>€p€o-Kov 1 A. § 23. 110. €ir| *. see G. § 243. So avacraoi. f toictlv l to be explained as a contraction for reoLcnv (= tiglv), cp. A. § 14, iv. oIglv is also read, repeating os ns in the dependent question. For the case, see IX., 552. 111. eTre^paSev : A. § 21, v. (a). 112. rrjv 8e : 8e in apodosis, cp. IX., 57. T'pv is ‘that wife of his.’ 113. oo-rjv t’ . . . Kopur|v — ToaavT-rjv oarj r’ iariv cpeos Kopvcp-q ; cp. IX., 321, n. Join Kara with Zarvyov. NOTES. 81 4 114. ’AvTKjjaTqa I accusative, like that of /SacrtXefo. A. § 10, ii. The noun is of variable declension, but the nominative is ’Avr^drys. 116. coTr\icroiT(ov = eipoLTcov, imperfect. 120. [jivpCoi: observe the accent, G. § 77, 2, Note 2. 122. opwpav cp. A. § 24, vii. 124. epovTO: sc. A aiaTpvyoves. Note the force of the middle. G. § 199, 2. 127. to>: instrumental, ‘therewith.’ Kvavoirpcopoio cp. IX., 482, 129. cp. IX., 489. 132. avroG’ : IX., 496, and cp. IX., 18, n. 133 —197. They land at TEoea, the island of Circe. Odysseus hills a stag, and all feast and rest. 133, 134. Cp. IX., 62, 63. 135. AiaCr]v an adjective, ‘A^sean,’ or ‘of iEaea.’ The usual story makes iEetes dwell in Colchis, on the Black Sea. The Romans put Circe’s isle off the coast of Latium, where, when joined afterwards to the mainland, it became the promontory of Circeii. 137. 6\oopovos '. Aretes, in legend, was father of Medea, and him¬ self a sorcerer. For the genitive, cp. v. 36. 138. €Ky€-ydTt]v A. § 16, ii. ’HeXioio : cp. rod, v. 5. 140. KaTT]ya-y6jj.€cr0a! ‘put to land,’ because the shore, when one stands upon it, seems lower than the sea. Similarly avayeadaL = ‘to put to sea.’ 142-4. Cp. IX., 74-76. 146. avT|iov = avyeLV (imperf. dvetpu), 147. el' irtos . . . ISoipa: cp. IX., 317, n. gpya cp. v. 98. 149. «tos I ‘ the west,’ as being the region of darkness. 191. ‘All that Odysseus means is that he has not the least idea where they are ’ (Merry), eler’ : present in force. 192. dvvaTcw : = apapterai, A. § 4, v. The form may be a future here ; A. § 19, iii. 195. ec-T€dva>TCH : ‘ is set as a wreath,’ 196. peVo-r] : cp. A. § 4, ii. NOTES. 83 198—260. Half of Odysseus' company enter Circe's house , and are transformed into swine , Eurylochus alone returning. 198. Toitrtv \ G. § 184, 3. *200. |i€”ya\rjTopos \ here in a bad sense, ‘ presumptuous.’ 202. aXXa . . . "yap: ‘after all indeed.’ irpf]|is : cp. IX., 253. Here the meaning is ‘profit,’ ‘avail’; cp. xpVI JiaTa irpdaaeiv — ‘to exact money. ’ 203. 8i\a I ‘ into two parties.’ 204. oiracrcra : v. 102. 208. Pq 8’ Uvat: ‘ hied him to go Uva. i epexegetic (‘for going ’). 209. ctp.p.e : A. § 14, i. KaTa : with Xlirov. yoocovTesA. § 17, B. iii. 211. (jcoToicriv Xaetrcri: with rervyy^ua. instrumental dative. For the form Xaeacn, see A. § 11, i. TrepurKeirro): ‘with open view,’ lit. ‘ seeing all round ’ (ir epl, CK^irroyai). ^Another rendering is ‘ sheltered ’ ( irepl , s 8t’ av . . . l I with acuvov, as the accent (IX., 6, n.) shows. 222. €Troi)(op.evi]S : ‘singing as she fared to and fro before.’ dp.- PpoTov I cp. IX., 404, n. Itrxbv : the warp or web fastened to the weaver’s beam, across which the woof was passed by the shuttle. 223. 2pya ireXovrai: for the plural verb, cp. IX., 109, n. TreXbvTcu is not unfrequent with a neut. plur. nom. 225. ktjSktxos I A. § 13, ii. 227. aoiSidei \ A. § 17, B. iii. KaXov ! G. § 159, Note 1. ap<(>i- p.ep.\)Kev I A. § 24, viii. Cp. avatetHpoye, v. 4, n. 229. KaXevvTcs I A. § 3, vii. 231. KaXet: cp. v. 14. di8p€U)criv : causal, ‘in their folly’ (lit. ‘ by reason of ’). 233. KXurp.ovs \ only differing from dpovovs in having a lower seat. 234. 4v . . . CKvKtt : ‘ mixed in a cup.’ The ‘ mess ' is called kvkcwv in v. 290. * * - 84 HOMER, ODYSSEY X. 235. Ilpap-veCa): there was a Mt. Pramnon in the island of Icarus, and other places of the same name in Lesbos and near Ephesus. Trans¬ late ‘ in Pramnian wine ’ (local dative). 236. XaGoiaro : A. § 26, iii. atijs ‘ G. § 171, 2. 238. Kara : with eepyvv, by tmesis. See A. § 18, iii. J 241. iepxctro : A. §§ 24, vi. ; and 18, iii. 243. t'8|X€vcu : cp. iracracrdcu, IX., 93, n. 245. epewv l A. § 19, ii. dSevtcea : ‘piteous.’ The word is connected with duco ( i.e ., ‘not attractive’). Cp. erdvatus, v. 65. 246. U'pevos l see IX., 261, n. 247. Kfjp ! cp. v. 67. ol: cp. IX., 443, n. 248. 8ciKpvoc{HV I A. § 9, iii. 249. l repeats vepl . . . j BaXopLTjv. 263. •f|vw-y€a l A. § 24, vii. avxf|v 68ov ‘ the same road,’ later rrjv avTTjv odor. Contrast 6<5br avryv (v. 158), ‘my very way.’ 264. yovvcov I A. § 11, i. ; genitive with a verb of ‘catching hold of,’ G. § 171, 1. With ay(poTeprj(H sc. x e P aas usual. 267. IXevcrecH : A. § 17, B. v. tiv’ aXXov : ‘any beside’; cp. IX., 367. 268. roio-Seo-i: sometimes Toiadeacn, the -8e being made susceptible of declension. A. § 14, v. 269. aXv^aipev: G. § 226, 2. 273. etpi • with future force. Cp. the vulgar, ‘I am off ’ = ‘I shall go.’ ^rrXero ’. A. § 21, iii. 275. Upas ’. cp. IX., 56, n. So below, v. 351, lepQv irorayuv. 277. xpucroppairis a wand or staff later was called KyptiKeiov ( ca - duceus ), a herald’s staff with two twining serpents. 279. xapLto-TdrTTj ‘ at its fairest.’ NOTES. 85 280. ev . . . poi <|>v x €L P^ • ‘clasped tight my hand,’ lit. ‘grew on to my hand.’ 281. 2px«u *. A. § 17, B. v. 282. evt KapKTjs : ‘ in Circe’s house,’ a common ellipse, also found with els, e.g., eis "At dov [passim). Cp. in Latin, ad Spei (ternplum). 284. T]p.i *. ‘I deem cp. infra, v. 562, and see IX., 5, n. 285. pevetis I A. § 19, ii. 287. tt) ; cp. IX., 347. 288. ^px^v ‘ A. § 17, B. v. d\d\Kr)(riv : A. § 25, A. i. The sub¬ junctive with Ke has here the force of an emphatic future. KpaTos I ablatival genitive, ‘from thy head.’ Distinguish (to) Kparos and (too) Kparo s. 290. Ki)K€to *. shortened accusative, = kvk£ wva. ev \ an adverb ; or, reading #v, with fiaAeei (A. § 19, ii.), ‘ shall cast in.’ 292. epe'w 8e kaora *. irepi od, ‘ of which,’ would be naturally ex¬ pected, but Homer rarely has a second relative clause if the case of the relative itself would have to be altered. 293. Kev . . . eXacrr] : ‘ shall strike’; G. § 232, 3. 295. eiraifjcu G. § 269. So below, diravr/vaadaL, KeXeaOou. ktoi- pevai: A. § 27, ii. (b). 297. p^KeT’ : the usual imperative negative. Cp. v. 295, n. 298. Kopfo-trr) : A. § 20, i. ; so opocrcrcu (v. 299). 299. opKov the ‘ great oath of the gods ’ was by the Styx, the river of the nether world. 301. Gfji] : A. § 25, i. Some editions write deirj. Cp. v. 341. 302. dpy€i<|>dvTT]s ' ‘the swift-appearing god’ (apyos, ‘bright,’ ‘swift;’ root cpav, in (paLvio). The explanation, ‘ slayer of Argos,’ refers to a non-Homeric legend, and was invented when the true meaning of the word was forgotten. 303. cj)v. toktj€s I A. § 5, iv. 326. ti: ‘at all.’ G. § 160, 2. 327- ov8e . . . ov8e: one negative only, reiterated ; ‘ nay, for never man beside.’ 328. 8s K6 iriTj I aver\r) has the force of ‘has endured,’ a present perfect, so that the sequence is correct. Cp. IX., 102, n. dp.€i\|/erai A. § 25, A. i. The subject is ‘ the drink.’ '^pKos oSovtgjv \ ‘ the fence of the teeth,’ i.e., the teeth themselves. oSoutcjv is a defining genitive. 329. tls • with aKr/X-pros, ‘doubtless proof against charms.’ tls not unfrequently strengthens an adjective in this way. Cp. oWos tls, v. 45. 330. ecrcri! = el. G. § 127, 1, Note. 333. 0eo : 2 sing. 2 aor. mid. imperat. of tlOtj/ju. 334. imPeiojxev I A. § 25, A. i. The subjunctive may be either hortative (G. § 253) or perhaps future in meaning. Cp. A. § 25, A. ii. 335. Tr€iroL0o|xev A. § 25, A. i. 337. ttws yap : ‘ why, how ?’ Ke'Xeai : A. § 17, B. v. 338. £0t]kcls ! ‘didst make’; cp. IX., 235, for the Ionic rLd-ppu, equivalent to the Attic -iroiiio. 339. ?x ov: ‘ with oil richly.’ X Lira is an adverb, connected with a-\el(pu. The various words \L\p (see Diet.) all have stems Xi/3-. 366. €icr€ 8 e : the main clause begins here, with de in apodosis (IX , 57, n.).- 368. c'Trex.cve : the preposition denotes ‘ on ’ or ‘ over ’ the hands. 370. vh|/acr0ai: epexegetic ‘for washing,’ cp. IX., 3, n. Trapd : adverb. 372. xapi£o|A€VT) irapeovrcov ‘lavishing of her store. The genitive is partitive, or a genitive of material : cp. IX., 94, Xw tolo. 373. ecrOepevcu : A. § 27, ii. (a). 375—405. Circe , at Odysseus' request , restores his companions. » * 378. r£0’ = TLTore. G. § 17, 1. ££ecuA. § 17, B. v. So airreai, v. 379, and oieai, v. 380. 381. 8 ei. 8 ip.ev \ A. § 27, ii. ( b ). onrwpoa-a the aorist with ijdr] is a present perfect in sense, ‘ I have already sworn (I will) not.’ 383. t£s “yap I cp. v. 337. Bor ei' 17 , see G. § 235. 384. irplv I with the infinitives in v. 385, where it is repeated. ird(rorao-0at: A. § 20 , i. IStjtvos ! partitive, cp. v. 372. 386. 'jrpb4>pO'Cra-a : feminine adjective of irpocppwv (IX., 355, n.), ‘ with all thy heart,’ adverbially. 390. evvecopouriv! cp. v. 19, n. 394. ovXopevov : ‘ accursed,’ a participial adjective, connected with 6\\vpu, as derperos (IX., 63) with dvddvw. Trorvia I a title of honour, ‘lady,’ ‘mistress.’ Connected with pot-ens, Troms. 396. €icropdao-0cu : (A. § 17, B. iii.) an epexegetic infinitive, IX., 3, n. 397. %<}>vv : cp. A. § 21, ii. For the phrase, cp. v. 280. (iKacrros I for the explanatory apposition, see v. 173, and cp. the use of quisque in Latin. 398. irao-tv : dative of person interested (G. § 184, 3), as biroddvcu requires an accusative of the direct object, tpepdeis : ‘ wistful,’ ‘yearn¬ ing though generally ‘ exciting desire.’ ap<{>! : adverbial. 400. 8 ia 0ed«v \ cp. IX., 29, n. 88 HOMER, ODYSSEY X. 401. Sioyeves all kings were held to be descended more or less directly from Zeus. 404. ev o-n-rjec-o-i: pregnant construction for ‘ bring the gear to the caves and leave it in them.’ For the form, see A. § 8, iii. SirXa ! ‘ gear,’ cp. 7r\hr ‘ embraced,’ ‘ streamed around.’ 416. £pev : = elvcu. iKoiaro : the optative is used in a conditional sentence by a not uncommon Homeric idiom, where in Attic a past tense of the indicative would occur (as in G. § 222). So acpiKOL/neda, v. 420. 417. Tpcu}>£V rjSe yevovTO I a poetic varepov 7 rporepov (inversion of the logical order), the emphatic word preceding. Tpa<{>€v A. § 22, ii. 419. av : A. § 21, ii. 423, 424. lpvcrcrop.€v . . . ir€\&uXdcrcrpdcrav 1 A. § 21, ii. Note the quantity (ecpav), and contrast 8(pav, v. 475. 472. Scupcvi’ : ‘good sir,’ common in expressions of surprise or remonstrance. Originally it means ‘man possessed.’ 475. tpoi: G. § 184, 3, Note 1. 476-8. Cp. IX., 556-8. 481. yovvwv 1 it was customary for one making an urgent request to clasp the knees of the person addressed. The verb of ‘clasping’ is frequently expressed as in v. 264 ; but even when omitted, as here, the genitive of the ‘part clasped’ may still remain with the verb of entreating, p€v . . . av8qs I cp. k’ : of place, G. § 191, vi. 1. 487—540. Odysseus learns that he must voyage to the world's end to consult Teiresias. 491. ’AiSao : see A. § 11, ii. ; and cp. Teipecrtao, next line. Perse¬ phone (Latin, Proserpina), daughter of Demeter (Ceres), was the wife of Hades (Pluto), and Queen of the Under-World. + eiraivqs • there is a v.l., eir clIvt)s, where or(t) is adverbial, ‘ besides.’ 492. xpqcropevovs * %pdw, ‘ I utter an oracle ’; xpdo^cu (mid.), ‘ I get an oracle’; i.e., ‘consult’; ixp-fjadi 7 (pass.), ‘an oracle was uttered.’ The dative ipvxv i s instrumental. G. § 188, 1, Note. Teiresias of Thebes was awarded the gift of prophecy in return for the loss of his eyesight (yavryjos a\aou), and carried his gift with him even to the lower world. f 493. pavrrjos A. § 7, iii. As fidvris is an 1 noun, some editors read yavnos a\aoo. (Cp. A. § 7, ii., and v. 36.) 494. TeGvqdiTi: A. § 24, iii. 495. ol'w Tr€ 7 rvCo- 9 ai: epexegetic of vbov. Trvkw has here the sense of ‘to have wisdom’; cp. the participle ireirvvyevos, ‘wise.’ toI I ‘those other’ dead. crKial: ‘as shadows,’ i.e., without mind. 499. KuXivSdpevos : ‘ tossing about,’like a man in despair, 501. t£s yap : cp. v. 337. 502. 5 'At8os I see above, v. 282, n., and A. §, 11 , ii. 505. Til ‘at all.’ Cp. v. 326. Trapa vt]1 l best taken with Tjyepdvos, ‘a guide by the ship,’ being a loose expression for ‘a guide on the ship.’ Trapa has a somewhat similar meaning in phrases like 7rap’ ypuv, ‘at our house.’ 507. ^cr0ai I G. § 269. So vv. 511, 512, 517, and other instances in this passage. K€ . . . <{> 6 prjo-iv \ subjunctive (A. § 25, A. i.) with future sense. See v. 288, n., and cp. also v. 539. 508. ’HK€avoio I elsewhere called a 7 rora/ubs. It is conceived to be a river flowing in a rough circle all round the world, and quite distinct from the sea. 509. \d)(aa ‘tangled.’ Cp. IX., 116. 512. ’AfSew : A. § 11, ii. €ipco 6 VTa : ‘ dank,’ ‘ mouldy,’ like all dark, neglected spots. Cp. Vergil’s loca senta situ, JEn., VI. 462. NOTES. 91 513. peovariv I the plural verb is preceded by one only of several singular subjects, a construction called the Schema A lemanicum. 514. airoppwf; ! cp. IX., 359, n. 515. irerpr] . . . ^vvetris 1 ‘ Apparently there is a ledge of rock over which the united waters of Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus plunge into Acheron ’ (Merry). Svw : genitive. See G. § 77, Note 1. 517. Serov t€ mryoturiov : an attraction similar to that in v. 113, and IX., 321. 2v0a kcu 4v8a : ‘this way and that,’ i.e., in length and breadth. 519. pc\LKpr|Ta) I a drink made of honey and milk. The dative is instrumental. 521. -yowovo-Gcu I ‘entreat’; seethe note on v. 481. Kapqva: used (like Kapa and the Latin caput) in the sense of ‘ persons.’ venvwv Kaprjva = veicves. 522. 4X0wv . . . pefjeiv . . .! the quoted words of the votv to be made, wh'ch is implied in the verb yovvovadai, ‘ vowing that on thy coming . . . thou wilt offer up . . .’ 523. pt^tv ’ of sacrificing an animal, dvcj ( e.g ., IX., 231) being ap¬ plied to non-animate offerings. 4v ! here ‘precious things,’ such as honey, flowers, clothing, weapons, etc. 525. vpcrepowrLv implying ' of you and your comrades.’ 526. \£ va - 544. -rrepl . . . (BaXer’ : tmesis. The middle has its full force ; G. § 199, 2. 546. 8ia Scopcer’ Iwv Circe’s apartment would be in the interior of the house, through various parts of which Odysseus would have to go to reach the a Wovcra, or colonnade, where his comrades would sleep. 547. dvSpa kao-Tov 1 cp. vv. 172, 173. 548. dwreir’ : ‘ breathe heavily,’ with a suggestion of indolence. The word is connected with ar/pu, ‘ I blow.’ Some, however, derive it from aojTos, ‘ wool,’ meaning ‘ to lie softly or luxuriously.’ ihrvov I for the accusative, cp. G. § 159. 549. I'opev subjunctive, A. § 25, A. i. Sir): of time, ‘already.’ tTretfjpaSe cp. A. § 21, v. (a). 551. ov8« pev ov8’ «v0ev irep ! ‘ but nay, not even thence.’ The first ovde negatives the whole statement, the second negatives evOev in par¬ ticular. 552. ti : cp. v. 505. 553. p€criv . . . &pr)pc6s \ ‘ steadfast of mind.’ fjciv A. § 14, ii. 554. ev Scopacri: here ‘on the roof of the house,’ which was flat. 556. opctSov 1 of men’s voices. Sovirov of the tramp of feet. 558. iwv emphatic, ‘ by going to the tall ladder.’ 559. KaTavTiKpv : ‘right down.’ Te'-yeos ‘from the roof,’ genitive of separation. Another reading is kcit’ avTLKpv, ‘ right down-from ’ (Cauer). 560. acrrpaydXwv \ ablatival genitive (G. § 174) after eK-e&yr). ’AiSocrSe : -de (see IX., 58) is here suffixed to the genitive, with which an accusative must be supplied. See note, v. 282. 562. c|)dcr0€: ‘ye deem’; cp. v. 284. iron : (enclitic), ‘I ween.’ 565. Cp. v. 492. Here the line causes an anacoluthon in point of grammar, being added as though fjpuv 656?' TeKp.ripa.To had been (as it is in meaning) ypas odbv TeXeacu eKeXevae. 567. kcit’ I with e^opevoi. a£0i! cp. v. 165. 568. aXX’ . . . -yap : cp. v. 202. 571. 8’ 1 in apodosis ; cp. IX., 57, n. Trapd vrjl with KaTehpaev. 573, peca 'irapcJjeXOoOcra : ‘ having lightly passed us by.’ 574. I'Soi/r’ G. § 226, 1. Here the protasis is contained in ovk eOeXovTa. ( = el prj 6£Xoi). 4 18 19 25 37 51 64 90 95 107 111 122 146 149 155 177 180 181 197 207 229 230 236 238 241 HARDER VERBAL FORMS IN ODYSSEY, BOOK X. apadedpope, dparp^xu. dprjpa to, avaivopLCU. eKddpas, etcdepu:. appai, arjpi. eiTrecrKev, ehrop (Xeyo:). diro. 297 diraprivaadai, dirapaiivopcu. 301 dpri, TLdrjpu. 304 e Trvya.T-\ov edoy-\aL yera | ots eTap-\oLaiv (irdyarov in arsis; so uerd ots, no elision). /cat rore | 7 rup db'e/c-|ate /cat | ijyeXy- 1! k\vtcl \ yrjXa (/cat, metri gratia ; -rjyeXye before /cA). avdpi ye \ aLTO, aAA-|a pXy> | vXrj\evn (hiatus in 3rd and 4th feet ; -a before p ; -a (though not so many as in Attic) : epida and epiv, (pvXoTnda and (pvXoTriv, Kvirpi8a and Kvirpcv ; but always M piv, Qenv, Oovpiv. (ii.) Many nouns in -is, -vs with stem -t, -v, admitting an acc. sing, in -iv and -vv, can form the acciisative plur. in -Is, -is (for -ivs, -vvs) : aKoiTis, ols, 7 roXts (incorrectly 7 roXeis); /Sous, yevvs, i’x#Ds, vends, o, as in j3opeu, evpipeXiu. (2) The genitive plural of both genders is -acov, -ewv, contracted at times to -Qv. (ii.) Second Declension : The genitive singular ends in -oio, -oo, -ov ; e.g., (Sioto, ’AioXoo. (iii.) Third Declension: (1) From nominatives in -eos is formed a genitive singular in -rjos or -eos ; e.g., IlyXyos, Tvdeos. So vybs from vrjvs, ‘ship.’ (2) From t and v nouns come genitives singular in -tos, -vos; sometimes -eos or -yos. E.g., ttoXls gives ttoXlos, iroXyos ; venvs, venvos ; pdvTis, pdvryos ; evpvs (adj.), evpeos ; 7 roXos, 7 roXeos. The plural has corresp onding forms. § 8.—The Dative. (i.) First Declension: The dative plural ends in -aici(v), -yci{v), -ys and (rarely) -ais ; e.g., d(ppa8iyci(v), rys, irdacus. (ii.) Second Declension: The dative plural is always -oiai(v). (iii.) Third Declension: (1) The dative singular is formed like the genitive (§ 7, iii.), i frequently scanning long, as in Latin ; thus ’Odvaayi, vyt, ToSei ; but ttoXls, as might be expected gives iroKi, 7 r(r) 6 Xei, irbXy'i. Further, yoi, beirdi (and deircu) from their respective stems ; and from nouns in -vs, dpvt, cv'L, but i£w, opxycrvi, nXydvT. (2) In the plural we have -ci{v) side by side with -aci[v) and -ecci(v) ; as dvdpaci and dvdpeaai, (3ovai and fioeaci, pvycrypci and pvycTypecci, ■jrocci , ttocL, and irddecci (from irods), ttLtvcclv ( ttLtvs ), etc. From stems APPENDIX ON DIALECT. in -as, -es, we have three forms : deirdeaat, deiraacn, derracn ; eireeaai, Zireacri, ’direcn. So airlaai, cnreecrcri(r) and cnrr]eacn{v) from cnreos. (3) In all nouns the gen. and dat. dual is in -oi'Cv, which never contracts. § 9. —The Instrumental. The archaic -<{h(v) is often attached to noun-stems, occasionally to adjectival- and participial-stems, to give a dative or genitive meaning, though it is noticed that the dative sense is then instrumental or comitative (at times locative), the genitive sense ablatival. Thus : (i.) Instrumental: aray/cat?)0t, j3i7](pi, Kpareprjipi, vav Plur. Gen. rcirv. HOMER. Sing. (iv.) octtls ' Nom. ocrrts, otis ; ijrts ; 6'rt, ottl Acc. ovnva, oTiva ; rjvriva ; ort, OTTL Gen. 6rreo, or rev, orev Dat. ore TOLff8e(n{v). (vi.) From the relative 8s come gen. sing. 8ov (and oo), erjs, dat. plur yen, rjs. VERBS. § 15.—Thematic and Non-Thematic Forms. The formation of the epic verbs depends upon the distinction between such forms as are and such as are not thematic. (i.) Thematic Forms are those which insert a connecting vowel between the tense-stem and the person-ending. This vowel is always o (before /x or v) or e (in all other cases), appearing respectively in « and t] of the subjunctive mood. (ii.) Non-Thematic Forms are those which have not this vowel. Thematic: present and imperfect in all voices of u verbs ; second aorists active and middle of w verbs {e.g., 8mdov, HXaxov), all futures indicative and all subjunctive forms. Non-Thematic : present and imperfect in all voices of verbs in -/.u ; both aorists passive of w verbs, and all aorists of -[xl verbs ; all optative forms. The perfect, pluperfect, and first aorist are also non-thematic. § 16.—Bong and Short Stems. (i.) Among non-thematic forms, it must be observed that the quan¬ tity of the stem-vowel varies ; e.g., 4>r]-fxl, (pa-fxev. The rule here is that the longer form of the stem appears with the ‘lighter’ person- endings [e.g., those of the sing, indie, act.), the shorter foim of the stem with the ‘heavier’ endings {e.g., those of the Dual and Plural, the Imperative and the Middle). E.g. : LtTrrj-fju, 'lara-fxev ; ei-fu, i-jiev ; 6-%ei/-a, xii-ro (%ew). (ii.) This variation appears strikingly in perfects such as yeyova, -as, -e (from yiyvofiai), the dual being yeyarov , etc. Other instances are given in Goodwin, §§ 124, 2 ; 125, 4, though the shorter forms should not be called ‘ second perfect,’ still less ‘ perfect middle,’ § 17.—Present and Imperfect Indicative, A. Non-Thematic. (i.) All verbs in -fu. The tense-stem is often identical with the verb-stem, as in rj/xl (= aio), elfxi [be), el/xt {go), crrevrai (erreu/xat), 66/xerai (e5a>, eaO'un). (ii.) Secondary reduplicated forms, such as /3t/3as (fr. /3atVw ; cp. APPENDIX ON DIALECT. • lards), diSy and didevroov (fr. Sew, bind ; cp. irldy), d[£yp.ai {seek) and 8i£yai (2nd sing.). (iii.) Secondary forms from (thematic) verbs in -aw, -ew, -ow. E.g., avX’fjTyv { cruAaw ), direiXyryv {direi.Xeu), ireivrgjLevcu { = -rreivav), KaXyy.evai, { = KaXeiv), fii&vai (= fiiovv, fr. /Stow). Cp. Attic 8l\py, xPW® a i, etc. (G. § 98, Note 2). (iv.) The termination -ada (2nd sing, act.) is not rare ; e.g., dcdoLcrda { = 5:'5ws), rldyaOa { = rldys), 'rjada (imperf. eifiL), Cp. olada (fr. olSa). So b(pycrda and cpycrda (fr. (prgii ). B. Thematic. (i.) Verbs in -aiw, -etw have a tendency to drop c when a vowel follows; e.g., reXeov, side by side with reXeiov (= ereXeiou). Cp. iiripi.alof.iaL and eirLpLaoptaL. (ii.) Some non thematic forms have thematic by-forms on the analogy of the contracted verbs in -aw, -ew, -ow, particularly in the imperfect ; e.g., eKipva {idpvypu), ir'iQei (= irldy), let {typu), idldov (diSojpu) and the present Sa/xva {ddfxvypu), dvieXs {avlyfu), /AeOieXs (pLedlypu). The 1st sing, impf. irpoteLv (irpotypu) is analogous. (iii.) Verbs in -aw stand practically alone in presenting assimilation in place of contraction. In this process one of the two vowels in juxtaposition is assimilated to the other according to the rules of con¬ traction that a prevails over e or y, but is prevailed over by o or w ; thus opaw becomes opow, opdeis becomes opda.s, ayaeade becomes ayaaade, yfiaoi'res becomes yfidiovres, fxvdovro p.vwovro, etc. Such forms as doiSicta (non-assimilated) are rare. It seems very probable that this ‘assimila¬ tion ’ is the stepping-stone to contraction. While the first vowel is often shortened, as in baas { = bays), and op6 w, etc., above, on the other hand the second vowel is lengthened in forms such as bpowvres (= bpaovres), ryXedbwaa (= ryXedaovcra). Further note the infinitive in -aav ; e.g., opaav. (iv.) Verbs in -ew sometimes contract the thematic e with the e of the stem instead of with the termination ; thus come aldeXo, veXai (for aideov, vey). (v.) a between two vowels of 2nd sing. pres, and fut. mid. and pass, is lost ; whence bpx eaL (= Attic bpxi ?), eu'xeai, /ceXeat, p.atVeat, bxyac (= bxy, subjunctive), for original epxecrcu, etc. (cp. perf. pass. (3e/3Xyaai, Attic). So, too, the 2nd sing, in past tenses has -eo (or -w) for Attic -ov ; e.g., afeo, epxtv (§ 3, vii.) or epxeo ( = *PX 0V > imperative), Qko { — Oou, fr. ridypu). § 18.—The Augment. (i.) The augment is used or not, according to the requirements of the metre ; e.g., (pdyov and b(payov, irpyacrov an 1 birpyaaov. So bxov and bx e , iXei { = bcpiXei), etc. (ii ) Initial consonants may be doubled (see § 4, i.). (iii.) Such forms as benrov, bepyov , bepyvv, ba^a, etc., are due to the loss of the digamma (G. § 104). (iv.) elpu {go) and olda may take augment in y; e.g., rjia (/ went; but 7)a = ?jv, I was), yeldei {he knew). HOMER. § 19. — Tile Future (Always Thematic). (i.) Stems in -p, -X, sometimes present the future in -aco ; as 8pa-ovaa (Spvv/iu), Sia-epdepa-ei (deaepdelpw), irepaco (irepdw). So KeXaco (/ceXXw). (ii.) Stems ending in X, p, p, v, insert e and drop cr ; as dyyeXew, ipew, pepiw, contraction also occurring; as /3aXw, Kapeirai (ndp-vu), oXetrat (dXXvpi). (iii.) Verbs giving an aorist in -era or -aaa (§ 20, i.) form the future generally with the omission of -cr ; as, A orisi. avridcra s (dimetw) eOapaaaa (dapaco) /career acrdaL (infin.) reXeaaai (infin.) Future. aVTLOte dapoco paxdrai reXew Aorist. Future. KaXeaaae (infin.) KaXeovaa (part.) dieopiaaa (teoplfa) Koptui dopoaa ( oppvpt .) 6povpai. (iv.) -aa appears in the future of certain verbs; as aideaaopat. (aldeo- pai), eppaaaopae (eppafa). (v.) The reduplicated aorist (§ 21) forms a future in some verbs ; as /cexapiycrw, Kexappaopai (%at pu) ; ireepedpaw (epelSw) ; KeieadpaopaL (lepdoj). (vi.) eaaeiTaL (dpi) stands almost alone from a future in -aeoj. (vii.) rlopcu (used as future of ttIpco) is really a subjunctive formed from the non-thematic tense-stem by taking the thematic vowel. § 20.— The First Aorist (Always Non-Thematic). (i.) In the sigmatic aorist (aorist in -era), a is often doubled after a short vowel ; e.g., erdXeaaa, oTraaaapepos, beside reXdaapres, ceoracra. (ii.) Some stems in X and p form an aorist in -aa ; e.g., ’dieeXaa (/ceXXw), c I'paa (opvvpi). See Gr. § 110, III. 2; and above § 19, i. (iii.) Some aorists are found with -a only, or with -/ca : ’daaeva (aedco, at-), ‘ I urged.’ ’diepa (/catw, ix-dy {KaraKTeivu, Xvu), redx w )* (ii.) Both aorists may form the third plural in -ev ; thus, £j3Xa(3ev {fiXdiTTw), tpuyev (fiLyvvpu), KareKradev (/cara/crefvw), for efiXafiycrav, i/xLyyaar, etc., beside rapiryaar (r^piropiaL), etc. § 23.—The Iterative Suffix. This suffix, alvu), (pdyeane ((pevyco). § 24.— The Perfect and Pluperfect (Non-Thematic). (i.) The variation of stem mentioned in § 16 is characteristic of that of the Homeric perfects ; beside those mentioned by Goodwin, §§ 124, 125, 4, we find (among others) : dpypa [dpapbiKw) dpapvta old a XS/xev (dedw/ca) SeSorai ireirovda {ird particip. eepypL^vaC), ‘they are shut in.’ olda, ‘ I know,’ is an original unreduplicated perfect. (vi.) The terminations -vtcu (pf.), -vro (plpf.), are only found after a, e, o, sometimes after y, v ; otherwise -arai, -aro appear : thus K€X vvto (xew), but eipvaTcu (eptiu), KeuXtarcu (/cXtVw), Tere6x aTaL (redxw), epx ar0 and etpxct.ro (eipyu), e'iaro and earo (fjptai, sit). (vii.) In the pluperfect the singular is formed from the long stem with the terminations ea (contr. to - 77 ), -eas (contr. to -ys), -ee (contr. to -et(r )) ; the dual and plural present the short stem with the regular terminations of past tenses : thus ydea ( oida ), reOyXet ( daXXu ;), yvdoyea and yvtPyeiv ( dvwya ), eiuryv (&>t/ca, etpueiv), eiveind-ptev (ireido}), earacrau (iarypu, eicrrrjKeLv). oida makes 3rd sing. y8n 7 , ySei, or yeidy. (viii.) A few perfect stems become thematic, and are inflected ac¬ cordingly ; e.g., ptepcyKov, apLcpipcepLVKev, artoyor, yeywvevv (= yeyuveov). § 25.— The Subjunctive. A. Non-Thematic Tense-Stems employ the thematic vowel ( 0 , e) to form the subjunctive, the vowel becoming y or w wherever it can do so without disturbing the metre ; thus (i.) The endings are : Active. Middle. Sing. Dual. Plur. Sing. Dual. Plur. -w -optev 1. -o//.at -optedov -opteda, -opceada - ys, -ycrda -erov -ere 2. -eat -yadov -yade -y, -yu -erov •tocr l(v) 3. -erat -yaOov -WVTCU. Thus : Present, (elpi) 110 , iyada, tyT]ju) cpyy ; (Kixavto, Kix'np'-) Kt.xdop.ev. Aor. 1. (tico) rtcrere, riauaL ; (dfjie£j3«) apt-eLtpercu. Aor. 2. (|3cuva>) /3etco, impeiopLev. 0V l ) etpeioj, avyy. (Ti0qp.i) Qeiw {Opto), deiopev (Oyoptev), a-rrodeiojucu. (PdXXa)) (SXyercu ; (0ivw) (pdierai, (pOibueaOa. APPENDIX ON DIALECT. Perfect. (oI8a) eldew, -rjs, -rj ; d'5o/xer, ecdere, elduxn ; (tt€i0co) ireiroLdopiev. Aor. pass. (SdfJivco) Sa/xetw ( dapiyw ), dapiyys, da/xyere. (eSaqv, Saw) daeLoj ; (aavco) epw). (c) -etr of Attic 2 aorist infinitive still uncontracted ; /SaAeetr, tfieeiv. N.B.—For the Homeric forms of et’/xf, eqxt, see G. § 127, L, II. V School UeyLBoofcs CONTENTS Religious Knowledge Arithmetic Algebra . Geometry Bookkeeping Mechanics Heat Light Sound PAGE 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 PAGE Magnetism and Elec¬ tricity . Chemistry English Language and Literature History . Geography Latin French 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 London : W. B. 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