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A PEAOTICAL GRAMMAR 
 
 ANTIEJ^fT GAELIC, 
 
 ITanpEge d l|e |de d P^iiit, 
 
 USUALLY CALLED 
 
 M A N K S. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOHN KELLY, LL.D., 
 
 VICAR OF ARDLEIGH, AND RECTOR OF COPFORD, 
 IN THE COUNTY OF ESSEX. 
 
 EDITED, TOGETHER 
 
 WITH AN INTEOLUCTION, LIFE OF DE. KELLY, AND NOTES, 
 
 BT THE 
 
 REV. WILLIAM G^ I L L, 
 
 VICAR OF MALEW. 
 
 DOUGLAS, ISLE OF MAN: 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE MANX SOCIETY. 
 
 MDCCCLIX. 
 
 Facsimile reprint for BERNARD QUARITCII, 15 Piccadilly, London. 
 
 1870. 
 

 EDITOE'S INTRODUCTION. 
 
 rilHB Manx Grammar, like tlie language itself, was fast 
 hastening to decay. The original and only edition had 
 become extremely scarce; insomuch that a copy could with 
 difficulty be found from which to re- edit the work. At this 
 crisis The Manx Society opportunely intervened for its preserva- 
 tion. The Society was formed in 1858, " for the publication of 
 National Documents of the Isle of Man.^' Among the first 
 works to which it turned its attention was Dr. Kelly^s Manx 
 Grammar, which it deemed deserving of a place among its early 
 publications. In the restoration of this book, the Society 
 acknowledges its obligations to a lady, awarmfriend of the Island 
 and a relative of the deceased author, for the generous donation 
 of half the cost of the impression. 
 
 Besides the Grammar, Dr. Kelly had prepared two works of 
 great labour, and, in a philological point of view, great value, — 
 a Manx and English Dictionary, and a Triglot Dictionary of 
 Manx, Gaelic, and Irish, based upon English. These works are 
 still lying in manuscript, but complete, and ready for the press. 
 
IV 
 
 The Society considers tlio publication of tlicso too lieavy an 
 nndertaking for its present funds ; but it is not without hope 
 that it may at some future, perhaps not distant, time be able to 
 aid in giving- them to the world, and that the present publication 
 may ojDon the Avay to such a result. 
 
 This reprint of the Grammar is an accurate transcript of the 
 original work^ with corrections only of errors of the press and of 
 some obvious inaccuracies of the pen. The old plan of making 
 an English Grammar w^as to reduce the structure of the language 
 to a rigid conformity to Latin and Greek, in the number and 
 names of cases, and of moods and tenses. In Manx the same 
 thing w^as thought imperative. The modern rule is, to have just 
 as many cases, and as many moods and tenses,, as there are actual 
 variations of the words, without the admission of prepositions or 
 of auxiliary verbs. To this rule the laws of grammar seem to 
 require the Manx, as well as the English, to be conformed. As, 
 however, the adoption of such a principle in the present instance 
 would involve the rearrangement, to a considerable extent^ of 
 the Grammar, it is thought advisable not to attempt the change, 
 but to give ' the work in its original integrity. Dr. Kelly's 
 Grammar thus presented, especially viewed as an original pro- 
 duction, unaided by any pre- existent grammar, cannot fail to 
 strike the intelligent reader as reflecting the highest credit on 
 the author's industry and ingenuity. 
 
 The object of this reprint is not to uphold the Manx as a 
 spoken language, — that were a hopeless attempt, were the end 
 ever so desirable ; but to afford some assistance to the student of 
 this interesting branch of the ancient Celtic, and to obtain for it, 
 when its lifetime is gone by, a place among the records of the 
 
editor's introduction. V 
 
 dead languages of Europe. The decline of tlie spoken Manx, 
 witliin the memory of the present generation, has been marked. 
 The language is no longer heard in our courts of law, either from 
 the bench or the bar, and seldom from the witness-box. Tlie 
 courts are indeed still fenced in Manx, according to ancient tra- 
 ditionary form ; and the Island laws are still promulgated in 
 that language on the Tynwald Mount, where the last lingering 
 accents of the Gaelic in Man — once the language of Europe, the 
 universal language of the British Isles — will probably be heard. 
 In our churches the language was used by many of the present 
 generation of clergy three Sundays in the month. It was after- 
 wards restricted to every other Sunday ; and is now entirely dis- 
 continued in most of the churches. In the schools throughout 
 the Island the Manx has ceased to be taught; and the introduc- 
 tion of the Government system of education has done much to 
 displace the language. It is rarely now heard in conversation, 
 except among the peasantry. It is a doomed language, — an ice- 
 berg floating into southern latitudes. 
 
 Let it not, however, be thought that its end is immediate. 
 Among the peasantry it still retains a strong hold. It is the 
 language of their affections and their choice, — the language to 
 which they habitually resort in their communications with each 
 other. And no wonder; for it is the language which they find 
 most cono'cnial to their habits of thouo-ht and feelinor. In Eno-- 
 lish, even where they have a fair knowledge of the tongue, tlioy 
 speak with hesitation and under rcstraiut. In Manx they arc 
 fluent, and at ease. There is little probability, therefore, of their 
 soon forgetting their clicngey-nij-mayrcij (mother-tongue). 
 A language thus dear to tlie p^nisautry Irum its innate adap- 
 
tation to tlieir use_, possesses at tlie same time no small recom- 
 mendations to tlie attention of the philologist and antiquary, 
 and especially of those whoso office it is to instruct the people in 
 morals and religion. A few of its distinctive qualities may be 
 here noticed. 
 
 The language is peculiarly forcible and expressive, as far as 
 the range of its vocabulary extends. For the purposes of devo- 
 tion it is especially adapted.* There is a solemnity and sim- 
 plicity in the Manx Liturgy of which the intelligent worshipper 
 cannot but feel conscious. In the Manx Scriptures the idiom of 
 the language seems to bear a strong affinity to that of the 
 originals, especially of the Old Testament. 
 
 The poetical capabilities of the language are beautifully ex- 
 hibited in many of the effusions of the native muse. The follow- 
 ing fugitive production of the pen of a late native clergyman 
 (the Rev. T. Stephen), which appeared many years ago in an 
 Island newspaper, and is now (at the time of writing this Intro- 
 duction) probably lost to every person but the Editor, will bear 
 comparison, for pathos and idiomatic beauty, with any passage 
 that can be produced from English poetry : — 
 
 " As ere ta gloyr, agh aalid ennym vie, — 
 Ennym ! ta myr y ghall ta sheidey shaghey ? 
 Shoh moylley'n pobble, my she moylley shen. 
 Son ere ta'n pobble, agh yurnaag anreaghit, — 
 Earroo neuchinjagh, ta son jannoo mooar 
 Jeh nhecghyn eddrym nagh vel toilchin scansh, 
 As coontey cadjin reddyn ta feeu arrym ? 
 Ta'd moylley as ta'd ooashlagh shen nagh nhione daue j 
 As shen ta'd gloyragh jiu, ta'd jiooldey mairagh ; 
 
 * An eminent Scotch nobleman is said to have expressed himself thus: — "If I 
 wish to speak on philosophy, I employ the Greek language. If I utter commands, the 
 Latin is best to express them. If I make love, I speak in Freftch. But if I address my 
 Maker, I have recourse to the Gaelic." 
 
EDITOR S INTKODUCTIUN. Vll 
 
 Cha 'soc eer quoi, agh eer myr tad'yr leeidit ;' 
 Fer er fer elley geiyrt, myr guoiee trooid doarlish. 
 As cre'n cooilleen t'ayns soiagh vooar nyn Iheid ? 
 Dy veaghey er nyn ennal, — goo yn sleih ! 
 Marvanee Iheaystagh, myr y gheay neuhiggyr ! 
 Qnoi echey ta resoon veagh blakey lurgli oc ? 
 Lioroo dy ve Iheamysit te moylley." 
 
 Literal translation : — 
 
 " And what is glory, but, the radiance of a name, — 
 A name ! which, as a vapour, blows unheeded by ? 
 This is the people's praise, if praise it be. 
 For what is the people ? An entangled skein, — 
 A fickle mob, who greatly prize 
 Things vain and worthless ; 
 While they contemn what merits veneration, 
 They praise and they esteem the things they know not. 
 And whom they praise to-day, they blame to-morrow ; 
 They know not whom, but just as they are led ; 
 One following another, as geese through a gap. 
 And what advantage is in the esteem of such ? 
 To live upon their breath, — the people's praise ! 
 Poor wavering mortals, as the wind inconstant ! 
 Their blame is commendation." 
 
 The language abounds in strong figurative expressions. Of 
 
 tkis tlie lines above quoted afford an illustration. The following 
 
 are additional examples : — 
 
 Casscm - ny - greiney. 
 The footpath of the sun (the zodiac). 
 
 Goll twoaie. 
 The going north (the rainbow, which always appears in or towards the north). 
 
 Feallagh ny jwrinys. 
 The people of the truth (the perfect). 
 
 Cre-erhee Veh dy ycmnoo, te cheet lesh. 
 Whatsoever he doeth, it comes with him (prospers). 
 
 Ny cur dty aigney Ihieu. 
 
 Not give thy mind with them (consent not). 
 
 Shass er dty chione hene. 
 
 Stand on thy head own (rely on your own understanding). 
 
 Bvdtchoorys er hene. 
 
 Slaughtering on him - self (on his own account). 
 
 Goll shecse ny Ihargagh. 
 Going down the declivity (failing\ 
 
viii editor's introduction. 
 
 S'mie Ihiam shen dy-jarroo. 
 Very good to me is that indeed (very pleasing to mc). 
 
 Shooyl ny tliieyn. 
 Going on the houses (begging). 
 Ta'n usldey cloie. 
 The water is playing" (boiling), 
 
 Boch Yuan fannee. 
 The horse of John the flayer (one Juan, who flayed his liorse, and took to his stick — 
 walking stick). 
 
 Craue - heg - 'sy - clileeau. 
 
 A bone little in the breast (remorse). 
 
 Lhiam - lliiat. 
 With mc, with thee (an inconstant person). 
 
 Chengey lhiam, chengey Ihiat. 
 Tongue with mc, tongue with thee (blowing hot and cold). 
 
 Ill proverbial lore tlie Manx language lias its traditionary 
 stores. The figures wliicli give point and beauty to its proverbs 
 are_, as in all primitive languages, taken from nature. The fol- 
 lowing will serve as specimens of its popular sayings : — 
 
 Keeayl cMonnit yn cheeayl share, 
 Wit bought is the wit best, 
 
 Mannagh vel ee Monnit ro gheyr. 
 If it be not bought too dear. 
 
 Ta cree dooie ny share na hione croutagh. 
 Is a heart kindly better than a head crafty. 
 
 Tra ta un dooinney hoght cooney lesh dooinney hoght elley, ta Jee hertie garaghtee. 
 When one man poor helps man poor another, God himself laughs 
 (for delight). 
 
 Tra, hig yn laa hig yn coyrle lesh. 
 When come the day will come its counsel with it. 
 
 Clagh ny Mllagh ayns Tcione dty hie vooar. 
 
 A church stone be in thcheadof thy house great (thy punishment bo that of the 
 man who commits sacrilege). 
 
 Ta'n aghaue veg .shuyr da'njaghaue vooar. 
 Is the hemlock little sister to the hemlock big (a small sin is akin to a great one). 
 
 Laih Ihiat ve marish y chioltane ; agh ta'n eamagh ayd caonagh 
 
 Thou wouldest fain be numbered with the flock; but is bleat thy the bleat 
 ny goair. 
 of the goat. 
 
IX 
 
 Ta ynsagh coamrey stoamey yn dooinney hcrclutgli ; as tc herchys yn 
 Is learning the attire comely of the man rich ; and it is the riches of the 
 dooinney hoglit. 
 man poor. 
 
 Cronlc glilass foddey voym ; loam loam tra roshym eh. 
 The hill green far away ; bare bare when I reach it. (" Distance lends en- 
 chantment to the view."— Campbell's Pleasv/res of Hope.) 
 
 Myr s'doo yn feeagh yiow eh sheshey. 
 However black the raven, will find he a mate. 
 
 Eshin tiagh gow rish hriw erhee, Veh deyrey eh hene. 
 
 He who will not take with (not allow) judge any, he does condemn him- self. 
 
 Caghlaa ohhyr aaish. •■ ^ 
 
 Change of work is rest. 
 
 Easht lesh dagh cleaysh, eisht jean hriwyns. 
 Listen with each ear, then do judgment. 
 
 Yn loam leigh Iooau aggair. 
 Summum jus summa injuria. 
 
 Shegin goaill ny eairlcyn ma/rish y cheh. 
 You must take the horns with the hide. (Job ii. 10.) 
 
 In the study of tlie language^, the antiquary will find scope 
 for the exercise of his ingenuity in tracing the origin and signi- 
 fication of many of the proper nouns and peculiar expressions. 
 To suggest a few hints in this direction :— 
 
 GaeUc, Gailclc, Gaelgagh, evidently indicate the affinity of the language and the 
 race to the old Celtic, or Keltic. " The Galic," says Mr. Shaw, in his Galic Dic- 
 tionary, "is the language of Japhet, spoken before the Deluge, and probably the 
 speech of Paradise." 
 
 Bretnee, or Brethnee, the Welsh, the old British ; from Ireclc, hrith, spotted 
 (Latin, the Picts). 
 Sasonee, or Saxonec, the English, the Anglo-Saxons. 
 Albin, Nolhin, Alhinee, Alpinec, the Scotch (Albania). 
 Erinee, the Irish. 
 FrangeCf the French, Franks. 
 
 Keeil, a church ; probably from Iceyll, a grove ; the Druids' grove being turned into 
 a Christian church. 
 
 Laa-Boayldyn or Baaltino, May-day, when the inhabitants burn fires on tlic moun- 
 tains ; the day of Baal's fire, or of the sun, — from chcnan, the sun, or chen or icinao 
 (Scotch), the fire of the sun, which our ancestors worsliippcd as the mcdiiun of 
 adoration of the Supreme Being. (See Kelly's Dictionary, Baaltine.) 
 Drioi, a chariucr, a druid. Hence, d()vc, an oak. 
 DrmaghUigh, an enchanter. (Jcr. xxvii. 9.) 
 
X editor's INTPvODUCTlON. 
 
 Cloagey-druiagh, a druidical cloak, supposed to confer on the person wearing it 
 the power of healing, prophesying, and becoming invisible. 
 
 il/aZcR', the name of a parish in Man ; from Moyl-Loup, or Moylley-Lujpus, in 
 honour of Lupus,— the church being dedicated to St. Lupus. 
 
 Ballaheeil-Woirrey, the estate of iMiuy's Church. 
 
 S'm'oaZ, the name of the highest mountain in Man. (^Cornish, niull, a cloud; 
 Scotch, neulL a cloud.) 
 
 Padjer, prayer. (Latin, j^ter, Italian, ^xtcZj-c, Cornish, j^adar, the Lord's Prayer 
 — a going to the Father.) 
 
 Agglish, the church. (Greek, eKKXrjaia.) 
 
 Saggyrt, a priest. (Latin, sacerdos.) 
 
 Corp as annym, body and soul. (Latin, corpus et animii^s.) 
 
 Oirr ny marrey, the sea-coast. (Latin, ora maris.) 
 
 Airh as argid, gold and silver. (Latin, aurum et argenUim.) 
 
 Ennym, a name. (Greek, ovofia.) 
 
 Paitchey, a child. (Greek, Traic-) 
 
 Keayrd, el trade. (Greek, Kepdog, gain.) 
 
 Meshtey, drunk. (Greek, nerrrog, full.) 
 
 Booa, a cow. (Greek, (3oaoj, to bellow.) 
 
 Fer, a man. (Lat. vir.) 
 
 Colmane, a drove. (Lat. cohimha.) 
 
 Arroo, corn. (Lat. an^o, to plough.) 
 
 Sollys, light. (Lat. sol, the sun.) 
 
 Peccagh, a person. (Lat. peccator, a sinner.) 
 
 Phadeyr, a prophet. (Gr. 0a w, to speak.) 
 
 Booys, give me. (Gr. doaig, a giving.) 
 
 The habits of the people may be traced in many of the terms 
 and peculiar expressions of their tongue :■■ — 
 
 Staa, a band of three men making a hedge together — two of them cutting the sod, 
 and one lifting. 
 
 Fer feayree, one above the number wanted at work, to cool while the others are 
 working. 
 
 Oie mooie as oie elley sthie. 
 A night out and night another in, 
 
 Oik son cahhil agh son Tcirree mie. 
 Bad for horses but for sheep good. 
 
 Oas%r^u-t;oi/wriee, .stockings without soles, strapped under the foot, used without 
 shoes. 
 
 Cooillee, the withdrawing-room ; from cooill, a corner, as being but a corner of 
 the great house {yn thie mooar) to which it is joined. 
 
 Carro/ae, a raw-hide sandal. 
 
 CUollagh, the floor- hearth on which the turf or log was burned. 
 
XI 
 
 As in Scotland and Ireland, so in the Isle of Man, the 
 patronymic is in common use : — 
 
 Ma/nnanan - mac - y Lheirr. 
 
 Mannanan, the son of Lheirr (an ancient necromancer). 
 
 Dick Quayll Vessey. 
 
 Dick, the son of Quayle the son of Boss (which Bess was no doubt a notable in licr 
 day, as Dick is in his). 
 
 Men are also designated from tlieir domain : — 
 
 Veih-hen, to Ballacliarnane Wooar cheet. 
 See, Ballucarnanc the Great comes. 
 
 Or from tlieir degree of society : — 
 
 Td'n Bonaghey ny glwoinney ooasle 
 The Donaghey is a man honourable. 
 
 Or from some quality pertaining to them : — 
 
 Illiam Dhone, Swarthy William. 
 Juan Gorrym, Purple John. 
 
 Among the idiomatic forms which render the language de- 
 serving of attention may be enumerated the following : — 
 The article has a plural number : 
 
 Tn Hoar. ISfy Uoaryn 
 The book. The books. 
 
 The adjective follows the noun (its natural and proper place), 
 except drogh, evil, and slienn, old, which go before the noun : 
 
 Yn dooinney mie. Ben aalin. 
 
 The man good. A woman fair. 
 
 The adjective has a plural form : 
 
 Red heg. Reddyn heggey. 
 
 A thing little. Things little. 
 
 Maglier glass. Magheryn glassey. 
 A field green. Fields green. 
 
 Nouns have an emphatic form : 
 
 Dty ohhyr henc. Bty ohhyrs henc. 
 
 Thy work own. Thy work (emphatic) own. 
 
xii editor's introduction. 
 
 Pronouns liavc an cmpliatic form : 
 
 Mec, mish Oo, %iss. Eh, esliyn. Ee, ish. 
 
 I, I (emphatic). Thou, tliou. He. he. She. she. 
 
 Gow rish. Gow rishyn. 
 
 Ackno^vledge him. Acknowledge liiin (emphatic). 
 
 Pronouns are compounded witli prepositions : 
 
 Ornfin ; ort ; lUiam ; lliiat ; lesh ; ecliey ; Tmggcy ; huggeysyn. 
 LI poll inc; upon thee; Avithme; with thee; with him; at him; to him; tohim(emph.) 
 
 The initial letters of a word adapt tliem selves to tlie final 
 letters of the preceding word, for euphony : 
 
 Bea veayn (not bca heayn). Dty hie (not dty thie). 
 
 Life long. Thy house. 
 
 Billy dy vea (not hca). Aym pene (not Ucne). 
 
 Tree of life. At my self. 
 
 Nouns have a dual number when the numeral daa is used : 
 
 Un hooil. Daa hooil. Tree sooillyn. 
 One eye. Two eyes. Three eyes. 
 
 The spelling of the Manx tongue had remained unsettled till 
 1772^ when the Manx Bible was first printed. That translation, 
 has been since recognised as the standard of orthography. ^' The 
 Celtic language/' observes the writer of an anonymous manu- 
 script among Dr. Kelly's papers,, " everywhere losing ground, 
 had degenerated in Man in a ratio proportionate to its narrow 
 territory, and the increased intercourse of its inhabitants with 
 Britain. In the Manx dialect many terms were lost, many 
 Anglicisms adopted, many corruptions introduced. The trans- 
 lators had now an opportunity to apply the remedy. By duo 
 attention to the orthography and structure of the language, the 
 connexion between roots and compounds might have been pre- 
 served, and its original energy and purity restored. Bat the 
 translators did not consult the structure of the language. By 
 
XI VI 
 
 adjusting tlic ortliograpliy to pronunciation^ roots arc wholly 
 
 lost. ... It mustj liowcvcr^, be allowed^ agreeably to tlio 
 
 arirumcnt of a learned friend of mine, who was one of the com- 
 
 initteo of correction and publication^ that had not the words been 
 
 written as they are pronounced^ the body of the people must 
 
 have continued uninstructed. The Irish orthography would 
 
 have presented insurmountable difficulties ; it would have been 
 
 to the multitude an unknown tongue.^^ 
 
 The translators^ therefore, adopted the wise alternative. They 
 
 regarded the utility of their work rather than the elucidation of 
 
 the language ; and accordingly took the spoken sound as their 
 
 rule of orthography.* 
 
 Upon a review of these notices of the language, it is presumed 
 
 the reader who is capable of appreciating its qualities will be 
 
 disposed to concur in the following eulogy upon the language, 
 
 which is quoted from the introduction to the Manx Dictionary, 
 
 by the late Archibald Cregeen, a native Manxman of great 
 
 sagacity and judgment : — 
 
 " In concluding my observations and remarks, I cannot but admire the construction, 
 texture, and beauty of the Manks language, and how the words initially change their 
 cases, moods, tenses, degrees, &c. It appears like a piece of exquisite network, inter- 
 woven together in a masterly manner, and framed by the hand of a most skilful work- 
 man, equal to the composition of the most learned, and not the production of chance. 
 
 * There is one marked peculiarity which distinguishes the grammar of the Manx 
 from that of other dialects of the Celtic language. The orthography or spelling of the 
 Irish and the Scottish Gaelic is constructed on the princijjle ofprescrving the deriva- 
 tion of the words ; and therefore the spelling often differs from the pronunciation. 
 The Manx spelling, on the other hand, is based on phonography. The words are 
 written as they are pronounced. The etymology of the words is often obscured and 
 hidden by this system of spelling ; but the spoken sound is preserved. Consequently, 
 the Manx orthograi)hy will hand down to posterity the soumls of the spoken language 
 better than the Irish and Scottish modes of spelling. The orthography of these 
 dialects will preserve the etymology ; while that of the Manx will hand down to 
 future generations the phonography of a Celtic dialect.— Rev. W. Mackenzie. 
 
XIV EDITOR S TXTRODUCTION. 
 
 The depth of meaning that abounds in many of the words must be conspicuous to 
 every person versed in the language." 
 
 At the risk of exceeding the reasonable bounds of an Intro- 
 duction, the Editor ventures here to introduce soroe notices of 
 Manx literature and of the j\Ianx people, which he is glad to be 
 able to quote from a living authority of note. The author of 
 The Bible in Spahij &c._, in his advertisement of a book pro- 
 posed to be published by him under the title of Bayr Jiargey, 
 containing the narrative of his wanderings in the Isle of Man, 
 in quest of Manx literature, thus writes : — 
 
 " The IManx have a literature, — a native vernacular Gaelic literature. This fact 
 has been frequently denied, but it is now established beyond the possibility of doubt. 
 Some time ago a gentleman went to Man with the express purpose of discovering 
 whether the Manx had a literature or not. He possessed a slight knowledge of 
 Manx, and was tolerably well acquainted with the Irish and Scotch Gaelic. The 
 Manx tongue, it will be necessary to observe, is called Gailk, and is closely connected 
 with the vernacular speech of the Highlands, and also with that of Ireland, — bearing 
 a closer resemblance to theformer than the latter. Ithas, however, certain peculiarities; 
 amongst others, it has a dual number. The gentleman in question visited every 
 part of the island on foot, and was a great deal amongst the peasantry of the mountain 
 districts, whose confidence he contrived to win. He was not slow in discovering 
 that they possessed a literature of their own, entirely manuscript. This literature 
 consists of ballads on sacred subjects, which are called carvals, a corruption of the 
 English word carol. It was formerly the custom in the Isle of Man for young people 
 who thought themselves endowed with the poetic gift to compose carols some time 
 before Christmas, and to recite them in the parish churches. Those pieces which 
 were approved of by the clergy were subsequently chanted by their authors through 
 their immediate neighbourhoods, both before and after the holy festival. Many of 
 these songs have been handed down by writing to the present time. Some of them 
 possess considerable merit, and aprintedcollectionof them would be a curious addition 
 to the literature of Europe. . . The carvals are preserved in uncouth-looking, 
 smoke-stained volumes, in low farm-houses and cottages situated in mountain gills 
 and glens. They constitute the genuine literature of Elian Vannin. ... Of the 
 carval books the gentleman procured two, though not without considerable difficulty, 
 the peasantry not being at all willing in general to part with their volumes. He says 
 that in the whole world there is not a more honest, more kindly race than the 
 genuine Manx. Towards strangers they exercise unbounded hospitality, without 
 the slightest idea of receiving any compensation. ... It seems that the Manx 
 language is falling fast into disuse; and it is probable that within sixty years it will 
 have ceased to exist as a spoken language. . . . The Manx may occasionally 
 prove of great use to the antiquary and philologist ; some knowledge of it is indis- 
 pensable for understanding some of the inscriptions on the runic stones." 
 
XV 
 
 In a letter from this author^ the Editor is favoured with the 
 following remarks^, which deserve to be appended to the fore- 
 going extracts : — 
 
 " The carvals are all in manuscript. There is, however, a small, but not uninter- 
 esting, poetic Manx literature existing in print, though not easily procurable. First 
 of all, there is the grand historic ballad, in which the fortunes of the various races 
 and families, which have at different times held the island, are narrated. Then 
 there is the noble ballad concerning the death of Brown William, and the vengeance 
 inflicted by God on his murderers and their progeny. Then there is the ballad of 
 Molley Cltarane, the miser, a humorous and satirical piece of great poignancy ; 
 and the one of a similar character, and very little inferior to it in any respect, called 
 Kirree fo Sniaghterj ; or, the She&p beneath the Snoiv. These four are the most 
 remarkable compositions in the printed vernacular literature of Man : though there 
 are other pieces of considerable merit, — for example, a little piece commencing with 
 " Ushag beg ruy," and two or three elegies on drowned seamen. Besides original, 
 the Manx language contains translated poetry. There is the Phargys Caillit of a 
 rector of Marown, who flourished about the commencement of the present century; 
 which is, however, not a translation of the whole of Paradise Lost, as the name 
 would seem to imply, but consists of translations of particular parts of Pa/radise Lost 
 into Manx rhyme, neatly and smoothly done, but with very little vigour, and not 
 much fidelity. Then there is the Lioar dy Hymnyn, or Book of Hymns, from 
 Wesley, Watts, and others, by George Killey, of Kirk Onchan ; which is done in 
 a manner which shews that the poor Methodist, who, singular enough, was parish 
 cleric, possessed powers of versification of the very highest order." 
 
 The only other topic to which the Editor would now advert is 
 the learning of the language. Though he is not prepared to 
 recommend the study of Manx to the general reader, on account 
 of the merits of the language, or for the stores of literature which 
 it contains ; he would yet strongly impress upon those whose 
 sphere of duty lies, or is to lie, among the peasantry, the im- 
 portance of possessing a knowledge of the tongue with which 
 the country people are most conversant. The younger clergy 
 and candidates for the ministry, especially, should feel it im- 
 perative upon them to possess this qualification for intercourse 
 with the people. If a knowledge of the language is no longer 
 necessary for the ministrations of the Church, it is very import- 
 ant for the efficient discharge of the work of pastoral visitation. 
 
Mucli time is spent in learning two or tlirce of the dead lan- 
 guages ; why may not some pains be taken to master a living 
 language, the knowledge of which would open to the minister a 
 more easy access to the understandings of many of his flock, and 
 recommend him to the hearts of all ? Bishop Bedell learned the 
 Irish language when upwards of sixty years of age, " in order/' 
 says his biographer, " that he might personally carry forward 
 the good work of conversion^' among his people ; '^ and although 
 he did not converse in that tongue, he was able to read, write, 
 and translate it. The first Irish grammar that ever was com- 
 posed was written by him." Bishop Hildesley also is related to 
 have been ^^ very fond of the language of the Island over which 
 he presided ; and not only nsed to read part of the service, but 
 always dismissed the congregation with the Blessing in Manks. 
 He frequently expressed a wish to be assisted in learning it, ' and 
 this,^ says Dr. Kelly, ' was my primary inducement for drawing 
 up a Manks Grammar, and for composing a Dictionary also of 
 that tongue, for the nse of his Lordship and others f which was 
 in a great degree of forwardness at the time of his death.'' 
 Bishop Short, in later days, though decidedly opposed to the 
 continuance of the language, yet was so convinced of the im- 
 portance of an acquaintance with it, for present purposes, that 
 he instituted prizes at King William's College for proficiency in 
 Manx. 
 
 In learning the language, the Editor would by no means 
 recommend an application to the Grammar in the first instance. 
 That would be found a perplexing and disheartening process. 
 Let the student rather betake himself to some living Manx- 
 speaking native, if he is fortunate enough to have such an advan- 
 
EDITOR^S TNT^RODUCTION. Xvii 
 
 tage within reach, and loarn the rudiments of the Language, as 
 a child learns its first vocables, from the living voice. Let him 
 also, with the same assistance, read the Manx Bible side by side 
 with the English, or one of Bishop Wilson^s books, — as, e.g., his 
 Principles and Duties of Christianity, with. Manx and English in 
 parallel columns ; and when ho has acquired some knowledge in 
 this way, then he will find the benefit of the Grammar in 
 reducing what may have appeared to him arbitrary changes of 
 words to method and order. 
 
 WILLIAM GILL, 
 October, 1859. • Vicar of Malew. 
 
LIFE OF DE. KELLY. 
 
 TT is to be lamented tliat_, in common with many otlier men 
 who liave raised themselves to distinction by their works, 
 but little is known of the personal history of Dr. Kelly. This 
 volume, however, would be very incomplete if it did not contain 
 some biographical notice of the learned author. The following 
 brief account of him is drawn up from such materials as are 
 extant, collected with much zeal and industry by Paul Bridson, 
 Esq., of Douglas, a member of the Council, and Honorary Secre- 
 tary of The Manx Society. 
 
 John Kelly, the author of the Manx Grammar, was the son 
 of William Kelly, wine-cooper, and Alice Kewley, his wife. Ho 
 was born at Algare, or, as he himself writes it, Aal-caer, in 
 Baldwin, in the parish of Braddan, Isle of Man, in 1750. After 
 receiving the first rudiments of his education in the Douglas 
 Grammar School, under the Rev. Philip Moore, chaplain and 
 schoolmaster, of Douglas, and afterwards rector of Kirk Bride, 
 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge. He took Holy Orders 
 in the year 177G. His first ministerial appointment was to tho 
 charge of the Scotch Episcopal Church in tho town of Ayr, 
 
 B 2 
 
XX LIFE OF DR. KELLY. 
 
 wliicli he liokl for three je^iTS. In 1 779 he engaged as tutor to 
 the Marquis of Huntlejj last Duke of Gordon. At that time 
 the Duke of Gordon had been stationed at Ayr with his regiment 
 (Aberdeenshire Fencibles),andhadin this way become acquainted 
 with Mr. Kelly. In 1791 Mr. Kelly was appointed vicar of 
 Ardlcigh^ near Colchester. He proceeded LL.D. at Cambridge 
 in 1799 ; and became rector of Copford,, not far from Ardleigh, 
 in 1800. 
 
 Dr. Kelly is best known as the author of the Manks Grammar, 
 and the reviser of the Manx translation of the Scriptures. Ho 
 also published the life of his wife's grandfather, John Dollond, 
 F.R.S., the inventor of the achromatic telescope; and two ser- 
 mons preached on public occasions, one of which is printed here- 
 with as a specimen of his pulpit powers, and of the liberal and 
 enlightened views which led him to labour so earnestly for the 
 improvement of his native country and its literature. 
 
 While yet a student at the Douglas Grammar School, the 
 aptitude which he displayed for learning, and his knowledge of 
 the vernacular language of the Isle of Man, marked him out for 
 important service in furthering the translation of the Holy 
 Scriptures into Manx, a work in which his worthy preceptor had 
 so large a share. It would appear that at the age of sixteen he 
 entered on the arduous task of revision assigned to him ; and for 
 the space of eight years was incessantly employed in that under- 
 taking. He transcribed the whole version, from Genesis to 
 Revelation, superintended the impression, and corrected the 
 proof-sheets, as well as examined and corrected subsequent 
 editions of the New Testament. In an autograph letter of tbe 
 Rev. P. Moore's to the Christian Knowledge Society, in May, 
 
LIFE OF DR. KELLY. XXI 
 
 1772, in the editor's possession, the following mention is made 
 of Mr. Kelly, in connection with an account of the work : — " I 
 have, by the blessing of God, finished the revisions of the last 
 tome of our Manx Bible. I say revisions, because it has had 
 two', literatim et verbatim , with all the severity and attention of a 
 critical reviewer : first, the several portions as translated by our 
 clergy ; next, the fair copy for the press, collating and comparing 
 every sentence with all possible care and fidelity. Since the death 
 of my learned friend and fellow-labourer, the Eev. Mr. Curphy, 
 the whole of this second volume has devolved on myself, with 
 the assistance of a very ingenious young man, my amanuensis, 
 trained up to the work, and now ready to embark for White- 
 haven with his fair transcript of the second tome, to attend the 
 printing and correct the press." 
 
 In Butler's Memoirs of Bishop Hildesley (page 231) we have 
 the following record: — '^ In October, 1772, not many weeks 
 previous to Bishop Hildesley's decease, the Society (for Pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge) read a letter from his lordship, 
 expressing the hope that some handsome gratuity might be 
 thought of for Mr. John Kelly, a young gentleman, native of 
 the Isle of Man, ' who has been,^ says the good prelate, ^ a 
 most assiduous and useful assistant to Mr. Moore, in transcribing 
 fair the whole translation of the ManJcs Bible for the press ; of 
 which he had been likewise a most indefatigable corrector, and 
 for which he has hitherto received no emolument.' His lordship 
 further hoped that the Society would the rather consider Mr. Kelly 
 in an especial manner, as Mr. Moore had generously declined to 
 accept anything for his pains. Tlio Society, upon this, very 
 much to their honour, referred the business entirely to his lord- 
 
XXU LIFE OF DR. KELLY. 
 
 slilp, only requesting him to make Mr. Kelly a suitable acknow- 
 ledgment, and rather to exceed than fall short of a due liberality.^' 
 
 Out of this work of revision the Manx Grammar took its rise, 
 as appears by the following note in Dr. Kelly's handwriting, in 
 a rough draught of the Grammar : — '' N.B. I began to correct, 
 revise, and transcribe the translation of the Manks Bible in June, 
 1766 ; and at that time began to collect and form the rules of 
 this Grammar for my assistance, having no printed or written 
 documents to instruct me, except the four Gospels." 
 
 While the Manx Scriptures were in preparation for the press, 
 a disaster occurred which threatened greatly to retard the good 
 work. It is thus related by Dr, Kelly himself (Bishop Hildesley's 
 Life, page 230) : — " The Pentateuch was nearly ready for the 
 press; and we arrived at Wliitehaven, where the work was 
 printed, on the 13th of April, 1770, On our next return from 
 the Island to Whitehaven, the 19th of March, 1771, charged 
 with another portion, from Deuteronomy to Job inclusive, we 
 were shipwrecked in a storm. With no small difficulty and 
 danger, the manuscript was preserved, by holding it above the 
 water for the space of five hours ; and this was almost the only 
 article saved." " His lordship," says the Bishop's biographer, 
 •^ and the Rev. Philip Moore, whenever the subject afterwards 
 came into conversation, were jocularly pleased to compare the 
 corrector to Caesar, who, during the sea-fight at Alexandria, is 
 said to have saved his Cawrnientaries by holding them in one hand, 
 and swimming with the other." 
 
 While thus engaged upon the Manx translation and the Manx 
 Grammar, a work of a still more arduous nature occurred to Dr. 
 Kelly, viz., the composition of two copious Dictionaries — the 
 
LIFE OF DR. KELLY. XXUl 
 
 oncj Manx and English; the other, a triglot of jManx, Gaelic, 
 and Irish, based upon English. Nothing daunted at the magni- 
 tude of the undertaking, ho entered upon it with zeal, and pur- 
 sued it with untiring perseverance to the end of his days. Both 
 these works are still lying in manuscript, but complete, and 
 ready for the press. 
 
 The printing of the Triglot, more properly Polyglot, had 
 actually commenced in 1807, and had proceeded as far as the 
 letter L, when a fire broke out in the printing-office, that of 
 Nichols and Son, Eed Lion-passage, Fleet-street, London, and 
 destroyed the whole impression, except one or two copies. The 
 manuscript was happily preserved. We of the present day have 
 perhaps no cause to regret the accident, as it afibrded opportunity 
 to the indefatigable author to go on, as he did to the end of his 
 life, enlarging and correcting his work, and leaving us his latest 
 emendations,. 
 
 A writer in the Monads Herald, of Feb. 2, 1859, speaking of 
 the Triglot, says — ^' It consists of four columns in each page. 
 The first contains the English word ; the second, the Manx ; the 
 third, the Irish; and the fourth, the Scottish Gaelic. It is the 
 only attempt ever made to publish a complete triglot comparison 
 of the three branches of the Celtic language. If another column 
 were added for the Welsh, the dictionary would be more perfect 
 and national, exhibiting atone view the four great living branches 
 of the language of the Gael or Cwmry, the original inhabitants 
 of the British Isles. Surely, the publication of such a work as 
 this ought to be encouraged. The Isle of Man, as the central 
 island, and the ancient seat of Celtic religion, literature, and 
 laws, may be expected to take the lead ; and Dr. Kolly^s i\lanx 
 Dictionary may Idc the basis of the work. But, Irish, Gaelic, 
 
XXIV LIFE OP DR. KELLY. 
 
 and Wclcli scholars ought to unito in the undertaking, and 
 render each their own column as perfect as possible." 
 
 In the Manx Sun, of July 24, 1868, the following announce- 
 ment appeared, which deserves to be transferred to this Memoir, 
 as a tribute to the memory of Dr, Kelly, and at the same time 
 as commemorating a generous act of his surviving relative : — 
 " We have been informed that Mrs. Gordon Kelly, widow of the 
 late Gordon William Kelly, Esq., recorder of Colchester, only 
 son of the well-known Dr. Kelly, a native of this Island, has 
 transmitted to the Venerable the Archdeacon of this diocese, the 
 sum of £1000, for the purpose of founding at our Insular College 
 an exhibition to the Universities from that institution, open to 
 all competitors ; and another sum of £100, the interest of which 
 Mrs. Kelly wishes to be given annually as a Manx Prize. The 
 Rev. Dr. Kelly was an old alumnus of the Douglas Grammar 
 School, where he was a very favourite pupil of the Rev. Philip 
 Moore ; and afterwards took a large share in the general revision 
 of the translation of the Manx Scriptures." 
 
 Copy of inscription on a tablet lately set up in the parish 
 church of Braddan, Isle of Man : — 
 
 THE REV. JOHN KELLY, LL.D., 
 
 OP ALGAEK, IN THIS PARISH, 
 
 VICAR OP ARDLEIGH, RECTOR OP COPPORD, 
 
 AND ONE OF HIS MAJESTY^S JUSTICES OP THE PEACE, 
 
 IN THE COUNTY OP ESSEX; WHO DIEI> 12tH NOV., 1809^ 
 
 IN THE 60tH YEAR OP HIS AGE, 
 
LIFE OF DR. KELLY. XXV 
 
 LOUISA, 
 
 WIDOW OP DR. KELLY, ELDEST DAUGHTER OP 
 
 PETER DOLLOND, ESQ., OP ST. PAUL's CHURCHYARD, LONDON, 
 
 DIED 18th op APRIL, 1844, IN THE 84tH YEAR OP HER AGE. 
 
 GOKDON WILLIAM KELLY, 
 
 their ONLY CHILD, DIED 4tH APRIL, 1858, 
 IN THE 73rd YEAR OP HIS AGE. 
 
EELIGIOUS, MOEAL, AND POLITICAL ADVANTAGES OF 
 INSTRUCTING THE POOE. 
 
 A SERMON, 
 
 PREACHED BEFORE THE GOVERNORS OF THE CHARITY SCHOOL, 
 On SUNDAY, 15th JULY, 1798. 
 
 IN ST. JAMESES CHURCH, COLCHESTER. 
 
 BY THE KEV. JOHN KELLY. LL.D., 
 
 0/ St. JoJiTh's College, Cambridge, and Vicar of A'i^lelgh, Essen). 
 
 PUBLISHED AT THE REQUEST OP THE GOVEnNORS, AND FOR THE BENEFIT OF 
 
 TIIM CHARITY. 
 
A SERMON,* 
 
 For the j)Oor shall never cease out of the land ; therefore j I com- 
 mand thee, saying J Thou shalt op e7i thine hand ivide unto thy brother, 
 to thy poor, and to thy needy in thy land. — Deut. xv. 11. 
 
 TO tlie superficial observer of tlie Divine laws^ it may appear 
 unaccountable tliat tlie Almighty, in His intended partition 
 of tbe land of Canaan among the twelve tribes of Israel, should 
 not have adjusted the portion of each individual, and guarded 
 against the alienation and abuse of property in such a manner 
 as to have precluded the necessity of appealing to the humanity 
 of man to remedy and supply the inadequacy of the benevolence 
 of God ; but that, at the instant He was introducing them to a 
 good land — " a land flowing with milk and honey,^^t Ee should 
 pronounce the severe sentence, that '' the poor should never cease 
 out of the land/' 
 
 A small degi^ee of attention to the dispensations of God and 
 the nature of man, will remove this difficulty. To produce a 
 perfect state, or perfect men, was not in the contemplation of the 
 Deity. His laws under the Jewish economy were for the most 
 part general ; they placed before the children of Israel blessing 
 and cursing, good and evil ; they restrained not absolutely the 
 human will, but in every instance left man a moral agent. It 
 
 [* The aboTC is the sermon referred to in the Biography, page xx.] t Exodus iii. S. 
 
XXX A SERMON. 
 
 might as reasonably be demanded, A¥liy tlic law, written by tlio 
 finger of God, and promulgated from Momit Sinai '^ out of the 
 midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness,^^* did 
 not produce the effect of restraining the people from the commis- 
 sion of SIN, as that the Divine partition of the land should long 
 prevent individuals from becoming poor. ^' Thus shall God be 
 justified in His ways, and clear when He is judged.^^f -^.nd 
 if within the narrow limits of Judea, and under the Divine theo- 
 cracy, no particular rules were devised sufficient to secure to 
 individuals their respective portions for ever, we are prepared to 
 receive these truths : — that the same law applies to mankind in 
 general ; that their wants are a condition of their being ; and 
 that, although the Almighty had '^ blessed the earth that it 
 brought forth abundantly,^^ J yet made He no certain provision 
 against particular instances of want and distress, whether they 
 should arise from natural or moral evil. 
 
 But, notwithstanding He permits both these kinds of evil to 
 exist in the world, yet ^^can we not charge the Lord with folly /^§ 
 for we may perceive that natural evil is rather incidental than 
 necessary -, that it is nowhere systematical, but produced ; that 
 it is the effect of causes, which in themselves are generally good; 
 and that moral evil arises principally from the free-agency of 
 man, which, instead of constituting the excellence of his nature,, 
 when perverted, misapplied, and abused, becomes its disgrace, 
 and enables him to choose the evil and to refuse the good. And 
 in like manner, although the benevolent Father of the universe 
 should suffer misery to obscure His works, and that " the poor 
 should never cease out of the land,^^ though He has made no 
 immediate, no appropriate provision for them, yet " left He not 
 Himself without witness in the world /^|| for He has planted 
 in the breast of man a powerful advocate, to plead the cause — 
 '' the cause of him who has no helper,^^^ and formed his heart of 
 such exquisite materials, that while he is engaged in communi- 
 cating happiness to others he most effectually increases his own. 
 ♦ Deut. V. 22. t Ps. li. 4. % Gen. i. ^ Job i. 22. || Acts xiv. 1 7. «[[ Ps. Ixxii. 12. 
 
A SERMON. . XXXI 
 
 As there is therefore no evil without its remedy, — as the 
 quantity of happiness in human life exceeds the sum of misery, 
 " shall the thing formed say to him who formed it. Why hast 
 thou made mo thus ?^^* And if we inquire further, we may dis- 
 cover, by the ultimate advantage resulting to society, that this 
 apparent and individual evil is a real and general blessing. 
 
 There is no creature accompanied into life with so much in- 
 firmity and so many necessities as man ; and this arises from his 
 becoming the inhabitant of every climate. Were his existence, 
 like that of other creatures, confined to one particular soil and 
 sky, he too might ^' take no thought for the morrow, and neither 
 sow, nor reap, nor toil, nor spin.^^f But, as an inhabitant of the 
 universe, every species of labour, art, and science, every exertion 
 of his reason, and every energy of his mind, are requisite to 
 obviate the evils of his condition : protection from the elements, 
 clothing for his body, and food to sustain life, are absolutely 
 necessary to his existence. But in the progress of acquiring 
 these he acquires not only the necessaries for his heing, but pro- 
 duces those articles which constitute his well-being and the dig- 
 nity of his nature ; for, reasoning on his wants, he lays the very 
 foundation of society ; and, having removed distress, he proceeds 
 to acquire comforts ; having subdued the pressures of the body, 
 he cultivates the powers of his mind ; having overcome the evils, 
 he studies the elegancies of life ; and, by a sure and certain 
 gradation, improves his condition, until, from the rudest begin- 
 nings, he rises to the summit of human perfection. 
 
 Thus, labour is coeval with the necessities of man, and like 
 them, to be considered rather as a condition of his being, than 
 an evil appendant to it ; and the curse that " in the sweat of his 
 face man should eat his bread,"t in this point of view loses all 
 its malignity, ^'^for the earth is full of the goodness of the Lord,^'§ 
 " as the waters cover the sea ;" || *^ He bringeth good out of evil ; 
 He turneth all things to good.^'^ 
 
 * Kom. ix. 20. j Matt. vi. 26, 28, 34. J Gen. iii. 19. 
 
 H's. xxxiii. 5. II Is. xi. 9. ^ Rom. viii. 28. 
 
XXXn A SERMON. 
 
 If labour is thus natural and necessary to man, and the origin 
 of all separate property, inequality of condition, arising from 
 moral or natural causes, will necessarily take place in the forma- 
 tion of every society ; and the necessities of one man will be 
 greater than those of another ; " there will be high and low, rich 
 and poor, one with another."* And though this law of provi- 
 dence may, at first sight, appear to bo " a sore evil under 
 the sun"t to individuals, yet, from this principle, and from this 
 circumstance of the mutual convenience and reciprocal depend- 
 ence of the various denominations of men in society upon one 
 another, are produced general good and universal happiness. 
 
 Under this conviction, the poor man should be resigned to his 
 lot, and, far from accusing Heaven for the hardships or difficul- 
 ties he endures, should make the best use of those means with 
 which he is endowed to remove them. Under this impression, 
 likewise, ^' the man who is at ease in his possessions" should 
 contemplate his elevation with gratitude, and reflect that the 
 same hand which humbled his poor brother might have depressed 
 him also. They should consider well their respective situations, 
 and meet each other^s expectations in such a manner that, in the 
 event of a change of places, they should only have to pray that, 
 '^as they had done to others, even so it should be done unto 
 them." J And if ever this rule of universal justice, with respect 
 to the inferior orders of society, was attended to, — if ever the 
 condition of the poor was rendered capable of comfort, — it is so 
 at this period, and in this country, where the humane and mild 
 disposition of the law unites with the kind and tender genius of 
 the people, who, as they excel the rest of mankind in every other 
 virtue, excel them yet more in the practice of that Divine charity 
 which was brought to light by the Gospel of Christ; for not 
 only a public and legal provision is established throughout the 
 kingdom for the maintenance of the poor, but the private bounty 
 of individuals has instituted various means, in aid of the popular 
 establishments, to correct the inequalities and alle^'iate the dis- 
 
 • Ts. xlix. 2. t Eccl. V. 13. % Matt. vii. 12. 
 
A SERMON. XXXlll 
 
 tresses wliicli may and must always increase in proportion to tlio 
 extent^ andto tlie prosperity also^ of every community ; and, not 
 content to limit tlieir attention to their corporeal wants, tliey 
 extend tlieir care to tlieir mental and spiritual concerns — " to 
 the poor in spirit ; to the blind in the truth and knowledge of the 
 Gospel ; to the ignorant, and those who are gone out of the way ; 
 to teach them the way, the truth, and the life."* And such i]i 
 particular is the nature of that institution which I am now called 
 upon to recommend to your patronage and protection, and to 
 exhort you '^ not to faint in this labour of love, nor be weary 
 
 of well-doing.-'^t 
 
 I have known but one wretched philosopher J who ever at* 
 tempted to prove that institutions for the instruction of the poor 
 were injurious to the community ; for that education (he reasoned) 
 rendered the poor, who were designed by nature to discharge the 
 meanest offices, superior to the duties of their situation. How a 
 man could thus abuse his feelings ! But as charitable institu- 
 tions are among the blessed fruits of Christianity, and unknown 
 to the world before its introduction, it is no wonder that an 
 enemy to revelation and Christianity itself should dare to deny 
 the utility of its best institutions. He might as well have aro-ued 
 that the poor should not be fed, because they might prove too 
 strong for the great to keep them in subjection, as that learning 
 would make them, too wise to labour. The abuse of a blessincr is 
 
 o 
 
 no argument against the use of it ; and experience shews that 
 learning is a friend to industry, especially that useftd learning 
 which is generally taught and usually acquired at charitv- 
 schools. But, whatever objections may be made to tlie more 
 public and greater hospitals and schools, tbey apply not to our 
 present charity. 
 
 The mode of education which you have chosen for these poor 
 children, and your manner of assisting tluM'r wants, must bo con- 
 sidered as an excellent auxiliary, at least, to tlioso more ])iiblir. 
 nnd extensiv^o foundations, and, in some respects, altcndiMl with 
 
 * :Maf.v. 3. t Ual. iii. 13. t :\I:iii(!i'ville. 
 
 
 
XXXIV A SERMON. 
 
 advantages wliich are not to be found in tlicm. Tlicrc, tlie child 
 is taken away from liis parents and his friends, and fed, clothed, 
 and taught, without any care, thought, or industry of his own ; 
 where his filial and domestic affections have not their natural 
 objects to exercise themselves upon ; the child is estranged from 
 his parent, and the parent deprived of all interest in the acts and 
 conduct of his child : whereas, according to this excellent in- 
 stitution, the sweet sympathies of natural affection are daily 
 cherished, and the moral principle more certainly preserved ; 
 habits of industry are gradually acquired by the child, and the 
 influence of imitation operates powerfully on his mind ; and as 
 he beholds, in the labour of his parents, the source and means of 
 their general subsistence, he naturally applies to the same cause 
 to produce the same effect. 
 
 Such is the advantage of the children of the poor being 
 domesticated, and not altogether separated from their families. 
 And the governors of this charity should not lament that they 
 can only instruct, clothe, and apprentice these poor ; it is, per- 
 haps, all that is left for them to do ; it is certainly what is most 
 beneficial for the children to receive. In the present improved 
 state of arts and manufactures, strength alone is not sufficient 
 for the artist, the manufacturer, or even the peasant in the fields; 
 a certain quantity of education furnishes them with the means of 
 accomplishing many objects, to which mere strength and ignor- 
 ance Vv'ould be unequal. And when we look into society, and 
 observe the men who succeed best in their several occupations, 
 we find that they generally come from those parts of the king- 
 dom where institutions of this kind have been the longest estab- 
 lished ; nay, manufactures themsolves, and that ingenuity v/hich 
 can invent or improve them, seem to be peculiar to them also, 
 whore useful instruction is almost gratuitously imparted to the 
 body of the people. 
 
 From the loom and the plough, I would turn your attention 
 to other essential points. In the navy, the army, the counting 
 house, and the garden, who are the men whoj>o humble labours 
 
A SERMON. XXXV 
 
 aro attended witli the greatest benefit to tliemselves, tlielr em- 
 ployers, and the public ? Those who have been taught the ele- 
 ments of navigation ; those who hold " the pen of the ready 
 writer;^'* who can calculate and survey: and all these men will 
 be found, on inquiry, to derive their origin from t]ie same coun- 
 try, and owe their excellence to the samo means. The most 
 menial servant in a man's house is the more valuable for a little 
 knowledge ; whereas an ignorant person is generally crafty, sus- 
 picious, and idle. The very circumstance of not having been 
 subject to the restraints attending the first years of instruction 
 renders him restless and irksome under every degree of control ; 
 and, as a great modern divine and philosopher expresses himself, 
 ^' To send an uneducated child into the world is injurious to the 
 rest of mankind ; it is little better than to turn out a mad dog 
 or a wild beast into the streets.^^f No children, whether of the 
 rich or poor, should ever be able to remember a time when they 
 have had nothing to do. 
 
 I have advanced thus much in support of this institution, so 
 far as it concerns the male children ; but when I reflect that 
 females also are partakers of its benefits, " my heart glows within 
 me," and I am convinced that no man, who possesses those 
 qualities which render him estimable in society, will hesitate to 
 grant to ihQ weaker sex every advantage possessed by the other, 
 and every protection which their defenceless state may require. 
 For if the cultivation of the moral principle, — if a knowledo-c 
 of religious duty, — if instruction in useful learning, be necessary 
 all, they are surely so to them. They are, by nature, weak 
 and exposed to temptation ; and a careful attention to the im- 
 provement of their minds can alone enable them to resist those 
 allurements to which they are subject; and, by resistino- thorn, 
 everything which is dear to man, everything that unites and 
 preserves society together, is alone preserved. For the poor man 
 requires the same proofs of fidelity, tlie samo sc^^nrity foi- his 
 honour and his property, witli tlic^ gr(>at(>st. Tliesc^ poor girls will 
 
 * Ts. xlv. 1. t PiiK-v. floral Vhilofiofh^i. 
 
 C 1 
 
XXXVl A SERMON. 
 
 have tlioir duties to perform in tlie interesting situations of wives 
 and mothers, and upon their conduct the happiness of their re- 
 spective families must depend ; by their virtuous Hves, the virtue 
 of the community be preserved ; and from the decent behaviour 
 of this humble class of persons together_, the very character of the 
 nation be deduced. 
 
 But if the advantage to be derived from communicating to 
 them wisdom^ particularly that ^^ wisdom which cometh from 
 above, and maketli them wnse unto salvation/'* may not be con- 
 sidered by some as producing a good equal to the expense, reflect 
 ye upon the innumerable evils which are by these means avoided, 
 and w^hich would naturally flow from ignorance, — which would 
 destroy all the happiness of the lower orders, and corrupt the 
 higher. Let the good, therefore, to be acquired, and the evil to 
 be avoided, determine your conduct. And stop not here, but in 
 life follow up the good work which you have here begun ; and 
 carefull}^ reserve for them such employments and such labour as 
 may be suited to their sex. 
 
 It has become, most unaccountably, the prevailing fashion to 
 employ the labour of men where women would serve with more 
 propriety, with more delicacy, and more effect. There is scarcely 
 a province, either in trade or husbandry, where men, fitted for 
 more hardy employments, have not obtruded themselves. It 
 rests wdth you, within your respective circles, to reform and 
 remedy these evils, to prevent such a detrimental interference, 
 and secure for the helpless females constant employment. For 
 be -assured that, next to ignorance, idleness is most fatal to them; 
 and sorry am I to observe that in this county women are not 
 sufficiently employed, particularly in the inexhaustible labours of 
 the field ; for there is scarcely a part in husbandry in which they 
 are not capable' of assisting : whereas, to glean, and not to earn 
 their bread, is their only annual occupation, — an occupation that 
 tends to sow the seeds of corruption, if not of dishonesty, in their 
 own and their children's hearts ; and the fatal consequence is, 
 
 * James iii. 17:2 Tim. iii. 15. 
 
A SERMON. XXXVll 
 
 that they become of less value in the eyes and minds of their 
 husbands : whereas, when tlicy partake and divide nearly their 
 labours, they become more necessary to one another, and their 
 affections and esteem will bear some proportion to their respective 
 usefulness in promoting their common comfort ; for, an equality 
 of uesfulness is the stronger cement of conjugal aff'ection. 
 
 There is a gradation in the scale of society, from the barbarous 
 state to the most refined and luxurious ; and though this grada- 
 tion is influenced in some measure by climate, we may easily 
 observe that wherever women are not permitted to divide and 
 partake of the common labour, that this exemption proceeds, not 
 from tenderness or compassion for their sex, but from contempt 
 and the unworthy idea that they are sent into the world to serve 
 only the pleasures and appetites of man. 
 
 If now the education which you enable these children of both 
 sexes to acquire tends to render them more useful servants and 
 more moral characters, infinitely superior are those advantages 
 which they shall derive from this and similar institutions in their 
 capacity of citizens and Christians ; for if a man shall serve his 
 masters upon earth with more fidelity,, because ho is instructed 
 that " his and their Master is in heaven, and that He has com- 
 manded him to be obedient, and not with eye-service, a,s men- 
 pleasers, but as the servant of Christ,, doing the will of God from 
 the lieart,'^* shall he not also, when he is instructed to be " sub- 
 ject to every ordinance of man for the Lord's saJce ; to the king, 
 as supreme, and to governors, as to those who are sent by Him,^^t 
 submit to civil subordination and I'espect the laws ? 
 
 And when we behold the convulsed state of Europe, and the 
 desire of change which has manifested itself in several countries, 
 nay, even in our own, there appears to be no natural barrier 
 against this overflowing torrent, except in the mass of the people 
 possessing well-informed and enlightened minds, in understand- 
 ing the excellence of the constitution of tlicir count rv, ilu> value 
 of their liberties, and the goodue^s of tlieii-laws. There will lu' 
 
 • Kph. V. (\. I I I'elcrii. 15. 
 
XXXVlll A SERMON. 
 
 no danger of an innovation wliilc wc can appeal to tlic good- 
 sense of the people. The great body of the people is always 
 influenced by opinion ; and as that opinion may or may not be 
 right, an ignorant people will, in the hands of designing men, be 
 made the instruments of irremediable mischief : whereas the con- 
 stitution of our country challenges investigation, and the better 
 Ave understand it, and the more we examine it, the more it must 
 excite our admiration, attachment, and zeal. Ignorance alone 
 can be its enemy ; and the best guard to our established govern- 
 ment, both in Church and State, and their true security, will 
 arise from instructing the poor, and from preventing those vices 
 and melancholy distresses which ignorance brings in its train ; 
 for " the destruction of the poor is their poverty.-"^* 
 
 But if we add to all these considerations the advantages to be 
 derived to individuals and the public, from the mode of religious 
 instruction intended more particularly to be communicated by 
 this institution, the utility of it w411 be placed in the most con- 
 vincing light ; for if ignorance be an enemy to labour, to the 
 arts, and to regular government, this is but a temporary evil, 
 and of short duration, affecting only this world, and ^^ the things 
 of the world ;" but that evil which affects the soul, and is of 
 eternal duration, demands our most serious attention ; and, as 
 St. James has pronounced, '^ Let them know, that he who con- 
 verteth a sinner from the error of his way, shall save a soul 
 from death j'^ and we then m.ost effectually remedy those in- 
 equalities and evils which the Almighty permits to exist among 
 mankind when we become to the poor as the providence of God ; 
 when we attend not only to their temporal wants, but administer 
 to them the spiritual manna ; when, like the Saviour of mankind, 
 " we go about doing good ;''-\ for He divested himself of His 
 superior nature, and assumed the human ; He appeared upon 
 earth in the garb of a servant, that He might teach the poor 
 contentment, and the great humility. He came indeed to teach 
 His kingdom to the poor, and to hold out to them, in a moro 
 
 * Trov. X. 15. t Actsx. 38. 
 
A SERMON. XXXIX 
 
 especial manner, the prospects of a future state^, where the in- 
 ecjualities of this life should bo remedied ; and to assure them 
 that '' theirs was the kingdom of heaven/^* But these are bene- 
 fits which wo cannot bestow upon them_, unless we prepare their 
 minds by useful learning ; for the illiterate person is incapable of 
 understanding or receiving some of the most important truths of 
 Christianity ; and in that very essential point, the exercise of 
 public social-worship, instead of his mind being warmed by de- 
 votion and elevated to God by a sympathetic union with the 
 body of the congregation in prayer, praise, and thanksgiving, 
 ^' he will be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that 
 speaketh shall be a barbarian unto him/^f l^et not the governors, 
 therefore, let not the contributors to this institution, '^ faint in 
 their work, but proceed from strength to strength,^^J as in no 
 other possible manner can they do so much good at so small an 
 expense ; for eighty children are instructed by this plan and in 
 this manner for a sum which, by any other mode of application, 
 would be scarcely sufficient to educate ten. 
 
 Thus, every motive which can influence human action comes 
 in aid of the application which I am now making to you in 
 behalf of these childi'en ; and having, I hope, convinced your 
 understanding, let no selfish consideration prevent your benevo- 
 lence. Think how fortunate you are who have to give, and how 
 miserable they must be without your aid ; think of the goodness 
 of that God who made them and made you ; think of the mercy 
 of that Christ who shed His blood to redeem them as well as to 
 redeem you ; think of your respective conditions in the world, 
 and see the great demand there is upon your gratitude ! If your 
 contribution should deduct something from your property, it will 
 amply repay you by the thrilling pleasures which it will com- 
 municato to your bosom. Other expenses may indeed shew you 
 pleasure ; they may promiso it, but they will not give it ; tlioy 
 will not leave it in your heart; tlioy may satiate, indeed, but 
 they will not satisfy : while inexhaustible and inex})res.siblc is 
 
 • MiiLt. V. y. t 1 Cor. xiv. 1 1. J Ps Ixxxiv. 7. 
 
xl A SERMON. 
 
 tluit dcliglit wliicli arises from being tlie authors of good to the 
 necessitous ! 
 
 Observe the simphcity of those children^ and let pity move 
 your feelings ! Observe their supplicating innocence \ Oh, save 
 their innocence, and let God-like charity melt your souls ! 
 
 When I behold the respectableness of this oongreg*ation, and 
 that approving earnestness depicted on every countenance, I per- 
 ceive the cause of the poor to have prevailed. '^ May much peace 
 and happiness rest upon the head and heart of every one of 
 you !^^* And, as " the poor shall never cease out of your land, I 
 command you, saying, Ye shall open your hand wide unto your 
 brethren, to your poor, and to the needy in your land f^ and rest 
 assured that, though you ^^ cast your bread upon the waters, you 
 shall find it after many days -/'-f " you shall eat the labour of 
 your hands, and see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the 
 living ;^'J but if not in the land of the living, doubtless you 
 shall hereafter ; for I have the authority of God himself to de- 
 clare that in that great and solemn day, when you and all the 
 nations of the earth shall stand before the tribunal of Christ, to 
 give an account of the things done in the body, the charity§ 
 which you shall bestow this day shall cover a multitude of sins, 
 and it shall, ''nike the blood of Jesus," plead for you, until 
 you shall hear from Him the joyful sound, " Inasmuch as you 
 have done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, you have 
 done it unto Me : well done, good and faithful servants, enter ye 
 into the joy of your Lord/'H 
 
 * Sterne. f Eccl. xi. 1. t Ps. cxxviii. 2; xxvii. 15. 
 
 ^ 1 Tctcr iv. 7, 8. |1 Matt. xxv. 21, 40. 
 
THE DEDICATION 
 
TO THE MOST NOBLE 
 
 GEORGE, MAEQUIS OF HUNTLEY, 
 
 &C., &C., &C. 
 
 11 /TY LORD, — Popular favour, in different countries, arises 
 from different causes ; and rare must be the felicity of 
 tliat man wlio has acquired universal admiration. Your Lord- 
 ship's humanity in Ireland, amidst the cruelties of civil war, is 
 recorded in history ; the courage which you displayed on the 
 plains of Lincelles, and the wounds which you received on the 
 sand-banks of Holland, have rendered you dear to England ; 
 whilst a sociable disposition, a love of your native country, an 
 attachment to your people, their customs, and their language, 
 have made you the pride and boast of Scotland. 
 
 An author desirous of selecting a patron for the ancient Celtic, 
 whether distinguished by the appellation of Welsh, Scots, L'ish, 
 or Manks Gaelic, would certainly choose the most popular noble- 
 man in His Majesty's dominions. How fortunate, therefore, is 
 it for me, restricted as I am in my choice, that such a nobleman 
 should be your Lordship, over whose youth I have watched with 
 anxious solicitude, and whose mind I have endeavoured to adorn 
 
Xliv THE DEDICATION. 
 
 witli every good, every lionourable prixiciple ! WitL an honest 
 pride, therefore,, I place this work under your Lordship's protec- 
 tion. 
 
 The present Grammar, and a Gaehc Dictionary, which has 
 been for many years in the hands of his Grace the Duke of 
 Atholl, were composed, in the year 1766, for the instruction of 
 that great and pious prelate, the Rev. Dr. Hildesley, Lord Bishop 
 of Sodor and Mann ; and were likewise intended to assist and 
 direct my fellow-labourers and myself in that arduous and im- 
 portant work, the translation of the Manks Bible. Why the- 
 Grammar has not been sent sooner to the press^ and the occasion 
 of its appearance at this moment^ are circumstances well' known- 
 to your Lordship ; and I hope the time is not far distant when 
 I shall again solicit your Lordship's favour for the Dictionary of 
 a people who alone in the great revolutions of ages have pre- 
 served the government, the laws, the monuments, and the lan- 
 guage of the ancient Druids. 
 
 In the meantime, I have the honour to be, with the most 
 sincere esteem and affection, 
 
 Your Lordship's most obliged 
 
 And faithful servant, 
 
 Ai'dleigh, Nov. 22, 1803. JOHN KELLY. 
 
A GEAMMAR OF THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the LETTEltS. 
 
 TJie Capital Letters, 
 ABCCfi^BEF GHIJKLMNOPPhQRSTUVWY. 
 
 Small Letters. 
 ab cdidGfgliijklmnoppliqrstuvwy. 
 
 The Alphabet consists of seventeen single and two double con- 
 sonants, and seven vowels, viz., a, c, i, o, u, w, y. 
 
 Of the consonants fourteen are mutable,, viz., h, c, cli^ d,f, g,j, 
 1c, m, 2^, ]oh, q, s, t. 
 
 The immutables are I) n, r, which alwaj^s retain their sound 
 and alter not. 
 
 Thej, V, and q consonants arc properly no Manks letters ; yet, 
 as we have no single characters of our own to express their 
 sounds, we have adopted those of the Roman alphabet, and 
 instead of di, according to the Irish, and si^ according to the 
 Welsh, we uscj ; as Jee, God; Juan, John — Ir. Dia, &c. The 
 
 * This letter does not oi-i;j,iii:illy bcloiipj to our iilpliahet ; hut, hkc the Welsh 
 is a mo'Jeru corruption ol'i; as, instead of teas, heat, we say chiass. 
 
A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 sound of c we often express by /; ; as, instead of clone,, wo read 
 liionc, a head. For cw in cwaiijl, we use q; as, (i[uahjl, a court. 
 The diphthongs, or union of two vowels, arc twenty-three, 
 and the triphthongs fourteen. 
 
 Diphthongs. 
 
 Diphthongs. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Diphthongs. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ae 
 
 
 aeg 
 
 iu . . 
 
 . . gill 
 
 ai 
 
 
 haih 
 
 iw . . 
 
 . . hriwnys 
 
 au 
 
 
 craue 
 
 iy • • 
 
 . . slyr 
 
 aw 
 
 
 aw 
 
 oa 
 
 . . oastys 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 Cray 
 
 oe 
 
 . . OG 
 
 ea 
 
 
 fea 
 
 oi 
 
 . . str older 
 
 ei 
 
 
 high 
 
 ou 
 
 . . fon 
 
 eo 
 
 
 feoh 
 
 ow . . 
 
 . . grow 
 
 eu 
 
 
 jeushan 
 
 ui 
 
 . . gullley 
 
 ew 
 
 
 hew 
 
 wa . . 
 
 . . hwane 
 
 ie 
 
 
 crie 
 
 wi 
 
 . . hwilleen. 
 
 io 
 
 
 hio 
 
 
 
 
 
 Triphthongs. 
 
 
 Triphthongs. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Triphthongs 
 
 Examples, 
 
 aie 
 
 
 traie 
 
 ieu . . 
 
 . . scrieu 
 
 aue 
 
 
 raue 
 
 iou . . 
 
 . . Idou 
 
 eau 
 
 
 ceau 
 
 iwe . . 
 
 . . cliwe 
 
 eie 
 
 
 spreie 
 
 oie 
 
 . . oie 
 
 eoi 
 
 
 creoi 
 
 one 
 
 . . roue 
 
 eue 
 
 
 reue 
 
 mj 
 
 . . gidy 
 
 iau 
 
 
 niau 
 
 woa . . . 
 
 . . hivoalley. 
 
 Sciopius and Carisius have remarked that a syllable may be 
 formed of two or three vowels ; as, aquae ; yet Quintilian will not 
 allow that three vowels can be united in one syllable. But a 
 syllable of three vowels, nay of four, as rieau, &c., is easy and 
 natural to the Manks and Irish, as also to many other branches 
 of the great Celtic language. But, contrary to the spirit of that 
 language, and to the disguising of many of the roots, we have 
 admitted into our orthography unnecessary and superfluous 
 double vowels ; such as oo, ee, &c. 
 
TEE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 
 Oe the Pkonunciation of the Manks Letters. 
 
 A is ranked among the broad vowels ; and in ancient manu- 
 scripts, a, 0, and u, are written indifferently one for the other j as 
 clagli^ or cloghf, a stone — goan or gowv, scarce j thus, among the 
 Latins, /o7Teu5 is written for /arrets, &c. It is pronounced as a 
 English in man, pan, lad, bad ; as, sap, lah, hab ; and when cir- 
 cumflexed, as in dame, pale, ale ; as mdroo, 
 
 B is 8b labial letter, and pronounced as h English ; as, harej 
 hoayl. 
 
 G preserves a strong sound in its unaspirated state, equal to 
 the Greek Kappa, or the English h, or as c in can ; as, cam, cah, 
 cajjjpan. It never usurps the pronunciation of s, as in cistern, 
 city, cedar. 
 
 Ch has a soft sound ; as in cJdngys, cJdass, chaghter ; like ch in 
 English, in cherry, charcoal. 
 
 D is pronounced as d English ; as doal, dowin. D and t aro 
 found in ancient manuscripts written indifferently one for tho 
 other ; as y dvunid, or y diimit, the profound. 
 
 jE^is reckoned a small vowel; but is sometimes long, sometimes 
 short, and thus answers to the Greek Epsilon and Eta. When 
 it is acutcd, it is pronounced as e English in men; as hen, sJicn, 
 ren ; circumflcxod, as ca in fear; as meriu. 
 
 F is called a weak consonant ; because when aspirated it loses 
 all its force : ^a fcr-ynscc, a teacher, e er-ynsce, his teacher. It 
 corresponds in many cases with the Latin v ; as for, a man, T^at. 
 
 * Northsidc pronunciation. f Soiulij-idc pronunciation. 
 
4 A GT^AMMAR OF 
 
 vir ; feryn,^\mo, Lat. vlnum ; focldc, a word, Lat. vocnlis ; and 
 is pronounced as /English; iisfaasc,foa)js. 
 
 G is a lieavy consonant ; and pronounced as the Greek Gamma, 
 or as (J English in gain, get, go ; as gamman, goaillj garrish. It 
 has no soft sound, as in the English gentle. 
 
 H is pronounced as Jl in the English hand, hind. Note. — Some 
 would rather call this an auxiliary than a letter, because it serves 
 only to aspirate the foregoing consonants j as c/t, phj tli, or the 
 following vowels, as //a, Ilc ; and in nouns of the feminine gender 
 beginning with a vowel, though not always written, is always 
 strongly expressed ; as e eddin, her face, pronounced as if written 
 e hecldln. 
 
 I is one of the small vowels, and pronounced as i English in 
 pin ; as sldllUh, shimmey, skid. 
 
 1/ is a letter which admits of no aspiration. When it begins 
 a feminine noun it is pronounced liquid and double, though 
 written single, as e laiie, her hand, pronounced el laue or e llaue, 
 
 M is naturally one of the strong consonants, but is often 
 changed into its soft v. It is pronounced as m English. 
 
 N as n English. It is never aspirated nor eclipsed; and is 
 called a light consonant. It is often doubled, to give the 
 stronger sound. In nouns plural, and feminines, n is pronounced 
 like gn in seigneur ; thus, e niart, her strength, is pronounced en 
 niart ; nyn yannoo, our doings ; nijn nyannoo. 
 
 is a broad vowel. When acuted, it is pronounced as o in 
 gone ; thus, cron, son ; when circumflexed, as o in bone ; thus, 
 oney. And thus it answers to the Greek Omicron and Omega. 
 
 P is a hard consonant, and pronounced as jp English. 
 
 Ph as the Greek Phi ; orj;/i English, in philosophy, physic; 
 as johadeyr, jphacd. 
 
 JZ is a light consonant, and pronounced f^s r English ; as maroo, 
 sarey ; but when an initial, it is always aspirated as the Greek 
 Itho, as if it were written r//., and is pronounced double frrj, like 
 I and n in feminine and plural nouns. 
 
 S as s in the English savour, sense ; n^sagfjyi-f, f^olhiii, ; and is 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAOE. O 
 
 called tlic (jitecn of consonants, because it is subject to no change^ 
 like the Greek Sigma, su(b potestatis liter a, except it be followed 
 by a vowel J or of the feminine gender, and then it suffers a 
 change, vid. Chap. III. 
 
 r is a hard consonant, naturally commutable with the letter d 
 (as has been already observed). It has been much abused and 
 corrupted in modern manuscripts, &c., and ch often substituted 
 in its place, entirely destroying the Celtic root ; as chengcij, a 
 tongue, for tcanga, Irish ; chiarn, a lord, for tieariij Irish ; cum 
 multis aliis. 
 
 TJ is one of the three broad vowels, and used indifferently for 
 a and o ; as goll, or gall, or goul, a fork or ray. 
 
 V is not properly a radical consonant^ but only a secondary 
 mute ; however, we have some words which begin with v as a 
 radical, therefore it is admitted as such ; as vaidyn, a while ago, 
 varrey misli, I warrant, voalley, a wall. 
 
 W is pronounced as oo, as in boot ; as hwoaillj ivardoon, warp, 
 warree. 
 
 Y is pronounced as %t in the English turn, hunt ; or as * in 
 bird, third ; as spyrryd, ymmyrcliagh. Alone, as formiug the 
 article y, it has the sound of e in the English met. 
 
A GTJAMMAT? OF 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Concerning the Variation op Initial Letters in Manks ; or 
 THE Pronunciation of Secondary Mutes. 
 
 In the Manks are no redundant consonants as in the Irish ; 
 these non-radicals are thought to clog the language, and render 
 it disagreeable in use, and difficult to acquire a knowledge of. 
 
 Some of these mutable consonants become other consonants, 
 which may, therefore, be called secondary or auxiliary mutes. 
 
 The force of the pronunciation of secondary or auxiliary mutes 
 (as they are called) is so different from that of the primary or 
 radical, that they are expressed by different letters in the Manks, 
 as is commonly done in other languages, except the Irish, where 
 only the aspirate h is added ; from whence arises often the diffi- 
 culty of finding the etymology in ours, where that usage pre- 
 vails, and the reason why the Irish language has been so well 
 preserved. 
 
 Such words as begin with mutable consonants, viz,, 5, c, c/i, d, 
 f, fj, j, h, m, jp, ijli, q, tj in their primary use, change these their 
 radical initial letters as occasion requires, and according to the 
 effect which the words preceding have on them, as follows : — 
 
 "Words primarily beginning with h have three initials, viz., h, 
 V, m ; as hea veayn, long life, e vea, his life, nyn mea, our, your, 
 their life. So.tlie Greek Bharrhon is written by the Latins 
 Yarro ; Birgilius, Virgilius ; biote, vita (in Manks, hca or vea) . 
 
 Words beginning with c have three initials, viz., c, ch, g ; as 
 Carrey, a friend; e charrey, his friend; nyn garrey, our, your, or 
 their friend. 
 
 Words beginning with cJi hav^e also three initials, viz., chj h,j ; 
 
. THE MANKS LANGUAGE. • ' 
 
 as cJiiarn iwoaral, a powerful lord; c Idariij his lord; nyn jiarn, 
 our, &c., lord. 
 
 Words beginning witli d have two initials, viz., d and gli ; as 
 dooinncy mie, a good man ; e gJwoinney, his man. 
 
 Words beginning with /have three initials, viz.,/, v, and the 
 first vowel or consonant in the word, casting away or making 
 the/ quiescent ; as foays, advantage ; e oays, his advantage ; nyn- 
 voays, their, &c., advantage. 
 
 Words beginning with g have two initials, viz., g and gh ; as 
 goo mie, a good report; e gJioo, his report. 
 
 Words beginning withj have two initials, viz., j and y ; as 
 Jee ooillcy-niartal, Almighty God; e yee, his god. 
 
 Words beginning with Ic, like c, have three initials, viz., 1:, ch, 
 g ; as Iciunid aalin, a serene calm ; e chiunid, his calmness ; nyn 
 giunidj our, &c., calmness. 
 
 Words beginning with m have two initials, viz., m and v ; as 
 moyrn vooaralaghj haughty pride ; e voyrn vooaralaghjhis, haughty 
 pride. 
 
 Words beginning with ^ have three initials, viz.,_2^,p7i, h; as 
 2Jadjer jeean, earnest prayer; e jpliadjeTj his prayer; nyn hadjer, 
 our, &c., prayer. 
 
 Words beginning with pli have three initials, viz., _p/t, Vj and 
 the first vowel or consonant of the word, the p7i being eclipsed 
 or made quiescent ; as iilireeney vooar, a large pin ; e 7'eeney, his 
 pin ; nyn vreeney, our pin : ]^jl\aal Jceyrraghj a sheep-pen ; e aal, his 
 pen ; nyn vaal, our pen. 
 
 Words beginning with q have three, viz., q, wh, g ; as q^iwg 
 lirome, a heavy yoke ; e wiling^ his yoke ; nyn guing, their yoke. 
 Words beginning with s have three, viz., s, h, t; if the first 
 letter s be followed by a vowel, or if the word be of the feminine 
 gender it has two ; as sooill vie, a good eye ; c hooill, his eye ; 
 y tooill} the eye; sling an vooar j a big shoulder, y tlingan the 
 shoulder; otherwise the initial remains unchanged ; as s}wrranj a 
 purse ; e siiorran, his purse. 
 
 Words beginning with t have three ijiitials ; viz., /, h, dh ; as 
 
8 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 taggloo ard, liigli discourse; e haggloo, liis discourse; nyn 
 dJiaggJoo, our discourse. 
 
 The variation of the initial letters is always regular and con- 
 stant betwixt letters of the same organ of pronunciation ; for a 
 labial letter is never changed to a dental, nor a dental to 
 a labial, &c. 
 
 Adverbs^ being formed of adjectives, become such for the most 
 part by putting dy in apposition to the adjectives, without effect- 
 ing any change in their mutable initial consonants ; as mie (adjec- 
 tive) good; dy mie (adverb) well; boght (adj.) poor; dy boght 
 (adv.) poorly; gennal (adj.) merry; dy gennal (adv.) merrily. 
 Whereas the preposition dy, of; or dy, the sign of the infinitive 
 mood ; or dy, to, (a contraction of gyi>) always change the mut- 
 able initials ; thus, in traagh, j^obble, goaill, bailey ; as rybbag dy 
 hraaghy a wisp of hay ; earroo dy johobble, a multitude of people ; 
 dy gJioaill coyrle, to take counsel; goll dy valley, going home. 
 
 Initial vowels are also capable of occasional changes, by taking 
 the aspirate h before them after the genitive article ny ; as ayns 
 diuiM ny hushtaghyn, in the depth of the waters. Besides, in 
 pronunciation, the last consonant of the preceding word is trans- 
 ferred to the following vowel ; thus yn oo, the egg ; yn arragh, 
 the spring ; yn agh the horse, are pronounced as if they were 
 yn noo, yn niarragh, yn niagh. 
 
THE MANK8 LANGUAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Parts of the Manks tongue are nine. 
 Article, ^ Adverb, 
 
 Noun, / Conjunction, 
 
 Pronoun, Vdeclined. Preposition, {^ undeclined. 
 
 Verb, \ Interjection, 
 
 Participle, J 
 
 Of the Aeticles. 
 The Articles* are two, y and yn, the, and are declined in the 
 following manner : — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Yor y^i, masc. and fern. N. Ny, masc. and fern. 
 Gen. Y or yn, masc. ny, fern. G. Ny. 
 Dat. Da 'n, D, Da ny. 
 
 Ace. Y or yn, A. Ny, 
 
 Voc. Y or 0, y. Y or o, 
 
 Abl. Gyn. A. Gyn, 
 
 Y is placed before words beginning with consonants ; as y 
 dooiney, the man, y ven, the woman, 
 
 Yn is used before words beginning with vowels, whether radi- 
 cal or in construction ; as yn oural, the sacrifice, sholi hoteil yn 
 ooill millish, this is the bottle of sweet oil. But it is often sub- 
 stituted in the place of the article y even before consonants, 
 especially when a person or thing is particularised. 
 
 When the articles, ny, na, &c., and verbs substantive, ta, va, 
 hcc, and some of the irregulars, nee, hie, &c., precede in construc- 
 tion, though the word following begins with a consonant, y}i is 
 
 • Properly, there is but one article, y, which becomes yn before a vowel, aiul?ii/ 
 in tlie plural ; and there are but two cases, the nominative and the genitive, the 
 dative h^i\nrr a contraction of da yn, and the ablative being a simple preposition, <jijn, 
 v/ithout. — Ed, 
 
10 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 used ; but tlic y is cut off by apostrophe, because of tlic preceding 
 vowel ; as hee 'n doonniey mie maynrey, tlie good man sliall be 
 happy ', ta 'n drogh-glioonniey mollaghtagh, the wicked man is 
 cursed ; ta 'n cJicnndccaglit ny scrccney na 'n acgid. After other 
 words ending with a vowel, and the following word beginning 
 with a consonant, yiij not y^ is always used ; as ayns tide yn ree, 
 (not thie 'n ree) in the king's house ; fch gerjaghey yn yobhle, (not 
 gerjagliey'n iDohhle) , he comforts the people. In these and the 
 like cases, to apostrophize the yn is reckoned highly barbarous. 
 The article yn before all nouns beginning with a vowel trans- 
 fers, in pronunciation, the final n to the following vowel ; as yn 
 aghj the horse, which is pronounced as if written yn nagh : yn. 
 ollagh, the cattle, pronounced yn nollagli. 
 
 Ec is a participial article of the present tense, er of the pretcr, 
 and er-chee of the future ; as, ec scrieu, writing ; er scrieu, having 
 written ; er-chee scrieu, about to write. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 11 
 
 CHAPTER V, 
 
 Of the Noun. 
 
 And first, of its Cases. 
 
 In Manks there are six Cases, thougli originally we seem to 
 have used but three, viz., the Nominative, Genitive, and Dative. 
 When the article y or yn is placed before a substantive of the 
 Nominative Case, beginning with a mutable consonant, if the 
 Noun be of the feminine gender, the initial consonant must be 
 either aspirated, mortified, or changed into its soft : as hen, a 
 woman, yn ven ; Tceyrrey, a sheep, yn cJieyrrey ; feill, flesh, yn ciU. 
 But if the Noun be of the masculine gender, the initial consonant 
 remains in its own nature; as yn dooinney, the man; yncoo, the 
 greyhound ; yn feiyr, the noise. 
 
 When the article y or yn is placed before a Noun beginning 
 with a consonant, if the Noun be of the feminine gender,^ the 
 article is changed into ny in the Genitive Case singular ; but if 
 the Noun be of the masculine gender, the mutable consonant 
 is changed into its soft or aspirated, and the article y or yn 
 remains; as 
 
 Masculine. 
 Nom. Guilley, a boy. Nom. Coo, a greyhound. 
 
 Gen. Yn cjhiv'dlcij, of a boy. Gen. Yn cJioo, 
 
 Fomiuinc. 
 Nom. Bcii, a Avoman, Nom. Booa, a cow. 
 
 Gen. iVv/ ??iriV7t, of awoman. Gen. Nyhan. 
 Nom. Kiarlc, a hen, Nom. Cass, a foot, 
 
 (\cu. Ny cfiarh. Gen. Nij cosJiry. 
 
 Nouns of the rcuiiiiinc I'-ciidrr, besj'iniiiiiL!- with a vowi'l, c-liaiii'-e 
 
12 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 yn into )iy in tlio genitive singular^ and require // for their initial 
 in tlie same case ; as, 
 
 Awin, a river, 
 
 Broogli ny liawin, the brink of the river. 
 Nona. Eanin, a precipice, 
 
 Beinn ny heanin, the summit of the precipice. 
 As to the Cases of the Plural Number, there is but one termi- 
 nation throughout ; so that they are only distinguished by the 
 articles set before them, or in their construction, varying their 
 initial letters, if mutable, answerable to their dependence on the 
 preceding words ; as — Plural. 
 
 Nom. Ny hoghtyn, the poor. 
 Gen. Ny moglityn, of the poor, 
 Dat. Ba ny hoghtyn, to the poor, 
 Ace. Ny hoglityn, the poor, 
 Yoc. y or voghtyn, poor, 
 Abl. Gyn voghtyn, without poor. 
 The initial of the Genitive Case plural suffers always, when 
 the genitive article ny is used, as if the possessive nyn v/ere put 
 in apposition, g. v. ; as — 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. Ny hoghtyn. 
 
 Gen. (Bannaght) ny moghtyn, the blessing of the poor. 
 Nom. Ny thieyn, the houses. 
 
 Gen. (Fer) ny dhieyn, a man of the houses, i.e., a beggar. 
 The vocative article is more frequently understood than ex- 
 pressed in both numbers, except the English thou be used in the 
 singular ; as, magh, y vocldee, Out, tho^i dog ; and in the plural, 
 except yc be expressed, which is generally translated by slduish, 
 ye, yourselves ; as, ye friends, or friends, chaarjyn, or shiuish 
 cliaarjyn. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 13 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Of the Numbkrs. 
 
 Manks nouns have ordinarily but two Numbers,, tlie Singular 
 and the PluraL 
 
 We seem also to use the dual, when daa, two, or both, may be 
 compounded with a substantive : as, daa gliooinneijj two men ; 
 daa chass, two feet j daa hie, two houses, daa ven, two women, 
 literally, two woman, &c. 
 
 Substantives compounded, or put in apposition with numerals, 
 in the first and second number of every score, instead of the 
 plural, use the singular number j as, un liooill, one eye ; daa 
 Jiooillj two eyes ; three sooillyn, three eyes ; feed sooill, twenty 
 eyes ; un hooill as feed, one-and-twenty eyes ; da-eed sooill, forty 
 eyes ; three feed sooill, sixty eyes, &c.* The word laa, a day, 
 when put after a numeral, may be used throughout in the singu- 
 lar number : thus — im laa, daa laa, three. Mare, qiieicj, &c., laa. 
 
 Some substantives want the singular number : as, cloan, chil- 
 dren ; maase, cattle; sleih, people, &c. Others want the plural : 
 as, arran, bread; joitgh, drink; sollan, salt; cey m, huttcT ; feill, 
 flesh ; fuill, blood ; hainney, milk ; niart, strength ; fort, ability ; 
 keayncy, weeping ; trimshey, sorrow ; and the like. 
 
 And the names of metals : as, alrlt, gold ; argid, silver; j;r^.s7/, 
 brass; yiarn, iron; stalnney, tin, &c. ; and all proper names. 
 
 * The Manks count hy scores. The score, yn feed has no plural termination. 
 Every noun numbered by the score is in the sinj^uhir form ; us — a ncorc man, lur 
 score man, three ^corc man.-— Ed. 
 
14 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Of the Foeming of Plurals in a Noun Substantive. 
 
 The Plurals of Substantives are formed of their singulars in 
 tliree ways. 
 
 Firsts by adding only a syllable to tlie termination of the 
 singular : aSj awinj a river, plural awinyn ; cassan, a foot-path^ 
 plural cassanyn. 
 
 Secondly, by changing only the vowels or diphthongs of mono- 
 syllables into other vowels or diphthongs : as, Qnac, a son, pi. 
 meo; /er, aman, pl.^; heeal, a mouth, pi. heillj maivj a finger_, 
 pi. meir ; or by changing the vowels and diphthongs of the ultima 
 and penultima of polysyllables into other vowels or diphthongs j 
 as, lieeill, a church, pi. Idaulteenyn, 
 
 Thirdly, by changing the vowel or diphthongs of the singular 
 and adding to the termination too ; as, raantaghj a bondsman, pi. 
 raantecnyn; daddaghj a>\sike, ipl. claddeeyii ; hlcin, ipl.hleeaiityn. 
 
 But here it is necessary to know the various syllables usually 
 added to, or diphthongs changed in, the singulars of substantives, 
 to render them plurals ; which are these that follow : — 
 
 Yn is the most common termiuation of all ; as, glioon, a knee, 
 pi. fflioonyn ; laue, a hand, pi. laueyn ; cass, a foot, pi. cassyn.^ 
 
 The singular termination agli is always changed into ee ; as, 
 herchagli, a rich man, pi. hercJtcG ; Idmmaghj a criminal, pi. Jdti'i- 
 mcc ; claasagliy a harp, pi. claaseo. 
 
 * The old English or Saxon plfiral ended in en as house, housen ; hose, hosen ; eye, 
 cyen ; shoe, sluoon. Hence also, eoiven, now siuine ; coivcn, now Mne ; oxen ; men ; 
 women ; children.— El». 
 
THE MANKS LANOUAfJE. 15 
 
 Nouns_, wliosc singular number ends in e//, make tlicir plural 
 by changing ey into aghy and adding the particle yn to the ter- 
 mination ; as, clicngpAj, a tongue, pi. chcngaghyn ; caggeyj a war, 
 pi. caggagJtyn ; except dooinncy, a man, pi. deiney.^ 
 
 Some monosyllables ending in r make their plurals by taking 
 aghyn; as, jpooar, power, pi. pooaraghyn ; gloijr, glory, pi. 
 ghyragliyn. 
 
 A in monosyllables is changed for the most part into e ; as, 
 mac, a son, pi. mec; mcvir, a finger, pi. meir ; so also tarroo, a 
 bull, pi. terroo ; marroo, the dead, pi. merroo ; not terriuj merriuj 
 as some erroneously hold. 
 
 E is changed into i ; as,/er, a man,.pl./7\ 
 
 in monosyllables is changed into the diphthongs id; as, moltj 
 a mutton, pi. muilt ; holg, a belly, pi. hiiilg ; hock, a horse, pi. 
 h'ldch ; poylly a puddle, ^\. jpuill ; stoyl, a stool, pi. stuill ; cvont, 
 a knot, pi. cruint. 
 
 * Other exceptions are — lallcy, a town, pi. laljyn; hilley, a tree, pi. hiljyn - 
 lumiey, a sheaf, pi. lunneeyn; carrcy, a friend, pi. caarjyn; ^paitchey, a child, pi. 
 2'>ciitcliyn. — Ed. 
 
16 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Genders of Substantives. 
 
 Althougli the primitive and proper use of genders be only to 
 distinguisli one sex from another, yet the Manks, like the 
 Greeks, Latins, French, Irish, &c,, observe that distinction even 
 in inanimate things, among which there is neither male nor 
 female ; so that there is not one noun in Manks but what is 
 either mascuhne, feminine, or common.* 
 
 There are twof ways to know the gender of a noun. 
 
 The first, by its signification. 
 
 The second, by its termination. 
 
 The proper names of men, winds, months ; also qualities, good 
 or bad ; metals ; and the infinite mood of verbs, when used 
 substantively^ are known by their signification to be of the mas- 
 culine gender. 
 
 Words ending in oo, eij, ecZ, er, are masculine by their termi- 
 nation; Sbsjannoo, an action jj alio Oy an image; goo, a report ; hain- 
 ney, milk ; phreeney, a pin ; eggey, a web ; dooinney, a man ; redj 
 a thing ; hred^ a prick ; gredf a heat ; dimver, a murderer ; 
 eeasyder, a borrower ; ynseyder, an instructor. 
 
 Words ending in ogOj age, or a^, are feminines by their termi- 
 nations ; as, rollage, a star ; hurdoge, a shrimp ; cuinniagj a mull. 
 
 * There is no such anomaly as a neuter gender. — Cregeen. 
 
 f As there are no determined rules to know the genders of substantives inanimate, 
 I have been very exact in setting down the gender of every noun in my Dictionary ; 
 for adjectives being to express the quality of the substantives, follow their genders, 
 by becoming either masculine or feminine; which is efrcctcd by a change in the 
 initials of the adjectives. 
 
THE MANK.S LANGUAGE. 17 
 
 TliG names of women, countries, rivers, cities, also appella- 
 tives of trees and stones ; are of the feminine gender ; so are 
 nomis ending in ce joined to an adjective feminine, wlietlier of 
 the singular or plural number; as, j^eccec, sinners; ]iGcceo hreiJi, 
 miserable sinners; moddeij joorjJi, a greedy dog, masculine, pi. 
 modclee yoogh, feminine : so are the singulars C7xe, shee, &c. 
 
 Words that are common to both sexes, as, chagJiter, a messen- 
 ger ; sharvaant, a servant ; jpaitcliGy, a child, are of the common 
 or two genders. 
 
 When the article y or ijn is placed before a noun beginning 
 with s, if t be substituted in the place of s, so that the s be 
 eclipsed and loseth its sound ; then that noun is of the feminine 
 gender; as — 
 
 Sooill, an eye. Yn tauin. 
 
 Yn tooill, the eye. Soalt, a barn. 
 
 Sauin, Hallowing-tide. Yn toalt, the barn. 
 
 But if the noun admits not of /, then it is of the masculine 
 gender. 
 
 When the article yn is placed before a noun beginning with a 
 consonant, and the said article is changed into ny in the genitive 
 case singular, that noun is of the feminine gender ; but when 
 the article yn remains in the genitive singular, then the noun is 
 of the masculine gender ; as — 
 
 Nom. Yn /er, the man, Nom. Yn veVj the woman. 
 Gen. Yn er, of the man. Gen. Nij mrieh, of the woman. 
 
 But in finding out the proper gender of the substantive given, 
 provided the substantive begin with one or other of the mutable 
 consonants, the most certain rule is : — 
 
 A word beginning with any of the mutable consonants, if, 
 upon putting the article y or yn before it, its initial consonant 
 doth naturally change into its soft ; as, cooi'^Ji, a cause, yn cJiooishj 
 the cause ; grian, the sun, yn gUrian, the sun ; moyrn, pride, y)i 
 iwyrrij the pride; miljid, sweetness, yn viljid: the sweetness: such 
 words arc infallibly of the feminine gender. But if the initial 
 consonant change not thereupon, we may justly conclude such 
 
IS A GEAMMAK OP 
 
 words to be of tlic masculine gender ; as, goo, fame, y goo, tlie 
 fame; heayn, sea, yn heayn, tlie sea; corpy a body, yn corp, tlie 
 body ; cappaUj a cup, yn cappan, the cup. 
 
TTTE MANKS LANGUAGE. 19 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Of the Declensions. 
 There are Five Declensions. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 Nouns of tlic First Declension are sncli as form their plural 
 by adding the particle yn to the termination of the nomiuative 
 singular; as — 
 
 Of the Feminine Gender : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Sooill, an eye, or y tooill, N. Ny sooillynj the eyes, 
 
 the eye, 
 Gen. Ny sooilley, of an eye, G. Ny sooillyn, of the eyes, 
 
 Dat.* Ba^n tooill, to the eye, D. JDa ny sooillyn, to the eyes. 
 Ace. Yn tooill, the eye, A. Ny sooillyn, the eyes, 
 
 Voc. Y or liooill, eye, V. Y or liooillyn, eyes, 
 
 Abl. Gyn liooill, without an eye. A. Gyn sooiUyn, without eyes. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Cass J a foot, N. Cassyrij feet. 
 
 Gen. Ny coslicy, of the foot, G. Ny gassyn, of the feet, 
 Dat. Ba^n chass, to the foot, D. Da ny cassyn, to the feet. 
 Ace. Yn chass, the foot, A. Ny cassyn, the feet, 
 
 Voc. Y cliass, foot, V. Y cliassyn, feet, 
 
 Abl. Gyn cliass, without a foot. A. Gyn chassyn, without feet. 
 
 * Tlic Dative case of all nouns is the same as the Accupativc. with tlic pre- 
 position da prefixed. It might tlicrefore he expunged; and the word in the Dative 
 he said to he in the Accusative, governed hy the preposition da. The I'ronouns 
 have a distinct Dative. — Ed. 
 
20 
 
 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 Of tlie Masculine Gender. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. Thie, a house, 
 Gen. Yn tliie, of the house, 
 Dat. Ba'n tide, to the house, 
 Ace. Yn tliiGj the house, 
 A^oc. Tor hie, house, 
 ALL Gijn tide, Without a house. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. BaasGj death, 
 Gen. Yn vaaish, of death, 
 Dat. 
 Ace 
 
 Plural. 
 N. TJdcijn, houses, 
 G. Nij dliicyn, of the houses, 
 D. Da nij tJdcyu, to the h ouses, 
 A. Ny tldeyn, the houses, 
 V. Y Ideyn, houses, 
 A. Gyn tldeyn, without houses . 
 
 Plural. 
 N. Baaseyn, deaths, 
 
 G. Ny maaseyn, of deaths, 
 Da'n baase, to the death, D. Danyhaaseyn,totliG denihs, 
 Yn haase, the death, A. JVy haaseyn, the deaths. 
 
 Voc. Y vaasBj death, V. Y vaaseynj deaths, 
 
 Abl. Gyn vaase, without death. A. Gyn vaaseyn, without, &c. 
 Some nouns of this declension transpose their final consonants 
 in the genitive singular, and in the plural number ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Bannish, a wedding, N. Ny hanshyn, the weddings. 
 
 Gen. Ny hanshey, of a> wedding, G. Ny manshyn, of, &c. 
 Dat. Da'n vannisli, to the wed- D. Da ny hanshyn, to, &c. 
 
 ding. 
 Ace. Yn vannisli, the wedding, A. Ny hanshyn, the, &c. 
 Voc. Y vannisli, O wedding, Y. Y vanshyn, weddings, 
 Abl. Gyn vannish, without a A. Gyn vanshyn, without, &c. 
 
 wedding. 
 Nouns ending in er, or, id, ys, are of this declension ; and these 
 nouns feminine : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. Ooig, a pit, 
 
 Gen. Ny hooigeyyof, &c. 
 
 Nom. Greg, a rock. 
 
 Gen. Ny creggey, of a rock. 
 
 Nom. Kiarlc, a hen, 
 
 Geu. Ny giarlc, of the hen. 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. Ny ooigyn, pits, 
 G. Ny hooigyn, of pits. 
 N. Greggyn, rocks, 
 G. Ny creggyn, of rocks. 
 N. Kiarhyn, of hens, 
 G. Ny giarhjn, of hens. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAQE. 
 
 21 
 
 And toiiif gen. ny toaneij ; crosh, an accident^ gen. ?? // groshrij ; 
 muir, the sea, gen. ny marrey ; 7nuc, a pig, gen. ny muirjey, &c. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 Nouns of tlie Second Declension are sucli as admit of no cliange 
 in the termination of the singular number ; and the plural is 
 formed by adding aghyn to the final consonant ; and, if the noun 
 ends in a vowel, the vowel is cast away, except it be a monosyl- 
 lable, and then the vowel remains: as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Gag gey (masc.) war, N. Cagg aghyn, wars, 
 
 Gen. Yn chaggey, of the war, G. Ny gaggaghyn, of the wars, 
 Dat. i)a^2, ca^^e?/, to the war, D. Dany caggaghynjtothewsiVSf 
 Ace. Yn caggey, the war. A. Ny caggaghyn, the wars, 
 
 Yoc. Y cliaggey, war, Y. Y chaggagJiyn, wars, 
 
 Abl. Qyn chaggey, without J &c. A. Gync]Laggaghyn,wit}iout,&c, 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Gloyr (fem.), glory, N. Gloyraghynj glories, 
 
 Gen. Ny ghloyVy of the glory, G. Ny gloyraghyn, of, &c. 
 Dat. Da'n gJiloyrj to the glory, D. Da ny gloyraghyn, to, &c. 
 Ace. Yn gJiloyr, the glory, A. Ny gloyraghyn , the glories, 
 Voc. Y ghloyr, glory, Y. Y gloyraghyn, glories, 
 
 Abl. Gyn ghloyr, without, &c. A. Gyn gloyraghyn, &c. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Cruinney, a globe, N. Cruinnagliyn, globes. 
 
 Gen. Ny cruinney, of a globe. G. Ny gruinnagliyn, of, &c. 
 
 Of this declension are the following nouns : — crec, a heart ; rcc, 
 a king; corrre//, a furnace ; chengry, a tongue ; j^ooc/r, power; 
 ohhyr, work ; pcccaJi, sin, &c. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 The Third Declension containetli nuiuis rhaugeablL' in the casrs 
 of the singular number, and which form their pUu-als as the 
 second decleusion. 
 
 E 
 
22 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Y)i soiirey, summer, N. Souragliyn, summers. 
 
 Gen. Yn touree, of summer, G. Ny souragliyn, of summers, 
 Dat. Ba'n tourey, to the, &c. D. Ba ny souragliyn^ to, &c. 
 Ace. Yn tourey, the summer, A. Ny souragliyn, the, &c. 
 Voc. Y liource, summer, V. Y liouraghyn, 0, &c. 
 Abl. Gyii hourey, without, &c. A. Gyn souragliyn, without, &c. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Moivj a mother, N. Moiragliyn, mothers. 
 
 Gen. Ny mayrey, of a mother, G. Ny moiragliyn, of, &c. 
 Dat. Da'n voir, to the mother, D. Da ny moiragliyn, to, &c. 
 Ace. Yn voir, the mother. A. Ny moiraglmjn, the, &c. 
 Voc. Y voir, mother, V. Y voiragliyn, 0, &c. 
 
 Abl. Gyn voir, without, &c. A. Gyn voiragliyn, without, &c. 
 
 Of this declension are — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Braar, a brother, N. Braaragliyn, brothers. 
 
 Gen. Y vraarey, of a brother, G. Ny mraaragliyn, of, &c. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Sliuyr, a sister, N. Sliuyraghyn, sisters. 
 
 Gen. Ny shayrey, of a sister. G. Ny sliuyraghyn, of sisters. 
 
 In the same manner are declined geurey, winter, gen. y gheuree, 
 of winter ; cheer, a country, gen. ny cheerey, of a country, &c. 
 
 Of this declension are nouns wanting the singular number, also 
 nouns of multitude singular, and are regularly declined ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. FeiJl, flesh, N. Chan, children. 
 
 Gen. Ny foalley, of the flesh, G. Ny glienney, of children, 
 Dat. Ba^n eill, to the flesh, D. Ba^n cliloan, to the children, 
 Ace. Yn eill, the flesh, A. Yn chloan, the children, 
 
 Voc. eill, flesh, V. Y chloan, children, 
 
 Abl. Gyn eill, without flesh. A. Gyn chloan, without, &c. 
 
 Note here that cloan, maase, sleih [vide Of the Numbers, Chap. 
 VI.), which apparently seem phiral nouns, are only nouns of 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 23 
 
 multitude singular, and declined with a singular article ; for, wg 
 never say ta ny maase cheet, but ta'n maase cheet, tlie cattle comes; 
 ta'n eleih cJiaglym, tlie people assembles, not ta ny sleih cliafjlym. 
 
 THE FOUETH DECLENSION. 
 
 Nouns of this declension ending in agh in the singular change 
 agh into ee in the plural, and add the particle yn ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Gagliagh, a boundary, N. Gagleeyn, boundaries. 
 Gen. Yn chagliaghj of the, &c. G. Ny gagleeyn, of the, &c. 
 Dat. Da'n cagliaglijto thej &c. D. Da ny cagleeyn, to the, &c. 
 Ace. Yn cagliaghj the, &c. A. Ny cagleeyn, the, &c. 
 Voc. YchagliaghjOhoundaryj Y. Y chagleeynj 0, &c. 
 Abl. Gynchagliagh,with.ou.t,&c, A. Gy7i cagleeyn, without, &c. 
 
 Of this declension are claddagh, &c. 
 
 Some nouns of this declension, to avoid the hiatus, receive the 
 consonant n ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Baantagh, a bail, N. Raanteenyn, bails, 
 
 Gen. Yn raantagh, of a bail. G. Ny raanteenyn, of the bails. 
 
 Some nouns of this declension, ending in vowels in the singu- 
 lar number, form their plural by adding nyn to the termination*; 
 as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Cliive, a sword, N. Cliwenyn, swords, 
 
 Gen. Yn chliwe, of a sword. G. Ny gliwenyn, of the, &c. 
 So are jagltce, tythe ; hriwy a judge, &c., declined. 
 Some nouns of this declension form their plurals from the geni- 
 tive singular, and transpose the final consonant ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Annym, a soul, N. Anmeenyn, souls, 
 
 Gen. Ny hanmey, of the soul. G. Ny hanmconyn, of the souls. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Kecill, a church, N. Kialtcenyn, churches. 
 
 Gen. Ny hi Ihigh ,oH]\c church. G. Ny giaUecvyn, oi' t\\o, ^^c, 
 
 E 2 
 
24 • A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 And some^ instead of n, admit of t in tlieir plural ; as^ moainee, 
 a turbary ; Iheeaneej a meadow ; hlcin, &c. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Ble'in, a year, N. Bleeantyn, years, 
 
 Gen. Ny hleeaney, of a year. G. Ny mleeantyn, of the years. 
 
 riFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 A,o,n, being broad vowels, are used promiscuously in general, 
 but in monosyllable nouns tlie plural number follows the genitive 
 singular, as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Doani, a fist or hand (shut), N. Duirn, hands, 
 Gen. Ny diiirn, of a fist, G. Ny ghuirn, of hands, 
 
 Dat. Ba^n do am, to the hand, D. Dy ny duirn, to the hands. 
 Ace. Yn doaruj the hand, A. Ny duirnj the hands, 
 
 Voc. y ghoarn, hand, Y. Y ghuirn, hands, 
 
 Abl. Gyn doarn, without, &c. A. Gyn duirn, without hands. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Or on, a mast, N. Ny cruin, masts.. 
 
 Gen. Y chruin, of the mast, G. Ny gruin, of the masts, 
 Dat. Da'n chron, to the mast, D. Dy ny cruin, to the masts. 
 Ace. Yn chron, the mast, A. Ny cruin, the masts, 
 
 Yoc. Y chron, mast, V. Y chruin, masts, 
 
 Abl. Gyn chron, without a mast. V. Gyn cruin, without, &c. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Kione, a head, N. Ny king, heady. 
 
 Gen. Y ching, of a head. G. Ny ging, of the heads. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Booa, a cow, N. Ny haa, cows. 
 
 Gen. Ny haa, of the cow. G. Ny maa, of the cows. 
 
 Some monosyllables of this declension follow not their geni- 
 tive, but change a into e ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Mac, a son, N. Ny mec, sons. 
 
 Gen. Yti vac, of a son. G. Ny mec, of the sons. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 20 
 
 Some change e into i, as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Fer, a man, N. Fir, men, 
 
 Gen. Yn er, of the man. G. Ny vir, of the men. 
 
 0, in monosyllables, is changed into the diphthong id, as — 
 Nom. Bolg, a belly, N. iVi/ &m7^, bellies, 
 
 Gen. Yn volg, of a belly. G. JV^/ muilg, of bellies. 
 
 In this manner are declined molt, stoyl, cront, &c., &c. 
 
 Some polysyllable nouns also form the plural from the genitive 
 case singular, and are of the fifth declension ; as. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Kellagh, a cock, N. Ny hellee, cocks. 
 
 Gen. Y chellee, of the cock, G. Ny gellee, of the cocks, 
 Dat. Da'n hellagh, to the cock, D. Da ny hellee, to the cocks. 
 Ace. Yn Icellagh, the cock, A. Ny Itellee, the cocks, 
 Voc. Y chellagh, cock, V. Y chellee, cocks, 
 
 Abl. Gy 71 chellagh, without J &c. A. Gyn Jcellee, without cocks. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Guiy, a goose, N. Ny guoee, the geese, 
 
 Gen. Ny guoee, of a goose. G. Ny ghuoee, of the geese. 
 
 Nom. Moddey, a dog, N. Ny moddee, dogs. 
 
 Gen. Y voddee, of a dog. G. Ny moddee, of dogs. 
 
 Keyrrey, a sheep, &c., are of this declension, and thus declined : 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Keyrrey, a sheep, N. Ny hirree, sheep. 
 
 Gen. Ny geijrragh, of a sheep, G. Ny girree, of the sheep, 
 Dat. Ha'n cheyrrey, tothe sheep, D. Da ny Idrree, to, &c. 
 Ace. Yn cheyrrey, the sheep, A. Ny Idrree, the sheep, 
 Voc. Y cheyrrey, sheep, V. Y chirr ee, sheep, 
 Abl. Gyn cheyrrey, without, kc. A. Gyn Idrree, without, &c. 
 
 Adjectives sometimes become substantives, and are of this 
 declension : as, herchagh, a rich man ; Jdnimagh, a criminal ; 
 peccagh, a sinner, &c. PL bcrchoe, Idmmec, yeccec. 
 
26 
 
 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Of a Noun Adjective. 
 
 An Adjective is a word joined to a substantive, to express its 
 quality. Therefore, Adjectives very properly follow tlieir substan- 
 tives in the Manks. 
 
 Adjectives may be formed from the genitive case of the nouns 
 they derive from : as, sourey, summer, G. y toiiree, of summer ; 
 geurey, winter, G. y gheuree, of winter. Thus, earish liouree, 
 summer weather j earish gJieuree, winter weather. 
 
 The variation of Adjectives is two-fold; of the gender and of 
 the number. 
 
 The variation of the gender is that by which masculines 
 become feminines ; and this is effected by changing only the 
 radical or initial consonant (if mutable) into its soft or secondary 
 mute, as the following scheme will clearly elucidate. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Bing, shrill, 
 
 Creeney, wise, 
 
 JDunnalj brave, 
 
 Gennal, merry, 
 
 Booinney. ^ Jeslt, proper, 
 
 Kiarty just, 
 
 Moyrnagh, proud, 
 
 Paagh, thirsty, 
 
 ^ Qiiaaglij strange. 
 
 The plurals of Adjectives are formed of singular masculines, 
 
 without any change in their radical initials ; as, innccn vie, a 
 
 Feminine. 
 Ving, 
 Chreeney, 
 Gliunnalj 
 Ghennalj 
 Ben. •{ Yesh, 
 Chiarf, 
 Voyrnagh, 
 Phaaghj 
 Wliaagli, 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 27 
 
 good gh'l, PL inncenijn m'ic ; eddln (jliennal, a merry countenance,, 
 PI. eddinyn gennal. 
 
 When the substantive is not expressed but understood^ tlie 
 Adjectives often cliange tlieir plural termination, or, in fact, 
 become substantives ; as — 
 
 First, by adding only to tbe singular termination, wMcli 
 addition is generally ee ; as, fer niartal^ a strong man, PI. ny 
 niartallcG, tlie strong (men). 
 
 Secondly, by changing the singular termination arjli into ee ; 
 as, herchagli, rich, PI. ny hercheG, the rich : 
 
 Or, thirdly, by adding another vowel to the ultimate vowel of 
 the singular without any addition ; as, doalj blind, PI. ny doailj 
 the blind. 
 
 Sometimes the vowel a of the singular number is in the plural 
 changed into e ; as, marroOj dead, PI. ny nievroo, the dead. 
 
 Yet here I must observe, contrary to the received opinion of 
 several of my countrymen, whose judgment I much value and 
 esteem, that we have ^plural adjectives — adjectives of the plural 
 number, that are distinguished from singulars by their termina- 
 tion. The fc>llowing examples will prove the best argument. 
 
 Adjectives, whose singulars terminate in agli^ in their plurals 
 change arjli into ee ; as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Fer ynsagli, a teacher, or N. Ny fir ynsee, teachers, or 
 [teaching man, [teaching men,. 
 
 Gen. Yi^cr-7/?i5«^//., of a teacher, &c. G. Ny vir-ynsee. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 D(c'n, fer-ynsagh, 
 
 D. 
 
 Ba nyfir-ynsee, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Yn fer-ynsagh, 
 
 A. 
 
 Ny fir -ynsee, 
 
 
 &c. 
 
 V. 
 
 ir -ynsee. 
 
 
 
 A. 
 
 Gyn fir-ynsee. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Fer hialgagh, a crafty man, 
 
 
 Fir cJiialgee, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Yn er Idalgagli, 
 
 G. 
 
 Ny vir cliialgcc, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Da' 11 fer Idahjaghy 
 
 1). 
 
 I) 11 vij fir rhiaJgtc, 
 
 
 &;C. 
 
 
 Sic. ' 
 
28 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Thle jaayhaghj a smoky liouse, Ny tldcijn jaaghee, 
 
 Gen. &c. G. Ny dhieyn jaaghee, 
 
 &c. 
 The most general termination of plural adjectives is ey, whicli 
 is added to the final consonant : as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Dooinney mooavj a great man, N. Deiney mooarey, 
 Gen. Yii dooinney mooar, of a, &c. G. Ny glieiney mooarey, &c. 
 
 Nom. Ben aeyr, a rich woman, N. Mraane seyrey. 
 
 Gen. Ny mrich seyr, of a rich, &c. G. Ny mraane seyrey, 
 
 Nom. MagJier glass, a green field, N. Magheryn glassey, 
 Gen. Ynvagher glass, oH}iGgveGn,&c.Gc. Ny magheryn, &c. 
 
 Nom. Keyrrey vane, a white sheep, N. Kirree vaney, 
 Gen. Ny geyragh vane. G. Ny girree vaney. 
 
 Many adjectives want the plural number : as, mie, good ; sie, 
 bad ; aalin, fair -, glen, pure ; crauee, holy ; cam, crooked ; and 
 such like. 
 
 Cardinal numbers have no plural when put in apposition or 
 composition with their substantives, though their substantives 
 at the same time may be either singulars or plurals : as, troor, 
 three ; hiare, four, &c. ; and tJiie, an house ; three thieyn, fciare 
 thieyn ; nor when set alone, or substantively, have they plurals ; 
 as we say, ta'n chiare, the four, not ta ny hiare ; ta'n wheig, the 
 five, not ta ny queig. 
 
 Ordinals have no plural number. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 29 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 The Compaeison of Adjectives. 
 
 In tlie Manks there are but two degrees of comparison,, vix., 
 tlie positive, or low degree ; and the superlative, or highest 
 degree ; as, aalin, fair, s'aalin, fairest ; pos. yn fer graney, the 
 ugly man; sup. yn fer s^ graney, the ugliest man. But in this 
 superlative is included the English comparative degree also ; as, 
 s' aalin may be Englished, fairer ; and s^ graney, uglier. 
 
 The superlative is formed of its positive by adding s* (a con- 
 traction of the word smoo, more, or most,) to the initial of its 
 singular masculines ; 2i,^,i:)Ooaral, powerful; sup. s'jpooaral, more, 
 or most powerful. 
 
 Between the comparatives, or words or persons compared, is 
 commonly placed the comparative conjunction na, answering to 
 the ante-comparative conjunction ny ; as, ta moddey hio ny share 
 na lion marroo, a live dog is better than a dead lion. 
 
 As the positive degree is a weak adjective, it undergoes those 
 changes of gender that adjectives are subject to ; but the super- 
 lative alters not, but is always expressed in its singular masculine ; 
 as, yn ven gltennal, the merry woman ; sup. yn ven s'gennal, the 
 merriest woman. 
 
 Monosyllables that begin and end with a consonant have 
 always the syllable ey added to them in the superlative degree ; 
 as, pos. hogld, poor ; sup. s'hoglitey, poorest. 
 
 Polysyllables ending in agh commonly change agli into cc ; as, 
 pos. agglagh, horrid, sup. s'agglcc, most horrid ; pos. liiaralagh, 
 careful, sup. s'kiaralce, most careful. 
 
30 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Positives having oa nud io cliange tliem into a ; as, nwaJy. 
 feeble, sup. s'melley, most feeble; pos. clUon, tiglit, sup. 
 s^clienncy, tightest : 
 
 Having o and ia make /; as, tromCj heavy, sup. sHrimmey, 
 heaviest ; gial, white, sup. s'gilleyj whitest : 
 
 Having au, make iu — as roauyr, fat, sup. s'riurcy, fattest ; 
 llauyr, long, sup. s'Uurey, longest. 
 
 These following are anomalous, or irregular comparisons : — 
 Positive. Comp. and Sup. 
 
 Mie, good, Sharej better, or best. 
 
 Olh, bad, Smessey, worse, or worst. 
 
 Begy or heggan, little, Sloo, less, or least. 
 MooaVj great, S'moOj greater, or greatest. 
 
 Ymmodeej many, S'lhee, more, or most. 
 
 Faggys, near, 8'niessey, nearer, or nearest. 
 
 Lliean, broad, S'lhea, broader, or broadest. 
 
 Aeg, young, S^aa, younger, or youngest. 
 
 Foddey, far, distant, 8'odjey, farther, or farthest. 
 Which variations run through all the European languages, as 
 depending on the Celtic ; and not from the caprice of custom, as 
 Mr. Louth imagines. (See Eng. Gr. p. 26.) 
 
 The Manks language, besides the degrees of comparison already 
 mentioned, has a sort of comparison which imports sometimes 
 equality J sometimes admiration, and may be explained in English 
 by as, so, how : as, cha aalin as eshyn, as fair as he ; s'mie Ihiam 
 slien dyjarroo ! how pleasing is it to me ! s'banglaneagh y peccaghl 
 how prolific is man ! s'mooar Ihiam eh ! how I begrudge it ! It 
 is formed of the positive, by prefixing the contraction's', accord- 
 ing to the rules of the superlative degree. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 31 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Of the Pronouns. 
 
 Of the Pronouns, some are Personal — as, mee^ I ; sliin, we ; 
 00 J thou j shiu, ye ; eh, he or it ; ee, she ; ad, they ; or when any 
 emphasis is expressed — mish for mee, 2tss for oo^ eshyn for ehj ish 
 for ee. 
 
 Some are Demonstratives — as, shoh, this ; shen, that ; sMdj that 
 there, or yonder. 
 
 Some are Relatives — as, quoi, who ; ere, or que, what. 
 
 Some are Possessives — as, my, mine ; dty, thine ; e, his or hers. 
 
 Some are Interrogatives — as_, quoi, who ; ere, or que^ what 
 {kySy or quis, how). 
 
 Some are Derivatives — as, mislij meeliene ; uss, ooliene; ish, 
 ceJiene. 
 
 Pronouns are compounded with prepositions — as, orrym, upon 
 me ; ort, upon thee ; er, upon him ; IMamy with me ; lliiaty with 
 thee ; leslij with him ; &c., &c.* These are pecuHar to our 
 language, and are called pronominal participles ; by the assist- 
 ance of which, and the auxiliary verb ta mce, to be, annexed to 
 the substantive, all possessive parts of speech are expressed. ( Sco 
 Construction of Prepositions.) 
 
 • The ingenious and learned author of the Essay on the Antiquiixj of the Irish 
 Lamgibage, treating of these pronouns, has these words: — "The Orientalist will find 
 * a suprising affinity between these eognoniina and the Hebrew li, lo, lah, &c. olli, 
 ollort, lionn, Sec, the Persian aura, &c.; and they are certainly of the same root." 
 
32 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 1. OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Personal Pronouns are three — Dice, I ; oo, tliou ; ehj lie ; ancJ 
 CG, she ; and are thus declined : — 
 
 Mcc, I. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Mec, 1, N. Shinj main, or mayd, we_^ 
 
 Gen. My, or aym, of me, G. Am, of us^ or our, 
 
 Dat. Dou, hym, rhyin, to mOj D. Dooin, hooin, rooin, to us^ 
 
 Ace. Mee, me, A. SJmij us, 
 
 Voc. (caret) V. 
 
 Abl. Voym, from me. A. Voin, from us. 
 
 Ooj thou. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Oo, thou, N. Shiu, you, or ye. 
 
 Gen. Dty, or a^c?, of thee, or thine, G. Eu, of you, or your^ 
 Dat. JDhyt, rhyt, hoodj to thee, D. Biu, hiu, riu, to you,. 
 Ace. Oo, thee, A. Shiu, you, 
 
 Voc. Oo, thou, Y. Shiu, you, 
 
 Abl. FouZ, from thee. A. Veiie, from you. 
 
 Eh, he. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Ell, he, or it, N. Ad, they. 
 
 Gen. jEJ, or ecJiey, of him or it, G. Oc, of them, 
 Dat. Da, risk, liuggey, to him or it, D. Daue, roo, hue, to them,, 
 Ace. Eh, him, or it, A. Ad, them, 
 
 Voc. (caret) V. (caret) 
 
 Abl. Voish, or veih, from him or it. A. Voue, from them. 
 
 Ee, she. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. Ee, she, N. Ad, &c., like Eh^ 
 
 Gen. jE", or ec/i:, of her, or hers, 
 Dat. J'ee, r'ee, huic, to her. 
 Ace. Ee, her, 
 Voc. (caret) 
 Abl. Voce, from her. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 33 
 
 HenCj self, or alone, expressing emphasis or apposition, may be 
 added to the pronouns personal; thus, mee-liene, I myself; and 
 so throughout, except when it is added to ayrrij hym, rJiym, voyiu, 
 and then h is changed into p, as aymi^ene, hymj)cne, &c. 
 
 IsJi in the feminine, and eshyn in the masculine, are emphatical 
 pronouns, and used in composition : as, eclcsli, hers ; echeysyn, 
 his, or of him. 
 
 Mishj shinyn ; aym's, ainyn ; dooys, liym's ; dooinyn, liooinyn, 
 &c.; iiss, shiuish; ayd's^ euish ; dhyt's, rhyfs, &c. ; eshyn, isli ; 
 echeysyUj ecksh ; dasyn, jeeish, &c., are used when particular per- 
 sons or things are set in opposition to one another, or when 
 property is signified : as, shoh yn Hoar ayms, cha nee yn Hoar 
 echf ysyn, this is my book, not his ; cur dooys eh, cha nee dasyn, 
 give it to me, not to him. Otherwise it would be, cur dou eh, &c. 
 
 2 . DEMONSTEATIVES. 
 
 Shoh, shen, shid are common, undeclinable, and all of the third 
 person : ere shoh ? what^s this ? ere shen ? what^s that ? ere shid ? 
 what's yonder, or there ? 
 
 3. RELATIVES. 
 
 Quoi, who, ere, what, are common. Relatives are generally 
 understood, and not expressed, in Manks, 
 
 4. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 My, mine or my. 
 My is of both genders ; and, when it comes before a vowel, y 
 is cast away, and m' only expressed — as, m'annym, my soul, for 
 nny annym. 
 
 Dfy, thine or thy. 
 Dty is of both genders ; and by apostrophe dt' — as, dfcnual, 
 thy breath, for dty ennal. 
 
 E, his, her, or its. 
 The gender of the possessive pronoun eis determined only by 
 the initial letter of the following substantive; aspirat(\l after c 
 
34 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 masc, as e ghoo, his word, e hooil, liis eye; but remaining un- 
 altered after e fern., as e goo, lier word, e sooil, Iter eye. It also 
 doubles in expression the initial consonant of the following noun, 
 when it comes before substantives beginning with Z, Uj r. The 
 same rule holds in the Spanish, Welsh, and Irish. 
 
 Nyrij our, your, their, of ail genders, and the plural number, 
 used indiscriminately with substantives of both numbers — as 
 n\jn dJiicj our house, pi. 7iyn dJiieyn, 
 
 5. — INTERROGATIVES. 
 
 Quoi, who — what man or person. 
 
 Cre, what — what thing. 
 
 They are of all genders and numbers. 
 
 They are not always interrogatives, but are sometimes in- 
 definites, especially when attended with erhee, any : as quoi-erbee 
 nee slioli, whosoever doth this ; quoi-erhee nee ehj whosoever doth 
 it ; cree-erhee te, or rather t'eh, whatever it be. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 35 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Op a Veeb. 
 
 Tli'ere are four sorts of Verbs, viz., the Active, and Passive^ 
 the Auxiliary, and Impersonal. 
 
 The Manks Verbs are for the most part formed of substantives 
 of the same signification with them : as, ynsagh, learning, fell 
 gynsaghj he learns; coaylj loss, feh coaylj he loses. 
 
 They have properly but three Tenses — the Present, Past, and 
 Future ; the rest are formed by the help of auxiliaries. 
 
 THE FORMING OF A EEGULAR VERB ACTIVE. 
 
 The Indicative Mood, present tense, is always formed of the 
 participle of the present tense and the auxiliary verb ta mee, to be. 
 And indeed all the other tenses are frequently used in the parti- 
 ciples only, particularly in discourse, joined with the auxiliary ta 
 
 mcG : as — 
 
 REGULAR VERBS. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense, 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ta mce coayl, I lose, or am losing, Ta shin coayly we lose, or, &C. 
 T'ou coayl ji]iow. losest, or artlosiiig, Ta slim coayl, ye lose, or, &c. 
 T'eh coayl, ho losctli, or is losing, T\ul coayl, they lose, &.c. 
 
3G A GEAMMAK OF 
 
 Preterhnjperfect. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Chain mee, I did lose^ C//a///.s7a'7?jWelost,or did lose, 
 
 Chain 00, tliou lost, or didst lose, ChaiU shiu,yQ lost, or did lose. 
 Chain ell, lie lost. ChaiU ad, tliey lost, &c. 
 
 Or: 
 Va mee coayl, I lost, or was losing, Va shin coayl, we were losing, 
 V'ou coa7/?,tlioulost,or wastlosing, Va shiu coayl, ye were losing, 
 Veil coayl, he was losing. V'ad coayl, tliey were losing. 
 
 This tense may be conjugated, by the help of the verb ren, 
 from the irregular verb jannoo, to do, as — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ren mee coayl, I lost, or did lose, Ren shin coayl, we lost, &c. 
 Ren 00 coayl, thou didst lose, Ren shiu coayl, ye lost, &c. 
 
 Ren eh coayl, he lost. Ren ad coayl, they lost, &c. 
 
 Preter^perfect. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ta mee er choatjl, I have lost, Ta shiner choayl,wehsiYe lost, 
 
 T'ou er choayl, thou hast lost, Ta shiu er choayl,je have lost, 
 
 T'eh er choayl, he hath lost. T'ad er choayl, they have lost, 
 
 Preterp lujperfect. 
 Va mee er choayl, I had lost, Va shin er c/ioat/?^ wehadlost, 
 
 V'ou er choayl, thou hadst lost, Va shiu er choayl, ye had lost, 
 V^eh er choayl, he had lost. V'ader choayl, they had lost. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Cailleeym, I shall or will lose, Caillee mayd, or shin, we, &c, 
 Caillee oo, thou shalt or wilt lose, Caillee shiu, ye, &c. 
 Caillee eh, he shall or will lose. Caillee ad, they, &c. 
 
 When a relative is either expressed or understood, the persons 
 of the future .tense terminate in ys, and the nominative case is 
 always set before the verb : as, mish loayrys rish, I am he that 
 will speak to him ; uss screeuys huggey, thou art he that shall 
 write to him ; eshin chaillys, he who shall lose. 
 
 If the verb begin with a mutable consonant, then shall it 
 always be aspirated : as, yn fcr chaillys, the man that shall lose ; 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 37 
 
 yn ven vUeaunys,&c.ynydeiny glminnySj the mentha.t shall wound. 
 Wliicli termination is common to both numbers. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Caillj lose thou. Caill-jee, lose ye. 
 
 The third person of the Imperative Mood might,, perhaps, be 
 supplied from the future tense of the indicative : — 
 
 Caillee eh, let him lose. Gaillee ad, let them lose. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 The Subjunctive Mood may be formed of auxiliaries and the 
 verb compound foddym, to be able, without any change in the 
 verb : as — 
 
 Fresent Tense. ' 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Foddym coayl, I may lose, Foddeeshin, or may dcoayljWej &c. 
 
 Foddeeoo coaylfthoumajjestj&c. Foddee sliiu coayl, ye may lose, 
 Foddee eh coayl, he may lose. Foddee ad coayl, they may lose. 
 
 But this manner of formation is periphrastic ; and, as the 
 present tense of the Subjunctive Mood is never used but after 
 the adverbs dy and ny, that and if, like the French que, that, the 
 following seems to be the original and truest mode of formation : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 By gaillyn, that I lose, B ijgaill may d,ov shin, i}miwQ,kc, 
 
 By gain oo, that thou lose. By gaill shm, that ye lose. 
 By gaill eh, that he lose. By gaill ad, that they lose. 
 
 Pretey-imjoerfect. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Chaillin, I might, should, would, or Chaillagh s/u'«,wemiglit,&c. 
 
 could lose, 
 Chaillagh oo, thou mightcst, &c. Chaillagh shiu, je might, &c. 
 Chaillagh eh, he might, &c. (7/tcii7^a(//tatZ, they might, &c. 
 
 Peri phrasf leal Formation. 
 Yinnyn coayl, I might, &c., lose, Yinnagh shin coayl, we, &c. 
 Yinnaghoocoayl,t\).o\Jim.\g\\tQ^t,&ic.Yinnagh shiu coayl, yo, kc. 
 Yinnagh ch coayl, he might, &c. Yinnagh ad coagl, i\\vy, kc. 
 
 P 
 
38 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Tliis tenso may be declined witli Ihisinj I should or oiiglit^ and 
 oddiuj I might, in the same manner. 
 
 Pretcrpcrfcd and rixteiyhiiierfect. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Veign er clioayl, I had lost, ormight Veagh shin er clioayl, we, &c. 
 
 have lost, 
 Veagh ooerc/ioa7//_,thouhadstlost;&c. Veagh shiu er choaAjl, je, &c. 
 Veagh eh er choaijlj he had lost, &c. Veagh ad er choaylythej j&c. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 This tense is formed as the present tense regular of the sub- 
 junctive mood. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 The Infinitive Mood is known commonly by the sign to, or by 
 its following another verb in the same sentence without any 
 nominative case between ; and, though the verb stand unvaried 
 as to itself, yet doth it admit of three tenses, viz., the present, 
 the preter, and preterpluperfect tenses : as — 
 Fresent.—J)y choayl, to lose. 
 Preter, — T'ou gohhal dy vel mee er choayl ehj thou deniest that I 
 
 have lost it. 
 Treterijlujperfed. — Boh oo dy rotv mee er choayl, thou deniedst 
 
 that I had lost. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Tartici]3le Present. — Coayl, losing. 
 The Participles of the preter and future tenses are formed by 
 prefixing the particle er, after, to the preter, and er-chce, about, 
 to the future. 
 
 Participle Preter, — Er choayl, having lost. 
 
 Future. — Er-chee coayl, about to lose. 
 Supine. — Caillitj lost. 
 The supines end in t or it, which form the participle of the 
 passive voice, and which, with the auxiliary verb ta mecj to be, 
 go through all the tenses : as, ta mee coayl (active), I lose; ta 
 mee ccit??!^ (passive), I am lost. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 89 
 
 In the conjugation of verbs^ a negative mucli alters tlie initials ; 
 and, therefore,, to every verb liere conjugated the affirmatives and 
 negatives follow. 
 
 ^J.^he negative to the indicative and subjunctive moods is c/ia, 
 not j and to the imperative, ny, not : as, cJia gailhjw.j I will not 
 lose j ny caill, lose thou not ; cha cjaillm, I would not lose. 
 Interrogative. — Chaill oo ? did you lose ? 
 
 Nagh chaill oo ? did you not lose ? 
 Affirmative. — Chaill mee, 1 did lose. 
 Negative. — Cha chaill mee, I did not lose, 
 Ny caillj lose not. 
 
 Screen, to write, or writing. 
 
 Prefer, 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Screeu-mee, I wrote, Screen shin, we wrote. 
 
 Screen oo, thou didst write. Screen shin, ye wrote. 
 Screen eh, he wrote. Screen ad, they wrote. 
 
 Fntnre. 
 Screeu-ym,l shall or will write, Screeiieeshin,wesh.8]l,&c., write, 
 Screeuee oo, thou shalt, &c., write, Screeuee shin, ye shall, &c., write, 
 Screeuee eh, he shall, &c., write. Screeuee ad,th.ej shall, &c., write. 
 
 IMPEEATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Screen, write thou. Screeu-jec, write ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Pretcr. 
 
 Screenin, I might or could write, Screeuagh shin, we might, &c. 
 Screcuagh oo, thou mightestj &c. Screeuagh shin, ye might, &c. 
 Screenagh ch, he might, &c. Screeuagh ad, they might, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Pij screen, to write. 
 SnpinCi — Screen f, wi-itton . 
 F 2 
 
40 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 rARTICIPLES, 
 
 Present. — Screen j writing. 
 
 Freter. — Er-screeUj after writing, Laving written. 
 
 Future. — Er-cJiee screen, about to write. 
 
 Interrogative. — Screen oo ? did you write ? 
 
 Nagh screen oo hug gey ? did you not write toliim ? 
 Afl&rmative. — Screeio mee, I did write. 
 
 Screeuym, I will write. 
 Negative. — Gha screen me, I did not write. 
 Ny screen, do not write. 
 
 Giu, to drink^ or drinking. 
 
 Freter. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Flu mee, I drank_, Fin shin, we drank, 
 
 Fin 00, thou drankest^ Fiu shiu, ye drank. 
 
 Fin eh, he drank. Fiu ad, they drank. 
 
 Future. 
 
 lu-ym, I skall or will drink, luee mayd, or shin, we shall, &c. 
 luee 00, thou shalt or wilt drink, luee shin, ye shall, &c. 
 Fiee eh, he shall or will drink. luee ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPEEATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Ft, drink thou. lu-jee, drink ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOT). 
 
 Freter. 
 luin, I might or could drink, luagh shin, we might, &c. 
 luagh 00, thou mightest, &c. luagh shin, ye might, &c. 
 luagh eh, he might, &c. luagh ad, they might, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Fy iu, to drink. 
 Supine. — Fit, drunk. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 41 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Glu, drinking. 
 Preter. — Er n' m, having drunk. 
 Future. — Er-cliee gin, about to drink. 
 
 Interrogative. — Dm oo ? did you drink ? 
 
 Nagh diu oo ? did you not drink ? 
 Cre iuys oo ? wliat will you drink ? 
 Affirmative. — D^m mee, I drank. 
 
 lu-ymj I will drink. 
 Negative. — Gha diu mee, I did not drink, 
 Cha n' iu-ym, I will not drink. 
 Ny iu, drink not. 
 
 Ginsh, to tell ; or^ telling. 
 
 Preter, • 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Dinsh mee, I told ; Dinsh skin, we told ; 
 
 Dinsh 00, thou toldest ; Dinsh sliiu, ye told ; 
 
 Dinsh ell, he told. Dinsh ad, they told. 
 
 Future, 
 Inshym, I shall, or, will tell ; Inshee mayd, we shall, or, &c. ^ 
 Jr^s/^ee 00, thou shalt, or, wilt tell; Inshee shiu, ye shall, &c. 
 Inshee eh, he shall, or, will tell. Inshee ad, they, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Insh, tell thou. Insh-jec, tell ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Inshhi, I might, or, could tell ; Insliagh shin, we might, &c» 
 Inshagh oo, thou mightest. Sec. Inshagh shiu, ye, &c. 
 Inshagh ch, he might, or, &c. Inshagh ad, they, &c. 
 
'iS A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 INriNITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy iusJi, to tell. 
 Supine. — Inshit, told. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Ginsli, telling. 
 Preter. — Er n' insli, having told. 
 Future. — Er-chee n' insli, about to tell. 
 
 Interrogative. — Quoi dinsJi dlujt ? who told tliee ? 
 
 Nagh clinsh eh dliyt ? did lie not tell tliee ? 
 Affirmative. — Einsli Juan dou, John told me. 
 Negative.- — Glia dinsh eh dhyt, he did not tell thee. 
 Cha n' inshym dliyt^ I will not tell thee. 
 
 Gimmeeaght, to go ; or_, going to depart. 
 
 Singular, Plural. 
 
 Dimmee mee, I went^ or^ did go ; Bimmee shin, we went ; 
 
 Eimmee oo, thou wentest ; Dimmee shin, ye went ; 
 
 Bimmee eh, he went. Bimmee ad, they went. 
 
 Future. 
 Immeeym, I shall^ or, will go ; Imme mayd, we shall,, or, &c. 
 Immee oo, thou shalt, &c. Immee shiu, je shall, &c. 
 
 Immee eh, he shall, &c. Immee ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Immee, go. Immee-je, go ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter. 
 Immeein, I might, or, could go; Iinmag]i.s]Lin,we might, ov,&g. 
 Immagh oo, thou, &c. Immagh shiu, ye might, &c. 
 
 haraagh eh, he might, &c. Immagh ad, they might, &c. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 43 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy immeearjJit, to go. 
 Sujpine. — Immit, gone. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Glmmeeagld, going. 
 
 Preter. — Er n'immeeaght, having gone. 
 
 Future. — Er-cliee gimmeeaghtj about to go. 
 
 Interrogative. — Vel oo gimmeeaght ? are you going ? 
 Nagh n'immee oo ? will you not go ? 
 Affirmative. — Ta mee gimmeeagh, I am going. 
 Negative. — CJia n' immeeijm, I will not go. 
 CJoa n' immaydj we will not go. 
 
 Kionnaghey, to buy; or, buying. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Cliionnee mee, I bought, or did buy; Cliionnee shin, we bought, &c. 
 
 Chionnee oo, thou boughtest, &c. Cliionnee shiu, ye bought, &c. 
 
 Cliionnee eh, he bought, &c. Cliionnee ad, they bought, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 Kionnee-ym, I shall, or did buy -, Kionnee mayd,. we shall, &c. 
 Kionnee oo, thou shalt, &c. Kionnee shiu, ye shall, &c. 
 
 Kionnee eh, he shall, or will, &c. Kionnee ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Kionnee, buy. Kionnee-jee, buy ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter. 
 Cliionncein I might, or could buy ; Cliionnagh shin,^YC might, &c. 
 Chionnagh oo, thou mightest, &c. Chionnee shiu, yo, &c. 
 Chionnagh eh, he, <^<;. Chionnagli ad, they, &c. 
 
44 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF 
 INFINITIVE MOO!). 
 
 Present. — Dy chionnaglicij, to buy. 
 Supine. — Kionnit, bouglit. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Kionnagliey j buying. 
 
 Prctcr. — Er chionnaghey , having bouglit. 
 
 Future. — Er-chee hionnaghey, about to buy. 
 
 Gymmyrlieyy to bear^ or carry, or beliave. 
 
 Preter, 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ifymmyrh mee, I bore • Bymmyrlc shin, we bore ; 
 
 Dymmyrh oo, thou borest ; Dymmyrh shiu, ye bore ; 
 
 Dymmyrlc eh, he bore. Vymmyrk ad, they bore. 
 
 Future, 
 
 Ymmyrk-ym, Ishall^ orwill bear; Ymmyrheemayd, or sJiin,we,&c. 
 Ymmyi'hee oo, thou shalt, &c. Ymmyrkee sJiiu, they shall, &c. 
 Ymmyj'hee eh, he shall, &c. Ymmyrlme ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Ymmyrh, bear. Ymmyrk-jee, bear ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, 
 
 Preter, 
 
 Yminyrli in, 1 -might, ov could bear; Ymmyrlcagh shin, we might, &c. 
 Ymmyrliagh, oo, thou, &c. Ymmyrlcagh shiii, je might, &jC, 
 
 Ymmyrhigh ch, he, &c. Ymmyrlcagh ad, they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — By ymmyrlcey, to bear, 
 Siijilne, — Ynirnyrklt, borne. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 45 
 
 Present. — Gi/nimyrJcei/, bearing. 
 
 Preter. — Er n' ymmyrhey, having borne. 
 
 Future. — Er-chce cjummyrhcy, about to bear. 
 
 Goaillj to take ; or, taking. 
 
 Preter. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Glioiv mee, I took^ or did take ; Ghoiu sldn, we took ; 
 Gliow 00, thou didst take ; Ghoiu sliiu, ye took ; 
 
 Ghow eh, lie did take. Ghow ad, tliey took. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Goiu-ym or goym, I skall^ or, &c. ; Goiueemayd, we shall, or will, &c. 
 (roi(;eeoo,tliouslialt, or wilt take; Goiuee sliiu, ye shall, &c, 
 Goiuee eliy he shall, or will take ; Gowee ad, they, &c. 
 
 IMPEEATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Goiv, take. Goiu-jee, take ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 GJioin, I might, or could take ; Ghoghe mayd, or shin, we, &c. 
 Ghoghe oo, thou mightest, &c. Ghoghe shiu, jq mighty &c. 
 Ghoghe eh, he might, &c. Ghoghe ad, they mighty &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — By ghoaill, to take. 
 Supine. — Goit, taken. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Goaill, taking. 
 
 Preter. — Fr ghoaill, having taken. 
 
 Future. — Er-chce goaill , about to take. 
 
46 A GEAMMAR OP 
 
 Mauy nouns, betokening the passions of the mind and body, 
 are conjugated with tlie verb substantive ta inee, to he, put for 
 have, as the verb sum for lictbco in Latin. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Fys, knowledge. 
 
 T resent. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Tafys cujm, I know, or I have knowledge ; Tafijs am, we know ; 
 Tafys ayd, thou knowest^ or, &c. Tafys eu, ye, &c. 
 
 Tafys ecJiey, he knows, &c. Tafys oc, they, &c. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Vafys aym, I knew, &c. Vafys am, we, &c. 
 
 Vafys ayd J thou knewest, &c. Vafys eu, ye knew ; 
 Vafys ecJiey, he knew, &c. V^^^fys oc, they knew, &c. 
 
 Future » 
 
 Bee fys aym, I will know ; Beefys am, we shall, or will, &c. 
 
 Beefys ayd, thou wilt know ; Beefys eu, ye shall, &c. 
 Beefys echey, he will know. Beefys oc, they shall, &c. 
 
 In like manner. 
 
 Graih, love. 
 
 Present, 
 
 Ta graih aym ferj, I love (him) ; Ta graih ain, we love; 
 
 Ta graih ayd, thou lovest ; Ta graih eu, ye love ; 
 
 Ta graih ech, or echey, she or he lovcth. Ta graih oc, they love. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Va graih aym, I loved ; Va graih ain, we loved; 
 
 Va graih ayd, thou lovedst ; Va graih eu, ye Igved ; 
 
 Va graih echey, ho loved. Va graih oc, they loved. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 47 
 
 Future. 
 Sin gular . Plural . 
 
 Bee fjraih aym, I will love. Bee graih aym, wc will love. 
 
 Bee graih ayd, thou wilt love, Bee graih aijd, ye will love, 
 Bee graih ecJicg, ho will love. Bee graih oc, they will love. 
 
 This takes two participial pronouns : as, ta graih ayni er, I love 
 him j ta graUi ecJicy orrymj he loves me. 
 
 The adverb ersooyl, away, is used as a verb with the auxiliary 
 ta mee, to be ; as — • 
 
 Breter. 
 
 Va mce ersooyl, I went, or was gone ; Va shyn ersooyl, we,&c. 
 V'ou ersooyl, thou wentest, or wast gone; Va shiii ersooyl, ye, &c. 
 y^eh ersooyl, he went, or was gone. V'oA ersooyl, they, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 Bee 'm ersooyl, I will be gone ; Bee mayd ersooyl, we, &c. 
 
 Bee 00 ersooyl, thou wilt be gone; Bee shin ersooyl, je, &c. 
 Bee ell ersooyl, he will be gone. Be ad ersooyl, they, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Frsooyl, away, begone. Frsooyl-jee, be ye gone. 
 
 Of Reciprocal Yerbs. 
 
 Reciprocal or Reflecting Yerbs are common to this language 
 as to the Hebrew, French, Irish, &c., and require two personal 
 pronouns when the sense is turned by the auxiliary verb ta mee, 
 to be ; which is the most elegant and pointed expression. Never- 
 theless, the simple verb may be used alone, as in the following- 
 examples : — 
 
 Cadley, to sleep ; or, sleeping. 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Ta mce my chadlcy, I sleep, or do sleep, or am sleeping ; or, (a 
 Dice cadley. 
 
48 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 T'oii dtij chadleij, thou sleepest^ or art sleeping; or, foil cadley. 
 T'ch ny chadleij , lie sleepeth, or sleeps ; or_, t^eh cadley. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Ta shin oiyn gadley, or ta shin cadley, or ny chadley, we sleep. 
 Ta sliiu nyn gadley, or ta shin cadley, or ny chadley, ye sleep. 
 T'ad nyn gadley, or fad cadley, or ny chadley, they sleep. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Va mee my chadley, I was sleeping^ or I slept ; or, chaddil mee. 
 V'ou dfy, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Bee^m my chadley, I will sleep, or be sleeping ; or, cadlym. 
 Bee 00 dty chadley, or, cadlee oo, thou shalt, or wilt sleep. 
 Bee eh ny chadley, ov, cadlee eh, he shall, or will sleep. 
 
 Interrogative. — Bow oo dty chadley ? were you asleep ? 
 
 Vel 00 dty chadley ? are you asleep ? 
 Affirmative. — Va mee my chadley^ or chaddil mee, I slept. 
 
 Ta cadley orrym, I am sleepy. 
 Negative. — Cha vel mee my chadley, I am not asleep. 
 Cha chaddil mee, I did not sleep. 
 Cha gadlym, I will not sleep. 
 
 Shassoo, to stand ; or, be standing. 
 
 Ta mee my hassoo, or ta mee shassoo, I stand, or am standing. 
 T'ou dty hassoo, or fou shassoo, thou standest, or art standing. 
 T'ch ny hassoo, or feh shassoo, he standeth, or is standing. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Ta shin nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or ta shin shassoo, we are 
 
 standing, or do stand. 
 Ta shin nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or shassoo, ye stand, &c. 
 T'ad nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or shassoo, they stand. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 49 
 
 Pretcr. 
 
 Singular. 
 Va mee my Jiassoo, or liass mee, I stood, or was standing. 
 V'ou city hassoOf or hass oo, thou stoodcst, &c. 
 V^eh ny hassoo, or hass ehj he stood^ &c» 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Va sliin nyn sliassooj or ny liassoo, or hass shiuj &c. 
 
 Future, * 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Bee^m my hassoo, or shassym, I will stand, &c. 
 Bee 00 city hassoo, or shassee oOj thou wilt stand. 
 Bee eh ny hassoo, or shassee eh, lie will stand. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Bee mayd nyn shassoo, or shassee mayd, we will stand. 
 
 Bee shiu nyn shassoo, or shassee shin, ye will stand. 
 
 Bee ad nyn shassoo, or shassee ad, they shall or will stand,, &c. 
 
 Interrogative. — Roiu oo dty hassoo ? Were you stauding ? 
 
 Vel eh ny hassoo ? Is he standing ? 
 Affirmative. — Va mee my hassoo, 1 was standing. 
 
 T'eh ny hassoo, he is standing. 
 Negative. — Gha roiv mee my hassoo, I was not standing. 
 Cha vel eh ny hassoo, he is not standing. 
 Gha shassym, 1 will not stand. 
 Ny shass, stand not. 
 
 MORE EXAMPLES. 
 
 Ta nice my hole, 1 sit. 
 
 Interrogative. — Vel oo dty hole ? Do you sit ? 
 Affirmative. — Ta mee my hole, I sit. 
 Negative. — Ghci vel mee my hoic, I do not sit. 
 
 Ta mee cr my ghoostcy, I am awake. 
 
50 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Interrogative. — Vcl oo er dtij glwostey ? Art tliou awake? [&c. 
 
 Affirmative. — Va mee ermyghoostey, or gJiooisht mee^lwas awake, 
 
 Negative. — Cha hee^m er m.y glioostcy, or cha dooislitym, I will not, 
 
 Ny hee er dty glwostey, or ny dooisJit jdon't awake. [&c. 
 
 Ta mee er my cJiosJi, I am on foot. 
 
 Interrogative. — Vel oo er dty chosh ? Are you on foot ? 
 Affirmative. — Ta mee er my chosh, 1 am on foot. 
 Negative. — Cha vel mee er my chosh, I am not on foot. 
 Ny hee er dty chosh, be not on foot. 
 
 Op a Verb Passive. 
 
 In Manks tliere is no Passive Voice ; bnt in all parts of speecli 
 it is elegantly and expressively formed by tke verb ta me, to 
 be, and tke supine active, or participle passive. 
 
 Tlie tenses are formed by tlie participle, which always ends in 
 it or t, and serves throughout all the persons of both numbers 
 with the verb substantive ta mee, to be. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ta mee caillit, I am lost, Ta shin caillit, we are lost, 
 
 T'ou caitlit, thou art lost, Ta shiu caillit, ye are lost, 
 
 T'ch caillit, he is lost. T^ad caillit, they are lost. 
 
 Treter imperfect. 
 
 Va mee caillit, I was lost, Va shin caillit, we were lost, 
 
 V'ou caillit, thou wast lost, Va shiu caillit, ye were lost, 
 
 V^eh caillit, he was lost. Vad caillit, they were lost. 
 
 Freterperfect. 
 
 Ta mee er ve caillit, I have been lost, Ta shin er ve caillit, we, &c. 
 T'ou erve caillit, thou hast been, &c. Ta shin er ve caillit, ye, &c. 
 Teh er ve caillit, he has been lost. Tad cr ve caillit, they, &c. 
 
THE HANKS LANGUAGE. 51 
 
 Pretet-pluperfect. 
 
 Va mee er ve cailUt, I had been lost^ Va shin er ve caillit, we liad 
 
 been lostj 
 V^ouerve caillit, tliouliadstbeen lost, Vashiu er ve caillit, je, &c. 
 V'eh er ve caillit^ lie had been lost_, V'ad er ve caillit, they, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Bee'm caillit, I shall or will be lost^ Bee mayd caillit, we, &c. 
 Bee 00 caillit, thou shalt, &c. Bee shiu caillit, ye, &c. 
 
 Bee eh caillit, he shall, &c. Bee ad caillit, they, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Bee caillit, be thou lost. Bee-jee caillit, be ye lost. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense, 
 
 By hee^m caillit, that I be (or may Dy hee mayd caillit, thsit we, &c. 
 
 or can be) lost, 
 By hee oo caillit, that thou be lost, Dy hee shiu caillit, that ye, &c. 
 By hee eh caillit, that he be lost. Dy hee ad caillit, that they, &c. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Veign er ve caillit, I had been, or Veacjh shin er ve caillit, wc, &c. 
 
 I might have been lost, 
 
 Veagh oo er ve caillit, thou, &c. Veagh shiu er ve caillit, ye, &c. 
 
 Veagh eh er ve caillit, he, &c. Veagh ad &r ve caillit, they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present, — Dy ve caillit, to be lost. 
 Particijde. — Caillit, lost. 
 
 The preter and future tenses of the indicative mood arc often 
 very elegantly formed by the help of the irregular gall, to go : 
 as-T- 
 
52 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Hie mee cr coayl, I was lost^ Hie sliin cr coayl^we werelost, 
 
 Hie 00 er coayl, tliou wast lost, Hie shiu cr coayl, jq were lost, 
 
 Hie eh er coayl, lie was lost. Hie ad er coayly tliey were lost. 
 
 Future, 
 
 Hem cr coayl, I will be lost, Heel, or hem mayd er coayl, we, &c. 
 Heto cr coayl, tliouwiltbe lost, Hed shiu er coayl, ye, &c. 
 Hed eh er coayl, he will be lost. Hed ad er coayl, tliey, &c. 
 
 Impersonals are sucli as have no persons, except the third 
 person singular only : as, Jceearagh, to grow night ; chceree eh, 
 it grew night ; heeree eh, it will grow night. 
 
 Of the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 There are no Auxiliary or Helping Verbs in the dead tongues 
 — viz., the Greek, the Hebrew, and the Latin; but in all the 
 living tongues there are — viz., the French, the Spanish, the 
 Italian, the German, the Irish, &c., &c., except in the Portuguese. 
 
 The principal auxiliary verb is ta mee, to be, or, I am, which 
 is used on all occasions, as the verb sum in Latin, as the verb 
 etre or sids in French, and as taim in Irish ; all of the like signi- 
 fication. 
 
 The other auxiliaries are vel mee, am I ; foddym, I am able ; 
 saillym, I am willing ; which are personals. She (it is), which 
 is often substituted for ta mee, and sheign (must), are used 
 impersonally, and always joined to a substantive : as, she mish 
 t^ayn, it is I ; sheign dhyt loayrt thou must speak. Vel mee is 
 used in asking or denying : as, Vel mee cr ghra eh, as nagh vel 
 mee er chooilleeney eh ? Have I said it, and have I not per- 
 formed it ? Cha vel, you have not. 
 
 Boiu, was, is an auxiliary, and generally used in the past time, 
 either to ask a question — as. Row fcr.erhee dy my laccal ? Did any 
 one want me ? or, was anybody wanting me ? — or else denies : 
 as Clia row, there did not, or was not. Sometimes it is added 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGt!. OO 
 
 as an auxiliary to the auxiliary ta mce, as Va dooiiincy Jij row, 
 there was a man that was. It is also elegantly used, in suppli- 
 cating or wishing, for the future tense — Slice dy row mdrin ! 
 May peace be with us ! 
 
 Verj3 Substantive, or Auxiliary Verb. 
 Ta mee, I am. 
 
 indicative mood. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular. — Ta mee, I am ; t^oiij or ta oo, thou art ; Velt, or ta eh, 
 
 he or it is ; fee, she is. 
 Plural. — Ta shin, we are; ta shin, ye are; fad, they are. 
 
 Preteynm^erfect. 
 
 Singular. — Va mee, I was; v'ou, thou wast; v^eh he was; v^ee, 
 
 she was. 
 Plural. — Va shin, we were ; va shiu, ye were; v'ad, they were. 
 
 Preterperfect, 
 
 Singular. — Ta mee er ve, I have been ; fou er ve, thou hast been ; 
 
 feh er ve, he has been ; fee er ve, she has been. 
 Plural. — Ta shin er ve, we have been ; ta shin er ve, ye have been ; 
 
 fad. er ve, they have been. 
 
 Preterjp luperfecf. 
 
 Singular. — Va mee er ve, I had been ; vou er ve, thou hadst been ; 
 
 v'eh er ve, he had been. 
 Plural. — Va, shin er ve, we had been ; va shiu er ve, ye had been ; 
 
 v'ad er ve, they had been. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Singular. — Bee' in, I shall or will be ; hee oo, thou shalt or wilt 
 be ; hee eh, he shall or will be ; J)ce ce, she shall or will be. 
 
 Plural. — Bee mayd, we shall or will bo ; hee shiu, ye shall or will 
 be ; bee ad, they shall or will be. 
 
 G 
 
54 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 IMrEKATlVE MOOD. 
 
 Bee, bo thou. Bec-jee, be ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTR^E MOOD. 
 
 Singular. — My vee'm, if I be ; Diy vccs oo, if thou be ; my vees 
 
 eh, if he be. 
 Plural. — My vees mayd, if we be ; my vccs sldu, if ye be ; my vees 
 
 ad, if they be. 
 
 Freterimi) erfed. 
 Singular. — Veign, I might or could be; veagh oo, thou mightesb 
 
 or couldst be ; veagh eh, he might or could be. 
 Plural. — Veagh shin, we might or could be ; vcagli shiu, ye might 
 
 or could be ; veagh ad, they might or could be. 
 
 Preter and Prcter^lujperfed, 
 
 Singular. — Veign er ve, I might have been^ or had been ; veagh 
 00 er ve, thou mightest have been^ &c.; veagh eh cr ve, he 
 might have been^ &c. 
 
 Plural. — Veagh shin er ve, we might have been ; veagh shiu er ve, 
 ye might have been ; veagh ad. er ve, they might have been. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy ve, to be. Part. in\ — Caret, Preter. — Pr ve, 
 having been. Future, — Er-chee ve, about to be. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Ta mee Mannlnagh dooie, I am a true-born Manksman. 
 Kys fou, or hys myr fou ? How do you do ? 
 Ta mee er ve feer vie, I have been very well. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 AVhen ta mee is put for the English verb have (as when sum 
 in Latin is put for haheo), the pronoun must be put in the geni- 
 tive case, as — 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 55 
 
 Cha vel Hoar aym, I have no book. 
 Ta argld ayd, you have money. 
 
 AUXILIARY VEEBS. 
 
 Foddym, I am able. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Foddym, I am able^ or I m.ay^ Foddee mayd, we are able, or may, 
 Foddee oo, thou art able, or Foddee shin, je are able, or may, 
 
 may est, 
 Foddee eh, he may, or is able. Foddee ad, they are able, or may. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Oddin, I might, or was able, Oddagh shin, we were able, &c. 
 Oddagh oo, thou mightest, or Oddagh shiu, ye were able, 
 
 wast able, 
 Oddagh eh, he might, or, &c. Oddagh ad, they were able, &c. 
 
 The future tense is formed as the present ; except when my, if, 
 is expressed, or the relative understood, as — 
 My oddym, if I can, or will be able. My oddys mayd, if we can,&c. 
 My oddys oo, if thou canst, or wilt My oddys shin, if ye can, &c. 
 
 be able. 
 My oddys e/i,if he can, or will be able. My oddys ad, if they can, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 By vod, to be able. 
 
 AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 Saillym, or Baillym, I am willing. 
 
 Present. 
 Saillym, I am willing, or have a mind, Saill mayd, wc arc willing, 
 Sailt, thou art willing, &c. Sailliu, yc are willing, 
 
 Sailllsh, he is willing, &c. Saillen, they are willing. 
 
 G 2 
 
50 A Gl.'AMMAIi OP 
 
 Or, 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Bailhjm, I am willing^ or wisli^ Baillmaijd, we are willing, 
 
 Bailtj tliou art willing, or wisliest, Bailliii, ye are willing, 
 
 Bailllshj lie is willing, or w^islies. Baillcu, tliey are willing. 
 
 Prefer. 
 Baillin, I was willing, or could wisli, Baillhicn, we were willing, 
 Bailt, thou wast willing, &c. Baillm, ye were willing, 
 
 Ba'llhh, he was willing, &c. Bailleu, they were willing. 
 
 Baillin, I could w4sh, or, would to God that, is also expressed 
 by the superlative adjective sliare, best, and the participial pro- 
 noun : as, Bare lliiam nagk heagli caggey erhee, I wish there was 
 no war. 
 
 Shceiij it is worth, is an auxiliary impersonal : as, Sheeu eh 
 argid, it is w^orth money ; clia heeu eh veg, it is good for nothing, 
 
 SloySj to dare, is also an impersonal, and governs a dative : 
 as, Sloys dliyt goll ? Dare you go ? Cha hloys, I dare not. 
 
 S'lhiass, it needs, or, it must, is an impersonal auxiliary, and 
 governs a dative : as, 8'lhiass dougoll ? Need I go ? Cha Ihiass 
 dhyt, thou needest not. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 When an auxiliary verb is joined to another, the auxiliary and 
 jironoun go through all the variation of person and number; but 
 the verb continues invariably in the third person. 
 
 Of Irregular Verbs. 
 
 These Irregulars are by far the most difficult part of the 
 language ; but that they are neither so many, nor the knowledge 
 of them so difficult to be attained, as is generally represented, a 
 very little attention to the following pages will sufficiently evince. 
 'J'hese irregular verbs are — 
 
 Goll, to go. Jannoo, to do. 
 
 Chect, to come. Geddyn, to get. 
 
 Coyrf, to give, to bear, or carry. ClaMyn, to hear. 
 
TITE MANTCS LAXCUAGE. 
 
 57 
 
 Gra, to say. Fahin, to see. 
 
 Goaill, to take. 
 Quere. Rosld/ijn, to reach, arrive. Imperf. Uainh, arrived. 
 
 Of tlie verb Gollj to go ; or, going. 
 
 Tlie indicative mood present tense of the irregulars is formed 
 after the same manner as the regular verbs active — viz., by the 
 participle present and the verb substantive tci mee, to be : as, ta 
 mee goll, I go ; foil cjoll, &c. 
 
 Freter, 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Hie mee, I went. Hie sliin, we went. 
 
 Hie 00, thou wentest, Hie shiu, ye went. 
 
 Hie eh, he went. Hie ad, they went. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Hedym,orliem, I shall or will go, Hed mayd, or liemmayd, we, &;c. 
 Hed 00, thou shalt or wilt go, Hed sliiu, ye shall or will go, 
 Hed eh, he shall or will go. Hed ad, they shall or will go. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Go7v, go. Hooin, let us go, 
 
 Goiu-jee, go ye. 
 
 This is the only verb we can recollect that has in itself the 
 first person plural of the imperative mood. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Freter imperfect. 
 
 Raghin, I might or could go, Bagh shin, we might, &c. 
 
 i?c/Y/7too,thoumightestorcouldst go, Rngh shin, je might, &c. 
 Ragh eh, ho might or could go. Ragh ad, they might, &c. 
 
 Freter and Freterjpluperfect. 
 
 Dy jagh mee, that I went or had gone, Dij jagh shin, that we, &c. 
 Dyjagh oo, that thou wentest, &c. Dy jag It shin, tliat ye, Slc. 
 Dy jagh eh, that he went, &c. Dy jagh ad, tliat they, &c. 
 
58 A UKAMMAR OF 
 
 Future. 
 
 JDij jem, or dy jedi/m, that I go. By jcd mayd, ovjemmayd, that 
 
 we gOj 
 Dyje'oo, or dyjedoo, thattliongo, Dy jed sJiiu, that ve go, 
 Dyjed eh, that he go, or shall go. Dy jed ad, that they go. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy gholl, to go. 
 Supine (wanting). 
 
 PAETICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Goll, going. 
 
 Preter. — Er-7i' gholl, having gone. 
 
 Future. — Er-chee goll, about to go. 
 
 Cheet, to come. 
 
 Preterimjoerfect. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Haink mee, I came, Hainh shin, we came, 
 
 Hainh oo, thou camest, Hainh shin, je came, 
 
 Haink eh, he came. Hainh ad, they came. 
 
 Preterperfed. 
 
 Ta mee er jeet, I have come, Ta shin er jeet, we have come, 
 T'ou er jeet, thou hast come, Ta shiu er jeet, ye have come, 
 T^eh er jeet, he hath come. T'ad er jeet, they have come. 
 
 Preterflu'perfect. 
 
 Va mee er jeet, I had come, Va shin er jeet, we had come, 
 
 V'ou, he. &c. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Higym, I shall or will come, Hig mayd, we shall or will come, 
 Hig 00, thou shalt or wilt come, Hig shiu, ye shall or will come, 
 Hig eh, he shall or will come. Hig ad, they shall or will come. 
 
TirW MANKS LANGUAGE. 59 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Tar, come thou. Tar-jce, come ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Harrin, I might or could come, Harragli shin, we might, &c. 
 Harragh oo, thou mightest, &c. Ilarrarjh shiu, ye might, &c. 
 Harragli eh, he mighty &c. Harragh ad., they might, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dyheet, to come. 
 Supine, — Gheet, come. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Gheet, coming. 
 Preter. — Er jeet, having come. 
 Future. — Er-chee cheet, about to come. 
 
 Jannoo, to do. 
 
 Preterimperfed, 
 
 Pen mee, I did, Pen mayd, we did, 
 
 Pen 00, thou didst, Ben shiu, ye did, 
 
 Ren eh, he did. Bed ad, they did. 
 
 Preter perfect. 
 
 Ta mee ern^ij anno 0, 1 have done, jP<xs/imer7i^^a?i?ioo,wehavedone, 
 T^ou ern'yannoo, thou hast done, Taslimer 7i^?/aii?ioo,yehavedone, 
 T'eh er n'yannoo, he hath done. T'ad erii'yannoo, the jh.a,Ye done. 
 
 Preterpluperfed. 
 
 Va mee er n'yannoo, I had (\.o\\.o,Vashin ern'yannoo, we had done, 
 V'o'u, &c. &c. 
 
60 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Future. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nee'm, I shall or will do, Nee mayd, we shall or will do. 
 
 Nee 00, tliou slialt or wilt do, Nee shiii^ ye shall or will do. 
 
 Nee ell, lie shall or will do. Nee ad, they shall or will do. 
 
 IMFERATIYE MOOD. 
 
 Jean, do thou. Jean-jee, do ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Freter. 
 
 Yinnin, I might or could do, Yinnaglisliin, we might or could do, 
 Yinnagli oo, thou mightest, &c. Yinnagh shiu, ye might or coulddo, 
 Yinnagh eli, he might, &c. Yinnagh ad, they might or, &c. 
 
 The future tense of the indicative, when a question is asked, 
 is Jean-ym ? Will I do ? Which is always answered by Nee^m, 
 I will do. 
 
 Jean-ym ? will I do ? Jean mayd ? will we do ? 
 
 Jean oo ? wilt thou do ? Jean shiu ? will ye do ? 
 
 Jean eh ? will he do ? Jean ad ? will they do ? 
 
 But if the negative cha, not, be added, it asketh no question : 
 as, Cha jeanym, I will not do. 
 
 And the future tense of the subjunctive, having the adverb dy 
 before it, asketh no question, and is thus conjugated : — 
 
 Dy jean-ym, that I will, or may, or Dy jean mayd, that we, &c. 
 
 can do, 
 
 Dy jean oo, that thou wilt do, Dy jean sJdu, that ye, &c. 
 
 Dy jean ehj that he will do. Dy jean ad, that they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy yannoo, to do. 
 Sv/pine. — leant, done. 
 
TOE :maxks language. (il 
 
 PARTICirLES. 
 
 Present. — Jannoo, doing. 
 
 Preter. — Ei' n'yannoOf liaving clone. 
 
 Future. — Er-cliee jannoo, about to do. 
 
 Interrogative. — Cre nee'm ? wliat shall I do ? 
 
 Cre yimuagh uss ? what would you do ? 
 Jean oo screen huggey ? will you write to liim ? 
 Negative. — Cha ren mee eh, I did not do it. 
 Chajean-ym eh, I wonH do it. 
 Cha jinnin eh, I would not do it. 
 Affirmative. — Nee'm eh, I will do it. 
 
 Ta mee jannoo eh, I am doing it, 
 
 Feddyn, or Gedclyn, to get. 
 Preter. 
 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 Ilooar m.ee, I got, Hooar shin, we got, 
 
 Ilooar 00, thou didst get, Hooar shiu, ye got, 
 
 Hooar eh, he got. Hooar ad, they got. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Yiow-ym, or yioym, I shall or will get, Yiow mayd, we shall, &c. 
 Yiow 00, thou shalt or wilt get, Yiow shiu, je shall, &c. 
 
 Yloiu eh, he shall or will get. Yioiu ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Fow, get. Fow-jcc, get ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Yio'in, or yiowin, I might or could get, Yioghshln,wemig\\t,Szc. 
 Yiogh 00, thou mightcst, &c., get, Yiogh shiu, jg might, Sec. 
 
 Yiogh all, he might or could get. Yiogh ad, they might, Sec. 
 
 With dy, that, it is formed thus : — 
 
62 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 By voiUjOnh/ noin'n,tlmtIcouldDi/ vogli, or iiocjli maijd, that we 
 
 get;, could get, 
 
 By vogh,OYnogh oo, that tliou^&c. By rogli, or nogh shm,th.at jc, &c. 
 By vogli, or nogli ch, that he, &c. By vog]ijOYnoghacl,th.Sbtthej,&c. 
 
 Fatnre. 
 
 By roym, or dy ??.o?/?»,that I can get. By vow inayd, that we, &c. 
 By vow 00, that thou mayest, wilt get, By voio sMu, that ye, &c. 
 By vow ell, that he may get. By voiu ad, that they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — By gheddyn, to get. 
 Supine. — Feddynit, gotten. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Geddyn, getting. 
 
 Preter. — Er gheddyn, having gotten. 
 
 Future. — Er-cJiee geddyn, about to get. 
 
 Interrogative. — Booar oo ? did you get ? 
 
 Now-yet eh ? shall I get it ? 
 Vogh ad eh ? would they get it ? 
 Negative. — Gha dooar mee eh, I did not get it. 
 Cha now eh, thou shalt not get it. 
 Affirmative. — Hooar mee eh, I got it. 
 
 Ta mee er n^ gheddyn eh, I have got it. 
 
 Cur^ or Coyrt, to bear, carry, or bring. 
 
 This verb is formed with the preposition Ush, with, changed 
 into a pronoun -, but, when it signifies to give, it is formed with- 
 out the pronoun ; as is also cur-myner, to behold. 
 
 Preter. 
 Hug mee Ihiarn, I carried, or brought. Hug shin 1hien,we carried, 
 Hug 00 Ihiat, thou carriedst, &c. Hug shiu Ihiu, ye carried. 
 Hug eh lesh, he carried or brought. Hug ad Ihieu, they carried. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. Oo 
 
 Ftiture. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ver-ym Jliiam, I will bringor carry, Ver mayd IJiien, we will, &c. 
 Veroo Z/ii'a^, thou wilt bring orcarry^ Ver slim llim, ye will^ &c. 
 Ver eh lesli, he will carry or bring. Ver ad IMeu, they will^ &c. 
 
 IMPEEATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Cur lliiaty brings or carry. Cur-jee Ihiu, bring, or carry, ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter, 
 Verrin Z/iiam, I might or could bring, Verragh shin Ihien, we, &c. 
 Verragh oo Ihiat, thou mightest, &c. Verragh shin Ihiu, ye, &c. 
 Verragh eh lesh, he might, &c. Verragh ad Ihieu, they, &c. 
 
 With dijj that, or cha,, not, it is formed — 
 
 Dy derrin Ihiam, that I might or Dy derragh shin, that we, &c. 
 
 could bring. 
 By derragJi oo Ihiat , that thou, &c. &c. 
 
 Or, it may be formed of the preter tense of the irregular verb 
 jannoOj to do, as : — 
 
 Yinnin Ihiam, I would bring Yinnagh shin Ihien, we, &c. 
 
 Ym?ia^/^ 00 ?/imf, thou wouldst bring, Yinnagh shiu Ihiu, ye, &c. 
 Yinnagh eh lesh, he would bring. Yinnagh ad Ihieu, they, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 Dy dcrym Ihiam, that I bring. 
 By dcr oo Ihiat, that thou bring. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — By choyrt, to give. By choyrt lesh, to carry. 
 Sujpine. — Goyrt, given. Currit lesh, brought. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present, — Coyrt, or ciir, giving. 
 
 Preter. — Er choyrt, or er chur, having given. 
 
 Future. — Er-chec royrf, or o>/r, about to give. 
 
61 A GKAMMAIi OF 
 
 Interrogative. — Dug oo lllaf ijn Hoar ? did j^ou bring tlicbook ? 
 
 I) or 00 lUiat eh ? will you bring it? 
 Negative. — Cha dcr-ym Ihicun eh, I won^t bring it. 
 
 CJta derragh eh lesh cli, lie would not bring it. 
 
 Gra, to say. 
 
 Frefer. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Dooyrt mee, I said^ Dooyrt shin, we said, 
 
 Dooyrt oo, thou saidst, Dooyrt shiu, ye said, 
 
 Dooyrt eh, lie said. Dooyrt ad, tliey said. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Jir-ym, I shall or will say, Jir mayd, we shall or will say, 
 
 Jir 00, thou shalt or wilt say, Jer shiu, ye shall or will say, 
 Jir eh, he shall or w411 say. Jir ad, they shall or w^ill say. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Ahhyr, speak. Ahhyr-jee, speak ye. 
 
 Ahhyr was in general use among the ancients as a regular 
 verb, as appears from some MSS., and the now only cant word, 
 'Nahhyr oo ? Did you speak ? for Anabhyr oo ? And here let me 
 lament the loss our language sustains by the want of this inter- 
 rogative article an ; for, in discourse or writing (except by a 
 miark of interrogation, indeed), we cannot give the reader or the 
 hearer, by order of the words, any idea of our request, whether 
 it be a question or a positive assertion ; as, for instance, — 
 
 Ver 00 Ihiat eh ? wall you bring it ? 
 , Ver 00 Ihiat eh, you will bring it ; 
 
 whereas with the particle an, whether, your meaning would im- 
 mediately appear ; and then it would run thus : — 
 
 An ver oo IJiiat eh ? will you bring it ? 
 
THE MANKS LAXGUAGE. C5 
 
 aUIiJUNCTlVE MOOD. 
 
 Freter. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Yiarrinyl miglit, coulcl^ or would say, YiarrafjJi .sJiui, we, &c. 
 
 Yiarragh oo, thou miglitest,, &c. Yiarragh shiu, je, &c. 
 
 Ylarragh eh, lie miglit, &c., say. Yiarragh ad, they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dij ghra, to say. 
 Supine. — Grait, spoken. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Gra, saying. 
 Preter. — Er ghra, having said. 
 Future. — Ft chee gra, about to say. 
 
 Interrogative. — Gre'nahhyr oo ? what did you say ? 
 
 Dooyrt oo y Iheid ? did you say the like ? 
 Negative. — Cha dooyrt mee y Iheid, I did not say the hke. 
 Cha n'yiarrin eh, I would not say it. 
 
 Goalll, to take. 
 
 Preter, 
 
 Ghoiv mer, I took, Ghow shin, we took, 
 
 Ghmv 00, thou tookest^ Ghow sluu, ye took, 
 
 Gho'W eh, he took. Ghoiv ad, they took. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Gow y\n, or goym, I shall or will take, Goiuee rnayd, we shall, &c. 
 
 Gowoe 00, thou shalt or wilt take, Goivee shiu, ye shall, &c. 
 
 Gowce eh, he shall or will take. Gowcc ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Gow, take thou. G<>ir-jr.'^ take yc. 
 
66 A GRAMMAK Oli' 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter, 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ghdin, or ghuivin,! might or could take, Gliogh shin, we, &c. 
 Ghogli 00, tliou miglitest, &c., take, Ghogh shiu, ye, &c. 
 GJiogh eh, lie miglit or could take. Ghogh ad, thej, &c. 
 
 Future. 
 
 My ghoym, or ghow-ym, if I take. My ghoys mayd, if we take, 
 My ghoys, or ghoivys oo, if thou take, My ghoys shiu, if ye take. 
 My ghoys eh, if he take, or will take. My ghoys ad, if they take. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy ghoaill, to take. 
 Swpine. — Goit, or goiuit, taken. 
 
 PAETICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Goaill, taking. 
 
 Preter. — Er n' ghoaill, having taken. 
 
 Future. — Er-chee goaill, about to take. 
 
 Interrogative. — Gogh oo eh ? would you take it ? 
 
 Gow 00 shen ? will you take that ? 
 Negative. — Cha gdin eh, I would not take it. 
 Gha goym eh, I will not take it. 
 
 Clashtyn, to hear. 
 Preter. 
 Cheayll mee, I hear, Cheayll shin, we heard, 
 
 Cheayll oo, thou didst hear, Cheayll shiu, ye heard, 
 
 Cheayll eh, he did hear. Cheayll ad, they heard. 
 
 Or, 
 
 Chluin mee, I heard, Chluin shin, we heard, 
 
 Chluin 00, thou heardcst, Chluin shiu, ye heard, 
 
 Chluin eh, he heard. Chluin ad, they heard. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGK. 
 
 67 
 
 Future. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Clulmjm, 1 shall or will hear, Cluince mayd, we shall, &c. 
 
 Cluinee oo, thou shalt or wilt hear, CluhieG shiu, ye shall, &c. 
 
 Cluince eh, he shall or will hear. Cluince ad, they shall, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 ClasJU, or cluin, hear thou. Claslit~jee, hear ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Preter, 
 
 Chluinin, I might or could hear, CJditinagh shin, we, &c. 
 
 Chluinagh oo, thoumight^st, &c., hear, Chluinagh shkt, ye, &c. 
 Chluinagh eh, he might or could hear. Chluinagh ad, they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. — Dy chlashtyn, to hear. 
 Supine. — Cl'uinit, heard . 
 
 PAETICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Clashtyn, hearing. 
 Preter. — Er clashtyn, having heard. 
 Future. — Fr-chee clashtyn, about to hear. 
 
 Interrogative. — Chcayll oo ? did you hear ? 
 
 Nagh gcayll oo ? did you not hear ? 
 Chluin 00 ? did you hear ? 
 Negative.' — Gha geayll, I heard not. 
 
 Cha ghluinym, I won't hear. 
 
 Cha gluinagh oo, you would not hear. 
 
 FaJiin, to see. 
 
 Preter. 
 Honnick mee, I saw, Ifonnirk sJn'n, we saw, 
 
 Honnich oo, thou sawcst or didst see, Ilounick shiu, ye saw, 
 Honnick eh, he saw. Ilounick ad, they saw. 
 
08 A gua:\imau or 
 
 Future. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ilecym, I sliall or will see, Hee mayd, we shall or will see, 
 
 Hee 00, tliou slialt or wilt see, Ilec shin, ye sliall or will see, 
 Hee cJij lie sliall or will see. Hee adj tliey sliall or will see. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Fail: J sec thou. Falh-jee, see ye. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Hceiuj I might, could, would, or should see, Heeagli sldn, we, &c. 
 Heeagh oo, thou mightest, &c., see, Heeagh sJiiu, ye, &c. 
 
 Heeagh eh, he might, &c., see. Heeagh ad, they, &c. 
 
 Or, 
 
 JDy vaikin, that I would, &c., see, Dy vailmgh shin, that we, &c. 
 Hy vaiJcagh oo, that thou, &c. Dy vaihagh shiu, that je, &c. 
 Dy vaikagh eh, that he, &c. Dy vaikagh ad, that they, &c. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 F resent. — Dy akin, to see. 
 Supine. — Fakinit, seen, Qu. 
 
 PAETICIPLES. 
 
 Present. — Fakin, seeing. 
 Freter. — Fr vakin, having seen. 
 Future. — Fr-chee fakin, about to see. 
 
 Interrogative. — Vaih oo eh ? did you see it ? 
 N'aikin eh ? could I see it ? 
 Negative. — Cha vaik mee eh, I did not see it. 
 
 CJia vaikagh oo eh, thou couldst not see it. 
 
 Cha vaik-ym eh, I shall not see it. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. G9 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Of the Adverb. 
 
 Some Adverbs are expressed in one word, as nish, now, 
 eisht, then; some consist of a preposition and a noun, as chj-mie, 
 well, Gr-y-glierrit, lately ; and all nouns adjective may be made 
 adverbs by prefixing the articles dy and er — as er-cooyl, behind, 
 er-chea, in flight, dy olh, ill, dy hieau, quickly, &c., &c. Also, 
 when the particle er is put before substantives it sometimes 
 answers the English word /or, as er-plmig, for a penny ; and 
 sometimes changes them into adverbs, as er-aggUj lest, er-niart, 
 forcibly. Adverbs are of several sorts. 
 
 1.— ADVEEBS OP TIME. 
 
 Nishj now. Kinjaghj always. 
 
 Chelleeraghj immediately, pre- Dy hragh, for ever. 
 
 sently. Meiinichj often. 
 
 Er-y-clwoylj in a moment, di- An-venniclcj seldom. 
 
 rectly. Jiu, to-day. 
 
 /i^s 7ii67<., bye-and-byo, just now. Jea, yesterday. 
 Boishj before. Arroo-y-jea, or cha row ch jea, 
 
 Er-y-gherrit, lately. the day before yesterday. 
 
 Vaidjyn, a while ago. Noght, to-night. 
 
 Tammylty a while. -K/?/?', last night. 
 
 Er-dy-licnneyj since. Arroo-y-riyr, or cJia roiv cJi ri>/r, 
 
 Lurg, after. the night before last niglit. 
 
 Lurg shoh, hereafter. Moglircy jea, yesterday morn. 
 
 Je\h sliohj henceforth. Mairagh, to-morrow. 
 
 VcUl shohj hence. Nuyr, the day after to-morrow. 
 
 H 
 
■0 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Rdie, before, or formerly. 
 
 Foddey, far. 
 
 Foddcij cr-dy-hcnneij, long since, 
 
 anciently. 
 Ayns-polt, in a second, instant. 
 J)agh-laa, daily. 
 Choud, while. 
 Cre-clwud, how long. 
 'Sytraafayn, in the meanwhile. 
 Foast, yet. 
 Anmagli, late. 
 Ro-anmagh, too late. 
 By -tract, betimes. 
 Moghey, early. 
 LeaJij early, soon. 
 Ro-voghey, too early. 
 Ro-leahj too soon. 
 Reesht, again. 
 Ass-y-noaj again, of a new. 
 
 Culn, when. 
 
 Keayrt elley, another time. 
 
 Dy heayn, perpetually. 
 
 Dy hraghj eternally. 
 
 By hragli as dy hragliy for ever 
 
 and ever. 
 
 Nisli as reeshtj now and then. 
 
 Eisht, then. 
 
 Fr-dy, since. 
 
 Fr-giyn, \ 
 
 > after. 
 Jhrreisli, ) 
 
 Keayrt dy row, once upon a time. 
 
 Keayrt ny ghaa, many a time. 
 
 Tra, when. 
 
 Arraghy any more. 
 
 Rieau, ever. (Past.) 
 
 Rieau er-dy-Jienney, ever since. 
 
 Fy-yerrey, at last. 
 
 ChoieCj never. 
 
 -ADVERBS 0¥ PLACE. 
 
 ShoJi, here. 
 
 Shen, there. 
 
 Sliidj yonder. 
 
 Va sliid I lo yonder I 
 
 Myr sholij this way. 
 
 Cheu-sthie, within. 
 
 CliGU-mooic, without. 
 
 G^raad, where. 
 
 Neose seose, up and down. 
 
 Raad ennagh] somewhere. 
 
 Ooilleii myrfeayrt. ) n i , 
 
 J jj ^ ^[roundabout. 
 Runt mygeayrt, ) 
 
 HeoHG, up, above. 
 
 Neose J down. 
 
 Seose, up, 
 
 Erslcyn, above, over. 
 
 Heese, below. 
 
 Sheesej down. 
 
 Neese, from below. 
 
 Harrish, over. [against. 
 
 Harrish y raad, opposite, over, 
 
 Fo, under. 
 
 Roish, before. 
 
 Cheu echooyl, or cooyl, behind. 
 
 Fr-cooy I J or er-gooyl, behind, last. 
 
 Clieu-ivass, or veealloo, before. 
 
 Cre-voishy or ve/ili, from whence, 
 
 VelU sJtohj from hc^nce. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 71 
 
 Veih shid, from thence. Neealloo, towards the surface or 
 FaggySf er-gerrcy, near, hard by. face — as Mij7' %irley neealloo 
 
 Foddey, far. yn aer, as an eagle towards 
 
 Veihfoddey, from far. heaven. 
 
 Foddey jeh, far off. Er-jerrey, behind. 
 
 Mooie, without, and magli, Lurg^ after. 
 Sthie, within, and stiagh. 
 
 3. ADVEEBS OE QUANTITY. 
 
 Ore-^(;oacZ_,how much, how many. (7re ivlieeshj how much. 
 
 Dy-liooar, enough. Boj too much (used in composi- 
 
 JRoiirj too much, too many. FaggySj almost. [tion). 
 
 Lane J ^ Feer faggys, very near. 
 
 r^y ^ Much.many.asreat ^ i -, • 
 
 Ymmoaeej > j^ o jjy peeshynj by pieces. 
 
 Falchey, J ' ^ '^* By slane, wholly, entirely. 
 
 Ny smooj more. Wliilleen, so many. 
 
 Ny slooj less. SMmmey, many. 
 
 Begganj little. S^coan, scarce. 
 
 Beggan heg, very little. Bunnys, almost. 
 
 WJieesh, so much. Monney, much. 
 
 4. — ADVERBS OP NUMBER. 
 
 Wldlleen Iceayrt, so many times. Cre-iuoad Jccayrtj how many 
 
 Unc]ieayrt,o-nce,daacheayrt,&G. times. 
 
 Keayrt ny ghaa, many times. Shimmey Jceayrtj many a time. 
 
 5. — ADVERBS OP ORDER. 
 
 Ilosliiaglit, first. Ayns ordyvj in order. 
 
 Rcesht, again. Ayns foclde, in a word. 
 
 '8y nah ynnydj secondly. Lliiattee ry IhiatteCy side by side. 
 
 Frdcyn ooilley, above all. Cooidjagh, together. 
 
 Liirg ooillcy, after all. X?«v/y/^'/tei7/6'y/, one after another. 
 
 Ooilley dy lieraghj altogether, in Ry cheilJcy, to one another, 
 order. J)y du-illry, togu^ther. 
 
 n 2 
 
72 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 6. — ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION. 
 
 Ta, yes J aye. Myr sheiij so, tlius. 
 
 Lioar ta, yes indeed (by tlie Myr shen dy row, amen, so be it. 
 
 book it is). i)?/ ya?TOO, indeed. 
 
 Dy shickyr, indeed, surely. Gyn-dooyt, undoubtedly. 
 
 By feer, in truth. She, yes. 
 
 7. ADVERBS OF NEGATION, OR DENIAL. 
 
 Isy, -\ Clm, not. 
 
 Nagli, >not, nor. 8'cummcy, no matter. 
 
 Nar, J 
 
 8. — -ADVERBS OF DOUBT. 
 
 Foddee, perhaps. Foad, yet, nevertheless. 
 
 Foddee y ve, it may be. Ny-yeih, yet, nevertheless, how- 
 
 Feer likly, very likely. ever. 
 
 Er-aggle, lest. -^gK but. 
 
 Trooid taghyrt, accidentally. My ta, though, however. 
 
 9. — ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION. 
 
 An, whether. Cre veih, whence. 
 
 Cre 'n-fa, why, wherefore. J^U-^) how. 
 
 Cre 'n-fa nagh, why not. Cre'n oyr, wherefore. 
 
 Quoi, who. Cre-theihll, what in the world. 
 
 Ore, what. whatsoever. 
 
 Cre'd, for cre red, what. Cre-woad, how many. 
 
 Ca^nmah, why. Cre-woad share, what better. 
 
 Caid, how long. C'raad, where. 
 
 Cre choud, how far. 
 
 10. — ADVERBS TO GIVE REASON. 
 
 Er-y-fa, er-yn-oyr, er-y-ehoontcy, son-y-fa, shen-y-fa, because. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 73 
 
 11. — ADVERBS OF COMPARISON. 
 
 Myr, as, like. Smoo, more. 
 
 Myr sholij thus. Sloo, less. 
 
 Myrgeddiuj likewise. Na, than. 
 
 Mijrclmaghy in like manner. Ass-toivsc, exceedingly. 
 Cliay equally — as cha mie rishyn, 
 as good as he. 
 
 12. — ADVERBS OF SHEWING. 
 
 Cur-my-ner ! behold ! Va shid ! or vaih sJiid ! see yon- 
 
 Jeeagh ! lo ! Va slioli ! see here ! [der ! 
 
 13. — ADVERBS OF CONFUSION. 
 
 Bun-ry-shyn, topsy-turvey. Fud-y-cheilley , in confusion. 
 Mr 7}iooin-y-cheilley J ipell-m.ell. Er-shagliryn, astray. 
 
 14. ^ADVERBS OF SEPARATION. 
 
 Veih-my-clieilley, asunder. Er-sooyl, away. 
 
 By-lhiattee, aside. 
 
 15. — ADVERBS OF QUALITY. 
 
 Adverbs of quality are made of adjectives and participles^ by 
 putting the preposition dy, of, before them in apposition, as — 
 
 Dy mie, well. Dy o//^, badly. 
 
 Dy creeney, wisely. Dy liastey, idly. 
 
 Dy hwaaghf prettily. Dy mitchooraghf roguishly. 
 
 And the like. 
 
74 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Op the Interjection. 
 
 Interjections are so called because they are thrown in between 
 the parts of a sentence without making any alteration in it_, and 
 serve to express the sudden motions and transports of the soul. 
 
 There are several sorts of interjectionSj such as — 
 
 1 . — OP JOY. Buy la ! you Sir ! or ya ! 
 
 Ah ! oh ! woman ! and la ! Sir ! or 
 
 Oh ! cre'n sport ! oh ! the sport ! man ! or fellow ! 
 Ouwatta ! ho ! brave ! 
 
 6. — OF ADMIRATION. 
 
 2. — OP GRIEF AND PAIN. 
 
 Cur-my-ner ! behold ! 
 Oghj or ugh ! oh ! Jeeagh ! see ! 
 
 Ogh-cha-nee ! woe's me 1 Va shid, or vaiJc shid ! see there ! 
 
 JBastagh ! pity ! 
 Smerg ! woe ! 7. — of aversion. 
 
 3. — TO encourage. Cugh ! nasty ! fie ! 
 
 Eutj hut ! out upon you ! 
 Erlongs ! forward ! Drogh ort I deuce take you ! 
 
 Er-dty-hoshiaght ! come on ! 
 
 4.— TO WARN. 
 
 8. — OF laughter. 
 Kahf hahj hah I ah, ah, ah ! 
 
 Ass dfaash I softly ! 
 
 Bee er dty hwoaie I have a care 1 9. — of silence. 
 
 S'lioar I ho\d\ 
 
 Bee dty host ! silence ! 
 
 5. — -to call. Cumdtyhengey!'h.o\dijo\XY\)Q'dCQ\ 
 
 Whush ! hush ! 
 
 Vuddee ya ! you woman I 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 75 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Of the Conjunction. 
 
 A Conjunction is a part of speech wliich serves to join and 
 connect the several parts of a discourse. 
 
 Conjunctions are divided into several orders, of which are — 
 
 1. — CONJUNCTIONS COPULATIVE, OR TO JOIN. 
 
 As, and (for which a single 's with Foastj yet, still. 
 
 an apostrophe is used, especially Ny, not^nor. 
 
 in poetry). My rchaagh,likewise, moreover. 
 
 Myrgeddin, also. Ny-sodjey, furthermore. 
 
 2. — DISJUNCTIVE, OR TO SEPARATE. 
 
 Ny, or. CJiamoo, neither. 
 
 JVa, than. Ga, though, although. 
 
 Edyr, whether. My ta, though. 
 
 3. — ADVERSATIVE, OR SHEWING CONTRARIETY. 
 
 AgTi, but. Aghfuirree ort, yet, but still. 
 
 Ny-yeih, nevertheless. Lurg ooilleyj after all. 
 
 Foastf yet. 
 
 4. — CONDITIONAL. 
 
 My, if, Jlfatiria^/Zi, except, unless, if not. 
 
 5. — CAUSAL, OR GIVING REASON OF WHAT IS SAID. 
 
 Er-yn-oyvj because. Er-y-fa, because. 
 
 Aynsj or son wheesh as, for as much Soiij for. 
 
 Fakin dy, seeing that. [as. By, that, in order that. 
 
 6. INTERROGATIVES. 
 
 Vide of Adverbs. 
 
A GEAMMAR OF 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Of the Preposition. 
 
 A Preposition is set before otlier parts of speccli_, to explain 
 some particular circumstance^ — either in apposition, as cooijl y 
 thammagj behind tlie bush ; or else in composition, as cooyl-clias- 
 sey, to slander. 
 
 THE PREPOSITIONS USED IN APPOSITION ARE THESE : — 
 
 GySj to. 
 
 Lurg, after. 
 
 Boish, before. 
 
 Marishj with. 
 
 Rishj to. 
 
 Ec, at. 
 
 Noij against, towards. 
 
 Liorishj by. 
 
 Ayns, in, or into. 
 
 ^'''^^ I from 
 Veih, J 
 
 Cooyl, behind. 
 
 Fo, under. 
 
 ErsJcyUj above. 
 
 Sorij for. 
 
 Gyn, without. 
 
 Fegooishj without. 
 
 Fudj among. 
 
 Mastey, amidst. 
 
 CouVj or 
 
 towards. 
 
 Gour, 
 
 Mygeayrt, about. 
 
 Cheu-mooiej except. 
 
 Ft, upon. 
 
 Bentyn, touching. 
 
 Tessyn, across. 
 
 Maghj out of. 
 
 Stiagh, in, into. 
 
 FrlongSj along. 
 
 Foddey, far. 
 
 Fr-gerreyy near. 
 
 FaggySj near, nigh to. 
 
 Choud's, till, to, even to, as long 
 
 as ; or choud as, as far as. 
 Fr-coontey, because of. 
 Frsooyl, from, away. 
 By and gy, of gys, to. 
 Ass, out of. 
 
 Cordail, according to, pursuant. By, of. 
 Fddy}', hetween, or betwixt. Jeh, of, or concerning. 
 
 Ba, to. 
 Some of them become adverbs. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 77 
 
 OF PREPOSITIONS USED IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 There arc^ besides real prepositions, certain consignifi cant parti- 
 cles, whicli are turned into prepositions, and prefixed to words in 
 sucli manner as to coalesce, and to become a part of them, as — 
 
 Aa generally implies a repeated action, as the Latin re, again 
 — as aa-chroOy to create again ; aa-vioghey, to revive ; aa-lhieeneTj, 
 to replenish ; aa-smooinaghtijn, recollection. 
 
 An signifies privation, or not, and has the force of the English 
 mif or in Latin — as an-chasherich, unholy, impious ; an-ghoo, in- 
 famy ; an-chreestee, infidel ; an-leighj partiality in law ; an- 
 shiclcyr, unstable ; an-vennickj seldom. 
 
 Go has the force of the Latin con and co — as co-cJwidnnaght, 
 an assembly ; co-eirey, a coheir ; co-ard, equally high ; co-heayn, 
 co-eternal ; co-trome, equally poised. 
 
 Lieli, half — as lieh-varroo, half-dead ; Ueh-valloOy half-dumb. 
 
 Cooyl, behind — as cooyUchleaj an ambush. 
 
 Leshj with — as lesh-y-cheilley, together with (and is com- 
 pounded with pronouns). 
 
 jPo, under — asfo-halloo, underground ; /o-Zieaz(-, under a moun- 
 tain (and is compounded with pronouns) . 
 
 Er, upon, is joined to nouns substantive, and gives them the 
 force of nouns adjective — as hen er-finnue, a mad or passionate 
 woman (literally, a woman upon passion, or having passion) ; 
 fer er-creau, a trembling man (literally, a man upon trembling), 
 &c. ; and is compounded with pronouns. 
 
 Gyn, without, denotes privation, or not — as gyn-vygMrij un- 
 merciful ; gyn-vioys, without life ; &c. 
 
 Neu signifies privation, or not, in like manner, and is joined 
 to nouns, verbs, or participles — as neu-ghlen, unclean; &c., &c.' 
 
 Artij bad — as in am-vlass, a bad taste. 
 
 Mee is also a privative preposition, and used in composition — 
 as mec-arrys, impenitence ; 7tiec-ooashIey, dishonour. 
 
 A, not — as aslayuf, sickness. 
 
 Droglifh'dH — as drogli-oin-ys, sut^picion ; drog/h yunnuo, evil. 
 
78 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 Myii) little — as myn-jaghec, small tythes ; myn-vooinjerj the 
 little ones of a family. 
 
 Feevj very — SLsfeer-vie, very well. 
 Lanej full — as lane-vie, well, middling. 
 
 By, of, or to^ joined to nouns adjective, makes thorn become 
 
 adverbs of quality — as dy-mie, well -, &c. 
 
 Roisli, against, Ayns, in, 
 
 Bisliy to, Voishj from, or veih, 
 
 Marishj with, ThshyUy above, 
 
 Liorishj by, Fegooish, without, 
 
 Mastey, among. Da, to, 
 
 Jelij of. Ass J out of, 
 
 are compounded with pronouns. 
 
 OP THE POSTFIXES. 
 
 Ey, postfixed to the nominative case of the primitive noun, 
 forms a kind of adjective called a derivative — as cass, a foot, 
 Goshey, belonging to a foot ; hannish jQ> wedding j hansheyj belong- 
 ing to a wedding. 
 
 Oilj like, postfixed to the termination of nouns, forms a com- 
 parative adjective — as from shawh, a hawk, shaivlwil, hawk-like ; 
 caggey, war, caggoil, warlike ; ayr, ayroilj like a father. 
 
 EeUj postfixed, forms a diminutive noun — as durn, a fist or 
 hand, durneen. 
 
 Al forms an augmentative adjective — as niart^ strength, niartal, 
 strong ; pooar, power, pooaral, powerful. 
 
 Aghy postfixed, forms also an augmentative adjective — as nieu, 
 poison, nieuaghy poisonous ; toyrty a gift, toyrtaghj liberal ; Malg, 
 deceit, hialgagh, deceitful. 
 
 These compound adjectives, again, are formed into nouns — as 
 toyrtaghj liberal, toyrtyssagJi, a donor ; sliirveis}i,SQVN\CQ, sldrveish- 
 agh, serviceable, or a server. 
 
 The postfixes ee, er, eyr, ag, oor, form artificial nouns — as. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 79 
 
 Cass J a footj coshec, a footman. Cadley, sleep, cadlarj, a slug- 
 Fee, weaving, /eef?er, a weaver. gard. 
 
 Shelg, h.\xn.img, shelgGyr,Sih.unter. PrcacJie{l,to ipre&chjjpreachocyi', 
 {rrecis, industry, greasag, an econo- a preaclier. 
 mist. 
 
80 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE SYNTAX. 
 The Construction of Substantives. 
 
 Wlien two substantives come together belonging to divers 
 tilings^ the latter, if it be masculine, and tlie article y or yn pre- 
 cede it, sliall change its initial into its soft : as foU y ching, the 
 hair of the head ; duillag y villey, the leaf of the tree : but words 
 beginning with d, j, t, of the mutable consonants, are not subject 
 to this change : as Mone y jalloo, the head of the image j mac y 
 Jee, the son of the God ; hen y dooinney, the man^s wife ; heii y 
 tliie, the woman of the house. 
 
 When two substantives come together, if the latter be of the 
 feminine gender, the article nyj not yn, is used in the genitive, 
 and the mutable consonant remains unaspirated : as cass, a foot, 
 yn cliasSj the foot, hoyn ny cosliey, the heel of the foot ; sooill, an 
 eye, yn tooill, the eye, clagh ny sooilley, the apple of the eye. 
 
 If the latter substantive be the proper name of a country, 
 town, or place, without an article, the latter changeth its radical 
 initial into its soft : as Elian Vannin, the Island of Mann ; mac 
 Yee, the son of God; tJiie Ghavid, the house of David. 
 
 Both substantives being common, the latter is determined by 
 the gender of the former : as (fem.) slat hoost ; (fem ) clagh 
 wyllin ; (fem.) fcill vuc, swine^s flesh; stro'in (masc.) muc, a 
 swine's snout ; cloan {fem.) ghooinneyf a> man's children; mac 
 (masc.) dooinney, a man's son ; hen ghitilley ; mac hen. But if 
 the former substantive be of the plural number, then the latter 
 is immediately subjoined with its radical initial : as slattyn sood, 
 flails; chigJiyn mujiUin, mill-stones. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 81 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Consteuction of Substantives and Adjectives. 
 
 The substantive and adjective agree generally in gender^ and 
 sometimes too in number; but an adjective singular is most fre- 
 quently joined to a substantive plural ; as deiney herchagh, ricli 
 men. 
 
 The place of the adjective in construction is after its substan- 
 tive : as dooinney mie, a good man ; hen aalin, a fair woman ; 
 mac ammyssaghj a dutiful son ; inneen ghrailiagli, a lovely nymph. 
 Except drogh and shenn. Glare and lliag are also sometimes 
 placed before their substantives : yn ghiare-veinrij yn Ihag- 
 ghooinney* 
 
 When an adjective comes after a substantive singular of the 
 masculine gender^ it retains its radical initial ; as goo mie, a good 
 report ; tide mooar, a large house ; tarroo puttaghj a pushing bull; 
 dooinney huiltagh, a quarrelsome man. 
 
 The adjective^ after a substantive singular of the feminine 
 gender^ changeth its radical initial into its soft : hen vie, a good 
 woman ; inneen waagh, a pretty girl ; cooish clduicagh, a crafty 
 cause ; eddin ghennal, a merry countenance. 
 
 When an adjective is placed before its substantive, the mutable 
 initial of the substantive is changed into its soft, and the adjective 
 must bo of the masculine gender : as drogli-ghooiancy , a bad man; 
 drogh-yannoo, a bad action ; shenn ven, an old woman. 
 
 All substantives plural, of what gender soever they be, will 
 have adjectives after them beginning with their radical initials, 
 and most frequently of the singular number : as deinry mic, good 
 men; inneenyn mie, good women; cddinyn gcnnal , merry faces; 
 sheoallyn mie, good news; deiney hcrcliagh, rich men, not dciucy 
 
82 A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 hcrclice. Except in tlio vocative case plural^ which always aspir- 
 ates the initial of the following adjective : as chaarjyn ghraiagli. 
 
 Adjectives of the superlative (or English comparative) degree 
 are always set after their substantives when comparison is signi- 
 fied_, and make no change of the initial of the substantive whether 
 it be masculine or feminine : as yn eddin s'giUey, the fairest face ; 
 yn laue s'lajeVj the strongest hand ; as ta'n ven ny sHhoIlee na e 
 sliesliey, the woman is stronger than her husband. But when 
 the superlative is used to express admiration, it is usually placed 
 before its substantive without making any change in the initials : 
 as s\jial yn eddin ! how clean is the face ! s'lajer e laue ! strong 
 is his hand ! sHliollee ta'n ven ! stout is the woman ! 
 
 Bouyr, too much, is ever placed before its substantive, and 
 makes no change of the initial: t'oii goaill rouyr hea, rouyrjannoo 
 ortf you take too much trouble or plague upon yourself. And so 
 is dy cliooilley, every, ever placed before its substantive, and 
 always makes the radical initial of its substantive change into its 
 soft or secondary mute : as dy cliooilley gliooinneyj every man ; 
 dy cliooilley ven, every woman. 
 
 Numerals are placed before their substantives, and make no 
 change in their initials : as un dooinneyj one man, three deiney. 
 Mare, queig, &c. 
 
 Except cZaa, two, which makes the substantive following change 
 its radical initial intoits soft or secondary mute : as daa ghooinney, 
 two men ; daa ven, two women ; daa jpliaitchey , two children. 
 So im, one, before a feminine substantive : as un ven, one woman; 
 iin vooa, one cow ; un gliodee, a girl, or wench. 
 
 Ordinals are placed before their substantives, and change their 
 initials into their soft : as yn cliied ven, the first woman; ynnah 
 ghooinney, the second man ; yn trass gliooinney, the third man, yn 
 chiarroo, yn wlieiggoo, &c. Except words beginning with d, j, t, 
 which suffer no change when joined to cliied : as yn cliied dooinney, 
 the first man; yn cliied towse, the first measure ; yn cliied jough, 
 the first drink. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 83 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The Construction of Peonouns. 
 
 The pronoun relative is generally understood in Manks, as 
 cheayll mee coraa nagh hoig mee, I heard a voice (that) I under- 
 stood not j ayns y vriiunys t'ou er liareyj in the judgment (which) 
 thou hast commanded. 
 
 The pronouns possessive, aym^s, mine, ayd's, thine, echey, his, 
 and their plurals, are ever placed after their substantives ; the 
 articles y or yn being put before their substantives, as yn thie 
 aym^s, my house ; yn cahhyl ayd's, thy horse ; yn thie echey ^ ain, 
 eUy echj oc. 
 
 All the other possessive pronouns are placed before their re- 
 spective substantives, the radical initial letter of their substan- 
 tives being changed into its soft : as my ven, city ven, e ven. Nyn, 
 our, your, their, is always placed before its substantives, and before 
 the verbs with which it is used in a reflective sense : as va shin er 
 nyn livrey, we were (ourselves) delivered ; va shiu er nyn livrey, 
 ye were (yourselves) delivered. But as nyyi changes the mutable 
 consonants in a manner peculiar to itself, viz., into their liquids, 
 I shall give it in all its variations : — 
 
 Bailey, a town, 
 
 
 
 medley. 
 
 Cashtal, a castle, 
 
 
 
 gaslitcd. 
 
 Cheer, a country. 
 
 
 
 jeer. 
 
 JDooghys, nature. 
 
 
 
 ghooghys. 
 
 Foays, advantage. 
 
 
 
 voays. 
 
 Glastyllys, charity. 
 
 
 
 ghiastyllys 
 
 Jee, God, 
 
 
 >■ nyn. 
 
 Yce. 
 
 Kione, a head, 
 
 
 
 gione. 
 
 rian, a pain, 
 
 
 
 Man. 
 
 Phrccney, a pin. 
 
 
 
 vreeney. 
 
 Qning, a yoke, 
 
 
 
 guing. 
 
 Toilchiuyf^, merit. 
 
 
 
 (loilchiuya. 
 
 'ho vowels and li((nids 
 
 suffer 
 
 no ch; 
 
 mgo. 
 
■ 84 A GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Pronouns aro compounded witli prepositions, thus :— 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Evj upon. — Orrym, upon me; OjTi?ijUponus;erWw, upon you; 
 
 or^, upon thee; er, upon him; orroo, upon them, 
 and urree, upon her. 
 
 Da, to. — DoUj to me ; dhyfj to Dooin, to us; dJi'it, to you; daue, 
 
 thee ; (^a, to him ; and dec, to them. 
 or jee, to her. 
 
 Rishj to. — Rhymj to me ; r/^?/^, Rooin, to us ; ri?^_, to you ; too, 
 
 to thee ; risli, to him ; ree, to them. 
 • to her. 
 
 Marish, with. — Marym, with Marin, with us ; merm, with 
 
 me ; mayrt, with thee ; ??ia- you ; maroo, with them. 
 7'is/i; with him. 
 
 Harrishj over. — Harry m, over Harrin, over ns; harrystiu, over 
 
 me ; harry d, over thee ; /^ar- you ; harry stoo, over them. 
 7^^'s/i^ over him ; harree, over 
 her. 
 
 Voishj from. — Voym, from me ; Fom, from us ; 'z;c?*c, from you; 
 
 voidj from thee ;' voish, from -yowe, from them, 
 him ; voee, from her. 
 
 JPoj under. — Foym, under me; Foin, under us; feue, under 
 
 foydy under thee; fo, under jou y foue, under them. 
 
 him ; foee, under her. 
 
 liiorishj by. — Liorym, by me ; Liorin, by us ; lieriuj by you ; 
 
 liort, by thee; Uorishj by lioroo, by them. 
 
 him ; lioree, -by her. 
 
 Ay ns, in.— Aynymjinine;aynyd, Ay 71171, in us ; ayndiu, in you ; 
 
 in thee; ayn, in him ; ay7ijee, ayndoo, by them. 
 
 in her. 
 
 Lesh, with. — Lhiaw., with mo ; Lhien, with us ; Ihiuj with you; 
 
 Ihiat, with thee; lesh, with Z/i/cit, with them. 
 
 him. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 85 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Roish, before. — Boym, before Boin, before us ; reue, before 
 
 me; roT/c^, before thee; roishj you ; rove, before them. 
 
 before him; roee, before her. 
 Mastey, among. — Masteymee; Masfain, among us ; masfeu, 
 
 masfayd ; masfechey ; and among you ; masfoc, among 
 
 masfech them. 
 
 JehjOf. — Jee'mjOfme;jeedy of J'iuj of us; fiuj of you; feu, 
 
 thee ; jeh, of him ; and fee, of them. 
 
 of her. 
 Ass, out of. — Assy m, out of me; Ass shin, out of us ; assdiu, out 
 
 assyd, out of thee; ass, out of of you ; assad, out of them. 
 
 him ; assjee, out of her. 
 Erslcyn,siboYe. — Ermys'kyn,^,- Er-nyn shjn, above us, you, 
 
 bove me ; er dty sJcyn, above them . 
 
 thee ; er e shyn, above him. 
 i^e^oois/i, without. — M'egooish, 
 
 without me; dfegooish,ny'- 
 
 gooish. 
 
 These pronouns are contracted thus : — Ym, from mee or my, I 
 and my ; yt, from dty, thy, and sometimes t is changed into d, 
 as liarryd, over thee, &c. ; in, from shin, we ; in, from shin, ye ; 
 00, from TOO, them. 
 
 The interrogative and its answer shall agree in case : as Quoi 
 voish hainlv eh? from whom did he come? Voym's, from me. 
 
86 A GEAMMAR OF 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Of the Construction of Articles. 
 
 These articles restrain or determine the sense of tlie word tliey 
 are put before to some particular^ in the same manner as the de- 
 finite article the in English ; but we have no article that answers 
 the English a — as hainlc dooinneyj a man came^ hainli y dooinncy, 
 the man came ; yet, 
 
 The reflective article ny is used in construction for the English 
 article «_, and before nouns of the masculine gender it always 
 changes their radical initials into their soft or secondary mutes ; 
 but nouns of the feminine gender retain their radical initials : as 
 fell ny ghooinney mie, he is a good man ; t'ee ny hen vicj she is a 
 good woman. 
 
 When words of the masculine gender have an article set before 
 them_, their radical letters are not changed : as y dooinneyj the 
 man ; yn guilley, the boy. But if they be feminines, their initials 
 are changed into their soft : as yn vcn, the woman ; yn vooa, the 
 cow. 
 
 Proper names have not the articles set before them, because 
 they do of themselves, individually or particidarly, distinguish 
 thethingsor persons of which one speaks. So likewise the names 
 of countries, cities, rivers, &c., having no article set before them, 
 except these four — Yn 8'paincy, Spain ; yn Ilanh, Franoe ; yn 
 RauBj Rome ; yn thalloo Bretnaghj Wales ; also, Werin, Ireland, 
 and Wcdiiin, Scotland, have the adventitious n, or article yn, be- 
 fore them. 
 
 An article is not put before the former of two substantives 
 when they betoken divers things. 
 
TUE MANK.S LANGUAGE. 87 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Construction of Veebs. 
 
 Tlie nominative cases of verbs, whether placed before or after 
 their verbs, preserve their radical initials : as dooyrt dooltmey, a 
 man said ; she dooinney dooyrt rhym, ^twas a man told me. 
 
 Nouns come after verbs of filling with the preposition lesJij 
 with : as fell IJiieeney yn tkie lesh hoirGy, he fiUeth the house with 
 contention. 
 
 Verbs of abounding have ayns : as gaase ayns creenaght, 
 growing in wisdom ; hishagh ayns cooid, abounding with goods. 
 
 Of agreeing and speaking to, have risk, to, or with : as choard 
 mee risk, I agreed with him ; dooyrt mee rish, I said to him. 
 
 Of accusing, have son, for : as feh jplaiynt cr son dunverys, he 
 accuseth him of murder. 
 
 Of arraying, have lesh, with : as coodagh lesh argid, covering 
 with silver; coamrlt lesh purjole, clothed in purple. 
 
 Of asking and intreating, have jeh, of, and veigh, from : as 
 h'lr mee veiJi'n dooinney my chair, I entreated the man for my 
 right ; denee mee jeh'n dooinney, cre'n naight ? I asked the man, 
 what news ? 
 
 Of buying, have veih : as ta mee Iclonnaghcy cooidvelh^nmav' 
 chan, I am buying goods from the merchant. 
 
 Of calling upon, have cr, upon : as deie mee cr cooncy, I called 
 for help. 
 
 Of communicating, have da, to, or gys, to: ■daJioUshcoincoda, 
 or gys my naboo, I signified to my neighbour. 
 
bb A GRAMMAR OP 
 
 Of defending and delivering, have vcih, or voit;h : as llvrcy mee 
 veih olhj deliver me from evil ; coadco mce voisli y noid, protect 
 me from the enemy. 
 
 Of waiting, have rish, to : as duirree mee risk sheshaght, I 
 waited for company. 
 
 Of hearkening, have rish : as deaisht mee risli clwud^s oddhij I 
 listened to him as long as I could. 
 
 Of loading, have lesh : as IJiieen ym eh lesh feeyuj I will fill 
 him with wine ; laad mee eh lesh argid, I loaded him with silver. 
 
 Of receiving, have voish, or veih : as hooar mee eh voish Lunnin, 
 I received it from London. 
 
 Of separating, have rish : as scarr mee rish my ven, I divorced 
 my wife. 
 
 When a question is asked in the present tense, the answer is 
 made by the same tense of the same verb : as Vel oo goll thie? 
 are you going home ? Ta mee goll. Or the answer may be made 
 affirmatively by ta, yes, or I am ; and negatively by cha nel, or 
 velj no, or I am not, thou art not, he, &c., is not. 
 
 If the question be in the preterperfect tense, the answer is 
 made, if affirmative, by ren, or va ; if negative, by cha ren, or 
 row; or otherwise by repeating the verb, if an affirmative answer; 
 but if negative, by repeating the verb, and putting cha before it, 
 as Nagh dooyrt y dooinney shen ? did not the man say so ? 
 Dooyrt, or, negatively, cha dooyrt. 
 
 When a question is asked in the future tense, the answer is 
 made by the same tense, or by the future, nee'mj I will do : as 
 Jed 00 thie ? will you go home ? Iled-ym, I will go, or nee'm. 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 89 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Of the Consteuction of Adverbs. 
 
 FceVj very, ro, too, or too mucli, are set in apposition with 
 nouns adjective, and change their radical consonants into their 
 soft : as dooinney feer vie, a very good man ; errey to liromey too 
 heavy a burden. But words beginning with d, j, and t, of the 
 mutables, change not after the adverb feer : as feer doccaragJi, 
 very laborious ; feer jolly ssagh, very greedy ; feer tastagh, very 
 observant. 
 
 Dy, that, governs a subjunctive mood. 
 
 Dy cliooilley, every, changes the mutable initial consonant of 
 nouns substantive, to which it is joined in apposition, as dy 
 cliooilley gliooinney, every man, &c. 
 
 All the other adverbs, whether before verbs, substantives, or 
 adjectives, suffer them to retain their radical initials. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 Of the Interjections. 
 
 All the interjections make tho nouns following them change 
 their initials into their soft or secondary mute : as Ycc ! O 
 God ! gliooinney ! man ! But when verbs come after them 
 they retain their radical initial : as cleiy fo ! supplant him ! 
 
90 A GEAMMAR OP 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Op the Construction op Conjunctions. 
 
 Edyr, whether^ or either^ is answered by 7iyj or : as edyr eh ve 
 dooinney ny hen, whetlier it be man or woman. 
 
 As, andj crey wliat^ myr, also,, &c., effect no change in the 
 initials. 
 
 Ny is often set before nouns adjective of the English compara- 
 tive degree, — that is, in Manks, when two subjects are im- 
 mediately compared the one to the other, and is answered by na, 
 than : as ta^n airh ny strimmey na^n argid, the gold is heavier 
 than the silver. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Op. the Consteuction op Prepositions, 
 op prepositions used in apposition. 
 
 Prepositions used in apposition have always a radical initial 
 after them : as marish dooinneyj with man ; lesh scfceuynj with a 
 letter. 
 
 When the articles y or yn, the, are joined to prepositions, the 
 radical initials of the nouns v/hich follow them are changed into 
 
THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 91 
 
 their secondary mntes^ or softs : as marish y ghuillcy, with the 
 boy ; risk y ven, to the woraan ; lesh y ghriaUj towards the sun. 
 But nouns whose initials are the consonants djj, and t, suffer no 
 change : marish y dooinneyj with the man ; cooyl y dorrys, behind 
 the door ; lesh y jalloo, with the image ; cjys y iliic, to the house. 
 
 Dy, of, or to, always aspirates, or changes into the secondary 
 mute, the initial of the following mutable consonant : as goll dy 
 valley, going home ; hione dy johrashy a head of brass ; dy ghoaill 
 leagh, to take a fee. 
 
 Prepositions are compounded with adverbs of place : as veih- 
 heose, from above ; veih-heese, from beneath. They are also com- 
 pounded with pronouns. (See the construction of pronouns.) 
 
 OF PEEPOSITIONS USED IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Aa is compounded with nouns, verbs, and participles, and 
 changes their mutable initials into their soft or secondary mutes: 
 as aa-chroo eh dooinney, he re-created man j aa-vioghee ehj he 
 shall revive ; aa-chooinaglifyn, recollection. 
 
 An is joined either to nouns, verbs, or participles, and changes 
 their mutable initials into their secondary mutes : as fan tide 
 an-chasherich, the house is impure ; feh laadit lesh anghoo, he is 
 loaded with infamy. 
 
 Co and cooylj before the mutable initial c, doth change it into 
 its soft : as co-chorrym, equal; co-chiarfj even. Otherwise it re- 
 taineth the radical initial : as co-trome, equally heavy; co-beayn, 
 co-eternal; co-Jee, equally God; cooyl-chlea, an ambush; cooyl- 
 dorrys, behind the door. 
 
 Fo, before s and th, is used with the aspirate or secondary 
 mute : SLsfo-JtaJloo, under the ground ;/o- //<?«?/, under the moun- 
 tain ; instead of/o ihallno and yj^ sUeau. 
 
 Er is used with radical initials : as er-cannoo, wanton ; er-glier, 
 brimming ; er-finmce, passionate. Except when it is put for the 
 English /o>-, as er-iiliing, for a penny, where the aspirate is uschI. 
 It is also used in composition with pronouns, as orrym, Lc. (Sco 
 the construction of pronouns.) 
 
92 A GRAMMAR OF THE MANKS LANGUAGE. 
 
 Orrym and its derivatives are most commonly used to betoken 
 the passions of the body : as ta^n chadley orrymj I am asleep, or 
 am sleepy ; ta jyaays orrym, I am dry. 
 
 Lieh changes the radical initials of the words it is compounded 
 with into their secondary mutes: as ta'n dooinney lieh-varrooy 
 the man is half dead ; yn ven lieh-valloo, the slow-speaking 
 woman; moddey lieh-glioogliys, a mongrel. 
 
 Neu and mee signify privation, "or not, and make the following 
 consonant change into its secondary mute or aspirate : as neu- 
 glilen, unclean; mee-viallagli, disobedient. 
 
 Gyn is also a privative article, or article of the ablative case, 
 and is sometimes joined to a soft or secondary mute : as gyn vioys, 
 lifeless ; gyn-vyghin, merciless or without mercy. When we say 
 gyn hioys^gyn mygJiin, and thelike,x/7/?i is set by itself, and myghin, 
 hioySy &c., are put absolutely — q.d., gyn. Hoys ; gyn, myghin. 
 
 Da, to, rislij to, marisli, with, liarrish, over, voish, from, fo, 
 under, liorish, by, ayns, in, lesh, with, roish, before, mastey, 
 among, jeh, of, ass, out of, ershjn, above, fegooish, without, 
 are all compounded with pronouns. (See the construction of 
 pronouns.) 
 
 LONDON : 
 G. NORMAK AND SON, PKINTEIW, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GAltDKN. 
 

 Date 
 
 Due 
 
 
 v..:iCri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
BOSTON COLLEGE 
 
 3 9031 01192301 8 
 
 BUJiiW ■.MlgJimWJItfWW gWW 
 
 ^611 
 
 Kelley, John 
 
 TITLE 
 
 A Practical Grammer of the 
 
 Antient Gaelic 
 
 T.nnH f^ir> 
 
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