fF Sit a PS Te pee. mph ct ty Alien mt Pp vy D hile ti, Ee (Ae dein be tere tng ho} / “col (ans big? Grinch Jil werch cee /@ “fy” i lov8 | V MAA ES “95 rr Dhabi 4 Riau Vo, (14h 3 aie A in oe . Lida 7600 ; | O &, 7, | / é + a Zo s Ce ANG : ; 4 fh ty ; Me Arntyd % Cyaun Kor, (ose 2 Phkoneptye ad Vawkishoot " ay 1 Luly 4 A : » fe : ) Dave A AAA CA AA a 9 eee yee Le pene ‘14 i} Yun. “Agks A “H Steerer. o- a PT on wok Poy PP I ORY eRe ee ee i e Re - 2 & SD , ‘ inde x wf 2 (wv V2 /t q ee Ate J fe ae ey LY fis OF V) ys y NY INS SS \ YP MARY SS “ N C/N Ul \ ~KENELMVS DIGBY EQVES AVRATVS TWO TREATISES: In the one of which, THE NATVRE OF BODIES, Bp In the other, : THE NATURE OF MANS SOULE, | . IS: LOOMED EN TO: { IN WAY: OF DISCOVERY - | | OF EH E | 1 IMMORTALLTY @ deg a A | | REASONABLE SOULES. 23) | moo unas QUew &&ias adroy 7 Nose = ; yes oid atti eh)» ENE len ig - f a 3 4 Ayd § F Gas guovws = im } Anime naturam, abque totius natura, 2 a Sufficienter cognofet polfe, exiftimeas ; ? oa = ; no ae ‘Platoin Phoedr, =: 2 : i boo 8 Do. x. Printed for lobn Williams Crowne in S. Pauls Church-yard. M DC XLP. Fae tn , and are to be fold atthe 3 eae Warl ‘of (qpesthorne Cm Crt} : ait uverLemple & “7 j li ee ¢€4€ 23197909 > f a 2f; 1/2005 oe SE | I | Do NestNics TOMY SONNE. KENELME DIGBY. SONNE AS WES pHe calamity of this time being Pew fuch, as hath bereft me ofthe y ordinary means of exprefsing SAW my affection to you; I have been cafting about, to finde fome other way of doing that in {uch fort, as you may receive moft profit by it. Therein I foone pitched upon thefe confiderations ; ‘That Parents owe unto their children, not onely materiall fubfiftence for their Body, but much more, {pirituall contri- butions to their better part, their Mind. lam much bound to God, that he hath endued you with one, very capable of the beft inftrudati- ons :iand withall; | doe therefore efteeme my felfe obliged, to doe my utmoft for moulding 2 it it to its moft advantage. Ifmy ayme therein doe prove fucceffefull, you will with more eafe digeft thole inconveniences & diftrefles, which already you have begun to be acquain- ted with, and that threaten daily worfe unto you. For. how can a man fuffer his heart to be dejected at the privation ofany temporall blefsings, whiles he confidereth the inanity of them ; and that nothing 1s worthy his ferious thought, but what may accompa- ny him to his eternall habitation 2 What nee- deth he feare the defolations of Warre,and the worft that they can do againft him, who have his eftate in their power, when he may be rich witha much nobler treafure, that none but himfelfecan rob him of ? Without doubt, he that'fhall {erioutly reflect upon the excellency of his owne nature, and upon the admirable perfect and happy ftate he fhal moft certainly atrive unto, if he’ bute weanehimfelfe from thofe worldly impediments that here clog his foules flight, cannot choofe but look with a difdainfull°eye; upon the glittering: trifles , that weak-{pirits ‘delight themfelves: withall. Ifhedeeme it not requifite (as of old; the fa- mous wife man did) to throw away thofe en- encumbrances, to the end he may the more freely attend unto divine contemplations (for worldly goods, duly ufed may be very advan-. tagious both to ones felfe and to others) yet at the leaft, he will not repine at Fortnnes recal- ling of what fhe formerly had but lent him, and but permitted him the ufe of. . Tothe end then that you may bearmed a- | gainft the worft that may arrive unto you, in this unhappy ftate of affaires, in our di- ftrefled Country ; I fend you thofe confidera- tions of the nature and Immortality of hu- manefoules, which of late, have been nay chiefe entertainment. The progrefle you have already made in the ftudy of Phylofophie, hath (I am perfwaded) enabled youto bene- fit your felfe, with what I have written upon this fubjec&t: on the fertous examining of which , if you will employ but half the time, that I have done in {pinning out my thoughts, and weaving them into the piece you fee, | doubt not but you will thereby receive fo much contentment, as well as profit, that you - will not repent you of your paines. Befides that, intelleétuall entertainments are the pu- reft, andthe nobleft, and the moft proporti- A 3 onate ag SE i sca AA EEE ELE PACE ENSIGN CCIE GEE CREO EE DEELEY ELLE Le ALCO ECE a onate to mans nature,and prove ethe moft de- lightfull to him, oon they are duly relifhed. Vion will, pre efently agree, that the matter I handle, is the mofti important and the moft weighty, within the whole extent of humane nature, for a worthy perlonto employ him- {elfe aheut. The advantage which Mam hath over unreafonable creatures, is, that what he doth, is by election , and oe! is eal olbe matter bf all his actions ; whereas they are impelled by outward caules, unto all they doe: itis properly {aid of them, that aguntur mags quam agunt : He onely is oh. ; and in all varieties of circumftances, hath the power to choofe one, and to reject another. Now, to have this ele- ction wilely made, and becomming a man) requireth that it be Psst ed by knowledge. To doe any thing well, aman muft firft know throughly all that palanewils the action he is about ; and chiefly the end of it. And certain- ly, of all his actions, the government of him- felfe, is the moft important,and neerlieft con- cenping him. The end of that government, ard of all a-mans aymes, isby all men agreed tobe nee es that-is, his being complete- bint well, andin.a condition of enjoying the moft < eee aE A eS Tes aetna... moft happineffe, that his nature is capable of. For arrivall whereunto, it is impolsible to pitch upon the direct and fure meanes unleffe _ it be firft determined, whether the Beatitude we {peak of, doe belong to this life, or be not to be attained, till wecome tothe nextzor ra: ther, whether or no, there be another life be- fides this, to be happy in. For if there remai- neth an eternity unto us, after the fhort revo: lution oftime we fo fwiftly run over hereon earth ; it is cleare; that all the happines which can beimagined in this fleeting ftate, is not valuable, in refpect of the future; nor any thing we doe here is confiderable, otherwife then as it conducethto the making our con- dition then , better or warfe. _ Now the way to be {ure of this, is either infallible auchori- y> firft, depend of others : and they onely who know are abfolutely complete of themfelves, and have within themfelves, the principles whereby to govern their actions, in what is of higheft confequence to them. It is true, e- very body is not of a ftraine of wit and judge- ment, to be of this rank : and who are not, muft be contented. to beleeve others, and be A 4 {atis- ty, or evident {cience. They that rely on the fatisfyed with what is taught them. But he that will be of a {uperior orbe, muft make this his ftudy. This is the adequate entertainment ofa worthy perfon. | To conceive how high and excellent, this fcience of governing a man in order to Beati- tude inthe next world is, we may confider, how among all arts that concern this life, the art of a Statesman, unto whom belongeth to feea Common-wealth well governed, is by. much the nobleft. All other arts, are but mi- nifterially to him. He maketh ufe of the Sol- dier,of the Lawyer, of the Orator, of the An-. tiquary, of the Phyfitian, as-beft conduceth to the end heaymeth at, of making the Com- monwealth he governeth , happy and flou- | vifhing. All other meaner Trades ferve him ina yet lowerdegree. Yet after all, he muft take his meafures fron the Metaphyfitian or | Divine, For fince the government of a foci- ety of men, aymeth at giving them the beft being they are capable of, and fince Mans well-being here in this life, is but inftrumen- tally good, as being the meanes for him tobe well in the next lite, It is evident, that the States-mans art , is but inftrumentall to thar, which | which fheweth, how every particular man muft governe his life, to be partaker of a hap- py eternity. And confequently, if a States- man hath not this {cience, he muft be fubje& to a braver man then himfelfe, whofe pro- vince is to direct all his.actions unto this end. Weare told , how reverently great Cefar lift- ned to the difcourfes of learned Achoreus, how obfervant Alexander ‘was of his Mafter “ifto- tle, how fecure Nero trode, whiles Seneca gui- ded his Reps, how humble Con/tantine was to Saint Sylveflers precepts, how Charlemaine go- verned himfelfe in his moft important aéti- ons, by Alcuines advice :In a word,all the great men of Antiquity ,as wel among the Romans as among theGretians, had their Philofophers and Divines in their kind belonging to them, from whom they might derive rules of living and doing as they ought upon all occafions, if themfelves were not Mafters in that fuperiour and all-dire&ting {cience. He that feeth not by his owne light muft in this dangerous Ocean fteere by the lanterne which another hangeth out to him. Ifthe perfon he relyeth upon,ei- ther withholdeth the light from him , or fheweth him a falfe one, he is prefently in the , dark, 3 2 RESIS EAGER RES ES ES ESSE EEE I GEILE I EO TENET ie, es Set ara eeepc ES: darke,and cannot faile of lofing his way.How great an authority had the Augurs and Priefts among the rude Romans, to forbid any pub- like act, or to break any aflembly upon pre- tence of Religious duties, when they liked notthe bufineffe that was in agitation ? The like may interefled Divines among Chri- ftians doe, if the Minifters of State have not fome infight into Divinity. He leadetha ve- xatious life, that in his noblett actions is fo gored with {cruples, that he dareth not make a ftep, without the authority of another to warrant him. 3 Yet I doe not conclude,that he by whom I defign by the character of a brave man fhould bea profeffed or. a complete Metaphyfitian or Divine, and confummate in every curious circumftance that belongeth to this {cience; it fufficeth him to know it in bulke.and to have fo much Divinity, as in common occurrents to be able to governe himfelfe, and in {peciall ones, to underftand: what, and why his Di- vine perfwadeth him to any thing ; fo that e- ven then, though not without help, yet he go- verneth himfelfe,and is not blindly governed by another. He that aymeth at being a perfect Horfe- SL EL ILL OR EE EN cE aoe er en en Tare ee: Horfeman, is bound to know in cenerall(be- fides the art of riding) the nature and temper of Horfes . and to underftand the’ different qualities of Bits, Saddles; and other utenfils of a Horfeman, But the utmoft exactneffe in thefe particulars, belongeth to Farryers, Sad- lers, Smiths:, and other Tradefmen’, of all which, the judicious Rider knoweth how to make due ufe, when he hath occafion,for his principall end ; whichis, orderly governing his Horfe. In like manner,he whom we de- figne by acomplete brave man, muft know folidly the maine end of what hee is in the World for: and: withall, muft know how to ferve himfelfe when hee pleafeth, and that it is needfull to him, of the Divines high Contemplations, of the Metaphyfitians fub- tile Speculations, of the natarall Philofophers minute Oblervations, of the Mathematicians nice Demonftrations ; and of whatfoever elfe of particular Profelsions, may conducé to his end; though without making any of them his profefled bufineffe. , To: lay grounds: for fuch knowledge as this,is the {cope of my enfuing Difcourle.My firft ayme, was to beget it in my felfe: to which ? which end, thedigefting my thoughts into order, and the fettingthem downe in wri- ting, was neceflary : for without fuch fri examination of them, as the penning them affordeth one meanes to make, they would hardly have avoyded being disjoynted and roving ones. Now that! have done thar, my next ayme is that you, unto whom I with as much good as unto my felfe, may reap as much benefit by the ftudying it, as I have done by the compofing it. My end then being a private one, as (loo- king no further then you my fonne, and my felfe) Ihave not endeavoured to exprefle my conceptions either in the phrafe.or in the lan- guage of the Schooles. It will ferve our turne, to comprehend the fubftance, without confining our felves to any {crupulous exaét- nefle, in what concerneth onely forme. And thefame confideration hath made me pafle lightly over many particulars , in my firft Treatife of the Nature of Bodies, upon.which learned and witty men might fpin out large Volumes. For in that part, Layme no fur- ther, then to fhew what may be effected by corporeall agents. There, pofsibility ferveth a my turne, as well-as the determinate indivifi- ble point of truth. Tam obliged to that,onely in my maine great theme, whichis the foule. In regard of which,’ the numerous crooked narrow cranies, and ‘the reftrayned flexuous rivolets of corporeall things, are all contemp- tible, further then the knowledge of them ferveth to the knowledge of the foule. Anda gallant man, whofe thoughits flye at the high- eft game , requireth no further infight into — them, then to fatisfie himfelfe by what’ way they may be performed ; ‘and deemeth it: far too meane for him,to dwel upon the fubtileft of their myfteries for {cience fake. Befides this liberty that the fcope I ayme at alloweth me of pafsing very curforily‘o- ver fundry particulars,! find now at my read- ing all over together, what I have written to deliver it tothe Printer , that even in‘ that which I ought to have done: to comply with my ownedefigne and expectation, I am fallen very fhort; fo that it I had not unwa- rily too farre engaged my felfe for the 'pre- fent publifhing it, truly [f{hould-have' kepr it by me, till [had onceagaine gone over it.) I find the whole piece very confufedly done ; the a eens aie 2-2. the Raleruncadi@lasilangaRtiel many pac ticulars (when they are not abfolutely necef- fary tomy maine drift) too lightly touched, and far from being driven home: and in a word, all of it feemeth to be rather but a loofe modell and roughcaft of what! defign to do, then. a complete work throughly finifhed. But fince by my overforward promifing of this piece to-feverall friends, that have been very earnelt for it,I have now brought my felf to that paffe, that it would ill become me to delay any longer the publifhing of fomething upon this fubject and that obligations of ano- ther nature permit me not at the prefent to dwell any longer.upon this (befides that, fo laziea braine as mine is,sroweth foon weary when it hath fo entangled askeane as this is — to unwind )I now fend it you as it is,but with a promile, that at my firft leifure, I willtake a ftrict furvey of it; and then in another Editi- on, will polifh, correct and adde what fhall appeare needfull to me. If any man fhall take the Book out of your hand invited by the Ti- tleand {ubject to look into it, spray youin my behalfereprefent unto him , how diftant my profelsion is,and how contrary my education . hath hath been from writing of Books. In every Axt, the plaineftrhat is, there is an Apprentt- {hip neceflary, before it can be expected one fhould work in ita fafhionable piece. The firft attempts are alwayes very imperfect aymings. and are fcarce difcernable what they are mea- ned for,unleffe the Mafter guide his Scholars hand. Much more will thefame happen in fo difficult and {piny an affaire, as the writing upon fuch a nice and copious fubjeét as this is,to one who is fo wholly ignorant of the lawes of Method as am. This free and ingenuous acknowledgment on my fide, willl’ hope prevaile with all in- genuous perfons, who fhall read what I have written, to advertife me fairely (if they judge it, worth their while): of whatthey diflike in it », to theendthatin another more accurate Edition; may give them better fatisfaction. For. befides what faylings may be in the mat- ter,I: carinot doubt but that even in the expref- fions of at} there muft often: be great! ob{curi- ty and fhortneffle; which I, who have my thoughts filled with the things themfelves,am notaware of. So that,what peradventure may — feemée very full to me,becaule every ee touc Ueda touch bringeth into my mind the entire noti- on-and whole chain of circumftances belon go. ing.to that thing [have fo often beaten upon. may appeare very crude and maymed to a ‘ftranger, that cannot guefle what I would be at,otherwile then as my direct words do lead him. One thing more I fhall with you to defire ofthem who happily may perufe thefe-two Lreatiles.. ds well for their owne fakes, as for mine.And that is,that they wil not pafle their cenfure upon any particular piece; or broken parcell of eyther of them, taken by itfelfe.Let them draw theentire thred throughtheir fin gers, and let them examinethe confequent: nefle of the whole body of thedoétrine I deliz ver and let them compare itby iadike furvey with what is-ordinarily taughtih the Schools: and if they find, in theirs, many bracks ‘and {hort ends which cannot be pun into'an even piece, and in mine,a faire coherénce through: out; f thall promife my felfe: 4: favoutable ~ doome from them, and that they will have an acquielcence in themfelves to’ what I have here prefented them with: Whereas; \iftthe but ravell it over loofely; & pitch upon difpu- i ting ting againft particular conclufions, that at the firft encounter of them fingle,may feem harfh unto them, (which is the ordinary courfe of flafhy wits, who cannot fadome the whole extent of a large difcourfe)it is impofsible but that they {hould be very much unfatisfyed of me ; and goe'away with a perfwafion , that fome {uch truths as. upon. the whole matter are moft evident (one {tone inthe arch fup- porting another, and the whole) are meere chymeras and wild paradoxes. But (Sonne) it 1s time my Booke fhould {peake it felfe, rather then I {peak any longer of it here.Read it carefully over,zhd let me fee by tlic effects of your governing your felf that you make fuch right ufe of it, as I may be comforted in having chofen you to bequeath itunto. God in heaven blefle you. Paris the laft of Auguft, 164 4. Your Loving Father, KENELME Dicey. B THE @ , { § 3 aun Se San Me Meisels salarralarrclarnalerrsiareayenoenies THE PREPAC BE His writing was defigned to have fen the lightun- : der the wame of one Treatife. But after 1t was drawn iu paper, ab I caft.aview over it.I found the Prowm#- all part (which 1 that which treatcth of Bodies) {a ample in refpect of the other (which was the end of it ; and for whofe fake 1 medled with it) that I readsly apprehended my Reader would think I had gone much aftray from my Text,when pre- posing to (peak of the Immortality of Mans Soule, three parts of foure of the whole Difcour(e, foould net fo much as in ene word mention that foule, whofe nature and propricties I aymed at the difcovery of. To avoid this incongrnsity, occafioned me to change the name and unity of the work . andtomake thes furvay of bodies, a body by it felfe: though {abordinate tothe Treatife of the Soule. Which norwithitanding it be lelfe in bulkethen the other , yet I dare promife my Reader, that if he beftow the paines requifiteto perfect himfelfe init he will find as much time well (pent in the due reading of it, asinthe. reading of the former Treatife, thongh far more large. But I difcerne an objection obvious tobe made, or rather a Queftivn ; Why I fhould fend (a much timeinthe confiderati- on of Bodies, whereas nonethat hath formerly written of this . Jubject, hathin any meafure done the like? I might anfwer that they had , upon other oecafiens, firft written of the nature of Bodies : as I may inflance in Ari- ftotle; @ ‘e ftotle ; and fundry others, who either have themfelves pro- felfedly treated the Science of Bodies, or have {uppofed that part {ufficiently performed by other pens. But truly, I w2s by an unavoidable nece[sity hereunto obliged: which is,acur- rent of dectrinethat at this day, much ratgneth ia the Chrifti- an Schooles, where bodies and their operations, are explicated after the manner of {piritwall things. For we having very flender knowledge of (pirituall [ubftances, can reach no fur- ther into their nature, then to know that they have certaine> powers, or qualities 5 but can feldome penetrate [o deep, as to defcend to the particulars of [uch Qualities, or Powers. Now our modern Philofophers have introduced [uch.acour{e of lear- ning intothe Schooles, that wnto all queftions concerning the proper natures of Bodies, and their operations, it 1 held fuffi- cient to anfwer, they have aquality, or a power to doe fuch a thing. And afterwards they difbute whether this Quality or Power, be an Entity diftinct from its {ubject, or no, and how at 6 feparable, or unfeparable from it and the like. Conforma- ble to this, who will looke into the beoks which arein vogue in thefe Schools, [hall find {uch an[wers and {uch controverfies e- very where, and few others. As, of the fenjible qualities :aske what it ts to be white or red,what to be {weet or fowre, what to be odoriferous or flinking, what to be cold or hot ? And you are prefently paid with that it # a fenfible quality, which hath the power tomake a wall white or red, to makea meat agreea- ble or difagrecable tothe tafte, to make a zratefull or ungrate- full fomell to the nofe,crc. Likewife they make the fame quefti- _ ons and refslutions, of Gravity and Levity: as whether they be qualities, that is, entities diftinct from their fubject : and whether they be active or pafsive , which when they have di- [puted flightly and in common,with Logical arguments, they reft there,without any further fearching into the phyficall can- Ses or effects of them. The like you {hal find of all firange uae - Ba 6 reer ee Lar a So 3 sees SS ee Te eS SS SS Se ee ae a PESTS EET: el ee ge es See eae FS ig ae ; : Boa | we > The Preface. a of them. The Load: flone and Electrical bodies are produced for miraculous, and not underftandablethings , andin which, it muff be acknowledged, that they work. by hidden qualities, that mans wit cannot reach unto. And afcending to living bodies, they giveit for s Maxime: that life isthe action of the fame Entity upon tt felfe: that fenfe is likewife a worke of an intriafecall power, inthe part we call Senfe, uponit felfe. Which, our predecelfors held the greateft abfurdities that could be fpoken in Phylofophie. Even fome Phyfitians that take upon them to teach the curing of our bedies, doe often pay ws with fuch termes, among them, you have long difcourfes of a re- tentive, of an expulfive, of a parsing, of 4confolidating fa- culty < and fo of every thing that either paffethin our body, or és applyed for remedy. And the meaner [ort of Phyfitians know no more, but that fuch faculties are, though indeed they that are truly Phyfitians, know alfoin what they confit , without which knowledge it is much tobe feared, Phyfitians will does more harme then good. But te returne to our fubject : this courfe of doctrine in the Schools, hath forced me toa great deale of paines in feeking to difcover the nature of all fuch actions (or of the maine part of them as were famed for incomprehensible : for what hope — could Ihave, out of she actions of the fouleto convince the mature of it to be sncorporeall . if I could give no other account of bodies operations , then that they were performed by quali- pies occult, fpecificall, or iucomprehenfible ? Would not my aa verfary prefently anfwer, that any operation,out of which I fhould preffethe foules being (pir tuall, was performed by a corporeal occult quality : and that as he muff acknowledge it to Leincomprehenfible, {0 muft I likewife acknowledze other qualities of bodies to be as incomprehentble: ei therfore could not with reafon pref[e him, to fhew how a body was able to doe fuch an operation: 4s I fhould inferremuft of neces’ ity proceed from The Preface. from a {pirit, fince that neither could I give account how the load{tone drew iron, or looked to the North; how a ftane , and other heavy things were carried downewards , how ficht or fantafie was made, how digeftion or purging were effected; and many other {uch queftions , which are fo flightly refol- ved in the Schooles ? Befides thts reafon,the very defire of knowledze in my felf; and awillingne[[e to be available unto others (at the leaft {0 farreas to ferthem on feeking for it, without having a priju- dice of tmpofstbility in attaining it) was unto me a {ufficient motive, toinlarce my difcour(e to the bulkit ts rifen unto. For what a mifery ts it, that the flewer and beft wits of Chriften- dome, which flock to the Vaiverfities, under pretence andup- on hope of gaining knowledge, fhculd be there deluded; and af- ter many yeares of toyle and expence, bee {ent home againe, with nothing acquired morethen a faculty, and readineffe to talke like Parrats of many things 5 but not to underftand fo much as anyone: and withall with a perfwafion that in truth nothingecan be knowne? For fertine knowledce afide,what can it availe aman to be able to talke of any thing? What are thofe wranglings , where the difcovery of truth w neither fought, nor hoped for , but meerly vanity and oftentation? Doth not all tend, to make him feem and appeare that which indeed he ts not?. Nor let.any body take it ill at my hands that I fheak thus of the -modcrne Schooles: for indeed it ws rather themfelves then I that ay it. Excepting Mathematicks , let all the other Schooles pronounce their owne minds, and fay in- genioufly, whether theythemfelves beleeve they have fo much as any one demonftration, from the beginning to the ending of the whole courfeof their learning. And 1f all, or the moft part , will agree that any one pofition ws demonftrated perfedly, and «s it ought to bee, and a thoufands of conclufions arc demonftrated in Mathematickes 1 am ready to mee B 3 the The Preface. the blame of having calumniated them, and will as readily make themamends. But if they neither will . nor can. the? their owne verdict cleareth me: and it is wot (0 much 7, as they, that makethis profe(sion of the fhallownelfe of their dottrine. And to this purpofe I have often heard the lamentg. tions of divers, as great wits as any that conver(ein the Schooles, complaining of this defect. Butin fo great an evi- dence of the effect, proofes are [uperfluous, Wherefore Iwill leave this fubject , to declarewhat I have here defigned,and gone about, towards the remedy of this in- convenience. Which ws, that wherezs in the Schooles,.there ss a. loofe method, or rather nones but that it is lawfull, by the li+ derty of a Commentator, to handle any queftion . in any place (which is the caufe of the Jughtnelfe of their dottrine,and cap never be the way to any {cience or certitude ) Ihave taken my beginnings from the commoneft things that are in nature: namely, from the notions of Quantity and its firft differences: which are the moft fimple, and radical notions that are > and in which all the reft are to be grounded. From them endens vour by immediate compofition of them, and derivation from thena, to bring downe may difcourfe to the E lements, which are the primary and moft fimple bedies in nature. Fron thefe, I proceed to compounded bedi es; firft to thofe that are called mj. xed; and then, to living bedies : declarinz in common the pro- prteties and operations that belong untothem, And by occafion as I pale along, 1 light here and there on thofe operations. which eem moft admirable in nature, to fhew how they are performed; or at the leaft, how they may be performed = that though I miffe in particular of the tnduftry of nature , yet I may nevertheleffe hit my intent, which 8, to trace out a way, how thefe,and [uch like operations may be effected by anexadt difpofition , and ordering (though ‘atricate) of quantitative and corporeal parts + and to fhew, that they oblige ws not to VOCKITE : The Preface. recurve unto hidden and unex plicable qualities. And if Ihave declared {0 many of thefe,as nzay béget a probable per[wafion in my reader, that the reft, which I have not touched » may like- wife be difplayed,and fhewed to (pring out of the fame grounds , if curious andconftant fearchers into nature; will make their taske to penetrate into them, I have thereiu obtained my defire and intent; which is onely , to few from what principles , all kinds of corporeall operations doe proceed, and what kind of operations all thefe muft be, which may iffwe out of thefe prin- ciples : to thé end, that I may from thence, make a jeep to raife my difcourfe to the contemplation of the [oule, and fhew., that her operations are[uch, as cannot proceed from thofe princi- ples, which being adequate and common to all bodies , we “may reft al[ured, that what cannot ilfue from them, cannot have a body fcr its fource. I will therefore end this preface, with entreating my Rea- der to confider, that in a difcourfe proceeding in {uch order as I have declared, he muft not expect to under{tand,and be fatt- fied, with what is faid 12 any middle or latter part , unleffe he Sirf have read,and underftood what goeth before. Wherefore, if he cannot refolve with himfeife, to take it along orderly as at lyeth from the beginning, he fhall dee himfelfe(as well as me) right not to meddle at all with thi booke. But if hee will employ any time upon it,to receive advantage by it he muft be content to take the paines to under ftand throughly every parti- cular asit % fet downe. Andif his memory will not ferve him tocarry every one along with him, yet at the leaflet him — be [ure to remember the place where it ws handled, avd uponoc- cafion, return a look back upon it, when it may ftand bim in fread. If hethinketh this diligence too burthenfome , let him confider thas the writing hereof hath coft the Authour much more pains : who as he will efteem them exceedingly well em- ployed, if they may contribute ought to the content or advan- tage tage of any free and ingenuows mind, fo if any others fall expreffe a neglect of whatgpe hath with fo much labour hewed out ef the hard rock of Nature-, or [hall difcourteoufly cavill atthe notions he fo freely imparteth unto them: all she relfentment he fhall make thereof, will be to defire the firft,to confider, that their (light efteeme of his worke, obligeth them to entertaine their thoughts with ome more nobles and more. profitable {ubjec?, and better treated, thenthy is: and the la- ter fort, to juftifie their diflike of his doctrine, by delivering a fairer and more complete body of Philofophy, of their owne. Which if hereupon they doe, his being the occafion of ther ones bettering themfelves, andof the ethers bettering thes world, will be the beft fuccel[e he can wilh his Booke. A Table thewing what is contained inthe feverall Chapters and Sections in this Treatife concerning BO DI ES. The figures after the Chap ters, are the Sections be- -Jonging to every Chapter: which Sedtions the Reader fhall find in every Chapter by their figures in the margine. CHAP. 1. He Preface. A Preamble to the whole difcourfe; con- cerning notions in generall. | 1. Quantity the firft, and moft obvious affection of a body. 2. Words do not expreffe things as they are in themfelves,but one- ly as they are painted in the’ minds of men. 3. The firft errour that may arife | from hence;which 13 4 multiply- ing of things, where no [uch multiplycation 1s really found. 4. A fecond errour: the concei- ving of many aiftintt things as realy one thing. 5. Great care to be taken to avoia the errours which may arife from our manner of under ftand- ing things. 6. Twe forts of words to expref[e enr notions, the one common to all men, the other proper to fehollers. 4. Great errours avife by wrefting words from their commen mean. ing to exprejfe # brore particular or ftudied notion. CHAP. IL Of Quantity. . We muft know the vulgar and covamon notion of Quantity that we may anderStand the nature of it. . Extenfion or divifibilitie ws the common notion of Quantity. . Parts of Qwantity are not attually in their whole. . Lf parts were attually in their whole, Quantity would be com- poled of iadivifibles. 5. Quantity cannot be compofed of tndivifsbles. An objettion to prove that parts are attually in Quantitie swith _& declaration of the miftake froma whence it proceedeth, The [olution of the former ob- jettion: and that fenfe cannot difcern whether one part be di- fitnguifhed from another, or uo. 8. An enumeration of the feverall z f{pectefes 6. 7° fpectefes of Quantity , epi confirmeth that the effence of it ts gtvifbslitie, i CHAP. IIL im OF Rarity and Denfity. Denfity. i are rare and others denfes Ht fach. bi 3. 04 brief enumeration of the Fe feverall properties belonging to rare and denfe bodies. , 4, The opinion of thofe Philo Hh varity to confit in an alty- " all divifion of abody into little arts, q. 5. Lhe former cpinion rejetted, andthe ground of their errour ny difcovered, 18. i 6. The opinion of thofe Philofo- | phers related, whe peut rarity to uf confift in the miction of vacui- ct ty among bodies, 7. The opinion of vacuities refu- ted, 8, Rarity and Denfity confift in the feverall proportions. which Spagetti ; ance, | 9. All muft admit in. Phyficall 4 F | bodies, a Metaphyficall compo- " fition. ‘. ; : A Table. CHAP, Iv. ;Of the foure fiift qualities + and of the foure Elements." - 1. The notions of denfity and ra- rity have a latitude capable of infintte-variety. 1, What 1 meant by Rarity and|2. How moiffnelfe and drineffe are begotten in dexfe bodies. 2. It ts evident that fome bodies 3. How moiftneffe and dryneffe are begotten in rare bodies, thotgh obfcure, how they are|\4. Heat is a property of rare bo~ dies, and cold of denfe ones, Of the two denfe bodies, the leffe denfe ts more cold: but of the two rare ones, the leffe rare 2s leffe het. fophers declared , who put \6. The extreme denfe body us more adrie, then the extreme rare one, There are but foure [imple bo- dies: and thefe are rightly na- med Elements. Lhe Authour dath not deter- mine whether every element ‘doth comprehend under its name one onely loweft {pecies, or many: nor whether axy ef them be found pare. Ch A P..V, Of the operations of the Elements Quantity hath to its (ub- : in generall, And of their Acti. Vities compared with onze ano- ther. The first operation of the Ele- ments is division, out of which re[ult= A: Table. re{ulteth locall motion, 2. What place is both notionally, and really, 3- Locall motion is that d:vifion, whereby a body changeth its place. . The nature of quantity of it [elf is [uffictent to unite a body ‘to its place. 5. All operations amongst bodies are either toca motion, cr ach as follow out of local mo-| tion. 6. Earth compared to water in activity. 7. The manner whereby fire get- teth into fewell, proveth that it exceedeth earth in atlivity.| 8. The fame is proved by the max-. ner, whereby fire cometh out of fewell and worketh upon other bodies. ; CHARV I. OF Light, what itis. 1. la what fenfe the Author re- 4 jetteth qualities. 2. In what fenfethe Author doth Admit of qualities, 15 3. Five arguments propofed to prove that light is xot a body. 4. Thetwo firft reafons to prove light to be a body are, the re-| 6. femblance it hath with fire,and becaufe if it were a quality, it would alwaves produce ax equal 7. to it felf. s- The third reafon, becanfe if we imagine to our felves the fubftance of fire to be rarified, it will have the fame appearen- ces which light hath, ae The fourth reafon, from the manner of the generation and corruption of light, which a- greeth with fire. The fifth reafon, becaufe [uch properties belong to light as a- gree onely unto bodies. 6. 7 4H: A‘ Pes Wl. Two objections anfwered againft light being fire, a more ample proofe of its being fuch. That all light is hot and apt to heat. The reafon why our bodies for the most part do not feel the heat of pure light. T. 2. “ 3° fes, and of foultry gloomy wea- ther, prove light to be fire. Philofophers ought not to judge of things by the rules of vulgar people. - The different names of lighs and fire, proceed from diffe- rent notions of the fame [ub- Stance, The reafon why many times fire and heat are deprived of light. What becometh of the body of light when it dieth, : 8. As * 2 The experience of burning glaf~ A Table. &. An experiment of fome who pretend, that light may be pre- cipitated into. powder. 0: The Anthors opinion concern- ing lamps, pretended to have been found in tombes,with in- confumitible lights, hatter other bodies into pieces. q. The reafon why the body of light w never perceived tebe fanned b y the wixd, 8. The reafons for, and againft lights being a body, compared together. 9. Ak fummary repetition of the reafons which prove that light as fire. CHAP. VIF. An anfwer to three other objecti- ons formerly propofed, againft light being a fubftance. GHAR TX, Of focall motion fn common. y. Light « not really in every part of the room. it enlightneth, xar filleth entirely any [efblepart of it, though it feemto usto do fo. 20 The leaft fenfible point of a di- aphanous body, hath room {uf- ficient to contain beth are and light,tegether with a multitude of beams iffuing from feverall lights without penetrating one another. 3. That light doth not enlighten any room in an inftant,and that the great celerity of its motion doth make it inperceptible to t. Ne locall motion cam be pers formed without [ucceffion, 2. Time ts the common meafure of all {ucceffion, 3. What uelocity i, and that it cannot be infintte. 4. No force fo little, that ws not able to move the greateft weight imaginable, 5. Lhe chief principle of Mecha- nicks,deduced ent of the former difcour fe. 6. No moveable can paffe from reff to any determinate degree of velocity, or from a leffer de- our fenfes. greetoa greater, without pal- 4. T he reafon why the motion of | fing through all the intermedi- light, ts not difcerned coming| ate degrees which are belomthe romards ws, and that there us| obtained decree. foe reall tardity in it. 7. The conditions which help to gs. The planets are not certainly| motion, in the moveable are ever in that place where they| three; inthe medium, one. appear to be, 8. No body hath any iatrinfecall 6. The reafon why light being a virtue to move it felf towards body, doth not by its motion| any deternpinate part of the u- . niver[es 9 The ; ( te See es ge en en har i Pr AOE A-Table. 9. The encreafe of motion ts al~ wayes made in the proportion of, the odde numbers, 10, No motion can encreafe for ever, without coming toa pe- riod, 11, (ertain problemes vefo ved concerning the proportion of | fome moving Agents compared to thes effects. 12. When a amnoveable cometh to refP, the motion doth decreafe according to the rules of en- . creafe. CHAP. X. Of Grayity and Levity; and of lo- ¢all Motion, commonly term- ed Naturall. 1. Thofe motions are called nat n- ral, which have conStant can- fes; andthofe violent, which are contrary to them. 2. The firft ard moft generall o- peration of the (uxne , is the making and raifing of atowes. 3. J be light rebounding from the earth with atomes, canfeth two [Preams in the aire 5 the one af- cending, the other de{ceuding ; and both of them ina perpen. dicular line.” 4: ef denfe body placed in the aive between the afcending ana: de(cending fiream, must reeds de(cend. 5: A more particular explication of all the former dottrine touch ing gravity. - 6. Gravity and levity do not fig~ nifie an intrinfecall inclination to fuch a motion in the bodies themfelves which are termed heavy and light. : 7. The more denfea body rs, the more [wiftly it de(cendeth. 8. The velocity of bodies defcend- ing doth not excreafe in propor- tion to the difference that may be between their feverall den- fittes. 9. More or leffe gravity doth pro- duce a {wifter or a flower def- cending of a heavy body. Ari- fiotles argument to difprove motion in vacuo; & made food. 10. The reafon why at the inferior quarter of a circle, a body doth. defcend fafter by the arch of that quarter, then bythe cord of tt. CHAP, XI An anfwer. to objections againt{t the caufes of naturall motion, avowed in the former chapter 5 and a refutation of the contra- ry opinion. 5 r. The firft objection anfwered why a hollow body defcendeth flower then a folid ont. |,. The fecond objettion anfwered andthe reafons (hown, why a- tomes do continually overtake aa the A .Table. the dy. (3. edt curious queftion left un- decided. 4. The fourth objettion anfwered, why the defcent of the fame heavy bodies, 1s eg#all in fo great inequality of the atomes which caufe it. 5. The reafon why the fhelter of a| thick body doth not hinder the defcent of that which ts un-~ defcending denfe bo- CHAP: XI OF violent Motion. 1. The flate of the qne/Pion touch- ing the caufe of violent mo- t10#. 2. Lhat the medium ts the onely caufe, which. continueth vi0- lent motion, 3. ef further explication of the former dottrine, » der it. 6. The reafon why fome bodies fink, others (wimme. q- The fifth objettion anfwered concerning the defcending of heavy bodies 12 ftreams. 8. The fixth objettion anfwer- ed 3 and that all heavy ele- ments do weigh in their owne Spheres. 9. The feventh objettion An{wer- 4. That the aire hath Strength enough to continue violent ‘mo- tion in a moveable, §. 4x anfwer to the first objetht- on: that aire ts wot apt te con~ ferve motion + and how vi- olent. wmetion cometh ceafe. 6. An anfwer tothe fecond obje- ction , that the aire hath no power over heavy bodies, to ed, and the reafon why we do net feel the courfe of the aire, and atomes that beat continu- ally upon us, 10. How inthe fame body, gravi- ty may be greater then denfity, and denfity then Lravity ; theugh they be the fame thing. 11. The opinion of gravities be- ang an intrisfecall inclination of a body to the center, refuted by reafon, 12. The famie opinion refuted by feverall experiences. 7+ Ax anfwer to the third obje- ‘lion, that an arrow [hould hy fafter broad wayes then long wayes. CHAP.. XIII. Of three forts of violent motion, Reflexion, Undulation, and Re- ' fraction, i. That reflexion i a kind of Violent motion, Reflection ss made at e angles, The caufes and properties of undulation, 4. Ke- 2s quall 3° ~ A Table. 4. Refrattion at the entrance into the reflectent body ts towards the perpendicular ; at the going is in bodzes of leaf? ctfe ; and it is made by the force of Quan- tity. out, it ts fromit; whenthe\4. The fecond fort of conianttion, ‘fecond fuperficies ws parallel co the firft. 5. A refutation of Monficurdes ; Z ‘ is. Lhe third conjunttion is of Cartes his explication of re- frattion. 6. An anfwer to the arguments brought in favour of Monfieur des Cartes his opinion. 9. Thetrue caufe of refraction of | Light both at its entrance, and at its going ont from the refle- iting body, 8. 4 generall rule to kuow the nature of refletlion and refra- _ ions in all (orts of furfaces. 9. A body of greater parts and greater pores, maketh a greater refrattion then one of leffer parts and leffer pores. 10. 4 confirmation of the former dottrine, out of the nature of bodies that refratt light. Cpa Re A Na Of the compofition, qualities, and * generation of mixed bodies. 1. The connexion of this chapter | with the reft, and the Authors tmtent iM tt. 2. That thereis aleaft cife of bo- dies ; andthat this leaft cife is found in fire. 3. The firft conjunttion of parts | is compattedneff[e ix fimple E-~ lements, and it proceedeth from denfitie, parts of different Elements, and it proceedeth from quantity and denfity together. y 6. The reafon why liquid bodies do eafily joyn together ; and dry. ones arfficaltly. 7. That no two hard bedies can touch one another immediately. 9. How mixed bodies are framed +2 generall. 9. The caufe of the feverall de- grees of folidityin mixed bo- dies. 10. The rule whereunto are redu- ced all the feverall cembina- tions of Elements in compound- ing of mixed bodies. 11. Earth and water are the bajis of all permanent mixed bodies. 12. What kind of bodies thofe ane where water is the bafis, and earth the predominant Elenent over the other two, 13.. Of thofe bodies, where water - being the bafis aire is the pre- dominant Element. . 14. What kind of bodies refult, where. water isthe bafis, and fire the predominant Elemente. 15. Of thofe bodies, where water és A Table. "gs ia exceffe, it alone being both| the bafis, and the predominant Element. 16. Of thofe bodies, where earth alone is tthe bajfis, and alfo the predominant in exceffe over the . other three Elements. 17. Of thofe bodies where earth zs the bafis, & water the predomi- sant element over-the other two 18. Of thofe bodies, where earth being the bafis aire ws the pre- dominant. 19, Of thofe bodies, where earth being the bajfis, fire ts the pre- omstnant. and others touch, are apt te withftand outward violence the firft instrument to diffolve mix- ed bodres, 2. How oxtward violence doth work upon the most compatted bodies. ; c 3. The feverall effetts of fire, the Second and chiefeft inStrument to diffolve all compounded bodies 4. The reafon why fome bodies are - not diffolved by fire. 5- Lhe reafon why fire melteth gold, bet cannot confume it. 6. Why lead is eafily confumed and calcined by fire. 20. e4ll the fecond qualities of|7. Why and how fome bodies are mixed bedies, arife from feve- rall combinations of the firft gualities: and are at laft refol- ved into feverall degrees of ra- rity and den/fity. 21. [hat inthe planets and ftarres there is a like variety of mixed bodies caufed by light a here upon earth. 22. In what manner the Elemeuts do work upon one another, inthe compofition of mixed bodies: and in particular fire which is the moft atkive. 23. ef particular declaration touching the generation of me- tals. CHAP:.XV. Of the diffolution of mixed bodies. 1. Why fome bodies are brittle, divided by fire into pirits, wa- ters, oyls, falts and earth. And what thofe parts are. 8. How water the third inftrument to diffalve bodies diffolveth calx tuto falt; and [o into terra dam- WALA, 9. How water mingled with falt, becometh a moft powerfull A- gent te diffelve other bodies. 10. How putrefattion is canfed. rs VI. An explication of certain Maxims touching the operations , and qualities of bodies: and whether the Elements. be found pure in any part of the world, 1. What is the {phere of aktévity in corporeal agents, 2. The A Table. 2. The reafon why no body can work in diftance. 3. An objection anfwered againft the manner of explicating the former axiome. 4. Of reattion: and firft in pure locall motion, that each Agent muft fluffer in atting and att in fuffering. 5. The former dottrine applyed to other locali motious defigned by particular names. eAnd that Suiffeths argument is of no force againft this way of dottrine, inten(ion and remiffion; ana o- thers do not. . That in every part of our ha- bitable world; all the foure ele- ments, are found pure in {mall Atomes ; but not in any great bulk. Gurr AVI. OF rarefa&tion and condenfation the two firft motions of particu- lar bodies. 1. The Authours intent in this and the following chapters. 6. That yceis not water rarified but condenfed, 7. How wd, fnow, and hail are made; and wind by rain allaid, 8. How parts of the [ame or divers bodies. are joyned more Strongly together by condenfation. 9. Vacuities cannot be the reafon, why water impregnated ro the full with one kind of {alt, wil notwith/tanding receive more of axother, 10. The true reafon of the former efett. 6. Why fome notions do admit of 11. The reafon why bodies of the fame nature do joys more eajily together then others, CHAPs XV ITE Of another motion belonging to particular bodies, called Attra- ction; and of certain operations termed Magicall. 1. What Attrattion is, and from whence it proceedeth. 2. The true fenfe of the Maxime, | that Nature abhorreth from va- cuity. 2. That bodies may be rarified,| 3, The true reafon of attrattion, both by outward heat; aud how this is performed. 3. Of the great effects of Rare- fattion. 4. The firft manner of condenfa- tion by heat. 5. The fecond manner of conden- fation by cold. 4. Water may be brought by the force of attrattiér to what height foever. 5. The dottrine touching the ata trattion of water in fyphons. 6. That the fyphon doth not prove water to wergh 172 its Ow orb. ee 7: Concerning A. Table. + Concerning attrattion caufed by fire. 8. ( oxcerning attratlion made by virtue of hot bodies, anulets, (Pc. 9. The natural reafon given for divers operations, efteemed by fome to be magicall. CFE. ost X, Of three other motions belonging to particular bodies, Filtration, Reftitution, and Ele&tricall at. traction, 1. What i Filtration ; and hew it ts effected, 2. What caufeth the water in fil- tration to afcend. 3. Why the filter will not drop un- leffe the label hang lower then the water. 4. Ofthe motion of Reftitution : and why fome bodies rand bent, others not. 5. Why fome bodies return onely sapartto their naturall figure: others entirely. 6. Concerning the nature of thofe bodies which do {hrink and frretch, =, How great and wonderfull effetts, proceed from {mall.plain, and fimple principles. &. Concerning Elettricall attra- Elion, andthe canfes of it. 9. Cabeus his opinion refuted con- cerning the caufe of Elethrieall mations, CH hP xX X, Of the Loadiftones generation; and its particular motions, t. Theextreme heat of the funne under the xodiack, drameth a Stream of aire from each Pole intothe torrid zone, 2. The atomes of thefe twe Streams coming together are apt to incorperate with one ano- ther. . Bythe meeting and mingling together of thefe ftreams at the Equator, divers rivolets of atomes of each Pole, are conti- nuated from one Pole to the other. 4. Of thefe atomes incorporated with fome fit matter in the bowels of the earth, ts made a ftone. 5- This fone worketh by emana- tions , joyned with agreeing ftreams that meet them inthe aire: andin fine it ts a load. frone, 6. eA methode for making expe~ riences spon any [ubjetk, — 7. The loadstones generation by atomes flowing from both Poles, 0s confirmed by experi. ments obferved inthe Stone it fulf. 8. Experiments to prove that the loadftone worketh by emanati- ous, meeting with agreeing ftreams. CHAP. A Table. CHAP. XXII. Pofitions drawn out of the former doétrine, and confirmed by ex- perimental proofs. 1. The operations of the loadftone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities. : 2. Objettions against the former pefition anfmered. 3 The load§tone is imbued with | his vertue from another body. q. The vertue of the loadftone ts a doxble, and not one fimple virtue, 5. The virtue of the loadftone | worketh more ftrongly in the Poles of it , thes in any other art. 6. The loadftone fendeth forth its emanations [pherically. Which are of twokinds: andeachkind is ftronveft in that bemifphere, through whofe polary parts they iffue out. 7. Putting two loadftones within the {phere of ove another, every part of one load stone doth not a- gree with every part of the other loadstone. 8. Concerning the declination and other refpetls of 4 needle , to- wards the loadStone it toucheth g. The virtue of the loadftane go- eth from end to end in lines al- moft parallell to the axts. 10. The virtue of a loadstone is not perfettly (phericall though the tone be fuch. 11. The intention of nature in all the operations of the loadftone, isto make an union betwixt the attrattive and the attratted bo- dies. l12. The maint clobe of the earth not a loadffoue. 13. The loadftoue 15 generated in all parts or climates of the earth 14. Ihe conformity betwixt the - two motions of magnetick things and of heavy things. CHAP Xa t A folution of certain Preblemes concerning the loadftone, anda fhort fumme of the whole do- étrine touching it. 1. Which is the North, aud which the South Pole of a loadftone. 2. Whether any bodies befides ma- gnetick ones be attratlive. 3. Whether an iron placed perpen- dicularly towards the earth doth get amaguetical virtue of poin- ting towards the orth, or to- wards the fouth in that end that lieth downwards. 4. Why loadftones affect sro bet- ter then one another. 5. Gilberts reafon refuted touch- ing a capped loadftone, that ta- keth up more iron then one not capped; and an iron impre onated that in [ome cafe draweth more frrongly then the frone it felf. 6. Galilens his opinion touching Ma the \ the former effets refuted. A Table. 7. How plants are framed, 7 The Authours folution to the\8. How fenfitive creatures are former questions. 8. The reafon why in the former cafe.a leffer loadft one doth draw the interjacent iron from the greater. 9. Why the variation of a touched needle from the north,ts greater the nearer you goto the Pole, 10. Whether in the (ame part of the world «touched needle may at onetime vary more from the north, and at avother time leffe. tr. Lhe whele.dottrine of the loaa- Stone fummed up infhort. CHW? 2 eX Fs, A defeription of two forts. of living creatures: Plants and, Animals: & how they, are framed in com- mon-to perform vitallinorion. te The connexion of the follow- ing Chapters with the precedent Ones, 2. Concerning feverall compo/iti- ons of mixed bodies, 3. lwo forts of living creatures. 4. C4n engine to expreffe the first fort of living creatures. 5. Another engine by which may be expreffed the fecond fort of living creatures. 6. The two former engines and feme other comparifons applyed to expreffe the twe feverall forts of living creatures, formed. CHA Pi OM XEFER A. fhore particalar furyey of the generation of Animals; in which is difcovered what partof the animal is, firft generated. 1. The opinion that the feed con- taineth formally every part of the parent, ‘ 2. The former opinion reyetted, 3. The Authours opinion ef this queftion, 4. Their opinionrefuted,who hold that every thing contatneth for- melly all things. gs. The Authours Opinion concern. ing the generation of Animals declared and confirmed: 6: That one [ubfiawce ‘is changed éuto. another, 7» Concerning the hatching of chickens, and the Leneration of other animals, 8. Fromwbhexce it happeneth that the deficiences or excre[cences of the parents body, are often feex in their childven, 9. The difference between the au- thours opinion, and’ the former one, 10. That the heartisimbued with the Lenerall pecifick virtues of the whole body; whereby is con- firmed the dottrine of the two former paragraphs. That If. A Table. 11. That the heart isthe firft part, nion touching the motion of the generated in a living creature. | heart. 2. The former opinion rejelted. 2 CHAP. XXV. q. The edtuthenrs opinion con- cerning the motion of the heart. s-. The motion of the heart depen- deth originally of its fibers rrri- 1. That the figure of an Animal gated by bloud, is produced by ordinary fecond | 6, Ax objettion anfwered againft caufes, as well as any other cor-| the former dottrine, pore effetl. 4. The circulation of the bload, 2, That the feverall figures of bo- other effects that folewthe mo- dies proceed from a defect inone| tion of the heart. of the three dimenfions, canfed| 8. Of Nutrition. by the concurrence of acciden-| 9. Of edugmentation. How a Plant or Animal cometh to that figure it hath. tall caufes. 10. Of death and fickneffe. 3. The former dottrine ws confirm- ! ed by feverall inflances. CHAP. XXVII. qe AES ROE dotirine applyed #0 | Of the motions of fenfe, and of the ; Be fenfible qualities in general], and 5° pe iret toate declared in in particular of thot which be- 6. The fame applyed to the bodies ae to Touch, tay and Smel-. of Animals. x ; : 7. Inwhat fenfe the Authour doth | 1.1 be connexion of the ubfequent . admit of Vis formatrix. chapters with the precedent. 2. Of the fenfes and fenfible qua- CHAP, XXVI. lities in generall. Audof the end for which they ferves. ‘ati inneth inJliyine — How mecion eg ¢ Ke ad an 3. Of the-fenfe of touching ° and: the heart, cireulation of the EG . . ° vy e t omentati- as blaudsrd itrition, Aner : cat 4. Of the taftvanib sasqponlities > on, and corruption or death. las + Bopcere bodies 1. From whencedoth proceed the! 5. That the (mell andits qualitres primary motion andorowth iw| are reall. bodies. Plants. 6. Of the conformity betwixt the a, CWonfienr des Cartes bisopi.\\ two fenfes of (melliinn O tating * ee pees, ions 7: The. q- The reafon why the fenfe of light mingled with darkueffe.or {melling is not fo perfect in man| the dispoftionof a bodies {uper. asin beasts: with awonderfull| ficies apt to refleét Light fo min- hiftorte of a man who-could| gled. wind a fent as well as any beaft.\2, Concerning the difpofition of thofe bodies which produce white CHAP. XXVIII. or black colours, 13. Lhe former dottrine confirmed by eAriftotles authority,reafon, and experience. I. Of the fenfe of hearing : aud 4. How the diver ity of colours . that (ound is purely motion, do follow ont of various degrees 2. Of divers arts belonging tothe| of rarity and denfity. Senfe of hearing: all which con-|5. Why [ome bodies are diaphanous firm that found is nothing but| — ethers opacous. i " motion. 6. Lhe foruser dottrine of colours ; es The fame is confirmed by the| conxfirrzed by the gencration o effelts cauled by great neifes, white and black in bedies, 4. That folid bodies may convey CHAP. xxx the motion of the atre or found : ‘ : to the organe of hearing, Of luminous or apparent. colours. 5. Where the motion 1s tnterrup-\i1. Apparitions of colours throuch ted there is no found. a prifme or triangulay glaffe are, 6. That not onely the motion ofthe| of two forts. atre, but all other motions co-|2. The feverall parts of the objek& Of che fenfe of hearing, and of the fenfible quality, found. Pe i ee = SP ae ming to our ears make founds. make feverall angles at their 7- How one fenfe may fupply the\ » entrance into the prifme. ' want of another, 3. The reafon why fometimes the 8. Of one who could difcernfoxnds| fame objett appears through the of words with his eyes. pri[me intwoplaces: and in one 9. Divers reafons to preve found place more lively, inthe other te be nothing elfe but a motion| place more dimme. of fome reall body. 4. The reafon of the varions co- leurs that appear ix looking tho- C HAP, is Xi XIX, rough a prifme. Of fight and colours. §- The reafon why the prifme in one pofttion, may make the co- x, That colours are nothing but lours appear quite contrary te what Spee A Fable what they did, when it was in| another pojition. 6. The reafon of the various co- lours in generall, by pure light paffing through a prifme. 7. Upon what fide every colour ap- pears that is made by pure light paffing through a prifme. CHAP. XXXII. The caufes of certain appearances in luminous colours; with a con- clufion of the difcourfe touching the fenfes & the fenfible qualities 1. The reafon of each feverall co- lour in particular caufed by light paffing through a prifme. 2. A difficult probleme refolved touching the pri{me. 3. Of the rainbow,and how by the colour of any body, we may know the compofition of the body it elf 4. That all the fenfible qualities | are reall bodies re[ulting out of feverall mixtures of rarity and denfitie. 5. Why the fenfes are onely five in aumber: with a conclufion of all the former dettrine concerning them. CHAP, XXXII Of fenfation,or the motion where- by fenfe is properly exercifed. 1. Monfieur-des Cartes his opinion tauching fenfation. The Authors opinion touching’ fenfation, : nee 3. Keafons to perfwade the e4n- SDOKTS Opinion. 4. That vitall fpirits are the in- mediate inftruments of fen[ation by conveying fenfible qualities to the brain, 5- How found is conveyed to the brain by vitall {pirits, 6. How colours are conveyed tothe brain by vitall spirits. 7» Keafons againft Monfieur des artes hvs opinion. 8. That the [ymptomes of the pal- fie, do no way confirm Monfi- eur des Cartes his opinion, 92 That Mowfieur des (artes his opinton, cannot give a good ac- count, how things are conferved in the memory. CHAR 2 A rite Of Memory.. 1. How things are conferved in: the memory. 2. How things conferved in the memory are brought back into the phantafre. . of confirmation of the former dottrine. 4. How things renewed in the phantafie, return with the- fame circumffances that they had at firft. ; . How the memory of things past is loft, or confounded : and how Sts repaired again, GHAPS A Table; CHAP, XXXIV. not onely the objet it felf, but alfo that we have thou ht of 3 ent m SAS g of it Of voluntary motion, Naturall fa before, ities, and paffions. culties, pain 3. How the motions of the phantaq 1. Of what matter the brain is; fie, are derivedto the heart. compafed. 4. Of pain and pleafure. 2. What 4 voluntary motion, 5 Of Paffion, 3. What thofe powers are which| 6. Of feverall pulfes caufed by ave called naturall faculties, paffions. q. How the attrattive and fecre-|7. Of feverall other effetts caufed tive faculties work, naiurally in the body by paffions 5. Concerning the concottive fa-|8. Of the diaphragma, cultie. 9. Concerning parn and pleafure 6. Concerning the retentive and| caufed bythe memory of things expulive faculties. aft. 7. Concerning expulfion made by\10. How fo {mall bodies as atomes Phyfick, ave, can caufe [o great motions 9, How the brain ts moved to| inthe heart. work volantary motion. 11. How the vital fpirits feut 9. Why pleafing objetts do dilate| fromthe bra, do runne to the the (pirits, and difpleafing ones| intended part of the body with- ~ contrakk them. out miftake. 10. Concerning the five fenfes for| 12. How men are blinded by paffion what ufe and end they are. CHAP. XXXVI. CHAP. X&XV. Of fome actions of beafts,that feem Of the materiall inftrument of} to be formal! acts of reafon, as Knowledge and Paffion ; of the} doubting, refolving, inventing. feverall effects of Paffions; of| Pain and Pleafure ; and how | the vitall fpirits are fent from the brain into the intended parts | of the body, without miftaking | their way. | 1. The order and connexion of the fubfequent chapters. 2. From whence proceedeth the. doubting of beafts. 3. Concerning the invention ef foxes asd other beasts. 1. That Septum Lucidum és the m Of foxes that catch hens by ly- feat of the phanfre. | ing under their rooft,and by ga- 2. What canfeth us to remember, xing upon thenn 5° From A Table. 5. From whence proceeds the foxes invention to rid himfelf of fleas 6. An explication of two other in~ _ wentions of foxes. 7s Concerning Montagues argu-| went, to prove that dogs make fyllogi{mes. 9, Adeclaracion how fome tricks are performed by foxes, which feem to argue difcourfe. g. Of the Jaccatrays invention in calling beaftsto himfelf. 10. Of the Faccalls defigne in fer- ving the Lion. 11. Of (everall inventions of fifhes. 12. A difcovery of divers things done by hares,which (eem to ar- gue difcourfe. 13. Of a foxe reported to have weighed a goofe before he would venture with it over a river, and of fabulous ftories in common. 14. Of the feverall cryings tones of beafts: with a refutation of thofe authors who maintain the to have compleast languages. CHAP. XXxXvI. | Of tke docility of fome irrational! | animals, and of certain continu- ate actions of a long tract of | time fo orderly performed by them, that they feem to argue knowledge in them. 1. How hawkes and other crea- tures are taught to do what they are browght wp to. 2. -Of the Baboon that played on 4 guitarre, 3. Of the teaching of Elephantse other beafts todo divers tricks, 4. Of the orderly train of atlions performed by beafts in breeding their young ones, CHAP. XXXVIIi. Of prefcience of future events, pfo- videncies the knowing of things never feen beforesand fuch other actions, obferved in fome living creatures,which feem to beeven above the reafon that is in man himfelf. 1. VV hy beafts are affraid of men: 2. How fome qualities caufed at first by chance in beafts, may palfe by generation tothe whole offspring. 3. How the parents phantafie doth oftentimes work ftrange effetts in their iffue. 4. Of Antipathies. 5. Of Sympathies. 6. That the Antipathy of beafts towards one an other, may be taken away by alfuefattion. 7.Of longing marks [een in childré 8. Why divers men hate fome cer- tain meats, particularly cheefe 9. Concerning the providence of Ants in laying up in fiore for winter. 10. Concerning the foreknowing of beats. The conclufion of the firft Treatife. * a A Table fhewing what is contained in the feverall Chapters and Sections in this fecond Treati/e, Concerning MANS SOUL. GH APsik 10. 4 multitude of things may be united in mans underftanding without being mingled or con- founded together. 1. What is aright apprehenfion of|11. Of abjrratted and concrete athing. terms. 2. The very thingut (elf uw traly| 12. Of univer{all zotions. in his anderftanding,whoright-| 13. Of apprehending a multitude ly apprebendeth it. under one notion, . The apprehenfion of things co-\14. The power of the under ftanding ming unto us by our fenfes, are| reacheth as furre as the extent refolvable into other more fim-| of Being. ple apprehenfions. . The apprehenfion of a Being ws CHAPS: by the moft fimple and Batis of all) o¢ Thinking and Knowing. the reft. 2 . The apprebenfion of a thing w 1. How a judgement us made by in next degree tothat of Being, the understanding. and it is the Bafis of all the fab- 2. That two or more apprehenfions fequent ones. | are identified ix the foul by u- 6.The arprebenfion of thingsknown| miting themin the freck of being to us by our fenfes doth confift in 3. How the notions of a [ubftan- certain refpetts betwixt two tive and an adjettive,are united things. inthe foul by the common frock . Refpett or relation hath norre-| of Being. ally any formall being, but onely 4, That a fettled judgement be- inthe apprebenfion of man. | cometh apart of our foul. . That Exiftence or Being ts the 5. How the foul cometh to deem or proper affection of man:and that fettle a judgement. mans (oul is 4 comparing power. 6. How opinion ws begotten in the . Athing by coming into the nn- under ftauding. der(tanding of man, lofethno-\7. How faith w begotten inthe thing of its own peculiar nature. | anderftanding. +e 4 8. Why Es Preface. Of fimple Ap- prehenfions. A Table. ~ 8. Why truth ds the perfettion of a | CHAP. IY, PAeAGaD ie FOO” AUG RAE MA eet aan proceedeth ro ation. not found in finple apprehenfi- | ons as well as in Enuntiations, | 1. That humane aflions proceed 9. What ws 4folid judgement, and| fromtwo feverall prenciples,un-= what a flight exe, der Standing and fenfe. 10. What ts an acute judgement,|2. How our generall and inbred and what a dull one, maximes do concurre to humane ir. la what confifteth quickneffe| attion. and clearneffe of judgement:and| 3. That the rules and maximes af there oppofite vices, arts do work poftively in us, though we think not of them. CHAP. TIfL 4. How the under ftanding doth be caft about when it waurteth (uffi- OF Difcourfing. et grounds for attion, oe t. How difcourfe is made. 5. How reafou doth rule over 2, Of the figures and moods of {yl- lenfe and paffion, rape NM 5 HHO ia nee eur thoughts 3. That the life of man as man,| from diStrattions, doth confist in difcourfe, and of |7. How reafon is fometimes over- the vaft extent of it. come by fenfe and paffion. 4: Of humane attions, and of thofe| that concern our felves, OFA Po V: 5. Of humane attions as they con-| as * cee Containing proofs out of our fingle cern.our neighbours. 5 a 6. Of Logick, aprreicaons , that our foul is 7- Of Grammar. incorpereall. 8. Of Rhetorick. 1.T he connettion of the (ubfequent 9. Of Poetry. chapters with the precedent. 10. Of the power of [peakeng. 2. The exiffence of corporeall 11. Of arts that concern dumbe things inthe foul by the power and tnfenfible creatures. of apprehenfion, doth prove her 12, Of Arithmetick, to be immaterial. 13. Of Prudeuce.e 3- The notion of being, which is in- 14. Obfervations upon what hath|. nate inthe foul, deth provethe been faid in this chapter. fame. ; 4. The fame is proved by the noti- on of refpects. 5. Lhat A 5° T hat corpereall things are [pirz- tualized in the underftanding, by means of the fouls working 1 and by refpetts. 6. That the abftratting of notions from all particular and indivi- duall accidents, doth prove the immaterialitie of the foul. 7 That the univer{alitie of ab- ftratted notions do prove the fame. 8, That collettive apprehen(ioxs do prove the fame. 9. The operations of the foul draw- ing alwayes from multitude to | unitie, do prove rhe fame. lo, The difference betwixt the no- tion of athing in our under- ftanding and the imapre|fion that corre(pondeth to the fame thing in our phanfie, doth prove the fame. ii. The appreheufion of negations c& privations do prove the fame. CHAP. VI. Containing: proofs of our fouls o- perations in knowing or deeming any thing, that fhe is of a {piri- tuall nature. v.Themanner of judging or deem- ing by apprehending two things | to be sdentified, doth prove the foul to be immaterial. 2, The fame is proved by the man- Table. pofite to one another having xo. oppofition in the foul, doth prove the fame. 4. Thatthe firft truths are identi fied to the foul. 5.1 hat the-foul hath an infinite cas pacity » and confequently is im= material, 6. That the oppoltion ef contra- dittory propofitrons inthe fout doth prove her immaterialitie, 7. How propofitions of eternall truth, do prove the immateria- litie of the foul. ° CHAT. Vib Thar our difcourfing doth prove our foul to be incorporeall. 1.T hat in difcourfing the fonl con- taineth more in it at the [ame time then is in the phantajie, which proveth her to be imma-. tertall. 2.1 hat the nature of difcour{e doth prove the foul to be ordered to infinite knowledge, and confe- | quently immateriall, 3.7 hat the moft natural objects of the foul are immateriall,& con- fequently the foul her felf is {uch CRRA. VIEL Containing proofs outof our man- |. ner of proceeding to action, that | our foul is incorporeall. | ner-of apprehending oppopition in | 1. That the fouls being a.power a negative judgement. 3. That things in them{elves op- toorder things, proweth Wer to be immaterial. x * * 3 2. | A’ Table. -. 9: That the fouls being able to move without being moved,| doth prove her to be imma- teriall, 3. That the fouls proceeding to attion with an univerfality , and indifferency doth prove the [ame. That the quiet proceeding of reafon doth prove the fame. A coxclufion of what hath been [aid hitherto in this fe- cond Treattfe. C HAP. 1X, Thet our feyl is a Substance, and Tumortall, 9. The fame is proved from her manner of operation which is Lrounded in being. 10. Laftly, it w proved from the {ciense of Moralitie, the prin-~ ciples whereof would be defiray. ed, if the foul were wortall, GHAP: «x: Declaring what the foul of a man feparated from his body, is : and of her knowledge and manner of working, tr. That the foul ss one knowing att , which 4 fubftance, france. Simple a pure and nothing but {ub- 1. That Maus foul is a fubfpance.|2. That a Separated foul ss in no 2.. That man 1 compounded of fome other fubstance befides his beady. g- That the foul doth fubfist of st felf independently of the OAV. 4. Tine other arguments to prove the fame: one pofitive, the other negative. 5. Lhe fame is proved becaufe the foul caunot be ebnoxious to the caufe of mortality. 6. The fame is proved becanfe the foul hath xo contrary. The fame is proved from the end, for which the foul was created. FF fe place, and yer is not abfent from any place, 3- That a feparated foul is not in time, nor [ubjetl to it, 4. That the foul ts az atkive fab- ftance, and all in it ts attiy;- tie, §. A defcription of the foul. 6. That a feparated foulknoweth alithat which (he knew while ft fre was in her body, 7: That the leaft knowledge which the foul acguireth in her body of any one thing, doth caufe in her, when fhe is leparated from her body a complete knowledge of all things what [oever: 8. The fame is proved becaufe {he| 8: Axnanfwer te the objettions of can move without being moved, [ome Peripateticks, whe main- tain A ¥ables | rain the foul to perilh with the| 5. The frate of a vitions foulin body. 9. The former Peripateticks re- fated out of eAriftotle. 10. The operations of a feparated foul compared to her eperations in her body. 11. That 4 feparated foul ws ina " flate of pure being, aad confe- quently.szmmortall. CHAP. XL Shewing what effects the divers manners of living in this world do caufe ina foul, after fhe is fe- parated from her body. 1. That a feul inthe life is fub- jet to mutation, and may be perfetted im knowledge. . 2. That the knowledges which a foul getteth in this life , will make her knowledge in the wext life more perfect and firm. 3. That the fouls of men additted to ference whileft they lived here, are more perfett in the next world,then the fouls of an- learned mex. 4. That thofe fouls which em- brace virtue inthis world, will be moft perfect in the next; and thofe which embrace vice, miferable. the next life. 6. The fundamentall reafon why as well happineffe as mtfery is (0 exceffive in the next life. 7 The reafon why mans foul re. gnireth to be in a body, and to live for fome {pace of time Joyned with it. 8. That the mifery of the foul in the next world proceedeth out of inequality, and not out offalfity of her judgements. CHARS Sik Of the perfeverance of a foul, in the ftate fhe findeth her felfin, ac her firft feparation'from herbody 1. The-explication, and proof of that maxime, that, Vf the caule be in aét,the effect muft alfo be. 2. The effects of all [uch agents as work inStantaneoufly, are com- plete inthe firft instant that the agents are pur. 3. eA pure {pirits do work in- ftantaneox fly. 4. That afoul feparated from her body, cannot fuffer. any change after the firft infant of her fe- paration. moft\ 5. That temporall finnes are justly. punthed with eternal! pains. The Conclufion.. THE FIRST TREATISE | DECLARING THE NATURE AND OPERATION OF BODIES. CHA Bika A Preamble tothe whole difcourfe : Concerning Notions in generall, AN delivering any Science, the cleareft and Z {moothef. methode, and moft agreeable to na- 277, cure; is to begin with the confidetation of thofe things that are moft. couimon and obvious; and yy by the diffection of them to defcend by orderly a2 deorees and {teps (as they lie in the way ) unto che examination of the moft particularand xremete ones. Now in our prefentintended furvey of a Bodie, the firkt thing which occurreth to our fenfe in the perufall of its is ics Quantitie, bulk, or magnitude:and this feemeth by all mankind to be con+ ceived fo infeparable from a body, as when a man woulddi~ ftinguith a corporeall fubftance from a fpirituall one ( which is accounted indivifible) he naturally pitcheth upon an apprehen- fion of its having bulk, and being folid, tangible, and apt to make imprefsion upon our outward fenfea; according to that expreffion of Lucretius, who {tudying Nature ina familiar and ‘rationall manner telleth us, Tangere enim @& tangi,nifi corpus nuila poteft res: And therefore in our inquiry of Bodies , we will obferve that plain methode which Nature ceacheth us, and will begin withexamining, What Quantity as, as being wae i Be Quannzie is the farft and moft obvious affe&i-= on of a Bodye MoS Hi Ra Rape ey cos OI ci 2. Wards dorot expreffe things as they are in themfelves, bur onely as they are painted in the minds of men, part, fuch as think they {pin the fi _areframed as many feverall diftin@ formal] co 2. The &f errour that may arife from henc ¢3 A Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 1. firtt and primary affeGion; and. that which maker! we treat of, be what we intend to fignifie by the na But becaufe there is a great variety of apprehentions framed: by learned men of the nature of Quantity (though indeed no- thing can be more plain and fimple then jt is in it felf ) I con- ceive it will not be amiffe, before we ‘enter intothe explication of it, to eonfider how the my fterie of difcourfing and exprefsing our thoughts to one another by words Ca prerogative belong. ing onely to man )is ordered and governed among us ;. that fo we may avoid thofe rocks , «which many and for the snoft neft thrids,-do fuffer fhip- irfes. The moft dangerous 1 the things me of Body. : wrack againft in their fubcilett difcor of all which, affuredly is when they confound the rue and reall natures of things, wich the conceptions they frame of them jn their own minds. By which fundamental! mifcarriage of their reafoning , they fall into great errours and abfurdities - and whatfoever they build upon fo- ruinous a foundation, proveth but ufeleffe cobwebs or prodigious Chyméias, It is true, words ferve to exprefle things; buc if y ou obferve the matter well, you will perceive they do fo, onely according to the pictures we make of them in our ow n thoughts, and nor according as the things are in their proper natutes. Which is very reafonable it fhould be fo, fince the foul, that giveth the names, hath nothing of the things in her but thefe notions : and knoweth not the things otherwife then by thefe notions ; and therefore cannot give other names but fuch as mut fionifie the thing$ by me- diation of thefe notions. Inthe things, all that belongeth uns to them is comprifed under ‘one entire Entity : but in ‘us, there Neeptions, as that one thing fheweth it {elf unto us with different faces. Every one of which conceptions feemeth to have for its ob- ject a diftingt thing, becaule the conception it felf is asemuch fe- vered and diftinguithed from another conception or image, . ; i ; foe } . ‘ % arifing out of the very fame thing that begor this, as it can be from any image pained in the underitanding by an abfolutely other thing. Ic will not be amiffe to iluftrate this matter by fome fami- liar example. Imagine ] have an apple in my hand: the me fruit workech different effets upon my feverall fenfes + my eye tellect Chap. 1. A Treatife of BODIES. tellech me it is green or red: my.nofe that ic hath a mellow fent: my tafte that it is fweet, and my hand that it is cold and weigh- tie. My fenfes thus affected, fend meflengers to my phancafie wich news of the difcoveries they have made: and there, all of thent make feverall and diftinct pictures of what entereth by their doors, So that my Reafon ( which: difcourfech upon what it findeth in my phantafie ) can confider greenneffe by it felf, or mellownefle, or fweetnefle, or coldneffe, or any other quality whatfoever , fingly and alone by it felf, without relation to any other that is painted in me by the fame apple: in which. none of thefe have any diftinction at.all; but are one and the fame {ubftance of the apple, that maketh various and different impreffions upon me, according to the various difpo- fitions of my feverall fenfes: as hereafcer we fhall explicate at large. Butin my mind, every one of thele notions is ‘a di- tinct picture by it felf; and is as much fevered from any of the reft arifing from the fame apple, as it would be from any imprefsion or image made in me, by a ftone or any o- ther fubftance whatfoever, that being entire in it felf and cir- cumferibed within its own circle; is abfolutely: fequeftred from any communication with the ethers {fo that) what is but one entire thing init’ felf, feemeth to be manyrdiftina things in my under{tanding : whereby, if 1 be not very cautious, and in a manner wreftle with ‘the bent and inclination of my un- derftanding ( which is apt to referre the diftinct and: com- plete ftamp. ic findeth within it felf, unto: a diftin& and complete originall character in the thing ) I fhall be in dan- ger before I am aware to give actuall Beings to the quanti- ty, figure, colour, fmell, taft, and other accidents of the ap-= ple, each of them diftin€t:ione. from another , as alfo from the fubftance which they clothe; becaufe I find the notions of them really diftinguished ( asif they were different Entities ) in my mind. And from thence I. may inferre, there is no contradiction in nature to have the accidents really fevered from.one another, andto have them aftually fubfift without their fubftance:: and fuch other miftaken {ubtilties, which arife out of our unwary conceiting that things are in their own na- tures afierthe fame fafhion as we confider them in our under- ftanding. A 2 And 3 which is a mul * tiplyingoF things, where no fuch multe plication ts res ally founds. A fecond er- roursthe con- ctiving of many difting things, as really one thing. et Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 17 And this cotirfe of the minds difguifing and changing the impreffions it receiveth from outward objects, into appearances quite differing from what the thingsate in their own reall nas tures ; may be obferved nor onely in multiplying Entities where in nrath there is but ones but alfo in a contrary mans ner, by comprifing: fewerall difting things under one fingle notion ; which if afterwards it be reflected back upon. the things themfélves , is the oceafion of exeeediug great errours, and entanglethi one in umfuperable difficulties. As for exam- ple: Lookingupon feverall cubes or deyes; whereof one is of gold; another of :lead.. athird of ivory, a fourch of wood, a fifth of glaffe; and whar other matter you pleale; atl thee {e- Verall! things agree together in my under{tanding, amd are there compreliended under one ‘fingle notion of a cube; which ( like @ painrerthar were: to define thent onely im black and white) maketh-ome-figure that reprefenteth them-all. Now if jemoving my confsderation frony this impreffior: which the fe- verall cubes make in my underftanding, unto the cubes them- felves, F fhall unwarily fufter my felf co pim this ome. notion upon évery ene of them, and. accordingly conceive it tobe re= ally in chem; iv will of neceffity fall out by this: mifapplying of my: incelleCtuall notion to the reall things, thac I mutt allow Exfiftence toother entities, which never had nor can have any Ha nature, Fromthis conception ; Plato’s Idea’s had their births for he finding in his underftanding one univerfall notion that agreed exactly to every individuall of ithe fame fpécies of fobfance, which imprinted that notion in him 5 and conceiving chat. the picture of any thing muft havean exact correfpondence with the thing it reprefentech ; and: not confidering that this was but an imperfect picture of the individual that madeic? he did thence conceive, there was actually in every individual fub- ftance one univerfall Nawure running through all of that fpecies, which madethem be what they were: And then confidering that corporeity, quantity, aid other accidents of matter; could not agree With this univertall fubfi@tent Nature; he denied all thofe of icsandi{o,-abftracting from all marertahicy in his Idears, and:siving them a reall 8& astuall fubfiftence in nature, Ae made them like Angels, whofe eflences and formall reafons were to be the Chapr. ef Trestifeof BODIES. 5 ‘the Effence and to give Exfiftence unto corporeall individuals: and fo each Idea was embodied in every individuall of its {pecies. Unto which opinion ( and upon the fame grounds ) Averroes did lean, in the particular of mens fouls. Likewife Scotus finding in his underftanding an univerfa]l notion fpringing from the impreffion that individuals make in it,will have alike univerfall in the thing ir felf, fo determining uni-= verfals (to ufe his own language and terms) to be 4 parte re#; and expreffing the diftinction they have fromthe reft of the thing, by the terms of attu formaliter, fed non realiter : and thereby maketh every individuall comprife an univerfall fub- fiftent naturein it. Which inconvenience other modern Phi- lofophers feeking to avoid, will not allow thefe univerfalls a reall and a@tuall fubfiftence; but will lend them onely a fifi- tious Being, fo making them as they call them Evtia rationis. But herein again they fuffer themfelyes to be carried down the ftream before they are aware by the underitanding ( which is apt to pin upon the objects, the notions it findeth within ic felf refulting from them ).and do confider an unity in the things which indeed is onely in the underftanding. Therefore one of our greateft cares in the guidance of our : difcourfe, and a continuall and fedulous caution therein,ought Great care to to be ufed in this’ particular, where every errour is a funda- ones mentall one, and leadeth into inextricable labyrinths, and wile may arife RK : rom our.man-= where that which is all our level to keep us upright and even ner of under- ( our underftanding ) is fo apt, by reafon of its own nature fianding things. and manner of operation, to make us flide into miftaking and errour. And to fumme up in fhort what this difconrfe aimeth at, we muft narrowly takeheed , left reflecting upon the no- tions we have in our mind, we afterwards pin thofe aiery fu- perftruétures upon the materiall things themfelyes, that be- got them; or frame anew conception of the nature of any thing by the negotiation of our underftanding, upon thofe impreffions which it felf maketh in us: whereas we fhould acquiefce and be content with that naturall and plain notion, which {pringeth immediately and primarily from the thing it felfswhich when we do not,the more we feem to excell in fub- tilty, the further we go from: reality and truth;likean arrow, which being wrong levelled at hand,falleth wideft when fhot in the ftrongeft bow. A 3 Now 6. Two forts of words to €x- A Tremife of BODIES. Chap. x, Now to.come to another point that maketh to our pre- fent purpofe. We may obferve there are two forts of lan= preffe our noti- Quage to exprefle our notions by : The one belongeth in ges ons 3 the one common ro al , nerall to all mankind, and the fimpleft perfon, thatcan but men, the other apprehend and {peak fenfe, is as much judge of it as the proper to {cholars. greateftDostourin the fchools:and in this, the words ext preflethe things properly and plainly, according to the na- turalliconceptions thatall people agree in making of them. The other fort of language is circled in with narrower bounds ; and as underftood onely-by thefe that ina partic cular.andsexpreffe manner have been trained up unto it ; and many of the words which are proper to it have been, by the authours of it.tranflated and wrefted from the generall con- ceptions of thie fame words, by fome metaphore, or fimilitude, or allufion, to ferve their private turns, Without the firft manner of expreffing our notions, mankind could not live in fociety together, and converfe with one another : whereas; theother hath mo further extent, chen among {uch perfons as have agreed together to explicate and defigne among thein- felves particular notions peculiar to their arts and affairs. Ofthe fir kind, arerhofe tenne generall heads, which Ariftorlecalleth Predicaments : under which he( who was the moft yudicious orderer of notions, and direStour of mens conceptions that ever lived ) hath comprifed whatfoever hath, or.can have, a being in nature, For when any object eccurreth to our thoughts, we either confider the efentiall and fimdamenrall Being of it ;.or we referre it to fome {pecies of Quantities orwe difcover fome qualities in it ; or we'per- ecive that it:doeth, orthat ic fuffereth fomething ; or we con- ceive it in fome dererminate place, or time, and the like. Of all which, every man diving chat:enjoyeth but the wife of rea fon findeth naturally within biméelf atthe very 'firft naming of chem, a'plain, complete. and fatisfying notion; which 4s the fame without any the Jeaft variation, in alll mankind ; unleffeir'be a fuch, .as have induftruoufly, and by foree, and with much labour, perplexed and depraved thof primary and fincere impreffions, which mature shad freely made in them.” Ofshe fecond fort, are the particular words of art by which Chap. 1. ATrewife of BODIES, - 9 which learned mem ufe. to exprefle what they mean. in Scien~ ces ; and the names, of inftruments, and of fuchthings as bes long to trades, and the like: as a fine, a tangent, an epicycle, adeferent, an.axe, atrowell, and fuch others ; the intelli- gence of which belongeth notto the generality of man- kinds bur .enely to Geometricians , Aftronomers » Car- penters, _Mafons, and fuch perfons as converfe familiarly and frequently: with thofehings. To learmthe true fignift- cation of {uch words, we muft confule with thofe thas:have. the knowledge and practife of them: as in like manner; to underftand the other kind of plain language, we muft ob- ferve how the words that compofe it are apprehended, uled, and applied by mankind in generall;and not receive into this examination the wrefted or Metaphoricall fenfes of any learned men, who. feek oftentimes ( beyond: any ground-in nature ) to frame a general notion that may comprehendialh the particular ones, which in any fenfe,, proper or umproper; may arife out of the ule of one word. And this is the caufe of great erroursiin difcourfe; fo great 7: and important, as Icannot too much inculeate the caution ara requifice to the avoyding of this rock. Whielvthat iemay be fing words the begter apprehended, I will inftance: in one example of 2 chettion ee moft plain and eafie conception wherein alk masmkind matu~ ning to exprefle rally agreeth, how. che wrelting it from its’ proper, genuine; Jac or: feudied and original fignification, leadeth one into ftrange abfurdi- "vom ties; and yet they pafle for fabtill fpeculations. The notion of being-in a place; is naturadly:the fame: in all mem living : ask any fimple.artifan » Where fuchia mam, fuch a houfe,fuch a.tree, or fuch a thing is ; and he willan{fwer you inthe very fame manner asthe learnedeft Philofopher would do: he wilk tell you, the man you ask: for; is in fuch.a church, fatting in fuch a piew, andin-fuch a.corer of it; that the houfe you inquire after, is in fucha ftreet, and nextto fuch two build- ings on each fide of it that the tree you would find out; is in fuch a foreft, upon fuch a hill, near fuch.a fountain, and by fuch a buth ; that the wine you-would drink of, is in fuch a cellar, in fuch a part of it, andin fuch a cask. In conclufion, no man living that {peaketh naturally and freely out of the notion he findeth clearly in his underftanding, will give you ven A 4 other 4Treatiiof BODIES. Chap. r. other anfwer to the queftion of, where a thing is, then fuch a oneas plainly exprefleth his conceit of being in place, to be no other, then a bodies being environed and inclofed by fome one, or feverall others that are immediate unto it; as the place of aliquour; isthe veffell that containeth it; and the place ofthe veffell, is fucha parc of the chamber or houfe that it refteth upon; tooether with the ambient aire s which hathafhare in making up. the places of moft things. And this being the anfwer, that every man whatloever will readi- ly give to this queftion ; and every asker being fully fatisfied with it; we may fafely conclude, That all their notions and ‘conceptions of being ina place, are the fame: and con quenly, that it is the naturall and true one. | But then fome others, confidering that fuch conditions as thefe will not agree unto other things, which they likewife conceit to bein a place ( for they receive it as an axi- ome from their fenfe, that whatfover is, muft be fomewhere, and whatfoever is no where, is not at all) they fall to cafting about how they may frame fome common notion to compre- hend all the feverall kinds of being in place, which they imagine in the things they difcourfe of. If there were no~ thing’ but bodies to be ranked by them in the Predicament of Place, then that defcription I have already fer down would be allowed by them, as fufficient.* But fince that fpirits and fpiritvall things (as Angels, rationall fouls, verities, {Cien- cies, arts, and che like ) havea being in nature ; and yer will not be comprifed in fuch a kind of place as a body is contain- ed in ; they rack their thoughts to {peculate out fome com- men notion of being in place, which may be common to thefe, aswell as to bodies: like a common accidenta to diverfe fubje%s. And {0 in the end, Entity, which they call an 44%: and they conceit the nature and formal] reafon of that to be, the ranking of any thing in a place. when that Entity is thereunto affixed. And then they have no further difficulty, in fettling an Angell, or any pure {pirit, or immateriall effence, in a plece as properly, andas completely, as if ic were a corporeal fubftance. It is but affigning an Ubi to fuch a fpirit, and he is prefently riveted to what place you pleafe: and by multiplying the Ubies, any fe- erecing : D 5 they pitch upon an Chap. 2. ef Treatdfe of BODIBS. any individual body unto which they are affigned, is at the {ame inftant in as many diftant places, as they alloc it different Lbies : and ifthey affigne the fame Ubi cto feverall bodies, fo many feverall ones as they affigne it unto will be in one and the fame place: and not onely many bodies in one place, but even a whole bodie in an indivifible. by a kind of Ubi that hath a power to re(ume all the extended parts and inclofe them in a point of place. All which prodigious conceits and impoffibili- ties in nature do {pring out of their miftakein framing Meta- hyGicall and. abftracted conceptions , infteed of contenting themfelves with thofe plain. eafie, and primary notions, which nature ftampeth alike in all. men of common {enfe, and un- derftanding. As who defireth to be further inftructed in this particular, may percetves if he take the pains to look over what M. White hath difcourfed of Place,in the firft of his Dia. logues De Mundo. Unto which beok I fhall from time to time ( according as I fhall have occafion ) referre my Reader in thofe fubjeéts the Authour taketh upon him to prove ; being confident that his Metaphyfieall demonftrations there, are as firm as any Mathematical ones (for Metaphyficall demon- trations havein themfelves as much firmneffe, certainty and evidencie as they ) and fo will appear as evident as they, unto whofoever fhall underftand them th roughly, and fhall frame right coneeptions of them : which ( how plain foever they feem to be ) is not the work of every pretender to learning. GHA-P. Ate Of Quantitie. A Mong thofe primary. affections which occurre in the per- ufall of a body, Quantitie (asl have obferved in the precedent chapter ) is one; and inamanner the firft and the root ofall the. reft. Therefore ( according to the caution we have been {0 prolix.in giving, becaufe itis of fo main impor- tance ) ifwe aim at right underftanding the true nature of it, we muff examine, what apprehenfion all kinds of people ( that is, mankind in generall ) maketh of it. By which proceeding, we do not make the ignorant multitude judge of that learning which groweth out of the confideration of Quantitie: but one- ly I. We mutt knew the vulgar and common noti- on of Quantitie thar we may underftand the nature of ic. A Treatife of BO DIES. ‘Chap, 2, ty ofthe natural notion which fervethy learned men for a bafis and foundation to build {cientificall fuperftructures upon, For although fciencies be the works and ftruGtures of the under- {tanding governed and levelled by the wary and. ftrié& rules of moft ingenuouws artificers, yet the gtound upon which they are raifed, are fuch plain notions of things; as naturally and with» out any art, do prefent themfelves to every mans apprehenfion: without which for matter to. work upon, thofe artificiall refle- Ctions would! leave the underftanding as unfatisfied, as.a cook would the appetite by a difh upon which he fhould have exerc i- fed all his are if dtefline it, but whofe fir fubRance were not 2. Extenfion or divifbility is * the common mo‘ion cf Quan= tity. meat of folid nucriment : itis the courfe market that mu deli« ver him plain materialls toemploy his cunning upon : And in Tike manner, ie is the indifciplined multitude thac muf fur- nif. learned men with naturall apprehenfions and. notions to exercife their wits about » which when they have , they may ufe and order and’ refle% upon chem as they pleafe : burt they mutt fir receive them in that plain and naked form, as mankind in generall piétureth them out in their imaginas tions. And therefore the firft work of {cholars is to learn of the people, Oven penes, arbitriume PO jus & norma loquendis what is the true meaning and fisnification of thele primary names, and whacnotions they beget in the generalityof man- kind of the things they defigne, Of the common people then we mutt enquire What Quantity is: and wefhall foon be in- formed, if we but confider what ‘antwer any fenfible man will make upon the fudden to.a.queftion whereof that is the fubject: for {uch unftudied replies expreffe fincerely the plain and na- tural! conceptions which they that make them have of the things they {peak of. And this of Quantity is the plaineft and the firft that nature printeth in us, of all the things we fee, feel, and converfe withalls and that mutt ferve for a ground un- toall our other inquiries and refleStions + for which caufe we muft be fure not to receive it wrelted or difguifed from its own nature. If then any one be asked, What Quantitie there is in fuch a thing, or how grearit is ; he will prefently in bis underftand= ing compare it with fome other thing ( equally known by both patties ) Chap. 2. <4 Trtatifeof BODIES. parties ) that may ferve fora meafure-unto it; and then anfwer, That it is as big as ic, or twice as big, or not half fo big, or the like: in fine, that itis bigger or lefler then anorher thing, or equall to it. Icis of main importance to have this point throughly and clearly underftood; therefore it wall not be amifle.to turn it and view ic adicle more particularly. If you ask what quantity there is of duch a parcellof cloth, how much wood in lucha piece of timber, how much gold in fuch an ingot, how much wine in fuch.a veflel, how much time was.taken up in fuchan action2he that is to give you.aaaccount of them meafureth hem by ells. by feet, by inches, by pounds, by ounces, by galions, by pints, by dayes, by houres, and che like; .and then relleth you, how many ot thofe parts are in the whole rhat you enquire of. Which an{wer, every man living will at the inftant, withour ftudy, make co this.queftion; and with itsevery man thar fhall ask will be filly appayed and fatisfied: {0 that it is moft evi- dent, it fully exprefferh che notions.of them borh, and of all gnankind. in chis particular. . Wherefore, when we confider that Quantity is norhing elfe, but the extenGon of a thing; and thar rhis extenfion:is exprefled *~by-a de-erminate number of lefler exrenfions of the faine nature; (which leffer ones, are fooner.and more eafily apprehended then greater: becaufe we are firft acquainted and converfant swith {uch and our underftanding gra{peth, weighethb and dif- cerneth fuch more fteadily ; and maketh ap exacter judgement of them ) and that fuch lefler ones are in the greater which they gmeafure, as parts ina wholes and that.che whole by compre- hending thofe parts, is a. mere capacity to be divided into them; we conclude, That Quantity or Bigneffe.is nothing elfe but divi- fibility ;andithat a thing is big, by having a capacity to be di- vided, or { which is the fame }to haye parts made of ir. This-is yer more evident (if more may. be)in Difcrete Quan- tity ( that 1s, in wember ) then in continued Quantity, ot ¢x- tenfion. For if we 'confider any number whatloever, we fhall “find the-effence of ic confiftech in acapacity of being refolved and divided into fo many unities,as are contained in it; which are the parts of it, And this {pecies of Quantity being fimpler then the other, ferveth fora sule-to determine it by ; as we may obferve tr 12 A Treaife of BODIES. Chap. 2. obferve in the familiar anfwers to queftions of continued Quan- tity, which exprefle by number the content of it : as when one delivereth the Quantity of a piece of ground, by fucha number of furlongs, acres, perches, or the like. a But we muft take heed of conceiving, that thofe parts, which Parts of Quan- we confider to difcern the nature of Quantity, are actually and adually in their Telly in the whole of any continued one that containeth them. whole, Ells, feet, inches, are no more reall Entities in the who/e that is meafured by them, and that maketh impreffions of fuch notions in our underftanding ; then in our former example, colour, fi- gure, mellownefle, taft, and the like,are feverall fubftances inthe apple that affecteth our feyerall fenfés with fuch various impref fions. Itis but one whole, that may indeed be cut into fo many feverall parts: but thofe parts are not really there, till by divi- ‘ -fion they are parcelled out : and then, the who/é ( out of which they are made ) ceafeth to be any longer : and the parts fucceed in lieu of it; and are every one of them a new whole, This truth is evident out of the very definition we have ga- thered of Quantity. For fince it is dive/bility (that is, a bare capacity to divifion ) it followeth, that it is not yet divided: and confequently, that thofe parts are not yet in it, which may be made of it; for divifion, is the making two or more things of one. 4. But becaufe this is a very great controverfie in {chools, and fo oe vee; UMportant to be determined and fettled, as without doing fo, we whole, Quan- hall be lyable to main errours in fearching the nature and ope- eer rations of bodies; and that the whole progreffe of our difcourfe, indivifibles. will be uncertain and wavering, if this principle and foundation be not firmly laid ; we muft apply our felves,to bring fome more particular and immediate proof of the yerity of this affer- tion. Which we will do, by fhewing the inconvenience; impof- fibility and contradiction , that the admiccance of the other Jeadeth unto. For if we allow actuall parts to be diftinguifhed in Quantity, it will follow that it is compofed of points or in- divifibles, which we fhall prove to be impoffible. | The firft will appear thus: if Quantity were divided into all the parts into which it is divifible, ic would be divided into in- divifibles (‘for nothing divifible, and not divided , would re- main in it) but it is diftinguifhed into the fame parts,into which it ST = ss — —— —— — Chap. 2. A Treatife of BODIES. | 13 ir would be divided , if it were divided into all thé parts into which it is divifble; therefore ic is diftinguifhed into indiviG- bles. The major propofition is evident to any man that hath eyes of underftanding. The minor, is the confeffion or rather the pofition of the adverfarys when he faich that all its parts are actually diftinguifhed, The confequence cannot be calumniated, finee that imdivifibles, whether they be fepdrated or joyned, are ftill but indivifibles; though that which is compoféd of them be divifible. Ye muft then be granted that all the parts which are in Quantity, are indiviftbles; which parts being a-tually init, and the whole being compofed of thefe parts onelys it followeth,that Quantity is compoféd and made of indivifibles. Ifany fhould cavill at the {uppofitions and fay, we ftreteh it further then they imtend ie, by taking 4 the parts to be diftins guithed; whereas they mean onely that there are parts actually in Quantity, abftracting from ai: by reafon chat a4, in this matter, would inferre an infinity , which to be actually in any created thing, they will allow so be impofhible. Our anfwer will be, to feprefent unico them how this is barely faid, without any groutid or colour of reafon, merely to evade the incofvenience that che argument drivethi them unto. For ifany parts be actu ally diftinguithed , why fhould not-all be fo? What prerogative have fore that the others have mot? And how eatne they by it? Ifthey have their a€tuall diftinétion out of their nature of being parts, then all muft enjoy ic alike, and all be equally di- flinguifhed, as the fuppofiuon goeth : and they muft all be m= divifibles'as we have proved. Befides to prevent the cavill upon the word al, we may change the expreffion of the Propofition into a negative: for if they admit ( as they do )thatthere is no part in Quantity, buvis diftinguifhed as fasreasit may be di- fin gwithed, then the fame conelufion followeth. witlr no leffe evidence; and’ all will prove indiviftbles, as before. But it is impoffible chat indivifibles fhould make Quantity; i for if they fhould, ic muft be done either by a finite and deter= Quantity can _ thinate number, or byan infinite multitude of them. If you fay pited of LAE by a finite; let us take ( for example ) three indivifibles, and by vifibles. adding them together’, let us fuppofe a line to be compofed; whofe extent being onely longitude, it is the firft and fimplieft fpecies of Quantity, and therefore whatloever is divifible’ into parts, me Treatife ef BODIES. Chap. 2. parts, muft be at the leaft a line. This line chus made, cannot be conceived to be divided into. more parts then into three ; fince doing fo you reduce it into the indivifibles that compofed it. But Euclide hath demonttratively proved beyond all cavill (in the tenth propofition of his fixth book of Elements ) that any line whatfoever may be divided into whatfoever number of ~ parts; fo that if this bea line, it muft be divifible into a hundred or a thoufand, or a million of parts : which being impoffible in aline, that being divided into three parts onely, every one of thofe three is incapable of further divifion : it is evident, that neither a line, nor any Quantity whatfoever, is compofed or made of a determinate numbez of indivifibles. And fince that this capacity of being divifible into infinite parts, is a property belonging to all extenfion ( for Euclides de- montftration is univerfall ) we muft needs confeffe that it is the nature of indivifibles, when they are joyned together, to be drowned in one-another, for otherwife there would refult a kind of extenfion out of them, which would not have that pro- perty; contrary to what Euclide hath demonftrated. And from hence it followeth that Quantity cannot be compofed of an in- finite multitude of {uch indivifibles; for if this be the nature of indivifibles, though-you put never fo great a number of them together, they will {till drown themfelves all in one indivifible point. For what differencecan their being infinire, bring to them, of fuch force as to deftroy their'eflence and property ? If you but confider how theeffentiall compofition of ‘any multi- tude whatfoever, is made by the contifuall addition of unities, till chat number arife; it is evident in our cafe that the infinity of indivifibles muft alfo arife, out of the continued addition of {till ole indivifible to the indivifibles prefiippofed: then let us apprehend a finite number of indivifibles, which ( according as we have preved ) do make no extenfion, bur are all of them drowned in the firft; and obferying how the progreffe unto an infinite multitude, goeth on by the fteps of one and one, added ftill to this prefuppofed number ; we fhal!l fee that every in- divifible added, and confequently the whole infinity, will be drowned.in the firft number , as that was in the firft indiyi- fible. Which will be yet plainer, if we confider that the nature of extenfion Chap. 2. A Treuife of BODIES. extenfion requirech that one part be notin the fame place, where the other is: then if this extenfion be compofed of indi= vifibles, let us take two points of place in which this extenfion is, and inquire wheter the indivifibles that are in each one of thefe points, be finite or infinite. If it be anfwered that they are Ginite, then the finite indivifibles in thefe two points make an extenfion ; which we have proved impoffible. But if they be faid to be infinite - then infinite indivifibles are drowned in one poinr, and confequently have not the force to make extenfion. Thusthen it remaineth firinly eftablithed, That Ouanciry: ts not compofedof indivifibles ( neither finite, nor infinite ones ) and coniequentlys That parts are not attually in it. Yet before we leave this point, although we have already been fomewhat long about it, I conceive it will not be tedious, if we be yet a little longer, and bend our difcourfe to remove a difficulty that even Senfe it felf feemeth to obje& unto us. For doth not our eye evidently inform us, there are fingers, hands, arms, legs, feet, toes and variety of othec parts in a mans bo- dy? Thefe are actually in him, and feem to be diftinct things in him, fo evidently»that we cannot perfwaded, but that we fee, and feel the diftinétion between them ; for every one of them hath a particular power of actuall working and doing what belongeth unto its nature to do: each finger is really there; the hand is different from the foot; the leg from the arm; and fo of the reft. Are not thefe parts then actually and really in a mans body ? And is not each of them as really diftinguifhed frem any other ? This appeareth at the firft fight to be an infuperable objecti- on, becaufe of the confirmation and evidence that fenfe feemeth to give it. But looking nearly into the matter, we fhall find that the difficulty arifeth not from what fenfe informeth us of; but from our wrong applying the conditions of our notions un- tothe things that make impretfions upon our fenfe. Sentfe judgeth not which is a finger, which is a hand, or whichis a foot. The notions agreeing to thefe words, as well as the words themfelves, are productions of the underftanding + which con- fidering feverall impreffions made upon the fenfe by the fame thing as it hath a virtue and power to feverall operations, frax meth feverall notions of it: as in our former example, it doth of 15 6- An obje@ion to prove that parts are a@tue ally in Quanti- ty 5 with a de- claratzon of the miftzke from whence it pro- ceedeth. e The folution of the former ob- jection: and thar Senfe can- nat difcern wherher one part be diftin- guifhed from another, or ne. A Treatife of BO DIES. Chap. 2, ‘of colour, figure, taft,and the like, in an apple. For as thefe are not diflereat bodies or fubftances, diftinguifhed one from ano- thers but are the fame one entire thing, workidig feverally upon the fenfes, and that accordingly, maketh thele different pictures in the mind; which are there as much diftinguifhed, as if they were pictures of different fubftances. So, the parts which are confidered in Quantity, are not divers things : but are onely a virtue or power to be divers things : which virtue, making {e- verall impreffions upon the fenfes, occafoneth feyerall notions in the sunderftanding; and the underftanding is fo much the more prone to conceive thofe parts as diftiné& things, by how much Quantity is nearer to be diftin& things; then the qualities of the apple are. For Quantity, is a poffibilicy to be made di-+ {tinct things by divifion; whereas the others, are but a virtue to do diftin& things, And yet (as we have touched above) nothing can be more manifeft, then that if Quantity be divifi- bility ( which is a poffibilicy, that many things may be made of it ) thefe parts are not yet divers things. So thar, if ( for exam- ple) a rod be laid before us, and half of it be hid from our fight, and the other half appear; it is not one.part or thing that fheweth it felf, and another part or thing that doth not thew it felf; but it is the fame rod or thing, which fheweth it felf ac- cording to the poflibility of being one new thing, but doth not fhew it felf according to the poflibilicy of being the: other of the two things it may be made by divifion. Which example if it be well confidered will. make ig much more eafily fink into us, that a hand, or eye, or foot, isnot a diftin& thing by itfelfs but that ic is the man, according as he bath a ‘certain virtue or power in him to diftinct operations, For if you {ever any of thefe parts from the whole body; the hand can no more hold; nor the eye fee ; nor the foot walk ; which are the powers that eflentially conftitute them co be what they are: and therefore they are no longer a hand, an eye, ora foot. Now then to come to the objection ; let tis examine how farre Senfe may be allowed to be judge in this difficulty:and we fhall find, thar Senfe cannot determine any one part ina body; for if ic could, it would precifely tell, where that part beginneth or endeth: burit being agreed upon,that it beginneth and endeth in indivifiblessit is-certain,that Senfe cannot determine of them, If Chap. 2. A Treaue of BODIES. If then fenfe cahnot determine any one part, how thal it fe that it is diftinguithed from all other parts? Again; confidering that all that whereof fenfe is capableis divifible, ic ftill rellerh us, that in all it feeth, there are more parts then one: and there- fore it cannot difcern, nor informus of any that is one alones nor knoweth what itis tobe one; for it never could difcern ic : but what is many, is. many eves and cannot be known, by that,which knoweth not, what it isto be one: and confequent= ly fenfe cannot tell us, that there are many. Wherefore it is evident, that we may not rely upon fenfe for this queftion, And as fer reafon, fhe hath already given her verdict. So that nothing remaineth but to fhew, why we talk as we do; in ordinary difcourfe, of many parts: and that what we fay in that kind, is true,notwith{tanding the unity of rhe thing. Which will appear plainly, if we confider that our underftand- ing hath a cuftome for the better difcerning of things, to im- pofe upon a thing as it is under one notion, the exelufion of it felfas it is under other notions, And this is evident unto all fchollars, when the matk of exclufion is expreffely put: as when they {peak of a white thing, addiag the reduplication, as st ts white : which excludeth all other confiderations of thac thing befides the whiteneffe of it : but whenit cometh under fome particular name of the thing, it may deceive thofe that are not cunning:though indeed, moft men difcover it in {uch names as we call abftracted ; as humanity, animalicy, and the like. But it eafily deceivech when it cometh in concrete names ; as it dothin the name of Part in generall, or in the names of parti- cular parts ; as.a hand, an eye, an inch, an elle, and others of the like nature: for as you fee thata part excludeth both the notion of the whole, and of the remaining parts ; fodoth a hand, an eye, anelle, exclude all thereft ofthat thing, where- of the hand is a hand, and the elle is an elle, and { forth. Now then, as every man feeth evidently thar it cannot be faid, the wall as it is whice is plafter or ftoaé: no more can it be fatd, that the hand of a man is his foot; becaufe the. word bazd fi- enifieth as much in it felf,as ifthe man were taken, by redu- plication, to be the man as he is hand, or as he hath the power of holding. So likewife, in the rod we {poke of before; itcannot be faid that the part feen isthe part unfeen ; becaufe the pare feen, 17 Chap. 1.§. 203 8. - Anenumerati- on of the feves rall {peciefes of Quantity,which confrmeth that the eflence of it is divifibilitie. A Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 2; feen, fignifieth the rod as i is a poffibilitie to. be made by divi- fion fuch a thing,as it appeareth to the fight. And thus it is clear how the difficulcy of this point, arifeth out of the wronegfull ap. plying the conditions ef our notions, and of names, to the ob» jects and things which we know : whereof we gave Warning in: the beginning, After which there remaineth no more to be faid of this fub- ject, but to enumerate the feverall {peciefes. of Quantitie, ae cording to that divifion which Logitians for more facilitie of difcourfe have made ofit. Namely,thefe fix,magnitudine, place, motion, time, number, and weight, Of which,the two firit are permanent, and lie ftill expofed to the pleafure of whofoever hatha mind to take a furvey of them. Which he may do by meafuring what parts they are divifible into; how many ells, feet, inches, a thing is long broad or deep ; how great a place is; Whether ir be not bigger or leffer then fuch another ; and by fuch confiderations as thefe; which do all agree: in this, that they exprefle the effence of thofe two {pecieles of Quantitie, to confift inacapacity of being divided into: Pattse, @ 6. The two next ; motion and time; though they be of a fleet- ing propriety, yet it is evident that in regard of theiroriginall and effenciall nature, they are nothing elfe but a like diviftbulitie: into parts; which is meafured by pafling over fo great or fo little diftance ; and by years,dayes,hours,minutes, and the like. Number wealfo fee is of the fame nature ;, for it is divifible in— to {o many determinate parts, and is meafured by unities, or by leffer numbers fo-or fo often contained in a propofed greater,. And the like is evident of weight, which is divifible into pounds, ounces, drammes, or grains ; and by them is meafured.. Sothatlooking over all the feverall {peciefes of Quantitie ;. itis evident, our definition of it is a true one, and expreffech fully the effence-of it, when we fay it is diwifdilitie, or acan pacitie to be divided into parts; and that no ether notion what~. foever, befides this, reacheth the nature of its. CHAP. Chap. 3. eA Treatifé of BODIES. | 19 CHAPS ILI: Of Raritie and Denjitie. y Intend inthis Chapter to look as farre asI can into the na- J ture and caufes ofthe two firft differences of bodies which what is meane follow out of Quantitie as it concurreth with fubftanceto PY Rarity and g Denfitie. make a body : for, the difcovery of them, and of the various proportions of them among themfelves, will bea great and important ftep inthe journey we are going. But the fcarcitie of our language is fuch,in fubjects removed from ordinary convert fation,( though in others, I thin k none is more copious or ex- pteffive ) as affordeth us not apt words ofour own to exprefle fignificantly fuch notions as I muft \bufie my felf about in this difcourfe. Therefore I will prelumeto borrow them from the Latine {chool, where there is much ado about them. I would expreffe the difference between bodies, that under the fame meafures and outward sbulk, have -a greater thinnefle and expanfion, or -thicknefle and foliditie, one then another ; which terms,(or any 1 can find in Englifh ) do not fig- nifie fully thofe affections of Quantitie that I intend here to declare: therefore I-will do it under the names of Raritieand Denfitie; the true meaning of which will appear-by what-we fhall hereafter fay. It is evident unto us, that there are different forts of bodies, 2. of which though you take equall quantities in one regard, yet Itisevidene — they willbe unequall in another. Their magnitudes may be ee the fame, buttheir weights will be:different ; or contrariwife, 22d _ others ‘ ; : : ; enfe ; though their weights being equall, their outward meafures will not be obtcure, haw fo, Take a pinte of aire; and weigh it againft.a pinte of wa- they are fuchs ter, and-youwill fee the ballance of the laft go downamain: but ifyou drive out the aire by filling the pinte with lead, the other pinte in which the water 1s, will rife again as faft : which if you poure out, and fill that piace with quickflver, you will perceive the lead to be much lighter : and again, you will find a pinte of gold heavierthen fo much Mercurie. Andin like manner, if you take away of the heavie bodies till they a~ eree in weight with thelighter,they will take up 8 fill different proportions,and parts of the meafure that fhall contain'them. But fromwhence this effe& arifeth, is the difficultie that we B 2 would es A brief enume- ration of the {' yerall pro-_ Pperties belong- ing to the rare and denfe bo- dies. A Tresifeof BODIES. Chap 3; would lay open.Our meafures tell us their quantities are equall, and reafon affureth us, there cannot be. two bodies in oneand the fame place; therefore when we fee that a pinte of one thing outweigheth a pinte of another that is thinner > we muft con- clucethat there is more body compacted together in the heavie thing then in the light: for elfe how could {o little of a folide or denfe thing be ftretched out to take up {0 great room, as we {ee ina bafin of water that being rarified into fmoke or aire,filleth a whole chamber >. and again; fhrink back into {0 little rool, as when it returmeth into water, or is contracted into ice > But how this comprehenfion of more body in equall room is effet- -ed, doth not a little trouble Philofophers. To find a way that may carry us through thefe difficulties that arife out of the Rarity and Denfitie of bodies, let us do as A- ftronomers when they enquire the motions of the Spheres and Planets: they take all the Phenomena or feveral] appearances of them to our eyes; and then attribute to them fuch orbs, cour- fes, and periods, as may fquare and fit with every one of them: and by fuppofing them, they can exactly calculate all that will ever after happen to them in their motions. So let us take into our confideration the chief properties of rare and denfe bodies, and then caft \with our felves to find out an hy- pothefis or fuppofition ( ifit be poflible ) that may agree with them all. Firft, it feemeth unto us that denfe bodies have tl more clofe and compacted then others haye that are and fubtil. Secondly, they are more heavy then rare gain, the rare are more eafily divided then the den water, oyl, milk, honey.and fuch like fub@ances wi] yield eafily to any harder thing that fhall make its way through them; but they are fo apt to divifion and to lof their continu- ity, that their own weights will overcome and break it: where- as in iron, gold, marble, and fuch dente bodies , 2 much greater weight and force is neceflary to work that effec, And indeed if we look well into it, we fhall find that the ra. rer things are as divifible in a leffer Quantity » as the more denfe are ina greater; and the fame force will break the rarer thing into more and leffer parts, then it will an equall one that is more denfe. Take a ftick of light: wood of fuch a big~ nefle neir parts More rare ones. A-~ bodies: for Inot onely Chap. 3. ‘A Treaife of BODIES. neffe that ‘being a foot long; you may break it with your hands, and another of the fame bigneffe ; but of a more heavie and compacted wood, and you fhall not break it, though it be two foot long : and with equall force you may break a loaf of bread into more and leffe parts, then a lump of lead that “is of the fame bigneffe. Which alfo will refift more to the divifion of fire ( the fubtilleft. divider that is) then fo much water will; for the little atcomes of fire ( which we fhall difcourfe of here- after) will pierce and cut out in the water, almoft as little parts asthemfelves, and mingling chemfelves with them they will flie away together,and fo conyert the whole body of water into fub- tile fmoke: whereas the fame Agent, after long working upon lead, will bring ‘it into no leffe parts then fmall-grains of duft, which it calcineth it into. And gold, that is more denfe then lead, refifteth peremprorily all the dividing power of fire; and will not at all be reduced into a calx or lime, by fuch operation as reduced lead into it. : So that remembring how the nature of Quantity is Divifi- bility; and confidering that rare things are more dtvifible thea denfe ones; we muft needs acknowledge that the nature of quantity is {ome way more perfectly in things that are rare,then* in thofe that aredenfe. On the other fide, more compacted and dene things, may haply feem to fome to have more Quantity then thofe that are rare; and that itis but fhrunk together : which may be ftretched out and driven into much greater di- menfions then the Quantity of rare things, taking the quanti- ties of each of them equall in outward appearance. As gold may be beaten into much more and thinner leaf, then an equall bulk of filver or lead. A wax candle will burn longer with equall light, then a tallow candle of the fame bigneffe; and confequently, be converted intoa greater quantity of fire and aire. Oy! will make much more flaine then fpirit of wine, that’ is farre rarer then it. Thefe and fuch like confiderations haye much perplexed Philofophers, and have driven them into diverie thoughts to find out the reafons of them. Some obferving that the dividing ofa body into little parts, maketh it leffeapt to defcend, then at e The opinion of thofe Philofo- phers declared, who put rarity to confft in an when it is in greater; have believed the whole caufe of lightneffe Baal dineen and rarity to be derived from divifion. As for example, they of 2 Body inte | fin B 3 little parts. ae p= Ras (EMI fee esa is f sot i? : i ee . t 4 Fie i ie i a | a + j ea Be ss HAN f i ie i * Reins @ ote By Mi < : 1 The former opi- nion rejeGed, and the ground of their errour dilcegrerede eA Treatifeof BODIES. Chap. 3 : find chat lead cus into little pieces, will: norgo down fo fat in water,as when it is in bulk: amd it may be reduced into fo finall atomies, that it will for fome {pace fwimme upon the water like dult of wood. Which affumtion is proved by the great Galileus: unto whofe excellent wit and admirable induftry- the world is be- holding, not onely for his wonderfull difeoveries made in the heavens, but alfo for his accurate and learned declaring of thofe very things that lie under our feet, He, about the 90. page of his firft Dialogue of motion, doth clearly demonfrate how any reall medium, muft of neceflity refift more the defcent of a litele piece of lead, or any other weighty matter, then it would a greater piece : and the refiftence will be greater and gteater, ag. the pieces, are leffer and leffer, So that as the pieces” are made leffe,they. will in, the fame medium fink the flower; anddo feem to have acquired a new nature of lightneffe by the dimi- nution: not onely of having leffe weight in them then they had: as half an ounce i¢ lefle then.a whole ounce: butal{ Ea ne in themfelves a lefle proportion of weight to their bulk cen they had; as a pound of cork is in regard of its. magnitude lighter then.a pound of lead: fo as they conclude, that the thing whofe continued. parts: are the leffer,, is in its own nature the lighter and the rarer ; and other, things whofe continued paris are greater, they be heavier-and denser. But this difcour{e reacheth not home: for by it the weight: of any, body being difcovered by the proportios.ic, hath to. the me- ‘dium in, which.it,defcendeth, it muftever {uppofe a, body lighter then itfelf inwhich it may fink and.go to.the bottome. Now of that lighter bedy,, I enquire, what maketh it be fox and you muft anfiver by. what you have. concluded, that iris lighter then. the other, becaufe the parts. of it are lefle,and more (eveeed from. oae another: forifthey be.asclofe together; their: divigen a- vailech them nothing, fince things {ticking fat together,, do; work-as.if they were but one,.and oa pound of lead thougtr it be filed inro,fimall duft,. if it be compacted hard. together:,, wilh Gok as.faft as if it, were inone bulk. - Now then, allowing: the little paxts.to.be. feparated,,; I. ask,. whatother body fillech up the {paces between, thofe little parts of the mediym,in. which yous heavy: kody. delcended.2 For: if : ae the Chip. 2. ef Tretifeof BODIES. the parts of water are mote fevered'then the parts of lead there muit be fomeother fubftance to keep the parts of it afunder: let us fuppofe this to be aire: and I ask, Whether an equall part ef aire be as heavie as fo much water? or whether it be not? If you fay, itiss then the compound of water and aire muft be as heavie as lead; {eeimg that their parts one with amother are) as much compacted.as the parts of lead are: For there is no diffe rence whether thofe bodies, whofe little parts are compacted to- gether, be of the {ame fubftance,or of divers, or whether the on¢ be divided into fmaller parts then the other , or na; ‘(fo they be ofequall weights ) in regard oftnaking the whole equally hea- vie: as youmay experience, if you mingle pin-duft with a {and of equall- weight, though it be beaten into farre fmaller di- vifions then the pin-duft, and put them in a bag together. Butif you fay, that aire is not fo heavy as water; it muft bes becaufeevery partof aire hath again its parts morc fevered by fome other body, then the parts of water are fevered: by aire. Andthen I make the fame inftance ofthat body which fevereth theparts of aire. And fo atthe laft ( fince there cannot actually be an infinite procefle of bodies one lighter then another ) you muft come to one, whofe little parts filling che pores and {paces between the parts.of the others, have no {paces in themfelves to be filled up. i | But afloon-as you acknowledge fuch a body to be lighter and rarer then all the reft, you contradict and deftroy all you faid before. For by reaion of its having no pores, it followeth by your tule, thatthe little parts of ic muft-be as heavy , if not heavier; then the little parts of the: fame bignefle of that bodie whofe pores it filleth ; and confequently itis proved by the ex- perience we alledged of pin-duft mingled with fand, that the little parts of it cannot by their mingling with the parts of the body in-which it is. immediately contained, make that lighter then it would be if thefe little parts:were not mingled with it. Nor would both their parts mingled with the body which-im- mediately containeth them, make that body lighter. And fo proeceding on in the fame fort through all the mingled bodies, till yourcome to the laft, that is immediately mingled -with wa- ter; you will makewwater nothing the lichter,for being mingled wich all thefe; and by confequence it fhould be as*heavie and as denfeas lead. B4 Now = DS SER nem A Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 3. Now that which deceived the authours of this opinion, was that they had nota right intelligence of the caufes which made little parts of bodies ( naturally heavie ) defcend flowly, in re- gard of the velocitie of greater parts of the fame bodies de{cend- ino: the doctrine of which we intend to deliver hereafter. 6. >> Others therefore perceiving this rule to fall fhort, have in- The opinion of deavoured to piece it out by the mixtion of vacuitie amone bo- pee dies ; believing itis that which maketh one rarer then another, Eo put rarity Which mixtion they do not put alwayes immediate to the Eee nk main body they confider : but if ic have other rarer and lighter euityamong bodies mingled with it, they conceive this mixtion immmediate eee’ onely to the rareft, or lighteft. As for example ; a cryftall be- ing lighter and confequently rarer then a diamond, they will not fay that there is more vacuity inacryftall then ina dia- mond; but that the pores of a cryftall are greater, and that con- fequently there is more aire in a cry ftall to fill the pores of it, then is ina diamond ; and the vacuities are in the aire; which abounding ina cryftall, morethenin a diamond, maketh that lighter and rarer themthis, “by the more vacuities that ate in the greater Quantitie of aire which is mingled with ir, But againft this fuppofition, a powerfull adverfary is urged: for Ariftotle; in his 4. book of Phyficks, hath demontftrated that there canbe no motion in vacuity. It is true, they indea- vour to evade his demonftration (as: not reaching hometo their fuippofition ) by acknowledging it tobe an evident one in fucha vacuity as hethere {peaketh of ; which he fuppofed to be fo great a one that a bodie may {wimme initas in an ‘ocean, and-net touch or be near any other body : whereas this opinion excludeth all fuch yaft inaniti¢, and adtnitteth no Vacuities but fo little ones as no body whatfoever can come un- to but will be bigger then they ; and confequently, muft on fome fide or other touch the corporeall parts which thofe va- enities divide;for they are the feparations of the leaft parts:that are, or canbe, actually divided from one another : which parts muft ofneceflitietouch one another on fome fide ; or elfé they could not hang together to compofe one fubftance;and therefore, the dividi ng vacuities, mutt be leffe then the divided parts. And thus; no bodie will ever be in danger of floating v and down without touching any thing : which is the difficultie that Ariftotle chiefly impugneth, I ‘Chap. 3. ‘A Treaife of BODIES. Iconfeffe I fhould be very glad that this fuppofition might ferve our turn, and faye the Phenomena that appear among 25 The opinion of 2 yacuities refi bodies, through their varietie of Raritie and Denfitie: which ted. if it might be, then would I ftraight go on to the inquiring af- ter what followed out of this ground, as Aftronomers ( to ufe our former fimilitude ) do calculate the future appearances of the celeftiall bodies out of thofe motions afid orbes they afligne unto the heavens. For.asthis apprehenfion of vacuitie in be- . dies is very eafie and intelligible : fo the other ( which I con- ceive to be the truth of the cafe ) is exceedingly abftracted, and one of the moft difficule points in all the Metaphyficks : and therefore I would (if it were poffible.) avoid touching upon it in this difcour(e, which I defire fhould be as plain and eafie, and as much removed from fcholaftick terms, as may be. But indeed, the inconveniences that follow out of this fup- pofition of vacuities, are fo great, as ‘it is impoffible by any means to flide them over. As for example; let us borrow of Galileus the proportion of weight between water and aire, He fheweth us how the one is 4oo. times heavier then the other. And Marinus Ghetaldus teacheth us*that gold is 19. times hea= vier then water : fo that gold mutt be 7€00 times heavier then aite. Now then confidering that nothing ina body can weigh, but the folid parts of it 5 it followeth,that the proportion of the parts of gold ina {phere of an inch diameter, 1s to the parts of aire of a like dimenfion as 7600 isto one. Therefore in aire it felf the vacuities that are fuppofed in it, will be to the folid parts of itin the fame proportion as 7600 to one. Indeed, the proportion of difference will be greater : for even in gold many vacuities mutt be admitted, as appeareth by the heating of it which fhewech that inevery the leaft part itis exceeding pon rous. But according to this rate, without prefling the incon- yenience any further; the aire will by this reckoning appear to be like a net, whofe holes and diftances, are to the lines and thrids, in the proportion of 76co to one 5 and fo, would be ly- able to have little parts of its body {wimme in thofe greater vacuities ; contrary to what they {trive to avoid. Which would be exceedingly more, if we found on the one fide any bodies heavier and denfer then gold, & that were (o folide as to exclude all vacuities;& on the other fide fhould ballance chem with fuch bodies Dialog. 1, del. Movim. p1g.Ft» Archimed. Promot. TREY ees eae f ‘ ae i Bice i Yat i “s i f ‘cuities out of that nature. ATreaifeafBODIES. - Chap, 3, bodies as are lighter and rarer then aire; as fixeis, and as (ome will have the zrber to be, Bat already the difpropostion is fo great, andthe vacuity fo ftrangely exceedeth the body in which it Is» as were too great an abfurdity to be admiteed, And befides, it would deftroy all mation of {mall bodies in the aine, if it be true (as AriGotle hath demonftrated in the foiuth book of his Phyfeks ) that motion cannot be made bur among bodies; and not a Vacio, Again, if rarity were made by vacuity, rare bodies could not be gathered together , without loing their rarity and be- coming denfe. The contrary. of which, we learn by conftang expertence ; as when the {mich and glaflemender drive their white and fury fires, (as they term them;) when aire piereeth moft in the fharp wind: and generally we fee thatanore of the fame Kind of rare bodies, in Jeffe place, worketh moft efficaci. oufly according to the hature that refulteth our of that degree of rarity. Which argueth, thac-every little part is as rare as it was before ( for ele ix would lof the virtue of working ace cording to that nature; ) but that by their being crowded toge. ther, they exelude all other bodies that before did mediate be- tween the little parts of their main body; and {o, more parts being gotten together in the fame place then formerly there were, they work more forcibly, Thirdly, if fuch vacuities were the caufe of rarity, it would follow,that fluide bodies being rarer then folid ones they would be of themfelves ftanding, like nets or cobwebs: whereas con- trariwife; we fee their natures are to run together, and to fill up every little creek and corner: which effect, following out of the very nature ofthe things themfelves ; muft needs exclude ya- And laftly , if it be true(as we have fhewed jn the laft Chapter )that there are no aGtuall parts in Quantity ; it follow- eth of neceffity, thar all Quantity muft of ic felf be one: as Me- taphyficks teach us: and then, no diftance can be admitted. be- ‘tween one Quantity and another. And truly, if I underftand Ariftotle right, he hath per- fectly demonftrated,that no vacuity is poflible in mature; neither great nor litle; and confequently, the whole machine taifed upon that fuppofition, muft.be ruinous, His argument is to this purpofe; purpofe:. What is nothing, cannot have parts: but vacuum is : nothing ( becaufe as the adverfaries conceive it, vacuum is the want of a corporeall fubftance in an enclofing body, within whofe, fides nothing is, whereas a certain body might be con~ tained within them, as if ina pail or bowl of a gallon, there were neither milk, nor water, nor aire, nor any other body whacfoever ) therefore, vacuum cannot have parts. Yet thofe who admit it do put itexprefly fora fpace; which doth effen- tially include parts, And thus they put two contradictories, nothing and. parts, that is, parts and rio parts; or fomething and nothing; in the fame. propofition. And this, I conceive to be ab- folutely unavoidable. . For thefé reafons therefore, 1 muft entreat my readers fa- g. vour, that he will allow me to. touch upon, metaphyficks a little Rarity and - more then I defire or intended: but it fhal®be no otherwife, neces then as,is faid of the dogs by the river Nilus fide; who being; prep e thirty, lap haftily of the water, onely to ferve their neceflicy as hath to ier ie they rum along the fhore. Thus. chen ; remembsing how wei 1c determined that. Quantity is Divifibility : it followeth, that if befides Quantity there be a fubfance or thing whiclv is divifi~ ble.;. that thing, if ic. be condiftinguithed. from its nose or Divifibility,,muft of it felf be: indwifible: or ¢ to {peak more properly, ) it mult be, nor divifible., Pus then-fuely fubftance’ to becapable of the Quantity of the whole wosld or! umiverte ; and confequently, you put it of it felf indifferetit. to all, and co any part of Quantity: for im ity by teafon of the negation of Divifibility,.there is-no yariety .of parts ,, whereof one fhould: be the fubject of one pare of Quantityser another of ans other ; or thay one fhould be acapacity of more, anoshet of leffe. , Fhis. then being, fo, we have the ground’of mote on lcfle prow portion between lubftance.and. quantity forif the wholequane’ tity, of the univerfe, be put into-it, the proportion-df Quancity!: to the capacity. of that-fubftance, will be ereacen thensif bio halt that quantity were imbibed. in-theifame fub(tance.. And! becaufe: proportion changeth on, both, fides by che fingle change ofionelyr one fide': it followeth, that.in.the later}, the proporaen:ofi thac fub(tance, to.its Quantity, is-greaters and thas im the forinet, in is lefle; howbsit. the fubRiance in infelf be indivifible,... 2 What A Trestife of BODIES. - Chap. 3. What we have faid thus in abftraét, will fink more eafily in- to us if we apply it to fome particular bodies here amonguus, in which we fee a difference of Rarity and Denfity; as to aire, wa- ter, gold, or the like; and examine if the effects that happen to them: do follow out of this difproportion between fubftance and Quantity. For example,let us conceive that all che Quantity of - the world were in one uniform fubftance, then the whole uni- verfe would be in one and the fame degree of Rarity and Denfi- ty : let chat degree, be the degree of water; it will then follow, that in what part foever there happeneth to bea change from this degree; that part will not have that proportion of quantity to its fubftance, which the quantity of the whole world had to the prefuppofed uniform fubftance. But if it happeneth to have the degree of rarity which is inthe aire, it will then haye more quantity in proporfion to its fubftance, then would he due unto it according to the prefuppofed proportion of the quantity of the univerfe to the forefaid uniform fubftance; which in this cafe is as it were the ftandard to try all other proportions by. And contrariwile , if ic happeneth to have the degree of Denfity which is found in earth or in gold; then it will have leffe quan- tity in proportion to its fubftance, then would be due unto it'ac- cording to the forefaid proportion, or common ftandard. Now to proceed from hence, with examining the effects "which refult out of this compounding of Quantity with fub- ftance, we may firft confider, that the definitions which -Ari- ftotle hath givenus of Rarity and Denfity, are the fame we drive at: he telleth us, that that body is rare whofe quantity is more, and its fubftance Jeffe; that, contrariwife denfe, where the fubftance is more and the quantity leffe. Now if we look into the proprieties of the bodies we have named, or of any others, we fhall fee them all follow clearly out of thefe definitions, For firft, that one ‘is more diffufed, another more compacted; fuch diffufion and compaction feem to be the very natures of Rari- ty and Denfity, fuppofing them to be fuch as we have defined them to be; {eeing that, fubftance is more diffufed by having more parts, or by being in more parts; and is more compacted by the contrary. And then, that rare bodies are more divifible then denfe ones, you fee is coincident into the fame conceit with their diffufion and compaction, And from hence again ic fol- . a loweth, . Chap. 3. ef Treatife of BODIES. Loweth, that they are more eafily divided in great, and like- wife, that they are by the force of naturall Agents divifible into leffer-parts : for both thefe (that is, facility of being divided, andeafie divifibility into lefler parts ) are contained in being more divifible; or in more enjoying the effe& of quantity.which is divifibiliry. From this again followeth, that in rare bodies there isleffe refiftance to the motion of another body through it, then in denfe ones ; and therefore a like force paffeth more eafily throtigh the one, then through the other. Again ; rare bodies are more penetrative and active then denfe ones; be- caufe being (by their overproportion of quantity ) eafily divi- {ible into fmall parts, they can run into every little pore, and fo incorporate themfelves better into other bodies,then more denfe ones can. Light bodies likewife muft be rarer, becaufe moftt di- vifible, if other circumftances concurre equally. Thus you fee decyphered’ unto your hand, the firft divifion of bodies flowing from Quantity as itis ordained to fubftance forthe compofition of a bodie : for fince the definition of a bo- dy is, A thing which hath parts; and quantity is that, by which it hath parts ; and the firft propriety of quantity 1s, ta be big- ger ot leffe; and confequently the firft differences of having parts, are to have bigger or leffe, more or fewer; what divifion ofa body can be more fimple, more plain, or more immediate, then to divide ic by its Quantity as making it have bigger or leffe, more or fewer parts in proportion to its fubftance? Neither can J juftly be blamed for touching thus on Meta- phyficks,to explicate the nature of thefe two kinds of bodies: for Metaphyficks being the {cience above Phyficks, it befongeth unto her to declare the principles of Phyficks : of which, thefe we have now in hand, are the very.firft ftep. But much more, if we confider that the compofition of quantity with fubftance, is purely Metaphyficall ; we mutt neceffarily allow the inquiry into the nature of Rarity and Denfity, to be wholly Metaphy- ficall; feeirfe that the effence of Rarity and Denfity ftandeth in the proportion of quantity to fubftance; if we believe Ariftotle; ( thegreateft mafter that ever was, of finding out definitions and notions ) and truft to the uncontroulable reafons we have brought in the precedent difcourfe. This explication of Rarity and Denfity, by the compofition of 29 ‘go Allmuft aimie in Phyficall bo- dies,a Metas — phyfieail com- pofition. A Treatife of BO DIES. — Chap, 3, of fubfance with quantisie, may peradventure give little fatisfae ction unto‘fuch.as-are not ufed to raife their thoughts above Phyficall and naturall {peculations ; who are apr to conceive there is no-othercompofition or refolution, but fich as our fen- fes {hew usin compounding and dividing of bodies according to quantative parts. Now ‘this obligeth usto fhew that fuch a kind of compofition and divifion as this, mutt neceffarily be al- lowed of, even in that courfe.of doctrine which feems moft con- trary to ours. To which purpofe; let us fuppofe that the pofiti- on of Demectitusior of Epicurus is true; to wit, that the origi- nall compofition of all bodies, is outof yery little ones of vari- ous figures ; .all.of them indivifible, not Mathematically, but Phyfically : and that this infinite nuniber.of indivifibles, doth float in an -iminenfe-ocean of vacuum or imaginary fpace. In this pofition, let any man who conceiveth,their grounds may be maintained, explicate how-one of thelfe little bodies is mo- ved, Fortaking two parts.of vacuum, in which this body fuc- ceflively its; itis-cleare, that really, and not onely in my -under- ftanding, it is a‘difference in thefaid body toibe.now here now there: wherefore when the body is gone thither, the notion of being here is no more ‘in the body; andiconfequently is divided from the body. And therefore when the body was here , there was.acompofition between the body and its being here; which feeing it cannot be. betwixt two parts of Quantity, muft of ne- cefsity be fuch a kind of compofition, as we put between quan- tity and fubftance. And certainly, let men wrack their brains never fo much, they will neverbe ableto thew how motion is made, without fome fuch.compofition and divifion, upon what grounds foever they proceed. And if then they tell us, chat they underftand not.how there canbe adivifibility between fubftanceand quantity; we may reply, that to fucha divifibility two things ate required; firft, that the notions of fubftance and quancity be different: fecond- ly, that the one ‘of them may be changed witheut the other. As for the firft, it is'moft evident we make an abfolure diftin@i- on between their two'notions; both when we fay that Socrates was bigger a man thenaboy; and when we conceive that milk or water whiles it boyleth , or wine whiles ic worketh, fo. as they run over the ‘yeffels they are in, are greater, and poffeffe Chap. 3. 4 Trestifeof BODIES. poffefle more place thea’ when they were cool-and quiet, and filled net the veffel to.che brim. For howfoever witty explica- tions may feem: to evade, that the fame thing is now greater ~ now leffer ; yet it cannot be avoided, but that ordinary men who leok not into. Philofophy, do both conceive it to be fo,and in their familiar difcourfe expreffe it fo; which they could not do, ifthey had not different notions of the fubftance, and of the “quantity of the thing they fpeak of. And though we had no fuch evidences, the very names and definitions of them would put it beyond ftrife : all men calling fubftance, a thing; qnanti- tie, bigneffe : and referring a thing to Being; as who would fay, that which is: but bigneffe to fome other of like nature, unto which itis compared; as, that iis half as big , twice as big, or the like. This then being unavoidable, that the notions are diftin-. puifhed; there remaineth no difficulty but onely in the fecond, namely that the one may be changed, and the other not. Which reafon and demonftration do convince » as we have fhewed.. Wherefore if any fhallyet further reply, that they do not un- _ derftand: how fuch change is made; we fhall an{wer, by asking: them whether they know how the change of being fometimes. here fornetimes there is made by locall motion in vacuum, with- outa change in the body moved. Which queftionif they can- not fatisfie,they muft either deny that there is any locall motion in vacuum: or elfe admit a change in. quantity without a change in fubftance: for this latter is as evidently true, as.they-fppole the former tobe; though the manner how they are eftet- ed bealike ob{ure in both, and the reafon.of the ebfeurisy the: fame in both. With which we will conclude the prefent Chapter ; adding onely this note: That if all Phyficall chings and natural chan- ges do proceed out of the conftitution of rare and denfe bodies in this manner as we doput them, ( as the work we have im hand intendeth to fhew ) then,fo manifold effects wall fo con« vince the truth of this do@trine which we have declared , that there can remain no doubt of it: neither can there be any of the divifibility of quantity from fubftance ; without which: this doctrine cannot confit. For it cannot be underftood, how there is.a greater proportion of quantitie then of fub- ftance;: ar i: The notions of denfity and ra- rity have a latis ATresife of BODIES. Chap. 4. ftance; or contrariwife, of fubftance then of quantity; if there be nora reall divifibility between quantity and fubftance. And much leffe can it be conceived, that the fame thing hath at one time a greater proportion of quantity, and at another time a leffe , if the greater or leffer proportion be not feparable from it; that is, if there be nota divifibility betwixt it and fub- ftance , as well as there are different motions of them. Which to prove by. the proper principles belonging to this matter, would require us to make a ereater inrode into the yery bowels of Metaphyficks, and to take a larger circuite then is fitting either for the fubject, or for the intended brevity of this Treatife. : CHAP. FELT: Of the foure first qualities: and of the foure Elements, He fubyect ef our difcourfe hitherto hath been three fimple notions ; Quantity, Rarity,and Denfity. Now it fhall be to enquire if by compounding thefe with gravitie or weight tude capable of ( which is one of the {peciefes of Quantity above mentioned, infinite variety. and of which I fhall fpeak at large hereafter ) we may beget any further qualities, and fo produce the foure-firft bodies called Elements. In imitation of Logitians, who by compound- ing fuch propofitions as of themfelves are evident to mans nature afloon as they are propofed, do bring forth new Knowledges : which thrids they ftill entermix and weave together , till they grow into a fair. piece. And thus the {ciences they fo much labour for, and that have fo great an extent, do refult out of few and fimple notions in their beginnings. But before we fall to mingling and comparing them toge- ther, I chink it will not be amiffe to fec down and determine what kind of things we mean by rare, and what by dente; to the end that when the names are agreed upon, we may flip in- to no errour by miftaking them. So then although chere be fe- verall confiderations,in regard of which, rarity and denfity may he differently attributed to bodies: yet becaufe mans difcerning them,to be able to difcourfe accordingly of them,is the principal] refpect for which their denominations are to be allotted them: we we may with reafoncall thofe things denfe, wherein a man findeth a fenfable difficultie to part them ; and thofe rare, where | the refiftance is imperceptible. And unto thefe two notions of rarity and denfity, we muft allow a great latitude, farre from confifting in an indivifible {tate ; for feeing that rarefaction maketh a lefler bodie equall to abigger ; and that alf inequalitie betwixt two bodies, hath the conditions ofa bedie ; it followeth that the excefie of one bodie over an other, confifteth of infinite parts into which it might be divided - and cohfequently, that what is rarified, paf- feth asmany degrees as the inequalitie or excefle hath parts. And the fame law being in condenfation, both denfe and rare things muft be acknowledged to be capable of infinite varietie, and diverfity of ftates in regard of moré and leffe in the fame kind. : Thefe things being premifed; and calling to mind chat itis 2. the nature of denfity to make the parts ofa denfe thing com- How moiftneffe é eee and drynefle pact, and ftick together, and be hardly divifible ; and on the are begorten in contrary Gide, that itis the nature of rarity, to diffufeand ex. enle bodies. tend a rare thing, andto prepare and approch itto divifion, according tothe proportion of the degree of rarity which it hath ; and that weight doth abound where there is excefle of denfitie, and is very little or none in exceffe of rarity : we nay now begin in our imagination to put thefe qualities into the {cales one againftanother,to fee what effects they produce in bo- dies. And firft, let us weigh gravity againft denfitie or fticking together of parts: which fticking or compactednefle being natu- rall to denfitie, requireth fome excefle of gravitie in proportion to the denfity, or fome other outward violence, to break it. If then in a denfe body the gravity overcome the denfity, and do make the parts of itbreak afunder, it will draw them down- wards towards the center that gravity tendeth unto, and will | never let them reft till they come thither, unleffe fome impedi- | ment meet them by the way and ftop their journey : fothat | fuch a body-will, as near as poffibly it can, lie in a perfect {phe~ ricall figure in refpeét of the center ; and the parts of it will be changed and altered, and thurft on any fide thatis the ready | ™~ g way thither ; fo that by the force of gravity working upon it, it will run as farre as it meeteth with nothing to hinder it from o ° . Cc attaining A Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 4. attaining this fphericall fuperficies: Wherefore fuch bodies, for the moft part, have no fetched outfide of theirown: butdo re- ceive their figure and limits from fueh lets as hinder them from attaining to that {pherical nefle they ait at. Pel Now Ariftotle ( whofe definitions, are in thefe matters oe. oa nérally received, as fully exprefling the notions of mankind ) ( . telleth ts, and our own experiericé-confirmeth it, that we ule ah fo call chofe things most, which tun in fuch fortas we have ey here fet down ; and that we term thofe things dry, which have a eonfiftence within themifelves ; and which to injoy a deter. | iiitate figure, do not require the flop or hinderance of another body to limit and circle them in - which will bé the nature of a thofe that havea greater ptoportion of denfity im relpe& of if their gravity. Mi And thus, out of the comparifon of denfitie with weight, we Bi | have found two more qualities then we yet had met withall, Hh be namély wetnefle and dryneffe. For although a body be dénie, ie i | ( which of its own nature, fingly confidered, would preferve Ley the cofitinuity of its parts, as making the body hardly divifible: te whereby it would be dry ) yet ifthe gravity that worketh up- on it, bein proportion greater then the denfitie ; ic will fever the parts of it, and make themrun to the center, and {0 be- come fluide and moift: though notin the eminenteft degree that may be of fluidity and moifture; by reafon that if the like overproportion of gravity happen in a rare body, it will there . more powerfully work its effect, then it can in a denfe body ; ar becaufe a rare body will more eafily obey, and yield to the ova= , vitie that maftereth it, then a denfe one will ; and conféquent- ly, will be more fluide and moift then it. we Now on the other fide, in weighing rarity againft graviy ; . cue ifit happen that the rarity overcome the gravity, then the ; ow moiftneffe 5 ; % Ca anddrynefle gravity will not change the figure of a body. fo proportioned, On ee in Bur what figure ithach from its proper naturall caufes, the fame if will (till remain with it: and confequently, fuch a body will have terms of its own, and will not require an ambient body to limit, and circle icin : which nature, we call dry. But ifthe proportion of che gravity be the greater and do overcoine the rarity ; then, by how much the rarity is greater, fo much the more will the gravity force it,to apply ic felf equal- ly Chap. 4. ‘A Treatife of BODIES, — 35 | ly and on all fides to the center and fuch a body will the more eafily receive its figure from another, and will beleffe able to confit of it felf: which properties, we attributeto wetnefie or - moifture. Se thatit appeareth, howthe qualities of wet and dry, which fixit we found in things that were denfe, are alfo common to that nature of bodies, which we term rare. | And thus, by our firft inquiry after what kind of bodies do refult out ofthe compounding of rarity and denfitie with gra- Py vity, we difcoyer foure different forts : fome denfe ones that are . dry, and others likewife denfe.that are moift : then again,fome , rare ones that are likewife moift,8 other rare ones thataredry. | But we mutt not seft here : Jet.us proceed a little further, to 40 | fearch what other properties thefe foure kinds of bodies will 7a 4p. | have ; which we fhall belt di(cover, if we apply them feverally bodies, and | | to fome other compounded body (of which nature, are all thole <0 oe we converfe with or fee )and then confider the effects which thefe do work upon it. To beginne with that. which we faid is fo exceffively rarethat gravity hath no power over it. If we | look upon the multitude of little parts ic may be divided into, whereofevery one will fubfilt by ic felf (for we have already proved it dry )and then fuppofe them to be moved with force and ftrength againft the body we apply them to; it muft necef- farily follow, that they will forcibly get into the poroufneffe of | it, and pafle with violence between part and part, and of necef- ; fity feparate the parts of that thing one from another ; as a knife | Heat 1s a pro- | or wedge doth a folide fubftancesby having their thinneft parts . preffed into it : fo that ifin the compounded thing, fome parts be more weighty, others more light, (as of neceffitie there muft be ) the heavieft will all fall loweft, the lighteft will fly upper- moft, and thofe which are ofa mean nature between the two extremes, will remain in middle. In fumme, by this action of | “an extreme rare body upona compounded one; all the parts of | one kind that werein the compounded one, will be gathered Avil into one place ;wand thofe of divers kinds into divers places : | whichis the notion whereby Ariftotle hath expreffed che na- ture of heat ; and is an effect, which daily experiencein burn- ing and boyling, teacheth us to proceed from heat. And there- | fore we cannot doubr, but that {uch extreme rare bodies are as well hot as dry. 3 | C3 On | Seer g BSS hi * 5° tal Of tke two fee denfe bodies, Reh the leffe denfe hh is more cold: : but of the two ¥ | rare ones, the Bey eat leffe rare is léffe hor. A Treatife ef BODIES. Chap. 4. On the other fide, if aden‘e thing be applyed toa com- pound, it will ( becaufe itis weighty ) preffle it together : and ifthat application be continued on all fides, fo that no part of the body that is preffed be free from the fiege of the dente body that preffeth it, it will form itinto a narrower room, and keep in the parts of it, not permitting any of them to flip out. So that what things foever it findeth within its power to matter, be they light or heavy, or of what contrary natures foeyer, it compreffeth them as much as it can, and draweth them intoa leffe compaffe, and holdeth them ftrongly together, making them ftick faft to one another. Which effect, Ariftotle took for the proper notion of cold; & therefore gave for definition of the nature of it, that zt gathereth things of divers natures: and experience fheweth us in freefing, and all great coolings, that this effect proceedeth from cold. But if we examine which of the two forts of denfe bodies (the fluide or the confiftant ) is moft efficacious in this opera- tion ; we fhall find that the leffe denfe one is more capable of being applyed round about the body it fhall befiege; and there- fore will ftop cloferevery little hole of it, and will more eafily fend fubtile parts into every little vein of it ; and by confe- quénce, fhrink it up together and coagulate, and conftringe it more ftrongly, then a body can that is extremely denfe; which by reafon of its great denfity, and the ftubborneffe of its parts, cannot foeafily bend and plie them to work this effe&. And - therefore, a body that is moderately denfe is colder then ano- ther that is fo in exceffe;{eeing that cold is an active or work- ing power, and that which is leffe denfe doth excell in work. ing. Onthe contrary fide, rare bodies being: hot, becaufe their: fubtile parts environing a compounded body will fink into the pores ofit; and to their power feparate its parts ; it followeth that thofe wherein the gravity overcometh the rariry, are leffe hor then fuch others as are in the extremity; amd higheft exceffe of rarity : both, becaufe the former are not able to pierce fo little parts of the refifting denfe body , as extreme rare ones are; and likewife, becaufe they more eafily take ply by the obftacle of the folide ones they. mect with, then thele dos. Se> Chap.4, A Treatife of BODIES. pe So that out of this difcourfe we gather, that of fuch bodies that differ precifely by the proportion of Rarity and Denfity ; thofe which are extremely rare, are in the exceffe of heat, and — aredry withall: that weighty rare bodies are extremely hu- mide, and meanly hot; that fluide denfe bodies are moift, though notin fuch excefle as rare ones that are fo; but are coldeft of any : and laftly, that extreme denfe bodies are leffe cold then fluide denfe ones, and that they aredry. But whether the extreme denfe bodies be more or leffe dry 6. then fuch as are extremely rare, remaineth yet-to be decided. ee Sen Which we fhall eafily do, if we but reflect that it is denfity more dry, thea which maketh a thing hard to be devided, and that rarity ma. ee, keth it eafie : for a facility to yield unto divifion, is nothing elfe but a plyableneffe in the thing that is to be divided, where- by it eafily receiveth the figure, which the thing that divideth it doth caft it into. Now this plyablenefle belongeth more to rare then to denfe things: and accordingly, we fee fire bend more eafily, by the concameration of an oven, then a {tone can be reduced into due figure by hewing. And therefore, fince dry- neffe is a.quality that maketh thofe bodies. wherein ic reigneth, to conferve theméelves in their own figure and limits, and to refift the receiving of any from another body ; it ts manifelt that thofe are drieft, wherein thefe effects are moft feen; which is, in denfe bodies : andconfequently, exeefle of dryneffe mult be allotted unto them, to keep company with their moderate coldneffe. , Thus we fee that the number of Elements affigned by Ari- 7. ftorle is truly and exactly determined by him ; and that there There are bue . : . .. foure fimple can be neither more nor leffe of them ; and that their qualities bodies: and are rightly allotted to them : which to fettle thore firmly in our Pane minds, it will not be miffe-{pent time to fummeé up in fhort the ments. effect of what we have hitherto faid to bring us unto this con- clufion. Firft, we fhewed that a body is made, aid conttitured a body by quantity.Next, that the firft divifion of bodies is into rare and denfe ones;as differing onely by having more and leffe quantity. And laftly, that the conjunStion of gravity with thefe two, breedeth two other forts of combinations : each of which is al twofold ; the firft fort, concerning rarity ; out of which arifeth one extremely hot and moderately dry, and an- C3 other | . Se SE A Tretifeof BODIES. — Chap.a, other extremely humide and moderately hot : the fecond fort, concerning denfiry; out of which, is produced one that is ex- tremely cold and moderately wet, and another extremely dry and moderately cold. And thefe are the combinations whereby are conftituted fire, aire, water, and earth. So that we have thus, the proper notions of the foure Ele- ments; and have both them and their qualities driven up and refolved into their moft fimple principles: which are, the no- tions of QOuaztity, and of the two molt fimple differences of quantative things, Rarsty and Denfity. Beyond whieh, mans. wit cannot penetrate ; nor can his wifhes aim at more in this patticular: feeing he hath attained to the Knowledge of what ebey are, and of what maketh them be fo, and that it is impofli- ble they fhould be otherwile : and this, by the moft fimple and firft principles, which enter into the compofition of their na- ture. Our of which itis evident, that chefe foure bodies are E- lements : fince they cannot be refolved into any others, by way of phyfieall compofition; themfelves being conftitured by the moft fimple differences of a body. And again, all other bodies whatfoever muft of neceffity be refolved into them, for the fame reafon; becaufe no bodies can be exempt from the firft diffee rencies of abody. Since then, we mean by the name of an Ele- ment, 4 body uot compofed of any former bodies, and of which all other bodies are compofed,we may reft {atisfied that thefe are rightly fo named. "@ But whether every one of thefe foure elements,.do compre. . The Auhour hendunder its name one onely loweft {pecies or many (as, doth deter- . pies = minewhecher Whether there be one onely fpecies of fire, or feverall: and the: ats vinermiag like of the reft ) we intend not here to determine. Yet we note, hend underits that there isa great Jatitude inevery kind; feeing thar, Rarity Teel Gatien? and Denfity ( as we have faid before ) are as divifible as quan- ormany:nor tity. Which latitudes, in the bodies we converle withall, are fo wnener @Y — fimiced chat what maketh ic (elf and other things be feen ( as found pure. being accompanied by light ) is called fire. What admitteth the- iHuminative action of fire, and is not feen, is called aire. What admitteth the fame action, and is feen (in the rank of Ele- -ments ) is called water. And what through the denfity of it ad- mitteth not that ation, but. abfolutely refleCteth it, is called: earths. And! Chap. 4. ‘A Treatifecf BODIES. And out of all we faid of thefe foure Elements, it is mani- feftthere cannot be a fifth: asis to be feen at large in every Ariftotelian Philofopher that writeth of this matter. I am not ignorant that there are fundry objections uled to be made, both againft thefe notions of the firft qualities, and againft the divi- fion of the Elements: but becaufe they, and their folutions, are to be found in every ordinary Philoiopher ; and chat they be notof any great difficulty ; and that the handling them, is too particular for the defigne of this difcourfe, and would make it too prolix; | referre the Reader to feek them, for his farisfacti- on, in thofe authours that treat phyficks prefefiedly, and have delivered a compleat body of Philofophy. And I willend this Chapter with advertifing him ( left I Chould be misunderftood ) that though my difquifition here hath pitched upon the foure bodies of fire, aire, water, and earths yet it is not my intention co affirm, that chofe which we ordinary call fo, and do fall dayly within our ufe, are fuch as . I have here expretfed them: or that thefe Philo'ophicall ones ( which arife purely out of the combination of the firft quali. ties ) have theis refidence or confiftence in great bulks,in any places of the world, be they never fo remote: as fire, in the hollow of the moons orb; water, in the bottome of the {eas aire, above the clouds ; and earth below the mines. Buc thefe notions are onely to ferve for certain Idea’s of Elements ; by which, the foure named bodies, and the compounds of them, may be tryed and receive their doom of more or leffe pure and approaching to the nature from whence they have their deno- mination. Ard yer I will not denie, but that fuch perfect Ele- ments may be found in fome very little quantities, in mixed bo- dies: and the greateft abundance of chem, in thefe foure known bodies that we call in ordinary practife, by the names of the pure ones: for they are leaft compounded, and approach mott to the finipleneffe of the Elements. But to determine ab olute- ly their exiftence, or not exiftence, either in bulk or in little parts; dependeth of the manner of action among bodies: which as yet we haye not meddled with. C4 CHAP. I e The firft ope- ration of the Elements is di- vifion, out of which refalrech locall motion. A Treatife of BODIES, Chap. 5. GHAPs:V. Of the operations of the Elements in genevall. eAnd of their altivities compared with’ oue another. Aving by our former difcourfe inquired out what degrees, and proportions of rarity and denfity compounded with oravity,are neeeflary for the production of the Elements, & firft qualities ;_ whofe combinations, frame the Elements: our next confideration in that orderly progrefle we have propofed unto our felves in this treatife ( wherein: our aim is, to follow fuc- cetfively the fteps»which nature hath printed out unto us ) will beto examine the operations of the Elements, by which they work upon ene another. To which end, let us propofe to our felves a rare anda denfe body encountring one another by the impulfe of fome exterior agent. In this cafe, it is evident, that fince rarity implyeth a greater proportion of quantity , and quantity is nothing but divifibility, rare bodies muft needs be more divifible then denfe ones: and confequently, when two fuch bodies are preffed one againft another ;- the rare body not being able to refift divifion fo ftrongly, asthe denfe one is; and being not permitted to retire back, by reafon of the ex- terh violence impelling it againft the denfe body; it followeth, that the parts of the rare body mutt be fevered, to lec the. denfe one come between them: and fo the rare body becometh di- vided, and the denfe body the divider. And by this we fee that the notions of divider and divifible do immediately follow rare and denfe bodies; and do fo much the more properly agree unto them,as they exceed in the qualities of Rarity and Denfity, Likewife, we are to obferve in our cafe, that the denfe or di- viding body muft neceffarily cut and enter further and further into the rare or divided body; and fo the fides of it be joyned fucceflively to new and new parts of the rare body that giveth way unto it, and forfake others ic parteth from. Now the rare body being in a determinate fituation of the univerfe, ( which we call betng in a place, and is a neceffary condition belongin to all particular bodies ) and the denfe body coming to be within the rare body, whereas formerly it was not fo: ‘it fol- Joweth , that it lofeth the place it had, and gaineth another. This effe&, is that which we call locall motion. And Chap. §. ef Treatife of BODIES. : 4l And thus we fee, by explicating the manner ef this action, Ze chat locall motion is nothing elfe but the change of that refpect What placei's or relation, which the body moved hath to the reft of the uni- and ae : ver(e, following out of Divifion: and the name of local! moti- on, formally fignifieth onely the mutation of a refpect to other extrin{ecall bodies, fubfequent to that divifion. And this is fo evident and agreeable to the notions that all mankind ( who,as we have faid, is judge and mafter of language ) naturally fra- meth of place, as I wonder much why any will labour to give other artificiall and intricate doctrine of this thatin 1t felf is fo plain and clear. What need is there to inttoduce an imagina- ry {pace ( or with Joannes Grammaticus , a fubfiftent quan- tity) that muft run through all the world; and then enrayl to every body an aiery entity, an unconceiveable mood, an unintelligible Ubi, that by an intrin{ecall relation to fuch a part of the imaginary {paces muft thereunto pin and faften the bo- dy ic isin? Ie muft needs be a ruinous Philofophy that is grounded upon fach a contradiction, as is the allotting of parts unto that, which the authours themfelves ( upon the matter )ac- knowledge to be merely nothing; and upon fo weak a thift ( to deliver them from: the inconveniencies that in their courfe of do- rine other circumftances bring them unto) as is the volunta- ry creating of new imaginary Entities in things , without any eround in nature for them. -Learned men fhould exprefle the | advantage and fubtility of their wits, by penetrating further 4 into nature , then the vulgar; not by vexing and wrefling it | from its own courfe. They fhould refine and carry higher, not contradié&t and deftroy the notions of mankind, in thofe things thatit is the comperent judge of : as it undoubtedly is of thofe rimary notions which Ariftorle hath ranked under ten heads: which (as we have touched before ) every body can con- | ceive in grofie: and the work of {cholars is to explicate them | in particular ; and notto make the vulgar believe they are miftaken, in framing thole apprehenfions that nature taught them. “ Out of that which hath been hitherto refolved it is manifeft, that place really, and abitraGting from the operation of the un- der(tanding, is nothing elfe but the inward fuperficies of a body that compafleth and immediately containeth another. Which ordina- oT \ ————— 4 Locall motion is that divifion whereby.a body changeth its place. 7a = A Trestieof BODIES. Chap. 5. ordinarily being of a rave body that doth not fhew it (elf unto us (namely, the aire) is for che moft pare unknown by us. Buc -becaufe nothing can make impreflion upon our mind, and caule us to give it a name other wife then by being known: therefore our underftanding to make a complete notion, tuft adde {ome- thing elfe to this fleeting and unremarkable fuperficies that may bring it unto our acquaintance. And for this end we may con- fider further, chat as this fuperficies hath in it fe'f, {o the body enclofed in 1t gaimeth a certain determinate refpeSt unto the fta- ble and inmamoveable bodies that environ it. As for example, we underftand fuch a tree to be in juch a place. by having fuch and fuch refpeéts to fucha hill near it, or co fuch a houfe that ftand- eth by it, or to fuch a river thac runnech under it, or to fuch an immoveable> point of the heaven that from the funnes rifing in the equinox is called Eaft, and fuch like. To which purpole, it importech net Whether chefe chat we call immoveable bodies and points be trvly fo, or do but feem fo to mankind. For man talking of things according to the notions he frameth of them in his mind ( {peech being nothing elfe but an expreffion to an other man, of the images he hath within himfelf ) and his noti- ons being made according tothe feéming of the things, he muft needs make the fame notions, whether the things be truly fo in themfelves, or but feem tobe fo, when that feeming or appea- rance is alwayes conftantly the fame. Now then when one body dividing another, getteth a new immediate clothing;and eonfequently new refpects to the ftable and immoveable bodies (er feeming fueh)that environ it; we do vary in our felves the notion we firft had of that thing; concei- ving itnow accompanied with other circumftances and other refpects then formerly it had. Whieh notion we exprefle by faying, ic hath changed its place, and is now no longer where it was atthe firft. And this change of place we call Local mori- on: to wit, the departing of a body from that hollow fuperficies which inclofed it ; and its changing unto an ocher , whereby it gaineth new refpeéts to thofe parts of the world that have, or in fome fort may feemto have,immobility and fixed {tablenefle, So as hence it is evident that the fubftance of locall motion cons. fiftech in divifion; and that the alteration of Locality follow- eth divifton; in fuch fort as becoming like or unlike of one wall to Chap. 5. A Tremife of BODIES. toanother; followeth the aétion whereby one of them beco- meth white. And therefore in nature we are not to feek for any entity or fpeciall caufe of applying the moved body to a place as place, (which is but a refpect confequent to the effect of divifion) but onely to confider what reall and phyficall action uniteth it to that other body, which is called its place, and truly ferveth for that effect. And confequently, they who think they have dif- covered a notable fubtilty by bringing in an Entitie to unite a body to its place, have {trained beyond their ftrength,and have grafped but a fhadew. which will appear yet mire evident, if they but mark well how nothing is divifible but what of it felf ( abftraGting from divifion) is one, For the nature of divifion isthe making of many; which implyeth, that what 1s to be di- vided muft of neceflity be not #zazy before it be divided. Now quantity being the fubject of divifion, it is evident that purely of it felf and without any force or adjoyned helps, it mutt needs be one, wherefoever fome outward agent doth not intro- duce multiplicity upon it. And when{oeyer other things work upon quantity as quantity, itis motthe nature and power of their operation to produceunity in it and make it one; for it is: already one: but contrariwife,the immediate neceflary effect that floweth from them in this cafe, is to make one quantity many. according to the circumftances that accompany the divider, and that which is to be divided. And therefore, alchough we may feek caufes why fome one thing fticketh fafter togethet then fome other; yet to ask abfolutely why a body fticketh together, were prejudiciall tothe nature of quantity; whole eflence is to have parts fticking together, or rather to have fuch unity, as without it all divifibiliry muft be excluded. Outof which difcourfe it followeth, that in locall motion we are to look onely for a caufe or power to divide, bur not for any to unire. For the very nature of quantity unitcth any two parts thac are indiftant from one another, without needing any other cement to glew them together: as we fee the parts of water andall liquid fub@ances, do. prefently unite themfelves to other parts of like bodies when they meet with them, and’ to folid bodies if they chance to be next untothem. And there- fore it is vain. ta trouble our heads. with Unions. and imagina- ry. 43 | a6 eA Treatife of BODIES. Chap.5. needs alfo gime them activity and virtue to pierce the body they are beatea againft. : Now, that celerity is a kind,of denfity, will appear by com- paring theirnatutes. For if we confider that a denfe body may be dilated fo as to poffefie and. fll the place of a rare body that exceeded iit in bignefle; and -by that dilatation, may be divided into as many and asigreat parts as the rare body was divifible into; we may Conceive that the {ubRance of thofe parts, was by a fecret power of mature foldedup in that little extenfion in which it was'before. And even fo, if we reflect. upon two fri- vers of equall channels and depths, whereof the one eoeth fwif- ter°then the other; and decermine.a certain length of each channell, and acommon meafure.of time: we fhall fee thatin the fame meafure of time, there paffeth a greater bulk of wa- ter in the defigned part of the channel of the fwifter ftream, then in the defigned part of the flower, though thofe parts be - equall. Neither doth ic import, that in velocity we take a part of time, whereas in denfity it feemeth that an inftant is fufficients and confequently,there would be no proportion between them. Por knowing Philofophers do all agree that there are no in- {tants in time, and that the apprehenfion.of them proceedeth merely from the manner of our underftanding. And as for parts in time, there cannot be affiumed any fo little, in which the com- parifon is not true : and fo in this regard, it is abfolutely good. *And if the Reader have difficulty at the difparity of the things which ate prefled together in denfity and in celerity; for that in denfity there is onely fubftance, and in celerity there is alfo quantity, crowded up with the fubftance ; he will foon re- ceive fatisfaction, when he fhall confider that this difparity is to the advantage of what we fay, and maketh the nature of denfity more perfe& in celerity, and confequently more power- full in fire then in earth. Befides, if there were no difparity, it 8, would not bea diftinct {pecies of denfity, but the very fame. The fame is By what we have fpoken above, it appeareth how fire getteth proved by the > Pescder, whee Ato fewell ; now let us confider how it cometh out: for the by fire cometh aétivity ofthat fierce body wall not let it lie till and reft,as long and worketh @8 it hath fo many enemies round about it co roufe it up. We pean omer fee then that as foon as it hath incorporated it felf with the fewell, \ Chap. 5. 4 Treatifeof BODIES. fewell and is grown mafter of it by introducing into it fo ma- ny of its own parts, ( like fo many fouldicrs, into an enemies town ) they break out again on every fide with as much vio- lence as they came in. For by reafon of the former refiftance of the fewell; their continuall ftreaming of new parts upon it, and one overtaking another there where their journey was flopped, (all which is encreafed by the blowing ) doth fo ex- ceedingly conden{e them into a narrower room then their na- ture affecteth, that as foon as they get liberty, and grow ma- fters of the fewell, ( which at the firft was ‘their prifon ) they enlarge their place, and confequently come out and flie abroad; ever ayming right forwards from the point where they be- gin their journey : for the violence wherewith they feek toex- tend themfelves into a larger room, when they have liberty to do fo; will admit no motion but the fhorteft, which is, by a ftraight line. So that if in our phantafie, we frame an image of a round bo- dy allof fire; we muft withall prefently conceive , that the flame proceeding from it, would diffufe it felf every way in- differently in ftraight lines; in fueh fort, that the fource ferving for the center, there would be round about it an huge ‘phere of fire and of light; unlefle fome accidentall and extern caufe fhould determine its motion more to one part then to ano- ther. Which compafie, becaufe it is round, and hath the fi- gure of a {phere, is by Philofophers termed the fphere of its activity. So thac it is evident, that the moft finiple and primary moti- on of fireis a flux in a direct line from the center of it, 10 its cir- cumference, taking the fewell for its center: as alfo, that when, itis beaten againfta harder body, it may be able'to deftroy it, although that’ body be in its own nature more denfe chen fire. For the body againft which it preflech, either hath pores, or hath none, (as, the Elements have none: )if it hath pores ; then the fire, by reafon of the violent motion of the impellent, driveth out the little bodies which fill up thofe pores, and’ fuc- ceeding in their room, and being multiplyed there; caufeth thofe effects which in our difcourfe of the Elements we affigned to heat. But if ic have no pores ; it will be either rare or denfe': if it be rare; then, in cafe that the forée of the impellent be ereater Te In what fenfe the Authour rejecteth qua: lities. os Se SS es ‘A Treatife of BO DIES. Char. 6, greater then the refiftance of the rare body, it will force. the fire to divide the rare body. But ifit be denfe ; as, fome atome of earth : then, though at the firft ic cannot divide it; yet by length of time and by continuall beating upon it, it may come to wear off fome part of it, the force of the impellent by little and little. bending the arome of the earth, by driving a conti- nuall {tream of a leffer part of fire, againft fome Cetermate part of the atome. By which word 4teme, no body will imagine we intend to expreffe a perfect indivifible, but onely, the leaft fort of naturall bodies. CHAP. VI. Of Light: what it is. Aving fad thus much of fire; the near relation that is be- tween icand light, inviteth us in the next place to bend our eyes to that which ufeth co dazell theirs who look unwari- ly upon it. Certainly, as among all the fenfible qualities, it is the principall; fo among all corporeall things, it feemeth to aim righteft at a fpirituall nature, and to come neareft unto it. And by fome hath been judged to be {pirituall; if our eyes be capable to f{ee-{pirits. No meaner man then Ariftorle leadeth the dance to hold light a quality, and mainly to deny it any bodily fubfiftence, And there hath followed him no fewer, then almoft all the world ever fince. And the queftion importeth no leffe, then the whole dostrine of qualities ; for admit light to bea body, and hardly any man will hold up his hand in de- fence of any other quality: but if it bea quality; thenall others come in, by parity and for company. But before we go any further, ic will not be amiffe to ex- prefle what we mean when we reject qualities ; and how, in fome fenfe, we are content to admit them. According to that defcription that Philofophers ordinarily do make of them, (and efpecially the modern ) we can by no means give way unto them. I confefle ingenuoufly, I underftand not what they mean by them; and I confident, that neither do they. For the very notion, that their firft words feem to expreffe of them, they comtradi& again, before they make an end of defcribing what they are. They will have them to be reall Entities Chap. 6. A Treatife of BODIES. Entities or Things, diftinét from the bodies they accom- pany: and yet, they deny chem a fubfiftence or felf-being; faying they do but inhere in their fubje&, which fupport- eth them ; or which is all one, that their being is a dependence of a fubject. If they will reflect upon what they fay, and make their thoughts and their words agree; they will find, that the firtt - part of their defcription maketh them compleat fubftances; which afterwards, in words they flatly deny : and it is impof- fible to reconcile thefe two meanings. A reall Entity or thing muft neceflarily have an Eaifence or Being of its own: which they allow them. And whatfoever hath fo, becometh a fub- ftance: for it fubfifteth by its own Exiftence; or (to fay plain- er ) is what it is by its own Being ; and needeth not the exi- {tence of another thing to give it a Being. And then prelently to fay that it doth nor fubfift of it felf; or chat it requireth the fubfiftence of a fubftance, to make it Be; isa pure contraditi- on to the former. This arifech from a wrong notion they make to theméfelyes of fubftance, exiftence and {ubfitence: and from their not con- fulting fufficiently with their own thoughts, as well as ftudy- ing in kooks. They meet there with different terms; by help of which, they keep themfelves from contradition in words, but not in effect. If the terms were rightly conceived, and notions duely fitted to them, ( which requireth deep meditation upon the things themfely¢s, and a brain free from all inclination to ‘fiding, or affection to opinions forthe authours fakes, before they be well underftood and examined ) many of thofe difputes would fall to the ground , in which oftentimes both fides lofe _.themfelves, and the queftion, before they come to an end. They are inthe dark before they are aware: and then they make -a noife, onely with terms ; which like too heavy weapons that they cannot weild, do carry their ftrokes beyond their aim. -OF fuch nature are the qualites and moods, that fome modern Philofophers have fo fubtilifed upon. And in that fenfe, we ut- terly denie them: which being a queftion appertaining to Me- taphyficks, it belongeth not to our prefent purpofe to ingige our felves further in it. sf But, as they are ordinarily underftood in common conver- D. - fation, —— a aes ZR BR a a ee $6 Jn what fenfe ¢he Authour doth admit of qualities. A Trestife of BODIES. Chap. 6, fation, We allow them. And our work is but to explicate and fhew the particulars in retail, of what men naturally {peak in orofle. For that ferveth their turn to know what ene another meaneth : whereas, it belongeth onely unto a Phi- lofopher , to exannine the caufes of things. Others are con- tent with the effeéts : and they fpeak truly and properly when they defigne them. As for example: when they fay that fire burneth by a quality of heat that it hath, or that a deye is fouare by the quality of a cubicall figure that isin it; they fpeak as they fhould do. But if others will take occafion upon this» to let their underftanding give a Bezzg unto thefe qualities , diQin& from the fubG@ances in which they conceive them; there they miffe. If we confider the fame man hungry; or thirfty, or weary, or fleepy, or ftanding, or fitting: the underftanding — prefenrly maketh within it felf reall things of fleep» hunger, thirft, wearinefle , ftanding , and fitting. Whereas indeed , they are bat different affections or fituations of the fame body. And therefore we muft beware of applying thefe notions of our mind, tothe things as they are in themfelves: as much as we muft, of conceiving thofe parts to be actually in a continued quantity » whereof we can frame actually difin@& notions in our underftanding. Butas, when ordinary men fay, that a yard containeth three feet; st is true in this fenfe, that three feet may be made of it; but that whiles it isa yard. it is but one quantity or thing, and not three.things : fo, they who make profeffion to examine ri- goroully the meaning of words, mult explicate in what fenfe st is true thar heatand figure ( our former examples ’) are qua- lities : for fitch we grant them tobe; and in no wife do con- rradi&@t the common manner of fpeech; which entereth not into the Philofophicall nature of them. We fay then, that qualities are nothing elfe butthe proprie- tics, or particularities wherein one thing differeth from another. And therefore Logicians, call fub@antiall differencies, fubftan- tiall qualities : and fay, they are predicated in Ouale quid. But the Predicamentvof Qwality isiordered by Ariftotle ‘to con- clude in it thofe differences of things, which are neither fiib- ftantiall nor quantitative, and yet are intrinfecall and-abfolute. And fo that which the underftanding calleth heat, and maketh a notion Chap.6. ef Tresie of BODIES. notion of, diftin& from the notion of the fire from whenee it iffueth to burn che wood that is near it ; is nothing elfe, in the fice, but the very fubftance of it in fuch a degree of varity; or a continuall ream of parts iffuing out of the main {tock of the fame fire, that entreth inte the wood, and by the rarity of it maketh its way through every little part, and divideth them. All which aGions are comprifed by the underftanding under one notion of burning: and the power, ( which is fire ic felf ) to do thefe actions, under one notion of the quality of heat : though burning in effect, and explicated Philofophically, be nothing elfe but the continuance of thofe material! motions we have even now de(eribed. In like manner, the cubicall fi- a of a deye, is nothing elfe but the very body of the deye ic elf, limited by other bodies from being extended beyond thofe dimenfions it hath: and fo the quality of figure or fquare- neffe, which in common fpeech is faid to be in it; is truly, the fubftance it felf, under fuch a confideration as is exprefled by that werd. But to come to our queftion, upon the decifion of which de- pendeth the fate of all the fictitious Entities which in the fchools are termed qualities. The cheif motives that perfwade light to be one of thofe; may, to my beft remembrance, be reduced to five feverall heads. The firft is, chat it illuminaceth the aire in an inftant, and therefore cannot be a body: fora body re- quireth fucceffion of time to move in : whereas, this feemeth to {pread it felf over the whole hemifphere in aninftane; for as farre as the funne is diftant from us, he no fooner raifeth his head above our horizon, but his darts are in our face: and ge- nerally, no imagination can be framed; of any motion it hath in its dilatation. The next is ; that whereas no body can admit another into its place,without being removed away it felf, to leave that room unto the advenient one; nevertheleffe, plain experience fhew- eth us dayly, that two lights may be in the fame place ; and the firft is fo farre from going away at the coming of the fe- cond, that the bringing in of a fecond candle, and fecting it near the firft, encreafeth the light in the room ; which diminifheth again when the fecond is removed away. And by the fame rea- fon; if light were a body, ir fhould drive away the aire D 2 ( which 51 e Five arguments propofed to prove thar light is not a bedy. ef Treatife of BODIES. Chap.6, (which is likewife a body ) wherefoever it is admitted : for within the whole {phere of the irradiation of it, there is no- point wherein one may fet their eye, buc light is found. And therefore , if it were a body there would be no room for aire in - that place which light taketh up. And likewife, we fee that it penetrateth all folid bedies, (and particularly glaffe, ) as expe- rience (heweth, in wood, ftone, metals, and any other body whatfoever, if it be made thinne enough. The third argument, why light cannot be a body, is, that if it were (0, it can be none other but fire, which is the fubtileft, and mot ratified of all bodies whatfoever.. Butif it be fire, then it cannot be without heat: and confequently, a man ceuld not feel cold ina funne-fhining day. The contrary of which is apparent all winter long ; whofe brighteft’ dayes oftentimes rove the coldeft. And Galileus with divers others fince, did ufe from the funne to gather light ina kind of ftone that is found in Italy ( which is therefore by them called, /a calamita delia luce ) and yet no heat appeared init. A glow-worm will give light to read by, but not to warm you any whitat all. And it is faid, that diamonds and carbuncles will fhine like fire in the greateft darks; yet no man ever complained of being ferved by them as the foolith Satyre was: by kifling of a burning coal, On the contray fide; if one confider how great heats may be made without any light at all, how can one be perfwaded that light & heat fhould be the fame thing, or indeed any whit of kin? The fourth motive to-induce us to believe that light cannot be a body , is the fudden extinction of it, when any folid body cometh between the fountain of it, and the place where he fend- eth his beams. What becometh of that great expanfion of light that fhined all about, when a cloud interpofeth it felf between - the body of the funne and the {treams that come from. it?- Or when it leavech our horizon to lightthe other, world? His head is no fooner out of our fight; but. at the inftant all his beams are vanifhed, If that which filleth fo vaft.a room were a body, fomething would: become of it:. it would at leaft be changed to fome other fubftance; and fome reliques would be left of. it; as when afhes remain of burned bodies :. for. nature, admitteth not the annihilation of any thing.. And in the laft place;we may conceive that if light were a bo- dys. y: Chap. 6. “a Treatife of BODIES. dy, it would be fhaken by the winds, and by the motion of the ajres and’ we fhould fee it quaverin all bluftering weather. Therefore, fumming up all we have faid; jit feemeth—moft improbable, and indeed wholly impoffible , thatlight fhould beabody ; and confequently, muft have his place among qua- lities. But on the other fide; before we apply our felyes to anfwer 4e thefe objections , let us make a fhort furvey of thofe induce- The two arft : é S ‘ Erte reafons to prove ments; that prevail with us to believe light 2 body, notwith- light to be a ftanding fo forcible oppofitions. I admit fo farre of the third body aie, arguments as to allow light to be fire: for indeed it cannot be hath with fires imagined to be any thing elfe; all properties agreeing {o fully and beeaue if between them. Burt withall I muft adde ; chat iris not fire in *y>it wou'd al- every form, or fire joyned with every fubftance, that exprefleth an oustinaic it felf by light; bur it is fire extremely dilated, and without felf. mixture of any other grofle body. Let me hold a piece of linen or paper clofe by the flame of a candle, and by little and little, remove it further dnd further off ;, and methinks my very eyes tell me, that there is upon the paper fome part of that which I fee in the candle; and that it groweth fill lefle and leffe like. as J remove the paper fursher from it: fo that, if I would be- lieve my fenfe ,I-fhould believe it.as very a body upon the paper, asin the candle; though enfeebled, by the laxity of the channel in which it floweth. And this feemeth to be ftrengthened, by the confideration of the adverfaries pofition : for if it. were a quality; then, feeing it hath no contrary to deftroy or ftop it, it fhould fill produce an équall to it felf, without end or growing feeble, whenfoever it meeteth with a fubject capable to entertain it, as aire is. The better to apprehend how much this faint refemblance .. oe of flame upon the paper, maketh for our purpofe; let us turn fous becaule if the leaf, and. imagine in our thoughts, after what fafhion that We inisine fe fire which is in the flame of a little candle, would appear unto? fiblianceer™ us, if ic were dilated and ftretched out to the urmoft extent that eae e exceffe of rarity can bring it unto. Suppofe chat fo much the: fame ap- flame, .as would fill a cone of two inches height and half iicn tight an inch diameter fhould fuffer fo great an expanfion as to bath. replenith with his light body a large chamber: and then, what can we imagine it would feem to be? How would the con- D 3 tinuall 54 6. The fourch réafon , from the mannet of the generation and corruption Titdife of BODIES. — Chap.6 tinuall driving it intoa thinner fubftance, as it ftreameth ina perpetuall floud from the flame; feemto play upon the paper? And then judge whether itbe likely tobe a body orno, when out difcourle fueectteth unto us, that ifit be a body, thofe very appearances thult follow, which our eyes give us evidence are fo in effe&. If gold beaten into fo aiery a thinneffe as we {ee ruildets wfe, doth remain ftill gold notwithftanding the won- derfull expanfion of it: why fhall we not allow, that fire dilas ted to his utmoft period, fhall ftill remain fire; though extreme- ly rarified beyond what it was ? We know that fire is the rareft and the fubtileft fubftance that nature hath made among bodies 3 and we know likewife, that it is ingendered by the deftroying and feeding upon fome other more eroffe body = Jet us then calculate, when the oyl, ofiight, which oF tallow, or wax of a-candle, or the bulk of afaggot or billet, agrecth, with. fre. is dilated and rarified to the deeree of fire; how vaft a place mult it take up ? Tothis let us adde what ‘Atiftorle teacheth us + that fire ts not like a Randing pool, which concinueth full with the fame water ; and as jt hath no waft, {fo‘hath it no fapply: but ic is a fluent and ‘brooklike current. Which alfo we may learn, out ofthe perpetual! nutriment it requirech : for a new part of few+ ell, being converted inte a new part or fire (as wemay obs ferve, in the little atomes of oy!, or melted wax, that continu. ally afcend apace up the week of a burning'candle or lamp ) of theeefficy the former mult’be gone'to make room: for the larcers and fo, a new part of the river is continually flowing, Now then, this perpetuall fux of fire, being made ofa groffe body that fo rarified will take up {ach a‘vaft room ; if ic dienot at the inftant of its birch: but have fome time to fubGf( be it fever fo fhore, ) it muft needs runne' fome diftance from the fountain. whenee ‘it fpringeth. Which if it'do 5 you ‘need nor wonder, that there fhould be fo great anexcent of fire as is requifite to fill all that {pace which helt replenifheth; nor that it fhould be Rill fupplyed ‘with ‘news as: falt asthe coldof the aire killeth it: for ¢onfidering ‘that Haine is'a . much srofler fubftance then pure’ fire, (by reafow of the mixture with ‘ic, of ‘that vifeous oyly matcer, which being drawn eit’ ofthe wood atid‘candle, ‘Yerveth for fewell tothe fir; and | is Chap. 6. A Treatife of BODIES, is by little and little converted into it; ) and withall reflefting upon the mature and motion of fire, ( which is, co dilate ie felf extremely, and-tofly all about from the center to the circum{e- rencey Jyourcannot choofe but conceive, that the pure fire {trug- cling to break away from the oyly fewell (which is (till curne ing into new fire ) doth at length free his wings from that bird- lime, and then flyeth abroad wich extreme fwiftneffe,and {wel- lech & dilateth it felf co'a huge bulk now: thar it hath gotten li- berty ; and fo filleth a vaft room 3 bueemaineth till fire eill it die : which it no fooner doth, but it is fill fupplyed with new. freams of it,that are continually ftrained, 8c as it were fqueef= ed out of the chick Aame,which did imprifon it,and kept it with- in ie;till crowing fuller of fire then it could concain(by reafon of the continuall’ attenuating the oyly parts of ic, and converting them into fire jitgiveth liberty unto thofe parts of fire, chat are next the fuperficies,to fly whither their nature will carry them. And thus, difcourfe would informa blind man( after he hath well ‘reflected on the nature of fire ):how it muft needs fill a mighty extent of place; though ithave buta narrow be- ginning at the fpringhead of it: and that there, by reafon of the condenfation of it, and mixture with a groffer body, it mutt needs butn other bodies ; buc that when it is freed from fuch mixture, and fuffereth an extreme expanfion, it cannot have force to burn, butmay have means to expreffe it felfto be there refent by fome operation of it upon fome body chat is refined and fubtilized enough to perceive it. And this operation a fee- ing man. will rell you is done. upon his eyes, ( whofe fitnefle to receive impreflion from fo fubrile an Agent,Anacomiftes will teach you.) And I remember, how a blind {Choolmafter that I kept in my houfeto teach my children,(who had extreme fub- tile pirits, anda great tendernefle through his whole bodys and met with few diftractions, to ‘hinder him from obferving any impreffion, never fo nicely made upon him ) ufed often to tell me, thathe felt it very preceptibly in feverall parts of his body ; but efpecially in his brain. But to fettle us more firmly in the perfwafion of light his be- ing a body(and confequently fire;) let us confider that the pro- erties ofa body, are perpetually incident to light; look what rules a ball will keep in its rebounds; the fame, doth light in D4 1ts 55 belong to light as agree onel fach properties | a ' unto bodies. 7° | The fifth reas fons becanie? —~ | 4 "Bs, Thar all light is hor and apt to hieate A Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 7. its reflexions : and the fame demonftration doth alike convince the one and the other. Befides, light is broken like a body; as when it is fnapped in pieces by a tougher body. Itis gathered together into a little room by looking or burning glaffes; as water is, by ordering the gutters of a houfefoas to bring into one ciftern all that raineth difperfedly upon the whole roof. It is fevered and difperfed by other elaffes 3 and is to be: wrought upon, and caft hither and thither at pleafure ; all by the rule of ether bodies. And what is done in light ; the fame will like- wife be done in heat, in cold, in wind, and in found. And. the very fame inftruments that are made for light, will work their effects in all thefe others, if they be duly managed. So that certainly, were ic not for the authority of, Ari- ftotle and. of his learned followers that preffeth'us on the one fide ; and for the feemingnetle of thofe reafons we have alrea- dy mentioned; which. perfwadeth us on the other fide ;. our very eyes would carryus by ftream into this, confent, that light is no other thing but the nature and fubftance of fire, {pred farre and wide, and freed from the mixture of all other groffe bodies. Which will appear yet, more evident in the foluti- ons of the oppofitions we have brought againft our own opini- on: for in them there. will occurte other arguments of no leffe importance to prove this verity, then. thefe we have al- ready propoled.: CHAP.) >. VI. Two objettions anfwered against light being fire; with a more ample proof of sts being [uch, Aving then faid thus much to perfwade us of the corpo~ -reity of this, fubtile thing, that fo queintly playeth with our: eyes; we will in the next place examine thofe objections that at the beginning we did fec. down againft its being a body: and if after a through difcuffion of them, we find they doin truth conclude nothing of what atthe firft fight they bear fo greata fhew of; but that-we fhall be able perfectly to {olve and enerve.their, force; no body will think it rafhneffe in us to craye leave of Ariftotle that we may diffent from him in a matter thar hehath not looked to the bottom ofjand whofe opinion therein Cans Chap. 7. ef Treatife of BODIES. ee cannot be defended from plain contradiGtions and impoffibili- ties. It is true, never any one man looked fo farre as he into the bowels of nature; hemay be rightly termed the Genius of it; and whofoever followeth his principles in the main, cannot be led jnto errour: but we muft not believe that he or any man elfe that relieth upon theftrength and negotiation of his own rea- | fon, ever hada priviledge of infallibility entailed to all he faid. Let us then admire him for what he hath delivered us :_ and wherehe fallech fhort or is weary in his fearch, and fuffereth him(elf to be born down by. popular. opinions. again{t his own principles ( which happeneth very feldome to him ) let us feck to fupply and relieve him. But to. purfue our intent: We wilk begin, with anfwer- ing the third objection; which is, that if light were fires it muft heat as well as enlighten where it fhineth. There +s no doubt but it doth for: as is evident by the weather- | glaffes, and other artificiall muficall inftruments (as organs and yirginals that played by. ‘themfelves ) which. Cornelius | Drebbel: ( that admirable mafter of mechanicks ) made to fhew the king... All which depended upon the rarefaction and condenfation of fome fubtile body, conferved ina cavitie with- inthe bulk of the whole inftrument :: for. affoon.as the funne fhined, they would have motion and: play their parts. And there is no doubt but thargrew out of the rarefaction of the fubtile liquor he made ufe of, which, was dilated afloon as the aire was warmed by the funne-beams. Of whofe operation it was fo fenfible, that they no fooner left the horizon, but. its motion ceafed. And if bura cloud came between the in- Grument and them, the mufick would. prefently go flower time. And the ancient miracle of Memnons ftatue, feemeth | to bea juggling of the. Ethiopian Priefts. made by, the like | invention. But though he and: they found fome fpirituall and rei-- | ned matter, that would receive fuch notable impreflions, frOM re reaton init I {o fail alterations. of temper;. yet it 1s no wonder that ourienr bodies for: oroffe bodies are not fenfible of them : for we cannot feel Wake ie nn: (ok ches unleffe it be greater then that which is in our fenfe.. And the. best of pure heat there mult be in proportion to the heat ofour bloudswhich ~*~ | | is an. high degree of, warmth, And therefore it.is very pol- ATresife of BODIES. Chap. 77 fible that ah exceeding rarified fire, may caufe a farre leffe im- preffion of heat then we are able to feel, Confider how if you fet pure f{piricof wine ‘on fire, and’ fo convert it into a¢tuali flame; yer ie Will not burtis ner fearce warm your hand : and then cam youexpest that the lioht of a candle which filleth a great room, fhould bur or warm you as far as it fhineth ? Ifyou would exa&tly know what degree of heat, and power of buriting that light hath,’ which (for example) thi- nech upon the wall in a gteat chamber’, inthe middeft where- of there fHandeth 2 candle; do ‘but €aleulare what overpro- portion of quantitie all the light im the whole room beareth tothe quantity of the little flame‘at thetopiof the candle: and that is the overpropoftioh of the force of burning which is in the candle, to the force of burning which is in fo much light at the wallas in extenfion is equall to’ the flame of the cans dle. Which when you have confidered, you will not quarrell at its nor/warming you at that diffances although you granr it to be fire, ftreaming out fromthe flame ‘as from the {pring that feedeth it, and extremely dilated ( according to the na- ture of fire, when it is at liberty ) by going fo farre, without any other groffe body to imprifon or clog it. | * Te is manifeft , that this rule'of examining the proportion of burning in fo much of the fight as the flame is, ( by caleu- lating the proportion of the quantity or extenfion of ail the light in the rooin to the extenfion of the flame of the candle, and then comparing the flame of the candle to a partof light equall in extenfion unto it) isa ‘good and infallible one, if we abftract from accidentall inequalities : fince both the light and the flame are ina perpetuall flux; and all che light was firft in the flame, which is the {pring from whence it continu- ally floweth. As in 2 river wherein every part runneth with a fettled ftream; though one place be ftraighter, and another broader; yet of neceffitie , fince all che ‘water that is inthe broad place came out of the narrow, it mutt follow that in equall portions of time, there is no more water where it hath the liberty of a large channell, then where the banks prefle it into a narrower bed » fo that there be no inequalities in the bottome. ) In like manner, ifin a large ftoye a bafia of ‘water be “oF verte Chapily. ‘A Treatifeof BODIES. verted into fteam; thet rarified water whieh then filleth the whole ftove, is no more then what the bafin contained before: — and confequently, the power of moiftening whichis in a foots extenfion ( for example ) of the ftove wherein that {team is, muft be in proportion to the virtue of wetting in the foots ex-- - ¢enfion of water ; as the quantity of that great room which the fteam filleth, is to the quantity of the water contained in the bafin: for although the rarified water be not in every leaft part of that great place it feemeth totake up; by reafon that -here is aire in which it muft fwim; yet the power of wetting that was in the bafin of water, is dilated through the whole room,by the conjunction of the myft or dew to all the fenfible parts of the aire that is in the room:and confequently the pow- er of wetting which is in any foot of that room; is in a. manner as much Jeffe then the power of werting which was in the foot of water, asif the water were rarified to the quantity of the whole room, and no aire were left with it. And in the fame manner it farech with dilated fire, as ic Aoth with dilated water : with onely this difference peradyen- ture, that fire groweth purer and more towards its own na- tute by dilatation ; whereas water becometh more mixed and is ‘carried from its nature by faffering the like effect. Yer dilared water will in proportion moyften more then dila- ted fire will burn; for the rarefaction of water sbringeth it hearer to the mature of aire “(whofe chief propriety 1s moi- - ure, ) and the fire that accompanieth it when ic raifeth itin- to fteam, ‘giveth it more powerfull ingreffion iuco what body ir meeteth withall’? whereas fire when it lisvery pure, and at entive liberty to ftretch and fpread it felf as:wide as the na- ture of it will carty it, getteth no advantage of ‘buraing by its oixture with aires andalchongh it gaineth force by its pu- rity, yee by reaton of its extreme rarefaction: it mut needs be extremely faint. But‘if by the*help of glafles: you willgather tnto lefe room that whieh is diffuled invo.a great one ; and {o: eondenfe it 2s much as it §s'(for example ):in the flame of a can- ale; hen that fire or compadted light will burn much more forcibly-then ‘fo tnuch fame forthere isvasmuch of icin quan- tity (excepting what 4s loftda the rarriage of ic; }) and: ic 4s held in together ‘in as'little-room 5 and ix hath this advantage befides,, 2 v . The experience of burning: g/a= fes, and of foule try gloomy wea- ther, prove light to be Gre. Philofophers ought not to judge of things by the rules of vulgar people, ‘A Treatifé of BO DIES. Chap. 7. befides, that itis clogged with no. groffe body to hinder the activity of it. Ir feemeth to me now, that the very anfwering this objecti- on‘doth (befides repelling the force of it ) evidently prove that light is nothing but fire in hisown nature, and exceedingly di- fated: for if'you fuppofe fire (for example,the flame of a candle) to beftretched ont to the cutmoft expanfion that you may well imagine fuch a grofle body is capable of; it is impoflible ic fhould appear and work otherwife then it doth in light, as I have’ fhewed above. Andagain, we fee plainly that light ga- thered together burneth more forcibly then any other fire what- foever, and therefore muft needs be fire. Why then fhall'we not confidently conclude, that what. is ‘fire before ic getteth abroad , and is fire again when it cometh ‘cogether, doth likewife remain fire during all its journey ? Nay, even in the journey it felf we have particular teftimony that ic is fire: for light returning back from the earth charged with lit- ‘tle atomes (as it doth in foulery gloomy weather) heateth much more then before: juft as fire doth: when. it isimprifoned ina denfe body. si Philofephers ought not to judge by the fame rules that the common people doth. Their groffe fenfe is all their guide: and therefore they cannot apprehend any thing to be fire, that doth not make it felf be known for fuch by burning them. But: he that judicioufly examineth the matter, and traceth the pedigree and period of it; and feeth the reafon why in fome circumftan- ces it burneth, and in others ic doth not; is too blame, if he fuf- -ferhimfelf to beled by others ignorance contrary to his owa reafon. When they that are curious in perfumes,will have their chamber filled with a good fent in a hot feafon that agreeth not with burning perfumes, and therefore make fome odoriferous water be blown about it by their fervaats mouths that are dex- terous in that miniftery, (as isufed in Spain in the fammer time; ) every one thar feeth it done, though on a fudden the wa- ter be left to his eyes and touch , and is onely difcernable by his nofe ; yet he is well fatisfied that the fent which recreateth him, is the very water he faw.in. the glaffe extremely dilated by the forcible {prouting of it- out from the feryants mouth, and will by little and little fall down and become again pal- pable Chap. 7. of Treaife of BODIES. "NEE able water as it was before; and therefore doubteth not but Se am it is {till water whiles it hangeth in the aire divided into little ~ atomes. Whereas one that faw not the beginning of this ope- | ration by water, nor obferved how in the end it fheweth it felf asain in water, might the better be excufed ifhe fhould not think that what he felled were water blown about the aire,nor any fub@ance of it felf (becaufe he neither feeth nor handleth it ) but fome adventitious quality he knoweth not how adhe- xh ring to the aire. The like difference is between Philofophers | : that proceed orderly in their difcourfes, and others that pay | themfelves with terms which they underftand not. The one ~ . fee evidence in what they conclude ; whiles the others cuefle wildly at randome. I hope the Reader. will not deem it time loft from our main : drift, which we take up thus in examples and digreffions : for if ‘The difference’ I be not. much deceived, they ferve. exceedingly to ilufrate ae the matter: which Ihope I have now rendred fo plain , as ceed from dif- no man that fhall have well. weighed it, will expect that fige ree te dilated jnto that rarified fubftance which mankind ( who ac- ftance. .. cording to the different appearance of things to their fenfes giveth different names unto them ) calleth light , fhould burn like that groffer fubftance which from doing fo they call fire; mor doubt bur thatthey may be the fame thing more or lefle attenuated ; as leaf-gold that flyeth in the aire as light as down, is as truly gold as that in an ingot which being heavier then any other fubftance; falleth moft forcibly unto the ground. What we have faid of the unburning fire ( which we call light:) ftreaming fom the flame of a candle, may eafily be lL other lights deprived of fenfible heat, whereof i fome appear with fame, others without it: of the firft fort of | which; are the innoxious flames that are often feen on the hair of mens heads, and horfes manes, on the mafts of fhips, over praves, and fat marifh grounds, and the like : and of the lat-- . | te + applyed to- a ter fort are glow-worms, and the light-conferving {tones, rot ten wood; fome kinds: of fifh and of flefh when. they begin to» i putrifie, and fome other.things of the like mature. . his objection, that-we 65. as well.asmuch’ light rene with-- Now to anfwer the fecond part of t daily fcegteat. heats without any lights . 'peretie of BODIES. Chap. 7. oe ee withoutany heat, and therefore light and fitreeannot be the ee and fame thing: you may call to miad how denfe bodies are capa- ica ‘ble of great quantities of rare ones; and thereby it cometh to ‘ paffe, that bodies which reprgne to the dilatation of flame, may neverthelefle have much fire enclofed inthem. Asin 2 love, let the fire be mever fo great, yet it appeareth not out- wards to the fight, although that ftove warm all the rooms near it: So when many little parts of heat are imprifoned in as ma- ny little cells of grofie earthly fub@ance, ( which are like fo many little ftoves to them ) that imprifonment will not hinder them from being very hot to the fenfe of feeling ( which is moft perceptible of denfe things.) But becaufe they are choaked with the clofeneffe of the groffe matter wherein they are enclofed, they cannot break out into 2 body of flame or light, fo to dif- cover their nature: which (as we have faid before ) is the moft unfit way for burning; for we fee that light muft be condenfed to produce flame and fires as flame muft be to burn violently. Having thus cleared the third objeGtion , ( as I conceive; ) let wWhatlecomerh US BO OF to the fourth; whieh requireth that we farisfie their in- ofthe bedy of | quifition, who ask what becometh of that vaft body of fhining lightwheait Jighe (if it be a body ) that filleth all the diftance between heaven and earth: and yanifheth in a moment affoon as a cloud or the moen interpofeth it felf between the funne and us, or that the funne quitteth our hemifphere ? No figne at all remaineth of it after the extinction of it, as doth of all other a fubftances, whole deftruction is the birth of fome new thing. Whither thenis it flown? We may be perfwaded that a myft isa corporeall fubfance, becanfe it turneth to drops of water upon the twigs thar ie invironeth: and fo we might believe light to be fire, if after the burning of it out, we found any afhes re- maining; but experience affureth us, that after itis extinguifh- ed, it leaveth not the leaft veftigium behind it of having been there. Now, before we anfwer this objeSion , we will entreat our adverfary to call to trind, how wehaye in our folution of the former declared and proved that the light, which (for example) fhineth from a candle, is no more then the flame is, from whence it {pringeth, the one being condenfed and the other di- lated ; and that theflame is in a perpetuall flux of eens about Ones Atal fRODIES. = NA about the circumference , and of reftauration at the center, where it fucketh in the fewell: and then we will enquire of him, what becometh of that body of flame which fo continual. “i ly dieth and is renewed, and leaveth no remainder behind ie; | as well as he doth of us, what becometh of our body of light, which in like manner is alwayes dying and alwayes fpringing | fre(h > And when he hath well confidered it, he will find that one anfwer will ferve for both. Which is, Thatas the fire ftreameth out from the fountain of it, and groweth more fubtile by its dilatation, it finketh the more eafily into thofe bodies it meeteth withall: the firft of which and that environeth it round about, is aire. With aire then it mingleth and incorporateth it felf, and by confequence . with the other little bodies that are mingled with the aire : and sn them it receiveth the changes which nature worketh: by which it may be turned into the other elements, if therebe oc- cafion; or be ftill conferved in bodies that require heat, Upon this oceafion, I remember a rare experiment that a sg, noble man of much fincerity, and a fingular friend of mine, An experiment cold me he had feen: which was, That by means of glafles meade Oe jn very particular manner; and artificially placed one by ano- tight'may be. ther, he had feen the fun-beans gathered together . and precipi- pai ins tated down intoa brownifh or purplifh red powder. There 4 could be no fallacy in this operation : for nothing -whatfoever . was inthe glaffes when they were placed and difpofed for this intent : and it muft bein the hot time of the -yeare, elfe the ef- fost would not follow. And of this Magiftry he could eather fome dayes near two ounces in a day. And it was of a firanee volatile nature, and would pierce and imprint his fpirituall qua- lity into gold it felf (the heavieft and moft fixed body we conyerfe withall ) in avery fhorttime. If this'be plainly ‘fo, without any miftaking ; then 1mens eyes and‘hands may tell them what .becometh of light when it dieth, ifagreat deal of it were {wept together. But from what caufe foeverthis experi~ ence had itseffect, our reafon maybe fatisfied with what we have {aid above: for I con'effe, for my part, T believe the appea- sing body might be fomething that came along with the fun- beams» and was gathered ‘by them; bur not their pure fibftances Some peradventure will object thof lamps, whieh both an- eient: Be 9 ; “rhe Aurheurs opinion con- cerning lamps pretended to Jiave been foundintombes with in¢canm- pzible lights. A Treatife of BO DIES. Chap. 7. cient-and modern writers have reported to have been found in toinbes and urns, long tinie before clofed up from mens repair unto them to fupply them with new fewell : and therefore tney ‘believe fich fires to feed upon nothing; and confequently, to -be inconfumptible and perpetuall. Which if they be, then our Indeed, how can it be otherwife ? In refraction, we are fureit is {o: and therefore at notime but when. the funne >is perpendicularly over our heads, we can be certain. of the contrary although it fhould fend its light to us in an inftant. Unleffe. happely the truth of the cafe fhould be, that the funne doth not move aboutus; but we turnto his light : and then, the. objection. alfo lofeth its aim. be | But the more we preffe the quicknefle of light; the more we Seis at ingage our {elves in the difficulty why light doth not fhatter the a body, doch ! aire in pieces, as likewife all folid bodies whatfoever: for the 20° iss mo || mafters of naturall Philofophy do tellus, thata fofter thing other bodies : Ww ith into Plecese Hitt = se an area ATresti{e of BODIES. — Chap. 8. with a great velocity, is as powerfull i in effeét when itgiveth a blow,.as.a harder thing going flowly. ‘And accordingly expe- ene Us, aha sditplloin candle) fhot in a gun will go through aboard or killoaiman.. Wherefore light having fuch an are e celeritys fhonld alfo have an enwih fabs force! to pierce and fhatter, not onely the aire, but-even the hardeft bo- dies that are. Peradyenture {ome may think it reafonable to srantithe confequence ( insdue.circumftances ) firice experience teacheth us, shat the congregation of ia litle light by a palin will fet very folid sbodies om fires and.will mele metals ia very fhortfpace ; which fheweth a great activity : : and the great activity fheweth a great percuffion; barning being efteé d by a kind of aterision ef xhe thing burned. ‘And ¢ he great fc which fire fheweth in gunnes, hadi in'mines, being bite a multiplication of thefame, bceh; evidently convince that of its own nature it maketh a Rreng percuffion, when all due cir- cumnftances .concurre. Whereas it hath but ‘little effe& if the jue cincunnftances be wanting; as weimay obferve ‘in the infen- fble burning of {o rarified a body as pure fpirit of wine conyer- ted -imto beste But we toft examine the matter more particularly,and muft feck thescaufe whyaviolent effet doth not alwayes appear, whevefcever’ light iftriketh ;°for the which we are’ ‘to note hat three things do concurre'to make a percuffion great: The bigneffe, the denfity; and’ the celerity of the body moved. Of * which three there is onely one in light; to wit, celerity: for it hach the.greateft rariry, and the rayes Of it are the fmalleft par. eds. of allanaturallibodiess And therefore Gince onely celetity is confiderable inithe account of lights-percuffions; we muft éxa- mine.w batcelerity is neceflary:to ‘make the ftroke of a ray fenfi- fit then wefee'thatall the motes of the aire, nay even 2- hers andottra ws; do'makeno-fenfible pereuffion ‘when they fall ae us: therefore we muft in light have at the leaft a celerity thatimay be tothe celerity of the ftaw falling upon our hand ( for example ,) as the denfity of the ftraw is to the denfity of lightpthat thei percuffion of light may be inthe leaft dé eoree {en- bles But slet usctake acorn or ounpowder in ftead of a ftraw (between which «there cannot be mitch difference’) and then putting that thedenfity of fire is to the denfity of gunpowder as Io ad } xe ii £ b Chap.8. | 4 Treatifeof BODIES. f. to 125600; atid thae the denfity of the ight we have héte in: the earth, is t6 the dénfity of chat’part of firé which isin’ the funnes bod y, as the body of the funne is to: that Body Which ‘is called Orbis magwus ( whole femidiamecet is the diftance be- tween che funne and the earth; ) which'miult be in fubtriple propoition of the diameter of the funrie to the diameter of the great orb: it followeth that 12¥000. being miultiplyed by the proportion of the great orb’utito the'funne (whieh Galileo tel- leth us'is as 106000000. unto one) will give a fcantling of what degtee of celerity light muft have more ther acorn of gunpow- dér, to récothperice the exceffe of Weight which is in acorn of eunpowdersabove that whieh isin a ray of light,as bis a8 acorn of gunpowder. Which will amount to be much greater then the proportion of thé femidiater of Orbis magnus, 8 the {emidia- tér of the corn of gunpowder: for if you reckon five grains of sunpowder to a barly-corns breadth,and 12.0f them in aninch, ‘ and 12. itiches in a foot, and 3. feet in a pace, and rooe. paces in 4 thilé, and 3¢00. miles in the fensidiametet of the earch, and 4208. femidiameters of the earth in the femidiameter of the Or- bis magnus, thére will be in it but 9132480000000. grains of gunpowder ; whereas the other calculation maketh light to be 1 3356000000006. tithes rater themgunpowder; which 15 almoft refi times a gteater proportion their che other. And yet this cele- rity fuipplyeth bile. one of the two conditions wanting in light to make its percuffions fenfible, namely denfiry. Now becaufe the fame velocity ih a body of a leffet bulk, doth not make fo reat a percufsion as it doth in abigeger body;and that the little- neffe of the leaft parts’ of bodies followeth the proportion of their rarity; this vaft proportion of celerity mut again be drawn in- to it felf to fuipply for the exceffe in bioneffe that a corn of gun- powder Hath ‘over an atonte of light: and the ‘product of this multiplication will be the'celerity required to fupply for both dees. Which evidently fheweth, itis impofsible that a ray of light fhotild make any fenfible perculsion, though it be a body. Efpecially confidering that fenfe never takech notice of what is perpetually done ina moderate degtee, And therefore after this minute looking into all etrcumftances, we need not ‘have difi- culty in allowing unto light the orearelt celerity imaginable,and a peretifsion proportionate to fuch a celericy in fo rate a ys anG ~~} il A Treatife off BODIES. Chap. 8. and yet not fear any violent effe& from its blows : unleffeit be condenfed, and many parts of it be brought together to work as tf chey were but one. 7 As concerning the laft objection; that if light were a body,it fhe reafonwhy would be fanaed by the. wind:we mutt confider what is che caufe the bodyor of a things appearing to be moved: & then examine what force erceived tobe thar.caufe hath in light. As forthe firt part; we {ce chat when ey ae body is diicerned now in one place, new in another , chen it appeareth to be moved.And this we fee happeneth alfo in light; as when the funne or a candleis carried or moveth, the licht thereof in the body of the candle or funne feemeth to be moved along with it. And the like is in a fhining cloud or comet, But to apply this to our purpofe : We muft note that the ia- rention of theobjection is, that the light which goeth from the fire to an opacous body farre diftane without interruption of its continuiry,fhould feem to be jogged or put out of its way by the wind that croffech ir, Wherein the firft failing iz, that che ob- jectour conceiveth light to fend fpecies unto our eye from the midft of its line: whereas with a little confideration he may per- ceive, thac no light is feen by us but that which is refleted from an opacous body to our eye: fo thatthe light he meaneth in his objection is never feen at all. Secondly, it is manifeft that che light which ftriketh our eye, doth Arike it in a ftraight line; and feemeth to be at the end of that ftraight line, wherefoever chat is; and fo can never appear to be in another place: but the light which we fee in another place, we conceive to be another light, Which maketh it zgain evident, tharthe light ean never appear to fhake, though we fhould fappofe that light may be feen from the middle of its lines for no pate of wind or aire can come ia= to any fenfible place in that middle of the line, with fach {peed - that new light from the fource doth not illuminate itfooner then it can be feen by us:wherefore it will appear to us illuminated, as being in that place: and therefore the light can never appear fhaken, And laftly. itis eafier for the aire or wind to deitroy the light, then it is to remove it out of its place, wherefore it can never foremove it out of its place, as that we fhould fee it in another place. But if it fhould remove it, it would wrap it up within it felfand hide ir. In conclufion; after this long difpute concerning the nature i Chap. 8. ef Treatife of BODIES. of light: if we confider well what hath been faid on both fides (to which much more might be added, but that we have already tre(pafled in length, and I conceive enough is faid to decide the. matter ) an equall judge will find the ballance of the queftion to hang upon thefe termes: that, to prove the aature of light to be materiall and corporeall,are brought 2 company of accidents well known to be the proprieties of quantitie or bodies; and as well known tobe in light. Even fo farre as that.it is manifeft that light in irs beginning before it be difperfed is fire; and if again it be gathered together, it fheweth it felf again to be fire. And the receptacles of it are the receptacles of a body: being a multitude of ‘pores, as the hardneffe and coldneffe of tran{pa- rent things do give us to underftand; of which we fhall hereaf- ter have oceafion to difcourfe. Onthe contrary fide, whatfoever arguments are brought a- cainft lights being a body, are onely negatives. As that we fee not any metion of light; that we do notdilcern where the con- fires are between light and aires that we fee not room for both of them, or for more lights to be together; and thelike: which is to oppofe negative proofs againft affirmative ones ; and to build a dotrine upon the defect of our fenfes; or upon the like- nefle of bodies which are extremely unlike, expecting the fame effects from the moft fubtile as from the moft orofle ones. All which together with the authority of Ariftotle and his follow- ers, have turned light into darkneffe, and have made us almoft deny the light of our own eyes. Now then, to. take our leave of this important queftion: let us return to the principles from whence we began,and confider ; that feeing fire is che moft rare of all the Elements,and very dry: and that out of che former it hath, that ic may be cut into very {mall pieces; and out of the latcer, that it conferveth its own fi gure, and fo.is apt to divide whatloever fluide body:and joyning to thefe two principles, that it multiplyeth extremely in its fource. It mutt of neceffity follow, that it fhooreth out in great multitudes little fmalk parts into the aire and into other bo- dies circumfufed with» great dilatation. in.a fphericall manner. And likewife that thefe little parts are ealily broken ; and new ones {till following the former, are ftill multiplyed in ftraight lines.from. the place where they break. Que of which it 1s evi- dent: ys ae Thé reafons for & againtt lights } being a body, as compared to- gether. fs A fimmary re Petition of the. reafons which prove that lighe- i 1s. tire; V | | H } eB al “3 : A Trestife of BODIES: Chap. 9. dene that of necefficy it muft in a manner fill all places,and chae ho fenfiblé place is fo little, but that fire will be found in it,ifche medium Be capadious. As alfo, chat its. extreme leaft parts will be very eafily fwallowed up in the parts of the aire, which are humide; and by their enfolding, be ag it were quite loft; fo as ee Sa i ae to lof the appearance of fire. Again; that in-its reflections, it me «will follow the nature of groffer bodies, and have glidings like fhe them; whichris thats we call refractions. That litle ftreamings cathy from it will croffe ore another in exceffive steat numbers, in an unfenfible part of fpace, without hindring ene another. That | its motion will be quicker theh fen’e can judge of ; and there- we fre will f€em to move in an infant, or to fland fillas in a le Ragnation. That if there be any bodies fo porous with litele Ag. and thick pores ; as that the pores arrive near unto equalling the fubtance of the body; then; fich a body will be fo filled ei ‘Ed with thefe little particles of fire, that it will appear as if there | | ; were no flop in its paffage, but were all filled with fire; and Ba yet, many of chefe litle parts will be reflected. And what{o- Bee ever qualities elfe we find in light, we flrall be able co derive e them out of thefe principles, and {hew that fire muft of neceffi- ea: tie do what experience teacheth us that light doth. That Be is to fay in one word. it will thew us chat fire is light. But if fire eck: be light, then light muft needs be fire. And fo we leave this matttt CHAP. IX. Of Locall motion in common. te Hough in the fifth chapter, we made onely earth the pre- ee. ae auads in the Controverfie apain{t fire for fupertority in formed without aCtivity ;( and in very truth, the greateft force of gravity doth = appear in thofe bodies whieh are eminently earthy: ) neverthe= leffé , both water ard aire (as appeareth out of the 4. chaptet of the Elements ) do'agree with earth in having gravity. And gravity; is the chief virtué to make them efficients. So that up- on the matter, this plea is common to all the three Elements. Wherefore, to explicate this virtue , whereby thefe three weighty Elements do work; let vs call:to mind. what we faid in the beginning of the la@t chapter concerning locall motion : to wit, thac according as the body moved, or the divider did more and more’ enter into the divided body; {; it-did joynit {elf to’ fome Chap. 8. ‘A Tria'if of BODIES. fome new parts of the medium or divided body, and did in like manner forfake others. Whence it happeneth that in every part of motion, it poffeffeth a greater part of the medium then it felf éan fill at onee. And becaufe by the limitation and confinednefle of every magnitude unto jutt what it is, and no more; it is im- poffible that a leffer body fhould at once equalile a greater : it followeth that this divifion or motion whereby a body attain- éth to filla place bigoer then it felf, mult be done fucceilively : that is, it muft firft fill one part of the place it moveth in, then another ; and fo proceed on, till it have meafured it felf with évery part of the place from the firft beginning of the line of motion to the laft period of it where the body refteth. . By which difcourfe it is evident, that there cannot in nature be'a ftrenoth fo great as to make the Jeaft or quickeft moveable ‘that is, topaffe in an ioftant , or all together, over the leat place that can be imagitied: for that would make the moved body ( remaining what it is, in regard of its bigneffe ) to equa- life and fit a thing bigger then it is. Therefore it is manifeft, that motion muft confift of fuch parts as have this nature, that whiles one of them is in being, the others are not yet: and as by degrees every new one cometh to be; all the others that were before, do vanith and ceafe to be. Which circumftance ac- companying tnotion, we call Succeffion. And whatfoever ts fo done, is faid to be done 7# time: which 2. is the common meafure of alt fucceffion; for the change of fitua- Time's thecome j ‘ ; 5 mon mea‘ure of tion of the ftarres, but efpecially of the funne and moon; ts OBE aii Gcceiiion. ferved more or leffe by all mankind: and appearetl: alike to every man: and ( being the moft known, conftant, and uni- form fucceffion that men are ufed unto ) is as it were by nature it felf fet in their way and offered unto them as fitteftto eftimate and judge all other particular fuccéffions, by comparing them borh to 1t, and among themfelves by it. And accordingly we fee all men naturally meafure all other fucceffions, and exprefie their quantities, by comparing them to the revolutions of tlie heavens + for dayes,, houres, and years, are nothing elfé’ but they,or fome determinate parts of them: unto fome of which, all other motions and fucceffions mult of neceffiry be ceferted, tt we will meafiure them! And thus we fee how all the my ftery of applying time unto particular motions; is nothing elfe but the . confidering 80 i 3° £ Whit velocry = js, and that it nite. esac ETN coc emmmete cannot be inf- A Treatife of BO DIES. confidering hew farre the Agent that moveth the funne, cauferh. ir to $0.0 in its journey, whiles the Agent that moyeth a par- ticular body, caufech it to perform its motion. So that itis evident, that velocity is the effect of the fuper- proportion of the one Agent over a ceriain medium; in refpect of the proportion which another Agent hath to the {ame medi- um. And therefore, velocity is a quality by which. one fuccef- fion is inttinfically diftingnifhed from another : though our.ex- plication, u/eth to include time in the notions of velocity and rardity. Velocity then, is the effect (as we faid) of more {trength in the Agent. And having before expreffed, that ve~ locity is 2 kiad of denfity; we find that this kind of denfity is an excellency.in fucceffion ;. as permanent denfity, is an excel- lency in the nature of {ubftance; though an imperfection in the nature of quantity ( by which we fee, chat quantity is a kind of bafe alloy added to fubftance. .) And out of this it is evi- dent, that by how much the quicker che motion is in equall me- diums, by fo. much the agent is the perfecter which caufeth it to be fo quick. Wherefore, ifthe velocity fhould afcend fo much as to admit no proportion betweene the quicknefle of the one and the tardity of the other, all other circumftances being even, excepting the difference of the agents ; then there muft be no proportion between the agents. Nor indeed can there be any proportion berween them thovgh there were never fo great dif- ferences in other circumftances, aslong as thofe differences be within any proportion. And confequently, you fee thatifone agent be fuppofed to move in an inftane, and another in time ; whatfoever other differences be in the bodies moved and in the mediums ; neverthelefle the agent which caufeth motion in an inftant will be infinite in refpect of the agent which moveth in time. Which is impoffible : it being the nature of a bedy, that greater quantity of the fame thing hath greater virtue, then a Jeffe quantity hath ; and therefore, for a body to have infinite virtue, ic muft have infinite magnitude. oO If any fhould fay the contrary ; affirming that infinite virtue may be in a finite body;I ask,whether in half that body (were ia divided )the virtue would be infinite or no ? Jf he acknowledge that it would nor; I inferre thence,that neither in the two parts together there can be infinite virtue: for two finices cannot com- pols Chap. 9. Chap. 9. A Trestifeof BO D LES, ; gr pofe and make up one infinite, But if he will haya the virtue be infinite in each half he therein alloweth that there is no more virtue, in the whole body then in one half of it:which is again{t the nature of bodies. Now that a body cannot be infinice in greatnefle, is proved in the fecond knot of Matter Whites firft Dialogue of the world. And thus it is evident,that by the virtue of pure bodies there can be no motion in an inftant. i ‘ Onthe other fide it followeclrthat there cannot be fo little a a2 fee a forcein nature, but that giving it time enough, it will move nie ere the greateft weight thatcan be imagined : for the things we weight imazi treat of, being all of them quantities ; they may by divifion and aS multiplication, be brought unto equality. As for example ; fup- pofing the weight of a moveable,to be a million of pounds; and that the mover is ableto move the millioneth part of one of thofe pounds,in a million of years,the millioneth part ofa pace, through a medium ofa certain rarity. Now, fecing that years may be multiplied fo,as to equalize the force of this mover, unto the weight of the moveable : it followeth clearly that in fo ma- ny millions of years,this force may move the whole weight ofa million of pounds, through the determined medium in a. deter- minate number of millions’ of years,a million of paces : for fuch a force is equall to the required effe& ; and by confequence, if the effec fhould not follow, there would be a compleat caufe put, and no effect refult from it. But peradventure ic is needfull to illuftrate this point yet fur- ther:fuppofe then a weight never fo great to be A, anda force never {o littletd be B. Now if youconceive that fome other force moveth A,you muft withall conceive that it movethA fone fpace, fince all motion implieth neceflarily that ic be through fome fpace:let that {pace be CD. And becaufe a body cannot be moved ina {pace in an inftant,but requireth fome time to have its motion performed insit followerh,that there muft be a deter- mined time, in which the conceived force muft move the weight A through the {pace CD: let that time be EF. Now thens this is evident that itis all oneto fay that B moveth A, and to faythat B moveth A through a {pace in a tine ; fo that if any partof this be left out, it cannot be underftood that, B mo- veth A. Therefore to expreffe particularly the effect which B istodoupen A, we mutt fay thac B muft move A a certain {pace ' s The chief prin- ciple of Me- chanicks dedu- ced out of the former dif= cuurfe. 6. No moveable ean patle from A Treaife of BODIES. Chap. 9 {pace in a certain time. Whicl: being fo,we may in the next place confider that this effect of moving A may be diminithed 2 waies, either becaufe the {pace it is to be moved in, is leffened ; or the time taken up ia its motion, isencreafed: for, as itis a greater effect, to move A throngh the fpace CD, in a lefletime then EF; fo it isa leffe efte& to move the fame A, through the {pace CD, in a greater time then EF; or through a leffle {pace then CD inthe time EF. Now then, this being’ fuppofed, that it is a lefle’ effe& to move A through CD, in a greater time then EF, it followeth alfo, that a leffer virtue is able to move itthrough CD in a gteater time then EF, then the virtue which is required to moye_ it, through the fame {pace in the time EF, Which if it be once granted (as it cannot be denied) - then multiplying the time, as much asthe virtue or force. te- quired to. move A through CD in the time EF is greater then the force B ; in fo much time, the force B will beable to move A through CD. Which difcourfe is evident, if we take it in the common terms : but ifit be applied to a@tion, wherein phyficall accidents intervene, the artificer muft have the judge- ment to provide for them,according to the nature of his matter. Upon this laft difcourfe doth hang the principle which go- verneth Mechanicks, to wit, that the force and the diftance of weights counterpoyfing one another; ought to be reciprocall, That is, that by how much the one weight is heavier then the other, by fo much muft the diftance of the lighter from the fixed point upon which they are moved, be greater then the diftance ofthe greater weight from the fame point: for it is plain that the weight which is more diftant, muft be moved a greater {pace then the nearer weight in the proportion of thetwo di- ftances. Wherefore the force moving it muft carry it in a velos city of the faid proportion to the velocity of che other. And con- jequently, the Agent, or mover, muft be in that proportion mote powerfull then the contraty mover. And out of this pra- tile of Geometricians in Mechanicks (which is confirmed by experience Jit is made evidentthat ifother conditions be equall, the exceffe of fo much gravity will make fo much velocity. And fo much velocity in proportion, wil recompence fo much eravity Out of the precedent conelufions another followeth:which is, that nothing recedeth from quiet or reft, and attaineth a great degree Chap. 9. e/4 Treatifeof BODIES. - $3 degree of celerity, but it muft pafle through all the degrees of reftto any de« celerity that are below the obtained degree. And the like is, in Ses paffing from any lefler degree of velocity unto a greater: beeaufe ty, or from a it muft pafle through all the intermediate degrees of velocity. peice For by the declaration of velocity, which we have even’ now ott palling made, we fee that there is as much refiftance in the medium to Aone be overcome with fpeed, as there is for it to be overcome in re- predbee alc gard ofthe quantity ; or line of extent of it : becaw{e (as we obtained degree have faid ) the force of the Agent in counterpoifes, ought to be encreafed as much as the line of extent of the medium, which is to be overcome by the Agent in equall time, doth exceed the line of extent of the medium, along which the refiftant body is to be moved. Wherefore.it being proved that no line of extent can be overcome in aninftant, it followeth, that no defect of velocity which requireth as great a {uperproportion in the caufe, ean be overcotne likewife in an inftant. And by the fame reafon by whichgwe provethat a moveable —_- cannot be drawn in an inftant from a lower degree of velocity toa higher, it is with no leffe evidence concluded that no de- gree of velocity.can be attainedinan inftanc : for divide that degree of velocity into two halfs, and if the Agent had over- come the one halfe, be could not overcome the other half tn an inftant : much lefle therefore is he able to overcome the whole (that is, to reduce the moveable from quiet to the faid degree of velocity) in an inftant. ° Another reafon may be, becaufe the movers themfelves ({uch movers as we treat of here) are bodies likewife moved, anddo confift of parts : whereofnot every one part, but a competent number of them, doth make the moving body to be a fit Agent able to move the propofed body in a propofed de- gree of celerity. Now this Agent meeting with refiftance inthe moveable, and not being in. the utmoft extremity of denfity , but condenfable yet further, (becaufe it is a bo- dy; ) amd that-every refiftance ( be it never fo {mall ) doth work fomething upon the mover (though never fo bard) to céndenfe ic; the parts of the mover that are to overcome this refiftance in the moveable , muft ( to work that ef fect be condenfed and brought together as clofe as is needfull, by this refittance ‘of the moveable to the mo- P24 Ver $. ee jp eee A Tieatife of BODIES. — Chap, 9. mover ; and fo, the remote parts of the mover, become nearer to the moveable, which cannot bedone bur fucceffively, becaufe it includeth lecall motion. And this application being likewife divifible, and not all the parts flocking together in an inftant to the place where they are to exercife their power;it followeth, that whiles there are fewer moving parts knit together,they imuft needs move lefle and more weakly, then when more or all of them are aflembled and applied to that work. So that, the mo- tive virtue encreafing thus in proportion to the multiplying of the parts applied to caufe the motion ; of neceflity, the effect (which is obedience to be moved; and quicknefle of motion in the moveable )muft do fo too:that is, it mut from nothing, or fromreft, paffe through all the degrees of celerity uncill itar- rive to that which all the parts together are able to caufe. As for example, when with my: hand I ftrike a ball; till my hand toucheth it,it is in quietsbutthen it beginneth to move; yet with fuch refiftance, pat although it obey in fome meafure the ftroke of my hand,nevertheleffe it preflech the yielding flefh of my palm backwards towards the upper and bony part ofit. That part then overtaking the other, by the continued motion of my hand; and both of them joyning together to force the ball-away; the impulie becometh ftronger, then at the firft touching of it. And the longer it preffeth upon it, the more the parts of my hand do condenfe and unite themflyes to exerci their force;and the ball therefore muft yield the more and con« fequently the motion of it groweth quicker and quicker, till my hand parteth from it. Which condenfation of the parts of my hand encreafing fucceffively by the parts Joyning clofer to.one another, the velocity of the balls motion (which is an effe& of it) muft alfo encreafe proportionably thereunto. And in like manner the motion of my hand and arm, muft grow quicker and quicker and paffe all the degrees of velocity becwcen reft and the utinoft degree it attaineth unto: for feeing they are the {pirits {welling the nerves, that caufe the arms motion, (as we fhall hereafter fhew ; ) upon its refiftance, they flock from o- ther parts of the body to overcome that refiftance. And fince their journey thither requireth timesto perform it in: and that the neare(t come firft ; it muft needs follow, that as they grow more and more ia number , they muft more power- Chap. 9. A Treatife of BODIES, powerfully overcome the refiftance; and confequently , en- creafe the velocity of the motion , in the fame propor- tion as they flock thicher ; untill ic attain that decree of velocity, which is the utmoft period that the power, which the Agent hath to overcome the refiftance of the medium can brine it{elfunto. Between which and reft, or any other inferiour de- gree of velocitie, there may be defigned infinite intermediate de-' ° grees, proportionable to the infinite divifibility of time, and ipace,in which the mayer doth move. Which degrees doarife out of the reciprocal! yielding of the medium. And that is like- wile divifiblein the fame infinite proportion. Since then, the power of all nacturall Agentsis limited; the moyer (be it never fo powerfull) muft be confined to obferve thefe proportions ; and cannot paffe over all thee infinite de- fignable degrees in an inftant; but muft allot fome time (which hath a like infinity of defignable parts) to ballance this infinity of degrees of velocity:and fo confequently, it requireth time, to attain unto any determinate degree. And therefore cannot re. - cedeimmediately from reft unto any degree of celerity,but muft necéflarily paffe through all the intermediate ones. Thus it is-evident that all motion which hatch a beginning muft of neceffity increafe for fome time. And fince the works of nature are in proportion to their caufes, it followerly chat chis encreafe is in a determinate proportion. Which Galileus (unto whom we owe the greateft part of what is known concerning motion )teacheth us how to find out; andtodifcover what de- gree of celerity any moveable thar is moved by nature, hath in any determinate part of the {pace it moyveth in. : Having fettled thefe conditions of motion; we fhall do well in the next place to enquire after the caufes of ic:as well in the body rhe cod sitions moved, as alfo in the mover that occafioneth the motion. And waich bela becaufe we have already fhewed, that locall motion is nothing moveable are in fubftance but divifion:we may determine that tho caufes woh ee contribute to divifion,or refilt it,are the. caufeswhich make or re- fift locall motion, It hath alfo been faid, that Denfity hath in ita power of dividing-and tharRarity is the caufe of being divided; likwife we have faid that fire by reafon of ics {mal parts,imto web it may be cut( which maketh them tharp) hath alfo an eminence in dividing: fe that we have two qualities, denfity and tenuity 3 of 86 ng Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 9, Diales’r.of orfharpn efle which concurre actively to divifion. We have told mc yowalfo how Gatileus hath demonttrated that’ a greater’ quan M tity of chefame figureand: denfiry, hath.a priviledge of defcend- ing fafterchem a leffer. And that priviledge confiftech in this, that the proportion of the fuperficies to the body it limiteth (which proportion the greater it is, the more it setardeth ) is “lefle ina greater bulicchen ina finallers We have therefore three conditions concurring to make the motion more efficacious:namely, the denfity,the fharpneffe, and the bulk of the moveable. And more then:thefe three, we can- not expect to find in a moved: bedy:for- quantity bath but three determinations : one;by denfiry and rariny: ; of which,denfity is a one of the three conditions: another, by its pasts;as bya foot, a Wiig fpan;&e. and in this way we have found chat. the greater excel- lech the leffer : the third and laft,is, by its figure; and.in this we find that fubrile or edged quantities doprevatl, over blunt ones. : Seeing therefore, ‘that thefe three: determmations be all that-are ie in quantity;there can be no more conditions imthe body mo- ved(which of neceflity is a finite quantity) bue the three named. And as for the medium which is to be divided, there is onely, rarity and denfity (the one, to hel psthe: other,to, hinder, ) that require confideration on its fide. For neither figures nor little. nefle and ofearneffe, do make any variation in: it And as fox the Agent, it is not as yet treme, before we have looked further into the nature of motion, to determine his qualities. g, Now then lee us rele how thefe three conditions do all a- Nobody hath gree inthis cireurnttancee,that they help nothing to divifion, un-. | Beste letfe the body in which-they: are, be moved and prefled againft ir felf cowards the body that is to be divided, fo that we fee no principle to aNe parent perfwade tis, that any body can move it felf towards any deter- univerte. minate part or place of the univerfe, of its owne intrinfecall in- clination. For befides that the learned Author ofthe Dialogues de Mundo (in his third Dialooue,and the fecond knot) hath de- monftrated that 2 body cannot move unleffe: it be moved by fome exttinfecall Agent ; we may eafily frame unto our {elves a conceit, ofhow ablurd it is to think that a body: by a quahity in . ican work upon it (elftas ifwe fhould fay;chat rarity(which is . but more quantity) could work upon quantity; or that figure SRM N= Ate upon ( which is butthat the body reacheth no further ) could work, Chap..9. eATreatifof BODIES, _- upon the body : and in:generall, that the manner of any thine ean work uponithat thing -whofemanner itis. For Ariftotle and Saint Thomas, 2nd: their intelligent commentatours, decla- ring ithe notion-of Quality, télbus, that to be 2 Ouality is no- thing :el feibut ito be the determination or modification ofthe thine whofe-quality dt 4s. Befides, that the maturall manner of operation is, to work ac- cording tothe-capacity of the-fubjest : but when a’body is in the midftofananiform medium or {pace, theifubject is'equally pre- paredeon all fides to receive the ,action-0f that body. Whete- fore (ehouglnwethould allowiit aforce'to move) ‘fit be ana- turall Agent, and-havenoa:nderftanding, it muft work indiffe- sently omall fides, and by :comfequence, canngt move on any fide. .Fonifyou fay that the Agent:inthis:eafe “(where the me- dium tsuniform,) wotketh rather:upon on fide then upon ano- ther; it) muff berbecauife his: devermmmation ‘is within the Agent it fel and not out‘ofthe circumftantdilpofitions 's:which isthe manner of working of thole fubfances that work 'for'an end of their own ; thatiis, offunderftanding creatures, and not‘ofnatu- rall bodies. Now hethat would exattly determine what motiota body hath; on is-apt to have; determining ‘by ‘{uppofition the forceof the Agent, muft calculate the proportions ofall thelethree'éon- ditionsiof the mavedble,:and thequality:of the medium: whieh is aproceeding too particular for the intention -of our di‘courfe. Butto {peak in:common;-ic will .not ‘be amiffe'to examine in what/proportion, ‘motion dothiincreafe:; fince we ‘have -con- cluded :that.all motion proceedeth ‘from quict'by continual enereafe. Galileus (that miracle: ofoour- age, and’ whofe-wit was able to: difcoveruwhatfoeverihe thad @ ‘niind'to ‘employ ‘it about:hath toldius that snaturall motion encreafeth in ‘the pro- portion of the odde numbers. "Which to exprefle by-example, is thus:fuppofe that inthe goingofthe firltiyard iPhath ‘cnedegree of velocitysthen in the going-ofthefecond yard ic will ‘have three degrees, and iin going oficheithird ic -will have fives and “fo onwards, {till adding two to.the degiees ofthe velocity for-eve- ry one, tothe fpace. Or to exprefle at«more plaifly; iin the , firftrmninute of time it goeth one yard-of {pace thet inthe nexe aminute it will.gothree-yards, in-the third it will ¢0 ‘fiye;in the fourth feaven, and fo forth. F 4 But De The increafe of motion is al- wayes made im the propottion of the odde numbers. e4 Treatifeof BODIES. Chap.9: But we muft enlarge this propofition unto all motions, as we have done the former, of the encreafe it felfin velocity: becaufe the reafon of it is common to all motions. Which is, that all motion (as may appear out of what we have formerly {aid ) proceedeth from two caufes ;: namely, the Agent or the force that moveth, ard the difpofition of the body moved, as it is compofed of the three qualities we lately explicated. In which is to be noted, thatthe Agent doth not move fimply by its own virtue, buc it applyeth alfo the virtue of the body moved, which it hath to divide the medium when it is put on. As when we cut with a knife, the effect proceedeth from the knife prefled en by the hand; or from the hand as applying and putting in action the edge and cutting: power of the knife: Now this in- Phyficks, and Nature is clearly parallel to what-in Geometry and Arithmetick the Mathematicians call, drawing one num- ber or one fade into another ; for as in Mathematicks, to draw one number into another: isto apply the. number drawn: unto every part of the number into which:it is drawn;as if wedraw three into feven we make twenty one; by making every unity or partof the number feven to be three: and the like is of lines in Geometry, “So in the prefent cafe, to every part of the hands motion, weadde the whole virtue of the cutting: faculty which is in the knife; andto every part of themotion ofthe knife, we adde the whole prefling virtue of the hand. Therefore the. en- creafe of the.effect: proceeding from two caufes fo working mutt alfo be parallel to the encreafé of the quantities-arifing out of the like drawing in Mathematicks. But. inthof, it: is evident: that the encreafe is according to the order of thé odde numbers, and therefore is. muft-in.our cafe be the like: that is; the encreaie muft be in the faid proportion ofodde numbers. Now that in thofe.the cmcreafe proceedeth fo will be evident; if you confider the encreafe of an. Equicrure triangle; which becaufe it goeth tp- on.a certain proportion of length and breadth, if you compare the encreafes of the whole. triangle (that gaineth on each fide with the encrea’es of the perpendicular (which gaineth onely in: Jength) you will {ee thar they ftill proceed in the forefaid pro- portion of odde numbers. Which will be ketterunderftood, if we fet down the demon: ftrarion of it: let the Equicrure triangle be A B.C: and from the point: Chap. 6. Treatife of BODIES. -point A, draw the line A D - A perpendicular to the line B C, & let it be divided into three equall parts by the lines EF and GH, in the points I and K. And I fay that becaufe the line AK is twice as long:as the line AT; therefore the tra- pezium EF HG, 1g thrice as- big as the triangle A’E F: for as A Kis to A'J,fo is G Hto: EF, But the triangle AGH: is to thetriangle A E F, ina double proportion of the lineG H' tothe lineE F: which being double the proportion of one tri- angle to the other-muft be fourefold::fo that” fubtracting the tri- angle AEF, the trapezium E F-HG remaineth thrice as big as ic. And ‘thus the whole triangle getteth an encreafe of three, whiles the perpendicular is encreafed but one, te-make his length two. Which when it cometh to three,the trapezium GHCBthat cou- taineth the third divifion of the perpendicular; becometh five: times as big as the triangle AEF ; for fince the line A D is three times as ‘long asthe line AJ; and thelineB C is three times as. long ash PF; ic followerh thatthe triangle ABC is nine times-as big as the triangle AEF; but AGH is -fouretimes:as big as AEF; therefore fubtrating it from the whele.triangle ABC it leaveth the trapeziam GHCB five times as big-as the firft triangle AEF ° Which propofition is very ingenioufly-fer down. by the learned Monfieur Gaffendi in his firft Epiftle de-wotz impref[o 4 moto- re tranflato, to the fame purpofe for which we-bring ir.- Though we do not here make ufeof his {cheme.and way of demon@rati-- on; becaufe wehad fallen upon this: before his book came a- broad: and therefore we-oncly note’ histo dire&t the Reader un- to it, who peradventure may like his better:chen ours., Howbeit we do not conceivethat he hath in his difcourfe there,arrived to the true reafon of theeftect we {earch into: as may-appear. by’ what we have already delivered. But we muft not imagine, thatthe vélocity of motion. will: — yo,. alwayes encreafe thus for.as long-as:we can fancy: any. motiois No motion cant: bur when it is arrived unto the urmoft period that fuch.a’meve- oe able with fuch caules is capable. of then it. keepeth. conftincy. ante to a pevict- the. A Treaife of BODIES. Chap, 9. the fame pace,and goeth equally and uniformly at the fame rate. For fince the denfity of the moveable,and the force of the Agent: moving its (which two do caufe the motion )have a limited pro- portion to the refiftance of the medium, low yielding foever it be; it muft needs follow, that wheathe motion is arrived unto that height’which arifeth out of this proportion , it cannot ex- ceed itsbut’mult continve at thatsate, wnlefe fome other cause give yet a.erearer impulfero the moyeable. For velocity confilt- ing in this,chat the moveable cuttesh through more of the.medi- um in am equall time; itis evident.thatinithe.encreafe.of yeloci- ty, the seGi{tance of the medium whith is ovencomeby itjgtow- eth greater and-@reater, and by lictleand little-gaineth upon the forée of the Agent ;fo that ithe, fuperproportion.of ‘the Agent, -groweth till defier-and (hefiet;@s the.velocity,encreafeth; and therefore at the length. they mult conie\o be ballanced. And then the velocity camencreale RO 'More. Andothe reafonofitherencreate of it foria while.at the begin- ning jisbecaufe that-coming frorh'reft, itumuft pafle through all cheantemmetiiace degrees of velocity before it-can -attainito the heighpofie, Which irequireth time to’ perfortn, aud therefore fal- tecliunder'the power ofour ferlfe'to obferve. But.becanfe we fee at doofo for fome Iie; Wwe iniuft-not therefore.conclude that the aratwre of fuch motion is dtil:toiencreafe without. any petiod or limit; dike chofe lines that!perpeétual ly grow *nearer,,and yet can never meet: for-we feerthat our-reafon examining the caufes of this ‘velocity, affureth usthatdin-continuance of time and {pace, it May come to its height which ibeainnet exceed. And chereswould:besthe pitch at which diftance weights be- ifig léc'fall, would give the greateft {trokes and -makejgreateft imprefsions. Tris true that Galileus and Merfenius. ( two-exact experimenters) do think they find this Verity by-their experien. ces, ‘But-furely that is dmpofsible to be done: for theiencreafe of velocity being in-a'proportion ever diminifhing, itmuft of .ne- éefhty come to'an infenfible encreafe in proportion before it,end- éth:forthe {pace which ithe: moveablegoeth throughts {till en- creafed: and the time wherein itpafleth'through-that 'fpace.re- maineth ‘fill lve fame littkeoneas was: taken up in paffing.a leffe {pace iinmediately before:and {uch little differences-of great {pa- ces pafled over'in a little time:come foon to. be undifcernable by fenfe. But reafon(which fhewerlvus, that if-velocity never ceafed from Chap. 9. ‘4 Treaife of BODIES... from encreafing, it would in time arrive to-exceed any particular velocity ; and by confequence, the proportion which the mover hath ro the medium: becaufe of the adding ftill a determinate part toits velocity ) concluding plainly that it is impoffible, motion fhould increafe for ever, without coming toa period. Now the impreflion which falling weights do make, is of two kinds ; for the body inco which impreffion is made, either can yield backward, or ic cannot. If it can yield backward, then the impreffion made is a mation: as we fee a ftroke with a racket upon a ball, or with a: pail-mail beetle upon a bowl maketh itflie from it Bat if the {trucken body cannot yield backwards, then ic maketh it yield:on the fides. And this, in di- vers manners : for if the fmitren body be drie and brittle, it is fubje& to break its and make the peices flie round about: but if it be a tough body; it fqueefech it into a larger form. But beeaufe the effect in any of thefe- wayes is eminently sveaterthen the force of the Agent feemeth tobe; it is worth . our labour to look into thecaufes of tt. To which end we may remember how we have already declared that the force of the velocity: is equall toa rectprocall force of weight in the virtue movent: wherefore the eftect of a blow thata man giveth wich a hantmersidependeth-upon the weight of the hammer; upon'the velocity of the motion; and upon the hand, in eafe the hand ae- companieth:the blow. Bur if the motion of the hand ceaferh before (ag when we throw.a thing ) then onely the velocity and the weight of the hammer vemaimto be confidered. Howloever; lee us-put the hand and: weight ia’ one firme which’ we may equalize by fome other virtge or weight. Then let us confider the waporipace; which a weight lying upon the thing is'to go forwards todo the fame effe& in the fame time'as the pereuffion doth. And:whatexcefte the line of the blow, hath over the line of that way or {pace ; fuch an exeeffe: we > mult adile of equall weight or forces to the weieke we had already takeir. And the weight compofed of both; will be a fie Agent to make che like impreflion. This Probleme«was propofed wnto me by that wor- hy religions man, Father Metfenius'e whois mot content wit advancing karhine by hisown: induftry-and babettss but be- fides, is ahwayes'( out of hisgenerous affection to verity’) inei- ting ochers to contribute to the:publick flock’ of it. He propofed to me likewi{e this following queltion; to-wit, \ by ot Iz. Certain pre- blems refolved concerning the preportion of {ome moving Agents compa= red to their effeas. A Treatife of BODIES. Chap. 9. why there is required a weight of water in double Geometri- call proportion, to makea pipe run twice as faft as it did, or to have twice as much water rtin out in the fame time?Unto which I anfwer out of the fame ground as before: That becaufe in running twice as faft,chere goeth out double water in every part of time; and again, every part of water goeth a double fpace in the fame part of rime; that is to fay, becaufe double the celerity is drawn into double the water, and double the water into dou- ble the celerity ; therefore the prefent effect is to the former ef= fect, as the effect or quadrate of a double line drawa into ic elf, is to the effect or quadrate of half the {aid line drawn into it felf. And confequently the caufe of the latter effect ( which is the weight then ) muft be to the cau of the former effect ( that is, to the former weight) in the fame proportion; namely,as the quadrate of a double line, is to the quadrate of half that line. And fo you {ee the reafon of what he by experience findeth to be true. Thovgh I doubr not but when he fhall fer out the Trea- tife which he hath made of this fubje&t, the Reader will.have better fatisfaction. In the mean while, aa experience which Galileo delivereth will confirm this doctrine. He faith,that to make the fume pen- dant go twice as falt as ie did, or to make every undulationrof it in half the time it did; you muft make the line at whichit hang- eth, double in Geometricall proportion to the line at which it hanged before. Whence it followeth, that the circle by which it eoeth is likewife in double Geometrical] proportion. And this being certain , that celerity to celerity hath the proportion of force, which weight hath to weight; it is evident, that as ia one cafe there muft be weight in Geometricall proportion; fo in the other cafe, where onely celerity maketh: the variance, the cele- rity muft bein double Gemetricall proportion, according as Galileo findeth it by experience. But to return co our main intent,there is to be further noted, that ifthe fubject frucken beof a proportionate ceffibility, it feemeth todull and deaden the ftroke : whereas, if the thing {trucken be hard, the {troke feemeth to lofe no force, but to work a greater effect. Though indeed the truth be, thatin bork cafes the effects are equall ; but diverfe according to the natures ofthe things that are ftrucken:for no foree that once is in nature can be loft, but muft have its adequate effect one way or other. Let Chap.9, 4 Trestifeof BODIES. Let us then firft fuppofe the body ftrucken to be a hard body of no exceeding bigneffe: in which cafe, if the ftroke light per- pendicularly upon it, it will carry fuch a body before it. But if the body be too great, and have its parts fo conjoyned, as that they are weaker then the ftroke; in this cafe the ftroke driveth | one part before it, and fo breaketh it from the reft. But laftly, if the parts of the ftrucken body be fo eafily ceflible, as without difficulty the ftroke can divide them, then itentereth into fucha body untill it hath fpent its force. So that now making up our account, we fee that an equall effet proceedeth from an equall force in all the three cafes; though in themfelves they be far dif- ferent. But we are apt to accoune that effect greater, which is more confiderable unto us by the profit or damage it bringeth us. And therefore we ufually fay, thatthe blow which fhaketh a wall, or beatech it down, and killech men with the ftones- it fcattereth abroad; hath a greater effect then that which penetra- teth far intoa mud wall, and doth little harm: for that innocu- ouineffe of the effect, maketh that although in it felf itbeas great as the other, yet it is little obferved or confidered. . This difcourfe draweth on another: which is to declare how motion ceafeth. Andto fumme that up in fhort , we fay that when motion cometh unto reft, it decreafeth & paffech t brough all the degrees of celerity and tardiry that are between reft and the height of that motion which fo declineth : and that in the proportion of the odde numbers, as we declared above, that it did encreafe. The reafon is clear: becaufe that which maketh a motion cea/e, is the refaftance it findeth : which refiftance is an aGion of a moyer that moveth fomething again{t the body which is moved, or fomething equivalent to fich an action: wherefore it mutt follow the laws that arecommon to all moti ons: of whichkind thofe two are that we have expreffed int ee conclufion. Now that refi{tance is a countermotion, or eqaiva- lent to one, is plain by this; thatany body which is prefied mult needs prefle again upon the body that prefiech its wherefore the caufe that hindereth fuch a body from yielding , is a force mo- ving that body again{t the body which preffech j it... The particn- lars of all which we fhall moreat large declare,where we fpeak of the action and reaction of particulas bodies. COE A Le I2. When a movea. ble cometh to reft, the mot:= on doth de- creafe accor- ding to che rules of ens create. Ie Thofe motions are called na. curall which have conftane caufes, & thofe violent which are contrary te them. 26 The firft and moft general! operationof the funne, is the making and rai- fing of atomes. ‘A Treatife of BODIES. Chap, 10. Cu Rem, Of Gravity and Levity; and of Locall ALotien, commonly termed Natural. T is now time to confider that diftinGtion of motions which is fo famotis in Ariftotle: to wit, that fome motions are natu- rall, others violent: and to determine what may be fignified by thefe terms. For feeing we have faid that no body hath a natu- rall inerinfecall inclination unto any place, to which it is able to move it felf; we muft needs conclude that the motion of every body follow eth the percutfion of extrinfecall Agents. Tt feem- eth therefore impoffible that any bedy fhould have any motion naturall to it fell Andif there be none naturall, there can be none violent. And fothis diftin’tion will vanith to nothing. Birt on the other fide, living creatures do manifeftly thew na- turall motions, haying naturall inftruments to perform certain motions: wherefore fuch motions muft of neeeffity be natural to them. Butthefe are not the motions which we are to {peak of; for Ariftotles divifion iscommon to all bodies, or at the leaft to all thofe we converfe withall : and particularly to thofe which are called heavy and light;which two terms pafie through all che bodies we have notice of, Therefore proceeding upon out grounds before layed; to wit, that no body can be moved of it felf; we may determine thofe motions to be naturall unto bodies which have conffant caufes, or percutients to make them alwayes in fuch bodies : and thofe violent which are contrary to fuch naturall moti- ons. Which being fuppofed , we muft fearch owt the caufes that fo conftantly make fome bodies defcend towards the cen- teror middle of the earth; and others to rife and go from the center: by which the world i is fubject to thofe reftleffe mo- tions, that keep all things im perpetuall flux, in this changing {phere of action and paffion. Let us then begin with confidering what effects the funne (which is a conftant and perpetuall caufe ) worketh upon inferiour bodies ; by his being regularly fometimes prefent and fometimes abfent. Obferve in a pot of water hanging ever a fire, how the heat maketh fome parts of the water to afcend, and others to fupply the room by dueeee |e that Chap.10. ~ <4 Treatife of BODIES. that as longas it boyleth, it is ina perpetuall confufed mo- tion up and down. Now having formesly concluded that fire 2s light, and light w fire; it cannet be doubted but that the funne doth ferve in ftead of fire to our globe of earth and wa- ter, (which may be fitly compared to the boyling pot; ) and all the day long draweth vapours from thofe bodies that his beams ftrike upon. For he fhooting his little dats of fire in multitudes? and in continued ftreams from his own center a- gainft the Python the earth we live on; they do there overtake one another, and caufe fome degree of heat as farre as they fink in, But not being able ( by reafon of their great expanfi- on intheirlong journey ) to convert it into their. own nature and fet it on fire , (which requireth a high degree of condenfati- on of the beams )they do but pierce & divide it very fubtilly,and cut fome of the.outward parts of it into extreme little atomes, Unto which they flicking very clofe, and being in a manner incorporated with them ( by reafon of the moyfture that is in them ) they do in their rebound back from the earth carry them along with them; like a ball that ftruck againft a moift wall, doth in its return from it, bring back fome of the mor- tar ticking upon it. For the diftance of the earth from the fun is not the utmoft peried of thefe nimble bodies flight;fo that. when by this folid body they are {topped in their courfe forwards on,they leap back from it, and carry fome little parts of it with them: fome of them a farther, fome of thema fhorter journey; according as their littleneffe and rarity make them fit to afcend. As is manifeft by the confent of all Authours that write of the regions of the aire ; who determine the lower region to reach as farre as the refletion of the funne; and conclude this te- - gion to be very hot. ; For if we mark how the heatof fire is greateft, when it is incorporated in fome-den{e body ; (:as in iron or in fea-coal) we fhall eafily conceive that the heat of ‘this region praceedeth mainly out of the incorporation of light with thofe lictle bo- dies which fick to it in its reflexion. And experience teftifieth the fame, both in our foultry dayes, which we fee are ofa erofle temper, atid ordinarily go before rain : as alfo im the hot {prings ofextreme cold countreys, where the firft heats are unfufferable; which proceed out ofthe refolution.of humidity congealed ee 10t A Treaife of BODIES. Chap. fo. in hot winds ( whichthe Spaniards call Bochornos from Boca de horno by allufion to the breathing {team of an oven when it is opened’) which do manifeftly {hew that the heat of the funne is incorporated in the ‘little bodies, which compofe the {team of that wind. And bythe principles we have already ence to in{Wuct us; for feeing that the body of fire is dry, the wet parts (which are eafieft refolved by fire) fnuft needs earth. 3. Now whiles thefe afcend, the aire muft needs caufe others boandins fom tat are of a erofler complexion to defcend as faft,-to make vUnaives t Jha = po : theearth with reom forthe former, and to fill the places they left, that there two ftreams in May be no vacuityin nature. And to find what parts they are the aires the and fronrwhence they come, that fucceed in the room of light the other de- .. hint from the maxime of the Opticks, that light refleCting ma- both of them in nS