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OUTLINES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 ALFRED GUDEMAN 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged 
 
 Genera degustamus, non bibliothecas excutimus. — Quintilian 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 
 GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 
 
 1902 
 
Copyright, 1894 
 
 By ALFRED GUDEMAN 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
 Copyright, 1897 
 
 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 -K>«- 
 
 % 
 
 A third edition of these Outlines having been unex¬ 
 pectedly called for within two years, the author did not deem 
 it expedient to enlarge the book to any considerable extent. 
 It may serve for the present, as it seems to have done in the 
 past, as a condensed but fairly complete survey of the 
 History of Classical Learning. 
 
 The little book has been thoroughly revised, the bibliog¬ 
 raphy brought up to date, and numerous biographical data, 
 as well as other items of information, have been added. 
 
 A. G. 
 
 Philadelphia, May 6, 1897. 
 
 IOO O Q 
 
 X Cj D o 
 
% 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 A. General Introduction. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. ^iXoXoyos, "YpaixfiariKos, KpiriKos ...... i 
 
 II. Philology in Modern Times.5 
 
 III. Methods of Treatment. 5 
 
 B. History of Classical Philology. 
 
 I. Greek Period. 
 
 1. Pre-Alexandrian . . • . . . . . .6 
 
 2. Alexandrian ......... 9 
 
 3. The Stoics and the School of Pergamum . . . .21 
 
 If. Graeco-Roman Period. 
 
 1. Post-Alexandrian ......... 23 
 
 List of Greek Scholia ....... 27 
 
 Critical Signs ......... 28 
 
 Grammatical Terms (Greek and Latin) . . . * 3 ° 
 
 2. Roman Period ......... 33 
 
 List of Latin Scholia ........ 40 
 
 III. Middle Ages. 
 
 t. Byzantian Period . . . . . . . . . 41 
 
 2. W. Europe ......... 45 
 
 List of Oldest MSS. ........ 46 
 
 IV. Revival of Learning in Italy. 
 
 (A) Greek Immigrants.47 
 
 (B) Italian Humanists ........ 48 
 
 List of Editiones Principes . . . . . . 51 
 
 V. France 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 VI. The Netherlands. page 
 
 1. First Period ......... 56 
 
 2. Second Period ......... 56 
 
 3. Third Period ......... 58 
 
 4. Fourth Period.60 
 
 VII. England .61 
 
 VIII. Germany. 
 
 (A) Ante-Wolfian Period ....... 64 
 
 (E) The New School ........ 68 
 
 1. Grammatico-critical School ...... 68 
 
 2. Historico-antiquarian School . . . . -73 
 
 • • . . .... 79 
 
 C. Index of Names 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF 
 CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 La philologie c'est la geologie dn monde intellectuel. 
 
 Benoist. 
 
 A. General Introduction. 
 
 . a. OtAoXoyo? — its original meaning and semasio- 
 logical development. 
 
 First met with in Plato (e.g. Theaet., p. 146^; Laches, 
 p. 188 ; Rep., p. 582 ; Leges, p. 641 e). Opp. to puo-o- 
 Aoyos, /3pa^vXoyo<i. Equivalent to 7 roA. 1 lA.oyos, (fnXoao<f)o<i. 
 (fnXoXoyia — 7raiSeta (/ xovaiKr) ). Cf. Plato, Phaed. 61 a ; 
 Isoc. de Antid. 296 : ArpaireXiav koI (fnXoXoytav ov puKpov 
 rjyovvTaL avp,/3aXecr6aL p.epos, 7rpos rrjv rcop Xoyoiv ttu iSetav, 
 etc. 
 
 Alexandrian Period: Equivalent to cfuXop,aOri<;, iroXvlarup 
 (cf. Pint. Alex., c. 8). In this sense first applied to 
 Eratosthenes , and among the Romans to Ateins Capito. 
 Cf. Sueton. de gram., p. 108 R. “ Philologi appellati- 
 onem assumpsisse videtur quia, sicut Eratosthenes qui 
 primus hoc cognomen sibi vindicavit, multiplici variaque 
 doctrina censebatur.” 
 
 Roman Period: cf>LXoXoyeiv — learned conversation. Cf. 
 Cic. ad fam. XVI 21 ; Pint. Cato Min. 6 ; Ps. Pint. Vit. 
 X Orat., p. 844 I). (f)LXoXoyot opp. to ttoXltlkol — Pint. 
 Lyc. 42. Opp. to (fnXoao<f)o<; — Vita Plotini, p. 116: 
 <fnXoXoyos pikv b Aoyytvoj, <fuX6cro<f>o<; 8e /x^Suyotols. Opp. to 
 airaiSevTos — Stob. Floril. 428, 53. Philologus=:vir stu- 
 diosus, doctus— Cic. ad Att. XIII 12, 3; Pint, de aud. 
 poet. 30 d. More closely allied to philologist in the 
 modern sense in Seneca , Ep. 108, 29, quoted below. 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b. Tpa/jL/AaTLrcus (■ ypapL/iaTL/crj , sc. re^vr}) — its original 
 meaning and semasiological development. 
 
 Conversant with ypd/x/xara (Plato, Phil. 17 ; Crat., p. 341 ; 
 Arist. Pol. VIII 3; Categ. 9). ypap.p.ar laTrjs = a 
 teacher of ypdp.p.ara (Plato, Prot. 3 12 5 Legg. VII 812). 
 
 Alexandrian Period : Clem. Alex. Srpaj/x. I, p. 309 : ' AttoX- 
 \ 6 $(opo<s AvToSuipos ?) 6 Ku/xatos (Cf. Susemihl Alex. Lit. 
 
 ll, p. 664) 7 rpOJT 05 TOV KpLTLKOV UdpyrjCTaTO TOVVOp .a KOL 
 
 ypa/x/xartKos TrpoapyopevOp. 'Tvlol 8e YiparoaOevr] top Ku- 
 pppalop €75-61877 ouros / 3 i/ 3 Alul 8uo ypap.p.aTLKa 
 
 imy papas. olpopdaOr] 8e ypap.p.aTLKOs, a>? vw (3d cent.) 
 opopd^optep, TrpwTOs TlpaCcf)dpr)S (c. 300 B.C.). VpappaTLKrj 
 
 acc. to Dionysius Thrax : ’E/x75-eqna <05 co-rt to 7rAeicrTov 
 rd>v 7rapa TroLrjTais re Kal crvyypa(f)ev<TL Xeyopepuip. Six 
 subdivisions : 
 
 t/ 3 r]S Kara Trpocnp&Lav 
 
 7 TOL 7 JTLKOVS TpOTTOVS 
 
 3. rAojo-o-cov Kat IcTTopLUiv TTpoyeLpos a 7 ro 8 ocri 9 
 
 4. ’ErvTXoAoyca? evpecns 
 
 5. ’AvaAoyta? iKXoytcrpos 
 
 6. Kphri? TTOiripdroiv — o 877 koAXl- ) , , , 
 
 / , , , „ , > = T - po.Kpa, cvreAr;?. 
 
 o-ror corn 7rapT(op ep ty] Teyvp \ 
 
 AAr/. Emp. adv. Gramm. I 4 (according to Apollonios 
 Dyscolos ?) Tpap.paTLKr}: 1. re^viKov; 2. laTopiKOP’, 
 3. iSiatTepov. a. i^yyr/TLKov ; A KptTiKov ; C. SiopOioTiKov. 
 
 Roman Period: Sueton. de gramm., p. 103 Rf.: “ Appel- 
 latio grammaticorum Graeca consuetudine invaluit sed 
 initio litterati vocabantur. Cornelius quoque Nepos 
 libello quo distinguit litteratum ab erudito, litteratos 
 vulgo quidem appellari ait eos qui diligenter aliquid et 
 acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere, cete- 
 rum proprie sic appellandos poetarum interpretes qui a 
 Graecis grammatici nominentur.” Cic. de orat. I 42, 
 
 1. ApdypaxJiS ivTf 
 
 2. ’E^ryyTycrts Kara 
 
 = reyyp 
 
 puKpa, 
 
 areAe- 
 
 arepa. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 3 
 
 187 : gramma'tica = poetarum pertractio, historiarum 
 cognitio, verborum interpretatio, pronuntiancli quidem 
 sonus ; cp. also Orat. 1 22 ; de div. In; Quint. I 2, 
 14 : si de loquendi ratione disserat (sc. grammaticus), 
 si quaestiones explicet, historias exponat, poemata 
 enarret. II 1, 4 grammatice quam in Latinum trans- 
 ferentes litteraturam vocaverunt. 
 
 K ptTl/COS. 
 
 Among the Greeks: First found in Ps. Plat. Axioch. 366 E: 
 
 birorav 8e els rrjv e7rraertai/ a<j>iKr)TaL ttoAAoos ttovovs Siav- 
 rXrj(jav , 7rai8a.ya>yoi Kal ypa/x/xaTLcrral koI 7rat,8or/ot/?at rvpav- 
 vovvres. av^ofxevov 8e Kp 1 r 1 k o l, yeoo/xeVpai, tclktlkol, ttoXv 
 7 tX rjOos Secnroriov. Kp it l ko<s as a synonym of ypap.p.a- 
 tlkos. TpapLpuxr lkt) sometimes made subordinate to 
 KpiTiKTj. Cf. Schol. ad Dionys. Thr ., p. 673, 19 : linyi- 
 
 ypaTTTai yap to 7 rapov crvyypapLp.a Kara p.eV tlv as irepl ypap,- 
 piaTLKrjs, Kara 8 e erepous 7 rept KpcTLKrjs regyr]<i. KpiTLKy'j 8 * 
 Aeyerat f] regvr] Ik. too kuXXuttov pdpovs. Pekker , Anecd. 
 Gr., p. 1140 : to 7rp6repov KpiTLKr) eAeyeTO (sc. rj ypap,p.a- 
 TLKrj) Kal OL TaVTTjV pLeTLOVTCS KpLTLKOL. DlO Chrys. 53 : 00 
 p.6vov'Api<JTapyo<s Kal KpaT-^s kol erepoc nXeiovs tcov varepov 
 ypap.p.aTLK(jJv KXrjOGrwv, irporepov 8e KpiTixaij/. Sext. Emp. 
 adv. Gramm., § 248 : TaopurKO? yovv o K parrjTOs aKOvo-Trjs 
 w(T7rep ol dXXoi KpiTLKOL , VTroTaaaroiv rrj KpiTLKyj rrjv ypap,p,a- 
 TiKrjv , etc. 6 
 
 Among the Romans: Cic. ad fam. IX 10, 1 (quoted by Suet., 
 p. m) : profert alter, opinor, duobus versiculis expen- 
 sum Niciae ; alter Aristarchus hos o/?eAi£ei. Ego tam- 
 quam criticus antiquus iudicaturus sum, utrum sint too 
 TTOLrjTOV an 7 rapep/ 3 e/ 3 Xr]pievoL. Idol'. Ep. II I, 5 1 - ut cri- 
 tici dicunt. Apparently not found elsewhere in Latin 
 (for in Quint. II 1, 4 the reading is doubtful), gramma¬ 
 ticus being the word commonly used. For the distinc¬ 
 tion between the various termini, see the locus classicus 
 
4 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 in Senec. Ep. 108, 29 : Cum Ciceronis librum de repu- 
 blica prendit hinc philologus aliquis, hinc grammaticus , 
 hinc philosophiae deditus alius alio curam suam mittit. 
 Philosophus admiratur contra iustitiam dici tam multa 
 potuisse. Cum ad hanc eandem lectionem philologus 
 accessit, hoc subnotat : duos Romanos reges esse, 
 quorum alter patrem non habet, alter patrem : nam de 
 Servii matre dubitatur. And pater nullus, Numae nepos 
 dicitur. Praeterea notat eum, quern nos dictatorem 
 dicimus et in historiis ita nominari legimus, apud anti- 
 quos magistrum populi vocatum. Hodieque id exstat 
 in auguralibus libris et testimonium est quod qui ab 
 illo nominetur, magister equitum est. Aeque notat 
 Romulum perisse solis defectione, provocationem ad 
 populum etiain a regibus fuisse ; id ita in pontificalibus 
 libris et alii putant et Fenestella. Eosdem libros cum 
 grammaticus explicuit primum verba expressa, reapse 
 dici a Cicerone id est re ipsa, in commentarium refert 
 nec minus sepse id est se ipse, deinde transit ad ea 
 quae consuetudo saeculi mutavit tamquam ait Cicero . . 
 ‘ab ipsa calce .. revocati ’ hanc quam nunc in circo 
 cretam vocamus, calcem antiqui dicebant. Deinde En- 
 nianos colligit versus et in primis illos de Africano 
 scriptos . . . Felicem deinde se putat quod invenerit 
 unde visum sit Vergilio dicere, ‘ quern super ingens 
 porta tonat caeli ’ — Ennium, hoc ait, Homero subri- 
 puisse, Ennio Vergilium, esse enim apud Ciceronem in 
 his ipsis de republica libris hoc epigramma Enni. 
 
 Cf. /. Classen, De grammaticae Graecae primordiis ; Bonn, 1829. 
 Lobeck, Phrynichus, pp. 392 ff. IC. Lehrs, I)e vocabulis (pL\ 6 \oyos , 
 7 pa/m/xaTiKos, kpltlk 6 s (Appendix to Herodiani Scripta Tria, Berlin, 
 1857). Grdfenhan, Gesch. der class. Philologie, T, 336 ff. Ill, 4ff. 
 Steinthal, Gesch. d. Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griech. u. Rom. 
 IP 2 , 14 ff. Susemihl, Gesch. der Alexand. Literat. I, 327 (see 
 below). 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 5 
 
 II. Philology in Modern Times: 
 
 Its various definitions, subdivisions and its scope. 
 
 In a narrower sense — Grammar, Lexicology, Textual 
 Criticism, Hermeneutics, aesthetic or literary criticism 
 (‘ Higher Criticism ’). 
 
 In a wider sense, it includes the study of ancient life 
 in all its various, political, social and intellectual phases, 
 as handed down to us in the literary, epigraphic and 
 monumental documents of Greece and Rome. 
 
 Fr. Ast, Grundriss der Philol. 1S0S ; G. Bern hardy, Grundlinien 
 z. Encycl. der Philol. 1832 ; Fr. Haase, Ersch. u. Gruber Encycl. 
 Ill Sect. 23 pp. 374-422 ; Fr. Ritschl, Opusc. V 1 ff.; H. Reichardt, 
 Die Gliederung der Philologie 1846; C. Hirzel, Grundziige zu 
 einer Gesch. der Philol. 1872 2 , pp. 41 ; Aug. Boeckh, Encyclop. und 
 Methodol. 1886. 
 
 III. Methods of Treatment. 
 
 1. The Synchronistic or Annalistic Method. 
 
 a. History of a single period. E.g. the Alexandrian, the 
 
 Renaissance. 
 
 b. Philological history of a single author. E.g. Homeric 
 
 criticism ; Aristotle, history of his works (Shute). 
 
 c. History of an individual scholar and his influence 
 
 (Biography and Bibliography). E.g. Monk , Life of 
 Bentley ; O. Ribbeck , Ritschl, ‘ Ein Beitrag zur 
 Gesch. der class. Philologie D. Ruhnken , Elogium 
 Hemsterhusii ; Wyttenbach , Vita Ruhnkenii ; Af. 
 Pattis on, Casaubon. 
 
 2. The Eidographic Method. 
 
 a. e.g. The science of Greek Grammar (Bernhardy, 
 
 Steinthal). 
 
 b. e.g. The history of Hermeneutics and Textual Crit¬ 
 
 icism (Blass), Epigraphy (Larfeld, Hiibner, Momm¬ 
 sen). 
 
6 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 3. The Ethnographic or Geographic Method. 
 
 a. History of a particular school , e.g. nt Alexandria or 
 
 * 
 
 in Pergamum (Parthey, Wegener). 
 
 b. Philological history of a single nation , e.g. the Germans 
 
 (Bursian), the Dutch (L. Muller). 
 
 B. History of Classical Philology. 
 
 General bibliography : /. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, ed. 
 ITarles ; 12 vols., 1838. Id., Bibliotheca Latina, ed. Ernesti; 2 vols., 
 1774. E. Hitbner, Bibliographic der classischen Alterthumswis- 
 senschaft; Berlin, 1889 2 . Ur licks, in I. Muller’s Handbuch, I i 2 , 
 
 pp. 1-145- 
 
 I. The Greek Period (5 cenL-146 b.c.). 
 
 Bibliography : Grafenhan , Gesch. der class. Philologie, 4 vols.; 
 Bonn, 1843-50. Lersch , Sprachphilosophie der Alten, 1841. Stein- 
 thal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen u. 
 Romern, 2 vols. ; Berlin, 1891 2 . E. Egger, Essai sur l’Histoire de 
 la Critique chez les Grecs ; Paris, 1886 2 , pp. 570. 
 
 1. The Pre-Alexandrian Period, 5. cenL-322 (f Aris¬ 
 totle). 
 
 a. The alleged recension of Homer by Peisistratus. 
 
 Cf. Wilamowitz, Homer. Untersuch., p. 235 ff. Flack , Peisistratus 
 u. seine literarische Thcitigkeit ; Tubingen, 1885. Also Ritschl, 
 Opusc. I, 31-60. 123 ft. 160-67. 196 ff. 
 
 b. The Sophists. 
 
 Cf. W. O. Friedel, De sophistarum studiis Homericis, Diss. 
 Hallens. I, 1873, PP- I2 7 ff- Grafenhan, I, 124-41. L. Spengel, 
 Zwaycoyr] rexvuv, 1828. Westermann, Griech. Beredsamkeit, 1832. 
 Blass, Griech. Beredsamkeit, Vol. I. Cope, Aristotle’s Rhetoric, 
 Vol. I, Introduction. 
 
 a. Gorgias of Leontini (arrived at Athens 427 b.c.). 
 Ilept ovo/xarwv crvvOtcrews—laoKwXa rraptaa o/jlolotI- 
 Xevra. Oral instruction. A treatise on rhetoric 
 falsely attributed to him by Dionysius, Diogenes 
 Laertius and Quintilian. Cf. the literature cited 
 above. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 7 
 
 j 3 . Protagoras of Abdera (f 411 b.c.). 
 
 II tpl op0o€7r€Las — P. the first to distinguish gram¬ 
 matical moods and genders. Cp. Aristoph. Clouds, 
 vv. 659 ff. 
 
 Cf. Classen, 1 . c., p. 28; Lersch, 1 . c., pp. 18 ff.; Spengel, pp. 52 ff., 
 and the citations given above. 
 
 y. Prodicus of Ceos (older contemporary of Socrates). 
 Founder of synonymies. 
 
 Cf. Spengel, 1 . c., pp. 46 ff. ; Lersch, pp. 1 5 ff. ; Wclcker, Rh. Mus. 
 I. i~ 39 > 563-643 (=A 7 . Sc hr. II, 393-541)- 
 
 c. Literary Criticism in Attic Comedy. 
 
 Cp. Egger, 1 . c., pp. 37-89. 
 
 d. Plato (427-347) as a philologist. 
 
 (1) Grammar ( ovop.a , prjpa). 
 
 (2) Etymology (esp. in the CratyIns'). 
 
 (3) Exegesis (Poem of Simonides in the Protagoras ). 
 
 (4) Aesthetic or Literary Criticism (esp. in the Re¬ 
 public). 
 
 Cf. Steinthal I-, 41-152 (on the Cratylus). 
 
 e. The official copy of the three dramatists. 
 
 Cf. O. Korn, I)e publico Aesch., Soph., Eurip., fabularum ex- 
 emplari Lycurgo auctore confecto, Bonn, 1863; Wilamowitz, 
 Hermes, XIV, 151 ; Eurip. Heracl. I, 130. 
 
 /. Aristotle of Stagira, 384-322. 
 
 Dio Chrysost. LIII, p. 353 (294 R.) : ’ApionroTeA/^s, d</>’ 
 
 ov (f)a<JL rrjv KpLTLKrjv t e Kal ypapparLKpv dpyrjv Xafieiv. 
 
 (1) Edition of Homer (rj dirb tov vdp 0 r)Ko<; ; cf. Pint. 
 Alex. 8 : Strabo, XIII 594; Schol. Iliad. XXI 252; 
 Schol. Theocr. I 34— I\po/ 3 XffiaTa (?)). 
 
 (2) Grammar, style, rhetoric (Poet. c. 24 ff. : Rhet., 
 
 bk. III). 
 
 (3) Aesthetic criticism (Poetics, Hepl 7rotr/ro)i/). 
 
 (4) At8a<TKaAt / at, C. I. G. I, 349 sqq. ; C. I. A. II, 
 971-77. 
 
8 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. Ranke , Vita Aristophanis (in Thiersch, Plutus, 1830), pp. 
 83 ff.; Richter, Arist. Wasps, Introd. ; U. Kohler , Mittheil. d. 
 Athen. Instit. Ill (1878), 112 f., 229 ff. 
 
 (5) [Peplos] — Cf. A. Wetidling, De peplo A., Strassb. 
 Diss. 1891. 
 
 g. The Peripatetic School. 
 
 a. Heracleides Ponticus, pupil of Plato and Aristotle. 
 
 Cf. Unger, Rh. Mus. XXXVIII, 481 ff.; L. Cohn, Comment. 
 Reiffersch., Breslau, 1884; O. Voss, De H. P. vita et scriptis, 
 Rostock, 1897. 
 
 ( 3 . Theophrastus of Eresos, 372-287/6. 
 
 (1) Ilept ko)T uoSias (Athen. 261 d ). 
 
 (2) Hepi Ae£e<D<? (Dionys. Hal. de Lys. c. 14). 
 
 Cf. H. Usener, De Dionysii Hal. imitatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889. 
 Ra.be, De Th. libris Ilept \e£ews, Bonn, 1890. 
 
 (3) Ilept [AtTpcov, 7 repi (roXoLKiapiov, probably parts of 
 (2). Cf. the catalogue of his writings given by 
 Diog. Laert. (from Hermippos) V 42-50. 
 y. Aristoxenus o p-ovcnKos, of Tarentum. 
 
 Ylepl Tpayuj 8 o 7 roiu)v (esp. Oil Soph./ Trepl t pay lktjs 
 d pXV a ea>s ) IcrropLKa rrjs p.ovcriKr) 9, Trepl /xeA. 07 roi'ias 
 — Biot. 
 
 Cf. IV. L. Mahne, Diatribe de A., 1793, P- 220; Pauly-IVissowa, 
 
 R. E. 1058 ff. 
 
 8 . Dicaearchus, 347-287. 
 
 *Y TT O 0 e (rets tujv Eupnn'Sov kol ^>okA.€ovs 
 (hypothesis to Eur. Medea still extant). 
 Hcpt povcriKoiv dyioi'cov (Schol. Arist. Ran. 
 Vesp. 1290). 
 
 *335 ; 
 
 Cf. F. Osann, Beitr. zur griech. u. rom. Litteraturgesch. II, 
 1839, pp. 1 ff. ; Pauly, R. E. II, 996 ff. ; M. Ruhr, Dicaearchi quae 
 supersunt etc., 1841 ; Pabricius, Bibl. Or. Ill, 486-491. 
 
 //. Praxiphanes of Rhodes or Mytilene, floruit c. 300. 
 
 ‘ ITpuiros ypappaTLKo^ ’; vid. Clem. Alex, cited above. 
 Teacher of Aratus and Callimachus. 
 
 W orks : liepi ttoltjtwv, Trepl iaTopias, Trepl 7 rotr;ptdrcov. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 9 
 
 Cf. L. Preller , De Praxiphane (Ausgewahlte Aufsatze, Berlin, 
 1864); Susemihl , I, 144 ff.; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XII, 326ff.; Eur. 
 Heracl. I, 16 Anm. 25 ; R. Hirzel, Hermes, XIII, 46ff.; R. Scholl 
 ibid. pp. 446 f. 
 
 i. Antigonos of Carystos, born c. 295. 
 
 (1) Lives of contemporary philosopher's. 
 
 (2) Lives of Greek sculptors and painters. 
 
 Cf. Wilamowitz , Antigonos von Carystos (Philol. Unters. IV, 
 356) ; Susemihl , I, 468-75. 519-23. II, 675. 
 
 . The Alexandrian Period, 322 (or 305)-i43 (|Aris- 
 tarchus). 
 
 Chief work : F. Susemihl., Gesch. d. griech. Literat. in der 
 Alexand. Zeit, 2 vols., 1892, pp. 907. 771. 
 
 General characteristics of the period. The great Library and 
 Museum. Cf. Couat, pp. 1-50; Susemihl , I, 335 ff.; Parthey , 
 Das Alexandrin. Museum, Berlin, 1838 ; Ritschl, Opusc. I, 1-70. 
 123-72. 197-237 ; Bernhardy , Gesth. d. griech. Literat. I 4 , 509- 
 43 II, 699 ff. ; Wilamcnvitz, Eur. Heracl., I, 121 ff.; Rvnan, F., 
 Melanges d’histoire dans l’antiquite, Paris, 1878 (Les grammai- 
 riens grecs pp. 389-410. 427-440). 
 
 a. Phil etas of Cos, 339-289/5. 
 
 ArciKTa ( v Atolktol yAtocro-at, TAcoo-a-ai). The first at¬ 
 tempt at a Homeric lexicon. Cf. Aristarchus, 11 pos 
 
 <$>l\y]Tolv. 
 
 On Philetas as a poet, vide Couat , La Poesie Alexandrine, Paris, 
 1882, pp. 68 ff. ; Susemihl , I, 174 ff. 
 
 b. Zenodotus of Ephesus, c. 325—c. 260. 
 
 Pupil of Philetas. First librarian of Alexandria. 
 
 (1) Collection of the works of the epic and lyric poets. 
 Cf. Schol. Plautinum ; Ritschl, Opusc. 1 . c. 
 
 (2) rAojccrat 'OfxrjpLKUL (Schol. Od. 3, 444; Schol. 
 Apoll. Rhod. II 1005). 
 
 ( 3 ) 6 p 6 (o<rLs for eVScocri?) 'O/x/pou, the first scien¬ 
 tific edition of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Published 
 shortly before 274 b.c. 
 
10 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 On his critical method, cf. F. A. Wolf, Proleg. c. 43 ; Sengebusch , 
 I)iss. Horn. I, 21 ff.; Diintzer, De Zenodoti studiis Homericis, 
 Gottingen, 1848 ; Romer, Ueber die Homerrecension des Zenodot 
 (Miinchner Acad. I, Cl. XVII, 639-722 (1885); Susemihl, I, 327- 
 35 ; Pusch, Quaest. Zenod. (Diss. Hall. XI, 119-216). 
 
 c. Alexander Aetolus , floruit c. 285 b.c. 
 
 Collection of the Greek tragic poets in the Alexand. 
 Library. 
 
 Cf. Ritschl , 1 . c., pp. 2-4. 199 f. On his poetry : Meineke, Anal. 
 Alex. pp. 215 ff. ; Susemihl, I, 187-90 ; Count, pp. 105 ff. 
 
 A. Lycophron of Chaleis , c. 285 b.c. 
 
 (1) Collection of the comic poets in the Alexand. 
 Library. 
 
 Cf. Ritschl, 1 . c. 
 
 (2) lie pi k(d pajo&cas in at least 9 books. The oldest 
 work of its kind. 
 
 Cf. K. Strecker, l)e Lycophrone Euphronio Eratosthene comi- 
 corum interpretibus, Greifswald, 1884 (with collection of frag¬ 
 ments) ; Susemihl, I, 274. 426. 
 
 e. Callimachus of Cyrene , c. 310—c. 240. 
 
 Second librarian of Alexandria. Meya /3l/3\lov, petya kukov. 
 Chief wo rk: IT l volkcs r toy iv 7T dar] 7r a t. 8 e 1 a SiaAa/x- 
 if/dvTwv Kal ojj/ aw ey puuj/av, 120 books. On the 
 classification and contents of this catalogue : 
 
 Cf. O. Schneider, Callimachea, II, 297-322; Wachsmuth, Philol. 
 XVI, 653 ff. ; Grafenhan, II, 182 ff.; Susemihl, I, 337 f. On the 
 Homeric studies of C., cf. F. von Ian, De C. Homeri interprete, 
 Strassb. Diss. 1893, PP- IIG -—Cn C. as a poet, cf. Count, pp. 111 — 
 284; Susemihl, I, 347-73. 
 
 f. Eratosthenes of Cyrene , c. 276-196. 
 
 'O </><AbAoyos, the first to assume that name. Cf. 
 Sueton. p. 108 R. Third librarian of Alexandria. 
 One of the most versatile and learned scholars of 
 all times. (6 TreVra^Aos, B r/ra, cf. Suidas s. V. ’Epa- 
 rocr^eVr/?.) 
 
 (1) reojy pu.(f)i Ku, 3 books The first scientific treat¬ 
 ment of the subject. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 I I 
 
 Cf. Berger , Gesch. der wissenschaftl. Erdkunde bei den Griech. 
 Ill, 57-112, Lpz. 1891. 
 
 (2) Ilepi xpovoypa<f)Lii)v. 
 
 Cf. Diels, Rh. Mus. XXXI, 1 ff.; Niese, Hermes, XXIII, 92 ff. 
 
 (3) * OXvpL 7 TLOVLKaL. 
 
 Cf. Bernhardy , Eratosthenica, pp. 247 ff. 
 
 (4) n cpi rrjs ap^aias kw piwStas, in at least 12 
 books. “A philological masterpiece.” 
 
 Cf. Strecker, 1 . c.; lVila?nowitz, Hermes, XXI, 597 f. XXIV, 44 ; 
 Bernhardy, 1 . c., pp. 203-37, and Siisemihl, I, 409-28. 
 
 g. Aristophanes of Byzantium , c. 257-c. 180. 
 
 Librarian, successor of Eratosthenes or Apollonius 
 Rhodius. The greatest philologist of antiquity. 
 
 (1) Invention (T) of accents, punctuation (acc. to Arca- 
 dius, p. 186 ff.). 
 
 Cf. Nauck, pp. 12 ff.; Wilamowitz , 1 . c., pp. 127 f.; Susemihl , I, 
 432. 901 ; Usejier ap. eundem, II, 672. 
 
 (2) K pLTiKa err] p.eta. On the symbols themselves 
 see below. 
 
 Cf. Nauck, pp. 15-18. 
 
 (3) Editions with critical signs to — 
 
 a. Ho 7 iier (AiopOuicTLs t OpLrjpov ). Cf. Wolf, Proleg. 
 
 c. 44 ; Nauck, 1 . c., pp. 25-58. Close of the Odys¬ 
 sey, XXIII, 296. On his method of criticism, 
 see Wilamowitz below. 
 
 / 3 . Hesiod, Theogony (cf. Schol. Theog. 68). 
 y. Alcaeus, Anacreon, Pindar and perhaps Simonides 
 (Dionys. de comp. verb. 26). 
 
 S. Euripides (Schol. Or. 714. 1287 ; Hipp. 172). 
 
 Cf. Nauck, p. 62 f. 
 
 e. Aristophaties (Schol. Av. 1342 ; Thesm. 162. 917; 
 Ran. 152 f. ; Nub. 958). 
 
 Cf. Nauck, pp. 18. 63-66. 
 
 £. Menander (?). Cf. his saying : “ J M IvavSpe <al 
 13 U, 7 Torepos ap ’ tyxom Trorepov a 7 repup.rjcraTO / ” 
 
I 2 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (4) 'Y7to 0€W? to Soph. Eur. Arist. and perhaps Aesch. 
 (probably prefixed to his editions). Contents : Ar¬ 
 gument of the play, its sources, didascalia, aesthetic 
 judgment. The following extant fragments of vi ro- 
 
 are probably ultimately based upon those of 
 Aristophanes : 
 
 Aeschylus : Persae, Sept. adv. Theb., Agam., 
 Eumen., Prom. 
 
 Sophocles: Oed. Col., Philoct., Ant. Oed. Rex 
 (metrical) [Aiax]. 
 
 Euripides : Hecuba, Orest., Phoen ., Medea, Hyp- 
 pol., Alcest., Androm., Troad. \_Phesos~\, Ion, Iphig. 
 Taur., Bacch., Heracleid., Helena, Hercul. Fur., 
 Cyclops (none extant to Suppl., Iph. Aul., Electra). 
 Aristophanes : Acharn. I, II (metrical) ; Equit. I, 
 
 II, III (met.) ; Nub. I, II, III, IV (met.), V, VI, 
 VII <VIII, IX, X> ; Vesp. I, II (met.); Pax, I, II, 
 
 III, IV (met.); Aves, I, II, III, IV (met.): Lysist. 
 I, II (met.); Ranae, I, II (met.), <111, IV) ; Eccl. 
 I, II (met); Plut. I, II, III, IV, [V], VI (met.). 
 
 Cf. F. IV. Schneidewin, De hypothesibus tragoed. Graec. Aris- 
 toph. Byz. vindicandis (Abh. der Gott. Gesell. der Wiss., Vol. IV, 
 1853-55); Natick, 1 . c., pp. 255 ff.; Trendelenburg, Grammat. Graec. 
 de arte trag. iudiciorum reliquiae, Bonn, 1867. 
 
 (5) n apdXXrjXcn MevdvSpou re rat acf> wv e KXeif/cv. 
 
 (6) n £p i 7r poa uj 7 t 10v (perhaps the ultimate source of 
 Pollux, IV 133-54). 
 
 Cf. Nauck , pp. 275 ff. ; Rohde, De I. P. . . fontibus, Lpz. 1870. 
 
 (7) IIupot/Hu.6 (p,erpi/<ut and dp.trpod) in 6 books. 
 
 Cf. Nauck, pp. 235-42 ; Leutsch, Philol. Ill, 566. 
 
 (8) lie pi dvaXoylas. 
 
 A T auck, pp. 264 ff. 
 
 (9) Ilepi rr}<; d^vv p.lvrj<i c r kvt aXrjs, a treatise on 
 a passage in Archilochus (fragm. 89, 2). 
 
 Nauck, pp. 273 ff. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 13 
 
 (10) AeVeis—Ilept rwv v 7 ro 7 rTevop.evo)v p.rj elprjaOaL rot? 
 7raA.atot?, Trepl ovo/xacria? TyAi/atdv, irtpl avyyevLKurv ovo- 
 p.dr (j)V —’AxriKat Aetet?, AaKurvLKal yXiocraaL. The 
 first scientific work on lexicography. About 100 
 fragments preserved. 
 
 Cf. Nauck, 1 . c., pp. 69-190; Rh. Mus. VI, 322-51 ; Fresenius , De 
 \t£euv Aristophanearum et Suetonianarum excerptis Byzantinis, 
 Wiesbaden, 1875 > A. Cohn , Jahrb. f. Philol. Suppl. XII, 283-374. 
 
 (11) IIpos 7rtVttKa? KaAAip-a^on. Of this supple¬ 
 ment to the great catalogue of Callimachus, the 
 extant distribution of the Platonic Dialogues into 
 trilogies ( Diog . Laert. Ill 61 f.) formed probably 
 a part. 
 
 (12) Kavovts or lists of ‘best authors.’ Cf. Quint. 
 X 1, 54 : “Apollonius in ordinem a grammaticis 
 datum non venit quia Aristarchus atque Aristo¬ 
 phanes neminem sui temporis in ordinem redege- 
 runt ” ; vid. also X 1, 59 and I 4, 3. 
 
 For extant ancient lists cf. Usener, Dionysii Halic. librorum de 
 imitatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889, pp. i3off. On the probable 
 character, contents and origin of these canones, cf. Ranke , Vita 
 Aristoph., pp. 104 ff.; Steffen , De canone qui dicitur Aristophanis 
 et Aristarchi, Lpz. 1876; Brzoska , De canone decern oratorum, 
 Breslau, 1883 ; P. Hartmann , De canone decern oratorum, Got¬ 
 tingen, 1891, and Susemihl , I, 445. 484 II, 674 f. 694-97. 
 
 On Aristophanes in general cf. A. Nauck , Aristophanis Byzantii 
 Fragmenta, Halle, 1848, p. 338; Susemihl , I, 428-48; Wilamo- 
 witZy Eur. Heracles, I, 137-53; Pauly-Wissowa, R. E. 994-1004. 
 
 h. Aristarchus of Satnothrace , 217/5—145/3. 
 
 'O/xryptxos, 6 KpiriKos, 7 rdvv apL(TTO<; ypa/x/xaTi/co? (Schol. 
 Horn. B. 316) 6 a vr'ip (Herodianus in Schol. B. 153) 
 pidiVT is (Athen. XIV 634). Hor. A. P. 450 fiet Aris¬ 
 tarchus Cic. ad Att. I 14,3 meis orationibus, quarum 
 tu Aristarchus es. ad fam. IX 10, 1. 800 m ro/xvry- 
 
 p.aTa. Difference betw. v7r0p.vrip.aTa and wyypdp.- 
 
14 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 fxara. The latter more highly esteemed than the 
 former. Cf. Didymus (Schol. B in) : el yap ra 
 
 avyypdp.p.aTa tcov inropvypdTOiv 7rpOTd.TTop.ev. 
 
 (1) Edition of Homer. Two editions. Cf. Lehrs, p. 
 23 ; Ludwich, I, 17 if. Cp. Schol. K 397 : Ammo- 
 nius, the successor of Aristarchus, the author of a 
 treatise “Ilepi tov py yeyovevai rrXeiova s (sc. tu>v Svo ) 
 ckSo eras Tys ’AptaTapyeLOV Stop #u)<xe cos.” 
 
 (2) %vy y p dp.p.aT a — Ilepi. TAiaSos Kal ’OSvcrcreias 
 (Schol. I 349), ITpos 4 >tA^Tav (Schol. A 524, Bin), 
 IIpos Ktop.a vov (Schol. A 97, B 798* H no), Upos to 
 H evwi/os 7rapd8o£ov (Schol M 435 and Susemihl, II, 
 149 f.), Yiepl tov vavcrTaOpov with a map or 8idypapp.a 
 (K 53, M 258, O 449, A l66 ^ 8o 7 )- 
 
 On his critical method cf. Wolf Proleg., pp. 226 ff.; Lehrs , De 
 Aristarchi studiis Homericis, Konigsberg, 1882 3 (1833 1 ) ; Senge- 
 busch , Diss. Horn. I, 24 ff.; Ludzvich, Aristarch’s Homerische Text- 
 kritik nach den Fragmenten des Didymus, 2 vols., Lpz. 1885 ; 
 Wilamowitz, Homer. Unters., pp. 383 ff.; Eurip. Heracles, I, 154; 
 Susemihl , I, 451-63 ; Jebb, Homer, Boston, 1888, pp. 92 ff. 
 
 (3) ' Yiropivy ]/xara ‘commentaries’ and eKSdcrets 
 ‘ editions ’ with ‘ critical signs ’ to — 
 
 a. Hesiod. 
 
 Cf. Flach, Jahrb. f. Phil. 109 (1874), pp. 815 ff.; 115 (1877), 
 pp. 433 ff. ; Waeschke, De Aristarchi studiis Plesiodiis (Acta Sem. 
 Lips. 1874) ; Schomanu, Opusc. II, 510 ff. Ill, 47 ff. 
 
 / 3 . Commentary to Archilochus {Clem. Strom. I 
 326 D). 
 
 y. Edition of Alcaeus {Hefhaest., p. 136) and per¬ 
 haps of Anacreon, certainly a commentary on this 
 poet {Athen. XV 671 f., e^yyovpevoC). 
 
 S. Pindar (edition and commentary). 
 
 Feine, De Aristarcho Pindari interprete (Diss. Ienen. II, 253- 
 327) ; Horn, De Aristarchi studiis Pindaricis, Greifswald, 1883 ; 
 Susemihl, I, 460 ft.; Lehrs, Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1873. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 15 
 
 e. Commentary to Aeschylus, at all events to the 
 AvKovpyos (Schol. Theocr.lh. 18). To Ion, at least 
 to the ’ 0 /jL(f)d\r) ( Athen . XIV 634 e). 
 
 £. Commentaries to Sophocles. 
 
 Cf. AL Schmidt , Didymi fragmenta, Lpz. 1854, p. 262. 
 
 77. Commentary to Aristophanes. 
 
 O. Gerhard. I)e Aristarcho Aristophanis interprete, Bonn, 1850; 
 Schneider , De Aristophanis schol. font., pp. 86 f. 
 
 (4) A.’s contributions to grammar. The first to dis¬ 
 tinguish eight parts of speech. Cf. Quint. I 4, 20 ; 
 Schomann, Redetheile, p. 12 ; Steinthal, 1 . c. 
 
 Plato —1. ovofjia and 2. prjpa ; cf. Classen, 1 . c., 
 
 PP- 43-5 2 • 
 
 Aristotle (and Theodectes) — 1. ovopa , 2. prjpa, 
 3. apOpov ‘article,’ 4. o-wSecrgos ‘conjunction,’ ibid., 
 p. 55 if. According to Dionysius, De comp. verb. 
 2 ( — Quint. I 4), the article was not as yet recog¬ 
 nized by these as a separate part of speech, but 
 see Classen, p. 59 f. 
 
 Stoics (Chrysippus) — 1. ovoga, 2. irpoarjyopLa 
 ‘ appellatio,’ ‘proper names,’ 3. prjga, 4. o-wdeapos, 
 
 5. apOpov ‘article and pronoun,’ 6. /xecroV^s (irav&e- 
 ktyjs) ‘ adverb ’ added by Antipater. 
 
 Aristarchus —1. ovop.a, 2. prjpa, 3. dvrcowpia ‘pro¬ 
 noun,’ 4. €7rtpp>7/xa ‘adverb,’ 5. perogy ‘participle,’ 
 
 6. apOpov, 7- owSecr/xos, 8. TrpoOecns ‘preposition.’ 1 
 
 Cf. Classen; Lersch ; Steinthal, vol. II; Schomann, 11 . cc.; 
 R. Schmidt , Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839 ; Th. Rumpel, 
 Casuslehre, Halle, 1845, pp. 1-70 ; Ribbach, De A. arte gramma¬ 
 tica, Niirnberg, 1883. 
 
 1 The ancients, accustomed to see in Homer the fountain of all wisdom, 
 supposed these eight parts of speech to have been well known to him, 
 citing in proof of this the following lines : 
 
 Iliad, I 185: avrbs idv rXicri^vde to txbv 7 tpas 6 cpp ei/ eldrjs. 
 
 Iliad, XXII 59: irpos 8 t pe rbv dvarrjvov ext cppovtovr eXt^aov. 
 
i6 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (5) Analogia vs. Anomalia (Crates and the Stoics). 
 
 On Aristarchus in general, see Pauly- IVissowa, R. E. 862- 
 874. 
 
 Cf. Lersch ; Steinthal , I, 357-74 II, 71-159. 
 i, Hermippos 6 KaAAof Smyrna. 
 
 Btoi 7 re pi t d» y e v tt at 8 e ta Aa puf/avr w v. 
 
 Of this voluminous work : 7repi ran/ vop.oOer a>v, [7repi. 
 SouAoov, ? ] Trepl ran/ otto . cro<f)u)v, Trepl HvOayopov, Trepl 
 ’Apio-roreAous, 7repi Topytov, 7repi TcroKpdrov?, 7repi 
 ’IcroK-parous puiOrjT an/, -rrepl ev8o£coy avSpcov tarpon/, 7repi 
 p,dyan/, Trepl rd>v arro <£>tAocro<£ta< ; ets rvpavvt8a? Kat 
 Swao-reias pbeOearyKOTOiv — generally cited as sepa¬ 
 rate books, formed only so many subdivisions. One 
 of the chief sources of Diogenes Laertius , and of 
 Plutarch's Lycurgus, Solon, Demosthenes-, and 
 indirectly, through the medium of Caecilius, of 
 Pseudo-Plutarch, Vitae X oratorum. Cf. Susemihl, 
 I, 49 2 -95- 
 
 k. Apollodorus of Athens (pupil of Aristarchus), flor. c. 
 
 150. “ ’ATroAAoScopo) Trepl Tracrav tcrroptav avSpl 8etva> ” 
 
 (Ps. HeracL Alleg. Homer. 7). 
 
 (1) XpovLKa in comic trimeters, from the fall of 
 Troy, (1184)—144 b.c. 2d. edition, to about 119 
 (death of Boethos the Academic mentioned). The 
 inexhaustible storehouse of chronological informa¬ 
 tion throughout antiquity. Calculation of the <1*7x77. 
 
 Cf. Diels , Rh. Mus. XXXI (1876), 1-54 ; also 6 . F. Unger, 
 Philol., XL (1882), 602-51. 
 
 (2) Ilepi roD vea>v KaraAoyov, 12 books. An ex¬ 
 haustive commentary to the Homeric Catalogue of 
 the Ships. 
 
 Cf. Niese, Apollodor’s Commentar zum Schiffscataloge als 
 Quelle Strabo’s, Rhein. Mus. XXXII (1877), 267-307. 
 
 (3) n tp i Sw^povo?, 4 books. 
 
 (4) On Epicharmus , 10 books. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 17 
 
 (5) ne pi tu)v AOr/vrjcr tv kratp a>y. 
 
 (6) Ilepi irv/io Aoyiajj/. 
 
 (7) Ilepi 0 eo)v, 24 books. A work of stupendous 
 erudition, freely and extensively pirated by later 
 writers. 
 
 Cf. Muenzel , De Apollodori irepl deQv libris, Bonn, 1883. On 
 A. in general, cf. Susemihl , II, 33-44; Pauly- Wissowa, 2855-86. 
 
 /. The first Manual of Mythology, written between 100— 
 50 b.c., the source of Diodorus , Hyginus , Pseudo-Apol¬ 
 lodori Bibliotheca, Proclus. 
 
 Cf. Bethe, Quaestiones Diodoreae mythographae, Gottingen, 
 1887, and Hermes , XXVI (1891), 593-634 ; Susemihl , II, 45-52. 
 
 m. Ammonius , pupil and successor of Aristarchus. 
 
 (1) Ilepi rov fir) yeyoveVai 7rXeiovas (sc. tu>v Suo) exSocrei? 
 Trjs * ApL<TTapg£Lov Siop^uJCTea)?. See above under 
 Aristarchus. 
 
 (2) Ilepi ru)u vi to nAdra>vos fierevrjveypeviov ' Ofirjpov . 
 
 (3) IIpos ’A OrjvoKXea (rvyypafifia. 
 
 (4) Commentary to Pindar . 
 
 (5) K(jop.a)8onp.evoi. 
 
 (6) Ilepi rcuy ’A Or)vrj(Tiv eraipiSoov. 
 
 (7) Ilepi 7rpocra)Sias or Ilepi ’Atti/c^s 7rpoo'a)Sias. 
 
 Cf. Blau, De Aristarchi discipulis, Jena, 1883 ; ^ 4 . Roemer , Die 
 Werke der Aristarcheer im Cod. Ven. A, Miinch. Acad. II, 241 ff. 
 (1875); Roche , Horn. Textkritik, pp. 68-78; Susemihl , II, 
 
 Dionysius Thrax of Alexandria , born c. 166 b.c. 
 
 (1) Te'xv>7 ypafifiar lK rj, the first attempt of its kind 
 and the standard work on the subject for more 
 than 1500 years. 
 
 Cf. Uhlig's edition, with exhaustive Prolegomena, I.pz. 1883. 
 For a list of grammatical terms , see below. 
 
 Of the numerous commentators of the rlgyr), 
 Choeroboscus (6. cent.), Stephanos (7. cent.), Helio- 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 
 18 
 
 dor us, Melampus , Moschopulos are the most note¬ 
 worthy. 
 
 Cf. Hoerschelmann, De Dionysii Thracis interpretibus veteribus 
 I, Lpz. 1874, and especially Hilgard, Heidelberg Gymn. Progr. 
 Lpz. 1880. 
 
 (2) Commentaries to the Iliad and Odyssey (28 frag.). 
 Following Aristarchus, D. regarded Homer as an 
 
 Athenian. 
 
 (3) Commentaries to Hesiod's Works and Days. 
 
 (4) II pos KpctT^Ta. 
 
 (5) n« pi 7T OCT OT TjT 0)V . 
 
 (6) A work on Rhetoric. 
 
 (7 ) M e A e t a t. 
 
 Cf. Mor. Schmidt , Philol. VII, 360-82 VIII, 234-53. 510-20 ; 
 Susemihl, II, 168-75. 687 f. 
 
 0. Didymus Chalcenteros of Alexandria, c. 65 b.c.- 
 c. 10 A.D. 
 
 Said to have written 3500-4000 books. Am??t. 
 Marcell. XXII 16, 16 XaAxevrepos multiplicis scien- 
 tiae copia memorabilis. Quint. I 8, 19, Didymo, quo 
 nemo plura scripsit, accidisse compertum est, ut cum 
 historiae cuidam tamquam vanae repugnaret, ipsius 
 proferretur liber qui earn continebat. Athen. IV 139 : 
 KaXei 8e tovtov A^/xr^rpios o Tpoi^vio? /? 1 / 3 XioXd 0 av 
 Sia to 7 rXr/Oos cov irSeSwKe avyypap.p.aT(t)v • lari yap 
 Tpicr^iXia 7rpos rot? 7 revTcu<ocrLOL<;. Macrob. Sat. V 18,9; 
 grammaticorum facile eruditissimus. 22, 10 : gram- 
 maticorum omnium . . . instructissimus. Masterly 
 discussion and estimate of D.’s work by Wilamowitz, 
 Eur. Heracl. I, 157-68. 
 
 (I) Lexicographical. 
 
 (1) 6 o pvTa X e£is. 
 
 (2) ’A Tropovp.ivrj Xe£i<>, 7 books. 
 
 (3) Tp 07 TLK 7 ] Xl$L<S. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 19 
 
 (4) K wfxtKrj Xe$L<i. ) The chief source of the lexicograph¬ 
 
 ical erudition of the ancients pre¬ 
 served in lexica, scholia, Athenaeus, 
 Hesychius, Photius, etc. 
 
 (5) 
 
 (6) Lexicon to Hippocrates (?). 
 
 (II) Didymus as editor of texts and as commentator. 
 
 commentary to the Homeric poems.) See above. 
 
 (2) Commentary to Hesiod ; cf. Schmidt , pp. 299 f. 
 
 (3) C. to Pindar; id., pp. 214—40. 
 
 (4) C. to the Epinikia of Bacchytides. 
 
 (5) C. to Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (in part). 
 The extant vitae are in all essential details Didy- 
 mean. Prejudicial and partial criticism of Soph, 
 to the disparagement of Euripides. Cf. A. Roemer 
 (cited below). 
 
 (6) C. to Ion and perhaps to Achaeos ; cf. Schmidt, 
 PP- 3 OI ~ 5 - 
 
 (7) C. to Cratinus and Eupolis ; Schmidt , pp. 307-9. 
 
 (8) C. to Aristophanes ; Schmidt , pp. 246—61 ; Schnei¬ 
 der, De fontibus A. schol., pp. 59-63. [Aristo¬ 
 phanes of Byz. — Didymus — Symmachus—extant 
 scholia.] 
 
 (9) C. to Menander and to Phrynichus (Kronos) ; 
 Schmidt , pp. 306 ff. 
 
 (10) Editions and Commentaries to Antiphon, Isaeus, 
 Hypereides, Aeschines and Demosthenes — Schmidt, 
 pp. 310—19 — Isocrates (?), Deinarchus (?). 
 
 (11) Edition of Thucydides. The extant life by Mar- 
 cellinus (esp. § 1—45) was almost entirely taken from 
 Didymus’ introduction. Cf. Susemihl ’, II, 203 f., 
 note 314. 
 
 (12) *P rjTop ik a V 7 rofivrj/xara, in at least 10 books; 
 Schmidt, p. 321. Exegetical parerga to the Attic 
 orators. 
 
20 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (13) Ilepi tov ScKarevcraL ; Schmidt, pp. 3 I 7 ^* 
 
 (III) Grammatical works: 
 
 (1) Ilept 7 raOuiv (on inflections); Schmidt, pp. 343 ff. 
 
 (2) Ilept 6 pOoy pastas. 
 
 (3) II epl rrjs irapd 'Poi/xaiois dvaXoytas. Doubtful. 
 
 (IV) Historical, antiquarian, literary treatises : 
 
 (1) Her>7 l (Trope a ; cf. Schmidt, pp. 356-63. 
 
 2) De morte Aeneae ; 
 
 (3) De patria Homeri; 
 
 (4) On Anacreon and Sappho; 
 
 Cf. Seneca, Ep. 88, 37 : quatuor milia librorum 
 
 Didymus grammaticus scripsit ... in his libris de 
 patria Homeri quaeritur, in his de Aeneae morte 
 (matre, MSS.) vera, in his libidinosior Anacreon an 
 ebriosior vixerit, in his an Sappho publica fuerit. 
 
 (5) n £ pi 7ro lt)t tov ; Schmidt, pp. 386—96. 
 
 (6) IT pos Moova (?) avrf( rjyr/ aees. (A long extract 
 on the musical instruments used in lyric poetry 
 preserved by Athen. XIV 634 el) Perhaps a part 
 
 o£ (s)- 
 
 (7) n £ pi ru)v a £ o v o) v twv HoAojvo? avr iy pa(fir) 
 7 rpbs ' Act kXtjtt idbrjv (. Pint . Sol. 1). 
 
 (8) Against Cicero’s de Republica, 6 books. Cf. Amm. 
 Marcell. XXII 16, 16, and Suidas s. v. TpdyKvWos. 
 
 (9) n. pi tt apcnpuliv. 
 
 (10) On the city of Kabassos and on Attic demes 
 (doubtful). Perhaps portions of his commen¬ 
 taries to the Iliad (13, 363) or to the comic poets 
 or to the Attic orators. 
 
 Cf. Mor. Schmidt , Didymi Chalcenteri grammatici Alexandrini 
 fragmenta, Lpz. 1854; Ludwich, 1 . c.; Susemihl, II, 195-210. 688 f. 
 
 p. Tryphon of Alexandria, son of Ammonius. 
 
 A specialist on Greek grammar. A confused list 
 of his numerous works is given by Suidas, the titles 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 cf. Schmidt, 
 
 pp. 384-6. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 2 I 
 
 of others are cited by Apollonius Dyscolos, Hero- 
 dianus, Athenaeus. 
 
 (1) Ilepi 7 rXeovacrpov, irepl p erpwv, irepl rpoircov , irepl 
 ayy panov. 
 
 (2) On the dialects of Greece, on the dialect of 
 Homer and the lyric poets. 
 
 (3) Ilepi. ’A7rpo<Ta)Sia,5, irepl ovopacncvv, irepl opOo- 
 ypac^ias Kai ru)v ev avTjj £rjTovpevwv ( = its problems), 
 irepl 'YiWrjVLcrpov (on idiomatic speech), irepl apxaias 
 avayvwo’eu)'; (on style). 
 
 (4) Ilepi irvevpa.T(j)V, irepl T?js ev povocrvXXa/ 3 oL<; dvaX.oylas, 
 irepl rrjs ev KXtaeaiv (declensions) dvaXoyta^, irepl 
 apOptov, irepl avTwvvpuiov (pronouns), irepl irpoadiraiv 
 (persons), irepl pero^i/s (participle), irepl irpoOeaeaiv 
 (prepositions), irepl avvSeapoJv, irepl eiripp^panDV (ad¬ 
 verbs), irepl prjpdroiv eyieXiriKiov (moods), irepl pyjpa- 
 to)v dvaAoyias / 3 apvr 6 vo)v, irepl ovoparaiv crvyKpLTiKUiv 
 (comparison of adjectives), irepl iraOwv Xe^ewv (in¬ 
 flections). 
 
 (5) ‘Hjtcov laropla, irepl £coo)v. 
 
 Cf. A. v. Velsen , Tryphonis grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta, 
 Berlin, 1854; Susemihl, II, 210-13. 689. 
 
 q. Theon of Alexandria, 1. cent. a.d. 
 
 “ The Didymus of the Alexandrian poets.” 
 
 (1) Commentaries to Lycophron , Theocritus , Callim¬ 
 achus' kina, Apollonius Rhodius , Nicandros . 
 
 (2) Commentary to the Odyssey and perhaps to 
 Pindar. 
 
 ( 3 ) A«'f IS KWpUKrj. 
 
 (4) Ae£i? r pay lKYJ (doubtful, but probable). 
 
 Cf. Giese, De Theone grammatico eiusque reliquiis, Munster, 
 Diss., 1867 ; Wilamowitz , Eur. Heracl. I, 156 ; Susemihl , II, 216 ff. 
 
 The Stoics as Philologians. 
 
 Allegorical exegesis of Homer. Contributions to the 
 Science and Terminology of Grammar. 
 
22 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. Grafenhan, 1 . c., I, 440 ff. 505 ff. II, 23. Ill, 236 ; R. Schmidt, 
 De Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839 ; Steinthal , 1 . c. ; Strieker, 
 De Stoicorum studiis rhetoricis, Bresl. Abh. I 2 (1886). 
 
 a. Chrysippos of Soli, c. 280-c. 206. 
 
 Wrote e.g. 7repi rrjs Kara r as Ae£eis avw/xaXias (the 
 first occurrence of the term), Aoyoi 7rapa ra? crvvr]- 
 
 OeLas, Kara rrjs <TvvrjOeLa<;, rrepl rrjs (TVvrjOeias, Trepl 7 revre 
 rrraxreoiv, 7 repl o/xovota? (A.then. VI 267) irep\ eviKcov 
 Kal Tr\r)OvvrLK(x)v eKcfiOptov, Trepl rrjs prjropiKrjs, Trepl 
 rcov crroiyeuov rov Xoyov Kal ra>v A eyop.ev<x>v, t rcos Set 
 roiv TTOL7)p.aroiv aKoveiv (source of Plutarch’s treatise 
 of the same title). 
 
 Cf. Aronis, 'XpticrLTnros 7pag,/xart/c6s, Diss. Iena 1885. For a full 
 list of his works, see Laert. Diog. VII 190 ft. 
 
 b. Crates of Mallos (flor. 168 b.c.) and the School of 
 Pergamum. 
 
 A follower of the Stoics. Passionate opponent of 
 Aristarchus and his school ( Suidas s. v. Rpicrrapyp^ : 
 Kal Kpcvriyri ra> ypap,p,aTi/<a) TrXe'iara SirjpuXXrjaaro'). 
 Bibaculus ap. Sueton. de gramm. no. En iecur Cra- 
 tetis. Advocate of dvw p.aXia VS. dvaXoy la. 
 
 Cf. the bibliography under Aristarchus and below. 
 
 Introduced philological studies into Rome ; cf. Sueton., 
 1. c., p. 100. 
 
 (1) Homer. 
 
 a. /XiopOuHTLs (Aiop#am/<d), critical edition, probably 
 with the Life of Homer. 
 
 b. 'Op,rjpLKa, allegorical commentary. 
 
 C. Ilept ’iAiaSos Kal OSucrcretas (u7rop,i/^p-ara or ervy- 
 ypdp.p.ara ?). 
 
 Cf. E. Maass, Aratea pp. 167-203. 
 
 (2) Commentary to Hesiod ,, Works and Days. 
 
 (3) C. to Euripides (Schol. Orest. 1226. 1686 ; Phoen. 
 208 Rhesus, 5. 528 f.). 
 
 Cf. Wilamowitz, Anal. Eurip., p. 157. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 23 
 
 (4) C. to Aristophanes (Schol. Equit. 631, 793, 693; 
 Vesp. 352. 884 Ran. 294). 
 
 Cf. Consbruch, Zu den Tractaten tt epi Koo/xydlas in Comment, in 
 honor. Studemundi, Strassburg, 1889; Susemihl, II, 11, note 54. 
 
 (5) ITept ’Att l Krj ? 8taAe/crou, in at least 5 books. 
 
 Cf. in general, Wegener, De aula Attalica, 1836 (antiquated); 
 Wachsmuth, De Cratete Mallota, Lpz. i860, with fragments; id., 
 Philol. XVI, 166; Rhein. Mus. XLVI, 552-56; Lilbbert , Rhein. 
 Mus. XI, 428-43; Susemihl, II, ivf. 4-12. 703; A. Conze, Berh 
 Acad. Sitzungsber. 1884, pp. 1259 ff. 
 
 c. Demetrius Magnes (contemporary of Cicero). 
 
 (1) ITept <TVVO)VV/JL(i)V 7 roXc(i)V. 
 
 (2) Uepl tu)v crvvwvv/JiOiv Troi 7 ]TU)v re /cat crvyypa- 
 <f)twv. Chapter on Deinarchus preserved by Dionys. 
 Halic. de Deinarch. One of the chief sources of 
 Diogenes Laertius. 
 
 Cf. Nietzsche, Rhein. Mus. XXIII, 632-53 XXIV, 181-228 ; 
 Scheurleer, De D. M., Leiden, 1858; Maass, Philol. Unters. Ill 
 (1880), 23-47; Susemihl, I, 507 f. 
 
 The Graeco-Roman Period. 
 
 . The Post-Alexandrian Period. 
 a. Diotiysius of Halicarnassus (flor. end of 1. cent. b.c.). 
 
 (1) Epistula ad Ammaeum I. 
 
 (2) De compositione verborum. 
 
 (3) De oratoribus antiquis (Lysias, Isocrates, Isaeus, 
 Demosth.), De Dinarcho. 
 
 (4) Epistula ad Pompeium. 
 
 (5) Ilept fUfArjaeios y'. 
 
 (6) De Thucydide. 
 
 (7) Ad Ammaeum II. 
 
 (8) [Ars rhetorica.] 
 
 Cf. Fr. Blass, De I). H. scriptis rhetoricis, Bonn, 1863; Rossler, 
 De D. H. scriptis rhetor., Lpz. 1873 ; Ll. Usener, D. H. de imita- 
 tione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889; E. Egger, 1 . c., pp. 396-406. G. 
 Ammon, De D. H. rhet. fontibus, Munich Diss. 1889, pp. no. 
 
24 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b. Caccilius Calactinus (Friend of Dionysius), 
 
 (i) Ilept tou %apaKTrjpos rcov Sexa prjTopuiv. 
 
 Chief source of Ps. Plut. Vitae X orat. On the 
 canon of the ten orators, see under Aristophanes, 
 
 (2) Comparison between Demosth. and Aesch., 
 Demosth. and Cicero. 
 
 (3) Ilept vif/ovs (cf. Ps. Longinus, Ilept vif/ovs 1). 
 
 (4) ’E/<Aoyr) Xe^ecov Kara aroi'yeiov ( KaXXipprjpLoavvy /). 
 
 ( 5 ) Te^yi] prjTopLKy. 
 
 (6) Ilept cr^/xarcoi/. 
 
 On Dionysius and Caecilius, the most noteworthy represen¬ 
 tatives of literary criticism in antiquity, cf. F. Blass, Gesch. der 
 griech. Beredsamkeit von Alexander bis auf Augustus, Berlin, 
 1865, pp. 169-221. R. Weise, Quaest. Caecil. Berlin 1888, pp. 52. 
 
 c. iXcowoTLov rj Aoyytvov Ilepi. vtf/ovs (composed in the 
 1 cent. a.d.). Aesthetic and Literary Criticism. 
 
 Cf. Buchenau, De scriptore libri Ilepi v\Jjovs, Marb. 1849; Martens, 
 De libello Ylepl v\povs, Bonn, 1877 ; Egger, 1 . c., pp. 426-39 ; Coblentz, 
 De libelli Ilepi v\povs auctore, Strassb. Diss. 1888 pp. 76; Ph. Cac- 
 cialanza, in Riv. di Filologia XVIII (1889), 2-73. 
 
 d . Apollonius Dyscolos, 6 (2 cent. a.d.). 
 
 Founder of scientific syntax. “ 2wra£ts amy/eat- 
 
 auctor artis grammaticae ” Priscian. 
 
 (1) ’ Ovop.aTLK.6v (declension). 
 
 (2) 'FrjpiaTLKov (conjugation). 
 
 >- /xep^ tov Xoyov. 
 
 (6) Ilept (TWTa$eo)<i, 4 bks., extant. 
 
 Cf. Grafenhan, III, 109 ft.; L . Lange , Das System der Syntax 
 des A.D., Gottingen, 1852; E. Egger, A.D., Essai sur l’histoire 
 des theories grammaticales dans l’antiquite, Paris, 1854, pp. 354 ; 
 Stein that, II, 220-345; Pauly-Wissowa, R. E. 136 ff. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 25 
 
 e . Aelius Herodianus (son of A. D.). 
 
 The greatest grammarian of antiquity. 
 
 (1) Ka#oAiKr/ 7rpocr coSta, in 2 1 books, 
 a. Bks. I—19—7rpocra>Stai, rovot. 
 
 (3. Bk. 20 — xpov°L (‘quantity’). 
 
 y. Bk. 21—On accents, enclitics, diastole, syna- 
 loephe. Excerpts preserved by Theodosius and 
 Arcadius. 
 
 (2) Ilept dpOoypiKpLas, 7repl 7 ra#d)v, tt epl ovopLaTwv, Trept 
 KAtcrews ovo/xaTcoi/, 7 rept p^/xarcov, 7 rept av^vyiojv (‘con¬ 
 jugations’), 7 rept /3ap/3apL(rpLOv, 7rept pLOvoavWdfiaiv. 
 Originals all lost ; contents known through ex¬ 
 cerpts in later grammarians. 
 
 (3) Ilept pLovr/pov s Ae£eoos (on peculiar, anomalous 
 grammatical forms). Extant. 
 
 Cf. Aug. Lentz , Herodiani technici reliquiae, 2 vols., Lpz. 1870 
 (ccxxviii+564, viiE 1264, with indexes); Lehrs , Herodiani scripta 
 tria, Konigsberg, 1848; Pauly , K. E., Ill, 1236-40; E. Hiller, 
 Jahrb. f. Philol. 118 (1871), 505-32. 603-29, Quaest. Herodianae, 
 Bonn, 1866. 
 
 f. Epitomators, Lexicographers. 
 
 a. Iuba , king of Mauretania, u <x7rdvTu)v to-roptxdn-aTos 
 / 3 ao-tAeW,” Pint. Sertor. c. 9. Author of the #earptK?) 
 to-Topta, one of the sources of Pollux. 
 
 Cf. Rohde , De Pollucis fontibus, Lpz. 1870 ; Bapp, Lpz. Stud. 
 VIII, noff. 
 
 / 3 . PaviphllltS , Ilept yAaxr<xaiy r/rot Ae^etoy (Aetp,aiy). 
 95 bks. 
 
 Epitomized by Vestinus and by Diogenianus in 5 bks. 
 Cf. Weber , Philol. Suppl. Ill, 467 ft. 
 y. Herennios Philon of Byblos (61-141 a.d.). 
 
 (1) Ilept Krr/creo)? kgu exAoy^? ( 3 l/ 3 \.l<i>v , 12 bks. 
 
 (2) Ilept 7rdAea>y xat on? eKaarr] avrov eySo- 
 £ou s r)vey xev, in 30 bks. A famous compilation 
 
26 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 most extensively used by later grammarians, 
 esp. Hesychius and Stephanus Byzantius. 
 
 Cf. Daub , Jahrb. f. Phil. Suppl. XI 437 ff. 
 
 8. Hephaestion (older contemporary of Athenaeuc). 
 Athen. XV p. 673 e : 4 Aa/ 3 oov Se Trap ’ ip.ov 6 Traaiv 
 kXoT rrjv ove tSt£tov 'Ht^aitTTttov e^tStOTroctytraTO rrjv Xvcnv .’ 
 
 Chief work : Ilept pirpoiv. 48 bks. (lost). His 
 own epitome, ’Ey^etptStoi/ irepl perpwv, in i bk. (cf. 
 Longin. Proleg. ad Hephaest. p. 88, 21) became 
 the standard school-book throughout later antiquity 
 and the Middle Ages. 
 
 Cf. Westphal, Metrik der Griechen, Vol. I, introduction, 
 e. Athenaeus of Naucratis (close of 2. cent. a.d.). 
 
 On the sources of the /XeurvoaocfncrTai (in 15 bks.) 
 Cf. K. Bapp , Leipz. Stud. VIII, 85-160; F. Rudolph, Philolo- 
 gus, Suppl. Vol. VI, 109-163; Pauly- Wissowa, 2025-33. 
 
 £. Aelius Dionysius and Pausanias , ’ATTi/ao-rat. 
 
 Cf. Rindfleisch, De P. et D. lexicis rhetoricis, Konigsberg, 1866. 
 H. Heyden, Quaest. de Ael. I), et P. Atticistis, Etym. Magn. fonti- 
 bus in Leipz. Stud. VIII 2 (1S86), pp. 173-264; Ael. D. et P. At¬ 
 ticistis fragm. coll. E. Schwabe, Leipz. 1890 pp. 282 (Prolegom. 
 1-80). 
 
 rj. Valerius Harpocration (2. cent.). 
 
 AeVets t to v 8 e k a prjr op to v. 
 
 Based upon very valuable sources now lost. Cf. Boysen , De 
 Harpocratiae fontibus, Kiel, 1876. 
 
 6 . Julius Pollux (IIoAuSeuK^s) of Naucratis. 
 
 'OvopLacrr lkov in 10 bks. Cf. Rohde, 1 . c. 
 l. Cassius Longinus (1270-275). 
 
 4 Bi/3Aio#ry/o7 kui TrtpnraT'ovv povaelov,’ Eu- 
 
 napios. 4 ^tAoAoyos p.kv 6 Aoyytvos, t^tAocrot^os 8e 
 prjS a/xto?,’ Porphyrius. Pupil of Plotinus, teacher 
 of Porphyrius. o KpiriKos ( Suidas s. v. <J>povTtov). 
 
 (1) 4 >tAJAoyot 6/xt A tat, in at least 21 bks.; fragm. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 27 
 
 (2) ’Attikwv Ae^eoov exSocrets. 
 
 (3) ’ Anop^piaTa 'O/x^piKa, llpo/^A^/xara O p.rjpov 
 Kal AArets, et <£iAo<to<£o 9 c '0 fJLrjpos. 
 
 (4) Rhetoric ( a<f>opixal Aoyou) discovered by I 
 ken amid the Rhetoric of Apsines. 
 
 Cf. Walz, Rhet. Graec. IX p. xxiii ff. 
 
 (5) [Ilept xJij/ovs] falsely ascribed to Longinus ; cf. 
 above, p. 24. 
 
 Cf. D. Ruhnken , De vita et scriptis Longini, 1776; E. Egger, 
 PP- 475 ~ 8 4 - 
 
 List of the Most Important, Extant Scholia. 
 
 Cf. E. Hiibner, Encyclopaedie, pp. 37-40 2 ; Wilamowitz, Eur. 
 Her. I, 17 3-210. 
 
 1. Homer. 
 
 Subscriptio in the cod. Ven. A : IlapdxetTai ra ’Apurro- 
 vlkov arj/xc ta xat AtSuptov irepl ’ A p lar apyeiov Stop- 
 60) crew?, Ttv a Se xai ex rrjs ’ IAta 8rj<; tt pocr cpStas 'Hpa>- 
 Stavoi) Kal Ik tCjv Ntxavopos Trepl err typi?}?. u Vier- 
 manner Scholien,” cf. above. 
 
 Cf. Ludwich, 1 . c., Friedlcinder, Aristonicus, 1853; id., Nicanor, 
 1850; Fabricius , Bibl. Gr. I, 440-56 (index auctorum). 
 
 2. Aristophanes. 
 
 Subscriptio to the Clouds and Wasps : xexGjAtcrrai Ik tov 
 *H At oSuipov, 7rapayeypa7TT(u ex tov I’aftvov xat 2 v/a- 
 pa^ov xat aXXwv tlvuxv. 
 
 Cf. O. Schneider , De Veterum in Arist. scholiorum fontibus, 
 1838 ; Wilcnncnuitz, Eur. Her. I, 179-84 ; IV. Meiners , Quaest. ad 
 scholia A. hist, pertinentes, in Diss. Ilallens. XI, 217-403 ; Eabri- 
 cius, II, 392-404 (index auctorum). 
 
 3. Apollonius Rhodius. 
 
 Subscriptio in the Cod. Mediceus : IlapdxetTat Ta cryo Ata 
 ex TOiv Aov klXXov Tappatov xat ^o^oxAtov? xat 
 ® ewvos. 
 
28 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. Weichert, Apollon. Rhod. pp. 400 ff.; Bern hardy, Griech. 
 Literat. II 1, pp. 370 ff. ; Susemihl, I, 662 II, 46. 686; Fabricius 
 IV, 279-86 (index auctorum). 
 
 4. Pindar. 
 
 Cf. K. Lehrs, Die Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1863 ; Fabricius II, 81-4. 
 
 5. Aeschylus. 
 
 J. Richter, De Aesch. Soph. Eur. interpretibus Graecis, Berlin, 
 1839. 
 
 6 . Sophocles. 
 
 Bernhardy, 1 . c. II 2, pp. 378 ff. 
 
 7. Euripides. 
 
 Bernhardy, 1 . c. II 2, pp. 498 ff. 
 
 8 . Theocritos; Nicandros ; Aral us ; Callimachus' Hymns. 
 
 9. Ly cop hr on. (/. Tzetzes .) 
 
 10. Plato. 
 
 L. Cohn, J. J. Suppl. XIII, 773. Th. Mettauer, De Platonis 
 scholiorum fontibus, Zurich, 1880 (pp. 122). 
 
 11. Aristotle. Commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias, 
 Simplicius, Philoponus. 
 
 12. De?nosthenes. 
 
 Critical Signs (2r?/xeia, notae). 
 
 Cf. Reifferscheid, Suetonii Reliquiae, pp. 137-44. 
 
 "O/^Aos (—) . — l r rpos ra voOa Kal dOeTOvp.eva.' Legendary 
 origin of name, 1. c. p. 138. 
 
 SLirXrj a 7 repL(TT lktos, KaOapd (>).— ( 7 rapdi<eLTcu : I. 7rpos 
 rrjv airai; elpy]p.evr]v A 2. Trpds ttjv rov 7 roir]Tov (rvvrjOeLav 
 
 (inconsistency) 3. 7rpos rovs Acyovras, /xr/ elvai tov avrov 
 7 roir)TOv lAtaSa Kat OSucrcreiav (^oipt^ovres) 4. 7rpos ras tiov 
 7raAatwv icrropias 5* Trpos ras ra»v vea>v ei/So^as 6. 7rpos ttjv 
 ’Attikt/v crvvTa^iv 7 . 7 rpos tt/v 7ro\v(rr)p.ov A‘USUS est 
 ea in multis Aristarchus, nunc ea quae praeter consuetu- 
 dinem tarn vitae nostrae quam ipsius poetae apud eum 
 invenirentur adnotans, nunc proprias ipsius figuras, inter- 
 dum ea in quibus copiosus est, rursus quae semel apud 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 2 9 
 
 eum ponerentur. Similiter in nostris auctoribus Probus.'' 
 ‘Primus Leogoras Syracusanus apposuit Homericis versi- 
 bus ad separationem Olympi a caelo.’ 
 
 AnrXrj Trtpieo-T cy pevrj ( ]> ). — ‘79309 ras ypaefias ras Zrjvo- 
 Boreiovs Kal K.pdrr]ros koll avrov ’ Apujrap'gov Kal ras SiopOco- 
 
 creis avrov.' 
 
 ' Acrr eo ter kos KaO’ eavrov (•)£•).—‘79369 70U9 avrovs an'^ov 9 
 01 Kcwrat iv dXXois pepemv rrjs 7 roir)crecos, Kal opOcos e^ovres 
 (frepovraL, crrjpaLvcnv otl ovtol Kal aXXa^ov CLprjvrai. ‘ Aristo¬ 
 phanes apponebat illis locis quibus sensus deesset, Aris¬ 
 tarchus autem ad eos [versus] qui hoc puta loco [recte] 
 positi erant, cum aliis scilicet non recte ponerentur, item 
 Probus et antiqui nostri.’ Cf. however schol. y 71. 
 
 ’A areptcrKos per’ o/ 3 eXov (vK*—).— ‘evOa 
 
 elm pev ra e-rrrj 
 
 rov 7 tolt]tov ov KaXws Se KtivTat, aAA’ ev dXXcp.’ ‘ Propria est 
 nota Aristarchi, utebatur autem ea in his versibus qui 
 non suo loco positi sunt, item Probus et antiqui nostri.’ 
 Cf. e.g. A 195. 
 
 * Avr L<Jty pa ( 0 )* — *7 epos rovs evrjXXay pevovs tottovs Kal prj 
 avvaSovras.’ ‘ Ponebatur ad eos versus quorum ordo per- 
 mutandus erat.’ 
 
 'Avriatypa KepLecjTLypevov (•)•).—‘ orav 8vo com 8iavoiai 
 to av to cnrjpaivovo’aL^TavroXoyet ), rov Troirjrov yeypaefroros ap<f>o- 
 repas, ovens rrjv erepav eXrjrai. ’ ariypa — Aristoph. = cmypit) — 
 Aristarch. Cf. B 192. 
 
 Kepavvtov (“[“) — Rare. — ‘ 8rjXoL ttoXXols Crjrrjcreis rrpos rats 
 7rpoeipr)pevcu<;.’ * Ponitur quotiens multi versus improban- 
 tur ne per singulos obelentur.’ 
 
 X (in scholia to tragedians). 
 
 Ancient authorities: Aristonicus (see above), Diogenianos (?) 
 ■repl tQ>v ev Tots ( 3 if 3 \Lois <rr]p.eLiov (Suid.), Diog. Laert. Ill 65, Sueto¬ 
 nius = Isidorus , Origg. I, 21 ff., de notis scripturarum. See below. 
 Anecd. Roman, ed. Osann, Anecd. Venetian , ed. Villoison, Anecd. 
 Paris, ed. Cramer (all collected in Reifferscheid 1 . c.). 
 
30 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Modern treatises: Grdfenhan II, 92 f.; Sengebusch, Horn. Diss. 
 I, 22 ff. ; Nauck, Aristoph. Byzant. pp. 17 £f.; Ludwig, I, 20 ff. ; 
 Susemihl, I, 432 ff.; H. Schrader, De notatione critica a veteribus 
 grammaticis in poetis scaenicis adhibita, Bonn, 1863 5 and A. 
 Roetner, Die Notation der Alexand. Philol. bei d. griech. Dramat. 
 in Bayr. Acad. Cl. I Vol. XIX, pt. Ill, 1-52 (1892). 
 
 Principal Grammatical Terms. 
 
 GREEK. 
 
 I. "Ovopa (Noun). 
 
 1. reVos: appeva OrjXe a, aKcvr) (ov&erepov —Stoics). Cf. 
 Arist. Rhet. Ill 5 IIpwTdyopas ra yivrj ra»v ovopidroiv Sir/ pet. 
 Soph. Elench. 14. Alexandrian scholars added koivov 
 
 (6 rj fiovs^), € 7 TLKOiVOV (6 dcTOs). 
 
 2. ’Ap i^/xos : iviKos, 7 tX^Owtiko^, and Sv'lkos (added by 
 Zenodotus ?). 
 
 3. KAtcrets (declension). 
 
 a. ovop,a<jTLKr), evOeta, opOrj 
 
 b. yevLKij, also 7 raTpLKrj and kttjtlkt] (possessive) 
 
 C. SoTlKYJ 
 
 d. CLLTLaTLKrj, alsO i 7 TL(TTa\TLK 7 / 
 
 6 . k\y)Tik.V], also TrpoorayopevTLKy 
 IlT(joo-et5 7 rAaytat, virTiai (oblique cases). 
 
 These terms were still unknown to Aristotle , 
 
 Anal. Prior. I, 36 he declines a masc., fern, and 
 neuter noun in full. 
 
 II. 'Pfjp.a (Verb). 
 
 1. 3 u£vytai (conjugation). In Dionysius Thrax still 
 divided according to accent. 
 
 2. Aia#e0-eis (Voices). 
 
 Arist. Categ. 4 Soph. Elench. 4 : ttolclv , 7rdcr^eiv (Ivlp- 
 yeia, 7 rdOod). 
 
 Stoics: 6 p 0 ov (active), vtttlov (passive), ovSerepov (intran¬ 
 sitive middle), /xeVr; (middle). 
 
 Dionysius 2/irax: ivipytia, 7 ra#os, /xecrorryj. 
 
 ■n 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 q 
 
 r* 
 
 r- 
 
 ✓) 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 m 
 
 a> 
 
 in 
 
 for in 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 31 
 
 Later: evepyrjTLKy /, 7ra OrjTLKrj, p.ecr 6 rr]<; (which latter, how¬ 
 ever, also includes the 2d. perfect'). 
 
 3. ’Ey/<A.6o-ei9 (Moods), 7TTto<xeis prj/xaTLKai ( Dionys. de 
 comp. verb. 6). 
 
 Protagoras: cvtoXt) (imperative), evxwXy (optative), cbro- 
 KpLcros (indicative), ipcoryats (subjunctive) — Ylv 6 p.eve<i 
 Xoyov. 
 
 Dionysius Thrax : a. opLanKr/ (indie., so called because 
 all definitions, opot , were in this mood) b. 7 rpoo-ra- 
 TiKrj (imperative) c. cvkt lkyj (optative) d. v 7 roTcu<TLKrj 
 (subjunctive) e. airapep^aro^ (infinitive). 
 
 4. Xpovot (Tenses). 
 
 Cf. Plat. Soph. 262 C. irepi tcuj/ ovrtov r/ ytyvopevatv 7 ] 
 yeyovoTow y p^eXXovr <j)v. (This double present was not 
 accepted by later grammarians). Arist. Top. II 4 
 to pev yap rov 7 rapeXrjXvOoros xpovov lari, to Se Ka 1 rov 
 irapovTO ? Kttt rov peXXovros. Stoics : eveerr goto., 7rapco^- 
 Kora, peXXovra. 
 
 Dionysius : XP°voi Se rpe is: eveo-Tco?, 7 rapeXr)Xv 0 u)<;, peXXwv. 
 tovt(i)V 6 7 rapeXr)Xv 0 u )<5 81ac^opas TeVcrapas : TraparaK- 
 
 tlkov (imperfect), TrapaK.eip.cvov (TeAaos, perfect), V 7 roo-vv- 
 tcXlkov ( vTrepTeXeLOs , pluperfect), aopLcrrov. 
 
 5. n p 6 cro) 7 ra (Persons) : 7 rpu)Tov, Sevrepov , rptrov . 
 
 Cf. Lersch, Sprachphilos. II, 170-222 ; Steinthal, Gesch. der 
 Sprachwiss. II, 209-306. On the terminology of the parts of 
 speech, see above under Aristarchus. 
 
 ROMAN. 
 
 The Latin terminology of grammar, so far as it is inde¬ 
 pendent of the Greek, seems to have been chiefly due to 
 Varro and Nigidius Figulus , but their nomenclature was not 
 accepted by later scholars, translations from the Greek 
 being preferred. 
 
32 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 I. Nomen (Substantivum). 
 
 1. Genus : virile, muliebre, commune, promiscuum. The 
 terms 4 masculinum ’ and \femininum ’ cannot now be 
 traced back farther than to Caesellius Vindex (2d. cent. 
 
 a.d. Cf. Gell. N. A. VI (VII), 2), though they doubt¬ 
 less arose much earlier. 
 
 2. Numerus : singularis species, multitudinis species (Varro), 
 plurativus (e.g. Gell. I 16, XIX 8), plural is (e.g. Quint. 
 
 1 5 > l6 )- 
 
 3. Casus: 
 
 a. rectus, nominativus. 
 
 b. casus interrogandi ( Nigidius ), patricus ( Varro'), pa- 
 ternus, possessivus, genetivus. 
 
 c. casus dandi ( Nigidius, Varro), dativus. 
 
 d. casus accusandei (Varro), accusativus — a false 
 translation of atrtartK^ = causativus, which is also 
 occasionally found. 
 
 e. casus vocandei ( Varro), salutatorius, vocativus. 
 
 f. Sextus or Latinus casus (Varro), ablativus — prob¬ 
 ably introduced by Caesar in his De Analogia. Casus 
 recti and obliqui. (See above.) 
 
 II. Verbum. 
 
 1. Coniugatio, ordo. The four conjugations seem to be 
 post-Varronian. 
 
 2. Genera, adfectus, significatio : activum, passivum, neu- 
 tra, communis, deponens. 
 
 3. Modi, qualitates, status, inclinatio : a. finitus, indicati- 
 vus b. imperativus c. optativus d. subiunctivus e. in- 
 finitus, infinitivus. 
 
 4. Tempo ra : praesens, praeteritum, futurum, praeteritum 
 imperfectum, praet. perfectum, plusquamperfectum. 
 
 5. Personae. As above. 
 
 Cf. Lersch op. cit. pp. 223-256; L. Ieep , Zur Gesch. von d. 
 Redetheilen bei den Alten, pp. 124-259. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 33 
 
 Roman Period. 
 
 Bibliography : Suetonius , de grammat. et rhetor. ; W. //. D. 
 Suringar, Historia Critica scholiastarum Latinorum, 3 vols., 
 Leyden,*1835 ; Grafenhan , II, 261 ff. IV ; Teuffel-Schwabe, Rom. 
 Literat. 2 vols. 1890 5 <T. S.> § 41 : H. A T ettleship, Journ. of Phil. 
 XV, 189 ff.; Sckanz, R. L. I, 274 ff., II, 214 ff., 424 ff., Ill, 139 ff. 
 
 a. L. Accius , 170-c. 86. 
 
 Didascalica (cf. Aristotle’s AiSao-KaAtai). A history 
 
 of Greek and Roman poetry, with special reference to 
 
 the drama. Orthographical reforms. Written chiefly 
 
 in Sotadean verse. 
 
 Cf. T. S. § 134, 7, and 94, 2. O. Ribbeck, Rom. Dichtkunst, I, 
 267; G. Hermann , Opusc. VIII, 390 ff.; Lachmann , Kl. Schr. II, 
 67 ff.; Afadvig, Opusc. Acad. 70 ff., Fr. Ritschl, Opusc. IV, 142 ff. 
 
 b. L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo , flor. c. 100 b.c. 
 
 The first Roman philologian, teacher of Cicero and 
 Varro. Cic. Brut. 205 : eruditissimus et Graecis 
 litteris et Latinis antiquitatisque nostrae et in 
 inventis rebus et in actis scriptorumque veterum 
 litterate peritus, quam scientiam Varro noster ac- 
 ceptam ab illo. Varro ap. Get/. N. A., I 18, 2 : 
 litteris ornatissimus memoria nostra, id. X 21, 2 
 doctissimus eorum temporum. 
 
 (1) Commentaries to Carmina Saliorum , cf. Suringar 
 I, 26 f. 
 
 (2) Interpretation of the XII Tables. Suringar 1 ,39 ff. 
 
 (3) Edition of Plautus with critical signs. 
 
 Gell. N. A., Ill 3, 12 : L. Aelius XXV (comoe- 
 dias) eius (Plauti) esse solas existimavit; Quint. 
 X 1, 99, “Licet Varro Musas, Aeli Stilonis sen- 
 tentia, Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, 
 si Latine loqui vellent.” Cf. Ritschl, Parerga 
 91 ff. 126 f. 238. 366. 
 
 (4) Contributions to etymology and grammar. 
 
34 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. T. S. § 148, 1. F. Mentz , De L. Aelio Stilone, Diss. Ienens, 
 IV, 1 ; Schanz, R. L. I, pp. 118 ff. 
 
 c. M. Tullius Cicero , 106-43. 
 
 (1) Literary or aesthetic criticism. 
 
 Cf. Ch. Causeret, Sur la langue de la rhetorique et de la critique 
 litteraire en Cic., Paris, 1887 ; /. Kubik , De Cic. poetarum lat. stu- 
 diis, Diss. Vindob. I, 237 ff. 
 
 (2) Edition (?) of Lucretius. 
 
 Cf. Munro , Lucretius, vol. II, 2 ff. ; T. S. § 203, 2. 
 
 d. C. Julius Caesar , 100-44. 
 
 De analogia (Suet. Caes. c. 56). 
 
 Cf. F. Schlitte, De C. Iulio Caesare grammatico, Halle, 1865. 
 
 e. M. Terentius Varro Reatinus , 116-27. 
 
 ‘Vir Romanorum eruditissimus ’ (Quint. X 1, 95). 
 ‘ Vir doctissimus undicumque Varro, qui tam multa 
 legit ut aliquid ei scribere vacasse miremur, tam 
 multa scripsit (620 bks.) quam vix quemquam 
 legere potuisse credamus’ (Augustin., Civ. Dei. 6,2). 
 Pint. Rom. 12 av&pa *P wfiOLLiov iv icrTopia / 3 i/ 3 \LaKw- 
 tcltov. Esp. Cic. Acad. post. 1, 9. 
 
 Cf. R its chi Die Schriftstellerei des Varro in Opusc. Ill, 419- 
 505, Parerga, pp. 70 ff.; G. Boissier, M. T. Varron, sa vie et ses 
 ouvrages, Paris, 1861, p. 337. T. S. § 166f.; Schanz, R. L. I, 276ft. 
 
 (1) Antiquit at um libri XL I. 
 
 (2) Annalium libri III — De vita populi Romani (cp. 
 Dicaearchos Bio? ‘EAAdSo?) ; De gente populi Ro¬ 
 mani, in 4 bks. (43 b.c.) ; de familiis Troianis ; 
 Aetia (cp. Ainu, of Callimachus) ; rerum urbana- 
 rum libri III ; Tribuum liber. 
 
 (3) De bibliothecis libri III : de proprietate scripto- 
 rum ; de poetis; de poematis; de lectionibus ; de 
 compositione saturarum ; de originibus scaenicis; 
 de scaenicis actionibus ; de actis scaenicis (Dida- 
 scalica); de personis (masks); de descriptionibus ; 
 quaestiones Plautinae; de comoediis Plautinis. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 35 
 
 (4) Disciplinarum libri IX (Artes liberales : 1. gram- 
 matica ; 2. dialectica ; 3. rhetorica ; 4. geometria ; 
 5. arithmetica ; 6. astrologia ; 7. musica ; 8. me- 
 dicina ; 9. architectural 
 
 (5) De Lingua Latina, XXV lbb. (V-X extant). 
 V-XXV, dedicated to Cicero, hence published 
 
 before 43 b.c. Contents: Bk. I (introd.), bk. II- 
 VII (etymology), VIII-XVI (inflection, analogy 
 and anomaly), XVII-XXV (syntax). 
 
 (6) De sermone Latino libb. V ; de similitudine ver- 
 borum libb. Ill (analogy) ; de utilitate sermonis ; 
 irepl 'xapaKrripuv (? = descriptiones) ; de antiquitate 
 litterarum ; de origine linguae Latinae. 
 
 Cf. Witmanns, de M. T. V. libris grammaticis, Berlin, 1864. 
 
 f. P. Nigidius Figulus (f 45 b.c.). Homo, ut ego ar- 
 bitror, iuxta M. Varronem doctissimus (Get/. N. A. 
 IV 9, 1) ; vir doctrina et eruditione studiorum prae- 
 stantissimus (Sehol. Bob. to Cic. Vatin, p. 317 Or.). 
 
 Chief philological work : Commentarii grammatici 
 in about 30 bks. Dealt also with orthography, syno¬ 
 nymies and etymology. Frequently cited by Gellius. 
 Cf. M. Hertz , de N. F. studiis atque operibus, Berlin, 1845 ; //. 
 Swoboda, P. N. F. operum reliquiae with Prolegomena, Vienna, 1889. 
 
 g. Ateius Praetextatus Philologus (t c. 29 b.c.). 
 
 Cf. Suet, de gramm., 10 T. S., § 211. 
 
 h. Noted philologists and grammarians of the Empire. 
 First Cetitury. 
 
 1. C. Lulius Hyginus, pupil of Alexander Polyhistor, 
 head of the Palatine library under Augustus. Cf. 
 Suet, de gramm. et rhet. 20. Not to be confounded 
 with the so-called Hyginus, author of the Genealogy, 
 Astronomy and Fables. Cf. Schanz , R. L. II, 217 fF. 
 
 Chief works (all lost) : Commentary to the Pro- 
 pempticon Pollionis of Helvius Cinna ; Commen- 
 
36 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 tary to Virgil in at least 5 bks. (Cf. Ribbeck Proleg. 
 Vergil, p. 117); De vita rebusque inlustrium virorum; 
 Exempla ( Gell . X 18, 7) ; De familiis Troianis; 
 Urbes Italicae (Serv . ad Aen. VII 678) ; de pro- 
 prietatibus deorum ; de dis Penatibus. 
 
 2. Eenestella (f 19 a.d.). ‘ diligentissimus scriptor,’ 
 Lactantius. Annales in at least 22 bks. A repos¬ 
 itory of information for later writers. 
 
 T. S. § 259; L. Mercklin, De Fenestella historico et poeta, 1844. 
 
 3. M. Verrius Flaccus (floruit 10 b.c.). 
 
 a. De verborum significatu. Second half preserved 
 in a mutilated epitome of Festus, who in turn was 
 epitomized by Paulus. A storehouse of infor¬ 
 mation on Roman antiquities and archaic Latin. 
 
 j 3 . De orthographia — cf. Z. Mackensen, Comm. 
 Ienenses, VI, 2 pp. 62 (1896). 
 
 y. Fasti, partly preserved (C. I. L. I, 295). 
 
 Cf. H. Winther , De fastis V. F. ab Ovidio adhibitis, Berlin, 1885; 
 Hiibner, Grundr. der lat. Lit., § 83; H. Nettle ship , Lectures and 
 Essays, pp. 201 ff. ; T. S. § 261. 
 
 4. Q. Asconius Pedianus c. 3-88. 
 
 (1) Commentary to Cicero's speeches — one of the 
 masterpieces of historical exegesis in antiquity. 
 Written betw. 54-57 a.d. Extant : pro Cornelio, 
 in toga Candida, in Pisonem, pro Scauro, pro Mi- 
 lone (with a highly valuable introduction). 
 
 Cf. Madvig, de Q. A. P. in Cic. oratt. commentariis, Kopen- 
 hagen, 1828; C. Lichtenfeldt , De Q. A. P. fontibus ac fide (Bresl. 
 Abh. II, 4 pp. 88); Pauly- Wissowa, 1524 ff. 
 
 (2) Liber contra obtrectatores Vergilii (Lost). 
 
 Cf. Donat. Vita Verg. p. 66, 2 R. 
 
 (3) Vita Sallustii — Doubtful, cited by Fs. Aero to 
 Hor. Sat. I, 2, 41. 
 
 5. C. Plinius Secundus, the Elder, 23-79. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 37 
 
 (1) Libri dubii sermonis ( Plin . Epist. Ill 5, 1). 
 
 (2) De grammatica (Plin. N. H. praef. 28). 
 
 Cf. I. W. Beck , Studia Gelliana et Pliniana, Lpz. 1892 ; O. 
 Froehde , Valerii Probi de nomine libellum Plinii Secundi doctri- 
 nam continere demonstratur, Lpz. 1892. 
 
 6. M. Valerius Probus Berytius (flor. 80 a.d.). 
 The greatest Roman philologist. ‘Nec Probum 
 
 timeto ’ (Mart. Ill 2, 12). 
 
 (1) Editions with critical signs (cf. Sueton. Reliq., p.138 R.). 
 a. Virgil 
 
 Sunngar, II, 8 ff. ; Kiibler, De P. comment. Verg., Berl. 1881. 
 / 3 . Plautus (cf. Leo, Plautin. Forsch. pp. 21 ff.), 
 
 Terence, Lucretius, LLorace, Persius. I. Steub. De 
 
 Probis grammaticis, Jena, 1871 ; T. S., § 300 f.; Schanz. 
 
 R. L. II, 431 ff. 
 
 7. Fabius Quintilianus of Calagurris in Spain, c. 
 
 35 - 95 * 
 
 Literary criticism, esp. in bk. X of the Institutio 
 Oratoria. Pupil of Remmius Palaemon (71 S., § 282) 
 and teacher of Pliny the Younger and Cornelius 
 Tacitus. Cf. Gudeman , Tacitus’ Dialogus, Proleg. p. XXVIII. 
 
 LXII. LXXII.; Peterson , Quint. Bk. X, Introd. pp. xxii-xxxix. 
 
 8. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, 75-160. 
 
 Cf. Suidas s. v. TpayKvWos ; Reifferscheid , Suetoni Reliquiae 
 praeter Caesares, Lpz. i860 (Quaest. Sueton. pp. 363-538); Schanz , 
 R. L. Ill, 42 ff.; Kubelka, V. Progr. Bohm. Gymn. Ung. Hradisch, 
 1896. 
 
 1. De viris illustribus : de poetis (Terence, Horace, Lucan, 
 Persius — extant), de oratoribus (Passienus Crispus), de his- 
 toricis (Pliny the Elder), de philosophis, de grammaticis et 
 rhetoribus (partially preserved). See p. 39. 
 
 2. De vita Caesarum (extant). — De regibus. 
 
 3. Roma: 7 rcpl vop.Lp.oiv koX yjOoiv (= de institutis moribus 
 sc. Romanorum), de anno Romanorum, ludicra historia 
 (de lusibus puerorum, probably part of this), de institutione 
 officiorum (part of the Roma ?), de genere vestium. 
 
38 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4. Pratum (Aet/xwv) : De homine (e.g. de vitiis corporali- 
 bus), de tempore (technical treatment, one of the sources 
 of Macrobius and Censorinus), de naturis rerum (natural 
 history). Cf. Schanz , Hermes, XXX, pp. 401-428. 
 
 5. 7 repl ru)v nap'"H jXXtjctl naiSicov — nepl rrjs KiKepoovos 
 7roAiraas. Directed against the attack of Didymus. See 
 p. 20 — nepl Sva<f)rjpio)v Xe$cwv t/TOL / 3 Xa(T<f)r)p.Liov Kal 
 noOev €Ka(TTr) — 7 repl lni(rr]panv nopviov (Based on 
 Apollodorus ? See p. 17).— All under (5) written in Greek. 
 
 6. nepl twv iv rots /?t/?Atots crrjpeLMv( = de notis). Cp.p. 28 f. 
 
 7. Verborum Dijferetitiae. — Of doubtful authenticity, per- 
 perhaps containing some excerpts from the Pratum. — De 
 rebus variis (grammatical fragments extant). 
 
 Second Century. 
 
 Aemilius Asper (71 S., § 482, 3), Flavius Caper (71 S., 
 § 343, 3 ; G. Keil, De F. C. grammatico, in Diss. Hall. X, 
 243-306), Q. Terentius Scaurus (71 S., § 352, 1), Arrun- 
 tius Celsus (T. S., § 357, 3), Iulius Romanus (71 S., 
 §379, 1 ; C. Froehde , De I. R. Charisii auctore Leipz. 1892), 
 A. Gellius, Noctes Atticae (71 A., § 365; Th. Vogel De 
 A. G. vita, studiis, scriptis i860; Z. Ruske De A. G. Noct. 
 Att. fontibus 1883; Schanz , R. L. Ill, 158 ff.). 
 
 Third Century. 
 
 Censorinus, de die natali. Cf. 71 A., § 379; Schanz , R. L. 
 Ill, 196 ff. 
 
 Fourth Century. 
 
 1. Nonius Marcellus, Compendiosa Doctrina (71 A., 
 404 a ; Z. Milller , Adversaria to his edition). 
 
 2. Charisius and Diomedes (T. A., §419; Z. Jeep, Zur 
 Gesch. von. d. Redetheilen bei den Alten, Lpz. 1893). 
 
 3. Marius Victorinus (T. A., § 408, 1). 
 
 4. Aelius Donatus (floruit c. 350). 
 
 (1) Ars Grammatica. 
 
 (2) Commentaries to Terence and Virgil. 
 
 Cf. Suringar , I, 78-86; II, 31-59; P. Rosenstock, De Donato, 
 etc., Konigsberg, 1886; J. J. Hartman , De Terentio et Donato 
 commentatio, 1895, pp. 239. See below, p. 40. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 39 
 
 5. Maurus Servius Honoratus. Commentary to Virgil. 
 
 Cf. Suringar, II, 59-92 ; T. S., § 431 ; G. Lammerhirt , De 
 
 priscis scriptt. locis a S. allatis, in Comm. Philol. Ienens. IV, 
 
 311-406. 
 
 6. Hierony 77 ins, 331-420. 
 
 Translation of the xpoviKoi Kavore? of Eusebius 
 with additions : “usque ad Troiae captivitatem 
 pura graeca translatio est ... usque ad XX. Con- 
 stantini annum nunc addita nunc mixta sunt pluri- 
 ma quae de Tranquillo (viz. SuetoTi. de viris illus- 
 tribus) et ceteris inlustribus in historicis curiosis- 
 sime excerpsi.” On these sources, cf. Mommsen , 
 Abhandl. der s'achsischen Gesell. d. Wiss. I (1850), 669 ff.; 
 Sychowsky, H. als Literaturhistoriker, Muenster, 1894, pp. 
 198. 
 
 Fifth CeTitury. 
 
 1. Macrobius, Saturnalia. (T. S., § 444 ; G. Wissowa , De 
 M. Saturn, fontibus, Breslau, 1888.) 
 
 2. PrisciaTi of Caesarea. 
 
 l 7 istitutio 7 ies gra 7 ri 77 iaticae, 18 bks. The most im¬ 
 portant and exhaustive contribution to Latin Gram¬ 
 mar made by the Romans. An inexhaustible fountain 
 of information for the grammatical theories of earlier 
 writers, especially Greek, now lost. The standard 
 work on the subject throughout the Middle Ages. 
 About 1000 MSS. known. 
 
 Cf. T. S., § 481, and Encyclop. Britan, s. V. 
 
 Sixth CeTitury. 
 
 1. Cassiodorus SeTiator , 480-575. 
 
 Cf. A. Olleris , Cassiodore Conservateur des Livres de l’antiquite 
 
 Latin, Paris, 1841, pp. 71. 
 
 2. Isidorus, c. 570-636. 
 
 Ety 77 iologiaru 77 i (Originum) libri XX (T. S., § 496). 
 
40 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 List of Extant Latin Scholia. 
 
 1. Vergilius : 
 
 Scholia Bernensia to the Bucolics and Georgies. Intro¬ 
 ductory note to the latter : Haec omnia de [tribus] 
 commentariis Romanorum congregavi i.e. Titi Galli 
 et Gaudentii et maxime Iunilii Flagrii (=Iunius' 
 Philargyrius, part of whose commentary to the 
 Eclogues is still extant). 
 
 Scholia Veronensia to Aeneid (fragm.). 
 
 Ps. Probus, see Probus. 
 
 Donatus, Servius, see above. 
 
 Cf. Suringar II, 8-109. Ribbeck , Proleg. crit. ad Verg. c. 9. 
 
 2. Horatius : 
 
 Porphyrio (largely indebted to Aero). Ps. Aero (chiefly 
 based on Porphyrio. These scholia are handed down 
 anonymously in the older MSS.) ; Cruquianus com¬ 
 mentator, a congeries of scholia collected by lac. 
 Cruquius from his MSS., esp. the Blandinii. 
 
 Cf. Suringar III, 8-86 ; H. Usener , de scholiis Horat., Bern, 
 1863. 
 
 3. Terentius : 
 
 Donatus (made up of the original commentary of Do¬ 
 natus and of Euanthius. The scholia to the Heaut . 
 are lacking) ; Eugraphius. 
 
 Cf. Suringar I, 78 ff.; H. Usener , Rhein. Mus. XXIII, 493 ft.; 
 H. Gerstenberg, De Eugraphio T. interprete, Jena, 1886; Sabbadini , 
 R., Estr. dagli studi ital. di fil. class. II, pp. 1-132. 
 
 4. Lucanus : 
 
 Commenta (cod. Bern. 370), Adscriptiones (in a number 
 of MSS.). 
 
 5. Persius : 
 
 Cornuti (?) commentum. c. 8th cent. Cf. T. S., § 302,6 . 
 
 6. IUVENALIS : 
 
 ( a ) In codd. Pithoeanus and SangaJlensis (IX. cent). To 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 41 
 
 the same class belong the scholia (up to Sat. VIII 
 i 93), published by Valla under the name of Probus. 
 
 (b ) Cornuti (?) expositio in MSS. of XV. cent. 
 
 Cf. T. S ., 331, 7. 
 
 7. Germanicus, poetic paraphrase of Aratus. 
 
 Cf. Breysig, Praef. to his edition and Maass, Proleg. to Aratus. 
 
 8 . Statius’ Thebais : 
 
 Ad VI 264 : de his rebus ... ex libris ineffabilis doc- 
 trinae Persei praeceptoris (Cornutus ?) seorsum libel- 
 lum composui [Lactantius Placidus]. 
 
 III. The Middle Ages. 
 
 1. The Byzantian Period. 
 
 Standard work: K. Krumbacher , Geschichte der byzantini- 
 schen Literatur (I. Muller’s Handb. der class. Alterthumswiss., 
 vol. IX, 1), 1897 2 , pp. 1193; Characteristic of the period, pp. 498- 
 515; Wilamowitz , Eur. Heracles, I, 193-219. 
 
 a. Etymologica and Lexica: Kyrillos, Eudemos, Etymol. 
 Magnum, Hesychios (based on the UepLepyo7revr)Te<s of 
 Diogenianos). 
 
 Cf. Reitzenstein , Griech. Etymologica, Leipz. 1897 ; Kr. 570-581. 
 
 b. Hesychios Illustris of Miletus (6. cent.) 
 
 ’Oi'O/jUxroAoyos 7) Trivai; rcoy ey 7 r(u 8 eca ovopLaariov- Only 
 preserved in excerpts. (Chief sources : Aelius Di¬ 
 onysius’ Moixtikt) icTTopia, and Herennios Philon.) 
 
 Cf. Kr., pp. 323-325. 
 
 c . Photios, c. 820-C. 891. 
 
 (1) Bi /3\.Lo6r']Kr) or Mv p lo /3 l /3Xov (written before 
 857). Contains the excerpts and criticisms of 280 
 books read by the author while ambassador to 
 Assyria. 
 
 (2) Ac£e(oj/ u-vvayojyl/ (based on Harpocration, Di¬ 
 ogenianos, ’Attikcov uvopuiTtoy Aoyoi of Aelius Dio¬ 
 nysius, Pausanias’ A €$lkov Kara cttol^uov, Platonic 
 

 42 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 lexicon of Timaeus, and Boethos, Homeric lexica 
 of Apion, Heliodorus and Apollonius). 
 
 Cf. A'r., pp. 73 ff., 515-524; Fabricius , Bibl. Gr. X, 678-775, 
 
 XI, 1-37 ; Hergenrother, Photios, 3 vols., 1869. 
 
 d. Constantinos Porphyrogennetos , emperor (913-59, resp. 
 945). Ehey clop aedia of History, arranged according 
 to subject-matter ( e.g . Uepl II peer ft clwv, 7 rept i 7 nftov\u)v 
 Kara ftacnAloiv yeyovviwv, 7 repl o-TpaTr)yr)p.(XT(i)v, 7 rcpl S77/X77- 
 yoptwv), with the original chapters of earlier historians 
 bearing upon the respective subjects. 
 
 Cf. A>., pp. 252-264, 978-984. 
 
 e. Suidas. 
 
 Lexicon (terminus post quern 976 a.d.). First cited 
 by Eustathius. A colossal monument of erudition, 
 notwithstanding many instances of gross carelessness. 
 The sources of Suidas have as yet been determined 
 with only partial accuracy, but he seems to have 
 derived, though generally .only at second-hand, the 
 bulk of his material from the following : 
 a. Lexica: Harpocration, Aelius Dionysius, Pausa- 
 nias, Helladios, Eudemos, TAojo-o-at to Herodotus, 
 and above all, Hesychios, in an epitome arranged 
 in alphabetical order ; Lexica to Euripides, Menan¬ 
 der, Callimachus. 
 
 ft. Scholia and Commentaries to: Aristophanes (in a 
 more complete form than the extant scholia), 
 Sophocles (Oed. Col., Oed. Tyr., Aiax), Homer 
 (similar to those of the Venetus B), Thucydides, 
 Philoponus and Alexander of Aphrodosias to 
 Aristotle. 
 
 y. Histories: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon’s 
 Anabasis, Polybius, Josephus, Arrian, Aelian (prob¬ 
 ably from Constantinos’ Encyclopaedia), Lucian. 
 
 8. Literary and Biographical material: Hesychios (see 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 43 
 
 above), Atke?iaeus (Rks. i and II in their unepito¬ 
 mized form). Whether the work of Philon of By bios 
 (see above) was known to Suidas at first-hand is 
 very doubtful. Strabo is completely ignored. 
 
 Cf. Fabric ins, Bibliotheca Graeca, VI, 389-595 ; G. Bernhardy, 
 Suidae Lexicon, I, Prolegomena, pp. 25-95 ; Kr. pp. 562-570 ; R. 
 Roellig, Quae ratio inter Photii et Suidae lexica intercedat, in Diss. 
 Hall. (1887) pp. 1-66; G. Wentzel, Berl. Acad. 1895, PP- 4 77—87. 
 f. Johajines Tzetzes , c. mo-c. 1185. 
 
 (1) Bl/ 3 \os la-ropLUiv (Chiliades), in 12,674 political 
 verses. 
 
 Cf. Chr. Harder, De I. T. historiarum fontibus quaestiones, 
 Kiel, 1886. 
 
 (2) Allegories to the Iliad and Odyssey , 10,000 verses. 
 'O 'Ofxrjpos 6 7 ravcro<po '>, rj OdXacrcra tCjv Aoyoiv. Ho¬ 
 meric mythology interpreted allegorically and after 
 the manner of Euhemerus. 
 
 (3) Commentary to the Iliad. 
 
 (4) Carmina Iliaca (Antehomerica, Homerica, Post- 
 homerica). 
 
 (5) Scholia to Hesiod’s Works and Days, and the 
 Shield of Heracles (written before 1138). 
 
 (6) Scholia to Aristophanes’ Plutos, Clouds, Frogs, 
 and Arguments to the Knights and Birds. 
 
 Cf. Ritsckl (. Beil ), Opusc. I, 1-172. 197-237. 
 
 (7) Scholia to Lycophrod s Alexandra. 
 
 Invaluable as the only extant key to the under¬ 
 standing of this enigmatical poem. 
 
 (8) Scholia to the Halieutica of Oppian , and the 
 Theriaca and Alexipharmaca of Nicandros. 
 
 (9) Epitome of the Rhetoric of Hermogenes. 
 
 (10) Ilepi ru)v iv rots (TTtyoLS p.tTpu>v aTrdvTMV, c TTtyoL 
 7rep! SLa(f)opds TrotrjTcov, iupt( 3 oL reyviKOL Trepl KoipoiSias, 
 7 repi rpayLKrjs 7 roir/o-ea>s. 
 
 Cf. Kr., pp. 526-536. 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 g. Eustathios , Archbishop of Thessalonice (floruit 1175). 
 
 (1) Commentary to the Iliad and Odyssey. 
 
 Invaluable repository of ancient learning. 
 
 Principal sources: Homeric scholia, Athenaeus, 
 Strabo, Stephanus of Byzantium, Aristophanes of 
 Byzantium, Heraclides of Miletos, and two works 
 by Suetonius (written in Greek) ; Aelios*Dionysius, 
 Pausanias, and rhetorical lexica, Suidas and the 
 Etymologicum Magnum. 
 
 (2) Paraphrase and scholia to Dionysius Periegetes . 
 
 (3) Commentary to Pindar (only a valuable preface 
 preserved). 
 
 Cf. Kr., pp. 536-541 ; Fabricius , 1 . c., I, 457-501. 
 
 h. Maximus Planudes , 1260-1310. 
 
 (1) Hepl ypa/jLfAaTLKrjs , 7 repl (TWTa^ws. 
 
 (2) Scholia to Theocritos and Hermogenes. 
 
 (3) Suvaytoy rj e/cAeyetcra airo Stacjiopwv / 3 l/ 3 \lu)v, contain¬ 
 ing excerpts, e.g., from Plato, Aristotle, Strabo, 
 Pausanias, Dio Cassius. 
 
 (4) Anthologia Planudea. 
 
 The Anthologia Palatma was not discovered till 
 1606 by Salmasius. Grotius’ celebrated translation 
 is based upon the Planudean collection. 
 
 (5) Translations from Latin into Greek, 
 a. Caesar, De bello Gallico. 
 
 / 3 . Cicero, Somnium Scipionis. 
 y. Disticha Catonis. 
 
 8 . Ovid, Metamorphoses. 
 
 e. Ovid , Heroides. On the basis of a very valuable 
 MS. now lost. 
 
 Cf. A. Gudeman, in Calvary’s Berl. Stud. VIII, 3, pp. 90 
 (1888). 
 
 £. Boethius , De consolatione philosophiae (his 
 masterpiece). 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 45 
 
 Cf. M. Treu, Comment, to Planudis Epistulae, Breslau, 1890 ; 
 
 A. Gudeman, Am. Philol. Assoc. XX, 6 ff.; Kr., pp. 543-546. 
 
 i. Manuel Moschopulos (pupil of Planudes). 
 
 a. ’Ep cor rj fxara ypa/x/xar t k<x. Of great pedagogical 
 influence toward the spread of Greek studies 
 in the Renaissance. The famous grammar of 
 Melanchthon is essentially a reproduction of the 
 
 ’Epcarr/p-aTa. 
 
 Cf. L. Voltz, Jahrb. f. Phil., CXXXIX (1889), 579 ft. 
 
 ( 3 . Scholia to the Iliad, bks. I and II. Hesiod, Pin¬ 
 dar’s Olymp. Odes, Euripides, Theocritos. 
 
 Cf. K. Hartfelder, Philipp Melanchthon, Berl. 1889, pp. 225 ; 
 
 M. Treu , 1 . c., pp. 208-12 ; Kr., pp. 546-548. 
 
 k. Thomas Magister (contemporary of /.). 
 
 (1) ’E/<Aoyi) 6 vop.aro)v kul p-rj/xarotv ’Attikcui/. 
 
 (2) Scholia to Aesch., Soph., Eurip., to three com¬ 
 edies of Aristophanes. 
 
 Cf. Fr. Ritschl , Thomae Magistri ecloga, Halle, 1832, with ex¬ 
 haustive Prolegomena ; Kr., pp. 548-550. 
 
 /. De??ietrios Triklinios (beginning of 14. cent.). 
 
 The foremost text critic among Byzantian philo- 
 
 logians. Notable contributions to Greek versification. 
 
 (1) Scholia to Pindar; author of two metrical dis¬ 
 sertations, and of one of the extant paraphrases to 
 Pindar (Lehrs, Pindarscholien, p. 78). 
 
 (2) Text edition, with scholia, of Sophocles. 
 
 (3) Scholia to five plays of Aeschylos (except Choe- 
 phoroe and Supplices). Preserved in Triklinios’ 
 own handwriting. 
 
 (4) Scholia to Hesiod, Aristophanes and Theocritos. 
 
 Cf. Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I, 194 f.; Hermes XXV, 161-70; 
 
 A>., pp. 554 f- 
 
 . The Middle Ages in W. Europe. 
 
 Copying of MSS. in monasteries. 
 
46 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. A. //. L. lleeren, Gesch. des Stud, der class. Literat. seit d. 
 Wiederaufleben d. Wissensch., vol. I, Introduct., pp. 1-308 ; F. 
 Haase, Ue medii aevi studiis philologis 1856; F. A. West, Alcuin 
 and the schools of the West, 1890 ; W. Wattenbach , Schriftwesen 
 im Mittelalter, 1875-, Anleit. z. griech. Palaeographie, 1877 2 , 
 Anleit. z. lat. Palaeog. 1886 4 ; Th. Birt, Das antike Buchwesen, 
 Berlin, 1882 ; A. Ebert , Allgem. Gesch. der Liter, des Mittelalters, 
 3 vols., 1887' 2 ; Bernhardy , I 4 , 716 ff.; E. Hiibner , Encyclop., pp. 
 45-64 ; M. Manitius , Rhein. Mus. Suppl. XLVII, pp. 152 (catalogue 
 of MSS. in cloister libraries); Blass, Palaeogr. 2 pp. 299-355. Of 
 mediaeval scholars who possessed a knowledge of Greek, the fol¬ 
 lowing may be mentioned : Bede, Ioh. Scotus Erigena, Alcuin, 
 Abelard, Roger Bacon, Hrabanus Maurus. 
 
 List of Some of the Oldest Classical MSS. 
 
 1. Greek. 
 
 a. Fragments of Euripides ' 1 Antiope and Plato’s Phaedo , 
 250 b.c. (Flinders Petrie Papyri, ed. Mahaffy, Dub¬ 
 lin Acad. 1890.) The oldest specimens of a classical 
 text known. 
 
 b. A few lines of the XI. Iliad (ante-Aristarchean and 
 non-Zenodotean), 240 b.c. 
 
 Most of the following dates are only conjectural. 
 
 cent. b.c. 
 (Epicurus, Phi- 
 
 1.-2. cent. a.d. 
 
 c. Louvre fragments of Euripides , 2. cent. b.c. 
 
 d. Aleman , 2.-1. cent. b.c. (Paris). 
 
 e. Iliad fragments (Banks, Harris), 2, 
 
 f. Papyri from Herculaneum , 79 a.d. 
 
 lodemus.) 
 
 g. A ristotle , ’ A 6 r] v a c o> v II oAtreta, ^ 
 
 h. Hero das, Bacchylides. 
 
 i. Hypereides , 150 a.d. (London, Paris). 
 
 k. Berlin fragm. of the Melatiippe of Euripides , 3.-4. cent.. 
 /. Papyrus fragm. of Isocrates , 4. cent. (Marseilles). 
 
 m. Cod. Ambrosianus of the Iliad (Milan). 
 
 n. Cod. Vaticanus of Cassius Dio. 
 
 0. Euripides'’ Phaeton, and Menander , frag. 
 p. Fragm. of Arist. Birds (Paris). 
 
 > 5.-6. cent. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 47 
 
 2. Latin . 
 
 a. Fragm. of Seneca, i cent. (Herculaneum). 
 
 b. MSS. of Virgil , 4.-5. cent, (chiefly Florence, Vatican). 
 
 c. Fragm. of Sallust’s Historiae, 3.-4. cent. (Orle'ans). 
 
 d . Codex Bembinus of Terence, 4.-5. cent. (Vatican). 
 
 e. Codex Puteaneus of Livy, 6.-7. cent. (Paris). 
 
 f. Palimpsesti. 
 
 а. Jcvenal and Perseus, frag, in cod. Vatic., 3.-4.cent. 
 / 3 . Codex Veronensis and cod. Vaticanus of Livy. 
 
 y. Lucan (Vienna, Naples, Rome), 4. cent. 
 
 8 . Cicero’s De republica, 4.-5. cent. (Vatican), 
 e. Cicero in Verrem, fragm. in cod. Vatic., 5. cent. 
 £. Gains , 5. cent. (Verona). 
 
 77. Plantus (cod. Ambrosianus), 5.-6. cent. (Milan). 
 
 б . Gellius and Seneca, fragm., 5.-6. cent. (Vatican). 
 1. Fronto , fragm., 4.-6. cent. (Vatican, Milan). 
 
 k. Livy, fragm. (Vienna), 5. cent. 
 
 IV. The Revival of Learning in Italy. 
 
 Cf. G. Voigt , Die Wiederbelebung cles class. Alterthums, 2 vols., 
 Berlin, 1894 3 ; J. A. Symonds , Renaissance in Italy (vol. II. The 
 Revival of Learning), 1877 ; /. Burkhardt, Die Cultur der Renais¬ 
 sance in Italien, 1885 5 ; D. Comparetti , Virgilio nel medio evo, 2 
 vols., Livorno, 1872; Alfred von Reuniont, Lorenzo de’ Medici, 
 il Magnifico, 2 vols. (1874), pp. 606. 604, esp. I, 517-606 II, 1—149; 
 (Engl. Tr. 1876); F. A. Eckstein , Nomenclator philologorum, Lpz. 
 1871, pp. 656; W.Pokel, Philolog. Schriftstellerlexicon, Lpz. 1882. 
 
 (A) Greek Immigrants. 
 
 Cf. H. I/odius, De Graecis illustr. linguae Graecae litterarumque 
 humaniorum instauratoribus, 1742; Bernhardy , i 4 , 730 ff. 
 
 (i) Minuel Chrysoloras , 1350-1415. 
 
 In Florence in 1396, thereafter in Pavia, Venice, 
 Rome. Died in Germany. Niccoli, Bruni, Marsup- 
 pini, Traversari were among his pupils. 
 a. ’ E p ojt 77 /xar a rfis 'EAAt/vik^?. 
 
4 « 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 b. Verbatim translation of Plato's Republic. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 225-35; Symonds, pp. 108 ff. 
 
 (2) Georgios Gemistios Plethon , 1355-1452. 
 
 Famous Platonist. 
 
 Voigt, II, 119-22 ; Symonds, pp. 198-210; F. Schultze, G. G. P., 
 Iena, 1874, pp. 320. 
 
 (3) Bessarion , 1395-1472. 
 
 Pupil of Plethon. Famous library of 800 MSS 
 bequeathed to Venice (the foundation of the St. 
 Marcus Library). Translator of Arist. Metaphysics , 
 Xenophon's Memorabilia. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, II, 124-33; Symonds, pp. 247 ft.; H. Vast, Le Car¬ 
 dinal Bessarion, St. Petersburg, 1883, Krumbacher, pp. 117 f. 
 
 (4) Theodoras Gaza , c. 1400-c. 1478. 
 
 a. Tpa/jL/jLaTLKrj eicray coyr/. 
 
 b. Celebrated translations of: Aristotle; Theophras¬ 
 tus, de plantis; Aelian ; Dionysius, De composi- 
 tione verborum. Cicero, de sen. and de amicit. 
 into Greek. 
 
 Cf. Ilody, pp. 55-101 ; Voigt, II, 145 ff.; Z. Stein, Archiv f. 
 Gesch. der Philosophic, II 3, pp. 426-58. 
 
 (5) Demetrius Chalcondylas, 1428-1510. 
 
 a. Edition of Homer (ed. pr. 1488), Isocrates , Suidas. 
 
 b. ’EpcoT^/mxa. 
 
 Cf. Hody, pp. 211-26 ; Voigt, I, 442. 
 
 (6) Constantinos Lascaris (f after 1500). 
 
 a. ’Epoir^/xaTa (Milan, 1476. First Greek book ever 
 printed). 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 371 II, 148 ; A. F. Villemain, Lascaris, Paris, 1825 
 (Engl, transl. 1875, London). 
 
 (B) Italian PIumanists. 
 
 (1) Francesco Petrarca , 1304-74. 
 
 Discoverer of Cicero’s Letters. 
 
 I 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 49 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 12-159; Symonds, pp. 69-87; Th. Campbell, Life 
 and Times of Petrarca, 1845 2 > A Geiger, Petrarka, 1874, pp. 267 ; 
 G. Korting, P. Leben u. Werke, Lpz. 1878 ; and esp. P. de Nolhac, 
 Petrarque et l’humanisme, Paris, 1892, pp. 439. 
 
 (2) Giovanni Boccaccio , 1313—75. 
 
 a. Gencalogia deorum gent ilium. 
 
 b. De casibus illustrium virorum. 
 
 c. De Claris mulieribus. 
 
 d. De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus. 
 
 Cf. G. Korting, B.’s Leben u. Werke, pp. 742, Lpz. 1880; / r oigt, 
 I, 165-86 ; Symonds, pp. 87-97. 133. 
 
 (3) Colutius Salutatus (Coluccio de Piero de Salutati), 
 i 33 °- I 4 o 6 . 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 194-214 II 192. 486; Symonds, pp. 103 ff. 
 
 (4) Leonardo Bruni (Aretinus), 1369-1444. 
 
 Celebrated translations of Aristotle , Demosthenes, 
 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 309 ff. II, 165 ff. 
 
 (5) Francesco Poggio Bracciolini , 1380-1459. 
 
 Discoverer of MSS of Cicero (seven orations), As- 
 
 conius Pedianus’ Commentary to Cicero’s speeches, 
 Plautus (XII new comedies), a complete Quintilian , 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, Aratea, Silius, Manilius, Co¬ 
 lumella, Frontinus, A T o?iius , Probus, Petronius , parts 
 of Lucretius , Valerius Flaccus, Priscian, Vitruvius, 
 Statius’ Silvae [ Tacitus , Dial., Germ., Suet, de gramm.]. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 237-62 II, 7. 75. 254 ff. 329-342 ; Symonds, pp. 134 ff. 
 230-46; Henzen in C. I. L. VI 1 (on P.’s contributions to epig¬ 
 raphy) ; Ch. Nisard, Les gladiateurs de la Republique des lettres 
 aux XV e , XVI e , XVII e siecles, i860, pp. 117-194. 
 
 (6) Vittormo da Feltre, 1379-1447. 
 
 Celebrated pedagogue. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 537 ff.; Symonds, pp. 289-97, and esp. IV. H. Wood¬ 
 ward, Yittorino da Feltre, Cambridge, 1897. 
 
50 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (7) Kyriacus of Ancona, 139 i-c. 1450. 
 
 “ I go to awake the dead.” Famous collector of 
 inscriptions in Greece and Italy. “ Maiorem quam 
 ipsi libri fidem et notitiam praebere videbantur ” (sc. 
 inscriptiones). 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 271-88 ; C. I. L. Ill, p. xxii, 129 ff.; E. Hiibner, 
 Rom. Epigraphik (= I. Muller’s Handbuch, vol. I' 2 ) ; Symonds, 
 pp, 155 ft. ; B. de Rossi, Inscript. Christ. II, 356-387. 
 
 (8) Giovanni Aurispa, c. 1370-1459. 
 
 Famous collector of Greek MSS. Reached Venice 
 in 1423, with 238 vo/s., containing mostly classical 
 authors purchased in Constantinople. Among his 
 priceless treasures were the celebrated codex Lauren- 
 tianus (seven plays of Soph., six of Aesch., Apollonius ’ 
 Argonautica), of the X. cent., now in Florence, Iliad 
 (Venet. A), Athenaeus, the entire Demosthenes, and 
 Plato, Xenophon, Diodorus, Strabo, Arrian, Lucian, 
 Dio Cassius. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I, 262 ff. 560 ff. II, 348. 
 
 (9) Francesco Filc/fo (Philelphus), 1398-1481. 
 
 Itinerant professor ; collector of MSS. Translator 
 
 of Homer. 
 
 Cf. Voigt, I. 351-69; Syjnonds, pp. 267-89; G. Favre, Melanges 
 d’histoire litteraire, vol. I, pp. 9-146, Geneve, 1856; Nisard, pp. 
 I-H5- 
 
 (10) Laurentius Valla (Lorenzo della Valle), 1407-57. 
 
 a. Elegantiae Latini sermonis, 1444. 59. edit, in 1536. 
 Still useful. 
 
 b. Translations : Herodotus, Thucydides, Homer. 
 
 c. Edition of Quintilian, printed 1494. 
 
 Cf. I. Vahlen, Lorenzo Valla, Vienna, 1870 ; Voigt, I, 464-80 
 II, 181 f.; Symonds, pp. 258-65 ; Nisard, pp. 195-304; Mancini, 
 G., L. V. pp. 339, Florence, 1891 ; M. IVolff, L. V. Leipz. 1893. 
 
 (11) Marsilius Ficinus (Marsiglio Ficino), 1433-99. 
 Famous translation of Plato. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 51 
 
 Cf. Creuzer, Opusc. II 5, pp. 10-21; Voigt, ll, 123.326; SymoncCs, 
 
 pp. 324 ff. 
 
 (12) Angelas Politianus (Angiolo de’ Ambrosini of 
 Monte Puliciano), 1454-98. 
 
 Praefationes to Homer, Quintilian, Statius’ Silvae, 
 Suetonius, Praelectio in Persium. Translation of 
 Callimachus, Herodianos and Epictetus. 
 
 Cf . Heeren, 1 . c., II, 247-69; Voigt, I, 371 II, 199; Symonds, 
 pp. 345-55; Reumont, Lorenzo de Medici, vol. II. 
 
 (13) Petrus V ictorius (Pietro Vettori), 1499-1584. 
 The greatest philologist and critic of the Italian 
 
 Renaissance. 
 
 a. Edition of Cicero , with commentary, 1534. 
 
 b . Edition of Sophocles , with comment, and the scholia, 
 1547. The Electra published for the first time in 
 1545. Aeschylus, 1557. 
 
 c. Edition, commentary and translation of Aristotle, 
 (Ethics, Rhetoric, Poetics, de partibus animalium, 
 Politics). 
 
 d. Xenophon’s Memorabilia. 
 
 e. Terence ; Sallust ; Varro, de re rustica. 
 
 f. Demetrius [Phalereus] de elocutione, Dionysius, 
 
 Isaeus, Dinarchus, Hipparchus in Arati et Eudoxi 
 Phaenomena, Clemens Alexandrinus, Porphyrius 
 de abstinentia. • * 
 
 g. Variae lectiones, 38 bks. 
 
 Cf. Banditti, Petri Victorii vita, Florence, 1758 ; hr. Creuzer, 
 1 . c., pp. 21-36 ; //. KcLmmel, Jahn’s Jahrb. XCV, 545 ft.; XCVI, 
 325 ff., 421 ff.; IV. Riidinger, P. V. Ilalle, 1896, pp. 150. 
 
 A List of the More Important Editiones Principes 
 
 of Classical Authors. 
 
 Cf. Chr. Saxe, Onomasticon, 2 vols., 1775-90; /. I. Brunet, 
 Manuel de Libraire, etc., 8 vols., 18S0; F. A. Schweiger, Hand- 
 buch d. class. Kibliographie, 2 vols., 1830-34; S. F. G. Hoffmann, 
 
52 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Lex. Bibliographicum, 3 vols. "(only Greek authors), 1S32; L. 
 Hain, Repertorium bibliographicum, ab arte typographia inventa 
 usque acl a MD, 4 vols., Paris and Stuttgart, 1838 ; Renouard, 
 Annales de Pimprimerie des Aides, Paris, 1834 s ; Sc/iiick, Aldus 
 Manutius u. seine Zeitgenossen, Berlin, 1862 ; A. F. Didot , Aide 
 Manuce, pp. LXVIIT + 647, Paris, 1875. 
 
 1. Greek. 
 
 1481. Theocritus (Id. I-XVIII), together with Hesiod, 
 Works and Days. 
 
 1488. Homer (ed. Chalcondylas). Valla’s Latin transl. 
 of the Iliad was printed as early as 1474. 
 
 1495. Hesiod, Opera omnia (Aldus). 
 
 1495-98. Aristotle (Aldus). 
 
 1496. Euripides’ Med., Hypp., Ale., Androm. (I. Lascaris), 
 
 Apollonius (Lascaris), Lucian (in Florence). 
 
 1498. Aristophanes (excl. Lys. and Thesm.); Opera 
 
 omnia. Basle, 1532. 
 
 1499. Aratus (in: Astronomi vett. ap. Aldum). 
 
 1500. Callimachus’ Hymns (Lascaris). 
 
 1502. Herodotus, Thucydides, Sophocles (Aldi). 
 
 1503. Euripides’ Opera (excl. Electra, edit, by Victorius, 
 
 1545, from Cod. Laurent. 32, 2). 
 
 1513. Plato, Oratt. Att. [Hyperides, papyrus discovered 
 
 1847]. Pindar (together with Callim., Dionys., 
 Perieg., Lycophron) (Aldus). 
 
 1514. Athenaeus (Aldus). 
 
 1516. Xenophon (excl. Agesil., Apologia, lldpoi, ap. 
 
 Iunta), Opera omnia, 1525, ap. Aldum ; Strabo 
 (transl. printed in Rome, 1470), Pausanias. 
 
 1518. Aeschylus (Aldus). 
 
 1530. Polybius (ap. Vincent. Opsopocum, i.e. Koch). 
 Latin transl. by Nic. Perrotto (bks. I-V), printed 
 x 473 * 
 
 I 533 - Diogenes Laertius (Froben, Basle). 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 53 
 
 1539. Diodorus (libb. 16-20). Latin transl. (libb.-I-V) 
 by Poggio, 1472. 
 
 1544. Iosephus (Basle). 
 
 1548. Cassius Dio (R. Stephanus). 
 
 1551. Appian. 
 
 1572. Plutarch (H. Stephanus). Latin transl. by Cam- 
 panus, 1471. 
 
 2. Latin . 
 
 1465. Cicero, de officiis. First printed edition of a class¬ 
 ical author. Cf. art. 1 Typography ’ in Encycl. 
 Brit. Lactantius (Rome). 
 
 1469. Caesar, Virgil, Livy, Lucan, Apuleius, Gellius 
 
 (Rome). 
 
 1470. Persius, Juvenal, Martial, Quintilian, Suetonius 
 
 (Rome). Tacitus, Juvenal, Sallust, Horace 
 (Venice). Terence (Strassburg). 
 
 1471. Ovid (Rome, Bonn), Nepos (Venice). 
 
 1472. Plautus (G. Merula), Catullus, Tibullus, Proper¬ 
 
 tius, Statius (Venice). 
 
 1473. Lucretius (Brixiae). 
 
 1474. Valerius Flaccus (Bonn). 
 
 1475. Seneca (Prose Works), Sallust {first volume issued 
 
 in octavo). 
 
 1484. Seneca (Tragedies) at Ferrara. 
 
 1485. Pliny the Younger (Venice). 
 
 1498. Cicero, Opera omnia. 
 
 1520. Veil. Paterculus (Beatus Rhenanus, Basle). Only 
 one MS in existence. 
 
 V. France. 
 
 Cf. E. Egger, L’Hellenisme en France, 2 vols., 1869; A. Le- 
 franc, Histoire du College de France, 1893, PP- 43 2 - 
 
 (1) Robert Etienne (Stephanus), 1503-69. 
 
 Learned printer of classical authors, e.g. Horace, 
 
54 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Dionysius Hallic. Dio Cassius. Thesaurus linguae 
 Latinae, 1531-6. 
 
 (2) Henri Etienne, son of Robert, 1528-98. 
 
 Thesaurus graecae linguae, 5 vols., 1572 ; reedited 
 
 by Dindorf, 1865. Still the most complete lexicon of 
 Greek published. 
 
 Cf. Egger, l.c., pp. 198 ff.; M. Pattison, Essays, I, 66-124; L. 
 Fengere, Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de H. E., Paris, 1853; 
 Pokel (list of his numerous editions). 
 
 (3) Adrien Turnebe (Turnebus), 1512-65. 
 
 Celebrated critic. Edited e.g., Aesch. Soph., Arist. 
 Ethics, Theophrastus, Philo., Cicero de legg. Com¬ 
 mentaries to Varro de ling. Lat., and Horace; Adver¬ 
 saria, 30 bks. Cf. Pokel s. v. 
 
 (4) Denis Lambin (Dionysius Lambinus), 1520-72. 
 Famous commentator and critic of Horace, Cicero, 
 
 Lucretius, Plautus, Nepos. 
 
 Cf. Orelli, Onomasticon Ciceronis, vol. I, Appendix, pp. 478-91. 
 
 (5) Marcus Antonins Muretus, 1526-85. 
 
 Renowned Latin stylist and critic. 
 
 Editions and commentaries to Terence, Catullus, 
 Tibullus, Propertius, Seneca ; Cicero’s Philippics. Variae 
 lectiones. 
 
 Cf. Opera omnia, ed. D. Ruhnken, 4 vols. 1789 (Life in Vol. IV, 
 518-82); Frotscher, 3 vols., 1834; C. Dejob, M. A. Muret, Paris, 
 1881 (iv, pp. 496); M. Pattison , Essays I, 124-132. 
 
 On Scaliger, see below. 
 
 (6) Isaac Casaubon (Casaubonus), 1559-1614. 
 
 Prof, at Geneva 1583, Librarian at Paris 1598, went 
 to England 1610. 
 
 “ Est doctissimus omnium qui hodie vivunt,” Scaligerana. 
 
 a. De Satyrica Graeca poesi et Romanorum satira, 1605 
 (ed. Rambach, Halle, 1774). 
 
 b. Editions and commentaries : 
 
 a. Theophrastus, Characters. 1592. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 55 
 
 ft. Athenaeus, 1598. 1840 8 (incorporated into Schweig- 
 
 hauser’s edition), 
 y. Persius, 1605. 1833 4 . 
 
 8. Suetonius , 1595. 1611 3 (cf. F. A. Wolf’s edition), 
 
 e. Polybius, 1609. (Especially noteworthy for its intro¬ 
 duction on Greek Historiography .) 
 
 £. Apuleius, Strabon, Polyaenos (ed. pr.) Histor. Aug. 
 Script., Aristophanes. 
 
 77. Exegetical and critical contributions to Dionysius 
 Halic., Pliny the Younger, Theocritos, Diogenes 
 Laertius. 
 
 Cf. Mark Pattison, Isaac Casaubon, Oxford, 1S92 2 (ed. Nettle- 
 ship). 
 
 On Salmasius , see below. 
 
 (7) Charles du Fresne sieur du Cange , 1610-88. 
 
 One of the greatest scholars of all times. 
 
 a. Glossariutn ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latini- 
 tatis , 1678. •— Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et in¬ 
 fimae Graecitatis , 1688. Still indispensable. 
 
 b. Edition of Byzantian Historians, 1680. 
 
 Cf. Hardouin, Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de du Cange. 
 Paris, 1849 5 h. Feugere, La vie et les ouvrages de du C. 1852. 
 
 (8) Bernard de Montfaucon , 1655-1741. 
 
 Cf. E. de Broglie , La societe de l’abbaye de Saint-Germain, 
 etc., 1891, 2 vols. 
 
 a. Palaeographia Graeca , 1708 f. 
 
 b. L’antiquite expliquee et representee en figures, 10 
 
 vols. fol. (1719), Suppl. 5 vols. fol. (1724). 1757". 
 
 VI. The Netherlands. 
 
 Cf. L. Muller , Gesch. der class. Philologie in den Niederlanden, 
 Lpz. 1869 (pp. 249); G. D. /. Sc hotel, De Academie te Leiden in 
 de i6 c , 17° en 18 0 Eeuw, Haarlem, 1875, PP- 4 IQ - 
 
 Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1465-1536. 
 
 Cf. II. Durand de Laur , Erasme, 2 vols. (pp. 694, 596), Paris, 
 1872; R. B. Drummond, E., his Life and Character, 2 vols. 
 
56 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (pp. 413, 380), London, 1873; Z Feugere , Erasme, Paris, 1874; 
 A. R. Pennington, Life and Character of E., London, 1875; Poke! , 
 l.c. p. 71 f. 
 
 1. First Period, 1530-75. 
 
 (1) Adriaan de Jonghe (Hadrianus Junius), 1511-75. 
 Plutarch, Symp., Martial, Nonius Marcellus, Ani- 
 
 madversiones, 6 bks. — nomenclator octilinguis. 
 
 (2) Jacque de Crusque (Cruquius), t 1584. 
 
 Editor of Horace with scholia, 1578. 
 
 (3) Wilhelm Cat iter , 1541-75. 
 
 Editions of Aesch., Soph., Eur., Aristides, Sto- 
 baeus. Trans, of Lycophron’s Alexandra (in Scali- 
 ger’s edition). 
 
 2. Second Period, 1575-1650. 
 
 Foundation of the University of Leyden, 1575 ; 
 Utrecht, 1636. Cf. Z. Muller , p. 5 ff. 
 
 (1) Justus Lipsius, 1547-1606. 
 
 1567 in Rome, 1572 Professor in Jena, 1576 in 
 Lowen, 1579 in Leyden, 1592 in Lowen. 
 
 a. Tacitus, 1574 1 . Epoch-making masterpiece. 
 
 b. Velleius Paterculus , 1591. Cf. Ruhnken , Opusc. II, 
 P- 54 i. 
 
 c. Seneca Philosophus, 1605. 
 
 d. Valerius Maximus. 
 
 Cf. A. de Reiffenberg, De J. L. vita et scriptis commentarius, 
 Brussels, 1823; L. Matter, pp. 24-29. 33-35. 
 
 (2) Joseph Justus Scaliger, 1540-1609. 
 
 Wyttenbach , Praef. ad Plut. Moralia ‘ Unus forte 
 
 Joseph Scaliger, quern ex omnibus qui post renatas 
 Literas fuerunt, omni Antiquitatis scientia consuma- 
 tissimum fuisse constat, non multum ab hac perfec- 
 tione abfuit.’ “The most richly stored intellect which 
 ever spent itself in acquiring knowledge ” Patti son. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 57 
 
 “Melius morbos quam remedia novimus ” Scaliger. 
 Born in France. Called to Leyden in 1593. 
 
 a. Coniectanea to Varro, De L. L., 1565. 
 
 b. Catalecta Virgilii et aliorum poetarum veterum, 
 
 T 57 2 * 
 
 c. Festus, 1575. 
 
 d. Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, 1577. 
 
 e. Manilius, 1579. 
 
 f . De emendatione temporum, 1583. 
 
 g . Thesaurus temporum, 1606. 
 
 h . Twenty-four Indexes to Gruter’s Thesaurus 
 inscrip. Latin., 1601. 
 
 i. De re nummaria, 1616; Opuscula, 1610; De arte 
 critica, 1619. 
 
 Cf. J. Bernays, J. J. Scaliger, Berlin, 1855 (pp. 319); List of 
 works, 1 . c. pp. 267-305; L. Muller , pp. 35. 222-7 1 hi. Pattison, 
 Essays, Vol. I, 196-244; Ruhnkenius, Elog. Hemsterhusii (Opusc. 
 I, 269). 
 
 (3) Gerhard Johannes Vos si us, 1577-1649. 
 
 1615 in Leyden, 1622 in Amsterdam. 
 
 a. Grammatica Latina (1607), Aristarchus (1635), 
 de vitiis sermonis (1640), Etymologicum (1660). 
 
 b. Ars rhetorum, de arte poetica (1647). 
 
 c. De historicis Graecis, 1634 (1833 ed. Wester- 
 mann). 
 
 d. De historicis Latinis, 1627, 1651 2 . 
 
 Cf. L. Muller, p. 39 f.; Poke! , s. v. 
 
 (4) Daniel Heinsius, 1581—1639. 
 
 Editor of Hesiod, Theocritos, Terence, Virgil, 
 Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Silius. 
 
 Cf. L. Muller, p. 38 f. 
 
 (5) Claude de Saumaise (Salmasius), 1588-1653. 
 Professor in Leyden, 1631. At the court of Chris¬ 
 tina of Sweden, 1650. Opponent of Milton. Dis¬ 
 coverer of Kephalas’ Anthologia, 1606. 
 
58 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 “ Non homini sed scientiae deest ouod nescivit Salmasius.” 
 — Balzac. 
 
 a. Hist. Aug. Scriptt. 1620 ; Florus, 1609; Ter- 
 tullian. 
 
 b. Plinianae exercitatt . in Solinum, 1629. 
 
 c. De lingua hellenistica, 1643. 
 
 d. De usuris, de mutuo, de annis climactericis. 
 
 e. De re militari Romanorum, 1657. 
 
 Cf. Saxe, Onomast. IV, 188 ff.; F. Creuzer , 1 . c. pp. 65-75; L. 
 Milller, p. 41. 
 
 (6) Hugo Grotius , 1583-1645. 
 
 ‘ Aliter pueri Terentium legunt, aliter Grotius.’ 
 
 a. Famous transl. of the Anthol. Planudea , 1645. 
 
 b. De hire belli et pads , 16 2 5 h 
 
 c. Editions of: Mart. Capella, Lucan’s Pharsalia, 
 Silius Italicus. 
 
 Cf. Creuzer, 1 . c. p. So ff.; L. Muller, p. 38 ; //. de Vries, H. G. 
 1S27; Pokel. s. v. 
 
 3. Third Period, 1650-1750. 
 
 (1) Joh. Friedrich Gronov , 1611-1671. 
 
 “Numquam interituram esse veram educationem donee Gro- 
 novii opera legentur.” — Markland. 
 
 Edited: Sallust, Livy, both Senecas, the two Plinys, 
 Tacitus, Gellius, Justinus, Plautus, Phaedrus, Sta¬ 
 tius, Martial. 
 
 Cf. L. Muller, pp. 42-44. 
 
 (2) Jacob Gronov , 1645-1716, son of (1). • 
 
 a. Editor of: Herodotus, Polybius, Cicero, Ammi- 
 anus. 
 
 b. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graecarum , 13 vols., 1702. 
 
 (3) Nicolaus Hein si us (son of Daniel H.), 1620-81. 
 Editions and commentaries of: Virgil, Ovid, Va¬ 
 lerius Flaccus, Silius, Claudianus, Prudentius, Petro- 
 nius, Velleius, Curtins, Tacitus. 
 
 Cf. L. Muller, pp. 51-54. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 59 
 
 (4.) Joh. Georg Graevius , 1623-1703. 
 
 Editor of : Ciceronis Opera omnia, Hesiod, Calli¬ 
 machus, Iustinus, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Flo- 
 rus. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanorum , 12 vols., 
 1699. 
 
 Cf. L. Muller, pp. 44 f. 
 
 (5) Ezechiel Spanheim, 1629—1710. 
 
 Born in Geneva, died in London. Educated in 
 Leyden. 
 
 a. Famous and still useful commentary to the Hymns 
 of Callimachus , ed. Ernesti, 1761, in 2 vols. 
 
 b. Dissertatio de usu ct praestantia numismatum a?iti- 
 quorum , 1664, 1706 3 . 
 
 Cf. D. Ruhnken, Opusc. II, 596 f. 
 
 (6) Peter Burmann the elder, 1668-1741. 
 
 Editor of: Petronius, Velleius, Quintilian, Sue¬ 
 tonius, Aristophanes, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius 
 Flaccus. 
 
 0 
 
 Cf. L. Miiller, pp. 45, f. 54-59 ; Saxe, Onomast. V, 466-77. 
 
 (7) Peter Burmann [Secundus], nephew of (6), 1714- 
 7 8 - 
 
 Editor of : Virgil, Propertius, Claudianus, Poetae 
 Minores , Anthologia Latina. 
 
 Cf. T. C. Harles, Vitae Philologorum nostra aetate clarissimo- 
 rum, vol. I, 93-167. 
 
 (8) Tiberius Hemsterhuis (Hemsterhusius), 1685- 
 1766. 
 
 Prof, in Franeker 1717, in Leyden 1740. Resus- 
 citator of Greek studies in Holland. 
 
 Editions of Pollux (1706), Lucian and Aristoph. 
 Plutos. 
 
 Cf. D. Ruhnken, Elogium H., pp. 1-33, with notes by Bergman, 
 PP- 3 ° 3 “ 33 6 5 L - MMler, pp. 74-82. 
 
6o 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 4. Fourth Period, 1750 to the present. 
 
 (1) Ludwig Caspar Va/ckenaer , 1715-85. 
 
 Prof, in Franeker, 1741; in Leyden, 1766. 
 
 a. Editions of: Homer, Iliad with scholia, 1747. 
 Euripidis Phoenissae, 1755 (1824 4 , Lpz. 2 vols.). 
 Euripidis Hippol. acced. Diatribe in Eur. perdit. 
 
 FABB. RELL. 1768 (1823, LpZ. 2 Vols.). 
 Theocritos, Bion and Moschus , 1781. Poetae 
 bucolici et didactici ed. ill. 1781. 
 
 Callimachi fragmenta, ed. Luzac, 1799. 
 
 b. Diatribe de Aristobulo ed. Luzac, 1806. 
 
 c. F. Ursinus, Vergilius collatione scriptt. Graec. 
 illustr. ed. Valck., 1747. 
 
 Cf. Wyttenbach, Vita Ruhnkenii, pp. 175-181 ; Z. Muller, 
 pp. 82 f. 
 
 (2) David Ruhneken (Ruhnkenius), 1723-98. 
 
 Prof, at Leyden., born in Germany. 
 
 a. J'imaei lexicon vocum Platonicarum, 1754 (1833 4 ). 
 
 b. Oratio de doctore umbratico, Leyden, 1761. 
 
 c. Historia critica oratorum Graecorum, 1768 (Lpz. 
 1841). 
 
 d. (P. J. Schardam) De vita et scriptis Longini. 
 
 e. Velleius, Homeric Hymns to Demeter and Dio¬ 
 nysos. 
 
 f Dictata in Terentium, in Ovidii Heroidas, in Sue- 
 tonium. 
 
 Cf. D. Wyttenbach, Vita D. Ruhnkenii, pp. 67-300, ed. with 
 notes by Bergman, pp. 353-494 (1824); Z. Milller, pp. 84-8, 101-3. 
 
 (3) Datiiel Wyttenbach , 1746-1820. 
 
 a. Plutarch 1 Moralia (Text, Animadversiones, in¬ 
 dex, 14 vols.; Commentary unfinished), 1795-1820. 
 Plato’s Phaedo. 
 
 b. Philomathia, 3 vols., 1817. Bibliotheca Critica, 
 1779-1809. Vita Ruhnkenii , 1799. 
 
 Cf. Z. Muller , pp. 91-6; Mahnc , Vita D. Wyttenbachi, 1823. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 61 
 
 (4) Peter Hof man-Peerlkamp, 1786-1865. 
 
 Editions of : Tacitus’ Agricola; Horace, Odes 
 (1834), Satires (1845) and Ars Poetica (1863); Vir¬ 
 gil’s Aeneid (1863); Propertius, 1865. 
 
 Cf. L. Muller , pp. nof. 
 
 (5) C. Gabriel Cobet, 1813—89. 
 
 Prof, in Leyden. 
 
 a. Oratio de arte interpretandi, 1847. 
 
 b. Diogenes Laertius, Paris, 1850 ; Lysias, 1863. 
 
 c . Novae Lectiones, 2 vols. Variae Lectiones, 2 vols. 
 
 Cf./. J. Hartman, Biogr. Jahrbuch (Calvary), XII, 53 ff. (1S89). 
 VII. England. 
 
 Burney’s Pleiad: Bentley, [Dawes], Markland, Taylor, 
 [Toup, Tyrwhitt], Porson. 
 
 (1) Richard Bentley, 1662-1742. 
 
 “Nobis et ratio et res ipsa centum codd. potiores sunt.”—To 
 Hor. C. Ill, 27, 13. 
 
 1676 in Cambridge, 1689 in Oxford, 1694 in Lon¬ 
 don, 1700 Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 a. Ppistola ad Millium, 1691. 
 
 b. Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, 
 etc., 1690 (ed. W. Wagner, 1874). Immortal 
 masterpiece. 
 
 c. Horace, 17 11. 1869 (ed. Zangemeister). Epoch- 
 
 making masterpiece. 
 
 d. Discovery of the Digainma in Homer (Collins on 
 Freethinking, 1713, ed. of Milton, 1732). 
 
 e. Terence (Famous introduction on Latin Versifica¬ 
 tion ), with Phaedrus, Publilius Syrus, 1726. 
 
 f . Collection of the fragments of Callimachus, 1693. 
 
 g. Manilius.(i739); Emendations to Menander and 
 Philemon (1710). 
 
62 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Cf. J. H. Monk, Life of R. B., 2 vols. 1833 2 (I, 428 II, 466); 
 F. A. Wolf, Literar. Analecten I, 1-95 II, 493-9 (= Klein. Schrift. 
 II, 1030-1089 ff.); R. C. Jebb, R. B. (Engl. Men of Letters), Lond. 
 1882 (pp. 224); J. Aldhly, R. B., 1868 (pp. 179). Bernays , Philol. 
 Mus. VIII, 1-24. 
 
 (2) Jeremiah Markland , 1693-1776. 
 
 Editor of Euripides, Maximus Tyrius, Statius' Syl- 
 vae. Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus, 
 
 1 7 45 - 
 
 Cf. Wolf Analecten, II, 370-91. 
 
 (3) John Taylor, 1703-66. 
 
 Editor of Lysias , 1739 ; Aeschines, 1769; several 
 orations of Demosthenes. 
 
 Cf. Wolf 1 . c. I, 500 ff. 
 
 (4) Richard Porson, 1759-1808. 
 
 Next to Bentley, England’s greatest text critic. 
 Prof, in Cambridge, 1792 ; Librarian of the London 
 Institution, 1805. 
 
 a. Aeschylus, 1795, 2 vols. 
 
 b. Eurip. Hecuba, 1797, with suppl. to the famous 
 preface on Greek versification [Canon Porsonia- 
 nus], 1808. 
 
 c. Eurip. Orest. 1798; Phoen. 1799; Medea, 1801. 
 
 d. Critical contributions to Homer, Herodotus, Xeno¬ 
 phon, Aristoph., Pausanias, Suidas. 
 
 Cf. J. S. Watson , Life of R. P., 1861; F. A. Wolf Anal. II, 
 284-9; 6\ Hermann, Opusc. VI, 92 ff. Tracts and Miscellaneous 
 Criticism of R. P., edited by Kidd, 1815. 
 
 (5) Peter Elms ley, 1773-1825. 
 
 Editions of: Thucydides ; Eurip. Ale., Androm., 
 Elect., Med., Heracl., Bacch.; Aristoph., Acharn., 
 with comment., 1809. Soph., O. T., O. C. 
 
 (6) William Martin Leake, 1777-1869. 
 
 Celebrated traveler and archaeologist. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 63 
 
 a. Topography of Athens and the demi. 
 
 b. Travels in Northern Greece, 1841, 4 vols. 
 
 c. Travels in the Morea, 1830, 2 vols. 
 
 Cf. J. H. Marsden, Memoir on the Life and Writings of W. 
 M. L., London, 1S64; A. Curtins, Alterthum u. Gegenwart II, 
 
 3 ° 5 ~ 3 2 3 * 
 
 (7) Thomas Gaisford, 1779-1855. 
 
 Edition of : Hcphaestion , Procli Chrestom., Saidas , 
 3 vols., Scriptt. lat. rei metricae, Paroemiogr. Graec., 
 Etymol. Magn. Stobaeus , Eusebius , 6 vols. 
 
 (8) George Grote , 1794-1871. 
 
 #. Greek: History, 12 vols., 1856. 
 
 A Plato and the other companions of Socrates, 1865. 
 c. Aristotle (unfinished), 1871. 
 
 Cf. Harriett Grote , G. G. 1873; Pi°gr. Jahrb. I, 31 ff. 
 
 (9) Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro , 1819-85. 
 
 <7. Lucretius (text, comment., transl.), 3 vols., 1873. 
 1886 4 . 
 
 A Lucil. Aetna, text and comment., 1867. 
 
 c. Horace, 1869. 
 
 d. Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus, 1878. 
 Cf./. D. Duff, Biogr. Jahrb. VII, hi ff. 
 
 (10) Benjamin Jowett , 1817-1893. 
 
 Translations of: The Dialogues of Plato, 5 vols., 
 1892 3 ; Thucydides with Commentary, 2 vols. 1881; 
 Politics of Aristotle, 1885. 
 
 VIII. Germany. 
 
 Chief work : C. Bursian, Geschichte der class. I’hilologie in 
 Deutschland von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart, Munich, 1883 
 (pp. VIII + 1271); Ratwier, K. von, Geschichte der Paedagogik, 
 vols. IV, V (edited by G. Lothholz, Giitersloh, 1896) ; Schroder, 
 I. F., Das Wiederaufleben der classischen Studien in Deutsch¬ 
 land im 15. Jahrh. 1864; Schmidt, /., Geschichte des geistigen 
 Lebens in Deutschland von Leibnitz bis Lessing, 2 vols., 1864; 
 Paulsen, F, Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts in Deutsch- 
 
64 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 land, 2 vols., 1896 2 ; Kaufmann, G., Geschichte der deutschen 
 Universitaten, 2 vols., 1896; Hilbner , 1 . c. pp. 99-121. 
 
 (A) Ante-Wolfian Period. 
 
 (1) Roclef Huysman ( Rudolphus Agricola), 1442/3-85. 
 Famous pedagogue. The first to introduce the sys¬ 
 tematic study of the classics into Germany. Trans¬ 
 lation of Pseudo-Plato’s Axiochus, several treatises of 
 Lucian. Commentary to Seneca Rhetor. 
 
 Cf. Bursian , pp. 101 f. 
 
 (2) Johannes Reuchlin, 1455-1522. 
 
 B. at Pforzheim, studied at Freiburg, Paris, Basle, 
 Orleans. Followed a diplomatic career. Retired 
 into private life in 1512. Professor at Ingolstadt 
 1520, Tubingen 1521. Championed in the famous 
 “ Epistolae obscurorum virorum.” 
 
 a. Vocabularius breviloquus, synopsis grammaticae 
 Graecae. 
 
 b. Translation of the Batracho[myo]machia. 
 
 c. Editions of : Xenophon , Apol. Agesil. Hiero ; Aes- 
 chinis et Demosthenis oratt. adversariae. 
 
 Cf. L. Geiger, R., sein Leben u. seine Werke, Berl. 1871 ; Bur¬ 
 sian , pp. 120-31. 
 
 (3) Philip Melanchthon, 1497-1560. 
 
 ‘ Praeceptor Germaniae.’ B. in the Palatinate, 
 studied at Tubingen, professor in 1514, at Wittenberg 
 from 1518 till his death. 
 
 a. Institutiones Linguae Graecae, 1518. 1622 44 . 
 
 b. Grammatica Latina, 1525. 1757 s4 . 
 
 c. Editions for commentaries to : Aristoph. Clouds, 
 Plutus; Arist. Ethics and Politics; Hesiod; The- 
 ognis ; Dem. Olynth. I., in Aristog. ; Lycurgos in 
 Leocritem ; Aratus. — Cic. de Off., de Orat., de 
 Am., Orator, Topica, Epist. ad Fam., Orations; 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 65 
 
 Terence; Virgil; Ovid’s Fasti; Sallust; Quint. 
 Inst. Bk. X; Tac. Germ. 
 
 d. Latin translations of : Pindar, Euripides ; speeches 
 in Thucydides ; some speeches of Demosth.; Aesch. 
 in Ctesiph. 
 
 e. Handbooks on Rhetoric, Dialectics. 
 
 Cf. Camerarius, de vita Ph. M. ed. by Th. Strobel, Halle, 1877, 
 Schmid, Encycl. d. Paedag. IV, 653-78, Raumer , 1 . c. I, pp. 145 ff., 
 346 f., and esp. K. Hartfelder, Ph. M., Berlin, 1889. 
 
 (4) Joachim Kammermeister ( Camerarius ), 1500-74. 
 
 B. at Bamberg, studied at Leipzig, professor at 
 Tubingen (1535), at Leipzig (1541-74). 
 
 a. Editions of: Speeches of Demosth., Sophocles 
 with commentary (1534, 1556), Quintilian with 
 comment. (1534), Cicero, 4 vols. fob, 1540, Herod¬ 
 otus, Thucydides, Plautus (1552), Theocritus, 
 Aristotle’s Ethics, Theophrastus, historia rei num- 
 mariae. 
 
 Cf. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 99 ff., Ill, 67 ff. (On his edition of Plau¬ 
 tus) ; Bursian , pp. 185-90. Full list of works in Pokel , s.v. pp. 39 f.; 
 C. Halm, Munich. Acad. II (1873), 241-273. 
 
 (5) Johann Albert Fabricius , 1668-1736. 
 
 B. at Leipzig, professor at a gymnasium at Ham¬ 
 burg. 
 
 a. Bibliotheca Graeca , 14 vols., 1728 (ed. Harles, 
 1809, 12 vols., index, 1838). A monumental and 
 still indispensable storehouse of information. 
 
 b. Bibliotheca Latina, 1697 (ed. Ernesti, 1773). 
 
 c. Bibliotheca Lat. med. et infim. aetatis, 1746, 6 vols. 
 
 d. Sextus Empiricus, 1718. 
 
 Cf. //. S. Reiviarus , de vita et scriptis F. Hamburg, 1737; 
 Creuzer, pp. 201-5; Bursian, pp. 360-4; Pokel, s.v. 
 
66 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (6) Johann Mathias Gesner , 1691-1761. 
 
 B. in Bavaria, studied at Jena, taught at gymnasia 
 from 1715 to 1734 (Weimar, Ansbach, Leipzig), 
 professor at the new university of Goettingen from 
 1734 till his death. Reformer of classical studies. 
 
 Editions of: Pseudo-Lucian, Philopatris (1714), 
 Scriptores rei rusticae , Horace, Quintilian, Pliny the 
 Younger, Claudian. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, 
 2 vols. fob, 1749. Transl. of Lucian . 
 
 Cf. Bursian , pp. 387-93 ; F. Paulsen , vol. I, 1 . c. 
 
 (7) Johann August Ernesti, 1707-81. 
 
 B. in Thuringia, Gesner’s successor as rector of the 
 Thomas Gymnasium, Leipzig; professor at this univer¬ 
 sity from 1742 till his death. Famous teacher and 
 Latin stylist. 
 
 Editions of: Xenophon’s Memorab., Arist. Clouds, 
 Homer, Callimachus, Polybius, Tacitus, Sueton., 
 Cicero , 1739, 1774, 5 vols., with clavis Ciceroniana 
 (Halle, 1832 2 ). 
 
 Cf. Bursian , pp. 400-4; Allg. deutsche Biogr. VI, 235-42. 
 
 (8) Joh. Jacob Reiske, 1716-74. 
 
 B. in Saxony, studied at Leipzig, doctor of medicine 
 at Amsterdam 1746, professor of Arabic at Leipzig in 
 i 748, rector of the Nicolai Gymnasium at Leipzig 
 from 1758 till his death. One of the greatest Greek 
 scholars of modern times. 
 
 a. Edition of Constantinos Porphyrogennetos, de 
 cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae, 2 vols., 1754. 
 
 b. Editions of : Theocritus, 2 vols., 1766 ; Oratt. 
 Graeci , 12 vols., 1775. 
 
 c. Editions of : Plutarch , 12 vols. ; Dionysius Halic., 
 6 vols. ; Maximus Tyrius , 2 vols. ; Dion Chrysos- 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 67 
 
 tomus, 2 vols.; Libanius, 4 vols. (all printed after 
 R/s death). 
 
 d. Translation of: Speeches in Thucyd., Speeches 
 of Deni, and Aesch., 5 vols. 
 
 e. Animadversiones ad auctores Graecos, 5 vols., 1766. 
 Cf. Autobiography , Lpz. 1783, pp. 818; Bursian , pp. 407-16. 
 
 (9) Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1717-68. 
 
 B. at Stendal, assassinated at Triest, June 8. 
 Taught school (1743-48), assistant librarian at Dres¬ 
 den (1748-54), went to Rome in 1755. Founder of 
 the science of Archaeology. 
 
 Die Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums , 1764; 
 Monumenti antichi inediti, 2 vols., 1767. 
 
 Cf. K. Justi, W., sein Leben, seine Werke und seine Zeitge- 
 nossen, 3 vols., Lpz. 1872 (pp. xii+525. 398, pp. vi+440); Bur- 
 siaii , pp. 426-36. 
 
 (10) Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, 1737-98. 
 
 B. in Austria, professor at Vienna, director of the 
 Numismatic Collections. Founder of the science of 
 Numismatics. 
 
 Doctrina nummorum veterum , 8 vols., 1798. 1841 4 . 
 
 Cf. Bursian, pp. 496-99. 
 
 (n) Christian Gottlob Heyne, 1729-1812. 
 
 B. at Chemnitz, succeeded Gesner, on the recom¬ 
 mendation of D. Ruhnken, as professor at Goettingen, 
 1763—1812. 
 
 Editions of : Tibullus, 1755; Epictetus, 1756 ; 
 Virgil, \ vols., 1775; Pindar, 3 vols., 1799 2 ; [Ps.] 
 Apollodori Bibliotheca , 2 vols., 1782, 1802 2 ; Iliad, 8 
 vols., 1802 ; Opusc. Academica , 6 vols., 1785-1812. 
 
 Cf. A. H. L. Heeren, Chr. G. Heyne, Goettingen, 1813 (XXII, 
 pp. 522); Bursian , pp. 476-500, Allgem. Deutsche Biogr., XII, 
 
 PP- 375 ff - 
 
68 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (B) The New School. 
 
 Friedrich August Wolf, 1739 (200 years after Ca- 
 saubonus) -1824. 
 
 B. near Nordhausen, studied at Goettingen under 
 Heyne, matriculating, April 8, 1777, as “ studiosus 
 philologiae .” Taught school at Ilfeld and Osterode, 
 professor at Halle 1783—1806, at Berlin 1810. Of his 
 pupils A. Boeckh, I. Bekker, Ph. Buttmann, G. Bern- 
 hardy, and Heindorf were the most distinguished. 
 
 a. Prolegomena to Homer, 1795, ‘Epoch-making.’ 
 
 Cf. R. Volkmann, Geschichte u. Kritik der W.’s Prolegg., Lpz. 
 1874. 
 
 b. Demosthenis Leptinea (valuable introduction), 1790. 
 
 c. Plato’s Symposium; Hesiod’s Theogony; Cicero, 
 
 Tusc. Disp., Orations (Post, red., in senatu ad 
 Quirites, de domo sua, de haruspicum responsis, 
 pro Marcello — regarded as spurious by W.) 
 Aristoph. Clouds ; Casaubonus’ Suetonius. 
 
 d. Encyclopaedic der Philologie ed. Stockmann, Lpz. 
 
 1831. 
 
 e. Kleine Schriften, 2 vols., 1869, pp. 1200. 
 
 Cf. IV. Korte , Leben u. Studien F. A. W.’s des Philologen, 2 
 vols., Essen, 1833 (pp. 363. 314); Bursian, pp. 517-48; M. Patti- 
 son, Essays I, 337-415. 
 
 1. Grammatico-critical School. 
 
 On Criticism and Hermeneutics: 
 
 Huet, De optimo genere interpretandi, etc., 1691 ; F. Schleier- 
 macher , Works, III 3, pp. 344 ff.; Hermeneutik u. Kritik, Works, 
 1 pt. VII, 1838 (pp. xviii + 390) ; G. Hermann , de officio interprets, 
 Opusc. V, 405 ff. VII, 97 ff.; A. Boeckh , Opusc. I, 100 ff. V, 248 ff. 
 VII, 262 ff., Encyclopaedic, etc., der phil. Wissensch., pp. 79-263 ; 
 H. Sauppe, Epistola Critica; C. G. Cobet , Oratio de arte interpre¬ 
 tandi, Leyden, 1847 (pp. 163) ; G. Bernhardy , Grundlinien zur 
 Encycl. der Philol., pp. 53 ff.; J. N. Madvig, Advers. Critica, I 
 (1871), 8-184; B. Tournier, Exercices critiques, Paris, 1875 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 6 9 
 
 (pp. 175); h . Steinthal, Arten u. Formen der Interpretation 
 (Philol. Versamml. Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 25-35); C. von Prantl, 
 Verstehen n. Beurtheilen, Munich Acad. 1877, pp. 37 ; F. Biicheler, 
 Philolog. Kritik, Bonn, 1878 ; Fr. Blass , Hermeneutik u. Kritik 
 (Iwan Muller’s Handbuch) I 2 , 147-295; Wm. M. Lindsay , An 
 Introduction to Latin Textual Emendation, London, 1896, pp. 126. 
 
 (1) Gottfried Hermann, 1772-1848. 
 
 B. in Leipzig, studied in his native city, where in 
 1794 he became “ privat docent,” professor 1797- 
 1848. Lobeck, Reisig, Thiersch, Meineke, M. Haupt, 
 his most noted pupils. 
 
 a. Editions of : Aeschylus , Soph., Eurip. (Hecuba, 
 Here, fur., Suppl., Bacchae , Alcestis, Ion , Iph. Aul. 
 and Taur., Hel., Androm., Cycl., Phoen., Orest.), 
 Arist. Clouds, Plautus ’ Trinummus, Aristotle's 
 Poetics , Homeric Hymns , Lexicon of Photios, Bion 
 and Moschus. 
 
 b. Elementa doctrinae metricae, 1816. 
 
 c. Homeric treatises, 1832, 1840. Opusc., 8 vols., 
 1827—39 vol. VIII, 1876. 
 
 Cf. O.Jahn, Biogr. Aufsatze, Lpz. 1849, PP- 91-132; Bnrsian, 
 pp. 575 ff., pp. 666-86; II. Kochly, G. H. 1874, pp. 330. 
 
 (2) Christian August Lobeck , 1781-1860. 
 
 B. at Naumburg, 1802 privat docent at the Univer¬ 
 sity of Wittenberg, 1809 director of the Lyceum, 1810 
 professor, 1814-1860 at Konigsberg. 
 
 a. Sophocles , Aiax, 1809. 
 
 b. Aglaophamus, 2 vols., 1829. 
 
 c. Paralipomena grammaticae Graecae, 2 vols., 1837. 
 
 d. Pathologiae sermonis Graeci prolegomena, 1843. 
 
 Cf. Bnrsian, pp. 572 ff., 711-713; A. Ludwich, Ausgewahlte 
 Briefe von und an C. A. Lobeck und K. Lehrs, Lpz. 1894, pp. 
 1050. 
 
70 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 (3) August Immanuel Bekker, 1785-1871. 
 
 B. in Berlin, studied in Halle, professor at Berlin 
 from 1810 till his death. Collated over 400 MSS. 
 in Paris (1810-12. 1819), in Italy (1817-19. 1839), 
 in England (1820). 
 
 a. Text Editions of: Plato, Attic Orators, Aristotle, 
 Sextus Empiricus, Thucydides, Theognis, Aris¬ 
 tophanes, Photios, Suidas, Scholia to the Iliad, 
 Cassius Dio, Harpocration, Corpus scriptt. Byzan- 
 tinorum, 24 vols., Homer (with digamma in the 
 text), etc., etc. 
 
 Cf. Bursian, pp. 658-63 ; Poke /, s. v.; A. Ludwich, 1 . c. pp. 95 f. 
 
 (4) Karl Lachmann, 1793-1851. 
 
 B. in Braunschweig, studied at Leipzig and Goettin¬ 
 gen (under Heyne and Dissen), professor at Konigs- 
 berg (1818-24), at Berlin (1825-51). One of the 
 greatest critics of all times. 
 
 a. Propertius (1816), Catullus, Prop., Tibull. (1829), 
 Terentianus Maurus. 
 
 b. Betrachtungen uber Homer’s Ilias (mit Zusat- 
 zen von M. Haupt), 1837, 1841. ‘Epoch-making.’ 
 
 c. Lucretius, with critical commentary. ‘Immortal 
 masterpiece.’ 
 
 d. Lucilius (ed. Vahlen), Gains , Babrius. 
 
 e. New Testament ( M’tho do logy of scietitific textual 
 criticism). 
 
 Cf. M. Hertz, K. L., Berlin, 1851 (pp. x + 255, xliii) ; Bursian, 
 pp. 789-800 ; Briefe an M. Haupt, ed. I. Vahlen, 1893; K. Wein- 
 hold, Mittheilungen liber K. L., Berlin Acad. 1894. 
 
 (5) August Meineke, 1790-1870. 
 
 B. in Westphalia, studied at Leipzig, director of the 
 Joachimsthal Gymnasium at Berlin 1826-57, when he 
 retired. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 7 i 
 
 a. Editor of: Strabo , Athenaeus, Callimachus, Aris¬ 
 tophanes, Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum. (with 
 History of Greek Comedy), 5 vols., 1841, Theo¬ 
 critus, Stobaeus, Stephanus Byzantius, Horace 
 (application of the four-line strophe). 
 
 b. Analecta Alexandrina , 1843. 
 
 Cf. F. Ranke , A. M., Ein Lebensbild, Lpz. 1871 ; M. Hazipt. 
 Opusc. Ill, 228 ff.; Bursian , pp. 764-9. 
 
 (6) Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, 1802-83. 
 
 B. in Leipzig, studied under Hermann, professor 
 1828-33. 
 
 a. Editor of: Aristophanes, Poetae scenici Graeci, 
 Demosthenes, 9 vols., 1846-51, Stephanus Byzan¬ 
 tius, Aristides, Themistius, Lucian, Herodotus, 
 Josephus, Clemens Alexandrians, 4 vols., Eusebius, 
 4 vols. 
 
 b. Scholia to Odyssey, 1856 ; scholia to Iliad, 4 vols., 
 1877. 
 
 c. Lexicon Aeschyleum, Lex. Sophocleum. New edi¬ 
 tion of Stephanus ’ Greek Thesaurus, Metra Aesch., 
 Soph., Eur., Aristoph. 
 
 Cf. Biogr. Jahrb. VI (1883), pp. 112 ff.; Bursian , pp. 861-70. 
 
 (7) Karl Lehrs, 1802-78. 
 
 B. in Konigsberg, pupil of Lobeck, privat docent 
 
 4 
 
 1831, professor 1835-1878. 
 
 a. De Aristarchi studiis Homericis, 1833 (1882 3 , 
 PP- 5 ° 5 )- 
 
 b. Horace, 1869. Transl. of Plato's Phaedrus and 
 * Symposium. 
 
7 2 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 c. Die Pindarscholien , Lpz. 1873. 
 
 Cf. E. Kammer , Biogr. Jahrb. (1879), PP* 15-28 ; Bursian, pp. 
 718-24 ; A. Ludwich, 1 . c. pp. 75 ff. 
 
 (8) Friedrich Ritschl, 1806-76. 
 
 B. in Thuringia, pupil of Reisig at Halle, privat 
 docent at Halle 1829, professor 1832, at Breslau 1833, 
 at Bonn 1839, Leipzig 1865. His motto : “Niltam 
 difficilest quin quaerendo investigari possiet.” 
 
 a. Plautus ( Trinummus , with famous Prolegg.) Par- 
 
 erga, to Plautus and Terence ( Fabulae Varronia- 
 nae, etc.), Opusc. II, 782, III, 1-300. “ Sospitator 
 
 Plauti.” 
 
 b. On the literary activity of Varro. Opusc. Ill, pp. 
 419-592. 
 
 c. Aeschylus, Septem, 1853. 
 
 d. Priscae latinitatis monumenta epigraphica. 1862. 
 Opusc. vol. V. 
 
 e. On Alexandrian library, Stichometry, etc. Opusc. 
 vol. I. 
 
 Cf. Z. Miiller, F. R., Berlin, 1877 5 O. Ribbeck, F. W. R., Ein 
 Beitrag z. Gesch. der Philologie, 2 vols., Lpz. 1881 (pp. vii+348, 
 viiiT59i); Bursian , pp. 812-40. 
 
 (9) Johann Nicolaus Madvig, 1804-1886. 
 
 B. in Denmark, professor at the university of Co¬ 
 penhagen 1829-86 ; twice minister of Education and 
 repeatedly Speaker of the Danish Parliament. One 
 of the most noted text critics of modern times. 
 
 a. De Asconii Pediani comment. 1828-29. 
 
 b. Cicero de finibus, 1839, 1876 3 . 
 
 c. Emendationes Livianae , i860, 1877 2 . 
 
 d. Livy , ed. Madvig and Ussing, 1866, 1879 3 , 4 vols. 
 
 e. Latin Grammar , 1843 1 . Greek Syntax , 1847. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 73 
 
 f. Opusc. Acad., 1887 2 . Adversaria Critica, 3 vols., 1884. 
 
 g. Verfassung u. Verwalt. des rom. Staates, 2 vols., 
 1882. 
 
 Complete list of his works in Wochenschr. f. class. Philol. IV 
 (1887), p. 285. Cf. Heiberg , Biogr. Jahrb. IX (1886), 202-21. 
 A utobiography (1887). 
 
 (10) Theodor Bergk, 1812—81. 
 
 B. at Leipzig, professor at Marburg 1842, at Frei¬ 
 burg 1852, at Halle 1857, honorary professor at Bonn 
 1869. 
 
 a. Poetae Lyrici Graeci, 1878 4 . The standard 
 edition. 
 
 b. Geschichte der griech. Literatur , 4 vols. a torso and, 
 with the exception of vol. I., a posthumous publi¬ 
 cation. 
 
 Cf. A. Schaefer , Biograph. Jahrb. IV, pp. 105 ff. 
 
 (n) August Nauck, 1822-92. 
 
 B. in Auerstadt, Germany, studied at Halle, called 
 to St. Petersburg in 1856 as member of the Imperial 
 Academy. 
 
 a. Aristophanis Byzantii fragmenta, 1848. 
 
 b. Euripides , 1854, 1871 3 ; Sophocles, 1867. 
 
 c. Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 1856. 
 1889 2 , with index tragicae dictionis , 1892. — His 
 masterpiece and the standard work on the subject. 
 
 d. Homer (Odyssey, 1874, Iliad, 1877). 
 
 e. Porphyrins , 1886 2 , Lexicon Vindobonense, 1867, 
 Iamblichi de vita Pythagorica, 1884. 
 
 Cf. Th. Zielinski , A. N., Berlin, 1893, pp. 67 ( = Biogr. Jahrb. 
 XVI). Full list of his writings, 125 in number, pp. 59-65. 
 
 2. Historico-antiquarian School. 
 
 Bibliography: 
 
 Hiibner , Encyclopaedic : Greek and Roman Literature, Gram¬ 
 mar, Poetics (pp. 140-75), Religion (pp. 175-84), Greek and 
 
74 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 Roman Antiquities and History (pp. 184-215, 359-88), Geography 
 (pp. 215-85), Chronology (pp. 286-90), Archaeology (pp. 290-342), 
 Metrology and Numismatics (pp. 342-51), Epigraphy (pp. 351-59). 
 Cp. also Sal. Reinach , Manuel de philologie classique, vol. II, 
 Appendice, Paris, 1884 (pp. 310). 
 
 (1) Barthold Georg Niebuhr, 1776-1831. 
 
 B. at Copenhagen, studied at Kiel and Goettingen, 
 professor at Berlin in 1810. 
 
 a. Roman History, 3 vols., 1811 1 . ‘Epoch-making.’ 
 
 b. Lectures on Roman History, 3 vols. (Engl. 1843, 
 Germ. 1846), Roman Antiquities (1858), Lander 
 und Volkerkunde (1851), Ancient History , 3 vols. 
 
 ( i8 5 ‘)- 
 
 c. Edition of Fronto , 1816, Fragmm. of Cicero’s 
 Speeches. 
 
 d . Kleine Schriften, 2 vols., 1828. 
 
 Cf. K. G. Jacob, in Niebuhr’s Brief an einen jungen Philologen, 
 Lpz. 1839; S. Winkworth , The Life and Letters of B. G. N., 
 3 vols., Lond. 1853; Bursian , pp. 647-63; F. Eyssenhardt, 
 B. G. N., Gotha, 1886 ; /. Classen, B. G. N., Gotha, 1876, pp. 181. 
 
 (2) August Boeckh, 1785-1867. 
 
 B. in Karlsruhe, studied in Halle, privat docent in 
 Heidelberg (1807), professor in the same year, called 
 to Berlin in 1811, where he remained till his death. 
 Among his most noted pupils may be mentioned 
 K. O. Muller, E. Curtius, U. Kohler, A. Kirchhoff. 
 
 a. De Graecae tragoediae principibus, 1806. 
 
 b. Edition of Pindar, 4 vols., 1811-22. 
 
 c. Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum, 4 vols. 
 
 d. Public Economy of the Athenians, 2 vols., 
 1817 1 , 1886 3 . 
 
 e. JJiilotaos, 1819. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 75 
 
 f. Metrologische Untersuchungen , 1838; Manetho u. die 
 Hundsternperiode, 1845 ; Zur Gesch. der Mond- 
 cyclen, 1856 ; Opuscula, 7 vols., 1874. 
 
 g. Enclyclopaedie u. Methodologie der Philol. ed. 
 Klussmann, 1886 2 (pp. 884). 
 
 Cf. E. von Lentsch, Philol. Anz. XVI (18S6), 224 ff.; Bursian, 
 pp. 687-705 ; Briefwechsel zwischen A. B. und K. O. Muller, 1883, 
 pp. 442. 
 
 (3) Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker , 1784-1868. 
 
 B. in Griinberg, Hesse, studied at Giessen, visited 
 Italy, tutor in the house of W. von Humboldt at 
 Rome, professor in Giessen 1808-15, in Goettingen 
 1816, in Bonn 1819-59, when he resigned. 
 
 a. Die Aeschyleische Trilogie Prometheus, 1824. 
 Mit Nachtrag, 1826. 
 
 b. Theogn is, 1826. 
 
 c. Der Epische Cyclus, 2 vols., 1849 (1882 2 ). 
 
 d. Die Griech. Tragoedien, 3 vols. (pp. 1614), 
 1841. Not yet superseded. 
 
 e. Alte Denkmaler, 5 vols., 1849-64. 
 
 f. Griech. Gotterlehre, 3 vols., 1863. 
 
 g. Kleine Schriften, 6 vols. (on Sappho , Prodicus , 
 etc.), Zoega’s Leben , etc., 2 vols., 1819. 
 
 Cf. Reinh. Keknle, F. G. W.’s Leben, Lpz. 1880 (pp. 591); 
 Bursian , pp. 1029-46). 
 
 (4) Karl Otfried Milller, 1797-1840. 
 
 B. in Silesia, studied at Breslau and Berlin (under 
 Boeckh), appointed professor at Goettingen in 1819, 
 d. at Athens of a fever contracted at Delphi, while 
 copying inscriptions. 
 
 a. Die Dorier, 1824 ; Die Etrusker, 1828 (1878 2 ). 
 
 b. Archaeologie der Kunst, 1830 (1878 4 ). 
 
 c. Aeschylus’ Eumeniden , 1833. 
 
76 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY 
 
 d. Varro , de lingua Latina, 1833. 
 
 e. Festus, 1839. 
 
 f. History of the Literature of Ancient 
 Greece, Lond. 1840, 3 vols. (1876 3 in 3 vols., 
 ed. E. Heitz). 
 
 Cf. Bursian , pp. 1007-9; K. Hillebrand , in the French transl. 
 of ( d ), vol. I, xvii-ccclxxx, Paris, 1865 ; Ranke , C. O. M., Ein 
 Lebensbild, Berlin, 1870; M. Hertz , Index lectionum, Breslau, 
 1884, PP- 13 - 
 
 (5) Franz Bopp, 1791-1867. 
 
 B. at Mayence, studied in Paris and London, pro¬ 
 fessor of Oriental Languages at Berlin from 1821 to 
 64. Founder of the science of comparative philology. 
 Principal work: Comparative Grammar of Sanskrit, 
 Zend , Armenian , Greek , Latin , Lithuanian , ( 94 / Slavic , 
 Gothic and German , 1871 3 . 
 
 Cf. Z. Delbrilck , Einl. in das Sprachstudium, Lpz. 1880; Z^/"- 
 F. B., 1892. 
 
 (6) Gottfried Bernhardy , 1800-75. 
 
 B. at Landsberg, studied at Berlin, privat docent 
 1823, professor 1825, called to Halle in 1829 as the 
 successor of Reisig. 
 
 a. Eratosthenica, 1822 ; Dionys. Perieg., 1828 ; Wis- 
 sensch. Syntax, 1829. 
 
 b. Suidas, 2 vols., 1834-58. ‘Monumental.’ 
 
 c. Griech. Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols., 1836-45 
 (1880). 
 
 d. Rom. Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols., 1830 (1872 5 ). 
 Cf. R. Volkmann , G. B., Halle, 18S7 (pp. 160) ; Bursian , p. 776. 
 
 (7) Otto Jahn, 1813-69. 
 
 B. in Kiel, privat docent 1839, professor at Greifs- 
 wald 1842, at Leipzig 1847, at Bonn 1855, d. at 
 Goettingen. 
 
OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. 
 
 77 
 
 a. Edition and commentary of Persius, 1843 (a 
 philological masterpiece); Juvenal, 1851 ; Cic. Bru¬ 
 tus, 1849 ; Orator, 1851 ; Florus, 1852 ; Livii Perio- 
 chae, 1853 ; Soph. Electra, 1861 1 (1872 2 ) ; Plato's 
 Symposium, 1864 (1876 2 ) ; Pseudo Longinus Ilepi 
 Vlj/OVS, 1867 (1887 2 ). 
 
 h. Pausaniae descriptio arcis Athen., i860 (1880 2 ). 
 c. Numerous treatises on archaeology and literature 
 (e.g., On the subscriptions in Latin MSS. ‘ Ueber 
 den Aberglauben des bdse?i Blicks’). 
 
 Cf. Bursian, pp. 1070-80; J. Vahlen, O. J. Wien, 1870, pp. 24. 
 
 (8) Ernst Our tins, 1814-96. 
 
 B. at Luebeck, studied at Bonn, Goettingen, and 
 Berlin, at Athens from 1837 to 1840, appointed tutor to 
 the Crown Prince of Prussia (Frederick III), profes¬ 
 sor at Goettingen as successor of K. F. Hermann in 
 1856, at Berlin 1868-96. 
 
 a. History of Greece, 3 vols., 1889 6 . 
 
 b. Pelopo?inesos, 2 vols., 1852. 
 
 c. Die Stadtgeschichte vo?i Athen, 1891. 
 
 d. Sieben Karten zur Topographie von Athens nebst 
 erlauterndem Text, 1886. 
 
 e. Olympia, ein Vortrag, Berlin, 1852. — Many works 
 on the history and excavations at Olympia. 
 
 f. Alterthum u. Gegenwart, 3 vols. 4 , Gesammelte 
 Abhandlunger, 2 vols. Particularly noteworthy. 
 ‘Zur Geschichte des Wegebaus bei den Griechen ’ 
 (1855), Die Ionier (1855). 
 
 (9) Theodor Mommsen, 1817—. 
 
 B. in Schleswig, studied jurisprudence and philol¬ 
 ogy at Kiel, 1848 professor of Roman Law at Leip¬ 
 zig, 1852 at Zurich, 1854 at Breslau, since 1858 pro- 
 
OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY. 
 
 fessor of ancient history at Berlin. One of the greatest 
 scholars in the history of classical learning. 
 
 a. Rom. Miinzwesen , 1850 ; Roman History, Vols. 
 I—III 8 , V s (transl. by Dickson) ; Romische Chro¬ 
 nologic, 1859; Rom. Forschungen , 2 vols., Rom. 
 Staatsrecht, 3 vols. (pp. 708, 1171, 1336), 1888 3 . 
 
 b. Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, Vols. I, 
 III, VIII, IX. 
 
 c. Monumentum Aiicyranum , 1865 1 . 
 
 d. Digesta, So/inns, Iordanes , Cassiodorus. 
 
 e. Zur LebengescJi. des jUngeren Plinius , Hermes III, 
 pp. 31-139, etc., etc. 
 
 For a full list of his works up to 1887, cf. C. Zangemeister, 
 Theodor Mommsen als Schriftsteller, Heidelberg, 1887 (//. 66 ). 
 
INDEX OF NAMES 
 
 o 
 
 Accius, L. 
 
 Aelius Stilo, L. 
 
 Agricola, Rud. 
 
 Alexander Aetolus 
 Ammonius 
 
 Anonymus mythographus 
 Antigonus Carystius 
 Apollodorus . 
 
 Apollonius Dyscolos 
 Aristarchus . 
 
 Aristophanes Byzantius 
 Aristoteles . . 7 f. 
 
 Aristoxenus . 
 
 Arruntius Celsus . 
 Asconius Pedianus 
 Asper, Aemilius 
 Ateius Philologus . 
 Athenaeus 
 Aurispa, Giovanni 
 
 PAGE 
 
 • 33 
 
 • 33 f- 
 
 • 6 4 ; 
 
 . 10 
 
 • 17 
 
 • 17 
 
 • 9 
 . 16 f. 
 
 . 24 
 
 13 ff- 
 
 ii ff. 
 
 *5- 30 
 . 8 
 
 • 33 
 
 • 36 
 
 • 38 ■ 
 
 • 35 
 26 
 
 • 5° 
 
 Bekker, Immanuel . . 70 
 
 Bentley, Richard . . . 61 f. 
 
 Bergk, Theodor ... -73 
 
 Bernhardv, Gottfried . -76 
 
 Bessarion . . . .48 
 
 Boccaccio . . . -49 
 
 Boeckh, August . . -74 
 
 Bopp, Franz . . . -76 
 
 Bruni, Leonardo . . -49 
 
 Burmann, Peter (the Elder) . 59 
 
 Burmann, Peter (the Younger) 59 
 
 Caecilius Calactinus 
 Caesar, Gaius Iulius 
 Caesellius Vindex . 
 
 . 24 
 
 3 2 - 34 
 • 3 2 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Callimachus . . . .10 
 
 Camerarius, Ioachim . . 65 
 
 du Cange, Chs. du Fresne . 55 
 Canter, Wilhelm . . 56 
 
 Caper, Flavius . . . 38 
 
 Casaubonus, Isaac . . 54 f. 
 
 Cassiodorus . . . -39 
 
 Censorinus . . . . 38 
 
 Chalcondylas, Demetrius . 48 
 Charisius . . . *38 
 
 Chrysippos . . . .22 
 
 Chrysoloras, Manuel . . 47 f. 
 
 Cicero, M. Tullius . . 34 
 
 Cobet, Gabriel . . .61 
 
 Constantinus Porphyrogennetos 42 
 Crates Mallotes . . .22f. 
 
 Cruquius, lac. . . -56 
 
 Curtius, Ernst . . -77 
 
 Demetrius Magnes 
 Dicaearchus . 
 
 Didymus 
 
 Dindorf, Wilhelm . 
 Diomedes 
 Dionysius, Aelius . 
 Dionysius Halicarnassensis 
 Dionysius Thrax . 
 Donatus, Aelius 
 
 • 2 3 
 . 8 
 18 ff. 
 
 • 7i 
 
 • 38 
 
 . 26 
 
 • 2 3 
 17. 30 
 
 • 38 
 
 Eckhel, Ioseph Hilarius . 67 
 
 Elmsley, Peter . . .62 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius . . 55 f. 
 
 Eratosthenes . . .iof. 
 
 Ernesti, Iohann August . 66 
 
 Eustathius . . . -44 
 
8o 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Fabricius, Ioh. Albert . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 • 65 
 
 da Feltre, Vittorino 
 
 • 49 
 
 Fenestella 
 
 • 36 
 
 Ficinus, Marsilius . 
 
 • 50 
 
 Filelfo, Francisco . 
 
 • So 
 
 Gaisford, Thomas 
 
 • 6 3 
 
 Gaza, Theodorus . 
 
 . 48 
 
 Gellius, A ulus 
 
 • 38 
 
 Gesner, Ioh. Mathias 
 
 . 66 
 
 Gorgias 
 
 . 6 
 
 Graevius 
 
 • 59 
 
 Gronovius, Iacob . 
 
 . 58 
 
 Gronovius, Ioh. Friedrich 
 
 . 58 
 
 Grote, George 
 
 • 6 3 
 
 Grotius, Hugo 
 
 . 58 
 
 Harpocration 
 
 26 
 
 Heinsius, Daniel . 
 
 • 57 
 
 Heinsius, Nicolaus 
 
 • 58 
 
 Hemsterhusius, Tiberius 
 
 • 59 
 
 Hephaestion 
 
 26 
 
 Heracleides Ponticus 
 
 . 8 
 
 Hermann, Gottfried 
 
 . 69 
 
 Flermippos 
 
 . 16 
 
 Ilerodianus . 
 
 • 2 5 
 
 Hesychios Alexandrinus 
 
 . 41 
 
 Hesychios Illustris 
 
 • 41 
 
 Heyne, Christian Gotlob 
 
 • 67 
 
 Hieronymus . 
 
 • 39 
 
 Hofman-Peerlkamp 
 
 . 61 
 
 Hyginus, Iulius 
 
 • 35 
 
 Iahn, Otto 
 
 • 76 
 
 Iowett, Benjamin : 
 
 • 63 
 
 Isidorus 
 
 • 39 
 
 Iuba .... 
 
 • 2 5 
 
 Iunius, Hadrianus 
 
 . 56 
 
 Kyriacus 
 
 • 5 ° 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lachmann, Karl . . 70 
 
 Lambinus, Dionysius . . 54 
 
 Lascaris, Constantinus . . 48 
 
 Leake, William Martin . . 62 
 
 Lehrs, Karl . . . 71 
 
 Lipsius, Iustus . . -56 
 
 Lobeck, Christian August . 69 
 
 Longinus . . . .26 
 
 Lycophron . . . .10 
 
 Macrobius . . . -39 
 
 Madvig, Ioh. Nicolaus . . 72 
 
 Magister, Thomas. . -45 
 
 Markland, Ieremiah . . 62 
 
 Meineke, August . . . 70 
 
 Melanchthon, Philipp . . 64 
 
 Mommsen, Theodor . . 77 
 
 Montfaucon, Bernard de . 55 
 
 Moschopulus, Manuel . ■ 45 
 
 Muller, Karl Otfried . . 75 
 
 Munro, H. A. J. . .63 
 
 Muretus, Marcus Antonius . 54 
 
 Nauck, August . . -73 
 
 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg . 74 
 
 Nigidius Figulus . . 31. 35 
 
 Nonius Marcellus . . 38 
 
 Pamphilus . . . 25 
 
 Pausanias Atticista . . 26 
 
 Peisistratus .... 6 
 Petrarca, Francesco . . 48 
 
 Philetas .... 9 
 
 Philon, Herennius . . 25 
 
 Photios . . . -41 
 
 Planudes, Maximus . . 44 
 
 Plato . . . . 7. 15 
 
 Plethon, Georgios Gemisthios 48 
 Plinius Secundus (the Elder) 36 
 Poggio Bracciolini . . 49 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 81 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Politianus, Angelus . 51 
 
 Pollux, Iulius . . .26 
 
 Porson, Richard . . .62 
 
 Praxiphanes ... 8 
 Priscianus . . . -39 
 
 Probus, M. Valerius . . 37 
 
 Prodicus .... 7 
 Protagoras . . . 7. 31 
 
 Pseudo Longinus . . .24 
 
 Quintilianus, Fabius . . 37 
 
 Reiske, Ioh. Iacob . . 66 
 
 Remmius Palaemon . . 37 
 
 Reuchlin, Iohannes . . 64 
 
 Ritschl, Friedrich . . *72 
 
 Roman us, Iulius . . .38 
 
 Ruhnken, David . . .60 
 
 Salmasius, Claudius . . 57 
 
 Salutatus, Colutius . . 49 
 
 Scaliger, Ioseph . . .56!. 
 
 Scaurus, Q. Terentius . . 38 
 
 Servius . . . . -38 
 
 Spanheim, Ezechiel . . 59 
 
 Stephanus (Etienne), Henricus 54 
 Stephanus, Robertus . . 53 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Stoics . . . . 15. 30 
 
 Suetonius Tranquillus . . 37 
 
 Suidas . . . . . 42 f. 
 
 Taylor, Iohn . . .62 
 
 Theon . . . . .21 
 
 Theophrastus ... 8 
 
 Triklinios, Demetrius .. . 45 
 
 Tryphon . . . .20 
 
 Turnebus, Adrianus . . 54 
 
 Tzetzes, Iohannes . . -43 
 
 Valckenaer, Ludwig Caspar . 60 
 
 Valla, Laurentius . . - 5 ° 
 
 Varro, M. Terentius . 31 f. 34 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, M. . -36 
 
 Victorinus, Marius . . 38 
 
 Victorius, Petrus . . 51 
 
 Vossius, Ioh. Gerhard . . 57 
 
 Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb . 75 
 
 Winckelmann, Ioh. Ioachim . 67 
 
 Wolf, Friedrich August . 68 
 
 Wyttenbach, Daniel . . 60 
 
 Zenodotus .... 9 
 
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