1 
 
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 f 
 
 4 
 

 LATIN EXERCISES 
 
 jj*ti rj (lU i rrr tfir ^ “ ** • ; b|| ^ 
 
 IN SYNTAX. 
 
 
 ACCORDING TO 
 
 PROF. LAWRENCE ENGLMANN. 
 
 >»,Liiliii«i»«nrinir»~'" J '^T i■ lltrFn — 
 
 SECOND DEVISED EDITION. 
 
 
 ST. VINCENT AECHABBEY, 
 
 BEATTY P. O., WESTMORELAND CO., PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1905 . 
 

 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, on the 13th day of May, in the year 1887, by 
 
 P. AUGUSTINE SCHNEIDER, 
 
 At the office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. 
 
 'TAa-ofy 
 
 . if 6 
 
 124389 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 1 
 
 Agreement. 2 
 
 Specification of Place and Time. 8 
 
 The Accusative. 17 
 
 The Dative. 28 
 
 The Genitive Case . 44 
 
 The Ablative. 61 
 
 The Prepositions. 77 
 
 The Infinitive. 96 
 
 The Gerund and the Gerundive. 98 
 
 The Supine.102 
 
 Miscellaneous Exercises on Agreement and Government.104 
 
 USE OE NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.119 
 
 Nouns.119 
 
 Adjectives.120 
 
 Pronouns.125 
 
 The Verb.141 
 
 The Moods in Independent Sentences.152 
 
 The Negative. 156 
 
 Sequence of Tenses.160 
 
 The Accusative with the Infinitive.164 
 
 Questions.177 
 
 The Final Clause.184 
 
 The Consecutive Clause.193 
 
 The Conditional Clause.200 
 
 The Concessive Clause.206 
 
 The Causal Clause.208 
 
 The Temporal Clause.212 
 
 The Comparative Clause.217 
 
 The Relative Clause.220 
 
 Indirect Speech.228 
 
 The Subjunctive in Clauses.231 
 
 The Participle.232 
 
 Exercises for Repetition of Syntax.242 
 
n 
 
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 
 
 § 145 . 
 
 1. Consuetudo fit altera natura. Senectus insanabilis mor¬ 
 bus est. Nemo fit casu bonus. Nemo tarn pauper vixit, quam 
 natus est. Deum non vides, tamen agnoscis ex operibus ejus. 
 Alii pueri boni, alii mali existunt. Sapiens securus moritur. 
 Nonnulli oratores evadere non potuerunt. Extitisti tu vindex 
 nostrae libertatis. Crassum, quendam Romanum, nunquam risisse 
 perhibent. Praeceptis magistrorum obedire oportet. Patrem 
 patriae Ciceronem dicunt. Qui dives fuit, facile mendicus fieri 
 potest. Nemo nascitur doctus; pueri diligentia fiunt docti. Mi¬ 
 lites Caesaris e pugna incolumes evaserunt. Diligenti omnes 
 labores apparent faciles et grati. Multa quidem videmus; at 
 plura sunt et majora etiam, quae non videmus. Scythae semper 
 ab alieno imperio intacti invictique remanserunt. Clearchus e 
 defensore rei senatoriae subito patronus plebis factus est. Quod¬ 
 libet pro patria, parentibus, amicis, adire periculum oportet. E 
 sermonibus intelligi licet quae sint hominum indoles et natura. 
 Mihi videtur acerba semper et immatura mors eorum qui aliquid 
 parant. Nihil invenies tam manifestae utilitatis, quod non in 
 contrarium transferat nequitia. Quod quis per alium fecit, hoc 
 ipse fecisse putatur. Condiunt 1 Aegyptii mortuos; Persae etiam 
 cera circumlitos condiunt, ut corpora quam maxime diuturna 
 permaneant. Arcus nunquam apparet major dimidio circulo 2 , et 
 eo major est, quo altior est sol. 
 
 1 embalm. 2 semicircle. 
 
 2. Truth always remains the same. We must always love 
 our enemies. One dare not tell a lie. He whom people praise, 
 easily becomes proud. To Cicero the Latin language seemed 
 richer than the Greek. Your brother will never become a great 
 
 1 
 
2 AGREEMENT. 
 
 man. The laws of the twelve tables 1 have remained fountains 
 of both public and private right. Boys who will always remain 
 diligent and attentive, will acquire knowledge. One cannot al¬ 
 ways follow one’s own will, but must often yield to others. 
 What one cannot change, one must bear patiently. The greater 
 the gifts one has received from God, the more thanks one ought 
 to return to Him. The stars appear to be very small on account 
 of the great distance which separates them from us. People 
 often censure those who deserve praise, and 'praise those who 
 deserve censure 2 . We frequently consider that a great evil, 
 which will become our greatest good. No one becomes immor¬ 
 tal through cowardice. Demosthenes became the most celebrated 
 orator of ancient Greece, although at first he showed very little 
 talent. You are not allowed to mention the hidden faults of 
 others. Do not do to others, what you would not wish others 
 to do to you. 
 
 1 tabula . 2 vituperatio . 
 
 AGREEMENT. 
 
 §§ 146 & 147 . 
 
 3. Conscientia vitae bene actae jucundissima est. Vita ru¬ 
 stica parsimoniae, diligentiae, justitiae magistra est. Amicitia 
 virtutum adjutrix a natura data est, non vitiorum comes. Athe¬ 
 nae clarissima urbs Graeciae fuit. Tempus potest esse gravissi¬ 
 mus testis. In Africa major pars ferarum aestate non bibunt. 
 Pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti sunt. Vulgus Macedo¬ 
 num Demetrium cum ingenti fervore conspiciebant. Alius alium, 
 ut proelium incipiunt, circumspectant. Cetera multitudo, decimus 
 quisque ad supplicium lecti sunt. Uterque ex hibernis exercitum 
 educunt; Pompejus clam et noctu, Caesar palam atque interdiu. 
 Invidia est assidua comes eminentis fortunae. Paupertas multis 
 onus gravissimum visum est. Somnus imago mortis nominanda est. 
 Elephantus est omnium bestiarum maximus. Hordeum est omnium 
 frugum mollissimum. Omnium avium rapidissima est accipiter. 
 
 Illa est felix memoria quae nihil obliviscitur nisi acceptam 
 injuriam. Quae pertinacia quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia 
 videri potest. Hostem ferire, murum ascendere, eas divitias, eam 
 
AGREEMENT. 
 
 3 
 
 bonam famam Romani putabant. Hanc puto esse necessitudinem, 
 cui nulla vi resisti potest. Qui sunt libri optimi antiquorum? 
 Quid est gloria, nisi frequens de aliquo fama cum laude. Quae 
 est sententia Socratis de immortalitate animi? 
 
 4. Wealth dishonestly acquired 1 dwindles away 2 quickly. 
 Marius was consul seven times. The enemy’s ambuscade was 
 discovered by the Romans. Of the enemy some were captured 
 and others slain. To succor the wretched is praiseworthy. The 
 laws are the best protection 3 of the citizens. Our conscience is 
 the surest 4 guide. It is true that 5 justice is the mother of all 
 human virtues. It is known that 5 Athens was the teacher of 
 eloquence. The soul is the ruler 6 of man. The Romans were 
 a brave people. It is well known that 5 Rome is situated 7 on 
 (, ad ) the Tiber. It is a proverb in the mouth of all that 5 prac¬ 
 tice is the best teacher. Thunderbolts were the messengers of 
 Jupiter. In the battle at Cannae seventy thousand Romans were 
 slain, and a large number was captured. To serve God faith¬ 
 fully is the greatest wisdom. Athens was the greatest city of 
 ancient Greece. The largest and most brilliant of all stars is 
 the sun. London 8 is the most populous 9 of all cities. 
 
 That is the best cure for {gen.) hardships, which we find in 
 ourselves. That is the most pleasant friendship, which similar¬ 
 ity of manners has concluded. The Cimbrians and the Teutons, 
 whose number was countless, fought most vigorously; but Catu¬ 
 lus, the consul, fought more successfully; thirty-three standards 
 were taken from the Cimbrians; this was the result of the battle. 
 What is man? My dear son, be ever virtuous and modest, this 
 is true wealth and true happiness. What is a friend? When 
 Arisiotle was asked what a friend is, he said: “One soul in 
 two bodies.” 
 
 1 parere. 2 dilabi. 3 patronus. 1 certus. 5 acc. with inf. cf. Gr. 
 § 271. 6 rector , trix. 7 situs , a, um. 8 Londinium. 9 frequens. 
 
 § 148 . 
 
 5. Brutus et Cassius ad Philippos ab Antonio et Octaviano 
 victi sunt. Juno et Minerva Trojanis inimicae erant; Mars autem 
 et Venus amici. Inter duces Carthaginiensium Hamilcar et Han¬ 
 nibal praeclarissimi erant. Nox atque praeda hostes remoratae 
 sunt. Pax et concordia victis utilia sunt. Non cibus nobis, non 
 
4 
 
 AGREEMENT. 
 
 humor, non vigiliae, non somnus sine mensura quadam salubria 
 sunt. Consulares senatusque Cottae assensus est. Mens et ratio et 
 consilium in senibus est. Mens et anima et consilium et sententia 
 posita est in legibus. Viri, mulieres, liberi, domus vi fluminis 
 ablata sunt. Honestum et utile videntur aliquando pugnare. 
 Frons, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur; oratio vero saepissime. 
 Pompejus, Lentulus, Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt. Beneficium 
 et gratia sunt vincula concordiae. Victus cultusque corporis ad 
 valetudinem referantur et ad vires, non ad voluptatem. Multae 
 urbes earumque fere omnes incolae terrae motu deleti sunt. Tu 
 et frater tuus de republica optime meriti estis. Ego et amicus 
 meus cras in Europam proficiscemur. Neque vires corporis neque 
 ingenium Hannibali defuit. Leonidas cum trecentis militibus ad 
 Thermopylas regi Persarum diu restiterat, sed tandem dolo Graeci 
 cujusdam superati et occisi sunt. Neque ars neque scientia li¬ 
 berat hominem a morte. 
 
 6. Wars, murder, robbery and civil dissensions were pleas¬ 
 ing to Catiline from (ad) his youth. Romulus and Remus restored 
 the royal power to their grandfather Numitor. By the cunning 
 of Vulcan, Mars and Venus were caught. Wealth and honors 
 have often been destructive. You and those who have deserted 
 their native country, will never see it again. The chief com¬ 
 mand and the supreme authority 1 were given to Cingetorix. The 
 father and mother and two sisters of my friend have died within 
 two years. You, our colleagues and I will be sureties of the 
 peace. Hannibal’s attire was not showy 2 , but his weapons and 
 horse were excellent 3 . You and your leader have fought bravely 
 and saved your countr} T . Jupiter and Juno were the highest gods. 
 Philippi, where Brutus and Cassius fell, is situated in Macedonia. 
 The Roman general with his army was captured and sent under 
 the yoke by the Samnites. 
 
 1 principatus. 2 splendidus. 3 eximius. 
 
 § 140. 
 
 7. Caesar Helvetios devicit et eis tributum imposuit. Super¬ 
 biam odisse debemus, humilitatem amare; illa enim est vitium, 
 haec virtus. Patri et matri non solum parere sed eos etiam 
 amare filii debent. Signa et tabulae in templo fuerant, ea autem 
 
AGREEMENT. 
 
 5 
 
 milites abstulerant. Deum, qui nos creavit, semper venerari et 
 ejus praeceptis obedire debemus. Sagesta, quod est oppidum per¬ 
 vetus in Sicilia, ab Aenea condita esse dicitur. Catilina, in (against) 
 quem Cicero quattuor orationes habebat, rempublicam evertere 
 molitus est. Inter oratores summos Demosthenem et Ciceronem 
 praesertim numeramus, quorum alter erat Graecus, alter Roma¬ 
 nus. Cyro, quod lumen et decus gentis suae esse Persae praedi¬ 
 cabant, in regno successit Cambyses. Aristides et Themistocles, 
 qui magnas de Persis victorias reportaverant, ab Atheniensibus 
 in exilium acti sunt. Mater et uxor Coriolani, quas Romani ad 
 eum miserunt, urbem ab expugnatione liberaverunt. Roma et 
 Saguntum, quae erant Carthagini maxime infensa, inter se foe¬ 
 dere conjuncta erant. Divitiae et honores, quae multi avidissime 
 desiderant, nobis veram beatitudinem afferre non possunt. Ego 
 et amicus meus, qui per aliquot annos Romae versati sumus, in 
 patriam reversuri sumus. Milites et naves, quae capta erant, 
 post pacem factam restituta sunt. 
 
 8. Xenophon is a very elegant writer; we read him with 
 great pleasure. Be grateful to your parents, for you have re¬ 
 ceived great benefits from them. The ambassadors came to Caesar 
 and obtained pardon from him. Brutus acted with the greatest 
 severity towards his sons, who had conspired against Rome. Ovid, 
 who is rightly numbered among the greatest poets of the Ro¬ 
 mans, lived for many years beyond the Danube among the bar¬ 
 barians, into whose country he had been banished by the emperor 
 Augustus. The tenth legion, which had not obeyed immediately, 
 Caesar dismissed in (cum) disgrace. Syracuse, which was the 
 best fortified city of Sicily, was captured by Marcellus. The 
 enemy fortified three camps, each of which was surrounded by 
 three ditches. The ruins of the cities of Herculaneum and Pom¬ 
 peji, which were destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 
 were found after many centuries. 
 
 § 150 . 
 
 9. Omnia animalia et plantae a Deo creata sunt. Datum 
 est Neptuno, alteri Jovis fratri, maritimum omne regnum. Alexan¬ 
 der, victor tot regum et populorum, irae succubuit. Multa me 
 docuit usus, magister egregius. Pythagoras, ille sapientissimus, 
 
6 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 genitricem virtutum, frugalitatem, omnibus commendabat. Clarae 
 jampridem insulae Delos et Rhodos e mari enatae sunt. In freto 
 Siculo est scopulus Scylla, item Charybdis, mare vorticosum. 
 Darius, Persarum rex, pontem fecit in Istro flumine. Tulliola, 
 deliciolae 1 nostrae, munusculum tuum flagitat. Veii, urbs veter¬ 
 rima Italiae, a Romanis expugnata est. Alexandro adolescenti 
 tota fere Asia parebat. Octavia et Livia, altera soror Augusti, 
 altera uxor, amiserunt filios juvenes. Caius Valerius Procillus, 
 nobilis Gallus, Caesaris familiaris et hospes, captus a Germanis, 
 ab equitibus Romanis manibus hostium ereptus est. Eloquentiae 
 ut socia atque alumna se adjunxit historia. Urbs Carthago a 
 Tyriis condita est. 
 
 1 darling.". 
 
 10. Whole cities and towns were destroyed by an earthquake \ 
 Caesar as a general showed great prudence and valor. Alexan¬ 
 der, son of Philip, king of Macedonia, performed many glorious 
 exploits. Corinth and Carthage, very renowned cities, were de¬ 
 stroyed by the Romans in the same year. A calm death was 
 allotted to Cleobis and Biton, two sons of a priestess of Argos. 
 The children of the ancient Persians were raised 2 not only to 
 ( ad ) truth and justice, but also to temperance, the mistress of 
 all desires. Cinna commanded the head of his colleague Gneus 
 Octavius to be cut off 3 . Bulls fight with the greatest fierceness 
 and fury. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, tribunes of the people, 
 were killed by the aristocrats. The mild Titus had preceded 
 the cruel Domitian. 
 
 1 terrae motus . 2 informare. 3 praecidere . 4 impetus. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 11. Virtue is the promoter 1 of friendship. You know that 2 
 my brother and sister have departed for Italy. Those who are 
 born wealthy, are exposed 3 to many dangers. The Stoics say 
 that 2 the wise man is the happiest; and these very same men 
 think that 2 this world is a common abode for {gen.) gods and 
 men. I understand that 2 this is the nearest road to {ad) virtue. 
 To conquer enemies is difficult, but to conquer one’s self is more 
 difficult. I cannot express in words with what 4 longing thy brother 
 and I have awaited thee. He whose father and mother have 
 
misecixaneous exercises. 
 
 7 
 
 died, is called an orphan. Cicero says that 2 fortune, honors and 
 victory are the result of chance 5 . I heard that 2 both the walls 
 and the gate were struck by lightning 6 . Antony and Cleopatra 
 were conquered by Octavius at Actium. Many things that are 
 hurtful, appear useful to us. You and all wise men honor virtue. 
 'Xour parents and we have never ceased to instruct you in vir¬ 
 tu* and wisdom. 
 
 1 conciliator. 2 acc. with inf. cf. Gr. § 272. 3 obnoxius. 4 ind. quest, 
 
 cf. Gr. § 278. 5 casu evenire. 6 de coelo tangi. 
 
 » 
 
 12. Philosophy is the guide of life, the founder of laws, 
 the ttacher of morals 1 . The sun is the king of the heavens, 
 the moon the queen of the stars. Publius and Cneus Scipio were 
 killed; their army, however, remained unconquered 2 . Life, death 
 and poverty affect 3 men most strongly. You and yours have 
 not in vain rendered great services 5 to the state. That is pleas¬ 
 ing praise which comes 6 from praised men. Money is the source 
 of many and great pleasures. Tell me, friend Ignatius, whether 7 
 this was the true cause of the war. The ambassadors of Alexan¬ 
 der brought Xenocrates fifty talents, which was, at that time, 
 a large sum of money. If you are not of one mind, you will 
 easily- be overcome by your enemies, as those three oxen in the 
 fable became the prey of wild beasts, because they had begun 
 to quarrel. 
 
 1 mores. 2 invictus. 3 commovere. 4 vehementer. 5 officia prae¬ 
 stare. 6 proficisci. 7 ind. quest. 
 
 13. We see that fear is a bad watchman. Whatever has an 
 origin will perish, whatever has matured 1 will decay 2 : this is the 
 nature of things, this the effect of time. The applause of the 
 people 3 , the thoughtless eulogist of faults, frequently corrupts 
 the morals of men. Laws and customs have been established 4 
 from {ex) the most ancient times. The city of Syracuse was 
 surrounded by two harbors and adorned with many beautiful 
 porticoes. Cicero, when consul, saved the Roman commonwealth. 
 Cicero, my delight 0 , will return towards 6 evening. Many have 
 learned languages, when old; but it is certain that we retain 
 that most securely, which we have learned, when boys. Veii, 
 the most powerful city of the Etruscans, was taken and destroyed. 
 
 1 adolesco. 2 senesco. 3 aura popularis. 4 constituere. 5 deliciae. 
 6 sub (with acc.). 
 
8 
 
 SPECIFICATION OF PEACE AND TIME 
 
 If you have acquired knowledge when boys you will enjoy 1 honor 
 and reputation when men. Athens, the most renowned city of 
 Greece, was frequently destroyed. Susa, the wealthiest city of 
 the Persian empire, was taken by Alexander the Great, king of 
 Macedon. The senate and the Roman people gave thanks t* 
 Cicero, because he had saved the commonwealth. The brothers, 
 Lucius and Spurius Mummius, were orators of moderate abilities 2 . 
 
 1 frui, abl. 2 mediocris. 
 
 SPECIFICATION OF PLACE AND TIME, 
 
 § 151 . 
 
 14. Num quidquam tarn puerile dici potest, quam s/ ea ge¬ 
 nera belluarum, quae in rubro mari Indiave gignuntur, mdla esse 1 
 dicam? Oppidum Delphi clarissimum fuit in terris oraculo Apol¬ 
 linis. Atticus Q. Gellium Canum puerum in ludo 2 cognoverat. 
 Iter vix tolerabile ingrediendum erat Alexandro; terra coeloque 
 penuria aquarum est; steriles arenae 3 jacent. Xerxes alienissimo 
 sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto mari con¬ 
 flixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non potuerit. Ibam 
 forte via sacra, sicut meus est mos. Tyriorum coloniae paene 
 orbe toto diffusae sunt: Carthago in Africa, in Boeotia Thebae, 
 Gades ad Oceanum. Menippus vStratonicensis meo judicio tota 
 Asia illis temporibus disertissimus erat. Carthaginienses terra 
 marique a Romanis victi sunt. Caesar, Gallis placatis, cum ma¬ 
 gno exercitu in Britanniam trajecit. Caesar nuntium mortis 
 Pompeii in Aegypto accepit. Prima cerasus ex Asia in Europam 
 a Lucullo translata est. Legati a Mithridate, qui bellum cum 
 Romanis gerebat, ad Sertorium in Hispaniam venerunt. Tota 
 Graecia nemo fuit sapientior quam Socrates. Hannibal e Tau¬ 
 rinis, quae Galliae proxima gens est, in Italiam degressus est. 
 
 1 not exist. 2 school. 3 sandy desert. 
 
 15. The Latin festivals were celebrated yearly on Mount 
 Alban. After Alexander had besieged the city of Tyre, he built 
 a dam in the sea. The air is purer on the mountains than in 
 the valleys. Geese were fed by the Romans in the Capitol at 
 public expense 1 . I am glad that 2 you have returned safe from 
 your journey. Hannibal searched the whole world for an enemy 
 
SPECIFICATION OF PEACE AND TIME. 
 
 9 
 
 of the Roman people. The Romans could not prevent that 3 the 
 battle was fought in a place very unfavorable for them. Han¬ 
 nibal called 4 his brother Hasdrubal to Italy and the latter came 
 by the same road by which Hannibal had come; but falling- 5 
 into an ambuscade, which was prepared 6 by the consuls, he was 
 slain. The Greeks carried on war ag-ainst the Persians for some 
 time 7 both by land and by sea, and overcame their enemy every¬ 
 where. At present our affairs are in better condition than for¬ 
 merly. Hannibal returned to Aquila from the country of the Pelig-ni. 
 
 1 publice. 2 acc. with inf. or quod cf. Gr. § 276. 3 quominus cf. Gr. 
 
 § 284. 4 evocare. 5 incidere. 6 struere. 7 aliquamdiu. 
 
 § 152 . 
 
 16. Plato rationem in capite, sicut in arce, posuit; iram in 
 pectore locavit. Apes in labiis Platonis pueri consedisse dicuntur. 
 Lucretia cultrum in pectore defig-it. Nemo beneficia in calenda¬ 
 rio scribit. Aves quaedam se in mari mergunt. Bias in septem 
 sapientibus numeratur. Cum rex in urbem advenisset, magna 
 hominum vis in forum convenit. Pastor gregem suum in pratum 
 coegit. Trojani, duce Aenea, in Siciliam appulsi, in terram 
 egressi sunt. Imperator per speculatores certior factus est quo 
 hostes convenissent. Ubi sunt libri quos hic posui? Reditu Cae¬ 
 saris ex Gallia in Italiam bellum civile exarsit. 
 
 17. The Cyclops lying in the middle of his cave dashed the 
 bodies of two Greeks against the rocks. The storks, when about 
 to depart for warmer countries, collect in one place. In the fifth 
 book of his commentaries 1 on the Gallic war, Caesar relates his 
 passage 2 to Britain. When Chares had arrived at the island of 
 Samos, the enemy departed thence with his troops. Cicero cen¬ 
 tered 3 all his thoughts and solicitude on the welfare of his coun¬ 
 try. When Miltiades wished to attack the Persians at Marathon, 
 he placed the Athenians on the right wing 4 and the Plataeans 
 on the left. Aurelius left the province of Dacia, which Trajan 
 had established on the other side of the Danube and transferred 5 
 the Romans from the cities of Dacia to Moesia. We ought to 
 place the greatest confidence in the wisdom and power of God. 
 A swarm of bees had settled on a tree near the tent of the com- 
 
 1 commentarius . 2 transmissus , us. 3 defigere. 4 cornu, us. 5 collocare. 
 
10 
 
 SPECIFICATION OF PEACE AND TIME. 
 
 mander 1 . The Campus Martius, where the Roman youth gathered 
 for its games, was situated on the left bank of the Tiber. 
 
 1 praetorium. 
 
 § 153 . 
 
 18. Ut Romae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis annui bini 
 reges creabantur. Metaponti templum Junonis vitigineis colum¬ 
 nis 1 stetit. Lacedaemone in urbe Peloponnesi fuit honestissimum 
 domicilium senectutis. Talis Romae Fabricius, qualis Aristides 
 Athenis fuit. Cur jam oracula Delphis non eduntur? Fuit Ar¬ 
 ganthonius quidam Gadibus, qui octoginta regnavit annos, cen¬ 
 tum viginti vixit. Hannibal in hiberna Capuam concessit. Pe¬ 
 lasgi in urbem Athenas commigravere. Alexander Tyriorum 
 legatis, Tyrum se ire velle dixit. Cur Plato Tarentum venit et 
 Locros? Athenienses bello Persico sua omnia quae moveri po¬ 
 terant 2 , partim Salamina, partim Troezena asportarunt. Pompeius 
 Luceria proficiscitur Canusium, atque inde Brundisium. Dama¬ 
 ratus, Tarquinii Prisci pater, Corintho ex Graecia fugit Tarqui¬ 
 nios in Italiam, et ibi suas fortunas constituit. Pater meus 
 Hamilcar, in Hispaniam imperator proficiscens Carthagine, Jovi 
 optimo maximo hostias immolavit. Dion obsecrabat Dionysium, 
 ut Platonem Athenis arcesseret. Augustus, Nolae in oppido 
 Campaniae mortuus, non in ipsa Roma in foro, sed in Campo 
 Martio crematus est. Attila, ad Romam cum maximo exercitu 
 contendens, precibus Leonis Pontificis Maximi, in Pannoniam 
 reversus est. 
 
 1 pillars of vine. 2 their movables. 
 
 19. Demosthenes lived in Athens, Cicero in Rome, Epami¬ 
 nondas in Thebes, Lycurgus in Lacedaemon. Miltiades returned 
 to Athens from Chersonesus, whither he had been sent as leader 
 of the colonists. My brother traveled by ship from Ephesus to 
 Athens, I on foot 1 through (per) Macedonia to Attica. Many 
 Roman historians were born in Upper Italy,—Catullus at Verona, 
 Livy at Padua, Virgil at Andes, a village near Mantua, Corne¬ 
 lius Nepos at Hostilia, a small town in that region. The seat 
 of the Jewish kings was in the city of Jerusalem. Catiline dis¬ 
 patched G. Manlius to Faesulae and others to other places; in 
 the mean time he planned 2 many things in Rome itself. It hap- 
 
SPECIFICATION OF PI,ACE AND TIME. 11 
 
 pened, that 3 in one night (abl.) all the Hermae which were in 
 the city of Athens were overturned 4 . Roman youths were ac¬ 
 customed to go from Rome to Athens to 5 hear the philosophers. 
 Conon, expelled from Athens, that glorious city of Greece, be¬ 
 took himself 6 to Pharnabazus, a relative of the king- of the Per¬ 
 sians. Pornpey, defeated by Caesar, fled from Pharsalus in 
 Thessaly to Ptolemaeus, king’ of Egypt. From Brundusium 
 Pornpey set set sail 7 for Cilicia and added that country to the 
 Roman empire. 
 
 1 pedibus . 2 moliri. 3 ut , cf. Gr. § 285, 3. 4 dejicere. 5 ut, cf. Gr. § 280. 
 
 6 se conferre. 7 proficisci. 
 
 4k * 
 
 § 154. 
 
 20. Conon plurimum Cj^pri vixit, Timotheus Lesbi. Aeschi¬ 
 nes cessit Athenis et se Rhodum contulit. Cimon (in) Cyprum 
 cum ducentis navibus imperator missus est. Caesaris milites 
 cogebantur Corcyra pabulum supportare. Legati ad C. Neronem 
 Samo venerunt. Aeneas ex Creta in Siciliam navigavit. Con¬ 
 diunt Aeg}^ptii mortuos et eos domi servant. Atticam equidem 
 ruri esse arbitror. C. Cornelius, eques Romanus, et E. Vargun¬ 
 teius senator, constituerunt Ciceronem domi suae confodere. 
 Quum plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas discederent, Themistocles 
 unus restitit et universos pares 1 esse aiebat, dispersos testabatur 
 perituros. Laelius et Scipio incredibiliter repuerascere solebant, 
 quum rus ex urbe, tamquam e vinculis, evolavissent. Quum 
 Tullius rure redierit, mittam eum ad te. In domo furtum factum 
 est ab eo, qui domi fuit. Alcibiades educatus est in domo Peri¬ 
 clis. Appium metuebant servi, verebantur liberi: vigebat in illa 
 domo patrius mos et disciplina. Antiocho non magis licuit re¬ 
 migrare in domum veterem e nova, quam nobis in novam e ve- 
 tere? Postquam multis laboribus periculisque domi bellique per¬ 
 functus sum, tandem res meae meliore loco esse coeperunt. 
 
 1 To be a match to the enemy, i. e., Persians. 
 
 21. After Miltiades had arranged the affairs of the Cherso¬ 
 nesus, he returned to Lemnos and demanded that 1 the citizens 
 surrender the city to him. On account of the war many citizens 
 fled from their homes to the county. Xenophon led the army 
 of the Greeks home. Aeneas, a fugitive from home, came to 
 
 1 ut, cf. Gr. § 285, 2. 
 
12 
 
 SPECIFICATION OF PLACE AND TIME. 
 
 Macedonia and thence he was driven to Sicily. After the battle 
 of Pharsalus, the corpses of many distinguished Romans, who 
 had fallen, lay on the ground. Tarquinius Priscus was present 
 at all public and private deliberations, both in war and in peace. 
 Plato traveled from Athens to Sicily. Venus was worshipped 
 principally in Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, Hercules at Tyre, Apollo 
 at Delphi. I live mostly in the country and seldom go to the 
 city. Aemilius Paulus, who brought 1 a very great amount of 
 gold and silver into the treasury, took 2 nothing to his own home, 
 except the perpetual memory of his name. 
 
 1 invehere. 2 inferre. 
 
 §§ 155 & 156. 
 
 22. Roma condita est Olpmpiadis sextae anno tertio. Ara¬ 
 bes campos et montes hieme et aestate peragrant. Socrates su¬ 
 premo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. 
 Hieme et aestate rara fulmina, vere et autumno crebriora. M. 
 Agrippa supremis suis annis conflictatus est morbo gravi pedum. 
 Postero die, prima luce a patre accersor: tristis erat et me moe- 
 stum videbat. Eucanus prima ingenii experimenta dedit quin¬ 
 quennali certamine. Si examen apum ludis in scenam venisset, 
 haruspices acciendos esse putaremus. Major saepe gloria est 
 tempore servasse exercitum quam multa millia hostium occidisse. 
 Cato in senectute linguam Graecam addidicit. Tertio bello Pu¬ 
 nico Scipio Carthaginem delevit; Mummius eodem tempore Co¬ 
 rinthum diruit. 
 
 Conchae 1 omnes celerrime crescunt; anno magnitudinem im¬ 
 plent. A portu Gebanitarum vix quinto anno revertuntur nego¬ 
 tiatores et multi intereunt. Hannibal biduo et duabus noctibus 
 Adrumetum pervenit, quod abest a Zama circiter milia passuum 
 sexaginta. Saturni sidus maximo ambire circulo ac trigesimo 
 anno regredi, certum est. Cn. Pompeius bellum praedonum 
 intra tres menses confecit. Senatus decrevit ut legati Jugurthae 
 in diebus proximis decem discederent. 
 
 1 shell-fish. 
 
 23. In summer many rich people are accustomed to go to 
 the country. The beginning of autumn is in the month of Sep¬ 
 tember. At sunset the Macedonians came into a valley, covered 1 
 with thick mist. In winter it is more pleasant to live in the 
 
SPECIFICATION OF PEACE AND TIME. 
 
 13 
 
 city than in the country. In the evening- Caesar led his leg-ions 
 back into camp and rested the next nig-ht; on the third day he 
 fortified his camp by a wall. 
 
 In the Macedonian war, which the Romans carried on with 
 Perseus, the Rhodians opposed 2 the Romans. In the time of 
 Cicero and Pompey the pirates were masters of the sea. On 
 that day on which the theatre at Fidenae fell tog-ether, twenty 
 thousand people were killed.. In broad daylig-ht 3 , between the 
 third and the fourth hour, there was darkness. Livius Andro¬ 
 nicus introduced a drama 4 on the stage at the time of the plays 
 of Juventas, which plays Livius Salinator had vowed 5 in the 
 battle at Sienna 6 . Antony was Cicero’s school-mate, his confidant 
 in youth, his colleague in the questorship. Under the present 
 cicumstances I can render 7 you no assistance. We ought to en¬ 
 deavor to perform everything at the right time and in the right 
 manner 8 . The Persians were conquered in one day, both by 
 land and by sea. Xerxes returned to Asia in thirty days, by 
 the same route, by which in six months he had made his jour¬ 
 ney to Greece. The earth revolves around the sun in 365 days. 
 I am accustomed 9 to take a walk twice a day. 
 
 1 circumfundere. 2 adversari , dat. 3 lux. 4 fabulam dare. 5 vovere. 
 
 6 Senensis. 7 praebere. 8 recte. 9 consuescere. 
 
 § 157. 
 
 24. Pericles quadraginta annos praefuit Athenis. Aniculae 
 saepe inediam biduum aut triduum ferunt; subduc cibum unum 
 diem athletae, Jovem Olympium implorabit. Tantae tenebrae 
 quondam eruptione Aetneorum ignium finitimas regiones obscu¬ 
 ravisse dicuntur, ut per biduum nemo hominem homo agnosceret. 
 Lacedaemonii in annos triginta pepigerunt pacem. Solis defecti¬ 
 ones itemque lunae, praedicuntur in multos annos. Pyrrhus 
 captivos Romanos castra relinquere permisit ea conditione, ut ad 
 quartum diem redirent. Homerus multis annis fuit 1 ante Romu¬ 
 lum. Corpus Alexandri a Ptolemaeo Memphim et inde paucis 
 post annis Alexandriani translatum est. Laelius sermonem de 
 amicitia habuit paucis diebus post mortem Africani. Themisto¬ 
 cles fecit idem, quod vicesimo anno ante apud Romanos fecerat 
 Coriolanus. 
 
 1 live. 
 
14 
 
 miscellaneous EXERCISES. 
 
 Sub adventum in Italiam L. Sullae Cn. Pompeius viginti 
 tres annos natus erat. Dionysius sextum et vigesimum annum 
 agens dominatum occupavit. Alcibiades circiter annos quadra¬ 
 ginta natus diem obiit supremum. Galba septuagesimo quarto 
 anno aetatis Neroni in regno successit. Demosthenes abhinc 
 annos prope trecentos fuit. Ante hos annos XL institutum est, 
 ut convivae jejuni biberent, potusque vini antecederet cibos. 
 Tertio ante hunc annum in Treverico 1 agro uberrimas messes 
 
 habuerunt. Quindecim dies sunt, cum epistolam a te accepi. 
 
 1 of Treves. 
 
 25. Ulixes returned to Ithaca, after he had been absent 
 twenty years. The Lacedaemonians alone lived according to the 
 same manners (< abl .) all over the world for seven hundred years. 
 Semiramis held the administration for fourty years after the 
 death of Ninus. The seven Roman kings reigned 244 years; 
 Romulus reigned 37 years; Numa 43; Tullus Hostilius 32; Ancus 
 Martius 24; Tarquinius Priscus 38; Servius Tullius 45; Tarquinius 
 Superbus 25. Cicero held court 1 on the 13th of February 2 at 
 Laodicea; thence he returned to Cilicia, where he remained a 
 whole month. Cold weather has been predicted for the next three 
 days. Hannibal fled from Africa to Syria to (ad) king Antio¬ 
 chus; three years later, however, he returned to Carthage. Fla¬ 
 minius proposed an agrarian law 3 a few years before the second 
 Punic war. America was discovered four hundred years ago. The 
 general ordered the soldiers to prepare for battle for the next day. 
 
 In the letters of Cicero we read that he was elected consul 
 at the age of 43, and after 4 the discovery of the conspiracy was 
 called the Father of his country. Nobody is so old 5 as 6 not to 
 hope to live another year. Dionysius became king when 25 years 
 old; he was sole ruler of Syracuse for 28 years. Three years 
 ago my brother and my sister set out from here, and will return 
 only 7 after eleven months. That which you have written to me in 
 your last letter, I had already written to my brother eight days ago. 
 
 1 jus dicere. 2 idus Feb. 3 legem ferre ! 4 abl. abs. 5 senex. 6 nt. 7 demuni 
 (after the emphasized word). 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 26. Boxers and actors 1 came to Rome from Etruria, and 
 from the same country was brought the art of soothsaying, 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 15 
 
 which predicted the future from the entrails of the victims. 
 The senators, who in time of peace lived mostly on their estates, 
 were called 2 from the country into the city on important state 
 affairs 3 . The senses are placed in the head as 4 in a castle. 
 Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinium, a small free town 5 of 
 Latium. Claudius lived 64 years and reigned 21 years. Our 
 Cassius and I will be at your house to-morrow. Ascanius founded 
 Alba Longa and transferred 6 thither the seat of government. 
 Cicero traveled from the city of Rome to the city of Athens, 
 thence to Rhodes. Induced 7 by the influence of Miltiades, the 
 Athenians led their troops out of the city and pitched their 
 camp in a very advantageous place. 
 
 1 histrio. 2 arcessere. 3 summa res publica. 4 quasi. 5 municipium. 6 col¬ 
 locare. 7 impellere. 
 
 27. Socrates called philosophy down from heaven and trans¬ 
 ferred it into the cities and even introduced 1 it into the dwellings 
 and compelled the people to (ut) meditate 2 on their lives and 
 their customs. Hamilcar died in Spain in the year 229 before 
 the birth of Christ, where he had successfully carried on war 
 for nine years. The Luculli took into their house the poet 
 Archias, who had come to Rome. Cicero traveled from Tarsus 
 to Asia and alleviated 3 the famine which then existed in whole 
 Asia. My friend Titus died 30 years ago. Luclid went daily 
 from Megara to Athens, to ( ut ) hear Socrates. At Capua, a 
 beautiful city of Campania, the soldiers lived dissolutely. In 
 whole Greece no one was wiser than Socrates, who was declared 
 the wisest of all by the Delphian Apollo. The Stoics place 
 the greatest good in virtue; the greatest evil in vice. The soul 
 is in our body as ( velut ) in a strange house; after death it re¬ 
 turns to heaven as its home. Appius Claudius died one 
 year before the censorship, nine years after the consulship of 
 Cato. On the evening of the seventh day, at night, I returned 
 home, where I stayed 22 days. 
 
 1 introducere. 2 quaero de. 3 sedare. 
 
 28. In war Marius rested mostly on the ground. When will 
 you go into the country, and how long will you remain in the 
 country, and when will you return from the country into the 
 
 city? Porsenna, king of the Clusini, placed 1 a garrison on the 
 
 1 collocare. 
 
16 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 Janiculum and pitched his camp on the banks of the Tiber. 
 Aristides was recalled to his country after three years, and, un¬ 
 mindful of the wrong- suffered 1 for many years, performed 2 great 
 services for his fellow-citizens both in war and in peace. Before 
 the arrival of Hamilcar in Sicily, the war had been carried on 
 unsuccessfully both by land and sea. The youth fled into the 
 temple and sat down on the altar. When Hannibal was in the 
 vicinity of (ad) Rome, the terror in whole Italy and in Rome 
 itself was very great. The elephant picks up with his trunk 3 
 the smallest things which lie on the ground. At the arrival of 
 Lucullus in Asia, the numerous 4 troops of Mithridates were 
 furnished and equipped 5 with all things. Mummius, laden with 
 many treasures, returned to Rome from Corinth, a renowned city 
 of Greece. Have you heard that 6 the general and his daughter 
 were murdered on the same day? Alexander died at Babylon, 
 in the year 323 before Christ, 33 years and one month old. 
 
 1 accipere. 2 officia praestare. 3 manus. 4 magnus. 5 instruere atque ornare. 
 6 acc. w. inf. 
 
 29. Christ was born 1905 years ago, in the year 754 after 
 
 the foundation of Rome 1 . When Cicero arrived in his province, 
 
 he spent three days at Laodicea, four days at Apamea, three at 
 
 Synnada, and just as many at Philomelium. Cyzicus was most 
 
 vigorously besieged by Mithridates, king of Pontus, both by land 
 
 and by sea. Good manners were practised by the Romans at 
 
 home and in the field. I would rather 2 be at Rome and in vour 
 
 •/ 
 
 house, than at Mytilenae or Rhodes. Rome was built 394 years 
 after the destruction 3 of Troy. The camels can endure thirst 
 for ten days and more. The Roman exiles often betook them¬ 
 selves to Rhodes, Mytilenae or Massilia. Milo, when an exile, 
 betook himself to Massilia, at that time the most populous city 
 of Gaul. At sunset the army arrived in the vicinity of Rome; 
 it sailed for Massilia long before the cavalry, which only 4 ar¬ 
 rived at Ostia two days later. 
 
 1 Roma condita. 2 malo. 3 everto, cf. Gr. § 311. 4 demum. 
 
 30. 760 years ago, it happened that 1 a whole city was saved 
 by a stratagem of women. During the Guelphic 2 war, which 
 had already broken out several years before, the enemies of the 
 emperor were besieged at Weinsberg 3 , a small town in Suabia 4 ; 
 
THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 17 
 
 but the town could not be immediately taken. When this was 
 announced to the emperor, he commanded his army to advance 5 
 to the vicinity of Weinsberg. Upon the arrival of the emperor, 
 the danger seemed too great 6 , and since the citizens could not 
 escape into the country, they preferred to implore in time the 
 mercy 7 of the emperor, who was very mild. Therefore, shortly 
 after, they sent their wives to him as mediators 8 . He permitted 
 them to take with them from the city whatever was dearest to 
 them. On the following day they marched out of the gates, 
 each 9 carrying her husband on her back. 
 
 1 ut, § 285 3. 2 Guelftcus. 3 Vinimontium. 4 Suevia. 5 accedere. 6 nimius. 
 7 dementia. 8 conciliator. 9 quisque (after suus). 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 §§ 158 & 159 . 
 
 31. Deus mundum aedificavit. Omne fere genus bestiarum 
 Aegyptii consecraverunt 1 . 'Omne animal sensus habet. Omnium 
 animantium formam vincit hominis figura. Luna varias muta¬ 
 tiones habet 2 . Panem et aquam natura desiderat. Somnus aufert 
 sensus actionemque tollit omnem. Deus religione colitur, super¬ 
 stitione violatur. Sertorius Mithridatem, Ponti regem, classe 
 juvit. Omnibus avibus, quae sermonem imitantur humanum 
 in suo cuique genere latior lingua est. Publicam Romano¬ 
 rum magnificentiam secuta privata luxuria est. Themistoclis 
 consilio Piraei portus constitutus est, isque moenibus circumda¬ 
 tus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequipararet. 
 
 Prudentia nunquam deficit oratorem. Apud Aegyptios forum 
 ac negotia feminae, viri pensa ac domus curant; onera illae hu¬ 
 meris, hi capitibus accipiunt. Galli ad castra Labieni profecti 
 sunt, eum consulto proelium defugere rati. Ambiorix Nervios 
 hortatus est ne Romanorum saevitiam ulciscendi occasionem di¬ 
 mitterent. Romani Tarentinis bellum indixerunt, ut legatos con¬ 
 tumeliis affectos ulciscerentur. Post victoriam ab Hannibale ad 
 Ticinum partam multi Galli a Romanis ad eum defecerunt. 
 
 1 consider sacred. 2 undergo. 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 32. We endure hunger more easily than thirst. Romulus 
 built Rome 754 years before Christ. Cicero feared that 1 Catiline 
 would set Rome on fire and kill the good citizens. Mithridates 
 raised 2 troops, pillaged the provinces, and divided the fourth 
 part of the booty among the soldiers. The Roman peasants in¬ 
 voked Ceres and Liber (. god Bacchtis ), because their fruits were 
 most necessary for (ad) the sustenance 3 of life. Those are wicked 
 men who do not assist their friends. The defeated Persians did 
 not seek 4 the camp, but their ships; never had so small a force 
 totally defeated 5 so great an army. Behold, my Fabius Aeneas, 
 this maple-tree which my father and I have planted. Good 
 morals are corrupted by bad company. The temple of Apollo 
 at Delphi 6 was plundered by the Phocians 7 . 
 
 Assistance is never wanting to him who has ever been faith¬ 
 ful to others. Friends were not wanting to Cicero, after he was 
 banished. Fools flee from death, but it follows 8 them whither¬ 
 soever they go 9 . He who seeks to withdraw 10 himself from mil¬ 
 itary service, is justly considered a coward. Shun vice; practice 
 virtue; then, true honor will not be wanting to you. Do not 
 avenge yourselves on your enemies. The magistrates ought to 
 have more regard for the welfare of their fellow-citizens, than 
 for their own. After the consuls were elected, they cast lots for 
 the provinces. Caesar punished not only public but also private 
 wrongs. Icarus fell into the sea, because he did not give heed 
 to the command of his father. 
 
 1 ne, cf. Gr. § 282. 2 colligere . 3 alo , cf. Gr. § 224. 4 petere. 5 devincere. 
 
 6 Delphicus. 7 Phocenses. 8 insequi. 9 ingredi. 10 subterfugere. 
 
 § 160 . 
 
 33. Mirari satis hujus hominis negligentiam non queo. Nec 
 honores sitio nec desidero gloriam. Multi cives casum meum 
 doluerunt. Nemo tam ferus fuit, quin 1 Alcibiadis casum lacri¬ 
 mant. Grammaticus non erubescit soloecismum 2 , si sciens facit. 
 Vel magistri equitum virgas ac secures dictatoris tremere atque 
 horrere solent. Quidam Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. 
 Magis laudatur unguentum, quod ceram, quam quod crocum 3 
 olere videtur. Hoc vinum resipit picem. Germani parvam sta¬ 
 turam Romanorum ridebant. Curtius venit, nihil nisi classes 
 
 1 who not. 2 solecism. 3 saffron. 
 
THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 19 
 
 loquens et exercitus. Ego vestros patres vivere arbitror eam 
 vitam quae sola est vita nominanda. Mirum somniavi somnium. 
 Siccius Dentatus triumphavit triumphos novem. Id tibi nullo 
 modo assentior. Utrumque laetor, et sine dolore corporis te 
 fuisse et animo valuisse. Dolores nunquam tantam vim habent, 
 ut non plus habeat ' sapiens quod gaudeat, quam quod angatur. 
 
 34. All friends deplore my misfortune. Who does not mourn 
 the death of his friends and relatives? You know that people 
 daily complain of the shortness of life. Whilst Socrates was 
 playing, Alcibiades laughed at him. Tomyris, the queen of the 
 Scythians, said: “Satiate thyself, Cyrus, with the blood for 
 which thou hast always thirsted.” At Pharsalus the Romans 
 fought a great battle, from which Caesar came away 1 victorious. 
 Tyrants live a miserable life, because they always dread snares. 
 On earth 2 nothing is perfect; of this we complain, and our fore¬ 
 fathers have complained, and our posterity will complain. In 
 what do we differ from («) the rest of living beings? In spring 
 the gardens smell of violets, roses and other flowers. Not every 
 king can glory in that, in which a good man glories. 
 
 1 discedo. 2 in terris. 
 
 § 161 . 
 
 35. Equites Pompejani aciem Caesaris circumire coeperunt. 
 Hannibal saltum Pyrenaeum transiit. Ea fama forum et urbem 
 pervasit. Tot amnes superavimus; tot montium juga transcurri¬ 
 mus. Fama est, Remum ludibrio fratris novos transiluisse muros. 
 Multa senem circumveniunt incommoda. .Molestiae, laetitiae, 
 cupiditates, timores similiter omnium mentes pervagantur. Cur 
 Pythagoras et Aegyptum lustravit et Persarum magos adiit? 
 Cur tantas regiones barbarorum pedibus obiit? Hannibal cum 
 quinque navibus Africani accessit. Alexander nihil sine divina 
 ope aggredi videbatur. Alexander Mediae fines ingressus est. 
 Galli urbem cum clamore et impetu invadunt; patentes passim 
 domos adeunt. Clodiam 1 P. Sextium, tribunum plebis, inermem 
 atque imparatum, alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fustibus. Caesar, 
 Pompejus, Crassus societatem inter se inierunt, quae primus tri¬ 
 umviratus dicitur. Xerxes Hellespontum exercitum ingentem 
 trajecit et Graeciam invasit. Graeci Trojam per decem annos 
 
 1 The adherents of Clodius. 
 
20 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 circumsederunt. Caesar, exercitu Rubiconem trajecto, Romam 
 petiit. 
 
 36. Caesar could not prevent the Germans from 1 crossing 
 
 the Rhine. The river Anio flows by the city Tibur. Mucius 
 Scaevola swam across the Tiber. The Argonauts sailed along 
 the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus; it was, however, very 
 difficult for them to pass through (j>e?j the Bosphorus and to 
 arrive at Colchis. When Caesar led his troops accross the Rhine, 
 the Germans withdrew 2 to the woods. Many who had heard 
 that I was sick, came to visit me. The consul Servilius entered 
 upon his office at Rome, on the 15th of March 3 . After Caesar 
 had conquered Pompey at Pharsalus, he passed over to Asia. 
 Many Spaniards, who had been led across the Ebro by Hanni¬ 
 bal, returned to their homes, when they arrived at the Pyrenees. 
 Undergo willingly all hardships and accept every pain. Pytha¬ 
 goras is said to have wandered 4 through Egypt and visited the 
 Persian magicians and traveled through many countries of the 
 barbarians on foot ( abi. Curtius relates that Alexander 
 
 applied to the oracle of Jupiter Ammon. Our soldiers went 
 around the right wing of the enemy and attacked them in the 
 rear. The Gauls pursued the conquered Romans and took pos¬ 
 session of the city. The Romans crossed the Rhine and the 
 Danube, but could not subjugate Germany. Tissaphernes was 
 unfaithful 5 to the friendship of the king of Persia and formed 
 an alliance with the Lacedaemonians. Cicero, who incurred 
 many dangers for the welfare of the commonwealth, finally died 
 an ignominious death. 
 
 1 quominus , cf. Gr. § 284, note 3. 2 se recipere. 3 id us Martiae. * obire. 
 
 5 dejicere ab aliquo. 
 
 § 162 . 
 
 37. Nunquam primi cousilii Deum poenitet. Sapientia sem¬ 
 per eo contenta est quod adest neque eam unquam sui poenitet. 
 Non solum me piget stultitiae meae, sed etiam pudet. Prorsus 
 vitae nos taedet, ita sunt omnia miseriarum plenissima. Tui me 
 miseret, mei piget. Omnes homines, de rebus dubiis consultan¬ 
 tes, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. 
 Parvum parva decent. Quid sit optimum, neminem, fugit. De 
 Caesare fugerat me ad te scribere. Non me praeterit, usum esse 
 
THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 21 
 
 optimum discendi magistrum. Non hoc te fallit, quam multa 
 sint et quam varia genera dicendi. Eorum nos magis miseret 
 qui nostram misericordiam non requirunt, quam qui illam effla¬ 
 gitant. Quintum poenitet quod amicum tuum offendit. Me non 
 pudet fateri nescire quod nesciam. Eorum miseremur qui propter 
 fortunam, non propter malitiam in miseriis sunt. 
 
 38. The manners of the Roman people disgusted Sallust. 
 Be ashamed of this life. Lazy men always dislike 1 labor. You 
 will once repent of it, and no one will pity you; for every one 
 loathes such behavior ( manners ). Socrates was not ashamed to 
 confess 2 openly that he was ignorant 3 of many thing's. No one 
 has repented of having- learned much. The Romans repented 
 of having- expelled Cicero from the city. God will have mercy 
 on him who has mercy on the poor. Frequenti}" men are more 
 ashamed of the punishment than of the crime. We shall never 
 repent of our life, if we do not have to be ashamed of it. It 
 g-ave pleasure 4 to Sulpicius Gallus to predict eclipses 5 of the sun 
 and moon. It is becoming- a youth to help his parents. It is 
 not becoming- a strong- young- man to sleep twice a day. It 
 pleases quarrelsome people to give trouble 6 to others. What 
 pupil does not know 7 that Athens was the teacher of oratory? 
 It behooves a youth to follow the good precepts of old men. How 
 often do old men repent, that they misspent 8 the time of youth. 
 
 1 piget. 2 profiteri. 3 nescire. 4 juvat. 5 defectio. 6 negotium. 7 fugit. 
 8 male collocare. 
 
 § 163 . 
 
 39. Caesar ipse se consulem fecit. Ancum Marcium regem 
 populus creavit. Thebani Philippum, Macedoniae regem, ducem 
 eligunt. Socrates totius mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur. 
 Senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes patriae judicat. Qui vivum 
 Dionem tyrannum vocitaverunt, eundem post mortem liberatorem 
 patriae tyrannique expulsorem praedicabant. Omnes fere socii 
 Lacedaemonios deseruerunt spectatoresque se otiosos praebuerunt 
 Leuctricae calamitatis. Moneo, ut te erroribus tuorum placabilem 
 praestes. Homines, nescio quomodo, facilius in timore benigni, 
 quam in victoria grati reperiuntur. Volo te, Brute, quum fortis¬ 
 simus vir cognitus sis, etiam clementissimum existimari. Cur 
 ego poeta salutor? Themistocles, quum in epulis recusasset ly- 
 
22 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 ram, habitus est indoctior. Universus hic mundus una civitas 
 communis hominum est existimanda. Trajanus Romae et per 
 provincias aequalem se omnibus exhibebat. C. Marius L, Sullam 
 quaestorem habuit. Artaxerxes Iphicratem ab Atheniensibus 
 petivit ducem. Homerus principibus heroum certos deos pericu¬ 
 lorum comites adjunxit. Pompeio fugienti fortuna duos Lentulos 
 consulares Sextumque filium et Favonium praetorium 1 comites 
 ag-greg'avit. Catilina in Etruriam se contulit ad Manlium, quem 
 de adventu suo certiorem fecerat, in ejusque castris pro eonsule 
 se gessit. Lucumonem, quem divitiae Romanis brevi conspicuum 
 faciebant, non modo cives, sed etiam rex Ancus pro optimo viro 
 habebant. Avaritia improbos efficit. Caligula ex modesto et 
 benigno factus est improbus et immanis. 
 
 1 ex-pretor. 
 
 40. Philosophers consider all passions diseases of the soul. 
 I do not consider him a good citizen who is ashamed of work. 
 The Roman people elected Scipio Aemilianus consul before the 
 legal 1 age. Choose him for your friend who assists you in word 
 and deed 2 . Romulus had 300 armed men as body-guards, who 
 were called Celeres. Fortune makes many persons blind. The 
 goddess of Fortune, whose daughter was Beauty, asked her sister 
 Minerva: “How shall I make my daughter happy?” The latter 
 answered: “If you give her virtue as a constant companion.” 
 Cicero calls modesty the ruler of the desires. Because Dionysius 
 wished to show himself a patron of learned men, he induced 
 Plato to (ut) come from Athens to Syracuse. The Athenians 
 made Alcibiades commander-in-chief on land and sea and de¬ 
 clared war against the Syracusans. Soldiers, show yourselves 
 brave! Much seems becoming to us which is considered unbe¬ 
 coming in other people. Can you tell me, why 3 the stork is 
 called the messenger of spring? Dejoces was chosen king by 
 the Medes, because he was known as the most just and wise. 
 Scipio was made consul, when a youth, and sent against the 
 Carthaginians. Tarquinius, the last of the Roman kings, was 
 called the Proud. Atticus was not esteemed less as a father of 
 a family than as a good citizen. When the Roman senate had 
 been informed of the destruction 4 of Saguntum, it declared war 
 
 1 legitimus. 2 res. 3 ind. quest. 4 excidium. 
 
THE ACCUSATIVE. 23 
 
 against Carthage. The Romans conducted themselves everywhere 
 as lords of the world. Love makes men kind; hatred cruel. 
 
 § 164. 
 
 41. Eloquentia efficit, ut ea, quae scimus, alios docere pos¬ 
 simus. Catilina juventutem, quam illexerat, multis modis mala 
 edocebat. Antigonus iter quod habebat 1 , omnes celat. Oratione 
 a Divitiaco habita, omnes qui aderant magno fletu auxilium a 
 Caesare petere coeperunt. Discipulos id unum moneo ut prae¬ 
 ceptores suos non minus quam ipsa studia ament. Homo scelestus 
 scelera Deum celare non potest. Rex cuncta edoctus est de qui¬ 
 bus antea a legatis erat celatus. Speculatores in castra reversi 
 imperatorem docuerunt de insidiis quas hostes paraverant. Scy¬ 
 thae pueros armis et equo maxime docebant. D. Junius Selanus 
 primus sententiam rogatus, quod eo tempore consul designatus 2 
 erat. Socrates nullum praemium discipulos poscebat, sed sapi¬ 
 entiam sine pretio eos docebat. Judices reum de nominibus con¬ 
 sciorum” frustra interrogaverunt, ideoque in carcerem reduci 
 jusserunt. Sequere virtutem; hoc te hortor, hoc te rogo. Decet 
 adolescentem a sene consilium rogare. * 
 
 1 intend. 2 consul-elect. 8 accomplice. 
 
 42. Cadmus, who had come from Phoenicia, instructed the 
 Greeks in the art of writing. God has taught men many things, 
 but the most he has wisely concealed from them. It is becom¬ 
 ing for ehildren to conceal nothing from their parents. Proser¬ 
 pina, the daughter of Ceres, who taught the Athenians agricul¬ 
 ture, was carried off 1 by Pluto. The consuls informed the senate 
 of the cruelty of Verres. The dangers which threaten a state, 
 ought not to be concealed from the magistrates. Pray God for 
 health 2 of mind and body; he who asks God for riches, asks 
 him for transitory goods. The Romans instantly demanded the 
 weapons of the nations that were conquered. With justice we 
 can demand that of others which they have promised us. It be¬ 
 comes us to render to our friends the services which they have 
 requested of us. The ambassadors of the Tarentines asked of 
 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, assistance against the Romans. Cicero 
 had asked Lentulus for his opinion; but the latter was silent. 
 
 1 auferre, 2 sanitas. 
 
24 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 You have done me a great favor 1 because you have reminded 
 me of what I had forgotten. I ask you, what you are seeking* 2 ? 
 I have already done that of which you remind me. At Rome 
 the senators were asked their opinion by the consul. 
 
 1 gratum facere (to do a favor). 2 quaerere. 
 
 §§ 165, 166 & 167. 
 
 / 
 
 43. Caesar a lacu Lemano ad montem Juram millia passuum 
 decem murum fossamque perduxit. Nemo est qui possit bidao, 
 aut summum triduo, septing*enta millia passuum ambulare. Per¬ 
 petuae fossae, quinos pedes altae, ducebantur. Babylon sexaginta 
 millia passuum complexa (est), muris ducenos pedes altis, quin¬ 
 quagenis latis. Tertio post die Romani simul omnes (amnem) 
 transgressi sunt et duo millia ferme et quingentos passus ab 
 hoste posuerunt castra. Caesar ab exploratoribus certior factus 
 Ariovisti copias a nostris militibus passuum viginti quattuor 
 abesse. Ancus Marcius apud ostium Tiberis civitatem sexto de¬ 
 cimo milliario ab urbe Roma condidit. Trabes directae paribus 
 intervallis in solo collocantur; ea autem intervalla grandibus 
 saxis effarciuntur. Virido vix contra Sabinum duum millium spatio 
 consedit quotidieque productis copiis pugnandi potestatem fecit 1 . 
 Copiae Trevirorum a tribus millibus passuum consederunt. 
 
 Remittimus hoc tibi, ne nostram vicem irascaris. Cato, quo¬ 
 ties de re aliqua sententiam dixit in senatu, addidit: “Ceterum 
 censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.” Hannibal uno aut summum 
 altero proelio 'Italiam se in manu habiturum esse sperabat. Li¬ 
 benter veniam a te rog*o, si in te aliquid offendi. Maximam partem 
 ad injuriam faciendam ag-grediuntur. In balneis fuit cum id 
 aetatis filio. Ecce medicus! quamquam is doloribus tuis mederi 
 nihil poterit, si causam mali eum celabis. En dextra, mi amice! 
 Te fortunatum qui pericula maris, furorem hostium aliaque id 
 g*enus effugeris! O virum simplicem, qui nos nihil celat! Heu 
 dementiam existimantium se ad superbiam genitos esse ! Eheu, 
 me miserum! hucine beneficia tua evaserunt? Me caecum, qui 
 haec ante non viderim! En miserum hominem, si dolor summum 
 malum est! 
 
 1 to give an opportunity. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 25 
 
 44. The soldiers who besieged the city, dug 1 a ditch 30 
 feet long, five feet wide, and six feet deep. The Athenians 
 fought with the Persians on the plains of Marathon 2 , which was 
 10,000 paces distant from their city. The stadium was 600 Greek, 
 or 625 Roman feet long. Defeated and routed 3 , Hannibal ar¬ 
 rived in two days and two nights at Hadrumetum, which was 
 about 300,000 paces distant from Zama; at Hadrumetum he gath¬ 
 ered the fugitives and in a few days, collected many soldiers by 
 new levies. The general pitched his camp 2,000 paces from the 
 camp of the enemy. The largest pyramid built by the Cheops 
 is 800 feet high; it is situated 4 on a hight 80 or 100 feet above 
 the Nile; a dam, 50 stadia long and 65 feet wide, leads 5 to that 
 monument. The surviving 6 Horatius looking back saw the Curi¬ 
 atii following him at large intervals. The place chosen by Cae¬ 
 sar and Ariovistus for an interview was at an equal distance 
 from both camps; Caesar placed his legion 200 paces from that 
 place; the horsemen of Ariovisus halted an equal distance off. 
 
 The laws of the twelve tables are for the most part com¬ 
 posed of the laws of Solon. Lions, tigers and other animals of 
 that kind are found in the deserts of Africa. Parents who grieve 
 on account of their children are themselves often the cause of 
 their grief. Behold the land that lies open 7 to you! O that 
 sad and unhappy day on which the centurions proclaimed 8 Sulla 
 consul! O fortunate that upright man who conceals nothing 
 from us! Oh! how hrppy thou art! 
 
 1 ducere. 2 campus Marathonius. 3 fugare. 4 positum esse. 3 ferre us¬ 
 que ad. 6 superstes. 7 patere. 8 renuntiare. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 45. The Lacedaemonians showed themselves the most zeal¬ 
 ous 1 defenders 2 of the liberty of their country. It is becoming 
 for a Spartan boy to lie on the ground the whole night and 
 suffer pain, thirst and hunger. The emperor Nerva sold a con¬ 
 siderable part of his costly furniture to 3 assist his friends and 
 relatives. When his friends had asked Alexander whom he 
 would leave as heir, he is said to have answered, “the most 
 worthy;” and as everyone 4 taught himself the most worthy, it 
 1 acer. 2 vindex. 3 ut. 4 quisque (after the reflexive.) 
 
26 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 happened that 1 everyone of his generals made himself king, and 
 thus the great kingdom was divided. Experience 2 has taught 
 men many things. Epaminondas had Lysis of Tarentum 3 , a Py¬ 
 thagorean, as teacher of philosophy. I have no pity on those 
 who are in misery through their on fault and lay 4 the blame 
 on others. When the battle was impending, the general rode 
 around the army and encouraged the soldiers. No one has felt 
 more sorrow at the death of your father than I. For six years 
 the Persian king Xerxes made preparations for the war against 
 Greece. 
 
 1 ut. 2 usus. 3 Tarentinus . 4 transferre . 
 
 46. Although Themistocles deserved best 1 of his country, 
 yet he did not escape 2 the jealousy of his fellow-citizens. After 
 Hannibal had entered the territory of the Saguntines and had 
 laid waste the land 3 far and wide 4 , he attacked the city. The 
 temple of the Ephesian Diana, which is considered the largest 
 of all temples, was 450 feet long and 220 feet wide. Livius re¬ 
 lates that Hannibal led 90,000 foot soldiers and 12,000 horsemen 
 and 37 elephants from Spain accross the Pyrenees and Alps to 
 Italy. Pythagoras taught the boys modesty. Show yourself 
 such a youth as I have hitherto known you to be. Do not ask 
 me how man } 75 are dissatisfied 6 with their lot. Remus is said 
 to have leaped over the walls of Rome and on that account 7 to 
 have been slain by the angered Romulus, who added: “Thus 
 will perish whoever leaps over my walls.” The Romans were 
 accustomed to demand hostages from conquered nations. We 
 will lament the death of this man who, fearing neither 
 pain nor death, willingly incurred 8 every 9 danger for (pro) his 
 country and did everything that becomes a good citizen. 
 
 1 bene merere de aliquo. 2 effugere. 3 ager. 4 passim (far and. wide). 
 5 ind. quest. 6 po enitet. 7 ob eam causam. 8 adire. 9 omnis. 
 
 47. A wise man is never ashamed to confess his error openly. 
 He appears ridiculous to me who considers himself alone ( unus) 
 wise. If you follow m 3 7 teachings, you will find in me a very 
 benevolent friend and I will always aid you. Many wish to 
 teach others what they themselves have not learned sufficiently 
 well 1 . O glorious day, when (cum) I shall depart for that di¬ 
 vine assembly 2 of souls! Adherbal, king of the Numidians, 
 
miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 27 
 
 sent ambassadors to Rome to ( nt ) inform the senate of the mur¬ 
 der of his brother. Your teachers will conceal nothing- from 
 you that will be of use to you in life; ever follow their teaching's 
 and consider practice the' best teacher. Nicias and Lamachus 
 were given as colleagues to Alcibiades, whom the Athenians 
 had made commander-in-chief of the Syracusan war. I ask you 
 to ( ut ) inform me whether you are in g-ood health. Those who 
 mock old people, seem not to know that they themselves wish 
 to become old 3 . I cannot wonder enougii at the negiig-ence of 
 this person. He to whom wealth is not wanting-, should help 
 the poor. When the tyrant Dion had come to Meg-ara, he wished 
 to visit Theodorus, the ruler of this city. Hannibal put to fligiit 
 the Roman force which was holding- Mount Callicula, and crossed 
 the mountains. 
 
 1 satis. 2 coetus, us. 3 senescere. 
 
 48. One who does not blush 1 to act wickedly, does not feel 
 pity at seeing- others unhappy. Cato, being- asked his opinion 
 in the senate, said that the death of a few profligate citizens is 
 better 2 than the ruin of all well-disposed 3 persons. Romulus is 
 said to have founded Rome, when he was eighteen years of age, 
 and to have made himself its king. Everyone knows who taught 
 Epaminondas music. A good man will never ask his friend any¬ 
 thing 4 disgraceful. Oh, the excellent customs and discipline, 
 handed down to us by our forefathers! The general informed 
 the king of the result of the battle. Pythias commanded 5 the 
 Athenians to take 6 Miltiades as their leader. True pleas¬ 
 ures are never wanting the wise man. Hannibal pitched his 
 camp at a distance of 3000 paces from the city of Rome. I re¬ 
 joice that you are well. The horsemen began to outflank 7 our 
 line of battle on the open side. The cohorts surrounded the left 
 wing and attacked the enemy. Augustus entered upon the du¬ 
 ties of a general. The Greeks called those who were not Greeks, 
 barbarians. It does not escape me, how little 8 it becomes a wise 
 man to follow his evil inclinations 9 . The Carthaginians were 
 ashamed to pay tribute. I neither repent of having lived, nor 
 do I grieve to die. 
 
 1 pudet. 2 potior. 3 bonus. 4 nihil unquam. 5 praecipere (dat.) 6 sumere. 
 
 7 circumvenire. 8 quam 7ion (how little, ind. quest.). 9 libido. 
 
28 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 49. Cato, being* asked bis opinion about the conspirators, 
 delivered such a brilliant speech that the whole senate adopted 1 
 his opinion. The senate declared Catiline an enemy of his coun¬ 
 try. Isocrates, being- asked why he himself was silent though. 2 
 he taught others the art of eloquence, said, “Grindstones also 3 
 cannot cut, yet they sharpen iron.” An honest man will not 
 conceal his designs from his friends. Oh, the pleasant news 
 that I received to-day from my parents! The assaults of the 
 enemy could not prevent Caesar from 4 leading- a larg-e army 
 over the Rhine. Show yourself thankful to (in) him who has 
 taught }'ou a useful art. Duty demands that we assist those 
 who have assisted us. The orator Aeschines censured Demosthe¬ 
 nes, because he mourned the death of his daughter to much 5 . 
 He who shall have imitated the most worthless companions, shall 
 not escape punishment. It becomes a judge to have not only 
 abstemious 6 hands, but also abstemious ears. After the victory 
 has been gained 7 , those must be saved who have not shown 
 themselves cruel or inhuman. When Cicero was in the thirty- 
 ninth year, the whole 8 century proclaimed 9 him pretor. A pru¬ 
 dent man considers the goods of this life nothing, for he knows 
 that they are transitory. Porsenna is said to have been induced 10 
 to a great extent by the bravery of Mucius Scaevola to 11 make 
 peace with the Romans. 
 
 1 sequi. - cum , subj., cf. Gr. § 291, 3. 3 also not, ne — quidem (the emphatic 
 
 word stands between ne and quidem). * quominus, cf. Gr. § 284, note 3. 5 ni¬ 
 
 mis. 6 abstinens. 7 victoriam parere. 8 cunctus , a, um. 9 renuntiare. 10 ad¬ 
 ducere. 11 ut. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 § 168 . 
 
 50. Pittaco Mitylenaei multa jugerum agri dederunt. Con¬ 
 sueverunt dii immortales hominibus sceleratis secundiores res in¬ 
 terdum et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. Cicero omnia 
 incrementa sua sibi debuit. Ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae 
 tradideris, nequidquam deos implores: irati infestique sunt. Satis 
 diu vixi vel naturae vel gloriae. Non sum uni angulo 1 natus: 
 
 1 spot. 
 
THE} DATIVE. 
 
 29 
 
 patria mea totus est hic mundus. Nemo errat uni sibi, sed de¬ 
 mentiam spargit in proximos. Non scholae, sed vitae discimus. 
 Tibi aras, tibi occas 1 , tibi seris, tibi eidem metis. Catulus dixit 
 in concione, esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, 
 sed nimium jam liberae reipublicae. Magnis viris prospere sem¬ 
 per eveniunt omnes res. Ulixes Graecis auctor fuit ut equum 
 immanem ex ligno aedificarent. Bituriges Gallis omnibus ad 
 pedes procumbentes oraverunt ne pulcherrimam urbem succendere 
 cogerentur. At tibi repente paucis post diebus venit ad me Ca¬ 
 ninius. Avaritia senilis quid sibi velit non intelligo. Tibi per¬ 
 suade, praeter peecatum ac culpam homini accidere nihil posse, 
 quod sit horribile aut pertimescendum. Themistocles persuasit 
 populo, ut pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redibat, classis cen¬ 
 tum navium aedificaretur. Multi nesciunt quid faciant divitiis. 
 
 1 to harrow. 
 
 51. The Persian king gave Themistocles the city of Magne¬ 
 sia to 1 furnish him bread. Servius Tullius gave his two daugh¬ 
 ters in marriage 2 to the two Tarquinii, the haughty one to the 
 gentle and the gentle to the haught}^. All that you learn, you 
 learn for yourself, not for the teacher. Demetrius the son of 
 Perseus soon not only acquired the favor of the senate for him¬ 
 self, but also obtained pardon for liis father. Epaminondas 
 sought victory not for himself, but for his country. Gajus said 
 that arts and sciences were riches for the poor and ornaments 
 for the wealthy. The miser is rich for no one, neither for him¬ 
 self, nor his fellow-citizens. Octavian was Caesar’s heir and 
 therefore obtained his vast property. What do you wish to do 
 with this man? You have restored my dearest brother to me, 
 me to my brother, my parents to the children and the children 
 to us. Hannibal persuaded his soldiers to 1 cross the Alps with 
 him. I pray thee, receive my friend kindly, to whom I am 
 much indebted 3 . 
 
 1 ut. 2 in matrimonium collocare, to give in marriage. 3 debeo. 
 
 § i 60 . 
 
 52. Mundus Deo paret, et huic obediunt maria terraeque, 
 et hominum vita jussis supremae legis obtemperat. Utrumque 
 vitium est, et omnibus credere, et nulli. Cave, nescis, cui male- 
 
30 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 dicas viro. Quidam declamatores contra sentientibus inhumane 
 conviciantur. Est haec saeculi labes quaedam et macula, virtuti 
 invidere. Irasci iis nefas, quos amare debemus. Tiberius Ger¬ 
 manico usque adeo obtrectavit, ut et praeclara facta ejus pro 
 supervacuis elevaret. Dionysius tyrannus, dum imperium studuit 
 munire, nullius vitae pepercit. Non crimini patrocinamur, sed 
 homini. Cui rei, cui gloriae, cui virtuti studes? Caesar Mar¬ 
 cellum, cui maxime succensebat, restituit. Multi Romani qui 
 pristinam libertatem restitutam volebant, Octaviani potentiae 
 invidebant, consiliisque adversabantur. Multae aves in rupibus 
 quae mari imminent, nidos aedificant. Omnes Galli qui contro¬ 
 versias habebant, certo anni tempore in locum consecratum con¬ 
 veniebant et decretis judiciisque Druidum parebant. Ego possum 
 in hac re medicari mihi. Reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum 
 et primorum centurionibus egerunt ut Caesari satisfacerent. 
 Quamquam Caesar semper Aeduorum civitati praecipue indul- 
 serat tamen ii ab eo deficere conati sunt. Theodorus philosophus, 
 cum Lysimachus ei crucem minaretur, respondit: “Istis purpu¬ 
 ratis 1 tuis ista horribilia minitare.” Maximas tibi, Deus, gratias 
 omnes et habere et agere debemus. Cicero Rhodum profectus 
 est ut arti dicendi operam daret. Deprecatus a diis immortalibus 
 sum, ut ea res populo Romano bene et feliciter eveniret. Julia, 
 Caesaris filia, Cn. Pompeio nupsit. 
 
 1 courtier. 
 
 53. Do not trust him, who favors another country more 
 than his own. The dictator believed neither the report nor the 
 letter. To detract from the fame of great men is dishonorable. 
 Marcellus answered the Syracusans: “I shall spare the citizens 
 and dwellings of the city.” Tacitus says that the Germans ap¬ 
 plied themselves to the chase and warfare, and not to agriculure. 
 It is easier to envy the virtuous than to imitate them. Cicero 
 implored not only Caesar, but also his friends for (pro) the ex¬ 
 iled Ligarius. Do not imitate an unskillful physician, who can 
 not heal himself. Marius said: “The illustrious men envy me 
 for (pro) my honors; may they also envy me for my labors, my 
 disinterestedness, my hazards, because by the latter have I re¬ 
 ceived the former.” Wicked men are wont to begrudge distin¬ 
 guished men their respect and detract from their reputation. 
 
THE DATIVE. 31 
 
 Astarte, who was married to Adonis, is considered the Assyrian 
 Venus. Pardon (me) my hurry! 
 
 54. Nothing is more difficult than to govern one’s self 1 . 
 Roman youths went from Rome to Athens to 2 study 3 . It is 
 wrong 4 to be angry at those whom we ought to love. When 
 Marcellus had taken Syracuse he commanded the soldiers to 
 spare Archimedes, the renowned mathematician. All men strive 
 after 5 freedom. Not everyone is happy, whose fortune the foolish 
 rabble envies. Good parents do not envy the success of their 
 children; they rather 6 rejoice when fortune favors the efforts 7 of 
 their chidren. A sister of Atticus was married to Q. Tullius 
 Cicero. The enemy with outstretched 8 hands implored the Ro¬ 
 mans to 2 spare their wives and children. In ancient times some 
 cured sicknesses, others wounds, and others eyes. Since I have 
 never offended you, I do not fear that 9 you are angry at me. 
 Catiline fleeing from the city threatened it with fire and sword 10 . 
 It fell to the lot 11 of Trasybulus to 12 free his country from the 
 tyrants. He who always tries to humor another is not a true friend. 
 
 1 sui. 2 ut. 3 studere and litterae. 4 nefas. 5 studere. 6 immo begins the 
 sentence. 7 conatus. 8 pandere. 9 ne , cf. Gr. § 281. 10 ferrum flammaque. 
 
 11 contingit. 12 ut , cf. Gr. § 285, 3. 
 
 § 170. 
 
 55. Frater meus est clemens, placidus; arridet omnibus. Sub 
 Vespasiano Augusto Judaea Romano accessit imperio. Ago gra¬ 
 tias senectuti, quod me lectulo affixit. Quod viro forti adimi ncn 
 potest, id mihi manet et permanet. Haec tibi est remissio, lu¬ 
 strare saltus, excutere cubilibus feras, superare immensa montium 
 juga. Mors innocentem sola fortunae eripit. Plures cecidissent, 
 ni nox proelio intervenisset. Caesar, ne Aeduorum civitas ad 
 vim atque ad arma descenderet, huic rei praevertendum existi¬ 
 mavit. Ulvam 1 frondemque putidam 2 substernito ovibus. Cro¬ 
 toniatae multum omnibus corporum viribus antesteterunt. Caesar 
 in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit hibernisque Labienum 
 praeposuit. Druides iis qui eorum decretis non obtemperabant 
 sacrificia interdixerunt. Omnibus Druidibus praeest unus qui 
 summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Darii praetores qui proe- 
 1 sedge. 2 rotten. 
 
32 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 lio apud Isson superfuerant, Lydiam recuperare tentabant. Pe¬ 
 lopidas omnibus periculis adfuit. 
 
 Eumenes simulata deditione praefectis Antiochi imposuit. 
 Elephas corpus Pari dorso suo imposuit. Mulier in India una 
 cum viro rogo imponitur. Imposuistis in cervicibus nostris sem¬ 
 piternum dominum. Caeli convexitas undique terrae incumbit. 
 Incumbamus ad studia. Pergite ut facitis, adolescentes, et in id 
 studium in quo estis imcumbite. Non omni causae, nec auditori, 
 neque personae, neque tempori congruere 1 potest orationis unum 
 genus. Ennius equi fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam. 
 Cleomenes, Lacedaemoniorum rex, non multo postquam ex bello 
 quod Argivis intulerat domum rediit, in insaniam incidit et ma¬ 
 nus sibi attulit; neque enim ignem luco Agri sacro subjicere, et 
 Junonis sacerdoti, a quo ad aram accedere atque rem divinam 
 facere vetitus erat, vim afferre veritus est. 
 
 1 to be suitable. 
 
 56. The Athenians added to their former ships an equal 
 number of triremes and transported 1 all movable goods partly to 
 Salamis and partly to Troezen. What greater or more salutary 
 gift could we present 2 to the state than to teach or instruct 
 youth. The Persian king Darius crossed the river Ister to make 3 
 war on the Scythians. Frequently fortune smiles less on the 
 good than on the wicked. I implore thee, Jupiter, most gracious, 
 most powerful 4 , and thee, queen Juno, protect 5 the republic! 
 Justice is not always joined with kindness. Small things are 
 often justly compared with great things. Alexander the Great, 
 when twenty years of age, succeeded his father Philip in the 
 government. Hannibal persuaded Antiochus, with whom he had 
 taken refuge, to wage war against the Romans. P. Decius Mus 
 was not placed at the head of the army; but, since 6 he had pre¬ 
 ferred his country to all things, and esteemed 7 life less than 
 fame, he alone ( unus ) exposed 8 himself to danger, and threw 
 himself into the midst of the enemy, although he knew that he 
 would be slain. Youths, apply yourselves with the greatest zeal 
 to glorious pursuits! 
 
 1 asportare. 2 afferre. 3 inferre. 4 Jupiter optimus maximus. 5 praesidere. 
 6 cum, subj. 'postponere, esteem less. 8 offerre. 
 
 57. Lacedaemonian youths endured hunger and thirst, heat 
 and cold, (in order) that a sound mind might live 1 in a healthy 
 body. As long as war was waged with (cum) the citizens, Epa¬ 
 minondas remained 2 quiet at home; in all other dangers, how- 
 
THE DATIVE. 
 
 33 
 
 ever, he took part. Among the Romans, the senate presided over 3 
 public affairs; the high-priests, however, presided over religious 4 
 affairs of the state. We compare past with present events, and 
 with these connect 5 the future. Leonidas, king of the Lacedae¬ 
 monians, surprised 6 the Persians. Some poets have compared 
 human life to a journey; others, to the seasons. Cicero wished 
 neither to forsake 7 his country, nor survive it. The Thebans pos¬ 
 sessed great strength of body, but talent was wanting to them. 
 Homer compares the Trojans fleeing before Achilles to fishes 
 fleeing from the dolphin. The Helvetians excelled the Gauls in 
 bravery, because they fought almost daily with the Germans. 
 Cicero wrote to his son: “Apply yourself to the liberal arts with 
 the greatest zeal that you may excel your contemporaries.” The 
 horse Bucephalus suffered no one to sit on 8 its back except 
 Alexander. 
 
 1 inesse . 2 quiescere. 3 prceesse. 4 sacer. 5 adjungere. 6 supervenire. 
 
 7 deesse. 8 insedere. 
 
 § 171. 
 
 58. Orationi asperguntur sales, qui in dicendo nimium quan¬ 
 tum 1 valent. Dionysius cubiculari fossam, latam circumdedit. Ju¬ 
 gurtha moenia Cirtae Vallo atque fossa circumdedit. Pythius 
 quidam, Bithynus, platanum auream Dario regi donavit. Augu¬ 
 stum senatus corona obsidionali 2 donavit. Dion publice elatus 3 
 et sepulcri monumento donatus est. Pessimum vitae scelus fecit, 
 qui aurum primus induit digitis. Hippias orator gloriatus est, 
 nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod ipse nesciret: soccos 4 
 etiam, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. Num tibi 
 intercludo perfugium fortunae? Aquilius hostem commeatu inter¬ 
 clusit et ad extrema compulit. Deus in animo humano impressit 
 imaginem suam. Cum Hector Patroclum occisum armis exuisset, 
 Achilles, indutus splendidis vestibus, quae Volcanus ei donaverat, 
 in pugnam ruit, ut Hectorem ulcisceretur. Post Carthaginem dele¬ 
 tam Romani mores severos majorum gradatim exuerunt. Principes 
 Galliae consilia inierunt ut Caesarem ab exercitu intercluderent. 
 
 1 too much. 2 obsidional (relating - to sieg-e or blockade). 3 bury. 4 shoe. 
 
 59. The Tarentines presented Archias with the citizenship. 
 Semiramis founded Babylon and surrounded the city with a wall. 
 The Romans anticipated the enemy in such a manner as to («/) 
 cut off their flight. I give you thanks, because you have pre¬ 
 sented me with a book, and I promise that I will obey you to 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 the letter. The priests once sprinkled the altar with the blood 
 of the victim. When the king- passed through the land, some 
 Persians used to present him with oxen, sheep and corn; others, 
 with gold and pearls, and others again, with ripe fruits. Caesar 
 hoped to be able to end 1 the war without a battle, because he 
 had cut olf the enemy from the convoy 2 . The general surrounded 3 
 the besieged city with soldiers. That which we see impresses 
 itself more upon the memory than that which we hear. Bad 
 company has already robbed many of their virtue. In spring the 
 trees clothe 4 themselves with leaves and blossoms. 
 
 1 conficere. 2 res frumentaria. 3 circumfundere. 4 induere. 
 
 § 172. 
 
 60. Natura hominis pecudibus reliquisque belluis antecedit. 
 Alexander Magnus indole omnes reges antecessit. Virtus omnibus 
 rebus anteit. Jugurtha omnes aequales gloria anteibat. Atticus 
 non adulatus est potenti Antonio. Canes nimium mites etiam 
 fures adulantur. Athenienses Epaminondae aemulari consueve¬ 
 rant. Quod 1 me Agamemnonem aemulari putas, falleris. Ingens 
 animos militum desperatio incessit. Quem praestolaris hic ante 
 ostium? Sibi hic ipse desperat. Marcellinum nostrum ego non 
 despero: etiamnum servari potest. Saepe illudit nobis fama. 
 Carneades oratorum praecepta illudere solebat. Nemo qui suae 
 confidit, alterius virtuti invidet. Quis potest aut corporis firmi¬ 
 tate aut fortunae stabilitate confidere? Ariovistus omni Gallia 
 Romanis interdixit. Caesaris leges jubent, ei qui majestatis dam¬ 
 natus sit, aqua et igni interdici. Cynosura 2 duce nocturna fidunt 
 Phoenices. Fabius imperandi arti fidens ad exercitum rediit. 
 Dictator dixit se nunquam volentem 3 rerum consilio gerendarum 
 magistro equitum cessurum esse. 
 
 1 that. 2 lesser bear. 3 willingly. 
 
 61. Many persons have put aside all human feeling 1 ; they, 
 therefore, mock the misery of others. Sulla, who had accom¬ 
 panied Marius in the Jugurthine war, afterwards became his 
 most bitter adversary. He who shall have emulated great men, 
 shall not be numbered among the wicked. As long as strength 
 does not fail you, do not despair of life. Cicero bade his brother 
 remain at Rome and await Atticus. Men who rely too much on 
 their own knowledge and prudence, easily commit mistakes. My 
 brother wrote me that you gave up the park 2 to him. In ad¬ 
 versity we shall sometimes be forsaken 3 by those in whom we 
 
THE DATIVE. 
 
 35 
 
 confided more than in all others. The use of the purple was 
 prohibited to Roman ladies. A few days ere the arrival of Cae¬ 
 sar, the Romans were so shamefully defeated by the enemy that 
 they despaired of their safety. 
 
 1 omnem humanitatem exuere. 2 hortus. 8 deserere. 
 
 § 173. 
 
 62. Raro invidetur eorum honoribus quorum vis non timetur. 
 Ab imperatore victore aedificiis nec publicis nec privatis ne tem¬ 
 plis quidem deorum parsum est. Quum 1 ab utroque exercitu ab 
 hora septima ad vesperum acriter pugnatum sit, aversum hostem 
 videre nemo potuit. Quamquam Cicero omnibus temporibus sum¬ 
 mus orator habebatur, tamen ejus laudibus a plurimis hodie ob¬ 
 trectari solet. Morti nulla vi resisti potest. Ei satisfieri debet 
 cui nocetur. Mihi satis persuasum est animos esse immortales. 
 A Lycurgo lege constitutum erat ne Lacedaemoni moenia circum¬ 
 darentur. Terra quae undique aqua circumfunditur, insula ap¬ 
 pellatur. Imago Dei impressa est animae humanae. Acestes, 
 victor appellatus, primo honore donatus est. Attico plausus ma¬ 
 ximi, signa praeterea benevolentiae permulta a bonis impertiuntur. 
 
 1 thoug-h. 
 
 63. The Roman senate was presided over by the consuls. 
 The ambassadors, sent to Caesar, begged that their people be 
 spared. The Helvetians were persuaded by their chieftains to ( ut ) 
 burn their towns and leave their country. We know that the 
 rich, who have abundance of all things, are often envied by the 
 poor. This is a beautiful villa, it has been surrounded by its 
 owner 1 with everything that makes it pleasant. A glorious death 
 is preferred by many to a disgraceful life. Pelopidas was pre¬ 
 sented by all the cities of Thessaly with golden crowns and 
 brazen statues. It is well known that good men are not always 
 favored by fortune. Man wishes to be forgiven, but does not 
 wish to forgive others. All men who lead a good life, are prom¬ 
 ised eternal reward. All children are commanded 2 by God to (ut) 
 obey their parents. Tyrants often thirst for the blood of those, 
 by whom they have not at all been injured. 
 
 1 herus. 2 mando. 
 
 § 174. 
 
 64. Cultura agrorum generi humano salutaris est. Ratio 
 multis pestifera est. Atticus adolescens seni Sullae fuit jucun- 
 
36 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 dissimus. Senectus plerisque senibus odiosa est. Miltiades ami¬ 
 cior omnium libertati, quam suae fuit dominationi. Scio, quam 
 sis alienus ambitioni, quam familiaris otio ac literis. Pausanias 
 consilia, quam patriae, tam sibi inimica, capiebat. Verba inno¬ 
 centi reperire facile est; modum verborum misero tenere difficile. 
 Stomacho apta sunt, quaecunque austera sunt et quae acida, 
 quaeque contacta sale modico sunt; aliena vero stomacho omnia 
 tepida, omnia salsa, omnia praedulcia, omnia pinguia. Vetusta¬ 
 tis exempla oratori nota esse debent. Deo probitas grata est. 
 Vita otiosorum aliis gravis et molesta est. Nihil est homini ac¬ 
 commodatius quam beneficentia et liberalitas. Antonius Pius 
 nulli acerbus, cunctis benignus fuit. Multas ad res perutiles 
 Xenophontis libri sunt. Nihil est tam aptum, tam conveniens 
 ad res vel secundas vel adversas, quam amicitia. Corporis motus 
 ad naturam accomodati sunt. Viros fortes magnanimos, eosdem 
 bonos et simplices, veritatis amicos, minimeque fallaces esse vo¬ 
 lumus. Perturbationes animorum sunt turbidi motus, inimicissimi 
 mentis vitaeque tranquillae. Summum bonum a Stoicis dicitur 
 convenienter naturae vivere. Id Deo est proximum quod est opti¬ 
 mum. Legati Germanorum a Caesare petierunt ne propius se 
 castra moveret. Proelium navale Athenienses cum Persis com¬ 
 miserunt ad Salamina, quae insula in sinu Saronico proxime ab 
 Attica sita est. 
 
 65. Ennio aequalis fuit Livius, qui primus fabulam dedit. 
 Massaesyli, gens affinis Mauris, in regionem Hispaniae, qua sita 
 Nova Carthago est, spectant. Viri maxime propria est fortitudo. 
 Accusatores contendunt, affinem esse alicujus culpae eum qui ac¬ 
 cusetur. Artificia quaedam omnium qui ex Aeschinis disciplina 1 
 profecti sunt oratorum communia sunt. Pauci, ut ita dixerim, 
 non modo aliorum, sed etiam nostri superstites sumus. Nulla est 
 utilitas quae honestati est contraria. Homo vult hominis similis 
 esse, formica formicae. Phocion legatis Philippi: “Si mei si¬ 
 miles erunt liberi mei,” inquit, “idem hic ag*ellus 2 illos alet, qui 
 me ad hanc dignitatem perduxit; sin dissimiles sunt futuri, nolo 
 meis impensis illorum ali augerique luxuriam.” Simplex est 
 animi natura, neque habet in se quidquam dispar sui atque dis¬ 
 simile. Ex pietate, justitia ceterisque virtutibus existit vita be¬ 
 ata, par et similis coelestium. Dionysius Syracusiorum tyrannus 
 fuit, et Philistus aequalis temporum illorum. P. Orbius, meus 
 fere aequalis, T. Juventii auditor fuit. 
 
 1 school. 3 small farm. 
 
THE DATIVE. 
 
 37 
 
 66 . Three thing’s are necessary to all living* being's: sleep, 
 food and drink. Simple and austere customs are beneficial to 
 men. Nothing* is more difficult for man than to learn to know 
 himself. For a young* man who wishes to acquire knowledge, 
 nothing* is more pleasing* and useful than to read good books. 
 Caesar was more inclined 1 to mercy than to revenge. Not all 
 men are fit for military service 2 . Experience teaches that bo¬ 
 dily 3 exercise is necessary for health. Pausanias betook himself 
 to Colonae, and there took measures which were destructive to 
 himself as well as to his country. Miltiades fortified all places 
 that seemed suitable for citadels. Maecenas was very intimate 
 with Augustus, helped whomsoever he could and injured none. 
 Too great emotions of the soul are the greatest enemies of in¬ 
 terior peace. Many philosophers did not live consistently with 
 their teachings. Crassus pitched his camp very close to the 
 ocean. The nearer a country is to the equator 4 , the warmer is 
 its climate. 
 
 1 propensus. 2 militia. 3 gen. of corpus. 4 circulus equinoctialis. 
 
 67. Demosthenes was a contemporary of Philip, king of Ma¬ 
 cedonia. In the most ancient times the Greeks believed that the 
 soul survives 1 the body. The desire of honor, glory and wealth 
 is common to nearty all men. If you think that only a few took 
 part 2 in the crime, you err. Sickness belongs not to old age 
 alone, but is common to all periods of life 3 . The life of Seneca 
 was contrary to his precepts. None of the Roman kings was 
 more like to Romulus than Tullus Hostilius. Quintus Fabius, 
 who after the battle at lake Trasimenus was made dictator, soon 
 proved himself a match 4 for Hannibal. In the war we lost every¬ 
 thing that belonged to us. Children who resemble their parents 
 are sometimes very unlike to them in their character ( obi .). 
 Your father, my most intimate friend and an excellent man, 
 whom few of our citizens equalled 4 in virtue ( abl .), used to say 
 that there is nothing more praiseworthy, nothing more honorable 
 than to show ourselves kind to our enemies, though 5 they are 
 ill-disposed towards us. 
 
 1 superstes esse. 2 affinis esse. 3 actas. 4 par. 5 quamvis (subj.) 
 
 § 175. 
 
 68 . Homini cum Deo similitudo est. Nullum theatrum vir¬ 
 tuti conscientia majus est. Nulla potest esse voluptati cum ho¬ 
 nestate conjunctio. Omnibus inter se virtutibus amicitia est. 
 
38 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 Syracusis est fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est. Terra 
 circumfusa undique est hac spirabili natura, cui nomen est aer. 
 Est specus in Dalmatiae ora; nomen loco est Senta. Aegyptum 
 occupaverat Ptolemaeus, cui cognomentum Philopatri fuit. Attus 
 Clausus, cui postea Appio Claudio fuit nomen, Romam transfugit. 
 Metello cognomen Numidici inditum fuit. Amphyction primus 
 Minervae urbem sacravit, et nomen civitati Athenas dedit. Est 
 et vitis Aminea nigra, cui Syriacae nomen imponunt. 
 
 69. The horns of many cattle are straight, but some cattle 
 have crooked horns. The Samnites fled to Maleventum, which 
 city later received the name of Beneventum. Carbo had three 
 brothers: Gaius, Gneus and Marius. At Athens Gellius heard 
 the philosopher Peregrinus, who afterwards was given the sur¬ 
 name of Proteus. As in spring the flowers have a fresh 1 color, 
 so also do we have fresh strength as boys and youths. Modesty 
 can have no connection with sensuality. Aristides had the sur¬ 
 name of Just. Cimon had a sister who was called Elpinice. 
 Who does not know that the name of the first king of the Ro¬ 
 mans was Romulus and of the last, Tarquin the Proud? Papy¬ 
 rius was surnamed the Runner on account of the nimbleness of 
 his feet. The Romans gave Fabius the surname of Cunctator. 
 
 1 integer. 
 
 § 176. 
 
 70. Macedbnes quaerebantur, Alexandro patriam esse fasti¬ 
 dio. Virtutes hominibus decori gloriaeque sunt. Desinant amici 
 Verris ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae 
 nobis omnibus esse possint. Haruspices vaticinati erant, Valeriam 
 civitati in quam delata esset exitio futuram. Hispanis populis 
 insigne documentum Sagunti ruinae erunt, ne quis fidei Roma¬ 
 nae aut societati confidat. Nicias et Alcibiades et Lamachus 
 tantis viribus Siciliam repetunt, ut ipsis terrori essent, in quorum 
 auxilium mittebantur. Epaminondas in judicio nihil eorum ne¬ 
 gavit, quae adversarii crimini dabant. Gloriabatur Q. Hortensius, 
 quod nunquam bello civili interfuisset; hoc illi tribuebatur igna¬ 
 viae. Postquam divitiae honori esse coeperunt, hebescere virtus, 
 paupertas probro haberi coepit. Jugurtha laborantibus suis auxi¬ 
 lio venit. Agesilaus annorum octoginta subsidio Tacho in Aegy¬ 
 ptum ivit. Pausanias, quos Byzantii ceperat regis propinquos, 
 ei muneri misit. Populus Romanus, quascunque urbes et agros 
 bello Punico secundo manu ceperat, Masinissae, Numidiae regi, 
 dono dedit. Ea quae gloriae esse debent, crimini vertis. Agri- 
 
THE DATIVE. 
 
 39 
 
 colae virtus omnibus aequalibus admirationi fuit, qui nunquam 
 rempublicam quaestui habebat. Archias, cum per aliquot annos 
 in aliis Italiae oppidis versatus erat, Romam domicilio sibi delegit. 
 
 71. Who does not know that sluggishness tends to the dis¬ 
 grace of boys, diligence to their advantage and honor? I believe 
 that my welfare is as dear to you as your own. To appear on 
 the stage 1 was considered a disgrace for no one in all Greece,— 
 the same was imputed to the Romans as a reproach. Pausanias 
 inscribed his name on the tripod which he had given to the 
 Delphic Apollo as a present; his enemies imputed this to him as 
 a reproach. Dumnorix commanded the cavalry which the Haedui 
 had sent to the assistance of Caesar. Caesar left five cohorts to 
 guard the camp; then he commanded the trumpeter to sound the 
 retreat. The laws of Lycurgus were very salutary 2 to the Lace¬ 
 daemonians. If you are not solicitous about your studies now, 
 you will once repent of your negligence. If one was despised, 
 the ancients called him the last of the M/ysians. The Persian 
 kings were accustomed to give entire cities as presents to their 
 friends. Before the battle of Zama, Hannibal asked Scipio to 
 appoint a day and place for a parley 3 . 
 
 1 prodire in s cenam. * salus. 3 colloquium. 
 
 § 177. 
 
 72. Diligentia in omnibus rebus plurimum valet, haec prae¬ 
 cipue colenda est, nobis haec semper adhibenda. Irae nobis 
 temperandum est, ne faciamus quod nos poeniteat. Mihi a te 
 ignoscendum est, id enim amicitia postulat. Quidquid in hac 
 causa mihi susceptum est, id omne reipublicae causa suscepisse 
 confirmo. Semper in his studiis viventi non intelligitur, quando 
 obrepat senectus. Ista verba neque patribus neque plebi proba¬ 
 buntur. Leges a L. Lucullo in Asia latae, a senatu probatae 
 non sunt. 
 
 73. The laws which God has made, must be observed by 
 all men. We all must strive after 1 virtue and avoid vice. The 
 vanquished must comply with the conditions made by the con¬ 
 querors. We must not be angry at our friends. The works 
 written by Cicero are still admired by all friends of literature. 
 The repty which Demosthens made to the ambassadors of Philip 
 was approved by the whole Athenian people. I am glad 2 that 
 the advice which I gave you in my last letter has pleased you, 
 
 1 studere . 2 gaudere , 
 
40 
 
 The dative. 
 
 § 178. 
 
 74. Pater a me petiit ut mihi caverem. Tarquinius, ultimus 
 Romanorum rex, superbe in cives consuluit ideoque ex urbe ex¬ 
 pulsus est. Pyrrhus Apollinem Delphicum consuluit de bello 
 quod cum Romanis gesturus erat. Cicero cavebat concordiae 
 publicae. Formicosam 1 arborem sorices 2 cavent. Consules Ro¬ 
 mani regem inimicissimum monuerunt, ut a veneno caveret. DuX 
 hortatus est milites, ut gloriae pariter ac praedae consulerent. 
 Ibo et consulam amicos. Non eadem tellus arboribus convenit 
 plerumque et frugibus. Si Clodium convenero, ex illius sermone 
 ad te scribam plura. Tissaphernes inducias a Lacone petivit, 
 simulans se dare operam, ut Lacedaemoniis cum rege conveni¬ 
 ret. Erant in epistola quam Argilius a Pausania acceperat, quae 
 ad ea pertinebant, quae inter regem Pausaniamque convenerant. 
 
 1 full of ants. 2 shrew-mouse. 
 
 75. Favebat et cupiebat Dumnorix Helvetiis propter affini¬ 
 tatem. Messalla causam mihi tradidit, quem sua causa cupere 
 intelligebat. P. Lentulus quibusdam Gallis litteras ad gentem 
 eorum dedit. Moderari animo et orationi, quum sis iratus, non 
 mediocris ingenii est. Res rusticas venti tempestatesque mode¬ 
 rantur. Orithya, Amazonum regina, auxilium a rege Scythiae 
 petit. Haud dubitabat Darius quin Alexander celeberrimas urbes 
 petiturus esset. M. Valerius subdit calcaria equo et Tarquinium 
 infesto spiculo petit. Homo ceteris animantibus plurimum prae¬ 
 stat. Hannibal tanto praestitit ceteros imperatores prudentia, 
 quanto populus Romanus antecedit fortitudine cunctas nationes. 
 Ego jam prospiciam mihi. Iis fidem habemus quos futura pro¬ 
 spicere credimus. Caesar, postquam frumentum exercitui provi¬ 
 dit, in Italiam profectus est. Si Verres cuiquam ulla in re tem¬ 
 peravit, vos quoque, judices, ei temperate. Non magis post 
 proelium, quam in proelio, caedibus temperatum est. Solis tum 
 accessus tum recessus et frigoris et caloris modum temperant. 
 Milites victores, precibus ducis mitigati, ab excidio civitatis (sibi) 
 temperavere. Neminem equidem timeo praeter Deum immortalem. 
 Cum Philippus, rex Macedonum, Thermopylas occupasset, Demo¬ 
 sthenes patriae suae maxime timebat. Vacare culpa magnum est 
 solatium. Non potest studio artis oratoriae vacare mens, nisi 
 omnibus vitiis libera sit. 
 
 76. Beware of frivolous persons! I am convinced that you 
 will provide for the welfare of your brother. The Romans could 
 not come to an agreement with the enemy on the conditions of 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 41 
 
 peace. In very important matters, the Greeks were wont to ask 
 counsel of the Delphic Apollo. Fabricius advised Pyrrhus to be 
 on his guard against ambuscades. If Hannibal had attacked 
 Rome after the battle at Cannae, perhaps the terrified 1 Romans 
 would have sued for peace. Cicero requested Atticus that, hav¬ 
 ing returned from Rome, he should visit Quintus. Catiline and 
 his associates sought 2 the life of Cicero. No one doubts that 
 the Romans excelled all other nations in valor. I will provide 
 for you better than you are wont to provide for others. A pru¬ 
 dent man foretells the future from the past. The conquerors 
 refrained from injustice and cruelty. It is meet to spare even 
 conquered enemies. Alexander the Great did not bridle his anger. 
 We do not readily trust 8 him whom we fear. 
 
 1 perterrere. 2 petere. 3 committere. 
 
 77. The enemy, fearing for themselves and their children, 
 sent ambassadors to the Romans. He who can moderate his in¬ 
 clinations is considered a free man. Solon regulated the state 
 of the Athenians by wise laws. When Regulus was captured by 
 the Carthaginians, they did not spare him, but put him to death. 
 A wise (man) does not fear anything, but is on his guard against 
 everything. Caesar commanded the soldiers that they should not 
 treat the citizens of the conquered city cruelty. When ambas¬ 
 sadors had come to Hannibal recalling him to Africa, he is said 
 to have listened to them sighing, and to have been hardly able 
 to refrain from tears. Caesar found out that Dumnorix was well 
 disposed towards the Helvetians. Though Marius was away from 
 Rome, he was a candidate for the consulship. It behooves pu¬ 
 pils to strive after knowledge. Several months ago I wrote a 
 letter to you, but I have not yet received an answer. No one 
 is found who is entirely free from cares. Cicero retired from 
 Rome to his villa, to devote himself to literature. Are you not 
 afraid of this dog? Beware of him! When Marcellus carried 
 on war in Sicily, he not only provided for his allies, but also 
 spared the vanquished enemy. If you wish to take care of your 
 own welfare, guard yourself against flatterers. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 78. When Lucius Tarquinius had returned to Rome from 
 Ardea, which he had besieged, he found the gates closed against 
 him; in vain did he make war on his country; afterwards he 
 betook himself to Tusculum, a city of Latium, where he lived 
 
42 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 fourteen years as a private person. Marius had as an adversary 
 Metellus, who from (ab) his valor had the surname of Numidi¬ 
 cus. When the Athenians were besought to come to the aid of 
 the city of Olynthus, they could not persuade Demosthenes to 
 ( ut ) make 1 war on king Philip. The Persian king Xerxes carried 
 on war against Greece by land and by sea; in this distress 2 , the 
 Athenian fleet brought safety to all. We behold that all men 
 are devoted 3 to liberty. Xerxes feared that he would be cut off 
 from his return to Asia. Among the Lucedaemonians nothing 
 tended more to the shame of warriors than to return from battle 
 without their shields. 
 
 1 inferre. 2 tempus. 3 studere. 
 
 79. Nature has given men a certain form which is adapted 
 to the human soul. Although Cincinnatus, that valiant Roman 
 general, had no riches, the Romans elected him dictator. Select 
 those for your friends and companions, who strive after virtue; 
 beware of those who begrudge others their reputation. He to 
 whom the most necessary books are wanting, seems to care little 
 about his studies. Cicero wrote to a certain 1 friend (of his) that 
 he had seen the impending 2 storm as from a 8 watchtower 4 . The 
 Athenians presented a golden crown to Demosthenes on account 
 of his ability. Timotheus brought Corcyra under the power of 
 the Athenians and added to their state the Epiroti and all the 
 nations bordering on the sea. Socrates excelled many Athenians 
 in braver}^: near Patidaea he courageously exposed himself to 
 the enemy and saved the life of his friend Alcibiades; later he 
 took part in the battle of Delos and exposed himself to the 
 greatest dangers for {fro) the welfare of his country. 
 
 1 quidam. 2 futurus. 3 aliquis. 4 specula, ae. 
 
 80. Alexander the Great strove 1 after the greatest glory, 
 and envied Achilles, because the latter was praised by Homer, 
 the greatest poet. If you shall ask me my opinion, I shall tell 
 you it, but I pray that you, when asked your opinion, may like¬ 
 wise tell me it. Caesar awaited the arrival of Curio with twelve 
 men-of-war 2 which he had left at Utica. Do you not see that 
 modesty tends to the honor of youths? The Romans engraved 8 
 on ( in ) bronze the laws which were called “ The Twelve Tables.” 
 Caesar exhorted the soldiers not to fear the great number of the 
 enemy. Caesar left a few cohorts to guard the camp; with {cum) 
 the remainder he made a sally 4 and defeated the enemy; the 
 bravery of the soldiers contributed to their honor and advantage; 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 43 
 
 thereupon he marched to the assistance of his lieutenants. He 
 who is indifferent 6 to reputation, and who does not scruple to 
 revile others, is justly hated by all. The individual 6 states of 
 the Etruscans had their chiefs, who were called Lucumoni. 
 
 1 studere . 2 navis longa. 3 incidere. 4 eruptio. 5 non esse cordi. 6 singuli . 
 
 81. Choose as your friend him who envies no one, does not 
 easily get angry at others, ever strives for peace, heals the 
 wounds of others whenever he can. When a certain Athenian 
 imputed it as a dishonor to Anacharsis, that he was born in 
 Scythia, he said: “My native land is a reproach to me, and 
 you to your native land.” We will shun the friendship of those 
 who without any reason, get angry at friends, and do not for¬ 
 give them the slightest mistakes. We cheerfully communicate 
 to our friends every thing that we think, experience and do. A 
 righteous man does not implore the judge, because he knows 
 that he has done nothing contrary to justice. Those who cannot 
 moderate their anger, have frequently injured not only individ¬ 
 uals, but also entire states. Pelopidas persuaded the Thebans 
 to go to the aid of Thessaly. Pomponius Atticus was most in¬ 
 timate with Cicero; the letters of Cicero which are extant 1 to 
 this day 2 serve as proof of this fact 3 . 
 
 1 exstare. 2 hodie quoque. 3 res. 
 
 82. Cotys, king of the Thracians, acted severely towards 
 his subjects and spared no one; when, therefore, a friend asked 
 him, whether that was not madness, he answered 1 : “Indeed, 
 you have spoken the truth; it is madness which is salutary for 
 my subjects.” Hannibal promised his father that he would be 
 a deadly enemy 2 of the Roman name. Be convinced 3 , my son, 
 that diligence will be attributed as the greatest honor to him 
 who applies himself cheerfully to his studies! Caesar commanded 
 his lieutenants to procure provisions for the arm)\ When Virgil 
 had come to Athens, he there met the emperor Augustus and 
 wished to return with him to Rome, but died at Brundusium. 
 After the Romans had subdued Italy, it was easy for them to 
 conquer all other nations. He who confides in his own 4 virtue, 
 does not envy others their virtue. After Pausanias, who had taken 
 hostile measures against his country, had returned home, he was 
 cast into prison by the Ephori, who had the highest power. When 
 Lucius Tarquinius made preparations 5 to surround the city with 
 a stone wall, the Sabine war interfered 6 with his undertaking 7 . 
 
 1 inquam. 2 inimicissimus. 3 (convince yourself.) 4 suns. 3 praeparare. 
 6 intervenire. 7 incepta , orum . 
 
44 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 83. After Themistocles had been presented with many gifts 
 by the Persian king- Artaxerxes, he returned to Asia Minor and 
 took up his residence at Magnesia; for this city was given him 
 by the king. A youth who shuns labor, provides badly for his 
 old age. I do not envy the rich; for happiness and inward 
 peace 1 are not always joined to wealth. The soldiers who were 
 in want of 2 everything necessary for life and not at all a match 
 for the large number of enemies, refused to fight, although the 
 place was most suitable for battle. Although my mind is at 
 no time free from fear and is tortured by so great a pain that 
 I can scarcely refrain from tears, yet this consolation remains 
 to me, that 3 all good citizens are well disposed towards me. The 
 emperor Augustus pardoned the poet Horace, who had belonged 
 to the faction of Brutus and Cassius, and gave him an estate in 
 the land of the Sabines as a present. 
 
 1 tranquillitas . 2 de esse. 3 acc. with inf. cf. Gr. § 271, 1. 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 §§ 179 & 180 . 
 
 84. Varia sunt hominum judicia. Custos virtutum omnium 
 verecundia est. Colonia Tarraco est opus Scipionum, sicut Car¬ 
 thago Poenorum. Naturae opera absoluta atque perfecta gignun¬ 
 tur. Catonis est dictum, pedibus compensari pecuniam. Clodius 
 domi Caesaris deprehensus est. Classis Mithridatis, regis Ponti, 
 a Lucullo victa et demersa est. Erroribus levitatis 1 facilius in- 
 dulgemus quam malitiae. Tota Syria, Phoenice quoque, Mace¬ 
 donum erant. Domus, quae quondam Ciceronis, mox Censorini 
 fuit, nunc Statilii Sisennae est. Temeritas est florentis aetatis, 
 prudentia senescentis. Sapientis est proprium, nihil quod poeni¬ 
 tere possit, facere. Solon carmine animos Atheniensium ita cepit, 
 ut extemplo bellum adversus Megarenses decerneretur, et Sala¬ 
 mis insula Atheniensium fieret. Periculose a paucis emitur, quod 
 multorum est. In homine id lauda quod ipsius est. Sua cujus- 
 que animantis natura est. Bello Gallico praeter Capitolium at¬ 
 que arcem omnia hostium erant. Eo ventum est, ut aut amico¬ 
 rum aut inimicorum Campani simus. Est sapientis judicis non 
 quid ipse velit, sed quid lex et religio cogat, cogitare. Populi 
 grati est, praemiis afficere bene meritos de republica cives. Non 
 minus est imperatoris, consilio superare, quam gladio. Judicis 
 
 1 proceeding from thoughtlessness, 
 
THE GENITIVE CASE. 45 
 
 officium est, ut res, ita tempora rerum noscere. Tyrus urbs mare 
 vicinum suae ditionis fecit. 
 
 85. Nulla tua culpa est quod heri me non convenisti. No¬ 
 strum est ferre modice populi voluntates. Quis profitetur, esse 
 suum de omnibus quaestionibus dicere. Meum puto esse, quid 
 sentiam, ostendere. Constantis est non perturbari in rebus ar¬ 
 duis. Superbum est negligere quid alii de nobis sentiant. Levi¬ 
 tas est veram gloriam repudiare. Hominum peritorum responsa 
 nobis cognoscenda sunt. Manlius in perpetuum Torquati cogno¬ 
 men accepit. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit Augustus. 
 Kx P. Clodii ore religionis verbum excidere potest? Sanctum 
 apud vos, judices, sit nomen poetae. Recte fecistis quod ea judi¬ 
 care veriti estis, quae judicii vestri non sunt. 
 
 86. The laws are the foundation of liberty and the source 
 of justice. God’s love embraces all creatures. The evils arising 
 from old age must be borne patiently. The villa of the poet Ho¬ 
 race was situated in the Sabine territory. At the time of Au¬ 
 gustus the entire then known world belonged to the Romans. 
 Scipio brought 1 the whole coast up to the river Lbro into the 
 possession 2 of the Romans. Before the first Punic war, the 
 greater part of Sicily belonged to the Carthaginians. That which 
 formerly belonged to us, now belongs to the enemy. It was an 
 ancient law: the ship and cargo shall belong to those who have 
 saved 3 them in a storm. It is the duty of the senate to assist 
 the state by its advice. He is esteemed more who confesses and 
 repents his faults, than he who thinks he will profit by telling 
 falsehoods. The estate which had belonged to your brother, has 
 come into the possession of my father. 
 
 1 facere. 2 dicio Romana. 3 use the second future. 
 
 87. It is the duty of a scholar to obey his teacher. It is 
 my duty to obey my teacher. It is the mark of a great soul al¬ 
 ways to hope; but it shows the greatest folly to exert 1 one’s self 
 in vain. It is the mark of a noble conqueror to spare the van¬ 
 quished. To disparage great men is a sign of a low mind. It 
 is the duty of the orator to convince the judges of the truth of 
 his case 2 . Firmness of character is proper to knowledge; pas¬ 
 sion, to error. The Areopagites sentenced 3 a boy who was wont to 
 pluck out 4 the eyes of the quails 5 , because they considered this 
 a sign of a cruel disposition 6 . When I returned home, a friend 
 of mine was waiting for me. It is my duty, yours and that of 
 
 1 niti. 2 causa. 3 damno . 4 effodere. 6 coturnix , icis. 6 animus. 
 
46 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 all men to obey the laws of God. It is foolish to expose one’s 
 self recklessly to danger. To pity the unfortunate is a sign of 
 kindness. It is for you to consider whether 1 you wish to expose 
 yourself to so great a danger. The stars Ceres and Pallas and 
 Juno revolve between the stars Mars and Jupiter. The word pleas¬ 
 ure is more agreeable to many than the word virtue. The fam¬ 
 ily of Scipio attained everlasting fame by the Punic wars. Do 
 you not remember to what Roman the surname Cunctator was 
 given, and what the word Cunctator means? 
 
 1 num (subj.). 
 
 § 181 . 
 
 88. Multorum benefactorum recordatio jucundissima est. 
 Frangor saepe misericordia puerorum. Terrenorum commodorum 
 omnis est in homine dominatus. Difficilis est rerum alienarum 
 cura. Perjurii poena divina exitium, humana dedecus. Maximum 
 remedium irae dilatio est. Multos divini supplicii 1 metus a scelere 
 revocavit. Animi morbi sunt cupiditates immensae divitiarum, 
 gloriae, dominationis, libidinosarum 2 etiam voluptatum. Quam 
 civitati carus fuerit Scipio, moerore funeris indicatum est. Con¬ 
 scientia rectae voluntatis maxima consolatio est rerum incommo¬ 
 darum. Amor nostri saepe nos fallit. Iphricrates ipso aspectu 
 cuivis injiciebat admirationem sui. Hannibal maximo amore erga 
 patriam et odio in Romanos tenebatur. Ea quae faciebat tua se 
 fiducia facere dicebat. 
 
 1 punishment. 2 licentious. 
 
 89. Cicero says that wisdom is the knowledge of human and 
 divine things. Imitate the good and avoid the company of the 
 wicked! Nature instills love towards parents into the bosom of 
 children. Not fear of punishment, but remembrance of one’s duty 
 is the best incentive to virtue. Euclides was inflamed with such 
 a desire for knowledge, that he went to Athens at night to 1 hear 
 Socrates. Confidence in our own power increases our courage*. 
 Frequently the thirst for wealth and honorary positions hinders 
 the efforts for true fame. I receive no letter from you without 3 
 perceiving in it your solicitude and love for me. A man who 
 lacks 4 self-respect, will readily fall into great and disgraceful 
 vices. In our actions we must have regard 5 not only for our¬ 
 selves but also for others. The love of Brutus for his country 
 
 1 ut. 2 animos addere (raise courage). 8 quin (— that not). 4 careo 
 (abl.). 6 ratio . 
 
THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 47 
 
 surpassed his love for Caesar, and therefore he entered into a 
 conspiracy against him, in order to preserve the liberty of the 
 Roman people. 
 
 § 182 . 
 
 90. Nini, regis Assyriorum, temporibus Hesiodus fuit, vir 
 perelegantis ingenii. Datames Thyum, hominem maximi cor¬ 
 poris, ad regem duxit. Dies tempus est viginti quatuor horarum. 
 Aristides exilio decem annorum mulctatus est. Hamilcar in His¬ 
 paniam secum ducit filium Hannibalem annorum novem. Atheni¬ 
 enses Miltiadi classem septuaginta navium dederunt. Caesar a 
 lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram murum in altitudinem pedum 
 sedecim fossamque perduxit. Mare Caspium serpentes ingentis 
 magnitudinis alit, pisces longe diversi ab aliis coloris. Latini 
 coronam auream in Capitolium tulere parvi ponderis. Spes unica 
 imperii populi Romani, L. Quinctius, quatuor jugerum colebat 
 agrum. Titus facilitatis tantae fuit et liberalitatis, ut nulli quid¬ 
 quam negaret. Vir bonus summae pietatis erga Deum est. Xer¬ 
 xis classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit. Genus est 
 enim belli ejusmodi, quod maxime animos vestros excitare atque 
 inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat. 
 
 91. Cato in omnibus rebus singulari fuit prudentia et in¬ 
 dustria. Agesilaus statura fuit humili et corpore exiguo. Ju¬ 
 gurtha erat impigro atque acri ingenio. Iphicrates fuit et animo 
 magno et corpore, imperatoriaque forma. Caesar fuisse traditur 
 exelsa statura, colore candido, teretibus 1 membris, ore paulo ple¬ 
 niore, nigris vegetisque 2 oculis, valetudine prospera. Quanta 
 innocentia debent esse imperatores, quanta temperantia, quanta 
 fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, quanta humanitate! Clavi 
 erant digiti pollicis crassitudine. Apud Athenienses Themistocles 
 per multos annos magnae habitus est auctoritatis. Sapientis est 
 etiam in rebus adversis tranquillo animo esse. 
 
 1 smooth. 2 lively. 
 
 92. Tarquinius, the last of the Roman kings, was (a man) 
 of intolerable haughtiness. Nero put to death Seneca, the phi¬ 
 losopher, a man of eminent talents and very great learning. 
 Paris, the son of Priam, carried off Helen, a woman of remark¬ 
 able beauty, from Greece to Troy in Asia Minor. Darius equipped 
 a fleet of 500 ships, and placed Datis and Artaphernes at the 
 head of it. Philocles perceived that he had no influence 1 with 
 
 1 momentum. 
 
48 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 the army. Zama is a five days’ journey distant from Carthage. 
 The Athenians and Peloponnesians carried on a war of almost 
 30 years, whose issue was unfortunate both for the Peloponnesians 
 and the Athenians. The old Germans were men of great strength 
 and good talents. Not all the Roman emperors possessed {esse) 
 as much kindness and liberality as Titus; the most were very 
 cruel 1 . The memory of Alexander the Great will not easily be 
 blotted out; for he was a man of genius, capable of 2 great 
 exertion; this alone is to be lamented, that he did not control 
 his anger and his desire for honor. 
 
 1 crudelitas. 2 idoneus. 
 
 93. The love and solicitude of your brother for you is such 
 that {ut) the envy of your enemies towards you cannot harm 
 you. The Romans built a wall many miles in length from the 
 Danube to the Rhine. Iphicrates was very courageous and faith¬ 
 ful \ Pythagoras possessed {esse) so great authority and esteem, 
 that he was considered the most learned man of his time. Caesar 
 relates that the Germans were of immense bodily size and of 
 incredible valor. As Cicero could see from many circumstances, 
 Caesar was not ill disposed 2 towards him. Scipio Africanus always 
 had with him at home and in war Polybius and Panaetius, men 
 of extraordinary talents 3 . The city of Athens is so old, that the 
 Athenians consider themselves its original inhabitants 4 . The 
 Persians sought to kill Alcibiades; this could not be long con¬ 
 cealed from him, for he was possessed of such sagacity 5 , that he 
 could not be deceived. Pliny was a man of so extensive 6 and 
 varied reading 7 , that he was admired by all his contemporaries. 
 Cato the elder was always considered a man of the highest in¬ 
 tegrity and of the greatest severity. At the age of 25 years Han¬ 
 nibal besieged the city of Saguntum, which the Romans had 
 called their friend and ally. Cyrus, the first king of the Persians, 
 was of beautiful appearance and of a kind heart. 
 
 1 use substantives. 2 animus inimicus. 3 ingenium , ii. 4 indigena , ae. 
 5 sagacitas. 6 tantus. 7 lectio. 
 
 § 183 . 
 
 94. Magna pars navium fluctibus hausta est. Piscium femi¬ 
 nae majores quam mares. Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. 
 Quotusquisque philosophorum invenitur, qui ita sit moratus, ut 
 ratio postulat? Multae istarum arborum mea manu sunt satae. 
 Trajanus solus omnium intra urbem sepultus est. Elephanto nulla 
 
THU GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 49 
 
 bestiarum prudentior est. Omnium nationum exterarum princeps 
 Sicilia se ad amicitiam populi Romani applicuit, prima omnium 
 provincia est appellata. Alexander seniores militum in patriam 
 remisit. Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum urbium, pul- 
 cherrimamque omnium saepe audistis. Animalium ea sunt for¬ 
 tiora, quibus sanguis crassior. Ventorum frigidissimi sunt, qui 
 a septentrione spirant. Crassus omnium maturrime ad publicas 
 causas accessit. Tarquinius Superbus septimus atque ultimus re¬ 
 gum Romanorum fuit. Septuaginta millia Romanorum ex octo¬ 
 ginta sex millibus in pugna Cannensi occisi sunt. 
 
 95. Excellentissimi Persarum reges fuerunt Cyrus et Darius, 
 Hystaspis filius; quorum uterque virtute regnum est adeptus; 
 prior horum apud Massagetas in proelio cecidit. Miltiades, Cimo¬ 
 nis filius, et antiquitate generis et gloria majorum et sua mo¬ 
 destia unus omnium maxime florebat. In proelio Cannensi con¬ 
 sulum effugit alter, alter occisus est; dubium, uter majore animo. 
 Diogenem miraris et Daedalum; uter ex his sapiens tibi videtur? 
 Duo consules ejus anni alter ferro, alter morbo periit. Uterque 
 aditus in Ciliciam ex Syria parvis praesidiis intercludi potest. 
 Utrique et Romani et Carthaginienses pacem facere cupiebant. 
 Cum Alpes transiremus, salus omnium nostrum in manibus ducis 
 posita est. Tribus Romanae, quae triginta quinque fuerunt, divi¬ 
 debantur in urbanas et rusticas. Novem naves nostrae demersae 
 sunt. Complures cives nostri satis magnam pecuniam confecerunt . 
 ut inopiae peregrinorum, qui plerique vix pannis teguntur, succur¬ 
 rerent. 
 
 96. In the time of Phocion there were two factions 1 at 
 Athens, the one of which advocated 2 the cause of the people, 
 the other, the cause of the aristocrats; both of them sought the 
 assistance of the Macedonians. The consul Q. Cornelius Scipio 
 slew an immense number of Gauls who had crossed the Alps. 
 Croesus asked Solon whom he considered the happiest of all men. 
 Before the Peloponnesian war, Athens was the most powerful of 
 all Grecian cities. Which of you two will provide for our inter¬ 
 ests and (those) of the city? Since there are so many of us, we 
 can complete the work quicker. Mountaineers are most of all 
 affected 3 by a longing for their home. 
 
 1 factio. 2 studere. 3 tenere. 
 
 97. To one of the Scipios was given the surname Africanus; 
 to the other, Asiaticus; and yet afterwards both of them were 
 hated by the people. Who of us doubt that the world is governed 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 by the Providence of God? In the same year in which Carthage 
 fell, Mummius destroyed Corinth, which had existed for 952 years; 
 each of the two victorious generals was honored with the name 
 of the vanquished people. Lately I have begun to read the Gre¬ 
 cian poets, of whom there are many. At the house of Catiline 
 a large band of reprobates and robbers assembled, who had been 
 allured by the hope of plunder and the love for warfare. Of 
 our soldiers nearly 100 fell. Of the legions some returned to 
 winter-quarters by land, others were placed on ships. Many of 
 those Athenians who had returned safe from Sicily, acknowledged 
 that they owed their safety to Euripides. I have received none 
 of your letters. One of the pyramids which Cheops, king of Egypt, 
 built, was 800 feet high and the stones at least 1 30 feet long. 
 
 1 ad minimum. 
 
 § 184 . 
 
 98. Strato medietis armarii 1 fundum 2 exsecuit, et auri quin¬ 
 que pondo abstulit. Verres CCCC amphoras 8 mellis habuit. Py¬ 
 ramis amplissima prope Memphim octo jugera obtinet soli. Cae¬ 
 sar populo frumenti denos modios et totidem olei libras viritim 
 divisit. Cyrus ex Asia devicta argenti quingenta millia talen¬ 
 torum reportavit. Servius Tullius ex primoribus civitatis duo¬ 
 decim centurias equitum conscripsit. Ingens est in terris medi¬ 
 catorum fontium vis. Quantum crescit Nilus, tantum spei in 
 annum est. Multum habet jucunditatis coeli solique mutatio. 
 Thebanorum genti plus inest virium, quam ingenii. Plurimum 
 mali credulitas facit. Dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet. Fabius, 
 quamquam probe sciebat, non in castris modo suis, sed etiam 
 Romae infamem suam cunctationem esse, obstinatus tamen eodem 
 consiliorum tenore 4 aestatis reliquum extraxit. Plebs nequaquam 
 laeta Quinctium dictatorem vidit, rata, imperii nimium esse. 
 
 1 a safe. 2 a bottom. 3 a jar. 4 an uninterrupted course. 
 
 99. Quis nescit, primam esse historiae legem, ne quid falsi 
 dicere audeat; deinde, ne quid veri non audeat? Pythagoras, quum 
 in geometria quiddam novi invenisset, musis bovem immolasse 
 dicitur. Exempla imprimis hoc in se boni habent, quod appro¬ 
 bant, quae praecipiunt, fieri posse. Tibi idem consilii do, quod 
 mihimet ipsi: ut vitemus oculos hominum, si linguas minus facile 
 possimus. Quod cuique temporis ad vivendum datur, eo debet 
 esse contentus. Catilinae inerat satis eloquentiae, sapientiae pa¬ 
 rum. Populus Romanus Carthagini victae argenti pondo annua 
 
THE GENITIVE CASE* 
 
 51 
 
 imperavit, nihil auri. Nonnulli oratores nimis insidiarum ad ca¬ 
 piendas aures adhibere solent. Mihi videtur acerba semper et 
 immatura mors eorum, qui immortale aliquid parant. Migrandum 
 esse Rhodum aut aliquo terrarum arbitror. Ubicunque eris gen- 
 tium, a nobis diligaris. 
 
 100. Hiero, the most powerful king - of Sicily, having - heard 
 of the defeat near lake Trasimenus, sent 300,000 bushels of wheat 
 and 240 pounds of gold as a present to the Roman people. To 
 Horatius Codes was given as much land (fields), as he could 
 plough in one day. In spring - many kinds of birds return to us, 
 which in autumn have departed for distant countries. At Mara¬ 
 thon the Athenians put to flight a ten-fold number of enemies. 
 Catiline cared nothing for the life of the citizens or the welfare 
 of his country. Many apply too little care and labor and yet de- 
 
 . mand a large reward. That is a glorious victory in which there 
 is more mercy than cruelty. Whatsoever there was of gold and 
 silver in Sicily, Verres seized. He that has too much confidence 
 in himself, will injure himself. Whatever time is passed, is lost. 
 Aristides determined how much money should be given to each 
 city. Whenever anything fortunate happens in war, it is attrib¬ 
 uted to the general. Who doubts that 1 there is sufficient pro¬ 
 tection for a happy life in virtue? 
 
 1 quin. 
 
 101. Where in the world are my books? They are in the 
 same place, where you left them. After the battle at Zama noth¬ 
 ing remained for the Carthaginians than to accept the terms 1 of 
 the Romans. Do not imitate those who, indeed, have sufficient 
 eloquence, but possess too little wisdom; nothing great or noble 
 has been produced by them. A wise man does nothing disgrace¬ 
 ful, nothing low, nothing slavish, but ever strives after some¬ 
 thing exalted 2 , something glorious, something celestial and divine. 
 Much corn was transported from Sicily to Rome. Not seldom 
 does something 3 sweet lie at the bottom 4 of sorrow. 
 
 1 conditio. 2 excelsus. 3 quidam. 4 inesse. 
 
 § 185 . 
 
 102. Gloriae te esse avidissimum non negabis. Pythagoras 
 sapientiae studiosos appellabat philosophos. Conscia mens recti 
 famae mendacia ridet. Themistocles peritissimos belli navalis 
 fecit Athenienses. Conon et prudens rei militaris et diligens erat 
 imperii. Immemorem beneficii omnes oderunt. Alexander irae 
 
52 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 potens non erat. Cn. Pompejus potentiae cupidissimus, amici¬ 
 tiarum tenax et paene omnium vitiorum expers fuit. In omni¬ 
 bus rebus est aliquid optimum, idque ab eo potest, qui ejus rei 
 gnarus est, judicari. Numa Pompilius‘vir consultissimus 1 erat 
 omnis divini atque humani juris. Venturae memores jam nunc 
 estote senectae. Solus homo ex tot animantium generibus ratio¬ 
 nis est particeps. Ira, ut insania, impotens est sui. Pharos insu¬ 
 la magnae urbis haud capax est. Non inopes vitae, sed prodigi 
 sumus. Plena exemplorum est nostra respublica, cum saepe alias, 
 tum maxime bello Punico secundo, quae, Cannensi calamitate 
 accepta, majores animos habuit, quam unquam rebus secundis. 
 Xerxes refertus fuit omnibus praemiis donisque fortunae. Attica 
 erat fere inops frumenti frugumque, fertilis autem oleae et fici. 
 Omnes homines ratione praediti sibi temperare debent. Caesar 
 ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit, quod vacuum a defensoribus 
 esse audiebat. Nullus sermo aliqua re utili vacuus esse debet. 
 
 1 consultus, a, unt {jure, or is), learned in law. 
 
 103. The people, desirous of revolution, were devoted 1 to 
 Catiline. The ancient Romans were skilled in war, but rather 
 ignorant in the sciences. He who is conscious of no crime, is 
 happy. Anger is not master of 2 itself, unmindful of friendship, 
 and devoid of reason. He who is more desirous of money and 
 pleasures than of virtue, will not participate 3 in true happiness. 
 Plato inscribed on his door: “Let no one enter who is not skilled 
 in geometry.” The ancient poets extolled 4 Amathus, a city of 
 Cyprus, consecrated to Venus, with the greatest eulogies 5 . Of 
 all the provinces of the Roman empire, Sicily and Egypt were 
 the most productive of grain. Soldiers, attack the enemy boldly, 
 mindful of your former 6 valor! The ancient historians report 
 that the rivers of Germany were teeming 7 with fish and the 
 woods were full of game 8 . Carbo was ignorant of the laws and 
 not versed 9 in civil right. Many men strive to acquire wealth, 
 in order to be free 10 from cares in their old age. Of the orators 
 Crassus had the best knowledge of law, of those versed in law 
 Scaevola was the most eloquent. 
 
 1 studiosus. 2 impotens. 3 particeps. 4 efferre. 5 laus. 6 pristinus. 7 re¬ 
 fertus. 8 ferae. 9 imperitus. 10 vacuus. 
 
 § 186 . 
 
 104. Claudius Caesar fuit cibi vinique quocunque et tem¬ 
 pore et loco appetentissimus. Catilinae corpus fuit patiens in- 
 
THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 53 
 
 ediae 1 , vigiliae, algoris 2 ; animus audax, alieni appetens, sui profu¬ 
 sus 3 . Quintus Pompejus fuit omnis officii diligentissimus. Pertinere 
 ad beate vivendum arbitror, ut cum viris bonis, jucundis, aman¬ 
 tibus tui vivas. Epaminondas adeo fuit veritatis diligens, ut ne 
 joco quidem mentiretur. Quidam philosophi virtutem ob eam 
 rem laudarunt, quod efficiens esset voluptatis. Nihil est appe¬ 
 tentius similium sui, quam natura. 
 
 1 fasting. 2 cold. 3 lavish. 
 
 105. Anaxagpras bequeathed 1 his patrimony to his relatives, 
 and indifferent 2 to everything’, he set out for Athens to apply 
 himself to studies. Of the Romans Aemilius Paullus loved 3 the 
 children 4 most, and took part in all their sports. Alexander the 
 Great was so eag-er for honor and fame, that he said he was 
 the son of Jupiter. In my youth I could endure every hardship, 
 but now I have become so feeble, that I avoid the least exer¬ 
 tion. Thorius Balbus had not only an inclination 5 for amuse¬ 
 ments, but was even a judg-e 6 in every kind of them. Seek 
 the company of those who honor 7 religion, and shun the com¬ 
 pany of those who despise 8 religion. Decius Mus was so devoted 9 
 to his country, as to expose himself to the greatest dangers. 
 He who loves himself too much, will only be mindful of his own 
 advantage, indifferent to his duties, and unmindful of the bene¬ 
 fits bestowed upon him by others. 
 
 1 permittere. 2 neglegens. 3 amans sum. 4 parvuli, orum. 5 cupidus. 
 6 intelligens. 7 colens. 8 contemnens. 9 amans. 
 
 % 187 . 
 
 106. Animus meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, fu¬ 
 tura praevidet. Divico, Helvetiorum legatus, Caesarem hortatus 
 est, ut reminisceretur et veteris incommodi sui, et pristinae vir¬ 
 tutis Helvetiorum. Homo iste insignis nequitiae aliquando cum 
 dolore flagitiorum suorum recordabitur. Caesar cohortatus est 
 Aeduos, ut controversiarum et dissensionum obliviscerentur. Hal¬ 
 cyonum nidi figura reliquarum (avium) quoque sollertiae 1 admo¬ 
 net. Grammaticos officii sui commonemus. Canes itinera quam¬ 
 vis longa meminerunt. Est operae pretium, diligentiam majorum 
 recordari. Homines res praeclarissimas obliviscuntur. De lacrimis 
 illis recordor, quas pro me saepe profudistis. Putavi ea de re 
 te esse admonendum. Venit mihi in mentem illius temporis, quo 
 fuimus una 2 . Dormientibus nobis interdum ea in mentem veniunt 
 quae vigilantes vel vidimus vel fecimus. 
 
 1 skillfulness. 2 una, adv., together. 
 
54 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 107. Who is so insensible 1 as to forget the place where he 
 was born, bred and educated? We term those conscientious who are 
 ever mindful of their duty. People are wont to forget favors 
 more readily than offences. Imitate the Pythagoreans, who were 
 wont to recall in the evening what they had done during the 
 day. When Phocion was led to execution, many citizens, remem¬ 
 bering his former renown, deplored his sad fate. Presents from 
 those who remind others of the benefits received, are not pleasing. 
 The Romans often thought of the defeat at Cannae; but never 
 would such a great disaster have befallen 2 the Roman legions, 
 had not Terrentius Varro had so much self-confidence. When 
 his guests reminded Alexander of the deeds of Philip, he began 
 to prefer himself to his father and to extol 5 the greatness of his 
 undertackings 4 . In prosperity we very easily forget God; misfor¬ 
 tune reminds us of him. He who forgets his friends, will also 
 neglect 5 God. 
 
 1 inhumanus. 2 accidere. 3 extollere. 4 res. 5 negligens sum. 
 
 m 
 
 § 188 . 
 
 108. Miltiades proditionis accusatus est. Piso Germanicum 
 luxus et superbiae incusavit. Vitellius Pisonem magni sceleris 
 coarguit. Scaurus pecuniae a Jugurtha acceptae arcessebatur. 
 Quid est acerbum, quid grave nimis in homines tanti sceleris 
 convictos? Recte condemnamus haruspices aut stultitiae aut vani¬ 
 tatis aut impudentiae. Ne audacem quidem timoris absolvimus. 
 Nomine sceleris conjurationisque damnati sunt multi. Alcibiades 
 postulabat, ne absens invidiae crimine accusaretur. Thrasybulus 
 legem tulit, ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur neve multare¬ 
 tur. Qui alterum incusat probi, ipsum se intueri oportet. Fannius 
 Verrem insimulat avaritiae et audaciae. Annon intelligis, quales 
 viros summi sceleris arguas? Miltiades capitis absolutus, pecuniae 
 multatus est. Lex vetat eum, qui de pecuniis repetundis damnatus 
 sit, in concione orationem habere. Dixit nunc demum se voti 
 esse damnatum. 
 
 109. The Roman laws forbade the use of water and fire to 
 him who was condemned for high treason 1 . Verres was accused 
 of extortion. As many were accused of treason at Athens, so 
 were many charged with embezzlement at Rome. Caecilius 
 doubted whether he should accuse his enemy of violence or 
 treachery. Sextus Roscius was accused of patricide at Rome, 
 but Cicero effected by his eloquence that he was acquitted of 
 
the genitive case. 
 
 55 
 
 this charge. Who can accuse the army of flight or of fear, since 
 50,000 men have fallen? The ancient Romans established by 
 law, that 2 a thief should be sentenced to a double amount 3 , a 
 usurer to a fourfold amount*. Socrates was prosecuted for im¬ 
 piety by the Athenians and condemned to death; but they soon 
 repented of having condemned the most innocent man to death. 
 Cicero defended P. Sulla, whom Torquatus had accused of parti¬ 
 cipation 5 in the conspiracy of Catiline. The Romans had such a 
 predilection 6 for gladiatorial and other games of this kind, as to 
 sentence those who were convicted of crime to fight with wild beasts. 
 
 1 majestas laesa . 2 ut. 3 duplum. 4 quadruplum. 5 societas. 6 studio¬ 
 
 sus sum. 
 
 § 189 . 
 
 110. Natura parvo esset contenta, nisi voluptatem tanti aesti¬ 
 maretis. Nulla possessio, nulla vis auri et argenti pluris, quam 
 virtus, aestimanda est. Divitiae a me minimi putantur. Ille finis 
 amicitiae deterrimus est, ut quanti quisque se ipse facit, tanti 
 fiat ab amicis. Ego a meis me amari et magni pendi postulo. 
 Avarus sua parvi pendit, aliena cupit. Tanti est exercitus, quanti 
 imperator. Dum tibi placeam, tergum meum flocci non facio. 
 Hephaestionem Alexander plurimi fecit. Laelius non eo dictus 
 est sapiens, quod non intelligeret, quid suavissimum esset, sed 
 quia parvi id duceret. Commi regis virtus in Britannia magni 
 habebatur. Magno ubique pretio virtus aestimatur. 
 
 111. To act circumspectly is more valuable than to think 
 prudently. It is known that geese, the deliverers of the Capitol, 
 were highly valued at Rome. A servant that is not mindful of 
 his duty, is worth little. The Roman general Fabricius valued 
 gold and silver not as highly as righteousness. Pericles esteemed 
 Anaxagoras very highly, and when the latter was accused of 
 impiety, he was acquitted by the assistance of Pericles. O the 
 foolish men, that value pleasure higher than virtue! After God 
 we must esteem our parents and country most. It is disgraceful 
 to esteem one’s birth 1 and riches more than virtue. Themistocles 
 did not esteem justice as highly as his contemporary Aristides, 
 who valued just designs more than useful ones. He who esteems 
 money as highly as virtue, will neglect his friends and think 
 little of God. Philip valued victories obtained 2 by words more 
 than those achieved by weapons. All the goods of fortune are 
 not as valuable as virtue. It rarely happens that traitors are 
 
 1 genus, eris . 2 parere , 
 
56 
 
 THE GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 highly esteemed; for even the enemy fears that 1 he will be be¬ 
 trayed by them. If we do not esteem honors highly, it is our 
 duty not to enlist in the service 2 of the state. The statue was 
 valued at fifty talents. 
 
 1 ne. 2 nomen dare . 
 
 §§ 190 8c 191 . 
 
 112. Interest reipublicae dignitate eminere. Theophrastus 
 moriens accusasse naturam dicitur, quod cervis et cornicibus vi¬ 
 tam diuturnam, quorum id nihil interesset, hominibus, quorum 
 maxime interfuisset, tam exiguam vitam dedisset. Dei naturam 
 indagare 1 neque interest hominum, nec capit humanae conjectura 
 mentis; sacer est, aeternus, immensus. Nihil interest mea, quan¬ 
 tus circa mortem meam tumultus sit. Quid nostra refert victum 
 esse Antonium? Caesar dicere solebat, non tam sua, quam rei¬ 
 publicae interesse, ut salvus esset. Ipsi animi, magni refert, quali 
 in corpore locati sint. In Epirum statui me conferre: non quo 
 mea interesset loci natura, sed nusquam facilius hanc miserrimam 
 vitam sustentabo. In vocibus animantium multum refert locorum 
 natura. Quod tua nihil refert, percontari desinas. Ad honorem 
 nostrum magni interest, quam primum ad urbem me venire. Quid 
 id ad me aut ad meam rem refert, Persae quid rerum gerant? 
 Mea fortuna facile obtrectatores invenit; non meo quidem merito, 
 sed quanti id refert, si tamen accidit? Quod permagni interest, 
 pro necessario saepe habetur. Maxime interest, quemadmodum 
 quaeque res audiatur. Multum interest rei familiaris tuae, te 
 quam primum venire. Quam multa quae nostra ipsorum causa non 
 faceremus, amicorum gratia facimus. Divitiarum magis, quam inju¬ 
 riae causa bellum inceptum est. Pausanias barbaros apud Plateas 
 delevit, ejusque victoriae ergo Apollini donum dedit. Summam mi¬ 
 litum indignationem movit consul se in castris regis instar esse 
 professus. 
 
 1 to search. 
 
 113. It is of the greatest importance to good parents to have 
 their children well educated. It is of great importance to him who 
 wishes to learn, whether he follows the right or wrong method 1 . 
 If the battle is lost, it matters not how many have fallen in the 
 engagement or have been captured in the flight. The expulsion 2 
 of Hannibal out of Italy was a matter of great interest to the 
 Romans. That which is of less concern to me, perhaps delights 
 you more. It is of importance to all men to treat the wicked 
 with severity. It must be of interest to all of us to see our 
 
MISECEEANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 57 
 
 friends prosper 3 . The Romans believed that it was of great im¬ 
 portance for the common good to have two consuls in the state. 
 It is of great importance to all of us to leave as good a memory 
 of us as possible 4 . Your health is of much interest to me, your 
 progress in the sciences of greater; but that you may become not 
 only refined but also good men, is of the greatest interest to me. 
 It behooves an intelligent man to esteem good citizens highly, 
 and to despise bad citizens; for it must be of great importance 
 to all of us to have as many good citizens and as few bad ones 
 as possible. The ancient Egyptians built pyramids like moun¬ 
 tains. Is not exile like to death? Demosthenes was presented 
 with a golden crown because of his virtue and his good will 
 towards the Athenian people. Hunters train dogs for the sake of 
 hunting. I shall do this not for your sake but for mine. 
 
 1 ratio. 2 expulsus, cf. Gr. § 311. 3 valere. 4 quam optimus (as good as 
 
 possible). 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 114. Among the ancient Romans and Greeks the attention 1 
 to hospitality was very great, and they chose Jupiter as its 
 patron 2 , and named him “Jupiter Hospitalis”. The wise man 
 practices virtue even if 3 no 4 reward follows; for he believes that 
 nothing is to be esteemed higher than virtue. Caesar relates 
 in his first book on (pie) the Civil War, that the consul Scipio 
 had flattered the chief men 5 of the state, in order that through 
 their influence, he might be acquitted of bribery 6 . The birds 
 fly about 7 the nests of their young full of anxiety, when they 
 suspect that an enemy will hurt them. Cato took the poet En¬ 
 nius along with him to Rome, an event 8 which we value not 
 less than the greatest triumph. Whenever any thing happens 
 which may seem of any importance to us or our friends, we 
 write letters. He who loves 9 virtue, endures 10 hardships, does 
 not covet 11 others’ goods, is justly considered happy. L. Tar¬ 
 quinius traveled through 12 the cities ot Etruria and sought assist¬ 
 ance from the Veientes and Tarquinians, reminding them of the 
 former insults of the Roman people. Demaratus, who fled from 
 Corinth to Tarquinii, had two sons, of whom the elder died in 
 Tarquinii, and the younger resided at Rome after the death of 
 
 1 cur a. 2 praeses, idis. 3 etiamsi. 4 nihil. 5 princeps . 6 ambitus. 7 circum¬ 
 
 volare . 8 id. 9 amans sum. 10 perferens sum. 11 appetens sum. 12 circumire. 
 
58 
 
 miscellaneous EXERCISES. 
 
 his father. He who leaves a good memory of himself has at¬ 
 tained sufficient fame. 
 
 115. Those who pursue 1 trifling- advantag-es with no small 
 danger, are like those who fish with a g-olden hook. Cyrus van¬ 
 quished Croesus, king* of Lydia, who considered himself the 
 happiest of mortals. Have mercy on the poor, so that God may 
 once have mercy on you. Virtue, say 2 the Stoics, is the highest 
 good, and everything else that is considered pleasant or unpleas¬ 
 ant is of no importance. Aristotle calls friendship the most 
 beautiful of all human ties. Who of you does not know how much 
 inconstancy and perverseness there is in folly? Take the sword 
 away from him who is not master of his anger. All who re¬ 
 mained at home were ashamed of their cowardice, when they 
 heard that the enemy had been defeated. Miltiades was accused 
 of treason and condemned to death, thereupon freed from his 
 sentence and fined. The Roman state produced many men re¬ 
 nowned both in war and in peace: for instance 3 , Cicero, a man 
 of great eloquence; Caesar, a man of extraordinary military tal¬ 
 ents; Cato, a man of singular love for his country. 
 
 1 sutari. 2 inquam. 3 velut. 
 
 116. What is more disgraceful than to compute 1 how much 
 a good man is worth? It is the duty of man to have compassion 
 with the wretched. All the members of the body accord 2 with 
 one another, for the preservation of each one is of importance 
 to the whole body. I do not doubt that some of the dialogues 
 that are generally 3 ascribed 4 to Plato, do not belong to him. 
 He is beneficent who deals kindly with others not for his own 
 sake, but for that of his neighbor 5 . The hope of better times 
 is a consolation in misfortune. After Themistocles had been 
 accused of treason, he fled to Asia, to king Artaxerxes, who 
 presented him with three cities. The pyramid of Cheops, king 
 of Egypt, was 800 feet high. Iphicrates had (esse) a great soul, 
 as well as a great body and the appearance of a commander, so 
 that he inspired every one with admiration for his person. The 
 star Saturn completes its course in thirty years 6 . My brother 
 wrote to me that only a few of you returned from the battle un¬ 
 hurt. That scholar possesses great talent and an extraordinary 
 memory, and is versed in Greek not less than in Latin. Aristides 
 surpassed his fellow-citizens in love of truth and justice; where¬ 
 fore the Athenians gave him the honorable surname of Just. 
 
 1 computare. 2 congruere , 3 solere . 4 addicere nomini alicujus. 5 alter. 
 
 6 every 30th year, 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 59 
 
 117. Of all the gods the Gauls honor Mercury most, whom 
 they call 1 the inventor of all the arts. The Albanians had more 
 courage than strength. Tiberius called Priam happy, because 
 he had survived 1 all his family. I doubt not that your crimes 
 will come into your mind. The woman was accused of poisoning 
 and sentenced to death. Justly do we consider those the wisest 
 of all men who control their passions. To be more solicitous 
 for the welfare than the will of the people, is the mark of duti¬ 
 ful senators. Since many islands had assisted the Persians, a 
 fleet of seventy ships was given to Miltiades to wage war against 
 them; he was a man of approved valor, who did nothing for 
 his own sake, but everything for the sake of his * fellow-citizens. 
 When Antisthenes heard that he was praised and highly es¬ 
 teemed by some 3 profligate persons, he said: “I fear that I 
 have done something wrong.” Among the Roman kings, of 
 whom there were seven, Numa Pompilius was the most peace¬ 
 able, Tarquinius Superbus the most cruel. 
 
 1 perhibere. 2 superstes sum. 3 quidam. 
 
 118. It seems to you, indeed, that I have undertaken too 
 much work, but he that commences with a cheerful 1 spirit, has 
 already finished half the work. Cicero and Hortensius were 
 considered the greatest orators by the Romans and so highly 
 esteemed, that it could not be ascertained, which of the two 
 was more esteemed or beloved. It is of great interest to both 
 of us, to see you before your departure. Because Orestes had 
 killed 2 his mother, he was accused of matricide, but was ac¬ 
 quitted by Apollo. Socrates, the wisest of all the Athenians, 
 although very virtuous 3 and irreproachable, was nevertheless 
 accused of impiety by the ungrateful Athenians, and by the 
 unjust verdict of the judges put to death by poison. The for¬ 
 tunes 4 of nations and of men remind us of human frailty, which 
 we too often forget. Do not those, who possess sufficient elo¬ 
 quence, but too little true wisdom, do the greatest harm to the 
 state? The general reminded the soldiers of the wrong inflicted 5 
 upon them. To whom is the refinement of your mind and heart 
 of greater concern than to your parents and teachers? You 
 sometimes think that nothing depends upon the strict observance 
 of every precept; but that betrays want of judgment 6 ; later you 
 will repent of your levity, if you now value little the teachings 
 of those whose duty it is to give you a good education, and for 
 
 1 alacer. 3 trucidare , 3 virtus. ^ fatum r 5 injuri a, m accipere , 6 imbecillitas 
 judicii , 
 
60 
 
 MISCBIAANEOUS KxKRCISKS. 
 
 whom it is to judge what tends to your profit or disadvan¬ 
 tage. 
 
 119. Shun the society of the wicked, so that they may not 
 persuade you to do evil. Vercingetorix, a man of distinguished 
 prudence and bravery, did nothing for his own sake, but valued 
 his country more than all riches. Caesar brought Gaul under 
 the power of the Romans; but, because it was of great interest 
 to him that the resources 1 of the Roman people should appear 
 great, he resolved to set out for 2 Germany and cross over to 
 Britain. Which poem do you value more, the Odyssey or the 
 Iliad? Who does not know that both are highly valued by the 
 learned? It is known how highly Alexander appreciated them. 
 Always be mpidful of the divine commandments, do not be an¬ 
 gry with those who remind you of neglect of duty, forget past 
 grievances, be ashamed of mean revenge, pity even the needy 
 enemy. Alexander repented of having slain his friend Clitus 
 and began to be ashamed of his deed, as soon as he thought 
 of Clitus’ sister, who had been his nurse 3 . During the battle 
 of Cannae Lentulus said to Aemilianus Paullus: “Flee; even 
 without 3 r our d§ath, we have tears and sorrow enough!” What¬ 
 ever pains and solicitude shall have been spent 4 in acquiring the 
 knowledge of good things, will ever be praised. 
 
 1 facultas. 2 adire. 3 nutrix, icis. 4 ponere. 
 
 120. Tarquinius Priscus, who succeeded Ancus Martius, and 
 reigned 38 years, conquered the Sabines, and added not a little 
 of their country 1 to the Roman territory. Cicero appreciated 
 the applause 2 of the Romans very much, so that he considered 
 that day on which he returned and was applauded 8 , the most 
 beautiful of his life. It is a sign of magnanimity not to think 
 of the offences of inferior enemies. It is your duty to esteem 
 those highly who have taught you useful things. It was a 
 peculiarity of the customs of the Gauls to 4 compel travelers to 
 stop and to inquire what news they had heard or from what coun¬ 
 try they had come. It is worth while to learn in boyhood and 
 to refine the heart and soul as much as possible; if this is not 
 done, others will not respect us. Lysander believed he could 
 easily bribe the Africans; in (abl.) this expectation he traveled 
 to Africa. Where in all the world is old age so much respected 
 as at ivacedaemon? The Volscians procured auxiliaries for the 
 Latins; enraged at this, the consuls led their legions into the 
 territory of the Volscians. The Romans pursued Hannibal with 
 
 1 ager. 2 plausus, us. 3 applaudere. 4 ut. 
 
THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 61 
 
 such implacable 1 hatred as not to leave him any place on earth 
 as a refuge 2 . 
 
 1 implacabilis. 2 refugium relinquere. 
 
 , THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 §§ 192 & 193 . 
 
 121. Prisci Romani duabus his artibus, audacia in bello, 
 ubi pax evenerat, aequitate seque remque publicam curabant. 
 Ferro geruntur bella, non auro; viribus, non urbium tectis. Sol 
 omnia luce clarissima collustrat. Non tam utilitas parta per 
 amicum, quam amici amor ipse delectat. Deus Israelitis per 
 Moysen leges dedit. Alexander cum toto exercitu secundo Indo 
 vectus, ubi ad oceanum pervenit, milites partim navibus, partim 
 pedibus in Mesopotamiam redire jussit. Iphicrates exercitum 
 cui praeerat armis ita exercuit, ut tota Graecia nullius copiae 
 exercitatiores viderentur. Consul hostem tormentis sagittariisque 
 et funditoribus eminus terruit. Quod heri per dolum speciemque 
 amicitiae adeptus non es, hodie per vim non consequeris. Homi¬ 
 nes annum solis reditu metiuntur. Prudentia maxime ex tem¬ 
 perantia cognoscitur. Vasorum alia ex humo, alia ex auro et 
 argento finguntur. 
 
 122. Lucius Tarquinius, appointed 1 tutor 2 of the children 
 of Ancus, delivered a speech by which he won 3 the affection of 
 the Roman people; therefore he was with the unanimous 4 consent 
 of the people chosen king. We see with our eyes, hear with 
 our ears, and think with our mind. The Romans proclaimed 
 war through the fetial priests. We preserve and increase our 
 property by diligence and frugality. The Romans, active 5 at 
 home and in the field, defended liberty, country and parents with 
 their weapons. The Persian king Xerxes attacked the Greeks 
 with an immense army; these, however, defeated him both by 
 and and by sea, at Plataeae and at the island of Salamis. Kingl 
 Pyrrhus strove in vain to bribe Fabricius with money. The 
 Romans devastated Alba with fire and sword, and leveled 6 all 
 dwellings to the ground. Men of low birth have frequently 
 attained the highest honors by their industry. The Gauls begged 
 the Romans for peace through their embassadors. Agamemnon 
 transported 7 his army across the sea on 1,200 ships. Caesar, in 
 
 1 constituere. 2 tutor. 3 conciliare. 4 magnus. 5 intentus. 6 aequare. 
 7 trajicere. 
 
62 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 a few days, came by ship from Gades to Tarraco, and by land 1 
 from Tarraco to Narbo. 
 
 1 pes (pi.) 
 
 123. The^ Pythagoreans exercised themselves in abstinence 
 from food. You are aware 1 that it becomes a youth to be in¬ 
 structed in the sciences. Immediately after meals the Romans 
 played dice 2 . It is the sign of a great mind to foresee 3 the fu¬ 
 ture in one’s thoughts. Alcibiades, who had departed for Sicily, 
 did not return home when called by the people, but sailed to 
 Thurii on the ship which the Athenians had sent him, and 
 thence betook himself to Elis, thence to Thebes. At Rome there 
 was preserved below the Capitol a picture of good Fortune, hold¬ 
 ing in her right hand a plate 4 , in her left an ear of corn 5 and 
 a poppy. In ancient Italy it frequently rained stones and the 
 statues of the gods sweated blood. If anything new happens, I 
 will inform you by letter. The Romans conquered the Cartha¬ 
 ginians partly by force, partly by deceit. From the shortness 
 of the letter you can see that I am very much occupied 6 . God 
 made man of the slime of the earth. Most people fail in this, 
 that 7 they judge the plans of illustrious men by the success 8 , 
 not by the intention 9 . 
 
 1 non fugit. 2 talus. 3 praecipere. * patera, ae. 5 spica, ae. 6 distentus. 
 7 quod. 8 eventus. 9 voluntas. 
 
 § 194 . 
 
 124. Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit. Tan¬ 
 tus olim terror Gallici nominis erat, ut multi reges ultro pacem 
 ingenti pecunia mercarentur. Paria singula columbarum, si sunt 
 formosae, bono colore, integrae, vulgo veneunt ducenis nummis. 
 Magno Romanis deliciae constabant. Spem pretio non emo. Ly¬ 
 curgus emi omnia non pecunia, sed compensatione mercium jussit. 
 Matris magnae fanum pecunia grandi venditum est. Chrysogonus 
 vas aliquod Corinthium tanto pretio mercatus est, ut, qui pretium 
 enumerari audiebant, fundum venire arbitrarentur. Sejus in cari¬ 
 tate annonae asse modium populo dedit. Augustus notavit ali¬ 
 quos equites, quod pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati, graviore 
 foenore collocassent. Fames parvo constat, fastidium magno. 
 Eam urbem in qua piscis pluris emeretur quam bos, stare non 
 posse Cato verissime dixit. Haec domus quam abhinc minus 
 quam tredecim annos satis magno emi, tantidem venibit. Ger¬ 
 manis certum modum agri habere rion licebat, ne studium belli 
 gerendi agricultura commutarent. 
 
THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 63 
 
 125. King- Attalus bought a painting from the Theban artist 
 Aristides for 100 talents. When corn is plentiful 1 , it is bought 
 cheap. Nothing is more precious than time which can not be 
 bought for gold or silver. The pictures of Apelles cost very much, 
 one was sold for 20,000 florins 2 . Wisdom is not sold for gold, 
 nor silver, nor pearls. During war everything that belongs 3 to 
 daily sustenance 4 is sold at a high price. The civil war which 
 the Romans waged with one another cost them much blood. For 
 how much was this farm sold? For 20 talents. Merchants sell 
 their wares not only for as much as they bought them, but for 
 more. The villa which Horace had at Tibur cost him nothing; 
 it was presented to him by Maecenas. When the danger of his 
 country demanded it, Cincinnatus gladly exchanged the plow for 
 the sword and led the Romans to victory. 
 
 1 copia , ae. 2 Jiorenus, i. 3 pertinere. 4 victus, us. 
 
 § 195 . 
 
 126. Neminem Thrasybulo praefero fide, constantia, magni¬ 
 tudine animi, in patriam amore. Atticus in eam civitatem se con¬ 
 tulerat, quae antiquitate, humanitate, doctrina praestabat omnes. 
 Italia est rectrix parensque mundi altera 1 , viris, ducibus, militibus, 
 servitiis, artium praestantia, ingeniorum claritate, situ ac salubri¬ 
 tate coeli atque temperie, accessu cunctarum gentium facili, lito- 
 ribus portuosis, benigno ventorum afflatu, aquarum copia, nemo¬ 
 rum salubritate, ferorum animalium innocentia, soli fertilitate, 
 pabuli ubertate. Magnos homines non virtute metimur, sed for¬ 
 tuna. Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia opum flore¬ 
 bat. Grandis natu parens adductus ad supplicium; ex altera parte 
 filius. Ennius fuit major natu quam Plautus. Socrates omnium 
 eruditorum testimonio totiusque Graeciae judicio, phliosophorum 
 omnium facile princeps fuit. Virorum antiquitatis fortissimorum 
 vix quisqum illustrior est quam Alexander, magni patris filius ma¬ 
 jor, natione Macedo, eruditione et studiis Atheniensis, prudentia, 
 fortitudine, fortuna bellica non minus insignis quam comitate, 
 liberalitate, humanitate. Sext. Pompejus, Cn. Magni filius, erat 
 studiis rudis, sermone barbarus, impetu strenuus, fide patri dis¬ 
 simillimus, libertorum suorum libertus, servorumque servus, spe¬ 
 ciosis invidens, ut pareret humillimis. Augustus Dalmatico bello 
 vulnera accepit, una acie dextrum genu lapide ictus, altera au¬ 
 tem et crus et utrumque brachium ruina pontis consauciatus 2 . 
 
 1 the second mother of the world. 2 to wound seriously. 
 
64 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 127. Agesilaus was king- in name, but not in power. Caesar 
 equaled all Roman orators except Cicero in oratorical fame. King* 
 Richard of Eug-land was like a lion in strength and courage. 
 Mithridates, king of Pontus, was a second 1 Hannibal in his 
 hatred of the Romans. Nobody excelled Homer in sublimity 2 in 
 great things and simplicity in small ones; he is pleasing and se¬ 
 rious and admirable both in his profuseness 3 and brevity. Al¬ 
 though no one equaled Thrasybulus in virtue, yet in fame he 
 was excelled by many. Much is useful in appearance, which is 
 destructive in reality 4 . At the advice of Themistocles the harbor 
 of Piraeus was so embellished, that it equaled the city in 
 splendor and excelled it in usefulness. Nobody could equal Al¬ 
 cibiades in bodily strength. Julius Caesar was very 1 much like 
 Alexander the Great in greatness of plans, celerity in battle, en¬ 
 durance in dangers. At the time of Caesar’s arrival in Egypt, 
 Ptolemy, a boy in years, carried on war against Cleopatra, his 
 older sister. 
 
 1 alter. 2 sublimitas. 3 copia. 4 res. 
 
 § 196 . 
 
 128. Miltiades aeger erat vulneribus, quae acceperat. Min¬ 
 turnenses C. Marium, fessum inedia fluctibusque, recrearunt. Pyg¬ 
 malion Sichaeum, auri caecus amore, clam ferro superat. Darius, 
 Hystaspis filius, senectute diem obiit supremum. Themistocles 
 post proelium ad Marathonem commissum gloriae cupiditate ar¬ 
 dens, somnum capere non potuisse fertur. Homo invidus alio¬ 
 rum rebus secundis nunquam gaudet, adversis nunquam dolet. 
 Moestus calamitate Ciceronis, senatus, tamquam in publico luctu, 
 veste mutata, pro eo deprecabatur. Orgetorix regni cupiditate 
 inductus, conjurationem nobilitatis fecit. Clarissimorum antiqui¬ 
 tatis regum res gestae, mea quidem sententia, cum Caesaris nec 
 contentionum magnitudine nec numero proeliorum nec celeritate 
 conficiendi possunt conferri. Hannibal, cum ex oculis laboraret 
 et lectica ferretur, tamen Flaminium consulem ad lacum Trasi¬ 
 menum devicit. Servius injussu populi, voluntate patrum regna¬ 
 vit. Ut adolescentibus bona indole praeditis sapientes senes delec¬ 
 tantur, leviorque fit eorum senectus, qui a juventute coluntur et 
 diliguntur: sic adolescentes senum praeceptis gaudent, quibus ad 
 virtutum studia ducuntur. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricola¬ 
 rum, quibus ego incredibiliter delector: quae nec ulla impediuntur 
 senectute, et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxime videntur accedere. 
 
THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 65 
 
 129. Caesar was greatly esteemed for his beneficence and 
 liberality, Cato for his purity 1 of life; the former was renowned 
 for his mildness and compassion, the severity of the latter had 
 added 2 to his honor. The scarcity of provisions 8 is sometimes 
 so great, that many people die of hunger. Love of country is, 
 in my opinion, a great virtue. Not out of love of peace, but 
 out of fear of war, the enemy sent ambassadors, to whom the 
 Romans granted an armistice of twenty-one years. Peace was 
 granted to the Locrians at Hannibal’s request. At the advice 
 of Themistocles the Athenians built a fleet of 200 ships. Numa 
 Pompilius, whom the Romans had elected king, as the most expe¬ 
 rienced in divine and human laws, died of some sickness in the 
 forty-third year of his reign. The Persians, after having taken 
 the pass of Thermopylae by storm, attacked Athens, and, at the 
 king’s command, set it on fire. 
 
 1 integritas. 2 addere. 3 caritas a?monae. 
 
 130. The work of many months went to ruin 1 in one moment 2 
 on account of the unfaithfulness of the allies and the violence of 
 the storm. The Romans concluded peace with the Carthaginians 
 after the first Punic war on this condition, that (ut) the latter 
 surrender Sicily. Manlius,' Catiline’s accomplice, stirred up 3 
 the people of Etruria, who, on account of poverty and resent¬ 
 ment of injuries received, were desirous of innovations. The 
 body of Darius, who was murdered by Bessus, was at the com¬ 
 mand of Alexander buried according to custom of his country 4 . 
 Many undertake dangerous voyages out of desire for gold. Ti¬ 
 berius and Cajus Gracchus, tribunes of the people, attempted many 
 innovations out of compassion for the destitution 5 of the common 
 people. Those who always boast of their services 6 are justly 
 despised by us. Although Scipio rejoiced at the defeat of the 
 Carthaginians, yet their misfortune pained him. Men frequently 
 have an aversion to those things in which boys delight. If your 
 eyes pain you, rest is best for you. Those who are content with 
 their lot have sufficient mone}'. Scipio the Elder defeated 7 the 
 Carthaginian general, who was so proud of his victories, and 
 concluded the second Punic war. In war it frequently happens 
 that the soldiers have to endure hunger and thirst. 
 
 1 pereo . 2 punctum temporis. 3 sollicitare. 4 patrius, a, um. 5 inopia. 
 
 ° virtus. 7 supervenire. 
 
 § 197 . 
 
 131. Querebantur cum luctu et gemitu aratores. Epaminon¬ 
 das a judipio capitis maxima discessit gloria. Hannibal cum 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 dolore et indignatione reliquit Italiam quam per tot annos pro¬ 
 spere et maxima cum gloria domuerat. Dux suo periculo progredi 
 cogitat: populi impetus periculi rationem non habet. In omnibus 
 quae ratione docentur et via, primum constituendum est, quid 
 quidque sit. Praetores merito ac jure laudantur. Fuit quoddam 
 tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur. Caesar 
 ab equitibus certior factus est hostium duces copias silentio e 
 castris educere. Hannibal, Pyrenaeis montibus magno cum exer¬ 
 citu superatis, per regiones Galliae meridianas singulari celeri¬ 
 tate et nullo fere negotio iter fecit. Scipio cum pallio et crepidis 
 in gymnasio ambulare solebat. Maxima cum celeritate Galli 
 impetum subito fecerunt in legionarios castrorum in munitione 
 occupatos; qui summa virtute se defenderunt, nullo ordine, nullo 
 imperio; multi etiam nudo capite pugnaverunt, quod tempus ga¬ 
 leas induendi eos defecerat. Aemilius Paullus cum maxima pompa 
 nave Persae, quae inusitata magnitudine fuisse dicitur, Romam 
 rediit. 
 
 132. In anger nothing good or considerate can be done. 
 That which we perform with zeal and diligence, we are wont to 
 do with success. I have read your letters, from which I learn 
 with the greatest pleasure, that you are in good health. In 
 his old age Cato learned the Greek language with great fervor. 
 Leonidas preferred to die with great glory than retreat with 
 shame. Tiberius, who had reigned with extraordinary sluggish¬ 
 ness 1 , oppressive 2 cruelty, and criminal 3 covetousness, died, to 
 the great joy of all, in Campania, in the twenty-third year of 
 his reign, and the seventy-eighth of his life. Let us prepare 
 ourselves in every way for war against our enemies. With per¬ 
 fect justice Lnnius once called the poets holy. He that is con¬ 
 scious of no crime, can await death with a calm mind. The 
 proconsul took many fortresses by force; others surrendered to 
 him of their own accord. 
 
 1 segnities, ei. 2 gravis. 3 nefarius. 
 
 133. After the king defeated the army of the enemy through 
 the valor of his soldiers, he arranged the affairs of the state 1 
 with the greatest equity. If you are unjustly suspected by others, 
 act so that you may refute their suspicion. Those who excel 
 in age and knowledge, are obeyed with a more willing 2 mind. 
 Posterity will with grateful hearts think of him who will have 
 left behind him a pleasing memory of his name. Miltiades 
 returned to Athens to the great displeasure of his fellow-citizens. 
 
 1 publicus. 2 aequus. 
 
fHE ABLATIVE. 
 
 67 
 
 The enemy marched towards the camp of Caesar with an im¬ 
 mense army. Children like 1 to walk bare-footed. At Rome those 
 who sought an office, went about in a white 2 toga; on this 
 account they were called “candidati”. With your permission 
 I will inform my father of your plan. Many people are poor 
 without any fault of theirs. Damon went to the palace of Dio-- 
 nysius with a dagger hid in his garment. When Darius had 
 invaded Scythia with an immense army, the Scythians drove 
 him back 3 in shameful flight; for, when they had retreated into 
 the interior 4 of their country, Darius pursued them rashly and 
 in a short time suffered so great want of provisions, that he 
 was forced to retreat hastily and without order. 
 
 1 juvat . 2 candidus . 3 repello. 4 ulterior pars. 
 
 § 198 . 
 
 134. Mortuorum non modo vitae commodis, sed ne vita qui¬ 
 dem ipsa quisquam caret. Gravius est spoliari fortunis quam non 
 augeri dignitate. Constat Germaniam Galliamque abundare rivis 
 et fluminibus. Aetna aliquando multo igne abundavit. Capua 
 fortissimorum virorum multitudine redundat. Antiochia quondam 
 eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimis studiis affluebat. Unde pos¬ 
 sum scire, quantum adversus paupertatem tibi animi sit, si divi¬ 
 tiis diffluis? Metallis plumbi, ferri, aeris, argenti, auri tota ferme 
 Hispania scatet. Corpus multis eget rebus, ut valeat. Quid af¬ 
 ferre consilii potest, qui ipse eget consilio? Atticus familiares 
 suos quibus rebus indiguerunt, adjuvit. Monitio acerbitate, ob¬ 
 jurgatio contumelia carere debet. Maximae admirationi sunt, 
 qui et virtute ceteris praestare et vitiis quibus ceteri resistere non 
 possunt, carere videntur. Injuste moriens beatior est quam ii qui 
 vita eum privant. Sol cuncta sua luce complet. Gravitas morbi 
 facit, ut medicinae egeamus. 
 
 135. Wicked people often have abundance of wealth and 
 honor; the good are frequently in want of the most necessary 
 things. Those parents that were bereft of their children, were 
 under the protection 1 of the goddess Orbona. Diving beings 
 can not be without air. T. Pomponius Atticus, who died at 
 the age of seventy-four years, needed no medicine for thirty 
 years. The Greek philosophers, who possessed an excellent power 
 and quickness of mind, have followed the examples of their 
 teachers. It is the duty of the state to honor and reward 2 those 
 
 1 tutela, ae. 2 afficere. 
 
68 
 
 THE) ABLATIVE. 
 
 men who have deserved well of their fellow-citizens. Necessary 
 thing's do not so much 1 require art as labor. In ancient times 
 Sicily had so great an abundance of corn, that it was called 
 the granary of Italy. Nothing' seemed so sad to the ancients 
 as to be absent from one’s country. The smaller and tender 
 plants are, the more care do they require. Many have already 
 been deprived of the g-ain which they acquired in an unjust 
 manner. It pained Caesar, when he saw Brutus, whom he had 
 loaded with favors, among- 2 the conspirators; anb sighing, he 
 exclaimed 3 “Thou also, O Brutus!” 
 
 1 non tam-quam. 2 (a prep.) 3 inquam. 
 
 136. When the Lacedaemonians were in need of money, 
 Agesilaus especially aided his country with money. What a 
 pain shall we feel 1 , when the happiness of our country vanishes! 
 I would thank you, had I received a benefit from you. Julius 
 Caesar was murdered by those on whom he had conferred the 
 greatest benefits. Aeneas had 2 such a filial love 3 , that he would 
 rather die than forsake his father. The poet Archias, who was 
 born at Antioch, a city wealthy and abounding 4 in learned person¬ 
 ages, came to Rome during the consulate of Marius and Catulus. 
 In Spain Sertorius was killed by Porpenna, and the latter was 
 defeated and executed eleven days after by Pompey. The enemy 
 deprived the citizens of their arms, so that they could not again 5 
 venture to defend their city. The sciences fill us with the most 
 salutary learning. Not one moment is without its duties. Niobe 
 was in a short space of time deprived of all her children and 
 was thus punished, because she had delighted in their number 
 and their beauty. 
 
 1 afficere. 2 imbuere. 3 pietas (filial love). 4 affluens. 5 de nuo. 
 
 § 199 . 
 
 * 
 
 137. Acuto homine nobis opus est, et natura usuque callido. 
 Multis non duce tantum opus est, sed adjutore et coactore. Non 
 opus est magnis placido lectore poetis. Corpori multo cibo, multa 
 potione opus est. Athenienses Philippidem cursorem Lacedaemo- 
 nem miserunt, ut nuntiaret, quam celeri opus esset auxilio. Qui¬ 
 buscunque rebus opus esse intelligam, tibi praesto ero. Is est 
 amicus, qui in re dubia re juvat, ubi re est opus. Omnibus cor¬ 
 poribus sedes opus est; etenim corpus intelligi sine loco non po¬ 
 test. Quantum cuique opus est, ad id accommodatur divitiarum 
 modus. Atticus, quae amicis suis opus fuerant, omnia ex sua re 
 familiari dedit. Themistocles celeriter, quae opus erant, reperie- 
 
the ablative. 
 
 69 
 
 bat. Quantum argent! opus est tibi? Oracula responderunt, regem 
 discordiis opus esse. Video mihi opus esse viaticum. Dices num¬ 
 mos mihi opus esse ad apparatum triumphi. Verres aiebat, multa 
 sibi opus esse, multa canibus suis quos circa se haberet. Nihil 
 opus est simulatione, fallaciis. Ubi rerum testimonia adsunt quid 
 opus est verbis? An cuiquam est usus homini se ut cruciet? 
 
 138. The sailors can guide the ship in a calm sea (abl.); 
 but when a storm arises, there is need of a pilot. The wretched 
 are in need of assistance, not of pity. For the study of the 
 sciences we need books. He who wishes to wage war, needs 
 money and soldiers. If for a happy life men would need gold 
 and silver and such other things, many would be considered 
 most unhappy; but unto a happy life we do not so much require 
 treasures, as health of body and peace of mind. Every man 
 stands in need of food and clothing. A healthy man has no 
 need of physicians or medicines. What need have you of my 
 counsel, if you do not follow it. Men often desire many things 
 of which they have no need. 
 
 § 200 . 
 
 139. Apud Germanos quemcunque mortalium arcere tecto 
 nefas habetur. Natura, non poena homines ab injuria arcere de¬ 
 bet. Athenienses virtute Codri, regis, bello liberantur. Deus mo¬ 
 tum coeli ab omni erratione liberavit. Midae regio, cui Gordium 
 nomen est, pari intervallo Pontico et Cilicio mari distat. Homi¬ 
 num vita multum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum. Caesar legio¬ 
 nes equitatumque revocari atque itinere desistere jubet. Scipionis 
 consilio atque virtute Hannibal ex Italia decedere coactus est. 
 Cato censor factus L. Flaminium virum consularem senatu amo¬ 
 vit. Mamertini sub Verris praetura soluti erant ab omni sumptu, 
 molestia, munere. Est philosophi vera a falsis, verisimilia ab 
 incredibilibus dijudicare et disting-uere. Publius Africanus accu¬ 
 satus est, quod passus esset a populari consessu senatoria subsel¬ 
 lia separari. Atticus eos ad coenam vocabat quorum mores a suis 
 non abhorrerent. Aedui cum se suaque ab Helvetiis defendere 
 non possent, ad Caesarem mittunt auxilium rogatum. Cneii Pom¬ 
 peii voluntatem abalienabat a me oratio mea. Cum abessem ab 
 urbe iter unius diei amicum meum conveni. Senecae vita cum 
 doctrinis multum discrepabat. Rogatu Spurii Lucretii soceri, 
 Tarquinius Collatinus non solum consulatu se abdicavit, sed etiam 
 urbe cessit. 
 
70 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 140. The chieftains of the Gauls entreated Caesar to free 
 them from the tyranny of Ariovistus. The Romans freed from 
 their enemies many nations who had sought assistance from 
 them, in order to bring them under their own power. Many 
 are kept from misdeeds 1 by fear of punishment. Sensible fathers 
 will keep all dangers of body and soul from their children. 
 Within sixteen days Cincinnatus delivered the Roman common¬ 
 wealth from a very great danger. Alexander the Great abstained 
 three days from food and drink out of grief 2 for the death of 
 his friend Hephaestio. Since the enemy could not take poses- 
 sion of our city, he raised 3 the siege. It was a disgrace to the 
 Athenians, to have expelled their best citizens from their coun¬ 
 try. When Cicero held the consulship, he delivered the state 
 from Catiline’s conspiracy; hence, when he resigned the consul¬ 
 ship, he swore that the Roman republic was saved by him 
 alone ( unus ). 
 
 1 maleficium. 2 doler e. 3 desistere. 
 
 141. The manners of the Greeks were far different from 
 the customs 1 of the Romans. Many have resigned the consulate 
 within twenty days. It is our duty to avert injustice from others. 
 After the dictator had averted the impending 2 danger from his 
 country, he resigned his office. The dwelling of Agesilaus was 
 so arranged 3 , that it differed in nothing whatever from the 
 house of a poor man. Such a calmness 4 suddenly set in, that 
 the ships could not move from the spot. After Caesar had ex¬ 
 pelled Pompey from Italy in the year 49 B. C., he betook him¬ 
 self to Rome and proclaimed himself dictator. Boys should read 
 good books every day and shun 5 bad books. He who dislikes 
 poetry, is also wont to be averse 6 to music. When the plebeians 
 had withdrawn 7 from the patricians to the Sacred Mount, Agrippa, 
 an eloquent man, was sent to them. 
 
 1 institutum , i. 2 instans. 3 instruere. 4 malacia . 5 abstinere. 6 abhor¬ 
 
 rere. 7 secedo. 
 
 % 201 . 
 
 142. Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama 
 nititur. Lycurgus rempublicam Lacedaemoniorum legibus illis 
 constituit, quibus et cives obedientia et magistratus justitia sunt 
 assuefacti. Si quis aut privatus aut populus Gallorum decreto 
 sacerdotum non stetit, sacrificiis interdicitur. Haud equidem sum¬ 
 mo me dignor honore. Milites tantis loci itinerisque difficultati¬ 
 bus conflictabantur, ut etiam qui omni laborum periculorumque 
 
THE ABE ATI VE. 
 
 71 
 
 genere assueverant, animo deficerent et omni rerum desperatione 
 afficerentur. Homo a pueris in vetitum nititur. Postquam Sulla 
 e bello Mithridatico in Italiam reversus dominari coepit, Serto¬ 
 rius, qui a Marii partibus steterat, in Hispaniam se contulit. 
 
 143. The general admonished the soldiers not to be dis¬ 
 couraged. Caesar adhered to the conditions which he had made 
 with the Gauls. Pharao, king of Egypt, deemed Joseph worthy 
 of the highest honors. By exercise we preserve our health and 
 accustom ourselves to hardships. When Marius marched against 
 the Cimbrians and Teutones, he first accustomed his soldiers to 
 the sight of the barbarians. After the death of Caesar, Horace 
 adhered to the part} r of Brutus and Cassius. Many men strive 
 after fleeting 1 wealth and honor; few after true wisdom. 
 
 1 caducus. 
 
 § 202 . 
 
 144. Munus animi est, ratione bene uti: et sapientis animus 
 ita semper affectus est, ut ratione optime utatur. Divitiis, nobili¬ 
 tate, viribus multi male utuntur. Nos sagacitate canum ad uti¬ 
 litatem nostram utimur. Plurimis maritimis rebus fruimur atque 
 utimur. Multi intemperanter abutuntur otio et literis. Ii mihi 
 videntur beate vixisse, quibus sapientiae laude perfrui licuit. 
 Nemo parum diu vixit, qui virtutis perfectae perfecto functus est 
 munere. Augustus Alexandria, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra con¬ 
 fugerat, brevi potitus est. Sapiens et praeterita grate meminit, 
 et praesentibus ita potitur, ut animadvertat, quanta sint ea, quam¬ 
 que jucunda. Quibus bestiis erat is cibus, ut alius generis be¬ 
 stiis vescerentur, aut vires natura dedit, aut celeritatem. Ab 
 Atheniensibus quidam Delphos missi sunt, qui consulerent Apol¬ 
 linem, quo potissimum duce uterentur. Agesilaus simulatque 
 imperii potitus est, persuasit Lacedaemoniis ut exercitum emit¬ 
 terent in Asiam. 
 
 145. Octavian made use of many stratagems 1 to obtain the 
 authority which Caesar had enjoyed. Ill ancient times, the cruelty 
 of the Scythians was so great, that they ate human flesh. That 
 race 2 of people who were called Helots, cultivated the fields of 
 the Lacedaemonians, and performed 3 the services of slaves. 
 Those who from poverty suddenly come to wealth, frequently do 
 not know how to use their riches. Many ancient nations made 
 use of elephants in war. At Rome those who hold the consulate, 
 are called consuls. When the Vandals had taken possession of 
 
 1 ars, 2 genus. 8 fungi, 
 
72 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 Rome in the year 455 after the birth of Christ, they spared nei¬ 
 ther women nor children. The Thebans obtained the supremacy 
 in Greece through Epaminondas. You can, with full justice, 
 enjoy thing's acquired. Alexander the Great had Aristotle, the 
 greatest philosopher of his time, for his teacher. After we 
 have performed our serious duties, we may 1 jest and play. Cicero 
 was most intimately acquainted with Atticus, a Roman knight. 
 Caesar relied upon the wealth of Crassus and the influence of 
 Pompey to seize upon the supreme power. 
 
 1 licet. 
 
 §§ 203 & 204 . 
 
 146. Quern non pudet, hunc ego non reprehensione solum 
 sed etiam poena dignum puto. Digni sunt amicitia, quibus in 
 ipsis inest causa, cur diligantur. Quam multi indigni luce sunt! 
 et tamen dies oritur. Beneficium acceptum colamus oportet, ne 
 ingrati atque omni ope divina humanaque indigni videamur. 
 Alienum est magno viro, quod alteri praeceperit, id ipsum facere 
 non posse. Majores nostri minimo contenti erant. Quamvis se 
 ipso contentus sit sapiens, amicis illi opus est. Adherbal fretus 
 multitudine militum parabat armis contendere. A sapiente nihil 
 tam alienum est quam rei falsae assentiri. Lacedaemonii a pu¬ 
 eris omni laborum genere assueti etiam a durissima militia non 
 abhorruerunt. Etiam divitissimi ac sapientissimi curis liberi non 
 sunt. Cneius Pompeius omnia maria a praedonibus libera reddi¬ 
 dit. Quamquam te alienum a nobis esse non ignoramus, tamen 
 te adimus; nam consilio tuo et prudentia opus nobis est. 
 
 Agrippa humili loco natus tamen virtute praecipua ad sum¬ 
 mos pervenit honores. Jure civili qui ex libera matre natus est, 
 liber est. Medea filios ex se natos veneno necavit. Daedalus, a 
 quo Daedalidarum Athenis gens orta esse putabatur invidia Ta¬ 
 lum sororis filium interemit. 
 
 147. Fraud and violence are unbecoming to men; but fraud 
 is deserving of greater contempt. Do not glory in the renown 
 of your ancestors, but show yourself worthy of them! It is a 
 matter of great importance that we give credence 1 to no one 
 who is not deserving of it. He who is satisfied with his own 
 fortune, does not envy the lot of others. Among the Gauls the 
 priests were free from taxes. The rash man, relying upon his 
 good fortune, exposes himself to the greatest dangers. Youths, 
 
 1 fidem habere, 
 
THE ABIyATlVE. 
 
 73 
 
 accustomed to vices, seldom become virtuous men. Even in ear¬ 
 liest times Rome was not entirely free from ambitious and 
 haught} 7 men. He who is averse to arts and sciences cannot 
 be considered a cultured man. 
 
 Litavicus and his brothers were descendants from a most noble 
 family. Saturn is said to have devoured the children born of 
 Rhea. Mercurius was a son of Jupiter, by whom also Penelope 
 was begotten. Ancient historians relate that the Carthaginians 
 are descended from the Phoenicians, and the Romans from the 
 Trojans. 
 
 § 205. 
 
 148. Nihil est amabilius virtute. Agro bene culto nihil po¬ 
 test esse nec usu uberius nec specie ornatius. Pares esse virtutes, 
 nec bono viro meliorem, nec temperante temperantiorem, nec forti 
 fortiorem, nec sapiente sapientiorem posse fieri, facillime potest 
 perspici. Apud Suevos non longius anno remanere uno in loco, 
 incolendi causa, licet. Nemo minus tribus medimnis 1 in jugerum 2 
 dedit. Neminem Lycurgo aut majorem aut utiliorem virum La¬ 
 cedaemon genuit. Formam totius negotii opinione meliorem vi¬ 
 deo. Multi injurias suas gravius aequo habuere. Neptunus dicto 
 citius tumida aequora placat. Simulacra Phidiae, quibus in illo 
 genere nihil potest neque videri neque excogitari perfectius, jam 
 veteribus videbantur monumenta esse aere perenniora. Ex Ho¬ 
 mero centum exscripsi versus, quibus meliores reperire non potui. 
 Quo quis versutior et callidior est, hoc invisior et suspectior, de¬ 
 tracta opinione probitatis. Multo pauciores oratores, quam poetae 
 boni reperiuntur. Atheniensium res gestae satis amplae inagni- 
 ficaeque fuere; verum aliquanto minores tamen, quam fama fe¬ 
 runtur. Diogenes disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum vita 
 fortunaque superaret. Pompeius biennio major fuit quam Caesar. 
 Cato Major aequales suos severitate et aequitate multum superavit. 
 
 1 medimnum, i , a Greek corn measure, holding six pecks. 2 jugerum, i, 
 an acre. 
 
 149. Nothing is to be valued more than virtue; for it alone 
 makes us happy. Do } 7 ou believe that any thing is better for 
 man than friendship? It is certain that Socrates was wiser than 
 all the Athenians. Pliny wrote in his Natural History 1 , that 
 there is nothing more useful to us than the sun and salt. A 
 wise man considers nothing more excellent 2 than virtue, the 
 foolish man nothing more excellent than pleasures. Pausanias 
 
 1 historia naturalis. 2 potior , 
 
74 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 would scarcely have become so overbearing*, if the Ephori had 
 not in the beginning spared him more than was right. Sooner 
 than was expected Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, died at 
 the age of nineteen. Scipio Africanus finished the second Punic 
 war, than which the Romans waged none greater and more dan¬ 
 gerous. Caesar said that he would not allow Gaul to be the 
 possession of Ariovistus rather than of the Roman people. 
 
 150. Crassus was about three years younger than Antony. 
 The greater our renown, the more are we exposed 1 to the jeal¬ 
 ousy of others. Anaxag*oras did not know that the sun was 
 many times 2 larger than the whole 'earth. The month of Feb¬ 
 ruary is three days shorter than January, but in every fourth 
 year it is two days shorter. A good conscience is to be valued 
 much more highly, than all the gossip 3 of the people. Epami¬ 
 nondas held the chief command 4 four months longer than the 
 people had ordered. It betrays folly, to seek the more provi¬ 
 sions, the shorter the remainder of the journey is. In December 
 the days are considerably shorter than in July. I have bought, 
 my house at a low price; it cost only 600 denarii, and is double 
 the size of yours, which you purchased for the same sum of 
 money. The more fortune smiles on us, so much the more should 
 we fear that it will not be of long duration 5 . The siege of 
 Piraeus was no less difficult for king Philip than that 6 of Eleu- 
 sis. Some animals by far surpass man in longevity. We wonder 
 that this man so much excels others. Zeuxis by far surpassed 
 others in painting the human form. 
 
 1 obnoxius. 2 pars. 3 sermo. 4 imperium. 5 diuturnus, a, um. 6 omitted. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 151. Appius Claudius was not listened to in the assembly 
 of the people; he, therefore, fearing for his life, withdrew with 
 veiled head to a house adjoining the Forum. The Helvetians 
 almost daily contended with the Germans in battle, either keep¬ 
 ing them from their frontier, or waging war in their country. 
 Do not boast of advantages which you lack. We must no less 
 esteem those who defended the state by their influence and coun¬ 
 sel, than those who guard it with their weapons. When Xerxes 
 made war on Greece, there arose a great dispute among the 
 leaders of the Athenians, whether they should defend themselves 
 behind 1 the walls, or go to meet the enemy and decide 2 by battle. 
 Constantius had a haughty 3 and menacing 4 appearance 5 , very 
 
miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 75 
 
 large eyes, a bent 6 neck, so that those who saw him could 
 scarcely refrain from laughing. Scipio Aemilianus renounced 
 his whole inheritance, which was worth sixty talents and more, 
 in favor of his brother Fabius. With justice do we praise those 
 who consider their own advantage less than the welfare of the 
 state. Of all the scholars of Socrates, Plato was the first in 
 talents and learning. The planet Jupiter is many thousand miles 7 
 farther distant from the sun than the planet Mercury. 
 
 1 by. 2 decernere. 3 trux, cis. 4 minax. 5 vultus. 6 sublatus. 7 miliarium , i. 
 
 152. He is worthy of the name of a wise man who envies 
 nobody for his vain glor}^, but seeks to free his own soul from 
 all evil inclinations. Cyrus the Younger, with a large army, 
 set out for the war 1 against his brother Artaxerxes, to seize the 
 supreme power; this 2 undertaking 3 , however, cost him dearly; 
 for, in the battle at Cunaxa, he lost 4 his life. Damaratus, the 
 Corinthian, had betaken himself from Corinth to Tarquinii; his 
 son Lucumo, who was afterwards called Lucius Tarquinius, brave 
 and influential through his riches, impelled by a desire for greater 
 honors, which he had not obtained at Tarquinii, took up his 
 residence at Rome, where his wealth made him conspicuous 5 
 before the people. As high mountains are not moved from their 
 places b} T stormy winds, so also are courageous men not dis¬ 
 couraged when distressed by misfortune. Since the life, which 
 we now enjoy, is so short, we must make the memory of us as 
 lasting 6 as possible. Hephaestio is said to have equaled Alexan¬ 
 der in age, to have excelled him in appearance 7 ; hence it hap¬ 
 pened that Sisygambis, the mother of Darius, took him for the 
 king; this 2 mistake, however, Alexander did not take amiss 8 . 
 
 1 in bellum proficisci. 2 qui, quae, quod. 3 conatus, us. 4 privare. 5 con¬ 
 spicuus. 6 longus. 7 habitus. 8 moleste ferre. 
 
 153. Aristides, whom the Greeks surnamed the Just, mani¬ 
 fested already when a boy a firm character; and, after he devoted 1 
 himself to the service of the state, he did not rely upon the pro¬ 
 tection of powerful friends, but upon useful and just plans and 
 deeds. Those who excel others in virtue are esteemed by us. 
 Tarquinius, surnamed the Proud, condemned many to death to 
 enrich himself with their possessions; he even executed the son 
 of his sister Tarquinia, because he suspected him of intrigues. 
 After Miltiades had taken possession of the whole region, he 
 fortified suitable places with castles and placed colonists in the 
 territories. Aemilius Paullus, into whose power 2 Perseus, the 
 
 * accedere ad rem publicam, 2 potestas. 
 
76 
 
 miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 king of Macedonia, had fallen, and who had seized seventy cities 
 of Epirus, sailed back to Rome with grand pomp 1 on the ship 
 of Perseus, which was of uncommon 2 size. Anger becomes no 
 man, and we will be so much the better, the more we imitate 
 Socrates, who bore the offences of men with calmness. The body 
 needs the strength of the soul, and the soul needs the strength 
 of the body; no one can perform great deeds except he who is 
 endowed with health of both soul and body. 
 
 1 pompa , ae. 2 inusitatus. 
 
 154. It is proper for a strong 1 man, and one steadfast 2 in 
 his resolutions, to show 3 presence of mind. 4 Although the Ro¬ 
 mans were often conquered by Hannibal, yet they did not lose 
 courage. The Roman youths exercised their bodies on the field 
 of Mars near Rome, in arms, in running, jumping and riding. 
 Socrates, during his whole life, refrained from every falsehood 
 and injustice; his soul was free from all base passions; trusting 
 in the consciousness 5 that he had acted justly, he was content 
 with his fate. It is known that, according to the custom of the 
 Spartans, patience was considered the highest virtue. To the 
 booty, which was divided among the soldiers, the consuls added 
 praises which pleased the soldiers no less than the reward itself. 
 Hamilcar took 6 with him to Spain his nine-year-old son Hannibal, 
 who became like his father in hatred against the Romans. Man¬ 
 lius took a golden necklace from a Gaul whom he had slain in 
 the presence 7 of the two armies; for this deed he received 8 the 
 surname of “Torquatus.” 
 
 1 fortis. 2 tenax. 3 uti. 4 praesens animus. 5 conscientia. 6 ducere. 7 con¬ 
 spectus. 8 dare. 
 
 155. Of all the things from which profit 1 is derived there 
 is nothing better, more pleasing and more worthy of man than 
 agriculture. Hannibal was consumed 2 by an implacable hatred 
 against the Romans, which he received, as it were 3 , by inherit¬ 
 ance from his father. When Oedipus had discovered what great 
 crimes he had committed, he deprived himself of his eye-sight. 
 Slaves with money 4 always followed Cimon, so that he could 
 immediately give some, if any one needed his aid. The youth¬ 
 ful Romans of noble birth were wont to accompany distinguished 
 men who were sent as propraetors into a province, that in their 
 company 5 they might learn the art of warfare. The consul 
 Calpurnius Bestia was sent to Numidia against Jugurtha; but 
 the crafty king purchased his liberty for gold, well aware 6 , that 
 gold was more effective 7 against the Romans than the sword. 
 
THIS PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 77 
 
 Tellus, the Athenian, who possessed the necessaries of life but 
 lacked wealth, was considered by Solon, who was nnmbered 
 among- the seven wise men of Greece, happier than Croesus, 
 king- of Lydia, who had an abundance of treasures. 
 
 1 redditus. 2 flagrare. 3 instar . * pi. of nummus. 5 contubernium. 6 non 
 
 ignoro. 7 fortis. 
 
 156. It tends to the great shame of the Athenians with 
 posterity, that ( quod ) they expelled from the city Aristides, a 
 man of the greatest integrity and justice, and sentenced him to 
 exile for ten years. Socrates could have escaped from his prison, 
 but he did not wish to make use of this means 1 , as 2 being- unjust. 
 Since Regulus, the Roman g-eneral, did not wish to grant peace 
 to the Carthaginians, except on the harshest terms, they applied 
 to the Lacedaemonians for aid; and Xanthippus, who was sent 
 by the Lacedaemonians, defeated Regulus in a great battle and 
 took him prisoner. Caesar, a man gifted with the greatest genius, 
 and trusting in the faculties of his mind, accomplished such 
 great deeds as to be universally 3 admired by the Romans. The 
 number of the enemy is greater than we thought. Contrary to 
 expectation, we suddenty defeated the enemies. Alexander the 
 Great far excelled the other kings in glorious exploits. The 
 Numidians ate mostly milk and venison, and did not long for 
 salt and other incitements 4 of the palate 5 ; their food served them 
 not unto lust and revelry, but to protect them against hunger 
 and thirst. 
 
 1 ratio. 2 tamquam. 3 omnis. * incitamentum, i. 5 gula, ae. 
 
 THE PKEPOSITIONS. 
 
 Thk Propositions with tho Accusativo. 
 
 § 207. 
 
 157. Caesar munitionem ad flumen perduxerat. Ad lucem 
 arcte 1 et graviter dormitare coepisti. Jusserunt simulacrum Jovis 
 ad orientem convertere. Pecuniam ad denarium solvo. Catilina 
 designat oculis ad caedem unumquemque nostrum. Vidi forum 
 comitiumque adornatum, ad speciem magnifico ornatu, ad sensum 
 cogitationemque acerbo ac lugubri 2 . Leves homines atque fallaces 
 ad voluntatem loquuntur omnia, nihil ad veritatem. Stagnum 3 
 fuit circumseptum aedificiis ad speciem urbium. Fabii in insidias 
 delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Horatius Cocles, ponte re- 
 
 1 deep. 2 mournful. 3 pond. 
 
78 
 
 THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 scisso, armatus in Tiberim desiluit et incolumis ad suos trans- 
 navit. Hannibal ad Nolam a Marcello victus exercitum ad Casi¬ 
 linum, parvam urbem Campaniae, duxit. Maximus, tanto cognomine 
 dignus, ad summam senectutem vixit. Manlius protulit spolia ho¬ 
 stium caesorum ad triginta, dona imperatorum ad quadraginta. 
 Pyrrhus captivis Romanis castra relinquere permisit ea conditione, 
 ut ad quartum diem redirent. Ad casum Romanorum conclama¬ 
 vit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Terra ad universi coeli complexum 
 puncti instar obtinet. Carthaginienses Regulum Roma reversum 
 ad mortem cruciaverunt. 
 
 158. Antony led the legions towards the city. Drusus ad¬ 
 vanced with two legions as far as the Elbe and defeated the 
 the enemy in three battles. Besides the general the rest of the 
 prisoners, nearly 500 men, were slain to the last man. Caesar 
 ordered the bridge which was at Geneva to be torn down. Your 
 garden cannot be better as regards usefulness, nor more beautiful 
 as regards appearance. The shields were long; however 1 , in com¬ 
 parison with the width 2 of the body they were too narrow. The 
 emotions 3 of the soul are generally short and transient. Caesar 
 admonished the legates, that all things should be done by them 
 according to the command and at the appointed time. The 
 enemy began to make towers corresponding to the height of 
 the rampart. At the report of the defeat at Cannae sorrow 
 and fright filled the hearts 4 of the Romans. Numa Pompilius 
 divided the year into twelve months in accordance with the 
 course of the moon. When Pyrrhus, returning from Sicily, sailed 
 with his fleet past Eocri, he robbed the treasures of the sanctu¬ 
 ary of Proserpina, which had been untouched 5 to that day. Alex¬ 
 ander was convinced that he was born for the sovereignty 6 of the 
 world. At the sight of the plebeian, who had been most cruelly 
 treated in prison, all the people were excited to the highest 
 pitch 7 of fury. Yesterday the letter was given to me, which 
 you wrote to me from Rome. 
 
 1 ceterum. 2 amplitudo. 3 perturbatio. 4 animus . 5 incolumis. 6 principatus. 
 7 summus. 
 
 § 20 ». 
 
 159. Aulus Posthumius, dictator dictus, cum hostibus apud 
 lacum Regillum conflixit. Apud Pompeium coenavi. Et in senatu 
 auctoritatem et apud viros bonos gratiam consecuti sumus. Atrox 
 videbatur patribus plebique caedes sororis, quare raptus est in jus 
 Horatius et apud judices condemnatus. Apud Homerum Nestor 
 
THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 T9 
 
 saepissime de virtutibus suis praedicat. Occiso Caesare, respublica 
 penes Brutos videbatur esse et Cassium. Eloquentia eos ornat 
 penes quos est. Atticus sepultus est juxta viam Appiam ad quin¬ 
 tum lapidem. Condita Massilia est prope ostia Rhodani amnis. 
 Fluvius Eurotas propter Eacedaemonem fuit. Tironem propter 
 humanitatem et modestiam malo salvum, quam propter usum 
 meum. Ad Druidas magnus adolescentium numerus disciplinae 
 causa concurrit. 
 
 160. Among- the Helvetians Org-etorix was by far the most 
 illustrious and renowned. Caesar often delivered a harangue 
 to the soldiers. We read in Livy that the Romans were de¬ 
 feated by Hannibal at Cannae. Fourteen years ago you were 
 as questor with the consul Papirius. In the year 79 after the 
 birth of Christ, the towns of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae 
 were destroyed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius, near which 
 they were situated. Among the Lacedaemonians, the highest 
 authority was in the hands of the Ephori; at Rome, in the hands 
 of the consuls. At Rome it was not allowed to build houses near 
 the city walls. Julius Caesar was pierced with twenty-three 
 wounds in the senate-house 1 of Pompey, near the statue of that 
 renowned man. So fickle was fortune in war, that those who 
 had conquered, were nearer to danger. We must strive after vir¬ 
 tue on account of its dignity, not on account of the advantages 
 which follow it. Those were called sophists who philosophized 2 
 for the sake of display 3 or profit. 
 
 1 curia. 2 philosophari. 3 ostentatio. 
 
 § 209 . 
 
 161. Cicero ob rempublicam multos labores suscepit. Non 
 mihi mors, non exilium ob oculos versantur. Dolabella castra 
 habet ante oppidum Laodiceam. Chabrias non libenter erat ante 
 oculos civium suorum. Is honos habitus ante me est nemini. At¬ 
 ticus Atheniensium civitati unus ante alios fuit carissimus. Janus 
 bis post Numae regnum clausus fuit. Post currum Aemilii Pauli 
 ejus filii duo sequebantur, anteibat cum uxore Perseus pone filios. 
 Secundum Deum homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt. 
 Secundum te nihil est mihi amicius solitudine. Legiones secun¬ 
 dum mare superum iter faciunt. Secundum flumen paucae sta¬ 
 tiones equitum videbantur. M. Marcellus duo vulnera accepit, 
 unum in stomacho, alterum in capite secundum aurem. Legi di¬ 
 vinae et humanae omnes parebunt qui secundum naturam volunt 
 
80 
 
 THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 vivere. Senatus frequentior et at quam esse solet secundum dies 
 festos. 
 
 162. Whilst Tiberius was reigning -1 , death and exile were 
 constantly before the eyes of the noblest (best) citizens. The 
 conquered kings, together with their wives, were led before the 
 chariot of those who triumphed. Why do cocks crow before the 
 dawn of day? Comets are rare and on this account wonderful. 
 Scipio was chosen consul before the legal age on account of his 
 bravery. Caligula had resolved above all to cut through 2 the 
 Isthmus in Achaia. The river was behind our camp. Six kings 
 ruled 8 the Roman kingdom after the death of Romulus. After 
 the defeat which the Romans had suffered 4 at Cannae, Q. Fabius 
 was proclaimed dictator. Caesar led six legions along the river 
 to the city of Gergovia. At Salamis the fleet of the Persians, 
 the largest within the memory of men, was destroyed. Imme¬ 
 diately after the census 5 of the Roman people, which was taken 6 
 every 7 five years by the censors, an expiatory sacrifice 8 was 
 offered. A wise man strives to live according to nature. Among 
 the Romans, the propert}^ of a spendthrift was, according to the 
 law of the twelve tables, entrusted 9 to the care of his relatives. 
 Next to Paris Lyons is the largest city of France. 
 
 1 imperare. 2 perfodere. 3 tenere. 4 cladem accipere (suffer a defeat). 5 cen¬ 
 sus, us. 6 habere. 7 quisque (after numeral). 8 lustrum condere. 9 com¬ 
 mittere. 
 
 §§ 210 & 211 . 
 
 163. Dictator in radicibus montium extendere aciem coepit, 
 ut adversus montes consisteret hostis. Non contendam ego ad¬ 
 versus te. Pietas est justitia adversus Deum. Rhodanus primo 
 orientem, deinde ad meridiem versus fluit. Hannibal ad Zamam 
 devictus, Hadrumetum versus cum paucis equitibus fugit. Pietas 
 erga patriam aut parentes officium conservare monet. Naves con¬ 
 tra Lissum in ancoris constiterunt. Belgae contra populum Ro¬ 
 manum armis contenderunt. F legatis Romanorum ad Gallos 
 Clusium missis unus contra jus gentium in aciem processit et 
 ducem Senonum interfecit. Sulla contra omnium expectationem 
 dictaturam deposuit. 
 
 Circa flumina et lacus frequens nebula est. Perseus postero 
 die circa eandem horam in eundem locum copias admovit. Terra 
 circum solem volvitur. Stellae, quas vagas 1 dicimus, circum 
 terram feruntur. Nos circiter Calendas in Formiano erimus. Fx 
 1 planets. 
 
THE PREPOSITIONS 
 
 81 
 
 omni copia circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis instructa. 
 Illarum dioecesium quae cis Taurum sunt, legationes me conve¬ 
 nerunt. Decretum est, ut Antonius exercitum citra flumen Rubi- 
 conem educeret. Exercitationis plerumque finis debet esse sudor, 
 aut certe lassitudo, quae citra fatigationem est. Mucio Scaevolae 
 prata trans Tiberim data sunt, ab eo Mucia appellata. Augustus 
 Germanos trans Albim fluvium submovit, qui longe ultra Rhenum 
 est. Julius Caesar laboris ultra fidem patiens erat. Inediam ultra 
 diem ferre gravissimum est. Labores quos Deus nobis imponit, 
 non ultra vires nostras sunt. 
 
 164. The Rhine flows into the North Sea with a moderate 
 curve westward. Pharus was an island situated opposite Alexan¬ 
 dria, a city of Egypt. The weapons of the Gauls against the 
 enemy were long swords. Jugurtha stirred up Bocchus, the king 
 of the Getulians, against the Romans. Our benevolence towards 
 our friends must correspond to their benevolence towards us. 
 One side of Britain lies opposite Gaul. Do not think that I have 
 dared to act against your orders! Caesar retained his legions 
 against the will of the senate. Romulus sent ambassadors around 
 to the neighboring people, that they should conclude a treaty 
 with the new people. The legions of the Etruscans were often 
 defeated by the Gauls on this side of the Po and on the other 
 side of it. Five satellites revolve around the star Jupiter. In the 
 time of Tarquinius Priscus, Bellovesus began to admonish the 
 Gauls, that they should follow him across the Alps to Italy. Of 
 the Teutons about 200,000 were slain by the Romans and 90,000 
 captured. Antiochus was driven beyond the ridges of the Taurus. 
 Some animals do not live beyond a day. Titus Amicus was a 
 restless man and rash beyond measure. 
 
 §§ 212 8c 213 . 
 
 165. Arethon, navigabilis amnis, praeter ipsa Ambraciae 
 moenia fluebat. In ridiculis et falsis praeter ceteros Attici excel¬ 
 lunt. Britannos non temere quisquam adit, praeter mercatores, 
 neque iis ipsis quidquam, praeter oram maritimam, notum est. 
 Praeter ingentem illatam populationibus agrorum hosti cladem, 
 pugnatum etiam egregie est. Etiamsi quid praeter consuetudi¬ 
 nem exstiterit, praeter naturam tamen non potest existere. 
 
 Erant Helvetiis itinera duo, quibus domo exire possent, unum 
 per Sequanos, alterum per provinciam Romanam. Putei per to¬ 
 tam urbem Atheniensium erant, sed unus fons. Nihil per totam 
 6 
 
THIS PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 82 
 
 vitam Ciceroni itinere quo in patriam rediit, accidit jucundius. 
 Fuerunt 1 per idem tempus Charisius et Demochares 2 . Longum 
 iter est per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla. Q. Catulus 
 et C. Piso Ciceronem impellere non potuerunt, ut per Allobroges 
 aut per alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Mucius Scae¬ 
 vola Porsennam per insidias in castris ipsius aggreditur. Nonne 
 emori per virtutem praestat, quam vitam miseram atque inhone¬ 
 stam per dedecus amittere? Digladientur illi; per me licet. Quum 
 per valetudinem et per anni tempus navigare poteris, ad nos veni. 
 Tu, Clodi, factus es ejus filius contra fas, cujus per aetatem pa¬ 
 ter esse potuisti. 
 
 1 live. 2 renowned orators at Athens. 
 
 166. Many men who seemed to be fortunate more than others 
 fell into the greatest calamity contrary to expectation. Ariovis¬ 
 tus led his troops past Caesar’s camp and pitched his own camp 
 2000 paces beyond him. The Sicilians more than the other 
 Greeks were fond of the tragedies of Euripides. The old Germans, 
 even in the coldest regions, wore no clothing except skins. On 
 the march the Roman soldier, besides his weapons, carried also 
 his rations 1 . 
 
 Sensation is equally 2 diffused 3 all over the body. The road 
 from Thessaly to Greece passes 4 through the narrow defile of 
 Thermopylae. In ancient times, the sick were wont to sleep in 
 the temple of Aesculapius, (in order) that in their sleep they 
 might discover the antidote for their sickness. Mithridates, king 
 of Pontus, ordered the Roman citizens in all the cities of Asia 
 to be slain on the same day and at the same hour. During the 
 rest of his life Marcellus did not cease to confer benefits upon 
 the Sicilians.- Caesar obtained pardon from Sulla through his 
 relatives. The cavalry were sent out under the pretence of for¬ 
 aging. Veringetorix ordered the horsemen that every one should 
 betake himself to his hamlet, and that all those whose age al¬ 
 lowed them to bear arms, should be summoned to the war. The 
 Romans were accustomed to swear by the immortal gods, by Ju¬ 
 piter, by" Hercules. It was not allowed by the Roman law, that 
 a Roman citizen should be flogged. 
 
 1 cibaria . 2 aequabilis. 3 fundere . 4 esse. 
 
 §§ 214 & 215. 
 
 167. Portus Menelai jacet inter Cyrenas et Aegyptum. Utrim¬ 
 que acies inter bina castra in medium campi procedunt. Inter 
 primores genus Fabium insigne erat. Naevius inter tot annos 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 83 
 
 ne appellavit quidem Quintium. Silent leges inter arma. Ea 
 caritas, quae est inter natos et parentes, dirimi, nisi detestabili 
 scelere, non potest. Scipio et Hannibal virtute bellica pares in¬ 
 ter se fuerunt. Plurimum interest inter doctum et rudem. 
 
 Marsyas amnis, quamdiu intra muros fluit, nomen suum re¬ 
 tinet. Belgae Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi pro¬ 
 hibuerant. Sp. Lucretius consul intra paucos dies moritur. Epu¬ 
 lamur non modo non contra legem, sed etiam intra legem. Caesar 
 supra se in summo jugo duas legiones et omnia auxilia collocavit. 
 Supra me Atticus accubuerat, infra Verrius. Hannibal, cum ad 
 Pyrenaeos montes advenisset supra septem millia hominum domos 
 remisit. Ratio recta constansque supra hominem putanda est 
 Deoque tribuenda. 
 
 168. Among the Romans the master of the feast reclined 1 
 at table between his wife and the most illustrious guest. That 
 part of Spain lying between the Pyrenees and the Ebro was in 
 ancient times called “Hither Spain.” During the banquets the 
 Romans sometimes witnessed gladiatorial contests. Hannibal 
 crossed the Alps in the midst of the most ferocious people. The 
 soldiers encouraged one another, not to bring shame 2 upon them¬ 
 selves. Among the Treviri two men contended with one another 
 for (de) superiority. 
 
 Plans were made 3 for the death of Cicero even beneath his 
 own roof. The poet Ennius lived about (■ abl .) SO years later than 
 Plautus. The Romans took all the towns of the Aequi within 
 50 days. Caesar commanded the Helvetians to return home and 
 stay within their territory. The enemies were driven into their 
 city. With our senses we perceive those things which are out¬ 
 side of us. He who always strives to be without fault is justly 
 considered a great man. A truly wise man considers everything 
 earthly beneath himself. Damocles was greatly frightened, when 
 he saw a sword above his head. In times of great danger the 
 Romans elected a dictator, who was above all other magistrates. 
 
 1 accubare. 2 dedecus admittere . 3 consilium capere {inire). 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 169. Caesar ordered that the children of the chiefs of the 
 Gauls should be brought to him as hostages; this was punctually 
 done on the day appointed. Although Julius Caesar had shown 
 himself very benevolent towards Brutus and made known his af¬ 
 fection for him in various ways, yet the latter drew the dagger 
 
84 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 against him. Among the Romans and Greeks offerings were 
 made 1 to the gods and goddesses on feast-days. Near Naples 
 there is a cave, by the fumes 2 of which besides men also all other 
 living beings are suffocated 3 . At Rome, in time of a pestilence 4 , 
 the senators who, as far as their age and health was concerned, 
 could do so, personally (per se ipse), performed the duty 5 of the 
 guards. The Roman consul overtook on the Algidus the Aequi, 
 who were retreating 6 homewards in a disgraceful flight, and slew 
 them all without exception. I have learnt, says Marius in Sal¬ 
 lust, how to endure alike summer and winter and to rest on the 
 ground and at the same time to bear want and hardships. Han¬ 
 nibal ordered the guide to be beaten with rods 7 and to the terror 
 of the others to be crucified 8 . The ancients were wont to sail 
 along the sea-coast. 
 
 1 sacra facere . 2 exhalatio. 3 exanimare. * annus pestilens. 5 munus obire. 
 6 se recipere. 7 virgis caedere. 8 in crucem tollere. 
 
 170. In the Roman battle line, the lancers 1 were placed 2 
 first; behind them the principes, and behind these the triarii; 
 next to the wings were the auxiliaries of the allies and behind 
 the entire line of battle were the reserve, which name the triarii 
 generally also bore (esse). At the battle of Cannae upwards of 
 80,000 Romans and Roman allies are said to have been slain; 
 in comparison with such defeats the battles of modern times must 
 be considered insignificant. Eloquence adorns not only the one 
 in whose power it is, but also the whole state. Caesar extended 
 the boundaries 3 of the Roman empire beyond the Rhine. In an¬ 
 cient times 4 , it was extreme^ dangerous to sail in the Sicilian 
 strait apast the cliff Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis. The 
 Aurelian way passed 5 through Etruria along the Lower Sea 6 . 
 When the rear 7 of the Romans had moved outside of the forti¬ 
 fications, the Gauls encouraged one another not to let their ex¬ 
 pected prey slip out of their hands 8 , and did not hesitate 9 to 
 cross the river and to give battle in a favorable place. 
 
 1 hastati. 2 collocare. 3 fines proferre. 4 antiquitus. 5 ferri. 6 mare in¬ 
 ferum. 7 agmen novissimum. 8 ex manibus demittere. 9 dubitare (with inf. 
 cf. Gr. § 287, n. 1.). 
 
 171. The Romans traveled on the Appian way through La¬ 
 tium, Campania, Apulia and Calabria to the port of Brundusium, 
 and thence sailed across the Adriatic Sea to Greece. After Caesar 
 had terminated 1 the Gallic war, he crossed the Rubicon and be¬ 
 gan the civil war against Pompey. The Roman theaters held 2 
 upwards of 60,000, some of them 80,000 spectators. Paris, a son 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. * 
 
 85 
 
 of the Trojan king- Priam, carried off Helen, the consort of the 
 Lacedaemonian king- Menelaus, before the eyes of whole Greece. 
 On account of this crime, the Greeks made war ag-ainst Troy. 
 Others, however, relate that they carried on’tliis war ag-ainst the 
 Trojans, on account of a former insult offered 3 to Hercules, and 
 for the sake of the advantages of free navig-ation on the Aegean 
 Sea, which were constantly before their eyes. The Roman pa¬ 
 tricians were all without exception of the opinion 4 , that the gov¬ 
 ernment should be given to Numa Pompilius. Do you understand, 
 how vain all things are beneath the moon? 
 
 1 conficere. 2 capere. 3 inferre. 4 censere. 
 
 172. Among the Egyptians the bodies of the dead were em¬ 
 balmed; among the Persians they were thrown to the birds and 
 wild beasts. The Salii, whom Numa had chosen as priests of 
 Mars, went through the city, singing songs and dancing. Bostar, 
 in comparison with the other Punic men of genius 1 , was not 
 crafty 2 . By the dignity of the empire, by the devotion of friend¬ 
 ship, rescue me from impious hands! The wise cherish 3 and love 
 one another. Caesar learned from the prisoners, that the Gauls 
 had brought 4 the women and those who on account of their old 
 age seemed ( subj .) useless for war, to a place to which on ac¬ 
 count of the marshes the army had no access. Antiochus the 
 Great, king of Syria, did not follow the wise counsel of Hanni¬ 
 bal to attack the Romans within Italy, but remained 5 in Greece. 
 On this account 6 he was defeated by the Romans within two 
 years and ordered by the Roman senate to rule within the limits 
 of Mt. Taurus and to pay 15,000 talents within the space of 
 twelve years. That part of Asia which lies on this side of Mt. 
 Taurus, the Romans gave to Eumenes, king of Pergamus 7 , who 
 had given assistance 8 against Antiochus. 
 
 1 ingenium. 2 callidus. 3 diligere. 4 conjicere. 5 subsistere. 6 quare. 
 7 Pergamenus, a , um. 8 opem ferre. 
 
 173. Paris had come from Troy to Sparta in Greece and had 
 carried off Helen. Menelaus, her husband, asked assistance from 
 Agamemnon, who surpassed all the other princes in influence, 
 and the latter summoned the others to carry- on war against the 
 Trojans because of this basely perpetrated 1 outrage, and to re¬ 
 venge themselves on them. Those who by reason of their old 
 age could not bear arms, were permitted to remain at home. 
 The princes encouraged one another to follow Agamemnon’s ex¬ 
 ample, who had given the first impulse to the war, and thus it 
 
 1 committere, 
 
86 
 
 THB PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 happened 1 that, contrary to expectation, an immense number of 
 Greeks assembled at Aulis. Thence they sailed along* the coast 
 to Asia Minor, where, near the sea, between two promontories, 
 alongside of a river, they pitched their camp, around which they 
 afterwards dug a ditch 2 ; on this side of it they built a wall, be¬ 
 hind which they considered themselves secure. 
 
 1 accidit. 2 fossam ducere. 
 
 Propositions with tho Abtativo. 
 
 § 216 . 
 
 i. Ad. 174. Sidera ab ortu ad occasum commeant. Aqui¬ 
 tania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos pertinet. Cum Persae, 
 proditore quodam duce, Oetam montem transgressi Spartiatas a 
 tergo ag'grederentur, Leonidas succubuit fortiterque pugnans cum 
 omnibus suis cecidit. Ex Ponto Euxino per Bosporum naviganti 
 a sinistra est Bithynia, a dextra Constantinopolis. Omnes per¬ 
 diti, omnes ignominia affecti a Catilina faciebant. Omnium ma¬ 
 gnarum rerum initia a diis exordiuntur. Josephus, cum somnium 
 regis Aeg}^ptiorum interpretatus esset, in locum a rege secundum 
 evectus est. Dominationis avidus Caesar a prima aetate regnum 
 concupiscebat. Suevi a pueris nihil contra voluntatem faciunt. 
 A coena dormire Romani salubre non esse judicabant. Freto, in 
 quo Hella delapsa erat, ab ea nomen erat Hellespontus. Prima 
 adolescentis commendatio proficiscitur a modestia. Omnium re¬ 
 rum a Deo principia ducuntur. Illis qui a bonis non bene audi¬ 
 unt, noli sociari. Qui divitiis carent, inopes et ab amicis et ex¬ 
 istimatione sunt. C. Marius erat non tantum a litteris mediocriter 
 instructus, sed etiam ingenuas artes contemnebat. Rutilius Rufus 
 in invidiam equitum Romanorum venit, quod ab eorum injuriis 
 Asiam, cui tunc praeerat, defendisset. 
 
 175. Caesar commanded a ditch to be dug from lake Leman¬ 
 nus to Mount Jura. The enemy took to flight, when an attack 
 was made 1 on them in the front and rear, and the north wind 
 blew 2 all the dust against them. The gods are on our side; con¬ 
 fiding in them, let us fight. Tiberius Gracchus was instructed 
 in Greek literature from his very youth by the care of his mother 
 Cornelia. Hannibal accustomed himself to military service from his 
 youth. Jugurtha entreated the soldiers to defend him and his king¬ 
 dom against the Romans. During the winter season many plants must 
 be protected against the cold. The Romans did not easily study 3 
 during the night, but from the early dawn 4 of morning 5 , and 
 
the prepositions. 
 
 87 
 
 this was termed by them working- by lamplight 6 . Gaul bordered 
 on the Rhine on the side of the Sequani and Helvetii. Among 
 the Indians the caste 7 of the soldiers is next to the priests.. Sic- 
 ily was once so rich in grain, that it was called the granary of 
 Italy. This youth wants nothing either as regards natural abil¬ 
 ity or learning*. The city of Alexandria was named after Alex¬ 
 ander the Great, by whom it was built. Many of the Greek 
 philosophers belonged to the school of Plato. 
 
 1 impetum facere in aliquem. 2 conflare. 3 studere and litterae. 4 primus. 
 5 mane. 6 lucubratio (working by lamplight). 7 ordo. 
 
 2 . De. 176. Manlius, qui Capitolium a Gallis defenderat, 
 de saxo Tarpeio dejectus est. P. Valerius secures de fascibus 
 dempsit eosque in populi concione submisit. Caesar de tertia vi¬ 
 gilia cum tribus legionibus e castris profectus est. Themistocles 
 noctu de servis quem habuit fiidelissimum ad regem Persarum 
 misit. De alieno largiri nefas est. Qua de ctiusa promisso non 
 stetisti? De more vetusto Romanorum non licebat quemquam 
 consulatum ultra annum gerere. Cum Caesar de improviso cele- 
 riusque omni opinione ad fines Belgarum venisset, Remi legatos 
 ad eum miserunt. De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et 
 Regulus consul victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit. 
 Titus Manlius de filio, quia disciplinam militarem solvisset, sup¬ 
 plicium sumpsit. De Magonis interitu duplex memoria prodita 
 est; namque alii naufragio eum occidisse, alii a servis suis inter¬ 
 fectum esse scripserunt. Quae de Hercule vel Saturno traduntur, 
 fabulosa arbitror. 
 
 177. The Romans were enclosed in their city from the third 
 day on, and there was nothing else left for them than 1 to 2 fight 
 the enemy from their ramparts. In regard to the life of The¬ 
 mistocles, we must give credence especially to Thucidides, be¬ 
 cause he belonged to ( esse ) the same state. Books have been 
 written by Xenophon on the sayings 3 and deeds 4 of Socrates, and 
 and on the education 5 of Cyrus the Elder. Caesar removed all the 
 horses before the battle, so that the soldiers would so much the 
 less think of flight. For a long time already I have not heard 
 of you nor received a letter from you. After Caesar had learned 
 through his spies, that the Helvetians had led three divisions of 
 their troops across the river, but had left the fourth division on 
 the other side, he broke up camp during the course of the third 
 night-watch, and advanced with three legions against that divi¬ 
 sion which had not yet 6 crossed the river. Conformable to th§ 
 
 1 nisi, 2 nt. 3 dictum, 4 factum, 5 discipline, 6 nondum , 
 
88 
 
 THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 advice of the legates whom Caesar had left behind with the army, 
 the Haedui dispatched cavalry and infantry to the assistance of 
 the Bituriges. It would have been all over with the Roman re¬ 
 public, if Cicero had not discovered the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 It is the duty of magistrates to punish criminals. Why was 
 Miltiades cast into prison? Wrongs which are intentionally in¬ 
 flicted, are more reprehensible 1 , than those which are inflicted 
 
 under a sudden impulse of passion. 
 
 1 reprehendendus. 
 
 j. Ex . 178. Ex vita discedo, tamquam ex hospitio, non 
 
 tamquam ex domo. Usitatae res facile e memoria elabuntur, in¬ 
 signes et novae manent diutius. Mulieres ex muro pacem a Ro¬ 
 manis petierunt. Lentulus provinciam e praetura Hispaniam 
 habuit. Ex quo in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et 
 Athenienses urbes et nationes subjicere coeperant, cognitum est, 
 in bello ingenium plurimum posse. Ennius in sepulchro Scipio¬ 
 num putatur esse constitutus e marmore. Aemilius unus est ex 
 meis familiaribus et intimis. Pompeius, quod antea contigerat 
 nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia tri¬ 
 umphavit. Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, e genere Achillis originem trahe¬ 
 bat. Dux veritus est ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti 
 conficeretur exercitus. Unus dies, ex praeceptis philosophorum 
 actus, est paene toti immortalitati anteponendus. Spero hanc 
 rem esse eventuram nobis ex sententia. Jussus est P. Scipio, 
 cum in provinciam venisset, si e republica videretur esse, exer¬ 
 citum in Africam trajicere. Effecit Hannibal ex novis vectigali¬ 
 bus, ut esset pecunia, quae Romanis ex foedere penderetur. Bi¬ 
 thynia ex testamento Eumenis Romanorum est facta. E regione 
 oppidi collis egregie munitus erat. Apud Germanos consuetudo 
 erat, ut matres familiae sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, 
 utrum proelium committi ex usu esset necne. 
 
 179. Cicero answered Fabia Dolabella, who said that she 
 was thirty years old: “It is surely true, for I have heard so 
 since twenty years.” Romulus called the city which he had 
 founded, after his own name, Rome. When the general saw that 
 the enemy attacked his soldiers from a higher situated 1 place, 
 he led them back to the camp. When Caesar demanded from 
 the Haedui the corn, which they had promised him, they put him 
 off 2 from day to day. As soon as Scipio had returned to the 
 army everything went 8 according to desire. On the Roman 
 roads stones were laid at certain distances 4 , so that those who 
 
 1 superior. 2 extrahere, 8 cedere , 4 intervallum . 
 
the propositions. 
 
 89 
 
 were making’ a journey could easily alight from their horses. 
 The Romans waged war ag-ainst the Albani, because these had 
 not returned those things which were demanded back 1 , by virtue 
 of the treaty. The ancient Gauls were wont to drink from cups 
 made of the horns of bullocks. P. Scipio Africanus selected from 
 among the Sicilians 300 noble youths to fight on horseback 
 against the Carthaginians. In consequence of the renown of his 
 exploits, P. Scipio was greatly admired by Masinissa, the king 
 of Numidia. The island of Euboea, which was situated oppo¬ 
 site to Attica and Boeotia, was separated 2 from the continent by 
 the strait of Euripus. It was not allowed for anyone to hold a 
 triumph except by a decree of the senate. The walls which the 
 grandfather had rebuilt out of the booty of the enemy, the grand¬ 
 son was compelled to repair out of his private property 3 . It is 
 the duty of magistrates to do whatever is for the benefit of the 
 state. Immediately after the naval engagement at Actium, in 
 which he was signally defeated, Antony fled to Egypt. 
 
 1 repetere . 2 disjungere. 3 res familiaris = private prop. 
 
 4 . Prae and Pro . 180. Pastor oves secundum rivum per 
 
 prata prae se egit. Licet speciem beate viventis prae te feras, 
 tamen in maximis divitiis miser es. Achilles, vita ceterisque 
 rebus humanis prae amicitia contemptis, certae morti potius ipse 
 se obtulit quam Patroclum, quem a puero ex animo amabat, in¬ 
 ultum esse sineret. Gallis plerumque prae magnitudine corporum 
 suorum brevitas Romanorum contemptui erat. Quae tribunus apud 
 populum dicebat, prae strepitu percipi non potuerunt. Castra Ro¬ 
 manorum pro moenibus Fidenarum posita erant. Princeps lega¬ 
 tionis pro tribunali stabat et orationem non de scripto recitabat, 
 sed ex tempore dixit. Alii pro lege, alii contra dixerunt. Con¬ 
 venit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patria. Non semel 
 accidit ut Athenienses civibus pro maximis in patriam meritis 
 justam debitamque gratiam non referrent. Fabium Maximum 
 Cunctatorem Romani pro cauto timidum, pro cunctatore segnem 
 vocitabant. Marcus Porcius Cato ab adolescentia frugalitatem 
 temperantiamque coluit et pellibus haedinis pro stragulis uteba¬ 
 tur. Cum assiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, 
 Fabia gens senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur. Rex 
 juvenis pro mortuo ex acie ablatus est. Sulpicius Gallus milites 
 admonuit, ne lunae defectionem pro portento acciperent. Proelium 
 atrocius quam pro numero pugnantium a Romanis editum est ad 
 Rhodanum adversus Numidas. Augustus Romam, quam pro ma- 
 
90 
 
 THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 jestate imperii non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut jure 
 gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere quam latericiam accepisset. 
 Tu pro tua prudentia, quid optimum sit factu, videbis. 
 
 181. You make a parade of your deeds, and despise every 
 one in comparison with yourself. When Cicero had been sent into 
 exile by the faction of Clodius, he was not able to write a letter 
 because of his sorrow and tears. Compared with themselves, the 
 Romans considered all foreigners 1 barbarians, except the Greeks. 
 We must undergo every danger for our county, our parents and 
 our friends. Whenever the Romans feared, that they would be 
 surrounded by the great number of the enemy, they drew up 
 their line of battle in front of the camp, so that they could con¬ 
 veniently retreat and defend themselves behind (by) the walls and 
 the intrenchment. Happy is the death of those who die for their 
 country. What you have alleged 2 is not for you, but against 
 you. When two ambassadors came to Achillas, he commanded 
 them to be seized and killed ; the one, after having received a 
 wound, was carried 3 away, as if dead 4 , by his (friends); the 
 other was killed. After Caesar had made known 5 from the tri¬ 
 bunal, that the assembly 6 was transferred 7 to Paris, he set out 
 for the territory of the Senones and arrived there by forced 
 marches 8 . Verres was of such cruelty, that he demanded money 9 
 from parents for the burial 10 of their children whom he had 
 ordered to be beheaded 11 . The Scythians used wagons in place 
 of houses. Let us all, each according to his power, attend 12 to 
 this, that the shameless traitor of our cause suffer the punish¬ 
 ment of his crime. Beware that you do not look upon him as your 
 friend, who is not ashamed to flatter } 7 ou in your presence 13 . 
 
 1 exteri, erum. 2 afferre . 3 tollere. 4 occidere. 5 pronuntiare. 6 con¬ 
 
 cilium. ~ transferre. 8 magnum iter. 9 pretium. 10 sepultura. 11 securi 
 ferire. 12 id agere. 13 praesens. 
 
 y. Coram , tenus , cum, sine. 182. Epaminondae eloquentia 
 maxime eluxit Spartae, ubi coram frequentissimo legationum con¬ 
 ventu Lacedaemoniorum tyranuidem coarguit. Cantabit vacuus 
 coram latrone viator. Alexander, Persia subacta, Indo tenus ex¬ 
 ercitum perduxit. Pyrrhus dextra coruscum ensem extulit et Pri¬ 
 ami lateri capulo tenus abdidit. Veteres verbo tenus acute de 
 republica disserebant. Veturia, Coriolani mater, et Volumnia uxor, 
 duos filios secum trahentes, castra Volscorum petierunt. Superi¬ 
 ore nocte multa mecum consideravi. Pater senex Horatii cum 
 lacrimis orabat populum, ne se orbum liberis faceret. Verres 
 cum pallio purpureo in conviviis versabatur. Erat consul Hor- 
 
THE prepositions. 
 
 91 
 
 tensius cum summo imperio et potestate. Qui cum Alcibiade 
 faciebant, Syracusanos brevi tempore terra marique victos fore 
 confidebant. Caesar bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit. 
 Nusquam nec opera sine emolumento, nec emolumentum sine 
 impensa opera est. Sextus Tarquinius patri Gabios sine ulla 
 dimicatione tradidit. 
 
 183. Herodotus read his history before the assembly 1 of all 
 the Greeks. Curius was born with teeth, and was, therefore 2 , 
 called Dentatus. The Romans waged war against the Tarentin.es 
 for the space of ten years. I am convinced that the souls of 
 men do not perish with the bodies. I believe that without virtue 
 none of us can be happy. Croesus, the wealthiest king of Lydia, 
 sent ambassadors with most beautiful presents to Delphi to con¬ 
 sult Apollo, whether he should undertake a war ag*ainst Cyrus 
 beyond the river Halys. Cicero had very learned men 3 with him 
 daily. Cicero returned to his country to the greatest pleasure of 
 his fellow-citizens. The emperor Trajan extended 4 the boundaries 
 of the Roman empire as far as the country of the Scythians. 
 A youth who does not love and respect his parents, is a son as 
 far as the name goes, but not in reality. 
 
 1 coetus , us. 2 preposition. 3 homo. * propagare. , 
 
 Prepositions Governing the Accusative and the Abuative. 
 
 § 2i'1. 
 
 i. In c. acc. 184. Animi piorum, cum e corporibus ex¬ 
 cesserunt, in coelum, quasi in domicilium suum perveniunt. Cae¬ 
 sar ab Allobrogibus pacatis in Segusianos exercitum duxit. Ma¬ 
 gnam vim esse in fortuna in utramque partem, vel ad secundas 
 res vel adversas, quis ignorat? Timarchides describebat censores 
 binos in singulas civitates. Solis defectiones itemque lunae prae¬ 
 dicuntur in multos annos. Major pars hominum fortunae mali¬ 
 gnitatem queritur, quod in tam breve vitae spatium nascamur. 
 Video quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at 
 in x>osteritatem impendeat. Missi sunt legati ad Hannibalem in 
 poenam rupti foederis deposcendum. Carthaginienses in usum 
 classis novae tecta domosque resciderunt. T. Manlius perindulgens 
 in patrem, idem acerbe severus in filium fuit. Cato tanta vi animi 
 atque ingenii invectus est in conjurationem Catilinariam, ut uni¬ 
 versus senatus in eius sententiam transiret animadvertendumque 
 in conjuratos censeret. Germania, etsi aliquanto specie differt, 
 in universum tamen aut silvis horrida aut paludibus foeda est, 
 
92 
 
 THE prepositions. 
 
 Apud Gallos viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos vitae necisque ha- 
 bent potestatem et quum pater familiae illustriore loco natus de¬ 
 cessit, eius propinqui conveniunt, et de morte si res in suspicio¬ 
 nem venit, de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem 1 habent. 
 
 1 investigation. 
 
 185. Servius Tullius divided the Roman people into four 
 city and twenty-six country tribes. The Athenians were wont 
 to send into exile for ten years those who seemed to be dangerous 
 to the liberty of the city. The Lacedaemonians feared, that 
 ( ne ) Alcibiades would again become reconciled to the Athenians. 
 Alexander repented of the murder which he had perpetrated 
 against Clitus. Mettius Fufetius, summoned to assistance by 
 Tullus, led his army up the hill. Although Cato was born at 
 Tusculum, he was made a citizen of Rome. We deferred our de¬ 
 parture to the next day. In proof of his victory at Cannae, 
 Hannibal sent to Carthage three pecks of golden rings, which 
 he had taken from the fingers of Roman knights and senators. 
 The love of Cato for his brother increased with age. The dic¬ 
 tator had power even over the consuls. The Roman generals 
 treated the cities of the allies in Asia Minor in a hostile manner. 
 The number of the enemy increased from day to day. 
 
 2 . In c. abl. 186. Ancus Martius rex in ore Tiberis urbem 
 Ostiam condidit. Hieroni bellum ineunti aquila in clipeo, noctua 
 in hasta consedit. Janiculum ponte sublicio, tum primum in Ti¬ 
 beri facto, conjungi urbi placuit. Roscius erat Romae frequens 
 atque in foro et in ore omnium quotidie versabatur. Caesar re¬ 
 spondit, se id quod in Nerviis fecisset, facturum. Crassum semel 
 ait in vita risisse Lucilius. Quid potest esse jucundius quam 
 praeclaros sapientiae virtutisque fructus in senectute percipere. 
 Menenius Agrippa in tanta paupertate decessit, ut eum plebs 
 collatis sextantibus sepeliret. Caesar in eo reprehendendus est 
 quod arma in patriam intulit. Romani legatos in Bithyniam 
 miserunt, in his Flaminium, qui Hannibalem exposcerent. Unus 
 ille rempublicam sustinuit, quam exercitus odio consulis, quantum 
 in se fuit, prodebat. 
 
 187. Xerxes, king of the Persians, built a bridge over the 
 Hellespont. Kpaminondas must be reckoned among the greatest 
 men, for through him the city of Thebes became the most pow¬ 
 erful in Greece. Many of those whom you have considered faith¬ 
 ful, you find to be unfaithful in misfortune. Verres had a gar¬ 
 land on his head, and another around his neck. The Gauls did 
 
THE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 93 
 
 not escape the notice 1 of the geese, which the Romans had 
 spared 2 even amidst the greatest want, because these birds were 
 sacred to Juno. Pausanias took many nobles of the Persians 
 prisoners, and among them several relatives of the king. This 
 I praise in you, that, although you are rich, you despise no one. 
 Julius Caesar in spite of his great debts g*ave hunts and games. 
 In his old age Cato the Elder spent much of his time in the 
 study of the Greek language. When the Carthaginians were 
 already on the point of destroying the whole army of Minucius, 
 Fabius came to his assistance. 
 
 1 fallere. 2 abstinere. 
 
 j. Sub , subter and super. 188. Missi sunt Medon et Pan- 
 tauchus sub muros ad colloquium Solonis. Dux sub ortum solis 
 exercitum e castris produxit. Milites Caesaris sub pugnam castra 
 Pompeii expugnaverunt. Timotheus Corcyram sub imperium Athe¬ 
 niensium redegit. Permultae res sub sensus cadere non possunt. 
 Rabiosi canes caudam sub alvum reflectunt. Saepe est etiam sub 
 palliolo sordido sapientia. Etiam sub marmore atque auro servi¬ 
 tus habitat. Latus Pompeii sub oculis uxoris et liberorum mu¬ 
 crone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in Nilum dejectus. 
 Marius primo Teutones, sub ipsis Alpium radicibus assecutus, 
 proelio oppressit. Eumenis sub imperio phalanx Macedonum erat. 
 Pompeius, ne sub ipsa profectione milites oppidum irrumperent, 
 portas obstruit. Alpheus amnis occultas vias egit subter mare. 
 Virtus omnia quae cadere in hominem possunt, subter se habet. 
 Super carpentum cui Tarquinius insidebat, aquila cum magno 
 clangore volitabat. Signo dato, repente bellua stridorem horren¬ 
 dum emisit et proboscidem super Fabricii caput demisit. So¬ 
 crates, antequam poculum mortiferum sumpsit, cum amicis de 
 immortalitate animi disputavit. 
 
 189. Caesar compelled the enemy to withdraw to the city 
 and to halt 1 at the wall. Livy relates that the Roman legions 
 were sent under the yoke by the Samnites. Caesar commanded 
 the legions to halt at the foot 2 of the hill, till 3 the cavalry had 
 come up 4 , so that all together might attack the enemy. At 
 Sulla’s arrival in Italy, Cn. Pompeius was twenty-three years 
 old. Towards night the wild beasts come from their hiding 
 places 5 . Our soldiers, who are now under arms, pass the night 
 in the open air. The Veientes and the Romans fought with 
 one another above ground and under ground 6 . In winter many 
 
 1 subsistere. 2 (below, at.) 8 dum . * subsequi. 6 latebra , ae. 6 terra. 
 
94 
 
 MISCEEEANEdUS EXERCISES. 
 
 small animals hide 1 away under dead leaves, to protect them¬ 
 selves against the cold. Concerning the affairs of the state I 
 shall write to you from Rhegium. 
 
 1 se abdere . 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 190. Caesar often led his troops before the camp to give 
 Ariovistus an opportunity for battle 1 . From the most tender 
 age the Spartans accustomed themselves to fatigue, hunger, thirst, 
 heat and cold. Pontius Telesinus, the commander-in-chief of the 
 Samnites, asked his father Herennius for counsel; and the latter 
 counselled wisely that he should either let all the Romans free 
 or kill them; but Pontius preferred to send them under the yoke, 
 deprived of their arms. We will go around the enemy’s camp, 
 and attack them in the rear. Virgil relates that Palinurus fell 
 into the sea from the stern of the ship. After the Romans had 
 been defeated by the Gauls at the river Allia, they fled, full of 
 fear, out of their city to the Capitol. Tanaquil, the wife of Tar¬ 
 quinius Priscus, shortly after her arrival in Rome, manifested a 
 lofty 2 spirit, and effected that, after the death of Ancus Marcius, 
 her husband from a senator was made king of the Romans. From 
 our childhood we are admonished to bear misfortune with equa¬ 
 nimity. Orestes and Pylades disputed with each other, which 
 of them should be killed for the other. Statues were erected on 
 the Forum to those who had died for the state. The Veji sent 
 ambassadors to Rome, to whom an armistice for 100 years was 
 granted. 
 
 1 facere potestatem pugnae. 2 excelsus. 
 
 191. Socrates had called philosophy down from heaven. 
 After Pompey had learned that Caesar had crossed the Rubicon, 
 he together with the senate left 1 the city. The poets praised 
 the island of Delos, on which Apollo and Diana were born. The 
 herald of Xerxes said to the Greeks at Thermopylae: “If we 
 shall attack you, you will not see the sun on account of the 
 number of our arrows”. Jugurtha conjured 2 the soldiers that, 
 mindful of their former valor and victory, they should defend 
 him and his kingdom against Roman avarice. Leonidas could 
 not have resisted the army of the Persians at Thermopylae so 
 long, if he had not chosen a narrow defile for the battle, so 
 that the enemy could not make an attack in the front and in 
 the rear at the same time. Who has not heard of that battle, 
 
MISECEhANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 95 
 
 in which Leonidas fell for his country? The Gauls, who were 
 on the point of storming- the Capitol, were driven down the hill 
 so quickly that one 3 fell over the other. Xerxes feared that the 
 Greeks would tear down the bridg*e which he had made over the 
 Hellespont, and cut off his return to Asia. 
 
 1 excedere . 2 obsecrare. 3 alius super alium. 
 
 192. According- to one of Solon’s laws those who had died 
 for their country were buried by the state 1 . Speeches were deliv¬ 
 ered by Cicero before the judges, both against the accused 2 , 
 such as Verres, as also for the accused, such as Archias and 
 Milo. Towards daybreak Caesar made an attack on the enemy. 
 The Latin language was in use not only in Rome and in Italy, 
 but also abroad, in the provinces, and on the coasts of Africa 
 as far as Lgypt. As soon as Antony had heard from the pris¬ 
 oners that Macrinus had fled from the engagement, he immediately 
 dispatched men 3 who should pursue him. Ovid, who is to be 
 reckoned among the greatest Roman poets, lived many years 
 on the other side of the Danube, on the Black Sea' 1 with the 
 barbarians, to whose country he had been banished 5 forever by 
 the emperor Augustus. Beneath the walls of the city of Arbela, 
 the army of Darius remained under arms, because they expected 
 Alexander’s attack towards midnight or towards daybreak. Dur¬ 
 ing the consulate of Manlius Torquatus and Gajus Atilius, a 
 triumph was gained over the Sardi, and since peace was estab¬ 
 lished ever}*where, the Romans were engaged in no war; this 
 had occurred only once since the building of the city, during 
 the reign of Numa Pompilius. The Athenians did not wish 
 that a citizen should far surpass all the rest in influence and 
 power; accordingly, they sent those who seemed to be too power¬ 
 ful, into exile for ten years. Towards the end of autumn a 
 brazen monument will be erected on the upper side 6 of the city, 
 near the bridge which crosses 7 the river. Before the village, 
 at the foot of a steep mountain, there is a clear lake, about 
 which many poplars have been planted. In Homer the gods 
 swear by the Styx, who was supposed to be under the earth, 
 near the entrance to the lower regions. 
 
 1 publice. ' z reuSyi. 3 (omitted.) 4 Pontus, i. 5 relegare. 6 supra. 7 esse. 
 
96 
 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 § 219. 
 
 193. Parentes suos non amare, impietas est: non agnoscere, 
 insania. Diligere parentes, prima naturae lex est. Imperare sibi 
 maximum est imperium. Turpe est, aliud loqui, aliud sentire. 
 Virum bonum esse, semper est utile. Apud Persas summa laus 
 est fortiter venari. Profecto nihil est aliud, bene et beate vivere, 
 nisi honeste et recte vivere. Nihil est aliud, bene et oratorie 1 
 dicere, nisi optimis sententiis verbisque lectissimis* dicere. Quid 
 est aliud, tollere e vita vitae societatem, quam tollere amicorum 
 colloquia absentium? Quid est aliud omnibus omnia peccata et 
 maleficia concedere, nisi hoc, hominum honestissimorum testimo¬ 
 niis non credere? In magnis rebus etiam voluisse satis est. Ma¬ 
 jus dedecus est parta amittere, quam non paravisse. Ex malis 
 eligere minima oportet. Omnium interest recte facere. Non libet 
 mihi deplorare vitam, quod multi et ii docti saepe fecerunt. Non 
 cuivis homini contingit, adire Corinthum. Calanus rogavit Ale¬ 
 xandrum ut sibi liceret in rogo sedenti perire. Nonne praestat 
 mutum esse quam facundum ad perniciem aliorum? In poetis 
 rudem esse inertissimae segnitiae est. Totum beate vivere po¬ 
 situm est in una virtute. 
 
 1 oratorius, a, um, oratorical. 2 lectus, choice. 
 
 194. To endure heat and cold is difficult, but to suffer hun¬ 
 ger and thirst is most difficult. Not to be able to suffer want 
 for a short time 1 , is a mark of weakness, not fortitude. It is 
 disgraceful to inflict injury on others, yet it is more base to be 
 ungenerous to those who have done us many favors. To be con¬ 
 sidered just and wise by impartial 2 men, is true fame. What is 
 more advantageous than a careful investigation 8 of things, and 
 an accurate explanation 4 of their causes. The Spartans were not 
 allowed to despoil an enemy. A patrician was not allowed to 
 become a tribune of the people. It is of great concern to me to 
 be with my friends. Among the Sarmatians it was considered 
 a disgrace not to have slain an enemy. 
 
 1 paullisper. 2 incorruptus. 3 investigare. 4 exponere. 
 
 § 229. 
 
 195. Mors propter brevitatem vitae nunquam longe potest 
 abesse. Solent diu cogitare omnes qui magna negotia volunt 
 
THB INFINITIVE. 
 
 97 
 
 agere. Graeciae civitates, dum imperare singulae cupiunt, im¬ 
 perium omnes perdiderunt. Mater timidi flere non solet. Qui e 
 nuce nucleum 1 esse vult, frangit nucem. Venae et arteriae mi¬ 
 care non desinunt. A Graecia Galli urbes moenibus cingere di¬ 
 dicerunt. Non omnes sciunt referre beneficium. Probi homines 
 omnia, non modo quae reprehendi palam, sed etiam quae obscure 2 
 cogitari possunt, timent. Lemni ausi non sunt Miltiadi resistere. 
 Darius, rex Persarum, Graecis bellum inferre decrevit. Hannibal 
 interire quam Romanos non experiri maluit. Oracula evanuerunt, 
 postquam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt. Remi parati 
 erant et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis Caesarem re¬ 
 cipere. Veteres orationes a plerisque legi sunt desitae. Cum Ti¬ 
 motheus magistratus gerere desiisset, bello Athenienses undique 
 premi sunt coepti. Marcellus, consul creatus, Syracusas urbem 
 oppugnare maturavit. 
 
 1 kernel. 2 secretly. 
 
 196. If you continue to be a friend of bad companions, you 
 will make yourself and your mother unhappy. The ancient 
 Persians taught their children three things: to ride, to shoot 
 arrows with the bow, and to speak the truth 1 ; the most dis¬ 
 graceful thing among them was to tell a lie. I consider it a 
 matter of conscience 2 to value little that which receives the 
 applause of all men. When Caesar was crossing the Alps, he 
 said in a certain Alpine village 3 : “I would rather be first in 
 this village than second in Rome.” Numa, coming from Cures, 
 a city of the Sabines, undertook 4 to establish in right and laws 
 the city which was founded by Romulus by force of arms. Riches 
 are wont, not with injustice, to be called the promoter and serv¬ 
 ant of sensual pleasures. Socrates can be called by a peculiar 
 right of his 5 the parent of philosophy. A true friend is ever 
 ready to assist a friend. After Alexander’s expeditions both the 
 language and the arts of the Greeks began to be spread over 
 all the regions of the Last. Cato continually advised the Romans 
 to destroy Carthage. Generally more can be accomplished by 
 persuasion than by violence. Having been informed that the 
 Helvetians were attempting to invade Gaul, Caesar quickly set 
 out from the city. ' Good children cheerfully obey their parents. 
 Because men are not willing to become fatigued by walking on 
 foot, chariots were invented, by which they might conveniently 
 travel 6 from place to place. 
 
 1 verum. 2 cf. Gr. § 176. 3 vicus Alpinus. 4 conari. 5 suum jus. 6 per¬ 
 
 venire. 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 
 
 THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 
 
 § 222 . 
 
 197. Fluit voluptas corporis, saepiusque relinquit causas poe¬ 
 nitendi, quam recordandi. Mala et impia consuetudo est contra 
 Deum disputandi. Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi¬ 
 nem animalem separavit a ceteris animalibus, quam dicendi facul¬ 
 tate. Ipsum genus jocandi non profusum, nec immodestum, sed 
 ingenuum 1 et facetum 2 esse debet. Miles Romanus praedandi 
 causa in domum Archimedis irrupit. Marcus Cato salutandi gra¬ 
 tia ad Sullam venit. Magna pars Babyloniorum constiterat in 
 muris, avida cognoscendi novum regem. Epaminondas studiosus 
 fuit audiendi; ex hoc enim facillime disci arbitrabatur. Imperator 
 Titus equitandi peritissimus erat. Antiochus, Syriae rex, per 
 speciem reducendi majoris Ptolomaei in regnum, Aegyptum in¬ 
 vasit. Milites adeo erant fessi itineris laboribus, ut vix armorum 
 tenendorum potentes essent. A Deo injunctum est nobis officium 
 inimicis ignoscendi. Nullum locum praetermitto tui laudandi. 
 Milites Galbae, ad signum subito omnibus portis eruptione facta, 
 neque cognoscendi quid fieret neque sui colligendi hostibus facul¬ 
 tatem relinquunt. Et oppugnati et oppugnatores ea quae diutinae 
 obsidionis tolerandae sunt, ex agris convehunt. Germanicus in 
 Aegyptum proficiscitur antiquitatis cognoscendae. 
 
 1 gentlemanly. 2 witty. 
 
 198. Wisdom is the art of living happily. The good educa¬ 
 tion 1 of children is difficult; only a few know well the art of 
 educating their children. The habit of finding fault 2 with others, 
 makes the fault-finder 3 odious. In the most ancient times the 
 custom of sacrificing human beings prevailed. Nature taught 
 man the art of building houses. The inquiry 4 into and investi¬ 
 gation 5 of truth is peculiar to man, because he has understand¬ 
 ing; and in our soul there is an insatiable desire of learning the 
 truth. Many lied from Rome to {causa) save themselves. Men 
 must in their early years acquire the art of using 6 their time. 
 A great desire of seeing you {pi.) possesses us all. Tiberius 
 granted permission 7 to all to visit him. How eager Cicero was 
 to collect a library, is apparent from many of his letters to At¬ 
 ticus. Catiline did not give the consul Antony a chance to fight. 
 After the expulsion of Tarquin the people employed many means 
 to maintain 8 their liberty and to strengthen the harmony. Many 
 
THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 
 
 99 
 
 circumstances tended 9 to ruin the Roman empire and to give 
 the victory to Hannibal. 
 
 1 (a verb.) 2 vituperare . 3 vituperator. 4 inquisitio. 5 investigatio. 
 
 6 recte uti. 7 potestatem facere. 8 tueri. 9 esse. 
 
 % 223. 
 
 199. Neque mihi licet, neque est integrum, ut meum labo¬ 
 rem hominum periculis sublevandis non impertiam. Germanicus 
 paucos dies insumpsit reficiendae classi. Brutus, cum studere re¬ 
 vocandis in urbem regibus liberos suos comperisset, protraxit in 
 forum et securi percussit. Circa urbem Marginiam sex oppidis 
 condendis electa sedes est. Sapiens vires suas novit: scit, se esse 
 oneri ferendo. Caesar emendandis fastis Romanis operam dedit. 
 Comitia consulibus creandis in campo Martio sub exeuntem fere 
 Quintilem mensem habebantur. Triumviri reficiendis aedibus 
 Fortunae creati sunt. Crassus, cum disserendo par non esset, ad 
 auctores confugit. Multarum civitatum principes ad me detule¬ 
 runt, sumptus decerni legatis nimis magnos, cum solvendo civi¬ 
 tates non essent. Cum parum se idoneum Diocletianus moderando 
 imperio esse sentiret, in privatam vitam concessit. 
 
 200. A diligent scholar bestows all care upon learning the 
 sciences. In the year 387 after the foundation of Rome, the Syb¬ 
 illine books were given over to the decemviri appointed to offer 1 
 sacrifices in order that, at the command of the senate, they should 
 consult them in critical times 2 . The more you cherish your hap¬ 
 piness, the more time and pains you will employ in refining your 
 mind and ennobling your character. In winter the trees are 
 sometimes covered with such an abundance of snow, that they 
 are scarcely able 3 to bear its weight. The conspirators appointed 
 the Ides of March as the day for murdering Caesar. Since Mil¬ 
 tiades was not able to pay, he was thrown into prison. To-day 
 I bestowed all my time upon reading and writing. After Caesar 
 had chosen a place for pitching camp, he ordered retreat to be 
 sounded. All the goods of this world do not suffice to satiate 4 
 all of man’s desires. The goose quill 5 is more suitable for writ¬ 
 ing than the reed pens 6 which the Greeks and Romans used. 
 The figs of Alexandria cannot be eaten. 
 
 1 (for offering sac.) 2 res dubiae. 3 par. 4 implere . 5 penna anserina. 
 
 6 calamus. 
 
 § 224. 
 
 201. Utilitatis magnitudo debet homines ad suscipiendum 
 dicendi laborem impellere. Quanto illud flagitiosius est eum, a 
 
100 
 
 THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 
 
 quo pecuniam ob absolvendum acceperis, condemnare. Ut muri 
 quam primum extruerentur, Athenienses undique quod ad muni¬ 
 endum idoneum videbatur, congesserunt. Duilius primus ferreas 
 manus instituit, quibus inter pugnandum triginta naves appre¬ 
 hendit et tredecim mersit. Tarquinius filios ad Apollinem hono¬ 
 randum Delphos misit. Cicero, quidquid habuit virium, id in 
 civium libertatem defendendam contulit. Quid interest inter ca¬ 
 rere et egere. Nulla est haec amicitia, cum alter verum audire 
 non vult, alter ad mentiendum paratus est. 
 
 202. Gn. Piso was a youth of very great daring, whom want 
 and evil habits had goaded on 1 to disturb the state. Though 
 the Gauls are inclined and ever ready 2 to undertake wars, yet 
 they are not able to bear misfortunes. He who is content with 
 his lot, does not need great treasures for leading a happy life. 
 Before the naval engagement Xerxes sent 4,000 armed men to 
 Delphi to pillage the temple of Apollo, as though he was wag¬ 
 ing war, not only with the Greeks, but also with the immortal 
 gods. For accomplishing great deeds, we do not stand in need 
 of strength and speed of body, but of prudence. It is not con¬ 
 ducive to health, to drink often while eating. There is a great 
 difference between appearing good and being good. We pour forth 
 prayers to Almighty God for the sake of obtaining benefits. 
 
 1 stimulare. 2 alacer. 
 
 § 225. 
 
 203. Equidem puto, virtutem hominibus instituendo et per¬ 
 suadendo, non minis et vi ac metu tradi. Socrates percunctando 
 atque interrogando elicere solebat eorum opiniones, quibuscum 
 disserebat. Et discas oportet, et quod didicisti agendo confirmes. 
 Valerius Corvinus militibus familiaris dux fuit omnia inter infi¬ 
 mos militum munia haud gravate obeundo. Convenit, cum in 
 dando munificum esse, tum in exigendo non acerbum. Non potest 
 severus esse in judicando, qui alios in se severos esse non vult. 
 Aristotelem in philosophia non deterruit a scribendo amplitudo 
 Platonis. Legem doctissimi viri Graeco putant nomine a suum 
 cuiqUe tribuendo esse appellatum, ego nostro a legendo. Epicurus 
 nihil de dividendo ac partiendo docet. Qui ingenuis studiis at¬ 
 que artibus delectantur, nonne videmus eos cum maximis curis 
 et laboribus compensare eam, quam ex discendo capiant volupta¬ 
 tem? Heu senex, pro vapulando abs te mercedem petam. Omnis 
 loquendi elegantia augetur legendis oratoribus et poetis. Multi 
 in equis parandis adhibent curam, in amicis eligendis negligen- 
 
THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 
 
 101 
 
 tes sunt. Laboribus subeundis, aestu frigoreque ferendo Hanni¬ 
 bal militibus suis omnibus praestabat. 
 
 204. By instructions we learn. Caesar was renowned for his 
 benefits and liberality, Cato for integrity and severity of life; 
 the former acquired renown 1 by giving* presents 2 , by aiding and 
 pardoning, the latter by giving no presents. We learn an art by 
 careful imitation of models. Alexander, wearied by the long pur¬ 
 suit 3 of Darius, returned to the camp of his soldiers, having de¬ 
 spaired of overtaking him. The Gauls are changeable in adopting 
 plans, and always strive after innovations. Miltiades died of the 
 wounds which he had received at the siege 4 of Parus. The 
 ancient Romans enlarged their empire more by sparing the van¬ 
 quished than by victories 4 . Nature was favorable 5 to Agesilaus 
 in conferring 6 mental powers, but hostile 7 to him in shaping his 
 body. The ambassadors of the Romans, who were sent to Pyr¬ 
 rhus concerning the exchange or ransoming of prisoners, were 
 honorably received. 
 
 1 nobilitare . 2 largiri. 3 persequi. 4 (a verb.) 5 fautor , trix. 6 nancisci . 
 
 7 maleficus , a, um. 
 
 § 226 . 
 
 205. Faustulus Romulum et Remum Aecae Laurentiae dedit 
 educandos. Antonius corpus Bruti liberto suo sepeliendum tradi¬ 
 dit. Scipio non gravatus est latronibus se spectandum praebere. 
 Cum Pompeii pater exercitui ob avaritiam esset invisus, facta in 
 eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Cnei Pompeii filii contu¬ 
 bernalis, eum occidendum suscepit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus 
 Alexandria in potestatem redacta, magnopere cupiebat vivam 
 comprehendi triumphoque servari, aspidem sibi afferendam cura¬ 
 vit eiusque morsu periit. Brutus, ne in hostium manus veniret, 
 uni e comitibus latus transfodiendum praebuit. Tam immanis 
 crudelitas Astyagis fuit, ut Harpago filios epulandos apponeret. 
 Lucius Mummius tabulas ac statuas maximorum artificum mani¬ 
 bus confectas in Italiam portandas locavit. Cicero vobis ad imi¬ 
 tandum propositus est. Eumenes mortuus ab Antigono propinquis 
 suis sepeliendus traditus est. 
 
 206. In school we give boys proverbs to learn by heart 1 . 
 At the request of Artaxerxes Diomedon undertook to bribe Epa¬ 
 minondas with money. Alexander proposed to himself Achilles 
 for imitation. Clodius surrendered the most fertile provinces to 
 the consuls to be pillaged. Thrasybulus not only had a law 
 
 1 ediscere . 
 
102 
 
 THE SUPINE. 
 
 passed, but also caused 1 it to be in force 2 . At the time of Aegeus 
 the Athenians sent every ninth year seven young men and just 
 as many maidens to Crete, to be thrown to the Minotaur. Gaul 
 was assigned to Caesar as his province, to be subjected 3 to the 
 Roman sway. Ganymede served drink to Jove. A certain soldier, 
 skilled in fowling 4 , caused an owl to be caught, whose cry at 
 night was annoying to Augustus, and brought it alive to him 
 in the hope of a great reward; but when he was disappointed 
 in his expectation 5 , he let the bird fly 6 . 
 
 1 efficere {tit). 2 valere. 3 redigere. 4 aucupium. 5 spes me fallit. 6 di¬ 
 mittere. 
 
 THE SUPINE. 
 
 § 227. 
 
 207. Lacedaemonii Agesilaum bellatum miserunt in Asiam. 
 Themistocles Argos habitatum concessit 1 . Agesilaus Kphesum 
 hiematum exercitum reduxit. Praefecti regis Persarum legatos 
 miserunt Athenas questum, quod Chabrias adversum regem bel¬ 
 lum gereret cum Aegyptiis. Philippus a Pausania, cum specta- ' 
 tum ludos iret, juxta theatrum occisus est. Olympias, mater 
 quae fuerat Alexandri, ad Kumenem nuntios misit in Asiam, 
 consultum, utrum repetitum Macedoniam veniret. Pleraque dictu, 
 quam re, sunt faciliora. Virtus difficilis inventu est, rectorem 
 ducemque desiderat. Quid est tam jucundum cognitu atque audi¬ 
 tu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibusque verbis ornata oratio. 
 Turpe quidem dictu, sed, si modo vera fatemur, vulgus amicitias 
 utilitate probat. Multa incidunt dura toleratu. Sapiens, vitatu 
 quidque petitu sit melius, causas reddet tibi. Facile est vincere 
 non repugnantes. Videtis, nefas esse dictu miseram fuisse Fabii 
 senectutem. Miles quidam gregarius, qui castris exierat aquatum, 
 occultum callem invenit in castellum, quod difficillimum erat ascensu. 
 
 1 retire. 
 
 208. Sextus Tarquinius set out with the most robust young 
 men to find booty 1 . The Haedui came to Caesar, to complain 
 that they could not defend themselves and their possessions any 
 longer 2 against the Germans. When the Athenians were hard 
 pressed 3 by the Persians, they sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon 
 to ask for assistance. After Coriolanus had been banished from 
 his country, he went into exile 4 into the territory of the Vol- 
 scians; soon after, as their general, he waged war against his 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 103 
 
 country. Nobody can foresee better what it is best to do, in all 
 circumstances, than he who has diligently studied 5 universal his¬ 
 tory 6 . Augustus gave his daughter Julia in marriage to Mar¬ 
 cellus, and, after his death, to Marcus Agrippa. Without a guide, 
 the path of virtue is difficult to find. Shall we go to bed? That 
 is easily said. What you consider disgraceful to say, you ought 
 to consider disgraceful to do. What is more pleasing to hear 
 than the song of a nightingale ? The human mind can be com¬ 
 pared with nothing else than with God himself, if it is allowed 7 
 to say this. Not all books are worth reading*. Before you begin, 
 it is necessary to deliberate; after you have deliberated, it is 
 necessary to act. 
 
 1 praedari. 2 non jam. 3 premere. 4 exsulare. 5 perscrutari . 6 res hu¬ 
 
 manae. 7 fas. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 209. Many are desirous of undergoing dangers. It is diffi¬ 
 cult to say, how much politeness 1 and affability 2 in conversation 
 win 3 the heart. Euclid of Megara was so eager for learning, 
 that, not without great danger of life, he daily betook himself 
 to Athens to hear Socrates. After Tarquin, who had the sur¬ 
 name of Proud, had been expelled from Rome, he betook himself 
 into exile to Caere in Etruria. Agesilaus led the soldiers, en¬ 
 riched with booty, back to Ephesus there to pass the winter 4 . 
 In the Persian war the Athenians, who were inflamed with a 
 wonderful eagerness for fighting, chose ten generals to command 
 the army, and among them Miltiades. The sons of Ancus Mar¬ 
 tius could not forget that they were robbed of the kingdom of 
 their father by the treachery of Tarquinius Priscus; and since 
 they feared that Servius Tullius, the son-in-law of the king, 
 would succeed him, they resolved to kill the king and take pos¬ 
 session of the throne 5 . Frederick II., the emperor of the Ger¬ 
 mans, imprisoned 6 his son Henry, who, following the advice of 
 flatterers, had revolted 7 against his father, and deprived him of 
 the right of succeeding him in the empire. Those are not wont 
 to be called valiant and magnanimous who do injustice, but 
 those who ward off injustice when they can; nor those, indeed, 
 who fight with the sword, but do not know 8 how to suffer sick¬ 
 ness with fortitude and patience. 
 
 1 comitas. 2 affabilitas. 3 conciliare. 4 hiemare. 5 regnum. 6 in carcerem 
 conjicere. 7 exsurgere. 8 ignarus sum. 
 
104 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 210. Many king’s and nations have considered the desire to 
 rule a cause for war. When we are fatigued by standing' or walk¬ 
 ing-, we rest ourselves on the ground. Caesar, for the defence 1 
 of his camp, dug a ditch ten feet deep and as many wide. After 
 Alexander had subdued a great part of Asia, he became so ar¬ 
 rogant, that he wished not only to be called, but even to be 
 considered the son of Jupiter. It is difficult to say how many 
 wars the Roman people carried on with other nations. We must 
 acknowledge that Cicero was very desirous of fame, but he never 
 abused his authority for the oppression of his country. Roman 
 officials wore an embroidered 2 toga; but when they wished to 
 sentence a citizen to death, they put it on inside out 3 to ( causa ) 
 indicate their grief. Cicero, in the first book of his Tusculan 
 Disputations, treats of the contempt of 4 death; in his second, 
 of the endurance 4 of pain. When Catiline, endeavoring to ob¬ 
 tain the consulate, had been rejected 5 , he determined to murder 
 the consuls and set the city on fire. 
 
 1 tutari. 2 praetextus. 3 inversus. 4 verbs. 5 ferre repulsam. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 
 ON AGREEMENT AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 211. Athens is styled by poets and orators the patron 1 and 
 preserver 2 of the arts and sciences. In the Jugurthine war Gaius 
 Marius had Lucius Sylla for questor; among the ancient Romans, 
 the pretor took the place of the father in regard to the questor; 
 but afterwards there arose the greatest enmity between Marius 
 and Sylla, which proved to be of the greatest detriment to their 
 country. When in his childhood Alexander, the son of Philip, 
 had heard from his teacher that there were innumerable worlds, 
 he said: “O unhappy man that I am, who have hitherto not 
 even conquered one!” He that relies too much on fortune and 
 wealth, will never be happy; for he will constantly be afraid of 
 losing 3 these possessions. In Athens, where culture and learn¬ 
 ing 4 flourished, Alcibiades, a man of talent, possessed {esse) great 
 authority for some time 5 and was honored with the highest 
 marks of distinction, but finally he was loaded 6 with reproaches 7 
 and disgrace, and driven into exile by the same people by whom 
 he had been admired. 
 
 1 cultor. 2 conservator. 3 privari. 4 humanitas et litterae. 5 aliquamdiu. 
 e afficere , 7 opprobrium. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 105 
 
 212. Pythagoras, born at Samos, went first to Egypt, then 
 to Babylon; having- returned thence, he betook himself to Crete 
 and Lacedaemon; thereafter, whilst Tarquinius Superbus was 
 reig-ning at Rome, he came to Crotona, a city of Lower Italy, 
 and, after having resided in Crotona for twenty years, he went 
 to Metapontum, where he died. Cato the Elder departed from 
 this life at the age of eighty-five years, after he had in that 
 very same year spoken with great vigor against Servius Galba 
 before the people. Arovistus led his troops apast Caesar’s camp, 
 and beyond it pitched his own camp, with the design of cutting 
 off from Caesar all supplies which would be conveyed 1 thither 
 from the territory of the Sequanians and Haeduans. Ever since 2 
 riches have begun to be a source of honor, and renown and power 3 
 follow it, virtue begins to lose its influence 4 , and poverty to be 
 regarded as a reproach. It is a proof of thoughtlessness not to 
 disregard 5 the praise and censure of other people; no man, indeed, 
 will obtain the approbation of all, but you must strive to merit 
 the approval of the righteous. 
 
 1 supportare. 2 ex quo. 3 potentia. 4 hebescere. 5 negligere. 
 
 213. We eat land-animals and aquatic animals 1 ; we place 
 burdens upon certain animals; we use to our advantage the acute 
 senses of the elephant, the keen scent 2 of the dog; we enjoy 
 the plains, the mountains; to us belong the rivers and seas. When 
 Anaxagoras was at the point of death 3 at Lampsacus, and his 
 friends asked him whether, should anything befall 4 him, he 
 wished to be brought to his native city, Clazomenae, he said: 
 “It is not necessary; from everyplace there is an equally long 5 
 road to the lower regions.” Caesar was very mild, for he wept 
 at the death of Pompey and permitted all those that had fled 
 with him to return to their country. The emperor Caligula was 
 extremely cruel, and since he knew well how much he was hated 
 by all the citizens, he said: “They may hate, provided 6 they 
 fear me!” Hannibal could not inflict any damage upon the Ro¬ 
 man army which Fabius commanded. To cause the latter to be 
 suspected 7 by his fellow-citizens, he spared his fields, but laid 
 waste all others with fire and sword. Fabius, therefore, through 
 his son, sold his fields at Rome, and with the proceeds 8 ransomed 
 prisoners of war. 
 
 1 bestia terrena et aquatilis. 2 sagacitas. 3 mori (imp.). 4 accidere (plup.). 
 
 5 tantundem. 6 dum (with subj.) 7 in suspicionem alicui venire. 8 = money. 
 
 214. The studies of the sciences afford nourishment to youth, 
 pleasure to old age; they are an ornament to good fortune and 
 
106 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 solace to misfortune; they delight at home, they are no hin¬ 
 drance 1 abroad, so that they pass the night with us, travel 2 with 
 us and live with us in the country 3 . As the laws prefer the wel¬ 
 fare of all to that of the individual \ so also does a man who is 
 good and prudent and obeys the laws and knows 6 his duty as a 
 citizen, look more to the advantage of all than to that 6 of any 
 individual 4 . A pious and wise man never complains of the brev¬ 
 ity of life, but makes good use 7 of the time allotted to him, 
 since it is short and fleeting and never returns; to act rightly 
 and daily acquire more wisdom, affords him the greatest pleasure. 
 The disciples of Christ were twelve, but one of them betrayed 
 him, for he thought that this would prove to his advantage; the 
 most wretched death, however, awaited 8 him; thus has the hope 
 of gain led 9 many to wicked deeds. If any one could hoard up 
 money beyond measure and would possess the greatest treasures, 
 what would it avail him, if he had no love of virtue and right¬ 
 eousness and would not scruple 10 to despise the commandments 
 of God? Do not imitate such. 
 
 1 impedire. 2 peregrinari. 3 rusticari. 4 unus, aliquis. 5 non ignarus. 
 6 (omit.) 7 uti. 8 mors manet aliquem or alicui. 9 inducere. 10 habere reli¬ 
 gioni. 
 
 215. Pelopidas of Thebes, born of an illustrious family, 
 made wise use of the great wealth which he possessed; he was 
 excelled in military fame by Epaminondas, but in the renown 
 for abstemiousness he is superior 1 ; for it is more difficult to be 
 abstemious amid riches than in poverty. Parents who have at 
 heart the welfare of their children, accustom them early to dis¬ 
 cipline 2 and useful occupation; for they are convinced that these 
 virtues render them happy. After the liberty of the Greeks had 
 been destroyed by the Macedonians, Demosthenes, together with 
 the others who had deserved well of the state, was expelled 
 from the city and abandoned 3 to the greatest misery. Livy hands 
 down to us about 4 the following 5 concerning the character of 
 Hannibal: Never was there anyone better qualified for obeying 
 as well as for commanding; in no other general did soldiers place 
 greater confidence; he possessed 6 unusually much boldness in 
 meeting dangers; extraordinarily much prudence in the midst of 
 dangers; he endured alike heat and cold. These great 7 virtues 
 of Hannibal were equaled by enormous vices; such as inhuman 
 cruelty, Punic perfidy, untruthfulness and godlessness. 
 
 1 esse superiorem. 2 disciplina . 3 objicere. 4 fere. 5 hic , haec, hoc . 6 esse 
 [in aliquo). 7 tantus. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 107 
 
 216. Nothing- is more precious than time, for it can not be 
 boug-ht for either g-old or silver; nothing- is more desirable than 
 wisdom, for the wise man can easily abstain from all such 
 pleasures which fools value very hig-hly; nothing- is more lovely 
 or more beautiful than virtue, for it alone makes one happy. 
 When some one asserted that it was our duty to do much for 
 posterity, another replied: “What has posterity done for us”? 
 When I arrived at Rhodus and heard of the death of Hortensius, 
 I was seized 1 with a sorrow which was greater than all had 
 expected. It is impious not to esteem parents highly; for what 
 can be more disgraceful than not to love 2 those to whom, next 
 to God, we owe our life? They are our best friends; for they 
 daily strive 3 to make us happy; they undergo the greatest hard¬ 
 ships, not for their own, but for their children’s sake, and neg¬ 
 lect 4 nothing which could benefit their children. Let us, there¬ 
 fore, prove ourselves grateful and worthy of their favors; it is 
 to them the most pleasing and greatest reward, the best thanks, 
 when they see that we are daily becoming wiser and better. 
 
 1 capere. 2 amore prosequi . 3 id agere ut. 4 omittere. 
 
 217. Aristotle, born at Stagira, a city in Thrace, went to 
 Athens, at that time the most renowned city of Greece, and 
 heard Plato with such wonderful eagerness and with such great 
 success, that in a short time he distinguished himself more than 
 all the other scholars. For this reason king Philip, who had 
 become acquainted with him at Athens, called him to Macedonia 
 to instruct in the sciences his son Alexander, to whom afterwards 
 was given the surname of Great. Whenever the ancients were 
 hard pressed by misfortunes, they sent ambassadors to consult 
 the oracle, in what manner the anger of the gods coulci be 
 appeased and what it would be best to do. Thus, also, the 
 Romans, after their defeat at Cannae, sent Fabius to Delphi, 
 to consult the oracle what they should do in their circumstances. 
 Hamilcar, the Carthaginian general, took his nine-year old son 
 with him to Spain, to accustom him to the camp and war. 
 
 218. As soon as the ambassadors who were sent by the 
 Athenians to Sparta had arrived, they learned from the Kphori, 
 that peace would be granted to the Athenians upon the condition 
 that the walls, both those that surrounded the city and those which 
 connected the city with the Piraeus, should be torn down, and 
 that the ships, with the exception of twelve, should be delivered 
 
108 
 
 miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 over to them. You are aware 1 that you should 2 have nothing' 
 more at heart than the love of your country. If you take an 
 interest in its welfare and if you cherish it, obey its laws and 
 die for it, if by your death it can be benefited. Despised by 
 all be he who values his life higher than the welfare and renown 
 of his county; who aspires 3 only 4 to offices and honors, but 
 evades the dangers which one must undergo for it. A good 
 citizen consults the interests of his country more than his own. 
 As after the death of Codrus, nobody was considered worthy of 
 the ro} 7 al dignity, in place of kings Archontes were chosen, 
 whose authority was in the beginning hereditary 5 and for life 6 ; 
 but after they had begun to misuse the power intrusted to them, 
 they were chosen only for a period of ten years. 
 
 1 non fugit. 2 decet. 3 petere. 4 nihil nisi. 5 hereditarius. 6 perpetuus. 
 
 219. Although there are many of you, yet there are only a 
 few among you who have the fulfillment 1 of their duty at heart. 
 Be ashamed of your negligence! You are of that age that you 
 can understand what is becoming, what is not becoming you; 
 what is to your advantage, what to your disadvantage. When 
 once Aristippus had entreated Dionysius in behalf of a friend 
 who was sentenced to death, and had not been able to prevail 2 
 upon him to pardon the latter, he prostrate 3 on the ground, 
 began to clasp the feet of the king and obtained his request 4 . 
 When, on this account, some persons accused the philosopher 
 of vile flattery, he said: “I am not a fault 5 , but Dionysius, 
 who has his ears on his feet.” After Cimon had defeated the 
 Persians at Eurymedon both by land and sea and had returned 
 to Athens, he embellished 6 the city with the rich 7 booty and 
 began to erect the long walls. When Xerxes was waging war 
 against Greece, he sent 4,000 armed men to Delphi to pillage 
 the temple of Apollo. But his force was destroyed by rainstorms 
 and thunderbolts, so that he understood how much the gods 
 were interested in the preservation of their temples. 
 
 1 satisfacere. 2 deducere. 3 prosternere. 4 impetrare. 5 esse in culpa. 
 6 exornare. 7 opimus. 
 
 220. After Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus had been chosen 
 tribune of the people, he believed that it was his duty to be the 
 protector 1 of the people, who were more than justly oppressed. 
 Not only did he have the welfare of the state at heart, but he 
 also deplored the great poverty of the people. When, therefore, 
 he considered by what means 2 he could remedy this evil, he 
 proposed a law that the lands should be more equally divided. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 109 
 
 The patricians, however, who were his greatest enemies, were 
 not of this opinion. They envied his reputation, reproached him 
 with his love for the people and even went so far in their ha¬ 
 tred, as to impeach him. Gracchus summoned 4 the people and 
 convinced them that he had nothing- else in view 5 but their 
 welfare. Since there was, however, dang-er that he would be 
 proclaimed 6 king- by the people, the assembly was suddenly 
 attacked, and Gracchus, tog-ether with many of his partisans, 
 was slain in the year 133 B. C.—Immoderate desire for rule 
 had taken such possession of 7 the Persian king- Darius, that 
 he made war on Greece. A short time before, he had attacked 
 the Scythians, a very valiant and prudent people, after he had 
 led his troops across the Ister. But this war brought him more 
 damage than advantage, more disgrace than honor. Darius did 
 not understand that to be content with one’s possessions 8 , is 
 the greatest and most secure wealth. 
 
 1 patrocinari. 2 modus. 3 arcessere. 4 convocare. 5 esse and cur a. 6 enun¬ 
 tiare. 7 capere. 8 suus. 
 
 221. Who does not know that it is becoming a student 1 , 
 above all, not 2 to waste 3 his time? Many of you have gone so 
 far in carelessness, that you have forgotten the rudiments 4 of 
 j^our Latin grammar. What unpardonable 5 negligence! Such I 
 will treat severely, because, unmindful of my admonitions, they 
 have given themselves 6 to idleness.—The poet Simonides, rely¬ 
 ing upon the friendship which he had with Themistocles, asked 
 something unjust from him. Themistocles resisted the dishonor¬ 
 able 7 demand and said: “Why do you wish me to do something 
 unjust for your sake? You would not be considered a good 
 poet, if you would compose 8 your poems contrary to the laws 
 of poetry, and I not a good official 9 , if I should do anything for 
 your sake contrary to the laws of my country.” Nobody will 
 account it a reproach to Themistocles that ( quod ) the welfare 
 of Athens was more highly regarded by him than the will of 
 the Lacedaemonians, and that he made use of a stratagem to 
 again surround his native city with a wall. 
 
 1 studiosus and litterae. 2 nihil. 3 amittere. 4 primum elementum. 5 non 
 ferendus. 6 sequi. 7 hihonestus. 8 componere. 9 magistratus. 
 
 222. For fear of the Germans, Caesar’s soldiers could not 
 be induced ’, either by entreaties or promises, to come to an 
 engagement with them. Finally, however, they became ashamed 
 of their cowardice and the defeat cost Ariovistus much blood. 
 
 1 adducere. 
 
110 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 He, a German by birth, had taken possession of a part of Gaul, 
 and, in order to maintain it, had constantly brought more Ger¬ 
 mans over the Rhine. — Many ancient nations were such lovers 
 of liberty as to punish with exile and even death well-deserving 1 
 men, whenever they seemed to aspire to power. Who does not 
 recall Miltiades, Aristides, Cimon, and 2 others who were impeached 
 in consequence of some accusation and most unjustly punished? 
 Of these actions 3 the Athenians nearly always repented.— A 
 certain physician, who was born at Syracuse, and was named 
 Menecrates, had such pride and went so far in his arrogance, 
 that, forgetting his human origin, he called himself Jupiter.—It 
 was characteristic of the Romans to spare the vanquished and 
 to humble 4 the proud; accordingly, the destruction of Carthage 
 was of great interest to them. 
 
 1 bene meritus. 2 que. 3 factum. 4 profligare. 
 
 223. Socrates once 1 met Xenophon in a narrow street 2 . 
 When he beheld the beautiful and modest 3 youth, he held 4 out 
 his cane and did not let 5 him pass by. When the latter stood 
 still, Socrates asked him, where pure wine, white bread, good 
 meat and other like things could be bought. When Xenophon 
 quickly 6 answered all these questions, Socrates finally asked him, 
 where men were made 7 good and upright. As the youth answered 
 that he did not know, Socrates requested him to follow. Hence¬ 
 forth Xenophon followed Socrates and became good and upright. 
 —The Athenians were inflamed 8 with a great hatred towards 
 the neighboring Megarians. They, accordingly, ordained by law 
 that if a citizen of Megara be seized in the city, he should be 
 executed. Hereupon Euclid of Megara, who, previous to this 
 law, was often at Athens and was wont to hear Socrates, went 
 towards night in female attire 9 to Athens, to Socrates, to take 
 part at night in his discourses, and towards daybreak again 
 returned home in the same attire. 
 
 1 quondam. 2 angiportus, us. 3 verecundus. 4 objicere. 5 veto (not to let). 
 6 expedite. 7 facere . 8 jiagrare. 9 induere. 
 
 224. A 1 Greek frequently 2 presented the emperor Augustus 
 with a complimentary 3 epigram in the hope of reward. When 
 he again approached, Augustus, to discourage 4 him, sent him a 
 short epigram which he had written 5 with his own hand. The 
 Greek read it and expressed his astonishment 6 , now 7 in words 8 , 
 now 7 by his looks 9 and gestures 10 . Hereupon he approached the 
 chair on which the emperor was carried, and took a few denarii 
 from his purse 11 to give them to Augustus. “I would give more,” 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 said he, “if I had more.” All laughed; the emperor, however, 
 ordered quite 12 a large amount of money to be given him.—The 
 ambassadors who immediately after the battle of Cannae, were 
 sent by Hannibal to Rome, bear witness 13 , how conscientiously 14 
 an oath was kept among the Romans. At that time, namely, 
 Hannibal selected ten from the prisoners to convey the conditions 
 of peace to the senate. Before they had departed (subj.), all of 
 them swore that they would return to the camp, if the conditions 
 displeased the senate. When they were several thousand paces 
 away from the camp, two of them, under some pretext, returned 
 and thought that thereby they had complied sufficiently 15 with 
 their oath, because they had left the camp again without again 
 taking an oath 16 . Accordingly, after the ten prisoners had pre¬ 
 sented the demands of Hannibal, and the conditions had seemed 
 not sufficiently honorable to the senate, eight of them returned 
 to the camp of the enemy, the two others remained in Rome 
 and thought themselves freed from the oath. But the senate 
 ordered that they should be bound and sent back to Hannibal. 
 
 1 quidam. 2 verb. 3 honorificus. 4 deterrere. 5 exarare. 6 mirari . 
 ? modo — modo. 8 vox (sing 1 .). 9 vultus. 10 gestus. n crumena, ae. 12 satis. 
 
 13 testis esse. 14 sanctus. 15 satisfacere. 16 injuratus. 
 
 225. Marcus Cato was in his childhood in the house of his 
 maternal uncle 1 Drusus, tribune of the people. When the allies 
 had come to Rome to obtain 2 citizenship, and Pompedius Silo, 
 the chieftain of the Marsians, asked young Cato to use his 
 influence 3 with his uncle in behalf of the allies, he answered 
 with a determined expression 4 , that he would not do it. And 
 being asked a second and a third time, he persisted in his 
 resolution. Then Pompedius took him to the highest part of 
 the house and threatened to 5 throw him down from there, if he 
 would not comply with his entreaties. Cato, however, could not 
 even 6 by this be deterred from his firm purpose 7 . Upon this Pom¬ 
 pedius set him down 8 and exclaimed: “Let us congratulate ourselves 
 that he is yet so small; for if he were a senator, we could never 
 hope for citizenship.” Thus did Cato already in his youth man¬ 
 ifest that firmness of character, which he afterwards showed 9 
 during his entire life. 
 
 1 avunculus. 2 impetrare. 3 auxilio esse. 4 constans vultus. 5 cf. Gr. § 272, 
 n. 6. 6 ne-quidem. 7 inceptum. 8 deponere. 9 uti. 
 
 226. How strict the Roman discipline was, may be inferred 
 from a striking 1 example: In the war with the Latins, the 
 
 1 insignis. 
 
112 
 
 miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 generals commanded 1 by an edict 2 , that no one out of ranks 3 
 should engage in combat with the enemy. Accidentally, the son 
 of the consul Manlius, who was dispatched with a squadron to 
 reconnoitre 4 the vicinity, met 5 the cavalry of the Latins. Since 
 the Romans avoided 6 battle, Geminus, the leader of the enemy, 
 cried out: “Now you can prove the bravery, of which you have 
 so often boasted; now it can be decided by action, which of us 
 two is superior!” The youth, inflamed with anger, spurred 7 his 
 horse on against his insolent 8 enemy and pierced him with his 
 lance. After having stripped him of his armor 9 , he hastened 10 
 back to the camp with the exulting 11 squadron. But as soon as 
 the father heard of the affair, he immediately convoked an 
 assembly. When all had assembled, he said: “Because you, 
 Titus Manlius, unmindful of the consular command, have fought 
 with the enemy out of ranks, and forced upon me the necessity 12 
 of being unmindful either of my county or the love of a father, 
 I think that I must have more regard for the welfare of my 
 country than for myself; but also you yourself, if there is one 
 drop 13 of my blood in you, will not refuse to restore by your 
 punishment the Roman discipline, which has been violated through 
 your fault.” Accordingly, the son was seized by the lictor and 
 beheaded 14 , whilst all the soldiers stood around in gloomy silence 15 . 
 
 1 praecipere. 2 edictum. 3 ordo (sing-.). 4 explorare. 5 occurrere. * de¬ 
 
 tractore. 7 concitare. 8 procax, acis. 9 spolia detrahere. 10 tendere. 11 ovaris 
 gaudio. 12 adducere ut. 13 aliquid. 14 securi percutere. 15 defixus silentio. 
 
 227. Since Tarquinius Superbus could not capture Gabii, 
 which he had attacked by force, he concluded to take the city 
 by stratagem and treachery. For, after he had led the army 
 back to Rome, his son Sextus, who was the youngest of three, 
 fled 1 to Gabii according to agreement 2 and complained of the 
 unendurable severity 3 of his father towards him. Corteously 
 received by them, he instigated 4 the foremost men 5 of the state 
 to undertake a war against the Romans. After he had been 
 victorious 6 in several engagements and won the favor of the 
 soldiers by a liberal distribution 7 of the booty, he sent a mes¬ 
 senger to his father at Rome, to ask what he should do. The 
 king, not trusting the messenger, said nothing, but, whilst 
 walking* up and down 8 the garden, as if meditating 9 , he cut off 10 
 the heads of the largest poppies with his cane. The messenger, 
 tired 11 of waiting for an answer, returned to Gabii and related 
 to Sextus what he himself had said and what he had seen. 
 Sextus, understanding well what his father commanded 12 by 
 
MISECELANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 113 
 
 these silent intimations 18 , either removed 14 by violence the most 
 illustrious citizens or sent them into exile. Gabii, weakened 15 
 in this manner, was delivered to the Roman king* without a blow 16 . 
 
 1 transfugere. 2 ex composito . 3 saevitia. 4 incitare. 5 primores. 6 su¬ 
 
 perior discedo. 7 largiri. 8 inambulare. 9 deliberandus. 10 decutere. 11 fessus. 
 12 praecipere. 13 autbages. 14 interimere. 15 affligere. 16 dimicatio. 
 
 228. Apelles of Ephesus was accused 1 with Ptolemy that, 
 together with Theodata, he had a knowledge of 2 the conspiracy 
 at Tyre. But he had never seen Tyre and did not know Theo¬ 
 data, except that 3 he had heard that he was a governor of 
 Ptolemy’s and that the government of Phoenicia 4 had been 
 entrusted to him 5 . But nevertheless a rival 6 of his, named Anti- 
 philus, who envied the favor in which he was 7 with the king, 
 said that Apelles had taken part in the crime and that at his 
 advice Tyre had become disloyal 8 to the king. Ptolemy, losing 
 all self-control 9 , like a madman, filled the whole palace with 
 loud cries. “Oh, what an ungrateful man!” he exclaimed, “great 
 thanks, indeed 10 , does he return to me for the great favors I 
 have bestowed upon him!” Yea 11 , had not one of the accomplices 
 in the crime, out of compassion for Apelles, declared 12 that the 
 man was innocent, he would have been condemned for treason 
 and executed. Hereupon Ptolemy is said to have become so 
 ashamed of his unjust suspicion, that he gave Apelles a present 
 of 100 talents, and delivered Antiphilus over to him as a slave 13 . 
 
 1 crimen and dare. 2 conscius sum. 3 nisi quod. 4 Phoenices, um. 5 prae¬ 
 ficere. 6 obtrectator. 7 florere . 8 deficere. 9 perturbare. 10 vero. 11 atque 
 
 (ac.). 12 indicare. 13 in servitutem addicere. 
 
 229. When Solon observed that Pisistratus, who was in 
 favor 1 with the people, strove to obtain the supreme power, he 
 tried at first to dissuade him from this design, since the pres¬ 
 ervation of his laws was to him of great importance. But Pisis¬ 
 tratus, who endeavored to seize the sovereignty 2 by fraud, did 
 not yield to him. Hereupon Solon appealed to the assembly of 
 the people and attempted to persuade the Athenians to banish 
 Pisistratus from the city, before he had acquired 3 too much power. 
 Nobody, however, listened 4 to him, since the people were unaware 5 
 of the design of Pisistratus and aided 6 him in every possible 
 way. Finally, Solon, who was far advanced in age, appeared 7 
 in full armor on the market place, and declared, whilst invoking 
 the gods, that, when dangers threatened it, he had come to the 
 assistance of his country, both by word and deed, according to 
 
 1 gratus. 2 tyrannis, idis. 3 occupare. 4 auscultare. 6 ignarus. 6 suffra¬ 
 gari. 7 prodire. 
 
 8 
 
114 
 
 MISCElyI«ANI50US EXERCISES. 
 
 his ability 1 . When, in consequence of this unusual 3 occurrence, 
 the people had assembled on the market place, he commanded 
 the citizens to take up arms and forthwith 3 depose 4 the tyrant. 
 As nobody paid attention 5 to his words, but all considered him 
 demented, Pisistratus, already surrounded by a body-guard 6 , 
 approached Solon and asked him on what he relied, that he so 
 boldly tried to frustrate 7 his plans. Upon answering- that he 
 did this, trusting- in his old ag-e, Pisistratus was astonished at 
 the boldness and prudence of Solon and inflicted no harm 8 on 
 him. Then Pisistratus took possession of the citadel and as 9 a 
 tyrant g-overned the Athenians for many years; but Solon is 
 said to have left the city of his own accord. 
 
 1 pars. 2 novus. 3 protinus. 4 imperium and deturbare. 5 attendere. 
 6 praesidia. 7 obsistere. 8 injuriam inferre. 9 mos. 
 
 230. When Socrates had at one time invited some wealthy 
 people to a banquet, and Xanthippe complained of the scantiness 1 
 of the meal, he said: “Be of g-ood cheer; for if they are satis¬ 
 fied with little, they will be content 2 with it; but if they are 
 of an evil disposition, we will not trouble 3 ourselves about them. , ’ 
 — When one of his scholars 4 said to Socrates: “I am poor in 
 every reg-ard, I possess no fortune, but I make you a present of 
 myself,” he answered: 5 “What? Are you not aware that you 
 offer me so great a present 6 that I can not repay 7 you by any 
 g-ift?”—When Socrates, condemned for impiety, was dying-, Crito 
 asked him, how his disciples could show themselves grateful to 
 him. He replied: 8 “If you consult your own interests and strive 
 after virtue; for so you will be useful both to me and my friends, 
 and also to yourselves; but if you are neg-lectful of your duty 
 and unmindful of my instruction, you will be a disgrace to me 
 and to yourselves.”—The Athenians soon repented of the injustice 
 inflicted on Socrates, so that they sentenced Miletus to death 
 and sent the remaining accusers into exile. In honor of Socrates 
 they erected a brazen 9 statue in the sanctuary 10 which was 
 called Pompeum. 
 
 1 tenuitas. 2 cf. Gr. § 189, n. 3. 3 negligere. 4 auditor. 6 inquam. 6 prae¬ 
 
 mium. 7 remimerari. 8 inquam. 9 aeneus. 10 sacrarium. 
 
 231. You know that Alexander was the son of king Philip; 
 but perhaps you are not aware, how solicitous the latter was 
 to educate his son well. A few years after the birth of his 
 son, he wrote to Aristotle to 1 come to him and instruct his son; 
 for he believed that, if Alexander would be educated by such a 
 teacher, he would become a good and an able man. When this 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 115 
 
 letter was delivered to Aristotle, lie thought that it was worth 
 while to have a royal scholar, and rejoicing at the same time 
 that Philip was such a solicitous father, he set out for Mace¬ 
 donia, as soon as he had settled his affairs. Alexander proved 
 to be such a talented 2 and diligent boy, that in a short time he 
 learned the most difficult things. It is only to be regretted that 
 he did not always remember the instructions which were given 
 him by Aristotle. For if he had done so, he would never have 
 stabbed 3 his friend Clitus; nor would he have ever become so 
 puffed 4 up with pride, as to demand that the Greeks should 
 adore him as though 5 he were a god. 
 
 1 ut; cf. Gr. § 280, 2. 2 ingeniosus . 3 confodere . 4 efflare. 5 quasi. 
 
 232. When Darius was about to renew the war 1 , the news 
 arrived that his wife had died, and that Alexander had lamented 
 her death and attended 2 her funeral 3 . Darius was pleased that 
 Alexander had shown himself such an humane adversary, and 
 expressed his thanks in a letter to him, offering him at the same 
 time the greater part of his kingdom, his second daughter and 
 30,000 talents for the prisoners. To this Alexander replied: “To 
 return thanks 4 is superfluous 5 ; I am accustomed 6 to contend 
 against the forces of my enemy, not against his misfortune: 
 moreover 7 , do not imagine that the world can be governed by 
 two suns; just as little 8 can two such kingdoms exist {esse) on 
 earth. Therefore prepare yourself to-day for surrender or to-morrow * 
 for battle.” And since Darius wished to try the fortune of war 10 
 once more, he, on the following day, began the battle 11 in which 
 he was conquered, so that he lost his kingdom, and, wandering 
 about in flight, was soon after killed by a certain Bessus. 
 
 1 rebellare. 2 prosequi. 3 exsequiae. 4 gratiarum actio. 5 supervacaneus. 
 6 consuescere. 7 ceterum. 8 nec magis. 9 dies crastinus. 10 belli fortunam ex¬ 
 periri. 11 proelium committere. 
 
 233. When Alcestis, the daughter of king Pelias was solic¬ 
 ited in marriage 1 by many, her father promised to give her to 
 him who would be able to yoke 2 wild beasts to a chariot. Many 
 feared that they would perish, if they would undertake such a 
 difficult task. Admetus alone trusted that he vrould accomplish 
 it, although he well knew 3 that it was not easy, and since he 
 was desperately 4 in love with 5 the princess, he entreated Apollo 
 to grant him assistance. Jupiter namely had some time before 
 commanded Apollo to act as a slave 6 to Admetus, that thereby 
 
 1 in matrimonium petere. 2 curru jungere. 3 non ignoro. 4 perdite. 
 3 amare. * servire. 
 
116 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 he might do penance 1 for some offence, and Apollo had remained 
 with him as if he were a mortal. But since Admetus had treated 
 him friendly 2 , he was easily induced by the entreaties in his 
 stead to yoke a wild boar and a lion to a chariot. On it Adme¬ 
 tus rode to Pelias and bore Alcestis away 3 . 
 
 1 poenas dare alicujus rei. 2 liberaliter habere or tractare. 8 avehere. 
 
 234. It is known to all of you that Dionj^sius in Syracuse 
 so raged 1 against his subjects, that his name became proverbial 2 . 
 When he succeeded his father in the kingdom, he showed him¬ 
 self so kind that, in order to gain the affection of the people, 
 he liberated three thousand who were detained in prison on account 
 of their debts 3 . But soon he feared that his uncles would 
 cause 4 him to be deprived of his throne 5 , and he did not scruple* 
 to murder them. And since he did not doubt that they had 
 advised his brothers to dethrone 7 him, he ordered also these to 
 be executed, although no one could convict them of any crime. 
 Then 8 he thought that he had nothing more to fear, and wholly 
 gave himself up to debauchery, so that he contracted a disease 9 
 of the eyes, by which he was prevented from beholding the light 
 of day. And since on this account he believed that he was 
 despised, he wished to punish his subjects, and thus it happened 
 that he treated them cruelly. 
 
 1 saevire. 2 in proverbium abire. 8 nexi ob aes alienum. 4 id agere ut. 5 regnum. 
 6 non dubitare with inf. 7 regno detrudere. 6 tum. 9 valetudinem contrahere. 
 
 235. Hannibal, a native of 1 Carthage, the son of Hamilcar, 
 was, at the age of nine years, forced by his father to swear 
 that he would be a deadly enemy of the Romans all his life. 
 We know that he was ever mindful of this oath and that he 
 never repented of it. When his father crossed the strait of Gib¬ 
 raltar 2 with his troops, he took his son with him to learn the 
 art of warfare. But not long after Hamilcar died. Hannibal, 
 although.scarcely twenty-eight years old, nevertheless, had proved 
 himself so able and intrepid, that the soldiers considered him the 
 most worthy and proclaimed him their commander. Two years 
 later he laid siege to Saguntum, a city in Spain, allied to the 
 Romans. The inhabitants 3 sent to Rome to obtain assistance. 
 The Romans notified 4 Hannibal that he should not provoke the 
 Roman people nor its allies. Although Hannibal at the arrival 
 of the ambassadors was informed of this, he, nevertheless, al¬ 
 most in the very presence 5 of the ambassadors, ordered the city 
 to be assaulted. The inhabitants, destitute 6 of all assistance 
 and reduced to famine on account of the long siege, always 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 117 
 
 showed themselves resolute and at that time preferred to perish 
 than to beg - their hated enemy for mercy 7 . They destroyed by 
 fire 8 themselves and their dwellings, so that the enemy found 
 almost nothing but 9 smoking 10 ruins.. Hereupon 11 the Romans 
 declared war against the insolent Carthaginians, and there arose 
 the second Punic war, which for eighteen years was carried on 
 partly in Italy and partly in Spain and Africa, and in which 
 the Carthaginians were finally conquered, although they had 12 
 an excellent general in Hannibal. Thus did the Romans take 
 revenge on Hannibal, and when the Carthaginians afterwards 
 again prepared for war, their city was leveled to the ground. 
 
 1 ortus. 2 Fretum Gaditanum. 3 oppidani. 4 denuntiare. 5 conspectus. 8 de¬ 
 stituere. 7 venia , ac. 8 comburere. 9 fere nihil nisi. 10 fumare. 11 tum. 12 uti. 
 
 236. Lucius Papirius, to whom on account of his speed the 
 surname of Cursor had been given, was once ordered as consul 
 to take the field 1 against the Samnites. But when the auspices 2 
 were unfavorable 3 , he returned to Rome to repeat them and 
 appointed Fabius Rullianus commander 4 of the army in the mean 
 time, instructing 5 him, however, not to engage 6 with the enemy. 
 But Fabius soon forgot this injunction, when an opportunity 
 presented itself 7 to give battle in a favorable place. Although 
 he was victorious, the consul, upon his return, wished him to 
 be beheaded in accordance with the custom of the forefathers 8 . 
 Fabius fled to the city, but however much 9 he implored the 
 tribunes of the people, they could offer him no protection 10 , and 
 there was great danger that instead of a reward he would be 
 punished 11 with death. At last, the stern general was moved 
 by the tears of the father and the entreaties of the people to 
 pardon 12 Fabius. He himself afterwards celebrated a triumph 13 
 over the Samnites. 
 
 1 ad bellum proficisci. 2 omen. 3 adversus. 4 praeficere. 5 hortari. 6 ma¬ 
 nus conserere. 7 offerri. 8 patrius, a, um. 9 quamvis (subj.). 10 patrocinari. 
 11 afficere. 12 veniam dare. 13 triumphum agere. 
 
 237. Pliny had 1 so great a love for the sciences and for the 
 investigation 2 of nature 3 , that he devoted all his time which 
 was not occupied 4 wdth state affairs, to the pursuit of the arts 
 and sciences, and read more than two thousand books and made 
 extracts 5 from them, for he was convinced that no book is so 
 devoid of 6 matter 7 as not to yield some profit. Besides Natural 
 History he wrote twenty books on the wars of the Romans against 
 the Germans, the loss 8 of which we greatly deplore. He died in 
 
 1 inesse. 2 cognovere, 3 res. 4 vacare . 5 excerpere, 6 egenus, 7 res (pi.)* 
 
 8 j actura y ae , 
 
118 
 
 miscew<aneous exercises. 
 
 his fifty-seventh year, and what is handed down to us regarding* 
 his death, serves as a proof with what great zeal he devoted 
 himself to the investigation of nature. When he was at Misenum, 
 a city of Campania, where he commanded the fleet, his sister in¬ 
 formed him that a monstrous cloud of unusual appearance was 
 visible 1 . For out of Vesuvius a cloud was arising resembl¬ 
 ing a pine-tree with a very long trunk and spreading 2 branches. 
 Well-knowing what great danger threatened 3 many cities from 
 an eruption of Vesuvius 4 , he ordered some ships to put to 
 sea 5 . Already the hot ashes and pumice-stones 6 fell on his ship; 
 and the pilot advised him to think of 7 his own safety. But he 
 exclaimed 8 : “Fortune assists the bold.” When he had arrived 
 
 at Stabiae, unmindful of the danger, he appeared calm and cheer¬ 
 ful; and encouraged 9 those that were trembling 10 with fear of 
 the impending calamity and began to despair of their safety. 
 Yet afterwards all had to flee, but on his flight Pliny fell and 
 was suffocated 11 by the dense 12 smoke 13 . Three days afterwards he 
 was found lying on the ground more like one asleep than one dead. 
 
 1 apparere. 2 diffusus. 8 imminere. 4 eruptio ignium Vesuvii. 5 solvere 
 (with ancoram or without it). 6 pumex , icis. 7 consulere. 8 inquam . 9 confir¬ 
 mare. 10 trepidare. 11 suffocare. 12 crassus. 18 caligo. 
 
 238. A ship was stranded 1 by a violent storm on a foreign 
 coast. All were drowned in the sea 2 , except a peasant and a 
 philosopher, who were now 3 destitute of food and drink and every 
 thing else. When they considered their misery and saw that 
 they would soon perish of hunger, if they would not receive some 4 
 aid, they became extremely sad 5 and looked at 6 each other in si¬ 
 lence. Soon, however, the philosopher said: “Be of good cheer! 
 under my guidance 7 we can hope for a better lot. Let us im¬ 
 mediately set out for the next city, there I will open the rich 8 
 fountain of my great learning. I will teach the barbarians what 
 is evil, good, disgraceful or honorable; I will implant 9 into their 
 rude hearts the love of virtue, and after I shall have instructed 
 them, I will prevail upon 10 them to give us a portion of the 
 treasures that they possess.” The peasant replied: 11 “Who will 
 prevent us from dying of wretched 12 hunger, before you shall 
 have persuaded them to do this? I will at once procure food 
 for our empty stomachs 13 .” Having said this, he hurried away 
 to the nearest woods. There he broke off 14 some branches of 
 trees and brought them in bundles 15 into the city and offered 16 
 them for sale 17 , and he actually sold them at such a high price 
 that with the money realized 18 he was able to buy food. That 
 is the best art which procures 19 us nourishment. 
 
 1 allidere. 2 in profundum demergere. 3 tum. 4 aliquid. 5 maestus. 6 in¬ 
 tueri. 7 dux. 8 uber. 9 imbuere. 10 adducere. 11 inquam. 12 miser. 13 venter. 
 14 defringere. 15 colligare. 16 pronuntiare. 17 venalis , e. 18 exigere. 19 praebere. 
 
USE OF NOUNS, ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 § 228 . 
 
 239. Nisi adolescentes vires exercuerimus, senes operam per¬ 
 demus. Crassum doctum hominem cognovi idque a puero. C. 
 Junius Bubulcus aedem Salutis, quam consul voverat, censor lo¬ 
 caverat, dictator dedicavit. Cato mortuus est annis octoginta 
 tribus ipsis ante me consulem. Alexander in Bactrianis Sogdi- 
 anisque duodecim urbes condidit. Pelopidas legatus in Persas 
 profectus est. Hannibalem parata instructaque remigio excepit 
 navis. Agri Romanorum locupletiorum servitio traditi erant co¬ 
 lendi. Hannibalis iter impediebatur asperitate viarum. Isocratis 
 ludus discipulorum nobilitate florebat. Affectabat ut Romanus, 
 ita Poenus Siciliam. Eques usque ad castra hostes pavidos egit. 
 Hi lacus pisce et conchyliis scatent. Brittania antiquitus mate¬ 
 ria cujusque generis abundavit praeter fagum atque abietem. Vere 
 sapientis animus et ab iracundiis invidiisque et a timoribus aegri¬ 
 tudinibusque abhorret. Saepe accidere vidimus, ut viri summis 
 ingeniis praediti in odia invidiasque civium incurrerent. Amici 
 dextras inter se junxerunt. Cum dominatu Caesaris omnia tene¬ 
 rentur, ad litterarum studia se retulit Cicero. 
 
 240. In his youth Cicero devoted himself to the study of 
 philosophy. During his pretorship Conon was at the head of the 
 infantry. Caesar with his army set out for the country of the 
 Aedui. By the power of his eloquence Cicero often freed the in¬ 
 nocent from punishment. Do not believe that man’s happiness 
 consists in great wealth. Hiero, king of Syracuse, sent a troop 
 of archers and slingers to the assistance of the Romans. Some 
 houses are built of wood, others of brick. When the soldiers be¬ 
 held the large number of enemies, they lost courage. The suc¬ 
 cessful issue of the wars which the Romans carried on, is partly 
 due to the wisdom of the senate, partly to the skill of the gen¬ 
 erals and the bravery of the troops. There are many birds which 
 
120 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 change their place of living 1 at certain times. Mental suffering 
 is often more severe than bodily pain. After Pythagoras had 
 taken up his residence at Crotona, he soon won the affection 2 of 
 all by his pure 3 life and powerful 3 eloquence. The augurs fore¬ 
 told the future from the flight and notes 4 of the birds. 
 
 1 sedes. 2 animus. 5 substantive. 4 canius. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 § 229 . 
 
 241. Nisi in bonis amicitia esse non potest. Medici leviter 
 aegrotantes leniter curant. Lucilius dicere solebat ea quae scri¬ 
 beret, nec ab indoctissimis nec ab doctissimis legi se velle. For¬ 
 tis est labores ferre. Erubescunt pudici etiam impudica loqui. 
 Quo die primum in spem libertatis ingressus sum, eo ipso die 
 providi multum. Omnium rerum mors est extremum. Praeterita 
 mutare non possumus. Quid optimo melius cogitari potest? Si 
 semper turpia inhonestaque fugerimus atque in omnibus rebus 
 innocentes fuerimus, quid nobis inimicitiae improborum nocebunt? 
 Saepe accidit ut unum inconsiderate dictum vel factum multis 
 milibus hominum innocentium calamitatem atque miseriam infer¬ 
 ret. Cura rerum domesticarum multis odiosa est. De ceteris et 
 diximus multa et saepe dicemus; hunc librum de senectute ad te 
 misimus. Alphonsus quartus, Lusitaniae rex, cui cognomen da¬ 
 tum est audaci, in ipso aetatis flore regnum avitum adeptus est. 
 Sulla forte in agro Nolano immolabat ante praetorium, cum ex 
 ara subito anguis emersit. Georgias Leontinus anno ante Christum 
 natum 427 a civibus suis Athenas missus est. Perduellione patriam 
 ventitare pro scelere divino et humano habendum est. Labores no¬ 
 cturni magis ardui sunt quam diurni. Augusti aedes querna 1 corona 
 ornabat. Bellum Numantinum, per tot annos cum summa Romano¬ 
 rum ignominia ductum, tandem a Scipione Aemiliano confectum est. 
 
 1 of oak. 
 
 242. Avoid intercourse with the bad! We ought not to scoff 
 at an unfortunate person. The inexperienced allow 1 themselves 
 to be deceived. All the good are always happy. It is clear whom 
 we consider to be good, for those endowed and adorned with all 
 virtues we call both wise and good. It is peculiar to the brave 
 and steadfast not to lose self-control in adverse circumstances, 
 but to retain 2 presence of mind, and not 3 to deviate 4 from rea¬ 
 son. “Much,” said Cicero 5 , “I owe to the senate and to the 
 Roman people, innumerable things to my parents, every thing to 
 
ADJECTIVES. 
 
 121 
 
 the immortal gods.” Our forefathers, who with small resources* 
 founded so great an empire, possessed 7 more virtues and wisdom 
 than we, who are scarcely able to keep what has been acquired 8 . 
 The profligate, the coward, the fool can not fare well 9 ; so also 
 the good, the brave, the wise cannot be unhappy. The Persians 
 taught their children to speak the truth. Socrates tried to en¬ 
 kindle and nourish in the hearers a love for the noble 10 . The 
 actions of those who are placed at the head of the state are 
 known to all mortals. Epaminondas of Thebes was educated by 
 Lysis, a Pythagorean. The pirates for a long time pillaged the 
 towns of Italy along the seashore. Cicero held four orations against 
 Catiline. Marcus Livius Drusus squandered by his lavish 11 largesses 12 
 the inheritance left him by his father, a man of consular rank. 
 
 1 Gr. § 251, n. 2. 2 uti. 3 neque. 4 discedere. 5 inquit Cicero. 6 opes. 
 
 7 inesse. 8 participle. 9 bene esse. 10 honestus. 11 profusus. 12 largitio. 
 
 § 230 . 
 
 243. Mortem venientem nemo hilaris excipit, nisi qui se ad 
 illam diu composuerat 1 . Socrates venenum laetus et libens hau¬ 
 sit. In India ii qui sapientes habentur, nudi 3 aetatem agunt. 
 Primi mortalium naturam incorrupti sequebantur. Nemo fere 
 saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit. Tyriorum gens litteras prima 
 aut docuit aut didicit. Hispania postrema omnium, ductu Augu¬ 
 sti Caesaris, perdomita est. Non corpori soli subveniendum est, 
 sed menti atque animo multo magis. Syphax captus et ad Sci¬ 
 pionem vivus pertractus est. Caesar, dictator absens a M. Le¬ 
 pido praetore factus, Romam revertit ac dictaturam iniit. Ado¬ 
 lescentes qui frequentes cum viris claris et sapientibus sunt, 
 eorum similes saepe evadunt. Senonibus pacatis, Caesar totus et 
 mente et animo in bellum Trevirorum et Ambiorigis insistit. 
 Arabes, Pyrenaeo monte superato, in mediam fere Europam pro¬ 
 gressi sunt. In prima planitie pedites constituti erant, in ultima 
 planitie equites. Tyndaridae rates quassas ab infimo mari eri¬ 
 puerunt. Pompejus extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summi 
 imperatoris, ineunte adolescentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator. 
 
 1 prepare. 2 poor. 
 
 244. The Greeks led Achilles to Troy against his will. 
 Caesar unexpectedly attacked the Helvetians and cut down a 
 great number of them; the rest betook themselves to flight 1 and 
 hid in the forests. A true friend speaks well of his friend not 
 only in his presence, but also in his absence. Tantalus was tor- 
 
 i se fugae mandare . 
 
122 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 mented by thirst, though he touched the surface of the water 
 with his chin. The orator, at the end of his discourse, exhorted 
 the citizens to preserve concord and peace. In the beginning of 
 spring the soldiers in accordance with orders assembled in the 
 center of the city. At the first night watch Hanno marched 
 with a part of his army a day’s journey up the stream 1 to attack 
 the enemy in the rear. Ceres was the first to give laws in At¬ 
 tica and Sicily. According to the custom of the Gauls, all 
 adults 2 assembled in arms at the beginning of war; whoever of 
 them came last was killed in sight of the multitude. Demos¬ 
 thenes often was present at the discussions of Plato. 
 
 1 adverso flumine. 2 puberes, um. 
 
 245. If I am pushed 1 in the middle of a street, I can not 
 accuse him who is at the end of it. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 
 withdrew from the affairs of state to give himself up wholly to 
 science; he gave his property to his fellow-citizens and went to 
 Athens. Of all the hills Romulus fortified the Palatine first, on 
 which he was brought up. The merits 2 of great men are often 
 praised less during their lifetime than after their death. The 
 centurion Petrejus threw 3 himself into the midst of the Aedui 
 and said to those who dared to come to his assistance: “Do not 
 venture to save the life of one who already suffers from loss 4 of 
 blood and strength.” Hannibal went 5 along the banks of the 
 Rhone into the interior of Gaul, because he believed that thus 
 he would not meet 6 the Romans. With great pleasure I learned 
 from the latter part of your letter how content you are 7 now with 
 your lot. In some way 8 povertj" better disposes man for many 
 virtues; for it increases zeal, banishes 9 idolence 10 and laziness, 
 teaches modesty, leads 11 man, as it were against his will, to 
 sobriety and temperance. 
 
 1 impellere. 2 meritum, virtus. 8 immittere. 4 deficere. 5 petere. 6 obviam 
 esse. 7 subjunctive. 8 quodam modo. 9 fugare. 10 torpor. 11 adigere. 
 
 §§ 231 & 232 . 
 
 246. Ad Cannas ceciderunt militum Romanorum quadra¬ 
 ginta milia, equitum plus tria milia. Apud Suevos non longius 
 anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licebat. Zeuxis et 
 Polygnotus non sunt usi plus quam quattuor coloribus. Minus 
 viginti diebus pestilentia plus trecentos nostros cives consumpsit. 
 Pompejo rogante sanctum lege est, ne quis minor triginta annos 
 natus magistratum caperet. Galba plus septuaginta annos natus 
 Neroni in regno successit. Romani bella quaedam fortius quam 
 felicius gesserunt. Caesar milites vituperavit, quod in oppu- 
 
ADJECTIVES. 
 
 123 
 
 gnanda Gergovia audacius quam prudentius egissent. Nolite pu¬ 
 tare judices, me odio inflammatum libentius quam verius Clodium 
 accusare. Omnes cupiditates continere praeclarum magis quam 
 difficile est. 
 
 247. No less than 50 cities revolted against 1 king Philip. 
 Alexander with more than 6,000 foot-soldiers and with somewhat 
 less than 800 horsemen went to meet 2 the enemy, who numbered 
 over 8,000 foot-soldiers and somewhat less than 1,000 horsemen. 
 Sulla fought with the generals of Mithridates in Macedonia and 
 Boeotia and killed more than 200,000 of the enemy. Sophocles 
 died 5 over 92 years old. 200 of lis sustained 4 the combat more 
 than eight hours against more than 400 of the enemy. Xenophon, 
 less than 43 years old, took the field with Cyrus against Arta¬ 
 xerxes. The river Dubis almost surrounds the whole town of 
 Vesontio; the remaining space, which does not amount 5 to more 
 than 600 feet, is enclosed 6 by a mountain. The armies of the Per¬ 
 sians were more rich than courageous. The Athenians carried on 
 war in Sicily with more ardor 7 than fortune 8 . Hannibal possessed 
 
 more than Phoenician perfidy. Ulixes was more cunning 9 than brave. 
 
 1 dejicere. 2 occurrere. 3 decedere. 4 sustinere. 5 esse. 6 continere. 7 cupidus. 
 8 felix. 9 versutus. 
 
 §§ 233 & 234 . 
 
 248. Per Autololum gentem iter est ad montem Africae vel 
 fabulosissimum, Atlantem. In Judaea fuere Hiersolyma, longe 
 clarissima urbium Orientis, non Judaeae modo. Jugurtha adolevit, 
 decora facie, pollens viribus, sed multo maxime ingenio validus. 
 Vel iniquissimam pacem justissimo bello antefero. Taurominitani 
 maxime ab injuriis magistratuum Romanorum remotissimi erant. 
 Scaevolam unum nostrae civitatis et ingenio et justitia praestan- 
 tissimum audeo dicere. Quid sentiam quam brevissime dicam. 
 Plurimae aves nidos construunt et quam possunt mollissima pluma 
 substernunt. Hannibal quantam maximam vastitatem potest cae¬ 
 dibus incendiisque consuli procul ostendit. Improbitas Catilinae 
 tam magna fuit quam quae maxima. Veteres Germani auspicia 
 sortesque ut qui maxime observabant. 
 
 Ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime esse alios improbos 
 suspicatur. Ut quisque est maxime boni 1 particeps, ita et laudabilis 
 maxime. Sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur. Notis¬ 
 simum quodque malum maxime tolerabile est. Maximae cuique for¬ 
 tunae minime credendum est. Quanto major aestus 2 erit, eo saepius 
 
 convenit vinum refrigerari. Quanto vetustior pix, eo melior in usu est. 
 
 1 virtue. 2 summer heat. 
 
124 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 249. Alcibiades, by far the handsomest 1 of all his con¬ 
 temporaries, qualified 2 for everything- and full of skill, had as 
 his father-in-law, Hipponicus, the richest of all the Greeks. 
 In a well organized 3 state every thing is regulated 4 by law, so 
 that as little as possible remains in the power of the judges. 
 Even the most learned can err. The voice, above all, recom¬ 
 mends 5 a speaker. It is preferable to seek praise through the 
 powers of the mind than of the body, and, since the life which 
 we enjoy is short, to prolong 6 as much as possible the remem¬ 
 brance of ourselves. I advise you to perform 7 your duties as 
 exactly as you can. I can inform you with great pleasure that 
 your son is as diligent as any one. The more ignorant 8 one is, 
 the more arrogant 9 he is. The more one distinguishes himself 
 by greatness of soul, the more he wishes to be the first among 
 all. Between Demosthenes and Aeschines there was as great 
 a difference 10 of character as possible. Hannibal loved his country 
 as much as any one. 
 
 1 formosus. 2 idoneus. 8 instituere. 4 constituere. 5 commendare. 6 longum 
 efficere. 1 defungi. 8 imperitus. 9 arrogans. 10 distantia. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 250. Codrus, king of the Athenians, clothed in the attire 
 of a slave 1 , threw himself into the midst of the enemy, and was 
 killed by a soldier whom he had wounded with his sword. Truth 
 and falsehood are not always distinguished 2 by men. In less 
 than two hours more than 4,000 of the enemy 7 were slain. The 
 ambassadors, whom the Romans had sent to Clusium, did not 
 treat 3 about the injustice which had been done 4 by the Gauls 
 to the inhabitants of Clusium; but, as 6 they were more brave 
 than cautious 6 , they fought with the inhabitants of Clusium 
 against the Gauls. At the advice of Orgetorix, the Helvetians 
 bought 7 a very great number of wagons 8 and beasts of burden 9 , 
 and planted as much grain 10 as possible. 
 
 1 vestis famularis. 2 distinguere. 3 agere. 4 inferre. 5 ut. 6 cautus. 7 coemere. 
 8 carrus, i. 9 jumentum, i. 10 sementum facere. 
 
 251. In Italy the peasants take hold of 1 the stalks 2 at the 
 top and cut them off 3 in the middle with the left hand. Caesar 
 found out that the river Sabis was not more than 10,000 paces 
 from his camp. Dissimilarity of morals and inclinations 4 dissolves 6 
 friendships; and for no other reason can the good not be friendly 
 to the wicked, and the wicked to the good, than because the 
 greatest possible difference exists between them in their morals 
 
PRONOUNS, 
 
 125 
 
 and inclinations. We were more anxious than you, that the 
 soldier accused of treason should not be condemned to death in 
 his absence; for we were convinced that he was innocent. It is 
 the mark of a wicked man to attack his enemy unawares. What¬ 
 ever is accidental 6 can not be certain. Treat 7 A. Fusius so as 
 you have promised me personally 8 ; this shall be as agreeable to 
 me as anything- can be, and by your great kindness 9 you will 
 place him forever under obligations 10 to } 7 ou. 
 
 1 prehendere. * stramentum . 3 subsecare. 4 studium. 5 dissociare. 8 fortu¬ 
 
 itus, a, um. 7 tractare. 8 coram. 9 officium. 10 devincire. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 § 235 . 
 
 252. Deum oculis cernere non possumus. Cyrus ex curru 
 desiluit loricamque induit. Caesar cohortatus est Aeduos ut con¬ 
 troversiam ac dissensiones obliviscerentur. Istud scelus meis ocu¬ 
 lis vidi. Libertatem nos nostra nobis virtute reddimus. Tam 
 mihi mea vita quam tibi tua cara est. Respublica mea unius 
 opera salva est. Eam fraudem vestra ipsi virtute vitastis. Viveris, 
 ne tua domus talis viri et civis a ceteris deseratur? Patria com¬ 
 munis est nostra omnium parens. Moleste fero, me consulem stu¬ 
 dium tuum adolescentis perspexisse, te meum, cum id aetatis 
 sum, perspicere non posse. 
 
 253. The most renowned kings of Persia were, in my opinion, 
 Cyrus and Darius. If at night we raise our eyes to heaven, we 
 behold a most beautiful sight 1 . You read and love only your 
 own writings, those of others 2 you despise. You have strangled 3 
 my father, though 4 he had not been outlawed 5 ; you have driven 
 me forcibly 6 out of my own house; you have taken possession of 
 my patrimony. Wash your hands and eat. I discovered your 
 zeal, while you were a boy. Only 7 my fault can not be corrected 8 . 
 You will regret to have followed your own judgment 9 in every 
 thing. Do you believe that he to whose honor my name has 
 redounded 10 in my absence, has not been helped by my presence? 
 Such great presents from you, the most powerful of kings, the 
 Roman republic has never rejected 11 . To acquire knowledge is 
 of the greatest importance to yourselves. I will not imprudently 
 become my own accuser. If you do not apply your time and 
 talents well, you will remain ignorant through your own fault. 
 
 1 spectaculum. 2 alienus. 3 jugulare. * cum, subj. 5 proscribere. * per vim. 
 1 solus . 8 corrigere. 9 arbitrium. 10 subjunctive. 11 repudiare. 
 
126 
 
 PRONOUNS* 
 
 § 236 . 
 
 254. Omne animal se ipsum diligit. Qui potest intelligi 
 aut cogitari, esse aliquod animal quod se oderit? Justitia propter 
 sese colenda est. Non dubito dicere, omnem naturam esse con¬ 
 servatricem sui. Verum illud verbum est, vulgo quod dici solet, 
 omnes sibi malle melius esse quam alteri. Datames audit, Pisi¬ 
 das quasdam copias adversum se parare. Cincinnatus nuntium 
 accepit se dictatorem esse factum. Plotii servi multum ac diu 
 torti negabant se scire, ubi dominus esset. Numa simulavit sibi 
 cum Egeria dea colloquia esse nocturna. Super lectum Pomponii 
 stans, se eum transfixurum Manlius minatus est, nisi ab incepta 
 patris accusatione destitisset. 
 
 255. Dionysius verebatur, ne, si Dionem haberet, aliquam 
 occasionem sui daret opprimendi. Lunam sol nunquam implet, 
 nisi adversam sibi. Multi nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, 
 ducunt. Philippus bellum Atheniensibus infert, quibus Thebani 
 se conjunxere, metuentes, ne, victis Atheniensibus, bellum ad se 
 transiret. Dionysius a filiabus ferum removit, instituitque, ut 
 candentibus juglandium 1 putaminibus 2 barbam sibi et capillum 3 
 adurerent. Herculi Eurystheus rex imperavit, ut arma reginae 
 Amazonum sibi afferret. Ipsi Deo nihil minus gratum est, quam 
 non omnibus patere ad se placandum et colendum viam. Cato 
 quum esset interrogatus, quis sibi omnium esset carissimus, semel 
 atque iterum fratrem respondit. Themistocles domino navis multa 
 pollicitus est, si se servasset. Rex legatos misit, qui captivos 
 ad se deducerent. Caesar expectabat, dum speculatores ad se 
 reverterentur. Socrates divitias contemnebat, quod se felicem 
 reddere non possent. Rogatus sum a matre tua ut venirem ad 
 se. Laudandum est pro amico morti se objicere. Exercitus non 
 plus quingentos passus inter se aberant. Cum Xerxes ingentem 
 exercitum Hellespontum traduxisset, Graeci, inimicitiis quas inter 
 se exercuerant, compositis, arma contra barbarum tulerunt quem 
 
 servitutem sibi conjungere velle videbant. 
 
 1 walnut. 2 shell. 3 hair. 
 
 256. Some scholars care 1 nothing that 2 others are preferred 
 to them; some, however, take it amiss 3 that they are surpassed 
 by others. Gracchus left behind a great desire for himself among 
 the Roman people. The Syracusans begged that they be for¬ 
 given 4 , because they had not yet 5 returned thanks for favors con¬ 
 ferred upon them. The wise man zealously corrects the faults 
 inborn 6 in him. Eumenes disclosed his plan to his soldiers, in 
 order to find out how they were disposed 7 towards him. Since 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 127 
 
 you ask me about this orator, I will tell you that many qualities 
 of an orator are wanting to him, although he believes that he 
 possesses them all. Darius feared that the Lacedeemonians would 
 wage war against him. Jugurtha besought his soldiers to defend 
 him against the Romans. 
 
 1 facere. 2 acc. w. inf. 3 moleste ferre. 4 ignoscere. 5 nondum. 6 innatus. 
 7 animus, i. 
 
 257. Curius refused the presents offered him. The Allobroges 
 obtained by their prayers that Caesar had pity on them. The 
 misers are always in fear that their money be taken 1 from them 
 by thieves. Caesar asked the ambassadors, why they came to 
 him. It is to Caesar’s credit 2 that 3 his soldiers never deserted 
 him. It is shameful to provide only for one’s self, not also for 
 others. The Athenians belittled 4 and envied each other more 
 than other men. Cleopatra and Antony strove to excel each other 
 in luxury. The manners of the most ancient Greeks were rude 
 and fierce, their nature 5 was prone to all acts of violence 6 , their 
 mind without 7 culture, and they did not easily forget insults 
 offered to them. The grammarian Andronicus, who lived at the 
 time of Augustus, was so poor that he was forced to sell at a 
 ver}^ low price a book most carefully composed 8 by him. Domi- 
 tian was the first to call himself lord and god and to command, 
 that no other than golden or silver statues be erected 9 to him. 
 
 1 auferre. 2 laus. 3 quod. 4 obtrectare. 5 ingenium. 6 injuria , act of vio¬ 
 lence. 7 expers. 8 conficere. 9 ponere. 
 
 § 237 . 
 
 258. Carolus quintus sua sponte se regno abdicavit. Homines 
 invidi nihil sunt nisi suum ipsorum tormentum. Utile est rei- 
 publicae nobiles homines esse dignos majoribus suis. Stulti non 
 vident quantopere arrogantia sua aliis sit derisui. Tarquinius 
 supplex civitates Etruriae obiit atque Veientes maxime et Tar¬ 
 quinienses oravit, ne se filiosque suos in conspectu suo perire 
 sinerent. M. Papirius Gallo barbam suam permulcenti scipionem 
 eburneum in caput incussit. Alexandrum Thessalum sua uxor, 
 cui nomen erat Thebae, noctu interfecit. Suum quemque scelus 
 agitat. Regum Romanorum priores sex pro suo quisque ingenio 
 de republica optime meruerunt. Caesar cohortatus suos proelium 
 commisit. Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium 
 incolumibus. Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit. 
 Non licet sui commodi causa nocere alteri. Semper amavi Brutum 
 propter summum ejus ingenium. Parentes afflicti gratias egerunt 
 omnibus qui funus filii eorum prosecuti erant. Marius et omnes 
 
128 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 amici ejus a Sulla proscripti sunt. In bello quod anno nono post 
 Christum natum Romani cum Germanis gerebant, Varus cum legio¬ 
 nibus suis ab Arminio circumventus et superatus est. 
 
 259. The seven wise men of Greece ruled over their cities. 
 The senators feared not only the enemy, but even their own 
 fellow-citizens. Cicero chose rather 1 to leave the city than that* 
 murder be committed on his account 3 . His fortune accompanied 
 Caesar into Spain. Sextus Tarquinius sent to his father one of 
 his men to ask what he wished him to do. Caesar ordered that 
 in his absence games should be held 4 in his name. Regulus 
 returned to Carthage, in order not to break his word, although 
 his friends asked him to 5 remain. Titus Tatius, the king of the 
 Sabines, gave Tarpeia the choice 6 of a present,.if she would lead 
 his army to the Capitol. Scipio restored their possessions to the 
 Syracusans. Caesar sent back Fabius with his legion. Caesar 
 severely reproached his men, because they dispaired of their 
 valor. Indutiomarus was greatly vexed 7 , that 8 his influence among 
 his men was diminishing. 
 
 1 malle. 2 acc. w. inf. 3 causa. 4 facere . 5 tit. 6 optio. 7 graviter ferre, 
 
 8 acc-w. inf. 
 
 § 238 . 
 
 260. Caesar Ciceronem pro eius merito laudat. Maximum 
 ornamentum amicitiae tollit qui ex ea tollit verecundiam. Ti. 
 Gracchus non passus est Scipionem in vinculis esse, eumque 
 dimitti jussit. Themistocles auctoritate et gratia Athenis tan¬ 
 tum valuit, ut cives ei salutem suam committerent. Tullus Hos¬ 
 tilius ordini senatorio a se aucto novam curiam exstruxit, cui 
 ab eo nomen datum est Hostiliae. Clodius optimum quemque 
 sic vexavit, ut furor eius non diutius posset ferri. Quum Phi¬ 
 lippo consuli insidiae pararentur eiusque vita in maximo esset 
 periculo, Drusus, re cognita, eum licet inimicum monuit, ut sibi 
 caveret. Rutilius in invidiam equitum Romanorum venit, quod 
 ab eorum injuriis Asiam, cui tunc praeerat, defendisset. Caesar 
 Pompeium ad Pharsalum devicit atque usque in Aegyptum per¬ 
 secutus est. Gartynii templum magna cura custodiunt non tam 
 a ceteris quam ab Hannibale, ne quid ille tolleret secumque tolleret. 
 
 261. Cicero lived on most intimate terms 1 with Atticus and 
 was mindful of him during his whole life. Ambiorix set out 
 for the territory of the Aduatici, which was nearest to his king¬ 
 dom. Ennius taught that there are gods, but that they do not 
 care what men do. The Gauls so moved the heart of Caesar 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 129 
 
 by their prayers, that he forgave them. Regulus, the Roman 
 consul, was defeated by the Carthaginians and his army was 
 scattered. Among the Roman poets Virgil is the most celebrated; 
 his poems are frequently read. The fox caught a hen in her 
 nest and devoured her in his burrow 2 . Caesar said to his sol¬ 
 diers that he considered their lives more precious 3 than his own. 
 After a war of eight years, Caesar subjugated Gaul and added 
 it to the Roman empire. Ambassadors came to Curius and brought 
 him presents to bribe* him, but he refused them. Hannibal was 
 commander of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war; he 
 resisted the Romans most stubbornly. Cicero did not order Cati¬ 
 line to be put to death, because he feared that not 5 all the citi¬ 
 zens thought him guilty of treason. Ariovistus said that he 
 would not restore the hostages to the Aedui, but would not wage 
 war either against them or their allies; that, however, they must 
 abide 6 by that to which they had agreed, and pay their annual 
 tribute. 
 
 1 conjunctissime. 2 spelunca. 3 carus. 4 corrumpere. 5 that not — ut. 6 stare. 
 
 § 239 . 
 
 262. In hoc libro exponemus de vita excellentium imperato¬ 
 rum. Nihil malo quam hanc vitam relinquere. Homines sapien¬ 
 tes et ista auctoritate praeditos qua vos estis, his rebus mederi 
 convenit. Desinite tandem furere; quis istum furorem diutius 
 tolerare potest? Philosophia non illa de natura, quae fuerat anti¬ 
 quior, sed haec in qua de bonis rebus et malis deque hominum 
 vita et moribus disputatur, inventa dicitur temporibus Socratis. 
 Isto tuo beneficio minuisti reipublicae majestatem. Signifer statue 
 signum; hic manebimus optime. Cum boves accensis cornibus 
 per montes huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo attoniti con¬ 
 stiterunt. Non minima est causa properandi isto mihi. Magna 
 diis immortalibus habenda est gratia, quod hanc tam taetram 
 pestem toties jam effugimus. Caesar rei militaris peritia atque 
 prudentia civili ceteros omnes Romanos longe superavit; sed hic 
 tantus vir litteris quoque operam magnopere dedit. Gladii equi¬ 
 tum Romanorum longiores erant quam peditum, ut ex equis con¬ 
 tingere hostes possent. Mores Romanorum moribus Graecorum 
 multis in rebus dissimiles erant. Videtisne captivorum orationem 
 cum perfugis convenire? Platonis libri non multum dissident 
 ab Aristotelis. 
 
 263. Prove those things which you assert. This philosopher 
 of whom I speak will look at the heavens, the earth and the 
 
 9 
 
130 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 sea with the same eyes, as that (philosopher) of yours. In my 
 youth I devoted much time and pains to acquire knowledge; but 
 my present studies cannot be compared with those of the past. 
 We all shall once render an account 1 of this life. In the Pelo¬ 
 ponnesian war the power 2 of the Athenians declined 3 , but that 
 of the Lacedaemonians increased. The camp of the enemy was 
 about 1000 paces longer than that of the Romans. When Arruns 
 recognized Brutus, he cried out inflamed with anger: “That is 
 the man who drove us from our country”. Holloa 4 , boys, what 
 are you doing there? Here in our midst, in this most dignified 6 
 assembly, are the conspirators who plot the destruction of the 
 city. Two Roman knights were ready to kill me and thus to 
 rid you of that care of yours. How often has the ability of 
 one man saved this glorious republic. The greatest deeds we 
 do not accomplish with the powers of the body, but with those 
 of the mind. I shall command these slaves of mine to carry 
 those bundles 6 of yours home for you. We shall see you here 
 sooner than you will see us there. 
 
 1 rationem reddere. 2 opes. 3 senescere. 4 heus. 5 gravis. 6 sarcina. 
 
 § 240 . 
 
 264. Idem et docenti et discenti debet esse propositum, ut 
 ille prodesse velit, hic proficere. Caesar beneficiis atque munifi¬ 
 centia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato; ille mansuetu¬ 
 dine et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addi¬ 
 derat. Numa bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civi¬ 
 tati profuit quam Romulus; ille bello, hic pace civitatem auxit. 
 Plinius affirmat esse hanc philosophiae et quidem pulcherrimam 
 partem, agere negotium publicum. Hic est magnus animus qui 
 se Deo tradidit. Quem nostrum ille moriens apud Mantineam 
 Epaminondas non cum quadam miseratione delectat? Placet He¬ 
 ctor ille mihi Naevianus, qui non tantum laudari se laetatur, sed 
 addit etiam, a laudato viro. Ubi sunt isti qui iracundiam utilem 
 dicunt? Major est virtutis jucunditas, quam ista voluptas quae 
 percipitur ex libidine et cupiditate. Quanti ista civitas aestimanda 
 est, ex qua boni sapientesque pelluntur! Adversarii nesciebant 
 quid his et his responderent. Credo C^sogonum, quum vidisset, 
 qui homines in hisce subselliis sederent, quaesisse, num ille aut 
 ille Roscium defensurus esset. 
 
 265. The aged man is in a better condition than the youth, 
 because what the latter desires, the former already possesses. 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 131 
 
 That well known Antipater of Sidon 1 used to recite 2 hexameters* 
 extemporaneously. Idleness weakens 4 the body, work strengthens 
 it; the former causes premature 5 old age, the latter a long youth. 
 This is a happy memory, which forgets nothing except an injury 
 received. Why do you defend that person, who deprived your 
 family of renown and honor? Verres was accused of extortion 
 by the Sicilians; he maintained that he was not guilty; but 
 Cicero, who was their attorney 6 , convicted 7 him. Very true is 
 that well known saying of Alexander, that 8 envious men are 
 nothing else than their own torment. This I say, that the effem¬ 
 inacy 9 of the present age is considerably greater than that of 
 past ages. The Grecian tyrants at times deserved well of the 
 state, because they either freed the common people from the 
 arrogance of the aristocrats, or these from the caprice 10 of the 
 rabble; the former of which was done at Athens by Pisistratus, 
 the latter at Syracuse by Gelo. 
 
 1 Sidonius , a , um. 2 fundere. 3 versus hexametri. 4 hebetare. 5 praema¬ 
 turus, a, um. 6 advocatus. 7 convincere. 8 acc. w. inf. 9 mollitia. 10 libido. 
 
 §§ 241 & 242 . 
 
 266. In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt honore, 
 genera sunt duo. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui non propter 
 spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita claris viris 
 defertur et datur. Ea potissimum agamus, quae levationem habe¬ 
 ant aegritudinum, formidinum, cupiditatum, qui omni e philoso¬ 
 phia est fructus uberrimus. Non is sum, ut mea me maxime 
 delectent. Multitudo Philopoemenis sententiam expectabat; prae¬ 
 tor is tum erat et omnes eo tempore auctoritate anteibat. Qui 
 multum habet, plus concupiscit; hic ut cupiditatem suam satiet, 
 ille ut suis quam plurimum relinquat. Qui Socratem maxime 
 admirantur, hoc in ejus summis laudibus ferunt, quod verbis solu¬ 
 tis 1 numeros 2 adjunxit. Maximum est periculum, qui maxime 
 timent. Mardonius, incensis quae aedificare coeperant Athenien¬ 
 ses, copias in Boeotiam transfert. Vincula, et ea sempiterna, 
 certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Epi¬ 
 curus una in domo, et ea quidem angusta, quam magnos tenuit 
 amicorum greges. Unam rem explicabo, eamque maximam. Erant 
 in Torquato plurimae litterae, nec eae vulgares. Crassum cognovi 
 optimis studiis deditum, idque a puero. Te, mi fili, annum jam 
 audientem Cratippum, idque Athenis, abundare oportet praeceptis 
 1 verba soluta , prose. 2 rhythm. 
 
132 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 institutisque philosophiae. Motus voluntarius est in nostra potes¬ 
 tate nobisque paret, nec id sine causa. 
 
 Non omnia quae dolemus, eadem jure queri possumus. Necesse 
 est, qui fortis sit, eundem esse magni animi. Viros fortes magna¬ 
 nimos, eosdem bonos et simplices, veritatis amicos, minimeque 
 fallaces esse volumus. Num, quod probat multitudo, hoc idem 
 doctis probandum est? Sperat adolescens diu se victurum, quod 
 sperare idem senex non potest. Terra salutiferas herbas, e&dem- 
 que nocentes nutrit. 
 
 267. He who is satisfied with his lot is happy. You have 
 sent us only a few books, and bad ones at that. Those who in 
 prosperous 1 times fear 2 misfortunes, think wisely. Pompey fought 
 against Mithridates, and that with a smaller force. There are 
 philosophers, and certainly great and renowned ones, who teach 
 that the whole world is governed by the providence of God. Neo¬ 
 cles, the father of Themistocles, was of noble birth; he married 
 a woman from Halicarnassus 3 ; from her Themistocles was born. 
 Octavian thought and spoke well even of those who had been 
 his opponents. The Roman people was such, that even (when) 
 conquered it did not rest. Pollio was a man of such cruelty 
 that he fed his fish with slaves. Even the heathens believed 
 that those who had led wicked lives, would be punished forever. 
 
 Nothing is useful which is not at th'e same time morally 
 good 4 . The Romans regarded Hannibal as a brave and at the 
 same time as a very prudent commander. Alcibiades, banished 
 from Athens, betook himself to Lacedaemon, and there carried 
 on war, not against his country, but against his enemies, whom 
 he regarded at the same time as enemies of his country. Ancus 
 Martius built a prison in the middle of the city; he also sur¬ 
 rounded the city with new walls. Cimon incurred 5 the same ill- 
 will 6 as his father Miltiades. Cicero by his vigilance saved Rome; 
 this very same man was a few years later sent into exile. 
 
 1 secundus , a, utn. 2 reformidare. 3 Halicarnasseus, a, um. 4 honestus. 
 6 incidere. 6 invidia. 
 
 § 243 . 
 
 268. Senatui populus ipse moderandi et regendi sui potes¬ 
 tatem tradidit. Domi puer ea sola discere potest quae ipsi praeci¬ 
 pientur; in schola etiam quae aliis. Quid est stultius, quam 
 aliquem eo sibi placere quod ipse non fecit? Animum mentem¬ 
 que hominis, rationem, consilium, prudentiam qui non divina 
 cura perfecta esse perspicit, is his ipsis rebus mihi videtur carere. 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 133 
 
 Demosthenes ejus ipsius artis cui studebat, primam litteram non 
 poterat dicere. Crassus triennio ipso minor erat quam Antonius. 
 Manlii pater eo ipso die quo funus filii ducebatur, aures, ut 
 solebat, volentibus consulere se de jure praebuit. Marius Teu¬ 
 tones sub ipsis Alpibus assecutus, proelio oppressit. Nunc ipsum 
 apud te esse volo. Horatius ipsa audacia hostes obstupefecit. 
 Caesar ea quae sunt usui ad armandas naves ex Hispania appor¬ 
 tare jubet; ipse in Illyriam proficiscitur. 
 
 269. The Rutuli, a nation powerful through its wealth, 
 possessed Ardea, and precisely this was the cause of war; for 
 king- Tarquin was exceedingly covetous of their great wealth. 
 Caesar himself informed the Roman senate that he had exactly 
 eleven leg-ions. Aebutius did not hesitate to acknowledg-e that 
 very crime of which he was accused. Lucullus built villas at 
 an immense cost 1 and at them used even the sea for his enjoy¬ 
 ment. The Romans were full of courage even then, when Han¬ 
 nibal was before the gates. Caesar gave each lieutenant one 
 legion, he however, began the battle on the right wing. In the 
 golden age the oaks yielded honey of their own accord. 
 
 1 sumptus. 
 
 §§ 244 & 245 . 
 
 270. Vespasiano Titus filius successit, qui et ipse Vespasi¬ 
 anus est dictus. Locri urbs sub defectionem Italiae desciverat 
 et ipsa ad Poenos. Scipio nomen quod avus ejus acceperat, 
 meruit; scilicet, ut propter virtutem etiam ipse Africanus junior 
 vocaretur. Duces Gallorum, ubi Romanos degressos in aequum 
 viderunt, ipsi quoque avidi certaminis in proelium ruerunt. Spe¬ 
 ctaculum uni Crasso fuit jucundum, ceteris non item. 
 
 Quid quisque nostrum de se ipse loquatur, non est requiren¬ 
 dum: boni viri judicent. Virtus est per se ipsa laudabilis. Artes 
 se ipsae per se tuentur singulae. Fac, ut diligentissime te ipsum 
 custodias. Se ipsos omnes natura diligunt. Numantini fame 
 coacti se ipsi trucidaverunt. Qui ipse sibi sapiens prodesse non 
 quit, nequidquam sapit. Fa molestissime ferre debent homines 
 quae ipsorum culpa contracta sunt. 
 
 271. When Darius saw that his men would be vanquished, 
 he likewise wished to die. Bocchus came in vain to the assist¬ 
 ance of Jugurtha; for the Romans defeated also him. The two 
 daughters of Servius Tullius, who were of very different dispo¬ 
 sitions, married the two brothers Aruns and Lucius Tarquinius, 
 
134 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 who were likewise very dissimilar in character. Do not envy 
 those who possess more than you; for they also lack many goods 
 which you enjoy and which perhaps, because you have become 
 accustomed to them, you value less than you ought. 
 
 Nero used to proclaim himself victor in the public games. 
 We defended the castle by 1 ourselves. It was decreed that trib¬ 
 unes of the people should be created, who might open the way 
 for themselves to other honors. Pupils must try, as much as 
 lies in their power, to make progress 2 in their studies. In the 
 wars against the Persians the Athenians, by themselves, furnished 
 more ships than all the other Greeks. Who doubts that the mind 
 can cure itself, since 3 it has discovered remedies for the body? 
 
 1 per. 2 proficere. 3 cum (subj.). 
 
 § 246 . 
 
 272. Via juris ejusmodi est quibusdam in rebus ut nihil sit 
 loci gratiae. Graecia parvum quendam locum Europae tenet. 
 Alcidamas quidam scripsit laudationem mortis. Lucius Lucullus 
 quaestor in Asiam profectus, ibi per multos annos admirabili 
 quadam laude provinciae praefuit. Nationes multae atque magnae 
 novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Interfecto Caesare, 
 Antonius, vestem ejus sanguinolentam 1 ostentans, populum quasi 
 furore quodam adversus conjuratos inflammavit. Solebat Graecu¬ 
 lus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum aliquod 
 epigramma porrigere. Verum amicum qui intuetur, tamquam 
 exemplar aliquod intuetur sui. Omnis expectatio ejus qui audit 
 narrationem, et improvisi exitus habent aliquam in audiendo 
 voluptatem. Dic mihi aliquod magnum malum quod majus esse 
 possit quam mala conscientia. Hereditas est pecunia quae morte 
 alicujus ad quempiam pervenit jure. Danda opera est, ne qua 
 amicorum dissidia fiant. Caveamus, ut ne quod in nobis insigne 
 vitium fuisse dicatur. Quo quis versutior et callidior est, hoc 
 invisior et suspectior, detracta opinione probitatis. Turpis excu¬ 
 satio est, et minime accipienda, cum in ceteris peccatis, tum si 
 quis contra rempublicam se amici causa fecisse fateatur. Alienum 
 est a sapiente non modo injuriam cui facere, verum etiam nocere. 
 Sulla praedixit Caesarem aliquando partibus optimatium exitio 
 esse futurum. Si Antonius aliquid firmitatis erit nactus, eximia 
 tua in rempublicam merita ad nihilum recident. Nuda fere 
 Alpium cacumina sunt et si quid est pabuli obruunt nives. 
 
 1 bloody. 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 135 
 
 273. Fieri nullo modo potest, ut quisquam plus alterum dili¬ 
 gat quam se. Nihil turpius physico, quam, fieri sine causa quid¬ 
 quam, dicere. Solis candor illustrior est, quam ullius ignis. 
 Num censes, ullum animal quod sanguinem habeat, sine corde 
 esse posse? Vix quemquam puto inveniri qui pecuniam contemnat. 
 Sextius Tarquinius patri Gabios sine ulla dimicatione tradidit. 
 Si ullius rei, artium certe et litterarum difficile est initium. Non 
 in aliqua parte, sed in perpetuitate temporis vita beata dici solet. 
 Rhodus tam sereno mitique coelo erat, ut nunquam tantae nubes 
 obducerentur 1 ut non aliqua diei hora sol appareret. Adhuc 
 neminem vidi poetam qui sibi non optimus videretur. Nemo 
 mortalium tam potens est qui nullius egeat auxilio. 
 
 1 gather. ■ 
 
 274. Virtue is called 1 , by many, a kind of boasting 2 and dis¬ 
 play 3 . The countenance is, so to say, the silent language 4 of' 
 the soul. The famous Themistocles possessed an altogether 
 incredible greatness of mind. P. Scipio Africanus the elder indi¬ 
 cated 5 his future greatness by a truly heroic act; for in his 
 seventeenth year he rescued his father, who was surrounded 6 by 
 enemies and dangerously wounded. Whenever there was any 
 peace in Rome, the minds of the fathers and those of the people 
 were immediately stirred 7 by strife 8 . Whenever any infamous 
 action had been perpetrated in Gaul, the Druids passed judg¬ 
 ment 9 . I believe that you only are less given to flattery 10 than 
 I; but, if ever both of us 11 are such towards any person, we are 
 surely not such towards each other. As orators we were con¬ 
 sidered something. If one has never been sick, he scarcely knows 
 how much good health must be valued. Whatever is entrusted 12 
 to you, do not disclose 13 . The question is 14 , whether new friends 
 are ever to be preferred to old ones. 
 
 1 dicere. 2 venditatio. 3 ostentatio. 4 sermo. 5 significare. 6 circumvenire. 
 
 7 exagitare. 8 certamen. 9 decernere. 10 blandus. 11 uterque. 12 committere. 
 13 enuntiare. 14 queritur. 
 
 275. Without virtue we can neither acquire friendship nor 
 any thing desirable 1 . Scarcely any person’s life is happy in 
 every respect 2 . Alcibiades turned 3 the eyes of all upon himself, 
 and 4 no one in the state was considered his equal. I do not 
 believe that any thing which pertains 5 to the subject 6 was omitted 
 in his speech. I do not wish any one to depart in sorrow from 
 me. I ask you whether you regard any death more glorious than 
 
 1 expetendus. 2 ex omni parte / omnibus rebus* 3 convertere , 4 nec 1 and not, 
 3 pertinere (subj.), 6 res* 
 
136 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 that for one’s country. The soldiers could without danger retreat 
 to the camp. Not without some danger have we undertaken 1 
 these difficult affairs. Cicero, spurred 2 on by a truly admirable 
 zeal for philosophy, devoted himself wholly to Philo. The Roman 
 senate treated of peace with no one who was at the head of 
 foreign troops within the borders of Italy. Hardly any one 
 possesses such a dull mind, that with persevering* industry he 
 cannot learn something. 
 
 1 subire . 2 concitare . 3 assiduus. 
 
 § 247 . 
 
 276. Suos quisque debet tueri. Sui cuique parenti liberi 
 carissimi sunt. Omnes dicunt, se non modo suam quisque patriam, 
 sed totam Siciliam relicturos. Constituerunt optimum esse domum 
 suam quemque reverti. Quod quidem ni ita se haberet, ut animi 
 immortales essent, haud optimi cujusque animus maxime ad 
 immortalitatem gloriae niteretur. Sapientissimus quisque aequis¬ 
 simo animo moritur, stultissimus iniquissimo. Maximae cuique 
 fortunae minime credendum est. Mendax tertio quoque verbo 
 peccat. Caesar annum ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut trecen¬ 
 torum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et intercalareo 1 mense sub¬ 
 lato unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur 3 . 
 
 1 intercalary. 2 insert. 
 
 277. Virtus praeceptoris est intelligere, quo quemque natura 
 ferat. Tempus est hujusmodi, ut suam quisque conditionem miser¬ 
 rimam putet, et ibi quisque sit, ubi esse minime velit. Quem 
 quisque Catilinariorum in pugnando ceperat locum, eum amissa 
 anima tegebat. Natura unumquemque trahit ad discendum. Qui¬ 
 vis homo potest quemvis turpem de quolibet rumorem proferre. 
 Caesar ex omnibus honoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis, 
 non aliud recepit libentius quam jus laureae perpetuo gestandae. 
 Nemo est quin oderit libidinosam et protervam adolescentiam. 
 Quotidie, vel potius in dies singulos, breviores litteras ad te 
 mitto. Licinio denunciatum est, ut exercitui primam quamque 
 diem diceret ad conveniendum. Quanti quisque se ipse facit, 
 tanti fit ab amicis. Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscumque rebus 
 posset, patriam adjuvare. Caesar, cum Germanis et Britannis 
 bellum intulisset, utrosque vicit. Plebiscito cautum erat, ut 
 liceret consules ambos plebeios fieri neve quis duos magistratus 
 uno anno gereret. 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 137 
 
 278. Scarcely every tenth person knows himself. The larger 
 an animal is, the more nourishing 1 is the meat of 2 the same. 
 The longest letters are the most pleasing. All wise and noble 8 
 men are exposed 4 to the envy of the wicked. Antiochus paid 
 30 talents to the Roman republic every 30 days. Out of an 
 immense number of captives, 361, the most prominent, were 
 selected in order to be sent to Rome. The Olympic games 5 were 
 celebrated in Greece every fifth year; the Pythian’ at first every 
 ninth year, afterwards every fourth. The commander advised, 
 that they should pitch a camp a ssoon as possible. Rach one must 
 be satisfied with the time which is allotted to him for life. The 
 city in which one lives, is dearest to him. 
 
 1 firmus. 2 ex. 8 bonus. 4 obnoxius. 5 Olympia, Pythia, orum. 
 
 279. The Romans, having left the Caudine pass, entered 
 Rome late at night 1 and hid themselves every one in his house. 
 Ulysses wished in every conversation to show himself affable 2 
 and pleasant to all. It is the duty of those who are at the head 
 of the state, to determine what each one owes to the other. Let 
 us always so conduct ourselves, that our manners and actions 
 are approved by all good men. Whomever I heard complain 
 about you, I pacified 8 in every way. I would rather suffer any 
 wrong than tell a lie. Some persons endure anything and serve 
 any one in order to obtain what they desire. When the two 
 armies had been drawn up in battle array, both commanders 
 gave the signal for battle. What each is convinced of, that he 
 can most easily defend. At Cannae Hannibal defeated both con¬ 
 suls. Octavian made peace with Antony and Lepidus under the 
 condition, that he himself, Lepidus and Antony should for a 
 period of five years be triumvirs for establishing 4 the common¬ 
 wealth and that every one should proscribe his own enemies. 
 
 1 sero. 2 affabilis. 3 placare. 4 constituere. 
 
 § 248 . 
 
 280. Hercules, cum duas vias videret, alteram voluptatis, 
 alteram virtutis, pendebat animi utram ingredi melius esset. 
 Caesar de re frumentaria Boios atque Aeduos adhortari non desti¬ 
 tit, quorum alteri non multum adjuvabant, alteri celeriter quod 
 habuerunt, consumpserunt. Nulla vitae pars, neque si tecum 
 agas quid neque si cum altero contrahas, vacare officio potest. 
 Romani Camillum alterum urbis conditorem et Mithridatem alte¬ 
 rum Hannibalem nominabant. Alios homines amare debemus, 
 
138 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 etiamsi nobis injurias afferunt. Alia pars urbis Romae muris, 
 alia objecto Tiberi tuta erat. Milites alii fossas compleverunt, 
 alii defensores vallo munitioneque depulerunt. Percussores Cae¬ 
 saris omnes, alius alio casu perierunt. Aliud remedium alii 
 prodest, aliud alibi invenitur. De iisdem rebus alias aliter judi¬ 
 cas. Inchoata res aliis atque aliis de causis dilata erat. 
 
 281. He who brings about the ruin 1 of another, ought to 
 know that a similar disaster 2 awaits him. Many do nothing for 
 the sake of a fellow-creature, but measure every thing by their 
 own advantage. Yerres, the propretor of Sicily, seemed to have 
 come to Henna in Sicii}’' as a second Orcus and to have carried 
 off 3 Ceres herself. Socrates and Plato were great philosophers; 
 the one is called the father of philosophy, the other the god of 
 philosophers. Catiline had sent 4 G. Manlius off to Faesulae, a 
 certain Septimus to Picenum 5 , G. Julius to Apulia, besides one 
 to this place, another to that. The horsemen scattered 6 to their 
 countries, some by this road, others by that. The hawk wages 
 an, as it were, natural war with the raven; the one, therefore, 
 breaks the eggs of the other. Some authors do not wish their 
 writings to be read either by the very illiterate or by the very 
 learned; because the former 7 do not understand them, the latter 7 
 too well. The same things are called by different names in dif¬ 
 ferent places. When Sulla returned from Asia, some of the party 
 of Marius went over to him, others were killed by his order, 
 others escaped to the provinces. There are many diseases and 
 they are cured in different ways. 
 
 1 exitium. 2 pestis. 3 abripere. 4 dimittere. 5 Picenum. 6 dilabi. 7 alter. 
 
 § 249 . 
 
 282. Dii nulla re egentes et inter se diligunt et hominibus 
 consulunt. Erit aequa lex, ut nostras inimicitias ipsi inter nos 
 geramus, amicis nostrorum inimicorum temperemus. Non omitto 
 spem fore aliquando, ut respublica nos inter nos reconciliet. San¬ 
 cta sit societas civium inter ipsos. Ing'ens certamen tribunis et 
 inter se ipsos et cum consule fuit. Eteocles et Polynices, certa¬ 
 mine singulari congressi, alter alterum hastis transfixerunt. Mili¬ 
 tes, cum ex multis generibus hominum collecti, necdum noti satis 
 inter se essent, alii aliis diffidebant. Homines hominum causa 
 generati sunt, ut ipsi inter se alii aliis prosint. Virtus virtuti 
 tam similis est, quam vitium vitio. Tenebrae tantae quondam 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 139 
 
 eruptione Aetnaeorum ignium finitimas regiones obscuravisse di¬ 
 cuntur, ut per biduum nemo hominem homo agnosceret. 
 
 283. The Athenians envied one another more, than they en¬ 
 vied other men. You are not true friends, if you do not assist 
 one another. Since the Grecian cities were not united with one 
 another, they could not resist Philip, the king of Macedonia. 
 We are bound 1 to love and honor one another. It is against 
 nature that one man increase his wealth to the detriment of 
 another. When Xerxes had set his immense army across the Hel¬ 
 lespont, the Greeks put aside 2 the enmity which they had towards 
 one another, and took up 3 arms against him. Scipio and Han¬ 
 nibal were equal to each other in military ability. We are so 
 constituted by nature, that we disclose to one another our joys 
 and sorrows. Time flies swiftly, one generation succeeds the 
 other, one day presses 4 on the other. Both Caesar and Pompey de¬ 
 sired to obtain the supreme power; this desire united them to each 
 other. 
 
 1 debere. 2 componere. 8 ferre. 4 trudere. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 284. There were among the Roman youth some young men, 
 and these not of humble birth, who were accustomed to live in 
 royal fashion 1 . Pity the beasts, for they also enjoy life. It is 
 the mark of a good man, whom we may 2 also call wise, not to 
 deceive his friends. Ateas wrote to Philip: “You command the 
 Macedonians, who have learned to wage war; but I command 
 the Scythians, who can also contend with hunger and thirst.” Am¬ 
 bition makes many men deceitful, so that they have one thing in 
 their mind, another on their lips 3 . The foolish do not see, how 
 much their pride is an object of raillery for others. Caesar, 
 having gained the victory, returned to the city and, in accordance 
 with his magnanimity, forgave all who had taken up arms 
 against him. The citizens were seized with great fear 4 , lest 
 some sudden tumult arise in the state, which would destroy the 
 liberty of the people. Famous is that saying of Solon, which 
 is contained in a certain verse, that he is growing old, learning 
 many things from day to day. He who has much, desires more; 
 the one to 6 satisfy his cupidity, the other to 5 leave as much as 
 possible to his relatives. With perfect right you said, that Han- 
 
 1 mos, 3 licet, 3 lingua. 4 injicere alicui timorem. 5 ut. 
 
140 
 
 miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 nibal, the greatest 1 commander that Carthage produced 2 , was 
 defeated at Zama not through his own fault. Alexander the 
 Great loved Hephaestio heartily and declared that he also was 
 Alexander. 
 
 1 see Gr. § 205. 2 ferre. 
 
 285. Aemilius Barbula, having advanced as far as Tarentum, 
 laid waste everything with fire and sword, but returned with¬ 
 out ransom whatever noble Tarentines he had captured. Anto¬ 
 ninus Commodus was like his father in nothing, except that he 
 also fought successfully against the Germans. Men are led by 
 different inclinations 1 ; some are desirous of acquiring honors, 
 others are devoted 2 to gain. Cicero says to Verres: “I deny 
 that anything has been said by the witness, which is 3 unin¬ 
 telligible 4 to any one of you, or which requires 5 the eloquence 
 of any orator.” When C. Plotius Plancus, proscribed by the 
 triumvirs, was hiding in the region of Salernum 6 , his slaves, 
 put to torture 7 , denied that they knew where their master was. 
 Pausanias had betaken himself to Colonae and there made plans 
 both for his country and himself. After the Lacedaemonians 
 heard of this, they sent legates to him. He who is not ashamed 
 to abuse eloquence for the sake of filthy gain, also does not 
 hesitate to perform every disgraceful action 8 . Minos, the king of 
 the Cretans, was accustomed to retire every ninth year into a 
 deep cave, where he stayed for a certain time in order to make 
 laws. We are born with this object 9 , that 10 we, every one in 
 accordance with his faculties and powers, have regard 11 not only 
 for our own welfare, but also for that of all men. 
 
 1 studium. 2 deditus. 3 subjunctive. 4 obscurus. 5 quaerere. 6 Salernita¬ 
 nus , a, um. 7 torquere. 8 turpis, superlative. 9 lex. 10 ut. 11 consulere. 
 
 286. Every one knows that philosophy is considered by 
 every wise man the parent, as it were, of all arts. As soon as 
 Hannibal arrived in Cisalpine Gaul, he immediately began to 
 display so great an activity 1 , rapidity 2 , bravery, and prudence, 
 as scarcely ever existed in any commander. When Metellus could 
 not take the city of Contrebia by force, he, in order to deceive the 
 enemy, went 3 now to this, now to that region. When a certain 
 man learned that he was proscribed by the triumvirs, he fled to 
 his client; but his son led the soldiers over the very tracks of 
 his father and delivered him to them to be killed 4 in his own 
 presence 5 . In order to add some ornament to the city, Servius 
 Tullius persuaded the Latins to build together with the Roman 
 
THE VERBV 
 
 141 
 
 people a temple to Diana on Mount Aventine at Rome. Romulus 
 and Numa advanced 6 the state each in a different way, the former 
 by war, the latter by peace. The Sicilians conferred greater 
 honors on Cicero, their questor, than ever on any pretor. Camil¬ 
 lus, when leaving- the city, is said to have begged the g-ods, 
 that 7 , if he had been condemned 8 unjustly, they should at the 
 very first opportunity excite 9 in the ungrateful state a longing 
 for him. My opponent says, that there is no doubt, that he 
 himself benefited the state and I injured it; but from my dis¬ 
 course you will easily see, how vain his boast is and what im¬ 
 pudent lies he uses. I do not say that Crassus lacks all qualities 
 of an orator; but I say that he is not a perfect orator, and that 
 at the present time many gain greater applause 10 through their 
 oratorical ability 11 . 
 
 1 industria. 2 celeritas. 3 petere. 4 see Gr. § 226. 5 conspectus. 6 augeo. 
 
 7 ut. 8 subj. 9 facere alicui aliquid. 10 see Gr. § 177, n. 2. 71 facultas dicendi. 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 § 350 . 
 
 287. Animadversionem et supplicium quo usurus eram in eum 
 quem cepissem, remitto tibi et condono. Remiserant dolores pe¬ 
 dum. Galli sic assidue canere ceperunt, ut nihil intermitterent. 
 Galba, convocatis centurionibus, militibus imperavit, ut paulisper 
 intermitterent proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent se¬ 
 que ex labore reficerent. Tempus erat quo prima quies mortali¬ 
 bus aegris incipit. Hannibal, infesto exercitu fines Saguntinorum 
 ingressus, summa vi urbis oppugnationem incepit. Homines pravi 
 non solum sibi nocent, sed etiam alios de virtute deflectunt. Con¬ 
 suetudo majorum deflexit de via sensimque eo deducta est, ut 
 honestatem ab utilitate secerneret. Caesar, castris ante oppidum 
 Vellaunodunum positis, in posterum oppugnationem differt. Rx 
 Britannis longe humanissimi sunt qui Cantium incolunt, neque 
 multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Rex Persarum Lace¬ 
 daemoniis pecuniam suppeditavit, ut cum Atheniensibus bellum 
 gerere possent. Undique mihi suppeditat, quod pro M. Scauro 
 dicam. Omnia quae cum turpitudine aliqua dicuntur, in Cati¬ 
 linam videntur quadrare. Oratoris est orationem ita quadrare, 
 ut qui audiunt, dicta facile intelligere possint. 
 
 288. JUvStitiae partes sunt, non violare homines; verecundiae, 
 non offendere. Cato severitate sua apud multos Romanos offendit. 
 
142 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 Caesar per exploratores certior factus est, montes qui impende¬ 
 rent a maxima multitudine Sedunorum et Veragrorum teneri. 
 Incendium per duas noctes et unum diem tenuit. Volcae, diffisi 
 citeriore agro arceri Poenos posse, omnes ferme suos trans Rho¬ 
 danum trajecerunt. Regulus, classe Poenorum devicta, in Afri¬ 
 cam trajicere statuit. Exercitus equitatusque, cum ad Sequanam 
 flumen pervenissent, exploratores hostium inopinantes oppresse¬ 
 runt et celeriter transmiserunt. Legati Carthaginem missi, cum 
 Romam revertissent, certiores facti sunt, Hannibalem exercitum 
 jam Iberum transmisisse. Caesar, nactus idoneam ad navigan¬ 
 dum tempestatem, tertia fere vigilia solvit. Aeneas, ex Africa 
 in Italiam profectus, ad Siciliam appulit. Tullus, Mettio exer¬ 
 cituque ejus ab Alba accito, contra hostes duxit. 
 
 289. We should never put off for to-morrow 1 work which we 
 can do to-day. The rain which God sent to destroy mankind, 
 lasted forty days and forty nights. There are few who do not 
 at some time offend their neighbor in word or deed. When Phae¬ 
 ton, riding 2 in the chariot of his father, slackened 3 the reins, 
 the horses turned from the path of the sun. On account of the 
 cold weather, not only the grain in the fields was not ripe, but 
 there was not even a sufficiently large supply 4 of fodder at hand. 
 Caesar crossed from Brundisium to Dyrrachium through the 
 midst of the hostile fleets. Up to his very death, Cajus Gallus, 
 the intimate friend of Scipio the elder, did not interrupt the 
 study of astronomy. 5 Cyrus turned aside the river Euphrates 
 into another channel 6 and thus opened a way into the city. 
 
 1 dies crastinus. 2 vectus. 3 remittere. 4 copia. 5 astrologia. 6 cursus. 
 
 290. After Alexander had defeated the Persians at Issus, 
 he advanced upon Tyre. When the birds return from warmer 
 regions, we know that spring begins. Among the Romans kings 
 were hated so much, that even the name of king 1 was offensive. 
 Octavian, pursuing the fleeing Antony, landed in Egypt and laid 
 siege to Alexandria, where Antony had taken refuge 2 with Cleo¬ 
 patra. Since we cannot work without ceasing 3 , God has given 
 us the night for resting. The Romans began war against the 
 Tarentines, because the latter had insulted their ambassadors. 
 Sicily furnished such an abundance of grain to Rome, that it 
 was called the granary of Rome. The Roman consuls held their 
 office for one year. Xerxes built a bridge across the Hellespont 
 and thus conveyed his immense army across. 
 
 1 regius , a, um. 2 confugere. 3 non with participle. 
 
THK VERB. 
 
 143 
 
 § 251 . 
 
 291. Priusquam hostes ex castris moverentur, Romani jam 
 in acie constiterant. Jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem sem¬ 
 per acerbum, semper honoratum habebo. Lacedaemonii a pueris 
 armis exercebantur et omnes labores subire assuescebant. Meso¬ 
 potamia inter flumina Euphraten et Tigrini porrigitur. Multi 
 avaritia ad turpissima scelera rapiuntur. Brutus nec precibus 
 nec lacrymis exoratus est, ut filio parceret. Trojani a Sinone, 
 qui se e castris Graecorum profugisse simulabat, decepti sunt, 
 ideoque eius consilio inducti equum ligneum in urbem traxerunt. 
 
 292. Egypt lies extended along both banks of the river 
 Nile. Every day many opportunities offer themselves of assist¬ 
 ing our neighbor. Those who judge the character of others at 
 first sight, often deceive themselves. Those who strive to excel 
 in any art, daily exercise themselves in it. Those who possess 
 wealth or powder, often allow themselves to be deceived by flat¬ 
 terers. Dionysius did not allow himself to be shaved, fearing 
 lest the barber might cut his throat 1 . When the Romans saw 
 that they were surrounded on all sides by the Samnites, they 
 found themselves forced to surrender. The conscientious 2 judge 
 does not permit himself to be moved by entreaties or to be bribed 3 
 with gold. 
 
 1 jugulare. 2 probus. 3 corrumpere. 
 
 § 253. 
 
 293. Romae videor esse, cum tuas litteras lego. Nimia liber¬ 
 tas facile non modo populis, sed etiam singulis in servitutem 
 cedit. Xenophon, nescio quo loco, dicit tyrannos, si aliquamdiu 
 potentiam obtineant, admirationi esse, quasi sapientes et fortu¬ 
 nati evaserint. Icto foedere, Horatii et Curiatii arma capiunt et 
 in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Dum Albanus exercitus 
 inclamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, jam Horatius eum 
 ceciderat. Caesar conventibus peractis in Illyricum proficiscitur; 
 eo quum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat certumque in locum 
 convenire jubet. 
 
 294. We can not attain 1 great things without great pains 2 . 
 Caesar relates that the nation of the Suevi is the most warlike 
 among the Germans. Children! next to God, you owe 3 your life 
 and all else to your parents; but besides your parents, also your 
 
 1 consequi. 2 labor. 3 debere. 
 
144 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 teachers expect love and obedience from you; for they likewise 1 
 love you and provide for your welfare. Pointed and short an¬ 
 swers often please more than long- speeches. Alcibiades, having- 
 left Sparta and having- been received as commander by the 
 Athenian fleet, devastates Asia, fig-hts battles in many places, 
 storms many cities and reduces them to the sway of the Athe¬ 
 nians, and returns home amidst the greatest rejoicing of the 
 citizens. While the Athenians carried on war in Sicily with 
 greater eagerness than success 2 , Alcibiades, the commander-in¬ 
 chief, was accused in his absence of 3 having divulged 4 the mys¬ 
 teries of Ceres. 
 
 1 idem . 2 adverb. 3 quod with subj. 4 enuntiare. 
 
 § 254 . 
 
 295. Vitia quae nobiscum creverunt, haud facile reciduntur. 
 Vita honesta iter est in coelum coetumque eorum qui jam vixe¬ 
 runt. Themistocles ad nostram memoriam monumenta manse¬ 
 runt duo: sepulchrum prope oppidum, in quo sepultus est, statua 
 in foro Magnesiae. Drusus Sygambros, Cheruscos, Suevos devi¬ 
 cit; pecora ipsosque aut distribuit aut sub hasta vendidit; per 
 Rheni ripam plus quinquaginta castella erexit. Romam ut nun¬ 
 tiatum est Veios captos, velut ex insperato immensum gaudium 
 fuit. Fabius praetor, cum primum Cretae litus attigit, nuntios 
 circa civitates misit, ut armis absisterent. Post diem quintum, 
 quum barbari iterum male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt. 
 Deli ubi quaestus causa multae gallinae alebantur, non pauci 
 simul atque ovum inspexerunt, quae gallina id peperisset, dice¬ 
 bant. Ubi labore atque justitia respublica crevit et cuncta maria 
 terraeque patebant, saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. 
 
 296. Agamemnon, driven to Crete by a storm, founded three 
 cities there. In nine years Caesar subdued 1 nearly the whole of 
 Gaul, which lies between the Alps, the Rhine and the ocean; 
 soon after he crossed 2 the sea which separates 3 Britain from 
 Gaul, and made war upon the Britons, whose name the Romans 
 did not even know before his time. P. Scipio Africanus routed 4 
 four very renowned generals of the Carthaginians in Spain, took 
 Syphax prisoner, conquered Hannibal, and made Carthage pay 
 tribute to the Romans. Vtf'hen Epaminondas drew the spear from 
 his wound, he said, “I have been living long enough, for I die 
 unconquered.” Where is your brother? He has gone away. After 
 the Suevi had been informed by spies that a bridge was about 
 
THE'VERB. 
 
 143 
 
 to be constructed, they sent messengers in all directions to ask 
 for auxiliaries. As soon as the Suevi, hastening towards the 
 banks of the Rhine, had learned of the defeat which Ariovistus 
 had suffered, they halted and retreated to the thickest forests. 
 When any one visited Messana, a city of Sicily, he generally 
 viewed the works of art, of which there were many in that city. 
 Themistocles conquered Xerxes ten years after Miltiades had 
 overcome the Persians at Marathon. As soon as riches were a 
 source of honor and glory, and power and influence followed 
 them, virtue began to decline 5 . 
 
 1 domare . 2 trajicere. 3 dividere. 4 fundere. 5 dejicere. 
 
 § 255 . 
 
 297. Principio rerum, gentium nationumque imperium penes 
 reges erat. Athenienses propter Pisistrati tyrannidem omnium 
 suorum civium potentiam extimescebant. Crucis supplicio duces, 
 rebus male gestis, apud Poenos afficiebantur. Appius Claudius 
 vir stultae temeritatis consul adversus Poenos profectus, priorum 
 ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die hostem vi¬ 
 disset, bellum confecturum esse jactitabat. Habes totum reipubli- 
 cae statum, qui quidem tum erat, cum has litteras dabam. Dam¬ 
 natus a Gn. Pisone miles, extra castrorum vallum ductus, jam 
 cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito qui occi¬ 
 sus dicebatur. Tarentini Pyrrhum, Epiri regem, contra Romanos 
 auxilio proposcerunt, qui ex genere Achillis originem trahebat. 
 Sacerdotes, Roma at Marcium missi, re infecta redierunt; stupe¬ 
 bat populus, viri pariter ac mulieres exitium imminens lamenta¬ 
 bantur; tum Veturia mater ac Volumnia uxor, duos parvos filios 
 secum trahens, castra Volscorum petierunt. Ex obsidibus pro¬ 
 ductis Claelia virgines puerosque elegit quorum aetatem injuriae 
 obnoxiam esse sciebat. Veniebatis in Africam, sed prohibiti 
 estis in provincia vestra (Africa) ponere pedem. Constitit utrum¬ 
 que agmen et proelio sese expediebant. Postquam milites in 
 aedes irruperunt, diversi regem quaerere; dormientes alios, occur¬ 
 santes interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu 
 et tumultu omnia miscere. 
 
 298. Caesar changed his plan, because he saw that nothing 
 could be effected with such a small force. Archytas used to say 
 that nature produced no more dangerous pest 1 than sensual 
 pleasure. The Greeks gave their children a name either on the 
 
 1 pestis . 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 seventh or tenth day; among the Jews the children received their 
 name on the eighth day. The nature of the place which the 
 Romans had chosen for their camp was as follows: a hill, sloping 1 
 • uniformly 2 from the top, inclined 3 towards the river Sabis; on the 
 opposite bank of this river arose 4 another hill equally steep 5 ; 
 the upper part of this hill was covered with dense woods, within 
 which the enemies kept themselves concealed; in an open place 
 along the river, a few pickets 6 of horsemen were seen; the depth 
 of the river was about eight feet. When the cohorts arrived at 
 the river, they began to tear down the bridge. When the news 
 of the defeat at Cannae was brought to Rome, the frightened 
 citizens ran in all directions through the city, put questions to 
 one another, and looked for the author of the news. The Fide¬ 
 nates, when put to flight, tried to reach their city, but did not 
 escape danger; for the Roman soldiers rushed 7 into the city to¬ 
 gether with them. Charlemagne invited to his court 8 all who 
 at that time excelled in talent and learning, and lived on very 
 intimate terms 9 with them. 
 
 1 declivis. 2 aequaliter. 5 vergere. 4 nasci. 5 acclivitas. 6 statio. 7 irrum¬ 
 pere. 8 regia. 9 familiariter uti. 
 
 § 256 . 
 
 299. Themistocles omnium civium perceperat nomina. Cae¬ 
 sar, etsi multis et necessariis rebus in Italiam revocabatur, ta¬ 
 men constituerat nullam partem belli in Hispania relinquere. 
 Vercingetorix copias suas, quas pro castris collocaverat, reduxit 
 protinusque Alesiam iter facere coepit. Cares, qui Lemnum in¬ 
 colebant, etsi praeter opinionem res ceciderat, resistere ausi non 
 sunt; dixerant enim se urbem reddituros. Vix prior tumultus 
 conticuerat, cum Scipio alios jubet et vi majore aggredi urbem. 
 
 300. The striet laws of Lycurgus had preserved the state of 
 the Lacedaemonians for 500 years; wealth ruined it in a few 
 years. He at whose house dice had been played, was severely 
 punished. Themistocles, through whom the Athenians had be¬ 
 come leaders of Greece, was exiled as a traitor. When Aga¬ 
 memnon returned, he was killed by Aegistus. Statues of the 
 legates who were slain at Fidenae, were erected on the forum. 
 The Turkish sultan 1 Soliman 2 the First led his immense forces 
 against Sigeth 3 , a fortified town, where he had been repulsed 
 a few years before with great loss 4 . 
 
 1 Turearum imperator. 2 Solimanus. 3 Sigethum. 4 clades . 
 
THE VERB. 
 
 147 
 
 §§ 257 & 258 . 
 
 301. Is demum vir erit, cuius animum nec prospera fortuna 
 efferet nec adversa infringet. Etiam futura saecula ad nos per¬ 
 tinent, nec immerito agricola diligens serit arbores quarum fru¬ 
 ctus ipse non videbit. Cras rus proficiscemur, post hosce octo 
 dies revertemur atque tum certe te conveniemus. Quem alterius 
 non miseret, is, cum ipse calamitate vexabitur, misericordiam 
 multorum frustra implorabit. Rogandi finem non prius faciet, 
 quam precibus eius obsecutus eris. Romam cum venero, quae 
 perspexero, scribam ad te. Quid? si te rogavero aliquid, nonne 
 respondebis? Mihi dolebit, non tibi, si quid ego stulte fecero. 
 Multa alia ad te scribam, cum primum ero aliquid otii nactus. 
 Id potissimum faciendum puto, quod maxime interesse reipublicae 
 judicavero. Da mihi hoc; jam tibi maximam partem defensionis 
 praecideris. Si exemeris e natura rerum benevolentiae conjun¬ 
 ctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit, ne agri quidem 
 cultus manebit. 
 
 302. Whatever I promise or shall promise you, that I shall 
 surely keep 1 . As soon as ( ubi ) I have received the letter which 
 I am expecting, I shall come to you. An action will not be good, 
 if the intention 2 has not been good, because from it the action 
 proceeds 3 . If you, O soldiers, move from the spot, you will be 
 punished 4 . No one will be considered a great general, unless 
 he has attained a perfect 5 knowledge of military affairs. If we 
 use 6 friendship to our own advantage, it will not be friendship, 
 but a kind of traffic. As soon as I see that the knowledge of 
 philosophy has been sufficiently imparted 7 to you, I shall show 
 you, how you may attain a happy life. Will the praise of men 
 ever be wanting to you, if you have not neglected your duty? 
 Whoever can speak with himself, will not require the conversa¬ 
 tion of others. He who will overcome his evil inclinations, has 
 gained the greatest victory. 
 
 1 praestare . 2 voluntas. 3 proficisci. 4 poenas dare. 5 summus. 6 referre. 
 
 1 bnbuere. 
 
 § 259 . 
 
 303. Cum examen apum exiturum est, solent- praeire signa; 
 cum jam evolaturae sunt, consonant vehementer. Utatur suis 
 bonis oportet et fruatur, qui beatus futurus est. Multi non vivunt, 
 sed victuri sunt; omnia differunt. Injuriam qui facturus est, jam 
 facit. Vedius Pollio devorandos servos objiciebat muraenis quas 
 
148 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 esurus erat. Legati Darii petierunt a Carthaginiensibus auxilia 
 adversus Graeciam, cui illaturus bellum Darius erat. Romani 
 Poenos qui Saguntum oppugnarunt, deditos, ultimis cruciatibus 
 affecturi fuerunt. Alexander excursurus cum valida manu fuerat 
 ad Athenas delendas. Laocoon, “Si Troja interitura est,” inquit, 
 “opto, O dii immortales, ut mihi statim mori liceat, ne urbem 
 captam videam.” Sapiens non vivet, si fuerit sine homine victurus. 
 
 304. Nemo est casu bonus: discenda virtus est. Nihil sine 
 ratione faciendum est. Fortes et magnanimi sunt habendi, non 
 qui faciunt, sed qui propulsant injuriam. Lex jubet ea quae 
 facienda sunt, prohibetque contraria. Audiendi non sunt, qui 
 graviter irascendum inimicis putant. Qui gratificantur cuipiam, 
 quod obsit illi cui prodesse velle videantur, non benefici neque 
 liberales, sed perniciosi assentatores judicandi sunt. Apud Pytha- 
 goram discipulis per annos quinque tacendum erat. Postquam 
 Agnonides finem dicendi fecit, omnes qui in contione aderant, 
 Phocionem morti multandum esse censuerunt. Omnia sunt pro¬ 
 fecto laudanda quae conjuncta cum virtute sunt; et quae cum 
 vitiis, vituperanda. Hannibal, cum in eo esset ut ab Romanis 
 caperetur, veneni poculum exhausit; hic vitae exitus fuit Hanni¬ 
 balis. Patriam totam esse in metu propter unum te, Catilina, 
 non est ferendum. 
 
 305. When the king intended to attack the enemy both by 
 land and sea, he built two fleets. I request } r ou to return to 
 your (own) country; when you are about to do so, let me know 
 by letter. When Papirius was on the point of attacking the 
 Samnites, he vowed a cup of wine to Jupiter. Agesilaus was 
 on the point of wresting 1 a large part of Asia from the Persian 
 king, when he was recalled to liis country by the ephori. The 
 Romans were going to engage in battle with the Albani, when 
 Mettus Fufetius proposed, that {lit) individuals should fight in¬ 
 stead of the armies. The army which Hannibal led across the 
 Alps into Italy, was to defeat the Romans in their own country. 
 
 1 eripere. 
 
 306. An orator must know 1 the whole of ancient history 2 
 and many examples, and must not neglect the knowledge of law. 
 Hannibal had to cross the Alps in order to invade Italy. The 
 road will have to be opened to, rather than closed against a 
 fleeing enemy. At Rome a perpetual fire had to be kept up in 
 the temple of Vesta. Caesar, who was about to attack the Ger¬ 
 mans in their own territory, had to build a bridge across the 
 
THE VERB. 
 
 149 
 
 Rhine. If you wish to become a learned man, you must apply 
 yourself to the acquisition 3 of knowledge from your earliest boy¬ 
 hood. Actions done for the welfare of mankind deserve to be 
 admired and imitated. Often pain of body and mind is so vio¬ 
 lent, that it can scarcelv be borne. When his soldiers were about 
 to be put to flight by the army of the Pompeyans, Caesar seized 
 the standard and thus revived 4 their courage. 
 
 1 tenere. 2 antiquitas. 3 acquirere. 4 recreare. 
 
 § 260 . 
 
 Tullius S. D. 1 Terentiae. 
 
 307. Si vales, bene est. Constitueramus, ut ad te antea, 
 scripseram, obviam Ciceronem Caesari mittere; sed mutavimus 
 consilium, quia de adventu illius nihil audiebam. De ceteris 
 rebus, etsi nihil erat novi, tamen quid velimus et quid hoc tem¬ 
 pore putemus opus esse, ex Sicca poteris cognoscere. Tulliam 
 adhuc mecum teneo. Valetudinem tuam cura diligenter. Vale, 
 xii Kal. Quinctil. 
 
 1 see Gr. page 392. 
 
 M. Antonius Mueetus Alexandro Ripario. 
 
 S. P. D. 
 
 30S. Accepi ternas tuas litteras. In postremis autem quae¬ 
 dam erant ita negligenter scripta, ut facile constaret aliud egisse 
 te, quum illa scriberes. Ostendam ea tibi, quum istuc venero, 
 et auriculam pervellam tibi, ut postea in scribendo attentior sis 
 et saltem eos soloecismos effugias, quos effugerent etiam pueruli, 
 qui primis litteris imbuuntur. Noli tamen ex hac mea admoni¬ 
 tione molestiam ullam capere. Non enim propterea volo quid¬ 
 quam de tua hilaritate detrahi, sed ad diligentiam addi. Vale. 
 Tibure, A. d. ix Kal. Octobr. MDLXX. 
 
 309. The young persons who will deliver 1 this letter of 
 mine to you, are, if you ask 2 about their descent 3 , born of a 
 very noble and renowned race 4 ; but, if you look 5 to the gifts 6 
 of mind, and devotion 7 to science and art, they are not unworthy 
 of my recommendation. My son! with great anxiety do I await 
 your letter; see that ( ut ) you preserve your health. This I write 
 on the first of December. 
 
 1 perferre ad. 2 requirere, 3 genus, 4 locus. 5 spectare , respicere , 6 bo¬ 
 
 num. 7 studium. 
 
150 
 
 MISCELL ANEOUS EXERCISE S. 
 
 M. Ant. Muretus to 1 Alexander Riparius. 
 
 310. Your letter was very welcome to me, as (is) every 
 thing that comes 2 from you, although you made many mistakes 
 in it. > Yet, as fathers like to hear their stammering little ones 
 and often delight even in their mistakes, so is this, your first 
 attempt in letter-writing 3 , very pleasing to me. I return it to 
 you with the corrections from my hand, for you know that we 
 have so agreed. My dearest Alexander, bravely pursue the path 
 to which your own inclination 4 leads you, and to which I have 
 ever encouraged and exhorted you. I have by my commendation 
 awakened in your parents great expectations regarding you; you 
 must with all care and zeal see, that you disappoint neither them 
 nor me. Farewell! Tibur, July 7th, 1570. 
 
 1 salutem dicere. 2 proficisci. 3 litteras scribere. 4 natura. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 311. When Socrates was asked, whether he deemed Arche¬ 
 laus, who at that time was considered the happiest man, really 
 happy, he said that he knew not how righteous the man was; 
 for Socrates thought that nothing except virtue could be called 
 a blessing. When a Roman general held 1 a triumph, all the 
 booty, pictures* of the conquered cities, and magnificently adorned 
 victims 3 were led before the chariot upon which he himself rode; 
 behind him followed the victorious army, carrying laurel wreaths \ 
 When Theramenes, who was cast 5 into prison at the command 
 of the thirty tyrants, had swallowed 6 some of the poison, he 
 poured out the remainder and said laughingly 7 : “This I drink 
 to the health 8 of Critias”; for this one had acted the most shame¬ 
 fully 9 towards him: the Greeks, namely, were accustomed at 
 their feasts to name him to whom they wished to hand the cup. 
 While punishing, you must not be angry; for never will he who 
 proceeds 10 to punish when angry, keep that golden mean 11 which 
 is between too much and too little. The Ethiopians esteemed 
 piety and justice very highly; their houses had no doors, and, 
 although many things were lying on the public streets, nothing 
 was stolen 12 . 
 
 1 agere. 2 imago. 3 victima. 4 serta , orum. 5 conjicere. * obducere. 7 ar¬ 
 ridere. 8 propinare alicui. 9 taeter. 10 accedere. 11 mediocritas. 12 surripere. 
 
 312. After Tullus Hostilius, the son of the daughter 1 of 
 Nmna Pompilius, Ancus Marcius was appointed 2 king by the 
 
MISCEUvANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 151 
 
 people. After he had completely subjugated 3 the Latins in war, 
 he received them into the state. He also connected the Aven¬ 
 tine and the Caelian hills with the city, distributed the lands 
 which he had conquered 4 , and made public property of 5 all the 
 forests on the sea 6 , which he had conquered, and at the mouth 
 of the Tiber built the harbor of Ostia. He died after he had 
 reigned thus for twenty-three years. When a youth asked Dio¬ 
 genes, how he could best revenge himself on his enemies and 
 calumniators 7 , he answered: “If you prove yourself better day 
 by day.” Only a few, and they the best, agreed with Hanno; 
 but, as it generali} 7 happens, the larger part overruled 8 the 
 better. The uproar 9 from the camp is carried even into the city: 
 the terrified Veientes hasten to arms; some run to assist the 
 Sabines, others attack the Romans with impetuosity 10 . 
 
 1 nepos ex filia . 2 constituere. 8 devincere. 4 capere. 5 publicare. 6 an ad¬ 
 jective. 7 obtrectator. 8 vincere. 9 tumultus. 10 impetus. 
 
 313. When Caesar came to Gaul, the leaders 1 of one party 
 were the ASdui, of the other, the Sequani. Since the latter party 
 by themselves possessed too little power 2 , because from ancient 
 times 3 already the greatest authority resided 4 in the .Edui, they 
 united themselves with the Germans and Ariovistus, whom they 
 gained over 5 by means of great promises. The Lacedaemonians 
 and the Athenians were the mightiest nations in Greece; the 
 one achieved much through its land forces 6 , the other through 
 its naval forces 6 . When Alexander went over to Asia, no obsta¬ 
 cles were in his way 7 . When Artaxerxes was about to make 
 war on the Egyptians, he asked the Athenians for Iphicrates, 
 in order to place him at the head of the mercenary troops 8 . If 
 you read carefully Plato’s book which is entitled 9 Phaedo, you 
 will be convinced of the immortality of the soul. At Syracuse 
 it was customary, that 10 , whenever something was laid before 11 
 the senate, whoever wished 12 , gave his opinion; for no one was 
 asked expressly 13 and yet, always he who 14 was most advanced 15 
 in age and dignity, was wont to speak first of his own accord, 
 and this was conceded him by the rest; but, if on any occasion 
 all kept silence, then they had to speak by lot 16 . 
 
 1 princeps. 2 valere. 3 antiquitus. 4 esse. 5 perducere. 6 copiae terrestres — 
 navales. 7 obstare. 8 exercitus conducticius. 9 inscribere. 10 ut. 11 referre ad. 
 12 subjunctive. 13 nominatim. 14 ut quisque. 15 antecedere. 16 sortito. 
 
 314. The people of Caenina 1 make an attack upon the Ro¬ 
 man territory by themselves, While they are devastating the 
 
 1 nomen Caeninum, 
 
152 
 
 THE MOODS IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 
 
 land far and wide 1 , Romulus with an army comes to meet 2 them, 
 puts them to flight and pursues them; he kills their king in 
 battle and strips him of his armor; he takes the city at the first 
 assault, after having killed their general. Among the princes 
 of Macedonia, it was customary to deliver their grown-up chil¬ 
 dren to the king for service 3 , which differed 4 but very little from 
 the occupation 5 of slaves. At night they kept watch 6 near the 
 door of the room in which the king slept; they also brought 7 
 the horse, if the king desired to mount 8 it, and then accompa¬ 
 nied him when hunting 9 and fighting in battle 10 . It was re¬ 
 garded a special 11 honor, that 12 they were permitted to dine sit¬ 
 ting with the king. None but the king had power 13 to beat 
 them. This band 14 was a training-school 15 , as it were, for their 
 generals among the Macedonians. 
 
 1 effusus. 2 obviam fieri. 3 munia. 4 abhorrere. 5 ministerium. 6 excu¬ 
 bare. 7 admovere. 8 adscendere. 9 venari. 10 proeliari. 11 praecipuus. 12 quod. 
 13 potestas est. 14 cohors. 15 seminarium. 
 
 THE MOODS IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 
 
 § 361 . 
 
 315. Tacito 1 cum opus est, clamas; ubi loqui convenit, ob¬ 
 mutescis. Possum ab omnium saeculorum memoria exempla re¬ 
 petere divitum hominum qui beati non fuerunt. Lucullus, cum 
 victor a bello Mithridatico revertisset, triennio tardius quam de¬ 
 buerat, triumphavit. Omnibus eum contumeliis onerasti, quem 
 patris loco colere debebas. Alcibiades cives, id quod par fuit, 
 non semper adjuvit; ne Xenophon quidem tam fidum in eos se 
 praebuit quam decuit; uterque patriam, quam omni modo colere 
 debebat, vi et armis aggressus est. Paene oblitus sum, quod 
 maxime fuit memorandum. Longum est omnes memorare artifices 
 quos Athenae tulerunt. Inter feras satius est aetatem degere, 
 quam in hac tanta immanitate versari. Erat amentis, cum aciem 
 videres, cogitare pacem. Cum Philippus Amphipolim, quae civi¬ 
 tas cum Atheniensibus societatem inierat, oppressisset, Atheni¬ 
 enses, auxilio statim in illa loca misso, socios tueri debebant; 
 tum enim opes Philippi superare facile erat et Athenienses civi¬ 
 tatem foederatam conservare poterant; neque tamen fecerunt quod 
 oportebat. 
 
 1 silence, 
 
THE MOODS IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 153 
 
 316. I could enumerate all the battles which Hannibal fought 1 , 
 but it would be too tedious. Scipio was made consul by the 
 unanimous vote 2 of the people, and then he was sent against 
 Carthage; the Romans could not have chosen a better general. 
 It would be difficult to explain 3 , how Atticus had deserved well 
 of his country and his fellow-citizens. The Chaldaeans judged 
 with the deceptive* sense of the eyes what they ought to have 
 perceived with their reason. It would have behooved the soldiers 
 to stand in battle array and fight, but they fled back to their 
 camp. We have received no assistance from those by whom we 
 should have been assisted. The opinions of the ancient philos¬ 
 ophers concerning the nature of the deity were varied and dis¬ 
 similar 5 to one another; it would be too tedious and difficult to 
 enumerate them all. It would have been just not to condemn 
 Socrates to death. It would have been the duty of the Romans 
 to come to the assistance of the Saguntini, their allies, when 
 their city was besieged by Hannibal. 
 
 1 committere. 2 summus consensus. 3 exponere. 4 fallax. 5 dissidens. 
 
 § 262. 
 
 317. Quoniam concordia optimum civium praesidium est, 
 omnia fugiamus, quibus civitas dividi possit, nostraque commoda 
 saluti publicae postponamus. In spem venio appropinquare tuum 
 adventum, qui mihi utinam solatio sit. Tranquilla republica 
 cives mei (quoniam mihi cum illis non licet) sine me ipsi, sed 
 per me tamen, fruantur! Utinam respublica stetisset, quo coe¬ 
 perat, statu; nec in homines, non tam commutandarum rerum 
 quam evertendarum cupidos, incidisset! O utinam possem popu¬ 
 los reparare paternis artibus! De illis loquor, qui occiderunt. 
 Velim recordere quae ego de te, postquam hinc profectus es, in 
 senatu egerim, quae in contionibus dixerim, quas ad te litteras 
 miserim. Multis de causis vellem te convenire potuissem. Eucli¬ 
 des, Socratis discipulus, cum infestam vocem audivisset fratris 
 dicentis, “Moriar, si te non ulciscar,” respondit: “Ego vero ne 
 vivam, si tibi non persuasero, ut ira posita me ames ut antea.” 
 
 318. Sint sane ista bona quae vulgo putantur, honores, 
 divitiae, voluptates; tamen in iis potiundis exultans laetitia tur¬ 
 pis est. Pelopidas solus Thebas liberaverit; num idcirco melius 
 de patria meruit quam Epaminondas? Quo me conferam? cui 
 caput meum credam? Unus furiosus gladiator cum taeterrimorum 
 latronum manu contra patriam gerit bellum; huic cedamus? hujus 
 
154 
 
 THE MOODS IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 
 
 conditiones audiamus? Excellentibus ingeniis citius defuerit ars, 
 qua civem regant, quam qua hostes superent. Caesar in eam 
 spem venerat, se sine pugna rem conficere posse. Cur fortunam 
 periclitaretur? Lentius procedamus velim, nam omnia caecis tene¬ 
 bris obruta sunt; cur properemus aut temere proruamus? Cum 
 Poeni ad lacum Trasimenum impetum undique in Romanos face¬ 
 rent, quanta perturbatio orta sit, incredibile est dictu; nam Ro¬ 
 mani quid jam facerent? quo pedem referrent? quomodo se defen¬ 
 derent? Diem Chaeronensem multo fataliorum fuisse Graecis, 
 quam Romanis Cannensem, jure dicas. De Homero nihil paene 
 memoriae proditum est, praeterquam illud, quod nemo crediderit, 
 caecum illum natum esse. Nullam virtutem Alexandri magis 
 quam celeritatem laudaverim. Militem tam ignavum tanto praemio 
 affectum esse quis unquam crederet? Catilina pecuniae an famae 
 minus parceret, haud facile cerneres. Cuperem vultum videre 
 tuum, cum haec legeres. Quo superiores sumus, eo summissius 
 nos geramus; nihil enim minus nos deceat, quam rebus secundis 
 superbe et violenter in alios consulere. Pyrrhus, cum Romanos 
 adversis vulneribus occisos videret, “ego,” inquit, “talibus mili¬ 
 tibus brevi orbem terrarum subigere potuissem.” 
 
 319. May arms yield 1 to the toga! Oh that you would 
 avert all danger from us! Would that these buildings were 
 again restored, which the rage of the enemy destroyed! I believe 
 that Messala is devoted 2 to you; Pompey I regard as a h}’pocrite 8 . 
 May you not make this experience!* May I cease to live, if I 
 have ever deceived you. What my sister and I have told you is 
 true, as sure as I live. Let us trust more to the justice 5 of the 
 cause than to arms! Would that Jupiter had brought back 6 to 
 me the years gone by! Let us impress 7 on our hearts what is 
 just and morally good 8 . Whenever we can confer a favor 9 upon 
 another, let us not put it off 10 to some other time. 
 
 1 cedere. 2 studiosus. 8 simulator. 4 experiri. 5 aequitas. 6 referre. 
 7 mandare. 8 honestus. 9 gratum facere. 10 differre. 
 
 320. Cn. Carbo was a bad citizen. He may have been so 
 for others, but when was he so for you? The wise man may 
 be afflicted with the most severe bodily pains, he will, neverthe¬ 
 less, be happy. Should I retain the power or resign it? Would 
 you commit such a great crime? Already the enemy had rushed 
 into 1 the camp; what should the commander have done? Who 
 would not admire the justice of Aristides? Let us not only ad¬ 
 mire, but also imitate it. Who would doubt that be wbo lives 
 
THE MOODS IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 155 
 
 in the country, enjoys the charms of nature more, than he who 
 lives in the city. Who would not fear for your life, since you 
 are such a good citizen? In all things I would rather say what 
 is not, than what is. One could see the enemy at one moment 2 
 cheerful, at another 2 , faint-hearted 3 . I should wish you had been 
 present at the battle; there you could have admired the bravery 
 of our soldiers. Verres and his attendants ferreted 4 out every¬ 
 thing; you could have called them hounds 5 . I would not have 
 you depart before the arrival of my friend. The citizens defended 
 the city more courageously, than one could have expected. How 
 much 6 would I have desired that you had invited me to that 
 grand feast 7 on the 15th of March 8 . Then there would have been 
 nothing left. 
 
 1 irrumpere . 2 modo — modo. 3 timidus. 4 pervestigare. 6 canis venaticus . 
 
 6 quam, quantopere. 7 epulae. 8 idus Martiae. 
 
 § 263. 
 
 321. Perge, Catilina, quo cepisti, egredere ex urbe, patent 
 portae, proficiscere. Patres conscripti, per majestatem populi 
 Romani, subvenite misero, ite obviam injuriae. Horatius trans¬ 
 figit sororem et “abi,” inquit, “oblita fratrum, oblita patriae; sic 
 eat, quaecunque Romana lugebit hostem.” Cum autem in ami¬ 
 citia, quae honesta non sunt, postulabuntur, religio et fides ante¬ 
 ponantur amicitiae. Si domum alienam ingressus eris, non modo 
 mutus, sed etiam surdus esto. Apud Romanos lex erat: Si quis 
 in furto deprehensus erit, verberator; si servus furtum commiserit, 
 virgis caeditor et de saxo Tarpejo praecipitator. Censores bini 
 sunto, magistratum quinquennium habento; reliqui magistratus 
 annui sunto. Permaneto, mi fili, in religione paterna et avita. 
 
 322. Neminem cito laudaveris, neminem cito accusaveris; 
 semper apud Deum testimonium te dicere credito. Jurando gra¬ 
 tiam Scythas sancire ne credideris. Noli imitari malos medicos, 
 qui in alienis morbis profitentur se tenere medicinae scientiam, 
 ipsi se curare non possunt. Ne pigeat te ad eos qui utile ali¬ 
 quid tradituri esse videantur, longam viam facere. Magistratus 
 dona ne danto neve capiunto. Si me audies, consuetudinem istius 
 juvenis vitabis. Rebus secundis fratris tui non invidebis. Quod 
 assequi non possis, desinas appetere. Ne habeas eos amicos qui 
 tibi adulentur. Cave existimes me abjecisse curam reipublicae. 
 Magnum fac animum habeas et spem bonam. Quidquid veniet 
 
156 
 
 THE NEGATIVE. 
 
 in mentem, scribas velim. In te omnis haeret culpa sola; quae 
 hic erant, curares (curare debebas). 
 
 323. King* L. Tarquinius traveled 1 through the cities of 
 Etruria a suppliant. “My country,” said he, “and my kingdom 
 I demand back; bring ye help 2 , assist me, avenge the old offences 
 against yourselves.” “By the majesty of the Roman people,” 
 said Adherbal, “by the fidelity 3 of friendship, if any remem¬ 
 brance of my grandfather Masinissa yet remains with you, de¬ 
 liver 4 me from the godless hands of Jugurtha.” Strive to do 
 what is in accordance with 5 the dignity of man, and avoid every 
 thing that is contrary 6 to the divine commandments, and 7 you 
 will be much happier, than if you were rich and powerful. Ac¬ 
 custom yourself to hear and speak the truth! A religious 
 law of the Romans says 8 : Men shall approach God with a pure 9 
 heart; they shall observe the sacred rites of their families and 
 forefathers. Know that you learn not for your teacher, but for 
 yourself; not for school, but for life! Take pity upon the man 
 who is afflicted by misfortune. 
 
 1 obire . 2 opem ferre. 3 fides . 4 eripere. 5 consentaneus. 6 adversari. 
 
 7 omitted. 8 haec fuit. 9 castus. 
 
 324. Do not do unto others what you do not wish to be done 
 unto you. Do nothing which is injurious to your health. Let 
 my brother not expect a letter from Quintus. Follow me, and 
 do not turn 1 your eyes away from me. Let yourself be guided 
 not by desire for gain, but' by zeal for virtue. Do not mourn, 
 my friends, and weep not over my death. When the inhabitants 
 of Mytilene wished to present many thousand acres of land 2 to 
 Pittacus, he said: “Do not give me that, for which many should 
 envy me and which many more should desire 3 .” Do not let 
 yourself be deterred from your duty nor surpassed in diligence. 
 Do not turn 4 your eyes upon the wicked customs of the multi¬ 
 tude, and do not forget that you will attain what you strive after. 
 
 1 deflectere. 2 ager. 3 concupiscere. 4 convertere. 
 
 THE NEGATIVE. 
 
 § 2tt4. 
 
 325. Quis non miretur pravitatem eorum qui non intelligant 
 hominem ad cogitandum et agendum natum esse. Quidquid ac¬ 
 ciderit, animis ne deficiamus neve pericula fortiter subire cuncte-' 
 
THE NEGATIVE. 
 
 157 
 
 mur. Utinam ne fortunam fortes adjuvare obliviscamini. Ne 
 sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute. 
 Egone didicisse aliquid non gaudeam? Druides a bello abesse 
 consuerunt neque tributa pendunt. Veni Athenas, nec quisquam 
 me ibi agnovit. Ne quis te vituperet, vitii quod commisisti te 
 paeniteat. Addebantur et laudes, quibus haud minus quam, prae¬ 
 mio gaudent militum animi. Haec res dubitationi locum non 
 dat. Virtus summa petit, via nulla invia gnaris. Philotinus non 
 modo nullus venit, sed ne per litteras quidem me certiorem fecit. 
 Usus vini antiquissimis temporibus apud Romanos non ita fre¬ 
 quens erat. Vides quam non cupidus sim vexandi. Mucius cru¬ 
 ciatus ita non extimuit, ut dexteram ipse ignibus iniceret. 
 
 326. Let us not trust too much in good fortune, for we do 
 not know what the evening ma}^ bring. Who would not think 
 that vices must be reproved? 1 Oh that Icarus had not disre¬ 
 garded the orders of his father, he would not have been hurled 
 into the waves. What should I not have done in order to save 
 you from death? Cicero may not have been a very brave man, 
 he was certainly a very great patriot 2 . Let children not only 
 obey their parents, but also love them. There were not a few 
 citizens, who favored the plans which Catiline had made against 
 his country. Those are no real friends who forsake us in ad¬ 
 versity. In the torrid regions no snow falls. May you always 
 apply yourselves diligently to your studies and not yield to 
 slothfulness. Why should I be silent and not refute 3 the charges 
 brought 4 against me? Not very many among the ancients be¬ 
 lieved that there is one God. Do not believe that after death 
 you will not exist 5 at all. Homer is considered to be the oldest 
 poet and no one to the present time has surpassed him in the 
 poetic art. How happy is not the man who enjoys good health! 
 How little do you know the dangers of riches! 
 
 1 reprehendo . 2 amans patriae. 3 defendere. 4 inferre. 5 esse. 
 
 § 265. 
 
 327. Nemo sapiens mortem non contemnit. Hannibal non¬ 
 nihil temporis tribuit litteris. Dicere nunquam est non ineptum, 
 nisi cum est necessarium. Athenienses Alcibiadem nihil non 
 efficere posse ducebant. Helvetii nonnunquam interdiu, saepius 
 noctu, si possent erumpere, conabantur. Tuum consilium nemo 
 potest non maxime laudare. Existunt regnandi cupiditates, qui¬ 
 bus nihil nec taetrius nec foedius excogitari est. Eas nationes 
 
158 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 nunquam populus Romanus bello neque lacessivit neque tempta¬ 
 vit. Nusquam hoc ne apud barbaros quidem auditum est. 
 
 328. The enemies are not at the Anio, but in the city, on 
 the forum; many a one is in the very senate house. There is 
 nothing- either dearer or more pleasing to me than Atticus. Some¬ 
 times even the wisest do not know what is best to do. An honest 
 man finds friends all over and every one respects 1 him. Every 
 one must praise your plan. Nowhere, not even in his own coun¬ 
 try, was Hannibal able to escape the hatred of the Romans. 
 When the consul Regulus had his camp at the river Begrada, a 
 serpent of astonishing size molested 2 the Roman army; many 
 soldiers it seized with its huge mouth and some it dashed to 
 pieces 3 by a blow of its tail. 
 
 1 colere. 2 vexo. 3 elidere. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 , * * 
 
 329. One could not easily distinguish 1 whether Hannibal 
 was dearer to the commander-in-chief or to the army. I could 
 have quoted 2 many examples of the admirable valor of our an¬ 
 cestors, but I would deviate 3 too far from the subject 4 . You 
 have called Themistocles a very prudent commander; I would, 
 indeed, not deny this, but I could mention many Romans who 
 have surpassed him in this virtue. I would wish you to inform 
 me, to whom I should intrust the letters which we will send to 
 you. Curius said to the Samnites: “Take back your precious 
 gifts, and remember that I can neither be conquered in battle 
 nor bribed with gold!” May I never be well again, if my brother 
 and I ever forget the favors which you have bestowed on us. 
 The ancient Romans industriously cultivated their fields; nay, 
 even 5 the greatest and the most renowned men, who at all times 
 ought to have been at the helm 6 of the state, spent not little 
 time and labor upon the cultivation 7 of their fields. 
 
 1 discernere. 2 afferre. 3 aberrare. 4 propositum. 6 quin etiam. 6 guber¬ 
 naculum. 7 verb. 
 
 330. Virtue may not be considered the only good, it is cer¬ 
 tainly the greatest. If we have been misled by a false and de¬ 
 ceptive hope, let us return to the right path. Enter cheerfully 
 upon the narrow road to virtue, and if anything allures you, 
 abandon it not; follow only 1 your own judgment and my admo¬ 
 nitions. Oh would that so many great men had not sullied 2 a 
 brilliant life by bad morals! This misfortune 3 of 4 not seeing 
 
MISCH$I*I<ANI$OUS EXERCISES. 
 
 159 
 
 you was less bitter, less sad, than would have been both the 
 
 meeting- 5 and parting- 6 . Let us hope for what we wish, but let 
 
 % 
 
 us bear what shall happen. Know that I want nothing- so much, 
 as a T man to whom I could at once communicate whatever causes 8 
 me anxiety. As sure as I live, my brother and I will never de¬ 
 sert you. 
 
 1 modo. 2 contaminare. 3 malum. 4 quod. 5 congressio. 6 digressio. 7 is. 
 8 afficere. 
 
 331. Should I not be solicitous about m} r fellow-citizens? Should 
 I not both day and night think of their freedom and the wel¬ 
 fare of the state? The foremost of all Latin orators was Ci¬ 
 cero, of whom Quintilian writes: “Let him whom Cicero pleases 
 very much, know that he has already made great progress: 1 him, 
 therefore, let us read, carry in our bosom 1 , and imitate, and 
 let us strive to become like unto him.” “Whither,” said Adher¬ 
 bal: “shall I, unhappy man, go? My father is dead; Jugurtha 
 has deprived my brother of his life; of my relatives, taken pris¬ 
 oners by Jugurtha, some were crucified 3 , some were thrown 4 to 
 the beasts; a life sadder than death remains to a few.” Do not 
 think that it matters how long you live, but how well you live! 
 For what do eighty years spent in 5 idleness 6 profit us? Let us, 
 therefore, measure the life of every one by his actions and not 
 by the number of years! Let us praise and number among the 
 happy him who, however short 7 a time may have been allotted 8 
 him, has made good use of it. 
 
 1 progressus. 2 in sinu gestare. 3 suffigere. 4 projicere. 5 cum. 6 ignavia. 
 7 quantulumcunque. 8 contingere. 
 
 332. When the enemy drew near to our borders, it would 
 have been the duty of a cautious general to place the largest 
 possible army, as near as possible to the enemy; for it was of 
 very great importance to us that the enemy should not invade 
 our territory. By your anger and other passions \ you have often 
 permitted yourself to be misled to the grossest acts of injustice 2 . 
 Oh would that you subdued your anger and other passions, 
 which are your greatest enemies! Do not hesitate; perform the 
 duties of a good man; the one assist by acts, the other by com¬ 
 mendation; this one by advice, that one by salutary admonitions! 
 I should have wished that you had been with us yesterday; 
 then 4 you would have seen us exceedingly merry 5 . My friend 
 should have been more obliging towards you than he was, and 
 
 1 cupiditas. 2 injuria y act of injustice. 3 cohibere. 4 tum. 5 exsultans 
 
 laetitia. 
 
160 
 
 SEQUENCE OE TENSES. 
 
 he could have done more carefully what he did. A Roman law 
 says: Some gods shall have these, others those priests. 
 
 333. There was the following law at Athens: No one shall 
 pass the decree of the people 1 , that any one in office 2 be pre¬ 
 sented with a crown, before he has rendered an account 3 ; and 
 a second law: Those who are rewarded by the people, shall be 
 rewarded in the assembly of the people 4 ; those who are rewarded 
 by the senate, shall be rewarded in the senate. The Athenians 
 rejected with scorn the plan of Themistocles, which, in the judg¬ 
 ment of Aristides, was very advantageous, but not honorable; 
 where should you now find so great a love of honor, as then a 
 whole nation possessed! Two things, leisure and solitude, which 
 occasion 5 languor to others, spurred on 6 P. Scipio. I should 
 wish that we also could say the very same. You may enjoy 
 your pleasures, I derive greater enjoyment from the sciences. 
 In the treaty which the Romans made with Antiochus, king 
 of Syria, were the following stipulations: The king shall not 
 permit any army, which intends to carry on war with the Ro¬ 
 man people, to pass through his kingdom, and shall assist it 
 neither with provisions nor any other support 7 ; he shall evacu¬ 
 ate 8 the cities and forts situated on this side of the Taurus and 
 not take along 9 any arms from them; he shall deliver up all 
 his elephants and not procure 10 any others. 
 
 1 plebiscitum. 2 magistratus. 3 rationem reddere. 4 contio. 5 afferre. 
 6 acuere. 7 ops. 8 excedere. 9 efferre. 10 parare. 
 
 SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 
 
 § 268 . 
 
 334. Avari non magnopere curant, quid alii de se sentiant, 
 dummodo sordidam cupiditatem satiare possint. Non est provin¬ 
 cia, excepta dumtaxat Africa et Sardinia, quam non adierit Au¬ 
 gustus. Nemo erit qui censeat a virtute esse recedendum. Generi 
 animantium omni a natura tributum est, ut se vitamque tueatur. 
 Canes alebantur in Capitolio, ut significarent, si fures venissent. 
 Cura incesserat patres, ne plebs tribunos militum ex plebe crea¬ 
 ret. Conon, cum patriam obsideri audivisset, non quaesivit, ubi 
 ipse tutus viveret, sed unde praesidio posset esse civibus suis. 
 Satis multas causas attuli, cur bellum gerendum esset; nunc de 
 belli duce dicam. Ex litteris tuis cognovi, quam tibi carus sim. 
 
SKQUFNCK OF TENSFS. 
 
 161 
 
 Demosthenes laude eloquentiae ita floruit, ut nemo Graecorum 
 eum adaequaverit. Marcus Brutus erat ita non timidus ad mor¬ 
 tem, ut in acie sit ob rempublicam interfectus. Erat Alcibiades 
 ea sagacitate, ut decipi non posset. Themistoclis vitia ineuntis 
 adolescentiae magnis sunt emendata virtutibus adeo, ut antefe¬ 
 ratur huic nemo. Fratri tuo mandaveram, ut ad te epistolam 
 daret; nescio qui 1 factum sit, ut tibi non scriberet. Nunc nar¬ 
 rabo, quas res populus Romanus domi bellique gesserit et quo¬ 
 modo paulatim ad tantas opes pervenerit 2 , ut nulla antiquitatis 
 respublica aut ampliores fines habuerit aut vi armisque plus 
 valuerit. 
 
 1 how. 2 come. 
 
 335. Vercingetorix Gallos hortatur, ut communis libertatis 
 causa arma capiant, obtestatur, ut in fide maneant. Caesar quam 
 celerrime potest ad exercitum proficiscitur, ne graviori bello oc¬ 
 curreret. Milites, cum hostes castris appropinquare viderent, 
 celeriter arma capiunt fortiterque resistunt. Cleanthes docet, 
 quanta vis insit caloris in omni corpore. Aeschines in Demos¬ 
 thenem invehitur, quod is septimo die post filiae mortem hostias 
 immolavisset. Facies perpetuo quae fecisti, ut omnes aequitatem 
 tuam laudarent. Quid tam incredibile est quam, ut eques Roma¬ 
 nus ex senatus consulto triumpharet? Veri simile non est, ut 
 homo tam locuples, tam honestus, qualis Hejus fuit, religioni 
 suae monumentisque majorum pecuniam anteponeret. Constitueram 
 ad te venire, ut te viderem. Ovidius Tomis exulans eum diem 
 appetiturum esse 1 , quo Romam redire sibi liceret, frustra spera¬ 
 bat. Quis neget Augusto contigisse, ut restitueret pacem, quam 
 optimus quisque desiderabat. Nunc videris perspexisse, quam 
 turpe sit mentiri. Athenienses miserunt Delphos consultum, quid¬ 
 nam facerent de rebus suis. Quemadmodum officia ducerentur 
 ab honestate, satis exploratum arbitror. Aristides, cum animad¬ 
 vertisset quendam scribentem, ut patria pelleretur, quaesivisse 
 ab eo dicitur, quare id faceret aut quid Aristides commissiset, 
 cur tanta poena dignus duceretur. Multi juvenes Socratem adi¬ 
 bant, avidi discendi, quomodo beati vivere possent. Caesar, pri¬ 
 mum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut, aequato 
 omnium periculo, spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos, proelium 
 commisit. 
 
 1 draw nigh. 
 
 336. Whence storks ccme or whither they betake themselves 
 in autumn, is uncertain. No one doubts, that Fabius saved the 
 
 11 
 
162 
 
 SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 
 
 Roman commonwealth by delaying- action 1 * Aemilius Paulus 
 broug-ht such an amount of money into the treasury, that the 
 booty of one commander put an end to taxes. Trajan so gov¬ 
 erned the state, that he is deservedly preferred to all rulers. 
 Hannibal ordered 2 the slave to go around 3 to all the doors of 
 the building and to report to him immediately, whether it was 
 blockaded on all sides. When the legates of the Macedonians 
 had come to Rome to complain 4 about Silanus, the son of Man¬ 
 lius, the father asked the senators not 5 to determine any thing, 
 before he himself had examined 6 the case of the Macedonians 
 and his son. The Romans so routed the Gauls, that these never 
 afterwards made war upon them. Always and everywhere (men) 
 have been found, who envied 6 the glory of others. You all have 
 heard, how Syracuse was taken by Marcellus. Not easily will 
 any writer be found, whom the ancients esteemed 6 more highly 
 than Xenophon. Let us see what great faults the son possessed, 
 on account of which he displeased his father. Though Aristides 
 could have been very rich, he died in such poverty, that his 
 daughters were educated at public expense 7 . Germany has in 
 more recent times produced so many illustrious poets, that in 
 this kind of literature she has surpassed all other nations. 
 
 1 cunctor. 2 imperare ut. 3 circumire. 4 supine. 5 ne. 6 subj. 7 publice . 
 
 337. In the first of the books which M. Scaurus wrote about 
 his life, he relates how small 1 an inheritance he received from 
 his father. This I maintain, that there was never any one who 
 in the administration 2 of public affairs equally satisfied the wishes 
 of all. The Italians 3 , by whose bravery the town of Cirta had 
 long been defended, advise Adherbal to 4 deliver himself and the 
 town to Jugurtha. Socrates, having exhorted his disciples to 4 
 be ever mindful of his precepts, cheerfully drank the poison. 
 You can easily imagine, with what joy the whole city received 
 the victorious army. The Carthaginians sent ambassadors to 
 Scipio to ask 5 , what were the conditions of peace. I hope that 
 you have learned, which is the best road to virtue. Already in 
 boys we find the desire to learn, what has taken place in past 
 ages. I ask, whether Cato should have been silent, when great 
 dangers threatened the republic. After the taking of Tarentum 6 , 
 Fabius replied to his secretary 7 asking, what he wished to be 
 done with the statues of the gods: “Let the angry gods be left 
 to the Tarentines!” Know that the cruelty of Verres was so 
 great, that many peasants committed suicide 8 . I will show, that 
 
SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 
 
 163 
 
 there was no just reason, why the triumvirs condemned Cicero to 
 death. There exist letters of Cicero written to Tiro; he who reads 
 them will grant, that nothing- could have been said, by which greater 
 solicitude for the welfare of a friend could have been shown. 
 
 1 quantulus . 2 verb. 3 Italici. 4 ut. 5 supine. 6 abl. absol. 7 scriba. 
 
 8 mortem sibi consciscere . 
 
 § 269. 
 
 338. Mihi crede, nunquam futurum esse tempus, cum memo¬ 
 ria beneficiorum tuorum moriatur. Caesar, si nemo se seque¬ 
 retur, cum decima legione una contra hostem profecturum se esse 
 dixit. Rex ipse auctori sceleris veniam daturum se esse dixerat, 
 si ille clementiam suam imploravisset. Ante senectutem curavi, 
 ut bene viverem; in senectute, ut bene moriar. Equidem illud 
 molior, ut mihi Caesar concedat, ut absim, quum aliquid in se¬ 
 natu contra Gnaeum agatur; sed timui, ne 1 evenirent ea quae 
 acciderunt. Non possum scire, an ei profuturus sim quem admo¬ 
 neo. Lacedaemonii, Philippo per litteras minitante se omnia 
 quae conarentur prohibiturum esse, quaesiverunt, num etiam mori 
 se esset prohibiturus. Non dubitabamus, quin, si delicti nos 
 poeniteret, venia nobis contingeret. Milites ignorabant, num 
 postero die proelium committeretur. Nemo dubitat, quin exor¬ 
 tum bellum brevi confectum sit. Porsenna, auditis Mucii minis, 
 cum non dubium esse videretur, quin a conjuratorum aliquo in¬ 
 terficeretur, tanta formidine commotus esse dicitur, ut, Mucio 
 dimisso, pacem cum Romanis faceret. 
 
 1 that. 
 
 339. It can easily be shown, what disadvantages will follow 
 from the war. It is greatly to ^be feared, that soon there will 
 be a famine in the city. Cato the elder admonished his son in 
 a certain letter, that he should not take part 1 in battle. No 
 one doubted, that the camp would be taken by the enemy at the 
 first assault. Xerxes promised, that he would give a reward to 
 him who would invent 2 a new pleasure. I feared, that you would 
 not 3 receive my friends kindly. There is no one, who will be 
 able 2 to give you better advice than you yourself; and I do not 
 doubt, that you will never err, if only 4 you will listen to your¬ 
 self. The consul Lentulus promises, that he will not be wanting 
 in his duty 5 towards the senate, if the senators will express 6 
 their opinions boldly and bravely. No one knows, what will 
 happen to-morrow, nor whether he will see the evening of this 
 
 1 inire. 2 subj. 3 ut , that not. 4 dummodo with subj. 5 deesse. 6 dicere . 
 
164 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 day. We know, how easily God will forgive him who repents 
 of his sins. After Hannibal had crossed the Alps, he did not 
 doubt, that the war with the Romans would soon be ended. In 
 future 1 I will not write to you, what I will do, but what I have 
 done. You can easily understand, how great the joy of your 
 friends will be, when you have returned home from your long 
 journey. 
 
 1 posthac. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 § 371. 
 
 340. Non est rectum majorem parere minori. Facinus est 
 vinciri civem Romanum. Corpus mortale aliquo tempore interire 
 necesse est. Difficile est amicitiam manere, si a virtute defeceris. 
 Credibile est hominum causa factum esse mundum quaeque in 
 eo sunt omnia. Non consentaneum est, qui metu non frangatur, 
 eum frangi cupiditate; nec qui invictum se a labore praestiterit, 
 vinci a voluptate. Omnibus misericordiam vestram patere aequum 
 est. Indignum est, eos plurimum apud cives auctoritate valere, 
 quos quaestus causa vel turpissima committere non pudeat. Ne¬ 
 fas est civem in patriam arma capere. Jam tempus est nos ad 
 id quod instituimus accedere. Exempla convenit ab hominibus 
 probatissimis sumi. Constat inter omnes qui de Alcibiade memo¬ 
 riae prodiderunt, nihil eo fuisse excellentius vel in vitiis vel in 
 virtutibus. Omnes homines qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ira 
 et studio vacuos esse decet. Quid nostra refert victum esse An¬ 
 tonium. Praestat vera dicentem vinci, quam mentientem vincere. 
 Cum praeco libertatem Graeciae iterum pronuntiasset, tantus cum 
 clamore plausus est ortus, ut facile appareret nihil omnium 
 bonorum multitudini gratius quam libertatem esse; nam certo 
 constat, tantum fuisse clamorem, ut aves quae supervolarent, 
 attonitae paventesque deciderent. Periculo atque negotiis com¬ 
 pertum est, in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Fides et tibias 
 eorum causa factas dicendum est qui illis uti possunt. Facile 
 intelligitur, quod verum simplex sincerumque sit, id esse homi¬ 
 nis naturae aptissimum. 
 
 341. It is necessary for him who is brave, to be likewise 
 of great determination. A consummate 1 general ought 2 to pos¬ 
 sess 3 the following four qualities; knowledge of military affairs 4 , 
 bravery, influence, and good fortune. It is just that you show 
 
ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 165 
 
 compassion to all. It is deserving* of great praise for one man 
 to labor 6 in that science which will be 6 useful to many. If it 
 were true that the soul and body perish together, death would 
 be no evil. We must acknowledge that virtue possesses enough 
 protection for a happy life. It is evident that laws were made 
 for the welfare of the citizens and the tranquillity of the state. 
 It was of great importance to Scipio, that the war be trans¬ 
 ferred to Africa. It was reported to Caesar that the Gauls had 
 again taken up arms. It was never heard that a crocodile or 
 an ibis or a cat was injured 7 by an Egyptian. It does not es¬ 
 cape me, that old examples are now considered fables 8 . There 
 was a report at Rome, that the consuls had been defeated by 
 Hannibal and the whole army destroyed. After it was announced 
 that the Gauls had arrived, the remainder of the Roman youth 
 fled into the citadel with Manlius, and the old men returned 
 home. 
 
 1 summus. 2 oportet. 3 inesse. 4 res militaris, sing. 5 elaborare. 6 subj. 
 7 violare. 8 ficta fabula. 
 
 § 272. 
 
 342. Thraces, postquam Alcibiadem cum magna pecunia ve¬ 
 nisse senserunt, insidias fecerunt. Timotheus patriae sanctiora 
 jura quam hospitii esse duxit. Pompeios, celebrem Campaniae 
 urbem, desedisse terrae motu audivimus. Memento hominem te 
 esse et omnes homines esse mortales. Xerxes se a Themistocle 
 non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. Hannibal, qui fratrem 
 suum ex Hispania arcessiverat, speravi eum brevi tempore in 
 Italiam venturum esse. . Nunquam putavi fore, ut supplex ad te 
 venirem. Fateor conscientiam rectae voluntatis maximam conso¬ 
 lationem esse rerum incommodarum, nec esse ullum magnum 
 malum praeter culpam. Darius, in fuga quum aquam turbidam, 
 cadaveribus inquinatam, bibisset, negavit unquam se bibisse ju¬ 
 cundius; nunquam videlicet sitiens biberat. Socratem, qui vo¬ 
 luptatem nullo loco numerat, audio dicentem, cibi condimentum 
 esse famem, potionis sitim. Herculem Prodicus ait exisse in so¬ 
 litudinem atque ibi sedentem diu secum multumque dubitasse, 
 quum duas cerneret vias, unam voluptatis, alteram virtutis, 
 utram ingredi melius esset. Anaxagoram ferunt, nuntiata morte 
 filii dixisse: “Sciebam me genuisse mortalem.” Incolae Gordii 
 affirmarunt editam esse oraculo sortem, Asiae potiturum eum 
 esse qui inexplicabile vinculum solvisset. Germani se ad sedes 
 suas reverti simulaverunt. Aliis nec cor ipsum placet nec cere- 
 
166 
 
 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 bri quandam partem esse animum; sed alii in corde, alii in cere¬ 
 bro dixerunt animi esse locum. Divitiacus dixit futurum esse 
 paucis annis, ut omnes Galli ex finibus suis pellerentur atque 
 omnes Germani Rhenus transirent. Pompejus dixit prius se a 
 Clodio occisum iri, quam fore ut Cicero violaretur. 
 
 343. Opinio manebat Pausaniam cum rege Persarum habere 
 societatem. Illa suspicio senatorum, Marcum Manlium regnum 
 affectare, falsa videtur fuisse. Nuntio allato hostium exercitum 
 fusum fugatumque esse, summa omnes cives laetitia affecti sunt. 
 Dianae Ephesiae fanum communiter a civitatibus Graeciae factum 
 esse, fama ferebat. Habeo auctores, vulgo olim pueros Roma¬ 
 nos, sicuti nunc Graecis, ita et Etruscis litteris erudiri solitos 
 esse. Credo te audisse, ut 1 me circumsteterint judices. Pom¬ 
 pejus, insidias timens, credo, munitionibus appropinquare ali¬ 
 quamdiu non audebat. Helotas nomen accepisse ab oppido Helo 
 verisimile est. Periclem filium fuisse constat nobilissimorum 
 parentum. In dies magis video salutem publicam Caesari poste¬ 
 riorem esse quam dominationem. Scimus servos iisdem moribus 
 esse solere, quibus dominos. Constat neminem tantas res gesisse, 
 quantas Alexandrum. Darius rex Nitocridis reginae sepulchrum 
 aperiri jusserat, quod speraverat, se multum ibi auri inventurum 
 esse. Super lectum Pomponii stans, se eum transfixurum Manlius 
 minatus est, nisi ab incepta patris accusatione destitisset. Jupiter 
 in nemore Aventino certa pignora imperii daturum se esse Nu- 
 mae promisit. Tissaphernes ab Agesilao indutias petiit et ambo 
 juraverunt se eas sine fraude esse conservaturos. 
 
 1 how. 
 
 344. Cato says 1 that it is not right for him who is 2 no sol¬ 
 dier to fight with the enemy. You remember that at that time 
 the Tiber was filled with the bodies of citizens. Consider that 
 an enemy can be changed into a friend. The very appearance 
 of the sun and moon sufficiently proves that they are not acci¬ 
 dental 3 . When the inhabitants of Numantia despaired of being 
 able to defend their city any longer, they erected a funeral-pile, 
 whereon to burn 4 themselves with their treasures. We read in 
 Livy, that during three years after the victory of the dictator, 
 Titus Lartius, near lake Regillus, there existed neither decided 5 
 peace nor war between the Romans and the Sabines. Cicero says 
 that, if we follow 6 nature, we shall never err. I know that it 
 does not escape your notice \ how proper it is for youth to resist 
 the allurements of pleasure. It has always been the opinion of 
 
ACCUSATIVI? WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 167 
 
 great men, that the greatest dangers must be undergone for the 
 sake of one’s county. All good men believe that they have been 
 born for their country, for their fellow-citizens, for honor and 
 renown, not for sleep, banquets and pleasures. Roscius believes 
 that he will easily bear poverty, if he has been freed 6 from the 
 undeserved suspicion of parricide. Caesar was informed that the 
 Suevi were assembling 8 all their troops at one place. 
 
 1 negare, say . . . not. 2 subj. 3 fortuitus. 4 concremare. 5 certus. 6 subj. 
 7 praeterit. 8 cogere. 
 
 345. The opinion, that the citizens must prefer the welfare 
 of the state to their own, was held by most of the Romans. 
 Demosthenes and Cicero, as you know, were the greatest orators. 
 There probably never was a more bitter war, than the second 
 war between the Romans and Carthaginians. Of all the heroes 
 of antiquity none, in my opinion, was more devoted to his coun¬ 
 try than Leonidas. The prisoners swore to return. Cicero hoped 
 to obtain easily from Caesar what he asked l . According to my 
 opinion 2 , those who have lived virtuously* and piously, live after 
 death such 4 a life, as alone can be called life. We know of 
 Cicero, that he discovered the conspiracy of Catiline. Of what 
 Roman can it be said, that he wished to bring so great a dis¬ 
 aster upon the Roman commonwealth as Catiline? Lysander re¬ 
 solved to remove 5 the kings of the Lacedaemonians, but this, as 
 he perceived, he could not do without the assistance of the gods; 
 accordingly, he attempted first to bribe Delphi, then he ap¬ 
 proached 6 Dodona, finally he set out for Africa, hoping to bribe 
 the Africans more easily. After the victory of Salamis, the 
 Greeks showed themselves grateful to Themistocles, through 
 whose advice all Greece had been freed from the shameful yoke 
 which Xerxes had threatened to impose upon the Greeks. Who 
 does not know that flatterers often cause 7 us no less injury, than 
 our greatest enemy? I believe that you have committed the same 
 fault, as I did. It is ascertained, that the sun is by far larger 
 than the earth. Lysander pretended to have consulted the oracle. 
 
 1 subj. 2 arbitrari. 3 honeste. 4 is. 6 tollere. 6 adoriri. 7 inferre. 
 
 § 273. 
 
 346. Caesar Helvetios in eo loco quo tum essent, suum ad¬ 
 ventum expectare jussit. Lycurgus virgines sine dote nubere jus¬ 
 sit, ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Periisset omnis Aegyp¬ 
 tus fame, nisi monitu Josephi rex edicto servari per multos annos 
 
163 
 
 ACCUSATIVE WITH THF INFINITIVE. 
 
 fruges jussisset. Alexander corpus suutn in Hammonis templo 
 condi jubet. Titus Manlius Torquatus, inspecta filii sui et Ma¬ 
 cedonum causa, eum in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. 
 Ejulatum duodecim tabulae in funeribus adhiberi vetuerunt. Au¬ 
 gustus carmina Virgdlii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecun¬ 
 diam vetuit. Pro dii immortales! essene quemquam tanta audacia 
 praeditum? O audaciam singularem! non timuisse vim deorum 
 hominumque famam! Te nunc, mi fili, sic vexari, sic jacere in 
 lacrymis et sordibus, idque mea culpa fieri! Pristinum tuum 
 amorem benignitatemque in tantum odium atque acerbitatem esse 
 
 conversam! 
 
 % •» 
 
 347. God has given man a noble 1 countenance and com¬ 
 manded him to look up 2 to the heavens. The laws of the Aedui 
 forbade, that two members of the same family be chosen magis¬ 
 trates. Caesar ordered the soldiers to fortify the camp and to 
 erect around it a rampart 322 feet broad and 18 feet high. At 
 the destruction of Thebes, Alexander forbade the house of Pin¬ 
 dar to be burned; he likewise ordered the temple and other 
 sacred edifices to be spared. When Datames had learned through 
 his scouts, that a part of his cavalry had gone over to the en¬ 
 emy, he commanded the rest to follow the deserters 8 with him. 
 I have given orders, that the money for the book which you 
 sent me, be paid you in cash 4 . Ah me, unfortunate man! that 
 all my hope should have been frustrated! O bitter fate, that I 
 should just now be called from my sphere 3 of action. I should 
 have not sided with the patriots? 6 A citizen should prefer his 
 conquered to his victorious country? O foolish thou! not to see 
 this, to follow rashly the words of a most wicked man! O cruel 
 fortune! that you should leave the country which you have freed; 
 that you should be exiled from the city which you have preserved ! 
 
 1 sublimis. 2 aspicere. 3 perfuga. 4 praesens pecunia, money in cash. 
 
 5 cursus. 6 boni. 
 
 § 374 . 
 
 348. Alcibiades in domo sua facere mysteria dicebatur. La¬ 
 bienus, qui in Caesaris exercitu magna auctoritate floruerat, eum 
 reliquit 1 multique idem facturi putantur. Imperator Claudius 
 convivae cuidam, qui aureum scyphum 2 pridie surripuisse crede¬ 
 batur, postero die fictilem calicem apponi jussit. Fabulas Te¬ 
 rentii propter sermonis elegantiam a Laelio scribi creditum est. 
 
 1 pres. perf. 2 goblet. 
 
ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 169 
 
 P. Sulla in petendo consulatu cupidior quam ceteri fuisse judi¬ 
 cabatur. Omnium civitatum Graecorum maxime Attica fortunam 
 fautricem nacta esse traditur. Viso fratris occisi capite, Hanni¬ 
 bal agnoscere se fortunam. Carthaginis dixisse fertur. Disciplina 
 Druidarum in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata 
 existimatur. 
 
 349. Quod jure dicimur fecisse, non hunc solum intellectum 
 habeat, ut lege, sed illum quoque, ut juste fecisse videamur. 
 Bruto videtur, ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem. Sic mihi 
 perspicere videor, ita natos esse nos, ut inter omnes esset socie¬ 
 tas quaedam. Videor mihi hanc urbem videre subito uno incen¬ 
 dio concidentem. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita Fabius non dimicando 
 maxime civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Servus tuus om¬ 
 nia fidelissimo animo, ut mihi quidem visus est, narravit. Cum 
 Agesilaus classem Ephesum appulisse audiretur, Tissapherni, 
 quia ad bellum ineundum non satis paratus erat, cum Lacedae¬ 
 moniis indutias trium mensium fieri visum est. Decius in castra 
 duci jussus est. Milites domum Pindari diripere ab Alexandro 
 vetiti sunt. Hunc librum legere nos siti non sumus nec tu 
 legere sineris. Medea, cum a rege Creonte Corinthi remanere 
 prohibita esset, ut unum diem ibi morari sineretur, rogavit. 
 
 350. It is related that Hannibal led 80,000 infantry and 
 20,000 cavalry and 37 elephants into Italy. It is said that Homer 
 lived 3,000 years ago; many believe that his works were not 
 written 1 by himself alone, but were composed 2 and arranged 
 
 during the course of several centuries. Pausanias is said to have 
 
 ✓ 
 
 promised Xerxes, that he would reduce all Greece to the power 
 of the king. The last war, Ninus, king of the Assyrians, carried 
 on with Zoroaster, king of the Bactrians, of whom it is said 
 that he observed 3 the stars very carefully. Neptune, the brother 
 of Jupiter, had obtained dominion over the sea 4 ; to him the horse 
 was sacred, because it was thought that he created it. When 
 it was announced to Caesar that the Helvetians attempted to 
 march 5 through the Roman province, he hastily 6 quitted Rome. 
 Cyrus was believed to have remembered the names of all his 
 soldiers. 
 
 1 facere. 2 condere. 3 spectare. 4 maritimus, a, urn. 5 iter facere. 6 use 
 
 a verb. 
 
 351. It seems that the graces themselves composed the dis¬ 
 course of Xenophon.' It seems that you are such, as you wish 
 to be considered. Atticus spoke Greek in such a manner, that 
 
170 
 
 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 it was thought 1 he was born at Athens. This is the perfection 2 
 of fame, when it appears that we have always acted rightly, 
 and it is thought that we are worthy of the highest admiration. 
 You look at 3 me, and, as it seems, angrily. I believe I have 
 looked into 1 your (very) soul. Hamilcar restored 5 such peace in 
 all Africa, that it appeared, as if there had been no war there 
 for many years. When Tarquin the Proud had been expelled, 
 it seemed well to the Romans not again to entrust 6 the supreme 
 power to one man. At Athens boys of seven years were com¬ 
 manded to read the poems of Homer. I do not know, why I 
 was forbidden to undertake the journey. Calamus asked Ale¬ 
 xander, that he be allowed to die sitting upon a funeral pile 7 . 
 On accout of his weak voice, Isocrates was prevented from speak¬ 
 ing in public 8 . The Athenians were forbidden through the am¬ 
 bassadors of the Lacedaemonians to finish their walls. When 
 it seemed that Pyrrhus would renew the war against the Romans, 
 Marcius Curius was elected consul a second time. 
 
 1 videri. 2 summus , a, um. 3 adspicere. 4 perspicere. 5 reddere . 6 com¬ 
 mittere. 7 rogus. 8 apud populum. 
 
 § 275 . 
 
 352. Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat 
 pati. Postquam Romae nefarium Jugurthae scelus cognitum est, 
 placuit bello persequi parricidam. Cum Cato Carthaginem delen¬ 
 dam esse censeret, Scipio Nascia illam urbem dirui populo Ro¬ 
 mano salutare esse negavit. Concitatus Apii Claudii facinore, 
 exercitus decem apud populum viros magistratu se abdicare coe¬ 
 git. Senatus Publium Lentulum, ut se abdicare praetura coegit. 
 Cur te interponis invitissimis iis, quibus maxime lex consultum 
 esse vult? Qui se metui volent, a quibus metuentur, eosdem 
 metuant ipsi necesse est. “Quandoquidem,” inquit Manlius, “tu, 
 fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti, oportet disciplinam quam 
 solvisti, poena tua restituas.” Deliberat senatus, solvatne legibus 
 Scipionem, ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri. Cimon 
 cupiebat Lacedaemonios et cives suos inter se consentire, non 
 armis contendere. Sapiens principem se esse mavult quam videri. 
 Alexander Jovis filium non modo se dici, sed etiam haberi vole¬ 
 bat. Cupio me in tantis rei-publicae periculis non dissolutum 1 
 videri. Studium laudis gloriaeque adipiscendae animo humano 
 
 a natura ipsa videtur insitum esse; nam optimus quisque ho- 
 
 1 remiss. 
 
ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 171 
 
 nestis hominibus se probari memoriamque suam posteritate tradi 
 vehementissime cupit. 
 
 353. Omne corpus mutabile est: ita efficitur, ut omne cor¬ 
 pus mortale sit. Inter philosophos multi tenebant voluptatem 
 esse summum bonum. Si virtutes inter se pares sunt, vitia quo¬ 
 que necesse est paria esse; atqui virtutes inter se pares esse 
 facile perspicitur: sequitur, ut vitia quoque inter se paria sint. 
 Illud mea magni interest, te ut videam. Ostendam, quantum 
 salutis communis intersit duos consules in republica Calendis 
 Januariis esse. Mos erat, ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, 
 lictor fores percuteret, admonens consulem esse. Dionysio ne 
 integrum quidem erat 1 , ut ad justitiam remigraret. Est hoc com¬ 
 mune vitium magnis liberisque civitatibus, ut invidia gloriae 
 comes sit. Germanorum consuetudo erat juvenes armis praeser¬ 
 tim exerceri. 
 
 1 integrum est mihi, I am at liberty. 
 
 354. Moneo te, homini praeter peccatum et delictum accidere 
 nihil posse, quod terribile sit aut extimescendum. Fabricius au¬ 
 ctor fuit, ut Rufinus consul crearetur. Caesar milites admonuit, 
 ne famam dignitatemque imperatoris sui minui aut violari pate¬ 
 rentur. Caesar Helvetiis non concedendum putabat, ut per pro¬ 
 vinciam iter facerent. Mihi persuaderi nunquam potuit animos, 
 cum excessissent ex corporibus, emori. Athenienses statuerunt, 
 ut libertatem Graeciae classe defenderent. Themistocles apud 
 ephoras contendit, falsa iis esse delata. Fac ut animum magnum 
 habeas et spem bonam. Galli, obsidione Romae fatigati, pretio 
 mille pondo auri adducti sunt, ut obsidionem relinquerent. La¬ 
 bienus, non jam ut proelio hostes lacesseret, sed ut incolumem 
 exercitum Agendicum reduceret, cogitabat. Pelopidas Thebanis 
 persuasit, ut Thessalis auxilio venirent et tyrannos eorum ex¬ 
 pellerent. 
 
 355. I would rather, that my country should blush 1 on ac¬ 
 count of my exile, that that it should grieve at my return. We 
 wish that all brave and magnanimous men be also good and art¬ 
 less 2 and lovers 3 of truth. The Suevi did not suffer wine to be 
 imported 4 into their country. It has never pleased the Romans, 
 that a general be killed by a soldier. After the victories of 
 Marathon and Salamis, the Lacedaemonians saw that they would 
 have a struggle 5 with the Athenians for the supremae}^; accord¬ 
 ingly, they wished them to be as weak as possible. Domitian 
 
 1 erubescere. 2 simplex. 3 amans. 4 importare. 6 certamen. 
 
172 
 
 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 permitted no statue of himself, except one of gold and another 
 of silver, to be placed on the Capitol. The senate decreed, that 
 the prisoners of war should not be ransomed. A great rivalry 1 
 existed between Antony and Octavius, because each wished to 
 be ruler 2 of the world. All patriotic 3 citizens wished to seethe 
 state defended. The Romans did not wish, that the Carthagin¬ 
 ians should become the masters of the whole of Africa. It be¬ 
 hooves that we appreciate 4 a favor, that we may not seem un¬ 
 grateful. Many envy those who possess what they themselves 
 desire to have. All men ought to strive, that they become use¬ 
 ful to their fellow-men. I would rather be Phidias than the best 
 carpenter 5 . 
 
 1 obtrectatio . 2 princeps . 3 boni. 4 magni habere. 5 faber lignarius. 
 
 356. The ancient astronomers 1 maintained, that the sun re¬ 
 volves 2 around the earth. When the Romans suffered two defeats 
 in Spain, the decree was passed, that the army should be in¬ 
 creased and a proconsul sent thither. God gives to every one 
 what he deserves; hence it follows, that he rewards the good 
 and punishes the wicked. It was of great importance to the 
 Romans, that Messana should not come into the power of the 
 Carthaginians. In the oration for Milo, Cicero tries to prove, 
 that Claudius laid 3 snares for Milo. Scipio did not wish to see 
 Carthage destroyed, because in his opinion its destruction would 
 be detrimental to the Romans. In order that the soldiers them¬ 
 selves might carry their baggage on the march, Metellus allowed 
 no one to use the service 4 of beasts of burden. Cimon forbade 
 his gardens to be closed, because he did not wish that any one 
 be hindered from 5 enjoying the sight of its plants and flowers. 
 The health of the soul ought to be dearer to man than that of the 
 body. 
 
 1 astrologus. 2 volvi. 3 facere. 4 ministerium. 5 quominus with stibj. 
 
 357. It is a fault common to many men, that they live too 
 extravagantly for their condition 1 . By his eloquence Appius Clau¬ 
 dius persuaded the Romans not to make peace with Pyrrhus. 
 By the address of Pompey, many were induced to believe, that 
 Caesar planned to overthrow the commonwealth. After we have 
 made a promise, we are no longer at liberty to break it. Thucy¬ 
 dides relates, that the bones of Themistocles were secretly buried 
 in Attica by his friends. It was a custom of the Romans, that 
 colonists were sent into the countries which had been subjected 
 to their dominion. Brutus was of the opinion that by the death 
 
ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE 
 
 173 
 
 of Caesar the liberty of the Romans would be preserved. The 
 Romans did not wish to permit the Carthaginians to wage war 
 at their will 2 . Caesar could not be induced by any threats to 
 dismiss his wife, the daug'hter of Cinna. The plebeians resolved, 
 that their rights should be defended by tribunes. We do not 
 readily grant, that we have erred. Solon tried in vain to con¬ 
 vince Croesus, that no one ought to be called happy before his 
 death. Suppose that you are in need, you would certainly wish 
 that others assist you. Cicero often reminded the Romans, that 
 the conspiracy of Catiline was detected 3 by him. 
 
 1 or do. 2 arbitrium. 8 patefacere. 
 
 § 276. 
 
 358. Laudabat Valerius fortunam Bruti, quod in summo 
 honore, pro republica dimicans, mortem occubuisset. Is erat Alci¬ 
 biades, ut omnes admirarentur in uno homine tantam inesse dis¬ 
 similitudinem tamque diversam naturam. Posidonium ut vidit, 
 Pompeius moleste se dixit ferre, quod eum non posset audire. 
 Demetrius Phalerius Periclem vituperat, quod tantam pecuniam 
 in praeclara illa Propylaea conjecerit. Clitum amicum senem et 
 innoxium a se occisum Alexander dolebat. Cyrenenses, cum Phi¬ 
 laenos conspexissent, questi sunt, legatos Carthaginiensium ante 
 constitutam horam ex urbe exisse. Camillo crimini datum est, 
 quod albis equis triumphasset et praedam inique 1 divisisset. Le¬ 
 gati Gallorum Caesari gratulati sunt, quod tam acerbum bellum 
 prospere confecisset. Cicero, quamquam Catilinam rem publicam 
 evertere velle atque ipsius vitae insidiari graviter atque indigne 
 ferebat, tamen illi parcere statuit. Quod in Matii, doctissimi 
 hominis, familiaritatem venisti, valde gaudeo. Miror si Tarqui¬ 
 nius, qua erat superbia, quemquam amicum habere potuit. 
 
 1 unequally. 
 
 359. Hippias boasted, that there was nothing in any art, 
 which he did not know. I am grieved, that I did not receive 
 information by letter from you concerning the events 1 at the 
 capital 2 . Are you surprised that we can not bear your haughti¬ 
 ness? I am overjoyed 3 , that my proceedings 4 have gained your 
 approbation 5 . The Macedonians were indignant, that Lumenes 
 was preferred to them. Who can boast, that he will be happy 
 — I will not say 6 during his whole life — but for one day only? 7 
 
 1 res. 2 urbanus , a , um. 3 laetitia exsultare. 4 factum. 5 probare. 6 ne 
 
 dicam. 7 not translated. 
 
174 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 I am sorry, that I was prevented from coming- to you by a pro¬ 
 tracted 1 sickness. I am well pleased, that you read so dilig-ently 
 the orations of Demosthenes and Cicero. The ambassadors of 
 the Persians complained, that Chabrias was wag-ing- war with 
 the Persians ag-ainst Xerxes. Theotarus was accused of having- 
 laid an ambush for Caesar. Perseus, king- of the Macedonians, 
 was angry at the Romans, that they were not content with Italy 
 and the neig-hboring- countries, but wished to reduce also Greece 
 and Macedonia to their power. I thank you, for having* freed 
 me from this burden. We congratulate you, that in so short a 
 time you have succeeded 2 in g-aining- 3 the love of your teachers. 
 Hannibal was vexed 4 , that Fabius Maximus Cunctator, the dic¬ 
 tator of the Romans, was unwilling- to come down from the 
 mountains to the plains with his army. 
 
 1 diuturnus. 2 mihi contingit ut. 3 sibi conciliare. 4 stomachari. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 360. Socrates thought that it was unbecoming for him either 
 to move 1 the judges to compassion by a most carefully prepared 2 
 speech, or to escape 3 their sentence by flight. I see that you 
 wish to go to heaven, and I hope that you will succeed 4 . There 
 was too little hope, that Titus would do anything of his own 
 accord 5 ; it was determined 6 to use force and fear. It is known 
 of Plato, that he was the greatest of ancient philosophers. It 
 is falsely related that Xantippe, the wife of Socrates, was morose 
 and quarrelsome 8 . When Alexander saw that death was approach¬ 
 ing, he ordered his body to be interred 8 in the temple of Jupiter 
 Ammon; for he desired to be regarded as a son of Jupiter or 
 rather as a god. When the Lacedaemonians were defeated in 
 three battles, they were commanded by Apollo of Delphi, whom 
 they had consulted on the issue 9 of the war, to ask the Athe¬ 
 nians for a leader; these sent them the poet Tyrtaeus, who was 
 lame on one foot. Could any one be as unfortunate as I am? 
 
 1 adducere. 2 elaborare. 3 subterfugere. 4 contingere. 5 voluntas. 6 placet. 
 7 jurgiosus. 8 efferre. 9 eventus, us. 
 
 361. When we despair of being able to surpass or to equal 
 those whom we regard as superior 1 , our fervor 2 grows old with 
 our hope. Even if there were not such great benefits derived 3 
 from the fine 4 arts, as are avowedly 5 derived from them, but if 
 pleasure 6 only were sought, their pursuit should still be considered 
 most worthy of a free man. Caesar says that he trusts that, 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 175 
 
 if an opportunity be offered 7 Him to speak with Pompey, they 
 will readily lay down 8 arms on just 9 conditions. Leonidas re¬ 
 minded the Spartans, that an army must not wait until it is 
 surrounded by the enemy. I know for certain that, after you 
 have carefully read Plato’s book, which is entitled 10 Phaedo, you 
 will be convinced of the immortality of the soul. Ulysses, who, 
 as it is related, desired at first to avoid military service 11 by 
 feigning madness 12 , assisted the Greeks at the siege of Troy 
 both by word and deed. 
 
 1 prior. 2 studium. 3 fructum alicujus rei capere. 4 bonus. 6 constat. * ob¬ 
 lectatio. 7 potestatem facere. 8 deponere. 9 aequus. 10 inscribere. 11 mili¬ 
 tia ^ ae. 12 = to be made. 
 
 362. Cicero wrongly maintained, that the Latin language 
 was more copious 1 than the Greek. Lpicurus boasted that he 
 had had 2 no teacher. A 3 Lacedaemonian said to a 3 merchant, 
 who was boasting that he had sent many vessels to all sea- 
 coasts: “A fortune fastened to 4 cables is not desirable indeed 5 .” 
 Caesar said, that if no one would follow him, he would charge 
 the enemy with the tenth legion alone. I can not understand, 
 why it seemed to you that I slighted you. In his last will, 
 Virgil, had ordered his poems to be burned, because he thought 
 that they were not sufficiently polished 6 ; but Augustus forbade 
 this to be done. “Clodius,” says Cicero, “informed 7 me of 
 danger; Pompey asserts that there is no danger at hand; he 
 confirms it with an oath 8 ; he also adds, that he would rather 
 be killed himself than that 9 I should be injured. 
 
 1 locuples, etis. 2 uti. 3 by a pronoun. 4 aptus re or ex re. 5 non sane. 
 6 expolitus. 7 denuntiare. 8 adjurare. 9 ut. 
 
 363. After the Lacedaemonians heard, that Pausanias was 
 meditating on plans against his country, they informed him by 
 letter, that they would condemn him to death, if he did not 
 return home. The consultation of the senate was short; all 
 without exception thought 1 , that an alliance should be made 
 with the Lucanians and reparation be demanded 2 from the Sam¬ 
 nites. Tiribazus summoned Conon, pretending that he wished 
 to send him to the king in an important 3 matter. “If my chil¬ 
 dren,” said Phocion, “will be like me, this field, which has 
 brought 4 me to this dignity, will also support them; but if they 
 will be unlike me, I do not wish their debauchery to be fed 5 
 and increased at my expense.” Alas, that the mildness of our 
 government is changed into such cruelty! Marcellus vowed to 
 
 dedicate two temples at Rome, if he should take Syracuse. 
 
 1 censere. 2 res repetere . 3 magnus . 4 perducere. 6 alere. 
 
176 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 364. It is difficult to convince the poor, that God cares no 
 less for them than for the rich; for they consider the wordly 
 goods, of which they are deprived, as the highest goods of life, 
 and do not understand, that God from wise intentions often 
 wishes that man be deprived of earthly goods. It was believed 
 that you would soon return from your voyage. Aged Fabius 
 said to the consul Aemilius Paulus: “Permit that you are called 
 timid instead of cautious, slow instead of considerate, unwarlike 
 instead of versed in warfare; I would rather that the wise enemy 
 fear you, than that the foolish citizens praise you,” When 
 Pausanias had captured many noble Persians, and among them 
 also some relations of the king, he secretly sent them back to 
 Xerxes, saying that they had escaped from the state-prison 1 . I 
 believe that I have obtained more through prayers than through 
 force. When Xerxes was informed by Themistocles, that the 
 enemy had taken flight, he, thinking 2 that there was no 3 strata¬ 
 gem at the bottom 4 , on the following day took up a position 
 which was very unfavorable to him. 
 
 1 vincula publica . 2 ratus. 3 nihil. 4 subesse. 
 
 365. When Caesar, after defeating his enemies, ordered all 
 the magistracies to be conferred upon him, some Romans who 
 had the preservation of the republic at heart wrote under 1 the. 
 statue of L. Brutus, who had delivered the city from the tyranny 
 of Tarquinius Superbus, “Oh, that thou wert living!” Those 
 who gave a constitution 2 to Greece, wished that the bodies of 
 the youths should be strengthened by labor. Philip, a man of 
 talent, used to boast that he had required all that without the 
 assistance of anyone. I know that there was in all Sicily no 
 silver vessel, no diamond, no statue, which Verres did not hunt 
 up 3 , inspect and steal 4 . Minos, king of the Cretans, often be¬ 
 took himself to a grotto, saying that here he conversed with 
 Jupiter, and received laws from him; Lycurgus also made the 
 Lacedaemonians believe 6 that he received his laws from Apollo. 
 In vain did the king try to kill Datames by artifice; at last 
 Mithridates promised to kill him, and through his cunning this 
 crafty man was taken prisoner. 
 
 1 subscribere. 2 forma rerum publicarum. 8 conquirere. 4 auferre. 5 per¬ 
 suadere. 
 
 366. Is there any thing more perverse than to believe, that 
 riches can contribute more to a happy life than virtue? I prom¬ 
 ise to give my opinion, when I have read the book. When 
 Caesar had the pirates, by whom he had been taken prisoner, 
 
QUESTIONS. 
 
 177 
 
 in his power, he had 1 them put to death and afterwards cruci¬ 
 fied, because he had previously taken an oath to do this. It is 
 said that the Thessalian 2 Lapithae were the first to fight on 
 horse-back; in like manner the nation of the Phrygians is said 
 to have been the first to harness 3 a team of horses. On account 
 of the elegant language 4 of the plays of Terentius, it was be¬ 
 lieved that they were written by Laelius. It was decreed, that 
 the inhabitants of Cumae should have the same rights as those 
 of Capua. It seems that Marcellus rightly said that Capua had 
 been Cannae for Hannibal. The general had the city set on 
 fire. The general ordered his soldiers to set the city on fire. 
 Lycurgus did not wish, that the state should be in the hands 5 
 of a few, but he believed that by equalizing 6 property and rank, 
 there would be many who would take up arms for their country. 
 
 1 jubere. 2 Thessalus. 3 jungere. 4 elegantia sermonis. 5 by a prep. 
 6 aequare. 
 
 367. The spies sent out by the general returned to the camp 
 before night and brought the information 1 , that the enemy, who 
 was 10,000 paces distant the day before, was not further away 
 than 2,300 paces. Homer relates of Calchas that he was a most 
 renowned augur and at the same time leader of the Grecian 
 fleet to Ilium, on account of his knowledge of the auspices, I 
 believe, not of the country. After Lysander had held the chief 
 command for one year, he hoped through the help of his army, 
 which loved him and placed the greatest confidence in his bravery 
 and prudence, to enjoy the chief command still longer; but he 
 was ordered by the Ephori to return home, because the laws of 
 Lycurgus did not allow 2 any one to hold the chief command 
 longer than one year. Caesar commanded three cohorts to march 
 up the river 3 ; for he thought that an opportunity would be given 
 to gain a victory: what else should he have done? 
 
 1 nuntius. 2 licet. 3 flumine adverso. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 § 277 . 
 
 368. Quo migravit Aenas, postquam patria eius incendio 
 deleta est? Qui liber tibi omnium praestantissimus videtur? 
 Quae potest esse vitae jucunditas, sublatis amicitiis? Qui fit, 
 Maecenas, ut nemo sit sua sorte contentus? Cur mors plerisque 
 malum esse videtur? Quomodo id quod temere fit, quadam volu- 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 bilitate fortunae praesentiri et praedici potest? Quam brevi tem¬ 
 pore quot poetae extiterunt? Quid me crucio, cur me macero? 
 Quidni facile concedam saepenumero accidisse, ut divitissimus 
 quisque opibus, potentissimus quisque auctoritati atque honoribus 
 spoliaretur? Num is verus amicus est, qui amico afflicto deest? 
 Honestiorne usquam terrarum sedes senectuti fuit, quam Lace- 
 daemone? Nonne poetae post mortem nobilitari volunt? Vide- 
 musne ut apud Homerum Nestor de suis virtutibus praedicet? 
 Numquid senectus sola morti propinqua est? nonne mors modo 
 pueros, modo juvenes abstulit? Patere tua consilia non sentis? 
 constrictam 1 teneri tuam conjurationem non vides? Inscriptum 
 est M. Bruti praetoris tribunali: Dormis, Brute? Lucullus, cum 
 aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, coena esset posita, coquum 
 graviter objurgavit eique excusanti ac dicenti, se non debuisse 
 lautum parare convivium, quod nemo esset ad coenam invitatus: 
 “Quid ais,” inquit iratus Lucullus, “uesciebasne hodie Lucullum 
 coenaturum esse apud Lucullum? Utrum major est sol an minor 
 terra? Casune mundus ortus est an vi divina? Imperium decem- 
 
 4 
 
 virale Romanis saluti fuit annon? Utrum hoc tu parum comme- 
 ministi an ego non satis intellexi an mutasti sententiam? Rides 
 an ploras? Non ego te dictis offendere volui; an putas me parvi 
 facere benevolentiam tuam? Cur Agamemnon apud Homerum 
 optat, ut decem viros Nestoris similes habeat? an quia illum 
 sapientissimum et fidelissimum cognoverat? Sapientes mihi viden¬ 
 tur esse beatissimi; an quidquam deest ad beate vivendum ei 
 qui confidit suis bonis? In bello nihil gravius utiliusve est, quam 
 obedientia; an quid vel maximam militum in proelio virtutem 
 profecturum putatis, nisi imperatoris dicto audientes esse didi¬ 
 cerint. 
 
 1 fettered. 
 
 369. What poet can be compared to Homer? What enjoy¬ 
 ment can one receive 1 from intercourse with godless men? What 
 is anger? What city of Italy is unknown to you? Why should 
 I not be able to do what you can do? Why do you chase after 2 
 so trifling g'ain, since } r ou are permitted to be very rich? Who 
 made threats 3 in the senate and what threats did he make? You 
 dare to appear 4 on the forum, to come into the sight of these 
 honorable men? Have you informed your friends that, contrary 
 to our expectation, the enemy has entered 6 the city? Is there 
 any greater duty than the love of children towards their parents? 
 Does not the order of the world show that there is a God? Has 
 
QUESTIONS. 
 
 179 
 
 Aristides not been banished on account of his too great justice? 
 Do you think that it was easier for Ligarius to leave Africa 
 than for you not to come to Africa? Which of the two do you 
 consider the better speaker—Cicero or Demosthenes? Does he 
 himself err, or does he wish others to err? Will a seer con¬ 
 jecture 6 the nature of a sickness more sagaciously 7 than a physi¬ 
 cian, or 8 the management of a war more prudently than a com¬ 
 mander ? 
 
 1 capere. 2 persequi. 3 minari. 4 prodire. 5 invadere. 6 conjectura asse¬ 
 qui. 6 acutus. 7 aut , because the question is not disjunctive. 
 
 370. He who fears is a slave; or is not every fear slavery? 
 Whom do you praise most? surely 1 him who has at heart not 
 only his own welfare, but also that of his friends and his coun¬ 
 try? Which hand is more skilled 2 the right or the left? Do we 
 not rightly admire the illustrious deeds of the Greeks and Ro¬ 
 mans? Are you satisfied with your lot or not? Whither did 
 Hannibal flee when, at the instigation of the Romans, he was 
 banished from Carthage by his fellow-citizens? How many fa¬ 
 mous works of art were brought 3 from Greece to Italy by the 
 Romans? Do not the most shameful crimes spring from the vice 
 of avarice? Does pleasure render a man better or more praise¬ 
 worthy? What need is there of many words? Do you not see 
 that what I advise is to your advantage? Are men who devote 
 their whole lives to the acquisition 4 of wealth wise or not? No 
 name has ever been more illustrious in the whole world than 
 that of Pompey; or do you think that any shore is so deserted, 
 to which the report of that day has not penetrated 5 , when*the 
 entire Roman people demanded Pompey alone as commander for 
 the war against Mithridates? 
 
 1 an. 2 exercitatus. 3 invehi. 4 parare. 5 pervadere. 
 
 § 278 . 
 
 371. Intelligimus quam sit turpe diffluere luxuria et delicate 
 ac molliter vivere; quamque honestum, parce, continenter, severe, 
 sobrie. Effugere nemo id potest quod futurum est; saepe autem 
 ne utile quidem est scire quid futurum sit. Multi noverunt qua 
 via ad virtutem perveniatur, sed pauci ingrediuntur. Mucius igno¬ 
 rans uter rex esset, scribam regis pro rege occidit. Quota hora 
 sit, discipulus ad verba magistri attentus non curat. Erat inter 
 Afros captivus puer adultus, regii generis, forma insigni; quem 
 cum percontaretur Scipio quis et cujas esset et cur id aetatis in 
 
180 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 castris esset: “Numida sum,” inquit puer, “Massivam populares 
 vocant.” Ciconiae, unde veniant et quo se conferant, adhuc in¬ 
 compertum est. In maximis rebus, quonam modo me gererem 
 adversus Caesarem, usus tuo consilio sum. Jugurtha elephantis 
 et parti copiarum Bomilcarem praefecit eumque edocet quae age¬ 
 ret. Quibus rebus Solon de civitate Atheniensium optime meru¬ 
 erit? Quanta fide Hannibal jusjurandum patri datum, se perpe¬ 
 tuum Romanorum inimicum fore, servaverit? Fit nescio quomodo, 
 ut magis in aliis cernamus quam in nobismet ipsis, si quid de¬ 
 linquetur. Vultus tuus nescio quod ingens malum significat. 
 Natale solum 1 nescio qua dulcedine captos vincit et immemores 
 non sinit esse sui. Tam diu in his periculis versamur, sed nescio 
 quo pacto omnium scelerum maturitas in nostri consulatus tem¬ 
 pus erupit. Id mirum quantum profuit ad concordiam civitatis. 
 Differt inter honestum et turpe nimium quantum. 
 
 1 native soil. 
 
 372. Dubito num idem tibi suadere quod mihi debeam. Epa¬ 
 minondas, cum gravi vulnere se exanimari videret, quaesivit, sal- 
 vusne esset clipeus. Quaesieras ex me, nonne putarem tot sae¬ 
 culis inveniri verum potuisse. Caesar, postquam aliquamdiu ex- 
 pectavit, si hostes aggrederentur, signum proelii committendi 
 dedit. Lysandrum frustra conatum esse constat, si oraculum Del¬ 
 phicum corrumpere posset. S} r phax dum solus in hostes invadit, 
 si suo ipse periculo fugam sistere posset, equo lapso, vivus captus 
 est. Quid interest, utrum ex homine se quis convertat in belluam, 
 an in hominis figura immanitatem gerat belluae? Stellarum nu¬ 
 merus par an impar sit, incertum est. Fatemur, acuti hebetesne, 
 valentes imbecilline simus, non esse id in nobis. Sitientis nihil 
 intererit, aureumne poculum sit an vitreum; an Diogenem cava 
 manu aquam hausisse ignoras? Commoda et incommoda hominis 
 considerantur hoc modo: valens, an imbecillus: longus, an brevis; 
 formosus, an deformis; velox, an tardus sit. Augustus cum ami¬ 
 cis deliberavit, utrum imperium retineret necne. Ingens eo die 
 res ac nescio an maxima illo die gesta sit. Nescio an res publica 
 Atheniensium nulla re magis sit lapsa quam immodica contio¬ 
 num licentia. Si per se virtus ponderanda sit, dubito an Thra¬ 
 sybulum omnium principem ponam. Id et ostendisti quibusdam 
 litteris ex Epiro an Athenis datis. 
 
 373. Tell me what resolution you have taken. You know 
 what I was formerly, and you see what I am now. The philo¬ 
 sophers ask what anger is. How dear P. Scipio was to the 
 
QUESTIONS. 
 
 181 
 
 citizens, was apparent from the mourning at 1 his burial. You 
 do not know how great the power of friendship is, nor how great 
 that of enmity. At one time Cicero knew so little of Atticus, 
 that he had not even an idea where on earth he lived. Do you 
 know, who that Cato was, when he lived and why he had the 
 surname of the Elder. The Greeks often consulted the oracle 
 what they should do. Anacharsis asked Solon to explain the 
 prirciples 3 which the Athenians followed in the education of 
 youth; the different kinds of justice; the lesson which the 
 fable of Icarus teaches us. In your letter to Lucceus something 
 I know not what seems to have been written by which he was 
 greatly distressed 4 , The arrival of Caesar in the camp encour¬ 
 aged 5 the soldiers wonderfully. We know of Demosthenes that 
 he devoted himself exceedingly much to the study of oratory. 
 Cicero in some passage, I know not which, speaks of the renown 
 
 which the Rhodians gained by their achievements at sea 6 . 
 
 1 gen. 2 suspicari. 3 ratio. 4 afflictari. 5 confirmare. 6 res navalis. 
 
 374. My father asked me whether I wished to set out for 
 the camp with him. I do not as yet know, whether we shall 
 come to Itaty this winter. We may rightly ask boys who make 
 sport of old people, whether they do not themselves hope to 
 become old men. Epaminondas, when d} 7 ing, asked who had 
 conquered, the Thebans or the Peloponnesians. Among the ten 
 commanders whom the Athenians had chosen, there was a great 
 dispute 1 , whether they should defend themselves by means of 
 walls, or march against the enemy and decide by battle 2 . Let 
 us distinguish whether a person can not or will not. Menes¬ 
 theus, the son of Iphicrates, was asked whether he esteemed 
 his mother or his father higher. When a defendant 3 says that 
 he has erred through ignorance 4 , he is asked, whether he could 
 have known or not. Almost all visit you to see whether you 
 desire anything. The attempt was made 5 , whether Ardea could 
 be taken at the first assault. Caesar was not only an excellent 
 general but also a distinguished- orator; and I do not know 
 whether, next to Cicero, he was not the best in his time. It is 
 not wrong 5 to strive after riches; but I doubt, whether it is bet¬ 
 ter to possess great wealth than to be contented with little. The 
 next letter I will write to you from Rome or perhaps from 
 Naples. When some tyrant or other asked Diogenes what metal 
 would be fit best for making statues, he answered: “Perhaps 
 that is most fit, of which the statues of Harmodius were made.” 
 
 1 controversia, . 2 acie decernere. 3 reus. 4 imprudens. 5 tentare, 6 iniquus , 
 
182 
 
 miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 § 279 . 
 
 375. Fuisti saepe, credo, cum Athenis esses, in scholis phi¬ 
 losophorum? Vero ac lubenter quidem. Tarquinius Naevium ro¬ 
 gavit, fierine posset, quod ipse mente conceperat? Ille, posse, 
 respondet. Dasne, deorum immortalium numine naturam omnem 
 regi? do sane. Numquid nescis, quid discriminis sit inter lucem 
 et lumen? Certe. Nonne mirabile videtur, quam brevi tempore 
 Persarum regnum in dicionem Macedonum venerit? Sane quidem. 
 Estne frater tuus intus? Non est. Semperne orator in oratione 
 ordinem quem vult tenere potest? Non ita. Ecquid dubitas quin 
 fidem praestaturus sim? Minime vero. Numquid possumus prae¬ 
 terita mutare? Non possumus. Ubi fuit Sulla? num Roma? 
 Immo longe abfuit. Meliusne nobiscum ageretur, si fortuna 
 omnibus optatis nostris responderet? Immo vero, pessime. Cati¬ 
 lina tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero in senatum venit, fit publici 
 consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis unumquemque vestrum. 
 
 376. Will you go into the country? No; I shall remain at 
 home. Epaminondas asked the bystanders 1 : “Is my shield safe?” 
 They answered: “Yes.” “Is the enemy routed?” They replied: 
 “Yes.” “Then,” said he, “I shall die unconquered.” Will you 
 return home from the country to-morrow? No; I shall rather re¬ 
 main in the country this whole month. Is this your house? Yes. 
 Do you not see how much idleness weakens the body? Yes, surely. 
 Was not the Capitol saved by the gabbling of the geese? Yes. 
 Were the Romans not more learned than the Greeks? By no 
 means. Is it certain whether Homer, the greatest of the Greek 
 poets, was born at Smyrna, or at Athens, or at Rhodes? No, 
 we do not know where he was born. Do flatterers benefit us? 
 No, on the contrary, they frequently injure us seriously. When 
 Cicero on his departure from his province came to Puteoli, he 
 was greatly astonished when some one asked him on what day 
 he had left Rome and whether there were any news. Cicero 
 answered him: “I come from my province;” “oh yes,” the other 
 said, “from Africa, I believe.” “No, from Sicily,” Cicero proudly 
 answered. 
 
 1 ads tare. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 377. When Hercules saw two roads, the one of pleasure, the 
 other of virtue, he doubted upon which it was better to enter. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 183 
 
 Diogenes commanded that he be cast out 1 and left unburied 2 . 
 One of his friends thereupon asked: “For the birds and wild 
 beasts?” “No,” said he, “but you shall place a small rod 3 be¬ 
 side me, that I may drive them away 4 . “How can you do that, 
 for you will not feel it?”- “What harm shall it do me to be 
 torn to pieces 6 by wild animals, if I feel nothing?” When a cer¬ 
 tain person was asked, which of the two he would rather be, 
 Croesus or Socrates, he answered: “In life 7 I would like to be 
 Croesus; in death 7 , Socrates. The surname which the Romans 
 gave Titus, sufficiently proves how beloved 8 probity and fidelity 
 are, how hated 9 cruelty is. I know full well 10 how perishable 11 
 and frail human things are. Do you believe that Epaminondas 
 sighed, when he noticed that his life together with his blood 
 was passing away? 12 You have asked me, whether I do not be¬ 
 lieve that within so many centuries truth could have been found. 
 
 1 projicere. 2 inhumatus. 3 bacillum. 4 abigere. 6 laniare. 6 adj. 7 parti¬ 
 ciple. 8 amor , is. 9 odium. 10 non ignorare. 11 caducus. 12 effluere. 
 
 378. When Hercules, at the first dawn of day, roused 1 from 
 sleep, had inspected 2 his flock and noticed that a part was miss¬ 
 ing, he went towards the nearest cave to see whether tracks 
 lead 3 there. Who is wealthier, he that is rich in understanding 
 or he that is rich in money? The enemy watched whether the 
 Romans would cross the swamp. We must consider not of what 
 parents any one 4 is born, but what he is himself. When Plato 
 was asked what difference there was between a wise man and a 
 fool, he answered: “The same as between a physician and a 
 sick person.” Cease to doubt, whether it is more expedient on 
 account of many wicked persons to spare one, or by the punish¬ 
 ment 5 of one wicked person to check the wickedness of many. 
 History teaches how the Roman commonwealth from the most 
 beautiful and best, became the worst and most disgraceful of 
 all. It matters not how much money you give to the poor, but 
 with what intention 6 . 
 
 1 excire. 2 perlustrare. 3 ferre. 4 quisque. 5 supplicium. 6 animus. 
 
 379. The enemy, forced 1 by hunger, went out of the camp 
 to ascertain if perchance they might find some grain. I do not 
 know whether those who devote themselves to the administration 
 of the state 2 , ought not still more than the philosophers strive 
 after contempt 3 of earthly things and after tranquillity of the 
 soul. You know what a straight line is; what does that benefit 
 you if you do not know what is straight in life. Do you admit 
 
 1 adducere . 2 rempublicam capessere . 3 despicientia. 
 
184 
 
 THE FINAE CLAUSE. 
 
 that the whole of nature is governed by the power 1 of God? 
 Yes. Has utility triumphed over virtue? 2 No, on the contrary 
 utility has followed virtue. What was the cause of so sudden 
 a change in your character? Why will you not open your heart 
 to your parents? Is there any one on the whole earth to whom 
 you could confide your secrets more unreservedly 4 than to them? 
 
 1 numen. 2 honestus. 3 arcana , orum. 4 apertus, a, um. 
 
 380. The ancients were not without reason in doubt, whether 
 among the Latin poets the first place 1 in elegiac poetry 2 was 
 to be assigned 3 to Tibullus or to Propertius. I will not repeat 
 how much is written in the works of the most learned men con¬ 
 cerning bravery, fame, patriotism and the rewards, which await 4 
 those who have fought bravely and courageously for their country. 
 Mucius being too much afraid to ask 5 which of the two was 
 Porsenna, in order not to betray 6 who he was, killed the secre¬ 
 tary instead of the king. When Lycurgus, the lawgiver of the 
 Lacedaemonians, had entered the temple of Apollo at Delphi 7 
 in order to ask the god for an oracle, the priestess thus addressed 
 him: “I know not whether you ought to be called a god or a 
 man, but you seem to me rather to be a god.” Ambassadors 
 were sent by the Athenians to Delphi, to ask Apollo’s advice 8 
 whom they should take for a commander. 
 
 1 principatus , us. 2 genus elegiacum. 3 deferre. 
 6 aperire. 7 Delphicus , a , um. 8 consulere. 
 
 4 manere. 5 sciscitari. 
 
 THE FINAL CLAUSE. 
 
 § 280 . 
 
 381. Idcirco amicitiae comparantur ut commune commodum 
 mutuis officiis gubernetur. Cato nunquam recte fecit ut facere 
 videretur sed quia aliter facere non poterat. Atheniensibus pax 
 ea conditione concessa est ut muros diruerent. Foedus ictum 
 est inter Romanos et Albanos ea lege, ut unde imperium ibi 
 victoria esset. Persae mortuos cera circumlitos condunt ut quam 
 maxime permaneant diuturna corpora. Ut fratrem sobole pri¬ 
 varet, Amulius Rheam Silviam ejus filiam Vestae sacerdotem 
 fecit. Socratem adhortabantur amici ut e carcere effugeret. Dion 
 non destitit obsecrare Dionysium ut Platonem Athenis arcesseret 
 et ejus consiliis uteretur. Te illud admoneo ut meditere resist¬ 
 endum esse iracundiae. Quem ut mentiatur inducere possumus, 
 ut pejeret, exorare facile poterimus. Si non ipso honesto move- 
 
THE FINAL CLAUSE. 
 
 185 
 
 mur ut boni simus sed utilitate aliqua atque fructu, callidi sumus, 
 non boni. Herculi imperavit Eurystheus rex ut arma reginae 
 Amazonum sibi offerret. Praetor Mummius edixit ut adesset Vati- 
 mius dic trigesimo. Atheniensibus nominatim Pythia praecepit 
 ut Miltiadem sibi imperatorem sumerent. Caesar Voluseno man¬ 
 dat ut exploratis omnibus quam primum ad se revertatur. Tana¬ 
 quil Tarquinio conjugi suasit ut Servium Tullium haud secus ac 
 liberos suos educaret. Fabricii admiratus virtutem, Pyrrhus rex 
 illum secreto invitavit ut patriam desereret secumque vellet vivere. 
 Scipioni ante annos consuli facto Sicilia provincia decreta per¬ 
 missumque est ut inde in Africam trajiceret. 
 
 382. Ante senectutem curavi, ut bene viverem, in senectute, 
 ut bene moriar. Consulere ac prospicere debent parentes ut libe¬ 
 rorum pueritia quam firmissimo praesidio munita sit. Caverat 
 sibi Catilina ut scelerum suorum multos socios adjutoresque sibi 
 adjungeret. Cicero summo studio enitebatur ut Caesarem et 
 Pompejum inter se conciliaret et a belli civilis calamitatibus de¬ 
 terreret. Omnibus opibus et viribus, ut uosmet ipsi nobis mederi 
 possimus, elaborandum est. Lentulus constituerat ut Bestia tribu¬ 
 nus plebis quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis. Tarentum ut Poenis 
 traderent, tredecim fere nobiles juvenes Tarentini conjuraverunt. 
 Periculosum est committere ut accusator nomineris. Quamquam 
 multi id agunt, ut omni modo mihi maledicant meisque in civi¬ 
 tatem meritis obtrectent, tamen nec operi nec pecuniae parcam 
 ut vulneribus reipublicae medear. Opera danda est ut verbis 
 utamur quam usitatissimis et quam maxime aptis, id est, rem 
 declarantibus. Boni parentes nihil antiquius habent quam ut 
 liberorum animos honesti studio imbuant atque bonis artibus 
 litterisque erudiendos curent. Frater mihi scripsit ut domum 
 redirem, patrem subito aegrotare coepisse. Pythia Atheniensibus 
 respondit ut moenibus ligneis sese defenderent. Haec prima lex 
 amicitiae sanciatur, ut ab amicis honesta petamus, amicorum 
 causa honesta faciamus. Sallustius statuit res gestas populi 
 Romani perscribere. Jugurtha exercitu circumdato summa vi 
 Cirtam irrumpere nititur. Exercitus Alexandrum lacrymis depre¬ 
 catur, finem tandem belli faceret, aliquando patriae reditusque 
 meminisset. Rogo vos, auxilio mihi veniatis. Amicos Ariobar¬ 
 zanis hortatus sum, regis sui vitam omni cura defenderent. 
 
 383. Tarquinius made war upon the Romans in order to be 
 again restored to the royal power. Youths should 1 strive to ful- 
 
 1 decet. 
 
186 
 
 the einai, clause. 
 
 fill most punctually the precepts which they have received from 
 their parents and teachers, their best guides. I advise you to 
 learn to be a father from those who really are fathers. Caesar 
 applied to 1 Pompey, beseeching him to use all his influence, in 
 order that the plans of his enemies might be frustrated. History 
 advises us, that we should imitate great and wise men. Caesar 
 admonished his soldiers to defend the honor and dignity of that 
 general under whose leadership they had fought, in nine years, 
 so many successful battles and subdued the whole of Gaul. A 
 truce was granted to the Veientes for forty years, on condition 
 that they pay tribute. I shall tell your relatives to copy the 
 book and send it to you. Tarquinius insisted 2 that as soon as 
 
 possible an assembly should be held 3 for the election 4 of a king. 
 
 1 adire. 2 niti. 3 facere. 4 creare. 
 
 384. I wrote to you lately that you should soon come to 
 me; but you replied that you could not come on account of much 
 business 1 . The admiral gave the command 2 to raise the mast, 
 unfurl the sails and 3 weigh anchor, and at the same time he 
 orders 4 to signal that the rest should follow him. By a promise 
 of great rewards Caesar bribed a Gallic 5 horseman to carry a 
 letter to Cicero. Alcibiades allowed himself to be incited 6 by 
 anger to take up arms against his fellow-citizens. Endeavor to 
 make all men your friends; for friendship makes happiness 
 brighter 7 and misfortune lighter. Sulpicius, the tribune of the 
 people, proposed 8 a law, that the chief command be taken away 9 
 from Sulla. The legates of the Ubii besought Caesar to spare 
 them. Lysander formed the plan to expel the kings from Sparta. 
 At Rome the tribunes of the people exerted themselves with the 
 greatest zeal to diminish the authority of the senate. Young men, 
 consider nothing of greater importance than to become wiser and 
 better from day to day. If you be praised, I request you to 
 investigate 10 , whether }^ou are rightly praised. The wealth which 
 a father acquires, often gives occasion for his son to indulge 
 his passions. 
 
 1 plural. 2 imperare. 8 see Gr. § 316, 1. 4 jubere. 5 Gallus. 6 see Gr. 
 
 § 251, n. 7 splendidus. 8 ferre. 9 abrogare aliquid alicui. 10 quaerere. 
 
 385. The Athenians requested the Lacedaemonians before 
 the battle of Marathon to send them troops. I encourage you 
 earnestly, my Cicero, not only to read my orations, but also to 
 read diligently the books of Philosophy. The general was 
 allowed to lead the legions against the enemy. The Gauls formed 
 the plan to flee from the city. The most noble citizens of Rome 
 
THE FINAI, CLAUSE. 
 
 187 
 
 conspired to set the city on fire. It was resolved that decemvirs 
 should be elected. The horsemen fought bravely to wipe out 
 by bravery the disgrace of their flight. When Numa had come 
 to Rome, he instituted many sacred rights 1 , in order to soften 
 the manners of the people by means of religion. Miltiades made 
 great endeavors 2 , that camps be pitched at the very first oppor¬ 
 tunity. Parmenio advised Alexander the Great to accept the 
 money offered by Darius for the purpose of purchasing- 3 peace. 
 Every man must look to it to preserve his life by all lawful 
 means. Porsenna permitted Cloelia to choose for herself of the 
 hostag-es whomever she wished. The Carthaginians, defeated 
 at the Aeg-etian 4 islands, were guanted peace under the condition, 
 that they would evacuate 5 all islands which lie between Italy 
 and Africa, and for twenty years pay a fixed 6 tribute to the 
 Roman people. 
 
 1 sacra. 2 niti. 3 redimere. 4 Aegates. 5 decedere . 6 certus. 
 
 § 281 . 
 
 386. Alexander edixit, ne quis ipsum alius, quam Apelles, 
 ping-eret. Te illud primum rogo, ne quid invitus mea causa 
 facias. Te moneo, magnitudinem animi tui ne unquam inflectas 
 cujusquam injuria. Omnem haruspicum scientiam ex Etruria 
 adhibebant Romani, ne genus esset ullum divinationis quod neg¬ 
 lectum ab iis videretur. Senatus decrevit, darent operam con¬ 
 sules, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet. Miltiades hortatus 
 est pontis custodes, ne a fortuna datam accasionem liberandae 
 Graeciae dimitterent. Est viri boni hoc tenere in amicitia, ne 
 quid fictum sit neve simulatum. Animadvertatur quanta illa res 
 sit quam efficire velimus, ut neve major neve minor cura et opera 
 suscipiatur quam causa postulat. Consilio continentiaque semper 
 tibi opus esse cogitato, idque studeto, ut omnibus virtutibus boni 
 hominis fortisque civis assuescas, neve ea admittas quorum postea 
 te poeniteat. Enitar ne aut industriam meam aut diligentiam 
 desideres. Omnium horum vitiorum una cautio est ut ne nimis 
 cito diligere incipiamus neve indignos. Videndum est, ut ea 
 liberalitate utamur, quae prosit amicis, noceat nemini. Vide ne 
 superbi sit aspernari Caesaris liberalitatem. Cum Hasdrubale, 
 qui id agebat ut Carthaginiensium rem publicam non bello aut 
 armis, sed persuadendo et clementia augeret, Romani foedus 
 renovarunt, ut fines utriusque imperii esset Iberus neve Sagun¬ 
 tum bello peteretur. Senatus consulto praescriptum est, nequis 
 
188 
 
 THE FINAL CLAUSE. 
 
 domi suae occultos coetus haberet neque ipse celebraret. Haec 
 igitur lex in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque rogemus res turpes 
 nec faciamus rogati. 
 
 387. Thrasybulus made a law, that no one should be ac¬ 
 cused or punished for past offences. Ancus Marcius united the 
 Janiculum to the city, not on account of want of space, but 
 that it might not become a stronghold for the enemy. Vercin¬ 
 getorix begged all to have regard for his safety, and not to 
 deliver up to the enem} T for torture him who had well deserved 
 of the liberty of all. When Marcellus had taken the city of 
 Syracuse, he commanded 1 , that no one should kill Archimedes, 
 by 2 whom the city had been so long defended. It was a law 
 of the Romans, that a citizen should be neither fettered without 
 a hearing 3 , nor beaten with rods. Caesar sent a letter to the 
 Lingones, that they should supply the Helvetians neither with 
 grain nor anything else. When Socrates saw sculptors laboring 
 with the greatest zeal to make the stone as like to man as pos¬ 
 sible, he said: “I wonder that these sculptors do not endeavor 
 with equal diligence not to appear like stones.” 
 
 1 edicere . 2 opera. 3 indicta causa. 
 
 388. The enemy guarded the passages to their camp with 
 bodies of armed men, in order that the Romans could not follow 
 them, before their baggage train 1 would be well 2 advanced 3 . 
 Caesar had hastily sent the horsemen against the enemy, in 
 order that they should not encamp anywhere. Decumvirs were 
 elected, and it was decided that during this year there should 
 be no other magistrates. The tribunes proclaimed the law, that 
 nobody should possess more than five hundred acres of land. 
 The emperor Tiberius forbade to erect statues in his honor 5 , 
 and allowed it only on condition that they would not be placed 
 among the statues of the gods. Take care that you do not incur 0 
 the reproach 6 of levity! See whether you do not act impudently, 
 when you endeavor to take 7 honors for your name from the works 
 of others. See whether it is easy for you to come to me. 
 
 1 agmen impedimentorum. 2 satis. 3 procedere. 4 = to him. 5 subire. 
 6 nota , ae. 7 libare. 
 
 §§ 282 & 283 . 
 
 389. Vereor, ne, dum minuere velim laborem, augeam. Non 
 vereor, ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos 
 rumores. Timor Romae grandis fuit, ne iterum Galli Romam 
 
THE FINAL CLAUSE. 
 
 189 
 
 redirent. Improbi aut afficiuntur poena, aut semper sunt in metu, 
 ne afficiantur aliquando. Hannibal Carthaginem, patriam suam, 
 metu, ne Romanis traderetur, reliquit. Num est periculum, ne 
 quis putet in magna arte et gloriosa turpe esse, docere alios id 
 quod ipsi fuerit honestissimum discere? Assentatores si quem 
 laudant, vereri se dicunt, ut illius facta verbis consequi possint. 
 Veremur ne forte non aliorum utilitati, sed propriae laudi ser¬ 
 visse videamur. Noli metuere ne filius tuus non convalescat. 
 Numquid veremini ne non publicis, sed privatis rationibus ser¬ 
 viam? Caesar, quamquam timendum non jam erat ne Ambiorix 
 plus damni sibi inferret, tamen Eburonum agros depopulari veri¬ 
 tus non est, ne cives suos impune trucidavisse viderentur. 
 
 Obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci, quo sint a frigoribus et 
 caloribus tutiores. Caro assatur vel coquitur, quo facilius con¬ 
 coquatur jucundiusque sapiat. In funeribus sublata erat celebri¬ 
 tas virorum ac mulierum, quo lamentatio minueretur. Nonnulli 
 equites Romani, qui praesidii causa cum telis erant circum aedem 
 Concordiae, seu periculi magnitudine seu animi mobilitate im¬ 
 pulsi, quo clarius suum in rempublicam studium esset, Caesari 
 ex senatu egredienti gladiis sunt minitati. 
 
 390. I fear that while (dum) I am defending my own friends, 
 I shall not spare yours. He who fears to lose any of (ex) his 
 property, will not be happy. Do not fear that I will not do that 
 which I have undertaken. The enemy retreated through fear 1 , 
 lest they would be surrounded on the exposed 2 side. There was 
 danger that the allies would fall away, if they would not obtain 
 something. Darius had resolved to go to Bactra; but, because 
 he feared that Alexander would overtake him by the celerity of 
 his movements, he changed his plan and route. Do not fear to 
 bear hardships on account of virtue. The Romans shuddered at 
 the audacity and cruelty of Jugurtha, who was not afraid to 
 stain his hands with a new murder in the very city of Rome. 
 They say that Cluentius had bribed his judges, in order thereby 
 to destroy his innocent opponent. Solon acted as if he were 
 mad, in order that his life would be so much the more secure, 
 and he the more useful to the state. It is said of Hannibal that 
 
 he crossed the Alps, in order to cause greater damage to the 
 Romans. 
 
 1 verb. 2 apertus . 
 
 § 284 . 
 
 391. Senectus non impedit, quominus litterarum studia tene¬ 
 amus usque ad ultimum tempus senectutis. Isocrati, quominus 
 
190 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 haberetur summus orator non offecit, quod infirmitate vocis, ne 
 in publico diceret, impediebatur. Rebus terrenis multa externa, 
 quominus perficiantur, possunt obsistere. Epaminondas non recu¬ 
 savit, quominus poenam legis subiret. Per Afranium stetit, quo¬ 
 minus proelio dimicaretur. Hector nec precibus patris nec matris 
 lacrimis deterritus est, quominus certamen cum Achille iniret. 
 Cum Pompejus recusasset, ne rem cum eo componeret, per Cae¬ 
 sarem nulla mora fuit, quominus Rubiconem transiret et infestis 
 signis Romam peteret. Histiaeus Milesius, ne pons in Istro fac¬ 
 tus rescinderetur, obstitit. Nefarias Verris libidines commemorari 
 pudore deterreor. Aegre milites prohibiti sunt captivos occidere. 
 Ne invii quidem Alpium montes Hannibalem deterruerunt, quin 
 bellum in Italiam transferret. Non fuit recusandum in tanto 
 civili bello, quin quassata respublica multa perderet et ornamenta 
 dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis. 
 
 392. Some Gauls deterred the multitude from collecting 
 grain. I am prevented by tears from writing more. The night 
 and the booty hindered the enemy from making use of the vic¬ 
 tory. Parmenio, having heard that the king’s physician had 
 prepared poison for him, wished to prevent him from taking 
 the medicine by sending him a letter. If any bodily pain or 
 feebleness of health prevented you from coming to the games, 
 ascribe it to good fortune. Sulpicius had hindered by protest 1 
 the banished from returning*. For some crime Ovid was banished 
 to Scythia, and, though many intercedet 2 for him, Augustus 
 refused to pardon him. It was not the fault of the Romans, 
 that there was no lasting friendship with the Samnites. The 
 patricians contended 4 with every means against the adoption 4 
 of the laws, which the Gracchi proposed. Cimon never placed a 
 watchman in his garden, that no one would be hindered from 
 taking whatever he wished. There ought to be no delay on the 
 part 5 of children, to obey their parents. When there was dan¬ 
 ger that the enemy would occupy the defiles and hills, the sol¬ 
 diers of Caesar left their camp as quick as possible; for there 
 was no one so cowardly or so indolent as to refuse to resist the 
 enemy. 
 
 1 intercedere . 2 deprecari. 3 repugnare. 4 sancire. 5 per. 
 
 •» 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 393. Caesar determined for two reasons to cross the Rhine: 
 the one of which was, because the Germans had sent auxiliary 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 191 
 
 troops to the Treviri against him; the other, that Ambiorix 
 might not have a place of refuge with 1 them. After the man¬ 
 ner of the Pythagoreans, I will in the evening review all that 
 I have said, heard, and done during the day, in order to exer¬ 
 cise my memory. The Chii imprisoned Histiaeus, who had fled 
 to them from Sardes, fearing that he might form some plot 2 
 against them; but after they had ascertained the cause of his 
 flight, they set him at liberty 3 . When Alexander the Great had 
 intercepted 4 a letter from Darius, in which the Grecian soldiers 
 were incited either to assassinate or betray the king, he doubted 
 whether he should not read it in the presence of the army, for 
 he fully 6 trusted the fidelity of the Greeks. I wish you would 
 inform me in what month you will return from the country to 
 the city. 
 
 1 ad. 2 moliri. 3 solvere. 4 intercipere. 5 omnino. 
 
 394. The Helvetians thought that they could bribe the 
 Allobroges to allow them to pass through their territory. The 
 Carthaginians, whose power was broken both by the first Punic 
 war and civil 1 disturbances 2 , could not, after peace was declared, 
 prevent Sardinia being taken from them by the Romans. Let 
 us strive that death may find as little as possible which it can 
 destroy. At the time of the war between the Romans and Antio¬ 
 chus, the consul P. Cornelius issued an edict 3 , that none of the 
 magistrates should go so far from the city as not to be able to 
 return the same day, and that no five senators should be absent 
 from the city of Rome at the same time. After the first Punic 
 war, the Romans made peace under the condition that the Car¬ 
 thaginians deliver Sicily to them. The family of the Tarquinii 
 was forbidden ever to return to Rome. Aristides of Athens and 
 Camillus of Rome bore in exile the injustice they suffered from 
 their country in a far different 4 spirit: the former prayed to the 
 gods that the Athenians might never need his help; but the 
 latter is said to have prayed to the gods, that if an injustice 
 was done him, they should as soon as possible arouse in the un¬ 
 grateful state a desire for his return. 
 
 1 domesticus. 2 dissensio , onis. 3 edicere. 4 longe alius. 
 
 395. After Hercules had killed Geryones, he is said to have 
 driven the cows of wonderful form to Italy, and, being tired, to 
 have rested near the Tiber in a grassy field in order to refresh 
 the cows by rest and food. To this }^ou must see, fathers, that 
 the crime of Lentulus and of the others shall not have more 
 
192 
 
 MISCEU.ANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 influence 1 with you than your dignity, and that you do not value 
 your life more than your reputation. The soldiers earnestly en¬ 
 treated the general to look to 2 his safety and not allow himself 
 to .be taken prisoner by the enemy. Agesilaus having died away 
 from his country, his friends, as they had no honey, poured wax 
 around his body, that it might easier be transported to Sparta, 
 and thus they brought it home. Having heard that your strength 
 is being exhausted by continuous labor, I earnestly beg 3 you to 
 spare yourself, in order that we be not grieved by the news 
 that you are feeble. Phocion did not accept the money offered 
 to him by Alexander, but, in order not to offend him by his 
 refusal, he begged him to set four men at liberty who were kept 
 prisoners in the citadel of Sardes. 
 
 1 valere . 2 considere. 3 oro obsecroque. 
 
 396. Let us see whether all praise of virtue does not con¬ 
 sist in action 1 . When a poor poet had given Sulla a poem on 
 the Roman people, he commanded that a present be made to him 
 on condition that he would not write anything in future. Luta¬ 
 tius, who ended the first Punic war, was forbidden by the senate 
 to visit the oracle of Fortuna. Itis written in the Valerian law, 
 that the property of the proscribed should be confiscated 2 . After 
 the time of Solon a law was passed, that no one should erect 
 a tomb that would require 3 more labor than ten persons could 
 perform in three days. I assured myself, that it was your fault 
 that our undertaking did not end well. Pompey commanded his 
 soldiers to repel the attacks of Caesar, and not to move from 
 the spot. It was agreed, that the war should be carried on with 
 eighteen legions, and that Gaul, Sicily and Sardinia should be 
 defended by two each, that G. Fabius and Tib. Gracchus should 
 each command two, that the proconsuls G. Terentius and M. Va¬ 
 lerius should each command one, and that two should remain 
 to guard the city. 
 
 1 actio. 2 publicare. 3 exigere. 
 
 397. The Haruspices had previously warned Caesar to be¬ 
 ware of the Ides of March; and his wife, alarmed by a noctur¬ 
 nal vision, begged him to remain at home on that day. Lycur¬ 
 gus, wishing to instil into the minds of boys a love of modesty, 
 commanded them to keep 1 their hands under 2 their cloaks, and 
 to pass along in silence, with their eyes cast down. The Romans 
 sent ambassadors to Hannibal to inform him, that he should 
 abstain from war; he, however, did not wish to receive them; the 
 
 K 
 
THE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 193 
 
 Romans also sent to Carthage, that Hannibal be ordered not to 
 make war upon the allies of the Roman empire. For thirteen 
 days I was with the excellent M. Laenius Flaccus, who valued 
 his life and property less than my welfare, and was not deterred 
 by the penalties of the Clodian law from performing 8 the noble 
 duties of hospitality. May I once be able to return him thanks! 
 When Croesus heard that Solon, whom he had invited to Sardes, 
 was coming, he adorned his body as gorgeously as possible, in 
 order to dazzle the eye of the newcomer 4 and to inspire 5 him 
 with an admiration for his person 6 . 
 
 1 continere. 2 intra. 3 praestare. 4 advena. 5 afficere. 8 sui. 
 
 398. According to the customs of the Romans, it was decreed 
 that before the triumph the consuls should be outside of the 
 city. With the Thebans it was a law, that if any one retained 
 the chief command longer than the period fixed 1 by law, he 
 should be condemned to death. It is to be desired, that those 
 who are at the head of the state are like unto the laws, which 
 in punishing, are guided not by anger, but by justice. Those 
 that wish to imitate Socrates must endeavor to accustom them¬ 
 selves from youth to restrain their passions. When Q. Fabius 
 Labeo, who had been given to the Nolani and Neapolitani as 
 arbiter of their boundaries, arrived at the appointed place, he 
 consulted with each party separately, and counseled them to 
 act with moderation and to be willing to retreat 2 rather than 
 to advance 2 . When both parties had done this, a large section 3 
 of land in the center remained. That part he awarded 4 to the 
 Romans. 
 
 1 praefinire. 2 regredi — progredi. 3 aliquantum. 4 adjudicare. 
 
 THE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 § 285 . 
 
 399. Cimon fuit tanta liberalitate, ut nunquam hortis suis 
 custodem imposuerit. Ita multi sunt imbecilli senes, ut nullum 
 officii, aut omnino vitae munus exsequi possint. Platonem Dio 
 adeo admiratus est atque adamavit, ut totum se ei dederet. Ha¬ 
 bet has vices conditio mortalium ut adversa ex secundis, ex ad¬ 
 versis secunda nascantur. Fuit Iphicrates et animo et corpore 
 magno, ut ipso aspectu cuivis injiceret admirationem sui Quin¬ 
 ctius Cincinnatus, dictatura in sex menses accepta, sexto decimo 
 13 
 
194 
 
 THE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 die se abdicavit, prorsus ut festinasse dictator ad relictum opus 
 videretur: expeditione enim finita, ad boves rediit triumphalis 
 agricola. Nostri imperatores ita de Mithridate triumpharunt, 
 ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Ego tibi onus imponam, 
 ita tamen, ne tibi nolim molestus esse. Haec verba adeo non 
 moverunt quemquam, ut legati prope violati sint. Epaminondas 
 perfecit, ut auxilio sociorum Lacedaemonii privarentur. Socra¬ 
 tes non a se impetravit, ut supplicii vitandi gratia apud judices 
 ad preces descenderet. Cum Scipio apud Zamam de Hannibale 
 victoriam reportasset, id assecuti sunt Romani, ut Carthaginien¬ 
 ses pacem petere cogerentur. Socrates respondit, sese meruisse, 
 ut amplissimis et praemiis decoraretur. Natura fert, ut extrema 
 ex altera parte graviter 1 , ex altera autem acute 2 sonent. Hoc 
 plerumque fit, ut consilia eventibus ponderemus. Invitus feci, 
 ut Flaminium e senatu ejicerem. Aristidis aequitate factum est, 
 ut summa imperii maritimi transferretur ad Athenienses. 
 
 1 low. 2 high. 
 
 400. Fit fere, ut, qui bonum aliquid nuntiant, affingant ali¬ 
 quid, quo laetius faciant id, quod nuntiant. Fieri non potest, 
 ut, quae agimus, omnibus semper sint probata. Priusquam classis 
 ex portu Piraeo exiit, accidit, ut una nocte omnes Hermae qui 
 per urbem Atheniensium erant, dejicerentur. Thrasybulo conti¬ 
 git, ut patriam a triginta tyrannis oppressam in libertatem vindi¬ 
 caret. Persaepe evenit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet. Ad 
 communem omnium trepidationem accedit, ut phalanx Macedonum 
 non circumagere se posset. Cum in eo jam esset, ut Poeni totum 
 Minucii exercitum delerent, Fabius laborantibus auxilio venit. 
 Amicis quoniam satisfeci reliquum est, ut egomet mihi consu¬ 
 lam. Quoniam de rebus gestis Alexandri satis diximus, restat, 
 ut quibus moribus fuerit, adumbremus; extremum erit, ut de exitu 
 viri paucis exponamus. Plurimi Romani, qui philosophiae Stoi¬ 
 corum operam dabant, longe aberat, ut philosophi essent: animo¬ 
 rum relaxandorum causa huic studio se dederunt. Tantum abest 
 ut me hesternae quietis poeniteat, ut servatum a me exercitum 
 eo consilio credam. Tantum abest ut enervetur oratio compositi¬ 
 one verborum: contra aliter in ea nec impetus nec vis esse potest. 
 Philosophia Epicurea tantum abest a vero, ut homines in gra¬ 
 vissimos errores inducat. Facile concedo Scipionem morum Grae¬ 
 corum fuisse studiosiorem quam ut omnibus civibus gratus esse 
 posset. 
 
 401. Alexander, king of the Macedonians, fought so bravely, 
 
THE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 195 
 
 that he defeated all the nations of Asia as far as the ocean and 
 the river Ganges. Is there anyone so foolish as to believe, that 
 what the ancient writers say of the fate of the dead in the lower 
 regions is true? Jugurtha was of a restless and fiery spirit and 
 effected by his many gallant deeds, that he was very dear to 
 the Romans, but a terror to the Numantini. Cicero brought it 
 about that the famine which existed throughout all Asia was 
 alleviated 1 . By the appearance of good, men are often deceived 
 to such an extent, that they embrace the evil instead of the 
 good. Numa imbued the minds of the Romans with such piety, 
 that fear of the gods, not of the laws and punishments, kept 
 the citizens in check 2 . Marcellus did not obtain 8 permission 4 to 
 enter the city in triumph 5 . You ought to yield to anger only 
 so far, that you consider your welfare more important than your 
 anger. Though Aristides deserved to receive the greatest honors 
 from the Athenians, he was sent into exile. The victory which 
 Pyrrhus gained over the Romans, was of so little profit 6 to him, 
 that he even dreaded a second victory. The Romans and Aequi 
 fought with varied success 7 , that it was uncertain, which of the 
 two won the victory. We often judge wrongly about the actions 
 of others, because we do not see what their intentions 8 are. 
 Custom often brings it about that people consider that as lawful 9 , 
 which is forbidden. 
 
 1 sedare, 2 continere. 3 impetrare. 4 licet. 5 triumphare. 6 prodesse . 
 7 Mars , iis. 8 mens , sing-. 9 honestus. 
 
 402. It is the case that you are guilty of a crime. Caesar 
 was in great danger, and nothing else remained than by an 
 attack to repulse the enemy’s cavalry. In the last war many 
 did not lack money and strength, but were wanting in courage 
 and willingness 1 ; thus it happened, that many remained at home 
 who should have taken up arms to defend their country. It 
 generally 2 happens, that we take more notice of a mistake made 
 by others than one made by ourselves. The camp was too strongly 
 fortified to be taken without an assault. When we were on the 
 point of taking the hostile 3 city, we desisted from the assault, 
 for fear that the fleet of the enemy would arrive. The poet 
 Archias, for whom Cicero delivered an oration, had the good 
 fortune 4 to enjoy the confidence and company of the most noble 
 among the Romans. Far from finding fault with your opinion, 
 I even praise it. The orator was so far from engaging our 
 attention 5 , that he hardly kept 6 us from falling asleep. The joy 
 
 1 voluntas. 2 verb. 3 hostis. 4 contingit. 5 attentum reddere. 6 tenere. 
 
196 
 
 THE consecutive cuause. 
 
 which you prepared for me was greater than that I could com¬ 
 prehend it. It was impossible for the Romans to retain their 
 ancient frugality, when they had acquired the riches of the East. 
 Finally 1 I admonish you, that you always be mindful of my 
 teachings 2 . 
 
 1 extremum est. 2 praeceptum . 
 
 § 286 . 
 
 403. Cum tibi deus dederit animum, quo nihil est praestan¬ 
 tius: sic te ipse abjicies, ut nihil inter te, atque inter quadrupe¬ 
 dem aliquam putes interesse? Ejusmodi in provinciam homines 
 cum imperio mittimus, ut ipsorum adventus in urbes sociorum 
 non multum ab hostili expugnatione differat. Hannibal in Italia 
 tum gravi morbo oculorum affectus est, ut postea nunquam dex¬ 
 tro oculo aeque bene uteretur. Epaminondas fuit disertus, ut 
 nemo ei par esset eloquentia. Totae res rusticae ejusmodi sunt, 
 ut eas non ratio nec labor, sed res incertissimae, venti tempes¬ 
 tatesque, moderentur. Splendor vester facit, ut peccare sine summo 
 reipublicae periculo non possitis. Sulla, cum adolescens eum 
 maledictis incessere usque ad fores domus ausus esset: “hic ado¬ 
 lescens,” inquit, “efficiet, ne quis posthac tale imperium depo¬ 
 nat.” Nemo navigavit, ut non se aut mortis aut servitutis peri¬ 
 culo committeret. 
 
 404. Saturnus, the king of the Aborigines, is said to have 
 been such a lover 1 of justice, that no one either served under 
 him or owned any private property. We ordered your brother 
 to write to ou; but we do not know how it came 2 , that he did 
 not do so. Nobody is so ignorant as not to know, that all that 
 he sees is governed by a wise God, and that it is not possible 
 for a man to do this. Titus has so fallen, that he can never 
 rise again. The river Arar flows into the Rhone with incredible 
 smoothness 3 , so that it cannot be distinguished in which direc¬ 
 tion it flows. A good man endeavors to attain this, that he is 
 useful to as many as possible and harmful 4 to none. We cannot 
 break the laws without effecting, that others follow our example. 
 Cicero brought it about, that Catiline was not able to carry out 
 his plans. How does it come, that no one is satisfied with his 
 lot. Pompey endeavored to effect, that Caesar would not be 
 allowed to be a candidate for the consulship. Sempronia, the 
 sister of the Gracchi, esteemed her brothers so highly, that she 
 
THE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSE. 197 
 
 could not be induced either by prayers or threats to acknowledge 
 the disgrace 5 of her family. 
 
 1 amans . 2 qui fit. 3 lenitas . 4 obsum. 5 dedecus. 
 
 % 287 . 
 
 405. Caesar nunquam ad suorum quemquam litteras misit, 
 quin Attico mitteret. Quin ad diem decedam, nulla causa est. 
 Orgetorix mortuus est, neque abest suspicio, quin ipse sibi mor¬ 
 tem consciverit. Hominem arbitror esse neminem, quin facta 
 Verris nefaria commemorare possit. Quis est nostrum, quin 
 parentum et magistrorum grato animo recordetur? Germani reti¬ 
 neri non poterant, quin in nostros tela conjicerent. Virgilii et 
 Titi Livii scripta, paulum abfuit, quin ex omnibus bibliothecis 
 amoverit Caligula. Facere non possum, quin in merita tua tibi 
 gratias agam. Fieri non potuit, quin Alexander matura morte 
 decederet; nam nimios labores subierat. Remi ne Suessiones 
 quidem deterrere potuerant, quin cum Belgis consentirent. Dio¬ 
 genes nullam occasionem praetermittebat, quin eos irrideret qui 
 auram 1 popularem captarent. Antiochus, Syriae rex, per speciem 2 
 reducendi majoris Ptolemaei Aegyptum invaserat et navali proe¬ 
 lio ipsam Alexandriani terrebat, nec procul abesse, quin potire¬ 
 tur opulentissimo regno, videbatur. 
 
 1 favor. 2 pretext. 
 
 406. Deus intelligit, quid quisque sentiat: ex quo fit, ut 
 homines etiam cum taciti optent quid aut voveant, non dubitent, 
 quin Deus illud exaudiat. Non est dubium, quin beneficium sit 
 etiam invito prodesse: sicut non dedit beneficium, qui invitus 
 profuit. Quis dubitare potest, quin Dei immortalis munus sit, 
 quod vivimus? Universum mundum cum cernimus, possumusne 
 dubitare, quin his praesit aliquis effector et moderator tanti 
 operis? Quid est Catilina? num dubitas id me imperante facere, 
 quod jam diu tua sponte faciebas? Quintus Mucius inulta nar¬ 
 rare de Cajo Lentulo solebat, nec dubitare eum in omni sermone 
 appellare sapientem. Quin tu urges istam occasionem, qua melior 
 nunquam reperietur? Quin me aspice et contempla! Ego vero 
 jam te nec hortor nec rogo, ut domum redeas; quin hinc ipse 
 evolare cupio. 
 
 407. In the } ? ear 48 B. C. there was no city in Thessaly 
 that did not obey Caesar. At Athens no one could become prom¬ 
 inent without first having inspired his fellow-citizens with a 
 hatred of monarchy. Who is an enemy of the country without 
 
198 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 being* my enemy? Timoleon was never looked at by his mother 
 without being- called 1 a fratricide and an impious man. I will 
 not omit to write a letter to you monthly 2 . Divitiacus believed 
 that the Germans, after having- conquered the whole of Gaul, 
 would not refrain* from invading- Italy. In the second Punic 
 war Hannibal was very near besieging- Rome. The Romans 
 could not deter the hostile troops from fortifying- the camp. Cae¬ 
 sar was nearly 4 defeated in Spain by the sons of Pompey. Solo¬ 
 mon, that wise king- of the Jews, could not but exclaim: “How 
 perishable and vain is everything under the sun.” It can not 
 be but that the healing of a wound frequently causes more pain 
 than the wound itself. 
 
 1 compellare. 2 see Gr. § 247, n. 1. 3 sibi temperare. 4 paulum abest. 
 
 408. Do not doubt, that the city of the enemy will perish 
 in a short time. As soon as Pelopidas in the battle saw the 
 tyrant Alexander, he, fired with fury, did not hesitate to attack 
 him. When a Spartan woman heard that her son was killed 
 in battle, she said: “I gave him birth that he might not hesi¬ 
 tate to die 1 for his country.” He who is truly our friend wishes 
 us well 2 , does not covet our possessions either for himself or 
 his friends; nay he does not even spare his own property to pro¬ 
 mote our happiness. When an officer* bound Postumius loosely 4 , 
 this one said: “Why do you not tighten the bonds.” There was 
 no doubt, that the Romans gave assistance to the Lucerini, their 
 good and faithful allies. Who doubts that in our state the road 
 to the highest honors is open to all, even to those of low ex¬ 
 traction? 5 
 
 1 occumbere and mors. 2 bene cupere. 3 apparitor. 4 laxe. 6 locus. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 409. Fabricius was so noble-minded 1 , that he warned king 
 Pyrrhus, the greatest enemy of the Roman people, to beware of 
 the poison which his physician had prepared for him. It hap¬ 
 pened accidentally, that the Roman peasants carried off booty 
 from Alban territory, and Alban peasants from that of the Ro¬ 
 mans. Ambassadors were, therefore, sent at {sub) the same time 
 by both parties 2 ; but king Tullus had instructed his men to 
 make known his demands first, so that, if the Albani refused 
 to grant them, he might justly* declare war. Many Greeks have 
 written histories; but no one would hesitate to give the prefer¬ 
 ence 4 to those written by Herodotus and Thucydides. It was an 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 199 
 
 old custom with the Greeks, which many have retained to the 
 present day 5 , to give the name of their father to one of their 
 sons, in order that the memory of the grandfather would be re¬ 
 newed in the grandchild. Flaminius indeed removed the statue 
 of Jupiter from the temple in Macedonia, but placed it upon the 
 Capitol. 
 
 1 generosus. 2 utrinque. 3 pius. 4 anteponere. 5 hodie quoque. 
 
 410. The soldiers were so far from allowing themselves to 
 be thrown into confusion by the sudden attack of the enemy 
 that, on the contrary, they received 1 it with the greatest calm¬ 
 ness. The Sicilians loved 2 the tragedies of Euripides so much, 
 that they esteemed even those who could repeat some verses by 
 heart, and received them with pleasure. The men who were 
 condemned to death for murder were so obdurate, when led to 
 execution, that they even boasted of the crimes in which they 
 had taken part. It remains, O judges, that we are in doubt, 
 which of the two killed the man; whether the one who became 
 wealthy by his death, or the other, who became poor. Plato 
 effected so much through his influence and eloquence, that he 
 persuaded Dion} r sius to put an end to the monarchy. Alexander 
 the Great was so desirous of honors, that, when {cum) in danger, 
 he hardly ever considered what would be the result; but fortune 
 of war 3 favored him to such a degree, that he escaped the great¬ 
 est perils. 
 
 1 sustinere. 2 studiosum esse. 3 bellicus , a, uni. 
 
 411. When the rear-guard of the Romans had left 1 the for¬ 
 tifications, the Gauls did not hesitate to cross the river and to 
 begin battle in an unfavorable position. No one can doubt that 
 the reign of Pisistratus and Hipparchus was very beneficial to 
 Athens; for the latter was so far from being tyrannical 2 to his 
 fellow-citizens, that they even gloried afterwards that under him 
 they lived in a kind of 3 golden age, as under Saturnus. Never 
 will virtue be so proven, that it can not be impaired by suspi¬ 
 cion. After the defeat of Varus such a fear befell the Roman 
 soldiers, that they despaired of their safety and that the surviv¬ 
 ing leaders admonished them in vain to retreat to the Rhine in 
 a compact body 4 . Catiline was not ashamed to commit the great¬ 
 est crimes in order to obtain what he desired; nay, he would 
 not .even have scrupled to murder those who had conferred the 
 greatest favors upon him. We do not doubt that you have always 
 
 1 procedere extra. 2 gravis. 3 by a pronoun. 4 densa acie. 
 
200 
 
 THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE. 
 
 done jour duty, that you are doing it now, and that you always 
 will do it in the future. 
 
 412. Caligula thought of destroying 1 the poems of Homer, 
 and was very near to removing the works of Virgil and Homer 
 from all the libraries. In upper Egypt it never rains; in lower 
 Egypt it rains three days each year; in the mountains of Nubia 
 it rains three entire 3 months; hence it happens, that the rivers 
 are so much swollen, that they inundate the lower 3 districts of 
 the country. Pausanias made a compact 4 with the Persian king, 
 in which he promised to bring the Greeks under the latter’s 
 sway, and he was not far from accomplishing what he desired. 
 When his plan was discovered, and he on the point of being 
 captured, he fled into the temple of Minerva. As Numa had 
 arranged religious rites in peace, so had Ancus established the 
 military ceremonies; so that war was waged only then when 
 formally 5 declared. Dumnorix did not doubt that the Romans, 
 after having conquered the Helvetiaus, would also destroy the 
 liberty of the Aedui. When Caesar captured the city of Gena- 
 bum, all the enemy were very near being made prisoners, since 
 the narrowness of the bridge and road blocked the flight of the 
 multitude. No enemy can approach by land without our know¬ 
 ing not only that they are here, but also, who he is and whence 
 he comes. Many people believe that they will seem charitable 
 towards their friends, if they enrich them by any means what¬ 
 ever; but this is so far from duty that nothing can be more 
 opposed 6 . 
 
 1 abolere. 2 integer. 3 inferus. 4 foedus. 5 rite. 6 contrarius , a, urn. 
 
 THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE. 
 
 § 288 . 
 
 413. Si fato omnia fiunt, nihil nos admonere potest, ut cau¬ 
 tiores simus. Maxima est in sensibus veritas, si sani sunt, et 
 omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt. Si acres ac dili¬ 
 gentes esse volumus, magna saepe intelligemus ex parvis. “Si 
 iterum.” inquit Pyrrhus, “eodem modo vicero, sine ullo milite 
 in Epirum revertar.” Si quis fugitivorum a domino prehende¬ 
 batur, concursu militum eripiebatur. Thucydidis orationes . imi¬ 
 tari, neque possim, si velim, nec velim fortasse si possim. Marii 
 si examinentur cum virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu, utrum 
 
THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE. 
 
 201 
 
 bello melior ati pace perniciosior fuerit. Si scieris aspidem occulte 
 latere uspiam, improbe facias nisi monueris alterum, ne assidat. 
 Amicitiam tueri non possumus, nisi aeque amicos ac nosmet ipsos 
 diligamus. Neque tu hoc dicere audebis, nec, si cupias, licebit. 
 
 414. Si ex humanitatis studiis delectatio sola peteretur, 
 tamen, hanc animi adversionem humanissimam et liberalissimam 
 judicaremus. Quae vita fuisset Priamo, si ab adolescentia scisset, 
 quos eventus esset habiturus? Rutilii innocentia ac virtus late¬ 
 ret, nisi accepisset injuriam. Ajax, si iracundia, confidentia, 
 contumacia positis, ut indueret moderationem impetrare a se potu¬ 
 isset, diis hominibusque reconciliatus potuit vivere. Si victoria, 
 praeda, laus dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos reipu- 
 blicae subvenire decebat. Prope oneratum 1 est sinistrum Romanis 
 cornu, ni, referentibus jam gradum consul, increpando simul teme¬ 
 ritatem, simul ignaviam, pudore metum excussisset. Nisi Milo 
 servos manumisisset, tormentis dedendi fuerunt. Pompejus felix 
 opinione hominum futurus fuit, si, quem gloriae, eundem vitae 
 finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam expertus esset jam 
 senex. Relicturi agros Siculi erant, nisi ad eos Metellus Roma 
 litteras misisset. Labebar longius nisi me retinuisses. Actum 
 erat procul dubio de imperio Romano, si Hasdrubal se cum Han¬ 
 nibale fratre conjunxisset. Scipio Africanus, Laelius, Furius si 
 nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adjuvaren¬ 
 tur, nunquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Quidquid di¬ 
 cunt laudo; id rursum si negant, laudo id quoque: negat quis, 
 nego; ait, aio. 
 
 1 overwhelm. 
 
 415. If all the virtues are equal, it follows that the vices 
 are also equal. If our souls are not immortal, then the life of 
 man is more miserable than that of animals. To those who 
 have committed a fault 1 , pardon will not be easily granted, if 
 they refuse to acknowledge it. If you should help me, it would 
 be very agreeable to me. If the chief of highway-robbers should 
 refuse to distribute the booty equally, he would either be killed 
 or forsaken by his comrades. If he who has deposited money 
 with you, should stir up war against his country, would you 
 return it to him? I believe not; for you would act against (the 
 interests of) the state, which must be very dear to all of us. A 
 state can not exist, if its bad citizens are not kept within bounds* 
 by fear of punishment. It is unnecessary to study an art, if we 
 
 1 delinquere . 2 coercere ♦ 
 
202 
 
 THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE. 
 
 do not practice it. Human nature is satisfied with little, if we 
 have not abused it. If we are satisfied with our lot, we are. 
 happy. If you thought that you could perform both duties satis¬ 
 factorily 1 , you erred greatly. 
 
 1 satisfacere. 
 
 416. If God were unjust, he would also punish the innocent. 
 The general would have conquered the enemy, had he attacked 
 them. If the people were sufficiently thankful, you would be 
 well provided with every thing. If we had readily given assist¬ 
 ance to the besieged Saguntines, we could have prevented the 
 war. The Gauls had nearly taken the Capitol, if the geese had 
 not awakened the Romans by their gaggling. The Roman army 
 would probably have been destroyed, if the cavalry had not come 
 to its assistance at the right time. If Alexander had been 
 frightened by the large number of the approaching cavalry, he 
 would have been obliged either to flee disgracefully or to perish 
 miserably. I heartily recommend my friend Henry to you, and 
 if he were my brother I could not recommend him more. If you 
 had tasted this poison, you would have had to die. Your friend, 
 if he would have had your welfare at heart, ought to have 
 warned you of the danger, which threatened you. Had Antony 
 after the naval engagement at Actium returned to his land 
 forces, they would have further defended his cause. The Romans, 
 though fewer in number, were about to conquer and would have 
 done so, if the Veientes had not escaped to the top of the hill 
 and from there attacked again. 
 
 § 289 . 
 
 417. Fieri non potest ut quis ulla arte excellat nisi eam ex¬ 
 erceat. Cicero non dubitabat quin bellum Mithridaticum, si Pom¬ 
 peio committeretur, brevi conficeretur. Vendat aedes vir bonus 
 propter aliqua vitia, quae ipse novit, ceteri ignorent; quaero, si 
 hoc emptoribus non dixerit, num id improbe fecerit. Dubium 
 non est quin nemo philosophiae studiosus esset si nihil efficeret. 
 Plebs irae adeo impotens erat, ut, nisi tribuni plebis in tempore 
 intercessissent, impetum in C. Marium factura fuerit. Mihi 
 quidem admodum dubium videtur, subactine Graeci a Philippo 
 essent, nisi in singulis Graecorum civitatibus fuissent, qui sua 
 commoda saluti communi praeferrent. Hoc possum dicere, me 
 satis adeptum fore, si nullum in me periculum redundarit. Ulixes 
 minatus est graviter in Thersitam se consulturum esse, si iterum 
 
THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE. 
 
 203 
 
 Agamemnonem violare esset ausus. Caesar a consule de sociis 
 conjurationis Catilinariae sententiam rogatus, dixisse fertur, si 
 digna poena pro factis eorum reperiretur novum consilium se 
 approbare. Ut neminem senem, nisi ipse stultissimus esset, sene¬ 
 ctutem accusaturum esse, plane intelligatis, complura exempla 
 vobis proponam eorum, qui in summa senectute beate placideque 
 vixerunt. Num Pompejum censes tribus suis consulatibus, tribus 
 triumphis laetaturum fuisse, si in solitudine Aegyptiorum truci¬ 
 datum se iri scivisset? 
 
 418. Hoc dico, fore ut divitiae, si plus aequo non aestima¬ 
 rentur, ab hominibus tam avide non appeterentur. Kpaminondas 
 Spartam tanta vi adortus est, ut omnibus appareret, nisi Agesi¬ 
 laus urbem summa contentione tutatus esset, futurum fuisse, ut 
 a Thebanis caperetur. Quamquam multum in litteris profecisti 
 tamen futurum fuisse credo, ut plus disceres, si consilia mea 
 secutus esses. Athenae et a terra et a mari tam munitae erant, 
 ut Athenienses, nisi discordia laboravissent, Lacedaemoniis urbem 
 obsidentibus diutius resistere potuerint. Catilina tantis animi 
 corporisque virtutibus erat, ut, si indole honeste usus esset, civi¬ 
 bus permagne utilitati eum esse potuisse persuasum nobis sit. 
 Omnibus notum est illud Alexandri, si Alexander non esset, se 
 velle Diogenem esse. 
 
 419. I know that if I have done any favors to friends, I 
 am not sorry for it. I do not believe that, if I possessed great 
 riches and honors, I would be happier than I am now. You 
 ask me what I would have done, if I had lived in those times. 
 No one doubted that if the general had come immediately, he 
 could have prevented the revolt of the soldiers. I am convinced 
 that if you had followed my advice, you would not have fallen 
 into such extreme misery. Do not doubt that if your daughter 
 had not died now, she would have had to die a few years later. 
 I believe that Philip of Macedon, whom Pelopidas had taken 
 along as a hostage, would not have defeated the Greeks at Chae¬ 
 ronea, if he had not been instructed in the Grecian mode of 
 warfare. There is scarcely a doubt that if Hannibal had more 1 
 troops, the Roman empire w r ould have been destroyed; for he 
 almost captured the city of Rome, and I believe that he could 
 have captured it, if he had followed the advice of his friends. 
 No one ever doubted, that, if Cicero saved the state by detect¬ 
 ing the conspiracy of Catiline, he was deservedly 5 called the 
 
 1 magnus . 2 merito . 
 
204 
 
 THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE. 
 
 father of his country. I am sure, that, if Caesar had forseen 
 his violent death 1 , he would have preferred to remain a private 
 citizen. When Philip succeeded to the throne, his resources 
 were so small, that the Athenians could easily have crushed him, 
 if they had then attacked him. 
 
 1 nex, cis, violent death. 
 
 § 290 . 
 
 420. Sine labore majora non assequimini; nisi forte putatis, 
 cuiquam contigisse, ut casu admirabilis evaderet. Defensio con¬ 
 tra vim nunquam optanda, sed nonnunquam necessaria est, nisi 
 vero ille dies, quo T. Gracchus est caesus, rempublicam non 
 vulneravit. Plurimae bestiae habent, quo tutas se reddant, sive 
 cornibus petunt, sive dentibus mordent, sive alio modo se tutan¬ 
 tur. Omnia pericula subire parati sumus, dummodo servitutem 
 excutiamus. Honores petere omnibus licet, modo ne per fraudem 
 ac vim studeant assequi. Demosthenis exemplum testimonio est 
 vel maximas difficultates posse superari, dum studium discendi 
 animos nostros occupatos teneat. Industriam tuam probo, modo 
 ne laudis cupidior esses. Tanaquil, uxor Lucumonis, oblita inge¬ 
 nitae erga patriam caritatis, dummodo maritum honoratum vide¬ 
 ret, consilium Tarquiniis demigrandi cepit. Nisi animi immortales 
 essent, non optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalitatem 
 gloriae niteretur. Si quis praedonibus pactum pro capite pretium 
 non afferat, nulla fraus sit, ne si juraverit quidem, soluturum 
 se esse. Si non easdem opes habemus, eandem tamen patriam 
 habemus. Vita humana ferro similis est: si eam exerceas, con¬ 
 teritur, si non exerceas, rubigo interficit. Senatores ad unum 
 omnes pacem, si fieri possit, aequis; si minus, tolerabilibus con¬ 
 ditionibus petendam censuerunt. Si quis forte Cleonem nihil 
 nisi honores expetivisse putet, erret. Pyrrho invitanti, ut patriam 
 desereret secumque vellet vivere, Fabricius ita respondit: “Si 
 me virum bonum judicas, cur me vis corrumpere? sin autem 
 malum, cur me ambis?” 
 
 421. It was a custom of the Magi not to bury the bodies 
 of their dead friends unless they had before been torn 1 by wild 
 beasts. The Persian kings brought, if not all, at least most of 
 the Asiatic tribes under their sway. If that which we wish, 
 will happen, we will rejoice; but if not, we will bear it with 
 patience. We can not pass judgment 2 on every thing, except 
 what belongs to our tribunal 3 . No one was elected consul at 
 
MISCIS IylyANEJOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 205 
 
 Rome, except he had before been praetor. You all see that a 
 conspiracy has been formed against the state; unless perhaps 
 there are some who think that those who are like Catiline do 
 not side 4 with Catiline. Whether you follow the Peripatetics 
 or Stoics, you must confess that in virtue there is enough pro¬ 
 tection for a happy life. Caesar usually went ahead 5 , sometimes 
 on horse, often on foot, with head uncovered 6 , whether there 
 was sunshine or rain. You may say that grief is bitter, if only 
 you do not say that it cannot be borne with fortitude. The con¬ 
 sul Virginius does not oppose the Agrarian law if the land is 
 assigned to Roman citizens only. If our commander will be 
 victorious, the war is ended; but if he will be defeated, new 
 troops must be levied. Labienus swore not to return to the 
 camp except as victor. If you can, meet me to-morrow; if not, 
 write me in a few words when you will come. 
 
 1 lacerare . 2 judicare. 3 judicium. 4 sentire. 5 antecedere. 6 apertus. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 422. Of the life of Homer, the prince of poets, nothing has 
 been handed down 1 to memory, except that he was born blind, 
 and this seems almost incredible, unless perhaps we believe, that 
 a blind man could be the author of so many and so beautiful 
 works. Gaul suffers all the evils of war with equanimity, if 
 only it wards off 2 the danger of slavery. P. Scipio Africanus 
 Aemilianus died, when about fifty-six years of age; if any one 
 should doubt this, let him refer 3 to the first consulate which he 
 held in the thirty-eigth year of his age; then he will cease to 
 doubt. If the morally good is the greatest or the only good, 
 then there is no doubt that expediency can never clash 4 with 
 virtue. Solon gave the Athenians such wise and useful laws 
 that, if they had continued to use them, they would have had 
 a lasting government. Nothing is morally better than to despise 
 money, if one has it not; and if one has it, to use 5 it for the 
 purpose of assisting the needy. 
 
 1 prodere. 2 repellere. 3 recurrere. 4 contendere. 5 conferre. 
 
 423. If feeling is simply paralyzed 1 by death, then death 
 is similar to the most peaceful sleep; but if death is the migra¬ 
 tion into the regions which those inhabit that have departed 
 this life, then it is by far more happy. Pride did not hinder 
 the Romans from adopting foreign usages provided they were 
 1 extinguere. 
 
206 
 
 THE CONCESSIVE CtAUSE. 
 
 good. If anything offend you, bear it. When L. Papirius wished 
 to fight the Samnites, he promised Jupiter a cup of wine in 
 case he would conquer. Hannibal would have been delivered up 
 to the Romans by the Carthaginians, if he had not speedily fled 
 from his county; he sought refuge with Antiochus, king of 
 Syria, whom the Romans also conquered and pressed so hard 
 that he would have delivered him up if he had not fled to Pru¬ 
 sias, king of Bithnya. The ambitious disregard the laws both 
 of God and man, if they but secure what they desire. 
 
 424. Caesar believed that if he had taken the camp of the 
 enemy by storm, it could have been done without great loss. 
 Concerning the Roman consul Marcellus, Hannibal said: I have 
 to contend 1 with an (7s) enemy that can bear (subj.) neither 
 good nor bad luck; when 2 he is victorious he pursues 3 the con¬ 
 quered most eagerly; but when 2 he is conquered he renews the 
 war with the conquerors. If, in order to carry on a law-suit, 
 one would think over it while traveling or while taking a walk, 
 or if with great attention he would think of something else, he 
 ought not to be blamed; but if he acted in the same manner at 
 a banquet he would appear uncivil. The less the honor bestowed 
 
 V 
 
 (esse) upon the poets, the less they devoted themselves to their 
 art; or do you believe that if the fact that 5 he painted had been 
 accounted an honor to Fabius, a man of the highest nobility, 
 there would not have been many a Polycletus and Parrhasius 
 among the Romans? 
 
 1 -res est inihi. 2 sive — sive. 3 instare. 4 ferox. 5 quod with subj. 
 
 THE CONCESSIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 § 291 . 
 
 425. Eloquentiae studendum est, etsi ea quidam perverse 
 abutuntur. Plerique, a quo plurimum sperant, etiamsi ille his 
 non eget, tamen ei potissimum inserviunt. Sunt qui, quod senti¬ 
 unt, etsi optimum sit, tamen invidiae metu non audeant dicere. 
 Equidem etiamsi oppetenda mors esset, domi atque in patria mal¬ 
 lem, quam in externis atque alienis locis. Quamquam adeo ex¬ 
 cellebat Aristides abstinentia, ut unus cognomine justus sit 
 appellatus, tamen exilio decem annorum multatus est. Vir stre¬ 
 nuus atque acer nullis difficultatibus, quamvis magnae videantur 
 esse, deterretur, quominus id, quod velit, exsequatur. Rempubli- 
 
THE CONCESgfVE CtAtJSB. 
 
 207 
 
 cam Cicero, quamvis in eum ingrata civitas esset, amare non 
 desiit. Licet ipsa vitium sit ambitio, frequenter tamen causa 
 virtutum est. Non est magnus pumilio licet in monte constite¬ 
 rit. Socrates, cum facile posset educi e custodia, noluit. Ut 
 desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas. Nostrorum equitum 
 erat quinque milia numerus, cum hostes non amplius octingentos 
 equites haberent. De sapientis excellentia multa dici quamvis 
 fuse lateque possunt. Quam volent illi cedant otio consulentes, 
 tamen a re publica revocabuntur. Hoc semper contendito, ne 
 ira incensus facias, quod te postea poeniteat; quamquam non 
 ignoro, quam difficile sit ira non abripi. 
 
 426. However harmful flattery is, yet it can not harm any 
 one except him who accepts and finds pleasure in it. Many 
 may censure me, yet my conscience is dearer to me than the 
 talk 1 of people. Granted that fate robs 2 us of all our worldly 
 goods, it can nevertheless not rob us of virtue. Suppose that 
 you do not prove 3 that death is a blessing, nevertheless you 
 prove that death is no evil. Phocion was always poor, while he 
 could have been very rich. Although our soldiers were not 
 wanting in bravery, still they could not resist the multitude of 
 the enemy without exposing themselves to useless slaughter. 
 Hannibal so terrified the Romans, whom he had attacked unex¬ 
 pectedly, that for many days they did not dare to leave the 
 camp, though they were in want of the most necessary things. 
 
 1 sermo. 2 auferre. 8 efficere. 
 
 427. Although the Pythagorean Clinias could have escaped 
 the fine of three talents by taking an oath, he preferred to pay 
 the money. Even if you should prove yourself to be the bravest, 
 still you are not worthy of this reward. Though Alexander was 
 indignant that one city prevented him from invading Egypt, he 
 nevertheless obeyed Aristander, who had predicted that there 
 would be danger of the king being wounded. We have resolved 1 
 to do nothing unjust, even if we could conceal it from the world, 
 for, even if we could conceal the injury done to others from man, 
 yet there is a God to whom all things are known. A good man 
 does that which he knows is honorable, even if it is difficult 
 and dangerous; but he avoids what is dishonorable, even if he 
 loses wealth and enjoyment. Do not believe that any crime will 
 remain unpunished, for even if you deceive the world you can 
 not deceive God. The passions of the mind are similar to a 
 
 wagon, for the correct guidance of which it is the chief duty 
 
 1 animum inducere. 
 
208 
 
 THE CAUSAE CEAUSE. 
 
 of the driver to know the road; if he follows it, he will not dash 
 against anything 1 , no matter how fast he drives; but if he strays 
 from it, he will be jolted 2 over rough places or fall over preci¬ 
 pices or, at least, be taken 3 where he does not want to be taken 4 , 
 even though he may 5 go quietly and slowly. 
 
 1 offendere . 2 vexare. 3 deferre. 4 not translated. 5 licet. 
 
 THE CAUSAL CLAUSE. 
 
 § 292 . 
 
 428. Miltiades, quod pecuniam solvere non poterat, in vin¬ 
 cula conjectus est. Qui erant cum Aristotele Peripatetici dicti 
 sunt, quia disputabant in Lyceo ambulantes. Quando ego tuum 
 non curo, ne cura meum. Vos, Quirites, quoniam nox est, in 
 vestra tecta discedite. Quoniam quae causae fuerint belli Peli- 
 ponnesiaci satis docuisse videor, restat, ut exponam qui socii 
 viresque et Atheniensium et Lacedaemoniorum fuerint. Perii, 
 atque hoc confiteor jure mihi obtigisse, quandoquidem tam nul¬ 
 lius consilii sum. Aristides nonne ob eam causam expulsus est 
 patria, quod praeter modum justus esset? Quoniam ipse pro se 
 Miltiades dicere non posset, verba pro eo fecit frater ejus Tisa¬ 
 goras. Postquam Codrus sanguinem pro patria ultro profudit, 
 Athenienses regiam potestatem sustulerunt, quod neminem post 
 illum tanta auctoritate dignum esse putarent. Linguae antiquae 
 in scholis traduntur, non quo gens ulla altera ex iis tanquam 
 patrio utatur sermone, sed quod multi et egregii libri iis sunt 
 conscripti. Eisdem de rebus volui ad te saepius scribere, non 
 quin confiderem diligentiae tuae: sed quod rei magnitudo me 
 movebat. Catilina Massiliam in exsilium se proficisci scripsit, 
 non quo sibi sceleris conscius esset, sed uti respublica quieta 
 foret neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur. Cum Athenas 
 tanquam ad mercaturam bonarum artium sis profectus, inanem 
 redire turpissimum est. 
 
 429. Righteous men value virtue very highly, because they 
 see that not gold or silver, but the fear of God and purity of 
 morals make men happy. Conciseness in a discourse is necessary, 
 because the attention of the hearers 1 is to be attracted 2 by the 
 subject itself, not by the diction 3 . Since life is so short, it is 
 more reasonable 4 to strive after glory by the resources of the 
 intellect, than by those of the body, and to make the memory 
 
THE CAUSAE CEAUSE. 
 
 209 
 
 of us as lasting- as possible with posterity. The Athenians abol¬ 
 ished 5 the laws made by Dracon, because they were too severe. 
 A Roman prisoner of war, whom Hannibal had given freedom, 
 returned ag-ain, because, as he said, he had forgotten something. 
 I am not accustomed to speak 6 against the Stoics, not because I 
 fully agree with them, but because I am prevented by shame. 
 Much we do not attempt, not because it is difficult; but it is 
 difficult because we do not attempt. The laws of Caesar must 
 be upheld, not because I approve of them, but because we must 
 look to peace. Since the Spartans were very desirous that The¬ 
 mistocles should be expelled from Athens, they accused him of 
 participating 7 in the treason of Pausanias. After the battle at 
 Cannae, the fear of the Romans was so great, that Hannibal 
 could easily have taken Rome, especially, because most of the 
 cities of Campania abandoned the Romans and surrendered to 
 him. Many rich and noble men were enraged 8 at Cato, not 
 because they did not approve of the principles 9 themselves, which 
 he followed, but because they had become so accustomed to a 
 sumptuous and luxurious life, that they could not forthwith 
 abandon 10 it. 
 
 1 audiens. 2 attentum reddere . 3 verbum. 4 rectus. 5 tollere. 6 disputare. 
 7 participem esse. 8 succensere. 9 ratio. 10 abstinere. 
 
 § 293 . 
 
 430. Pulchritudo corporis apta compositione membrorum 
 movet oculos, et delectat hoc ipso, quod inter se omnes partes 
 cum quodam lepore consentiunt. Magnum beneficium est natu¬ 
 rae, quod necesse est mori. Quanta est benignitas naturae, quod 
 tam multa, tam varia, tamque jucunda gignit! Qui benigniores 
 esse volunt, quam res patitur, primum in eo peccant, quod inju¬ 
 riosi sunt in proximos. Magna diis immortalibus habenda est 
 gratia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem, tamque infestam 
 reipublicae pestem toties jam effugimus. Opportune acciderat, 
 quod Allobrogum legati de suis rebus Romam venerant. Bene 
 facis, quod litteras anteponis voluptatibus. Caesar statuit sibi 
 Rhenum esse transeundum, quod suis rebus Germanos timere 
 voluit; accessit etiam quod pars Usipetum et Tenchtherorum se 
 in fines Sigambrorum receperat seque cum iis conjunxerat. 
 
 431. Tibi, Cicero scribit ad C. Cassium proquaestorem, cum 
 pro rerum magnitudine, quas gsssisti, tum pro opportunitate 
 temporis gratulor, quod te de provincia decedentem summa laus 
 14 
 
210 
 
 THE CAUSAE CEAUSE. 
 
 et summa gratia provinciae prosecuta est. Praefecti regis Per¬ 
 siae legatos miserunt Athenas questum, quod Chabrias adversum 
 regem bellum gereret cum Aegyptiis. Decima legio per tribu¬ 
 nos gratias Caesari egit, quod de se honorificentissime judicasset. 
 Nihil est quod iis invideamus, quos vulgus magnos et felices 
 nominat. Si animum vicisti potius quam animus te, est quod 
 gaudeas. Non habes, quod cogites, me unquam tibi defuturum 
 esse. Quid est quod tu cum fortuna queri possis? Quod quasi 
 vereri videris, ne mihi tua consilia displiceant: me vero nihil 
 delectat aliud, nisi consilium et litterae tuae. Quod quaeris a 
 me, fugamne subitam an moram dispertitam utiliorem putem: 
 ego vero in praesentia subitum discessum inutilem puto. Habeo 
 gratiam tibi cum copiam istam mihi et potestatem facis. Prae¬ 
 clare facis cum Luculli memoriam tenes. 
 
 432. The circumstance that Latinus, king of the Aborigines, 
 after having been conquered in battle, made peace with Aeneas 
 and gave him his daughter Lavinia in marriage, confirmed 1 the 
 Trojans in their hope that now they would have a permanent 2 
 abode 3 and that finally an end wonld be put to their wandering. 
 No one ever reproached the old M. Cato, although he had many 
 enemies; nor did any one ever reproach Marius, although many 
 envied him, that they had come from municipalities. This one 
 fact is worthy of admiration, that Regulus voted for retaining 
 the captives. Who will not account it to the greatest praise of 
 the Romans, that they gave the surname of father of his country 
 to Cicero, who had saved them from the greatest danger? No¬ 
 thing ever happened to Polycrates which he did not desire, 
 except that he had thrown 4 his ring, which he highly valued, 
 into the sea. 
 
 1 affirmare. 2 stabilis. 3 sedes. 4 abjicere. 
 
 433. You have done me a great favor since you informed 
 me how you are 1 . It is very opportune that you have now come 
 to me. Pisistratus was brave, skilled in politics, a friend 3 of 
 the arts and sciences, liberal, magnanimous, eloquent, and in 
 addition his race was no less ancient than illustrious. Demetrius 
 blamed Pericles for having spent so much money for works of 
 art. Alcibiades, in his absence was accused by his adversaries, 
 of whom he had many, that he had overthrown the statues of 
 Hermes. As to your writing that you would come to us in a 
 few days, be assured 3 that you could not have written us any- 
 
 1 agere. 2 amans. 3 scire. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 211 
 
 thing' more agreeable. There is no reason why you should be 
 ashamed of your clemency. You certainly have reason to obey 
 the laws of your country, and all good citizens have reason, each 
 according to his abilities, to contribute to the welfare of the 
 commonwealth. What reason is there, that you so hastily depart 
 from us? The Roman citizens went to meet Varro, when he 
 was returning from the defeat of Cannae, and thanked him that 
 he had not despaired of the commonwealth. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 434. The year 387 B. C. was remarkable 1 for this, that 
 peace was suddenly established throughout the whole of Greece. 
 Although (cum) Timoleon could have killed Dionysius, yet he 
 did not wish it, and took care that the latter arrived safe at 
 Corinth, because the Corinthians had often been assisted by Dio¬ 
 nysius, and he considered that victory a noble one in which 
 there was more leniency than cruelty. Children act prudently 
 in not concealing anything from their parents. Although I ought 
 to have written something to 2 console }’ou, yet I have not done 
 it till now, because I thought I could not soothe your sorrow 
 by my letter; but since I have great hopes that you will soon 
 return to me, I cannot but write you this letter to inform you 
 where I am staying. 
 
 1 insignis. 2 causa. 
 
 435. You have done well to offer me an opportunity of be¬ 
 coming acquainted with you. Fabius Maximus did not wish his 
 son to become consul, not because he entertained any distrust 
 in his acknowledged 1 ability, but that the office 2 should not be 
 perpetuated 3 in the same family. Hannibal thanked the Campa¬ 
 nians for having preferred his friendship to an alliance with the 
 Romans. It added greatly to the honor of Epaminondas, whom 
 Cicero declared 4 the greatest man in Greece, that after the vic¬ 
 tory at Leuctra over the Lacedaemonians he exclaimed: “O, 
 parents, how the news of m} r victory will delight you; how much 
 happier this thought makes me.” Nothing proved more dis¬ 
 astrous to the maritime towns of Carthage and Corinth, than 
 that they abandoned agriculture and military science for love 
 for commerce and navigation. 
 
 1 spectatus. 2 potestas. 3 continuari. 4 judicari. 
 
 436. As regards your encouraging me to hope that I may 
 regain my former prosperity, do you not know that the condi- 
 
212 
 
 ^HE TEMPORAL CLAUSE. 
 
 tion of the state is such that we must fear that it will soon 
 succumb to the intrigues of bad men? The circumstance that 
 Isocrates was, by the weakness of his voice, hindered from speak¬ 
 ing in public 1 , did not prevent him from being considered an 
 excellent orator. Cicero congratulated Cassius, because at his 
 departure from the province, the highest praise and the great¬ 
 est thanks of the province accompanied 2 him. That the arts 
 once flourished among the Etruscans we can judge from this, 
 that .Tarquinius employed architects from Etruria to complete 
 his temple of Jupiter. M. Pomponius, the tribune of the people, 
 accused 3 L. Manlius the dictator, of having added some days to 
 the term of his dictatorship; he accused him, likewise, of hav¬ 
 ing exiled his son Titus, afterwards called Torquatus, and hav¬ 
 ing caused him to live in the country. 
 
 1 in publico. 2 prosequi. 3 diem dicere alicui. 4 tempus , oris. 
 
 THE TEMPORAL CLAUSE. 
 
 § 294 . 
 
 437. Chabrias, dum primus studet portum intrare, ipse sibi 
 perniciei fuit. Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos; tem¬ 
 pora si fuerint nubila, solus eris. Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis 
 fuit, dum Lycurgi leges vigebant. Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum 
 laude crevet. Ubi de Caesaris adventu Helvetii certiores facti 
 sunt, legatos ad eum miserunt. Alcibiades, ut navi eggressus 
 est, illum unum omnes prosequebantur, et coronis aureis aeneis¬ 
 que donabatur. Jugurtha ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, 
 decora facie, sed multo maxime ingenio validus, non se luxui 
 neque inertiae corrumpendum dedit. Hannibal ad Alpes postea- 
 quam venit, quas nemo unquam cum exercitu ante eum, praeter 
 Herculem Grajum, transierat, effecit, ut ea elephantus ornatus 
 ire posset, qua antea unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. 
 Pelopidas non dubitavit, simul ac conspexit hostem, cum eo con¬ 
 fligere. Julius Caesar exanimis aliquamdiu jacuit donec lecticae 
 impositum tres servuli domum retulerunt. Retine Phormionem 
 dum huc ego servos evoco. Alexander milites Oxum flumen utri¬ 
 bus tranare jussit, qui primi transierant in statione fuerunt, dum 
 ceteri transirent. Nunc Scaevola paulum requiescet, dum se calor 
 frangat. Horatius Cocles impetum hostium sustinuit quoad ceteri 
 pontem interrumperent. 
 
THE TEMPORAL CLAUSE. 
 
 213 
 
 438. While Dionysius was trying- to strengthen his power, 
 he spared the lives of none whom he considered opponents. 
 While Cicero was making- investigations 1 about Verres, he learned 
 the names of many artists. There will be 2 court trials as long¬ 
 as the state exists. As long- as Catiline was in Rome, Cicero 
 resisted his plots. Wait, till Caesar will be consul or dictator. 
 Epaminondas kept the iron in his body, until it was announced 
 that the Boeotians were victorious. Hannibal with his army 
 marched from Spain to Italy and, with a small body of men, 
 defeated the Romans, until at length he had to retreat from 
 Italy with great loss. Caesar commanded his soldiers to remain 
 behind the mountain, till the enemy would have assembled. The 
 enemies of Alcibiades remained quiet, until he had departed from 
 Athens; then they accused him of having- overthrown the statues 
 of Hermes. As soon as the truce was ended, the Persians went 
 to Caria. As soon as Pompey saw that his cavalry was defeated, 
 he left the battle-field. After Xerxes had descended into Greece, 
 Aristides was recalled to his country by a decree of the people 
 about the sixth year after he had been banished. 
 
 1 inquirere in aliquem . 2 fieri. 
 
 § 205 . 
 
 439. In vita rustica M. Curius, cum de Samnitibus, de Sabi¬ 
 nis, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumpsit extremum tempus aeta¬ 
 tis. Qui dies est, quae nox, cum egx> non ex istorum insidiis 
 divino consilio eripias atque evolem? Fuit tempus, cum rura 
 colerent homines neque urbes haberent. Audivi Metrodorum, 
 cum de questionibus philosophicis disputaret. Vidi hunc ipsum 
 Hortensium paene interfici servorum manu, cum mihi adesset. 
 Quid potest esse tam apertum, tamque perspicuum, cum coelum 
 suspeximus, coelestiaque contemplati sumus, quam esse aliquod 
 numen praestantissimae mentis, quo haec reg-antur? Totius inju¬ 
 stitiae nulla capitalior est, quam eorum, qui, cum maxime fallunt, 
 id ag-unt, ut viri boni esse videantur. Cum ea quae praeterierunt, 
 acri animo et attento intuemur, tunc fit, ut aegritudo sequatur, 
 si illa mala sint, laetitia, si bona. Non potui injuriam ulcisci 
 eo die, cum est lata lex de me. Cum tibi laboranti adfui, me 
 amicum tuum esse indicavi. Cum aestas esse coeperat, reg-es 
 Persarum Ecbatana proficiscebantur. Ad libros Sibyllinos, quasi 
 ad oraculum, quindecimviri adeunt, cum dii immortales publice 
 consulendi sunt, Damnatus a Pisone miles jam cervicem porri- 
 
214 
 
 THE TEMPORAL CLAUSE. 
 
 gebat cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui occisus dicebatur. 
 Jam Hannibal scalis subibat Locrorum muros, cum repente in 
 eum, patefacta porta, erumpunt Romani. Omnia tu Deitaro tri¬ 
 buisti, cum et ipsi et filio nomen regium concessisti. Kpicurus 
 ex animis hominum extraxit religionem, cum dis immortalibus 
 opem et gratiam sustulit. 
 
 440. When we are free from necessary duties and cares we 
 desire to see, to hear and to learn something. When the high¬ 
 est power in a state 1 is in the hands 2 of a single person we 
 call him king, and the constitution 3 of the state a monarchy. 
 The swallows will return when spring comes. O that I would 
 live to see the day, when I will be able to return you thanks. 
 Not 110 years have passed, since a bill against extortion was 
 proposed by L. Piso. It is the sign of a superior mind to be 
 able to control one’s temper and one’s speech, when one is angry. 
 When a Lacedaemonian was once asked, why he could bear so 
 heavy burdens, he answered, that from his very youth he had 
 accustomed himself to hard labor. When the tyrant Dionysius 
 entered the temple of Jupiter, he took off his golden mantle 
 and placed 4 a woolen one upon him, remarking, that this one 
 was suitable for every season, whilst the golden one was too 
 heavy in summer and too cold in winter. As often as Verres, 
 on making a journey, arrived in a city, he was accustomed to 
 carry off the pictures and statues which pleased him. 
 
 1 summa (ae) omnium rerum. 2 penes. 5 status , us. 4 injicere. 
 
 441. Scarcely had the battle begun, when it was announced 
 that the commander was slain. Tarquinius prepared to surround 
 the city with a stone wall, when the war with the Sabines in¬ 
 terrupted his undertaking. At the time when Romulus founded 
 the city, he laid out the districts 1 with a staff 2 . A time there 
 was, when not even the most learned men felt ashamed to cor¬ 
 rupt 3 their language, by introducing 4 innumerable foreign words. 
 Artaxerxes, having sent ambassadors to Greece, ordered all to 
 lay down their arms, declaring, that those would be considered 
 enemies, who would refuse to do so. We often blame a speaker 
 by our silence. Solon acted prudently in determining nothing 
 about a crime, which had not been committed before. The 
 Romans often heard Cato express his -opinion, that Carthage 
 should be destroyed. 
 
 1 regio. 2 lituus . 8 inquinare. 4 inculcare . 
 
the temporal clause. 
 
 215 
 
 § 296 . 
 
 442. Ad multos epistolas scribimus, priusquam eos conveni¬ 
 mus. Caesar priusquam est profectus, luna hora circiter sexta 
 visa est. Finis jugulandi non erit priusquam ille tyrannus omnes 
 suos divitiis expleverit. Nunc, antequam ad causam redeo, pauca 
 de me dicam. Priusquam incipias, consulto, et ubi consulueris, 
 mature facto opus est. Collem celeriter, priusquam ab adversa¬ 
 riis sentiatur, communite. Achaei non ante ausi sunt capessere 
 bellum, quam ab Roma legati revertissent. Mithridates Data- 
 men ferro transfixit priusque quam quisquam posset sucurrere, 
 interfecit. Epaminondas, cum in circulum venisset, in quo aut 
 de requblica disputaretur aut de philosophia sermo haberetur, 
 nunquam inde prius discessit, quam ad finem sermo esset perdu¬ 
 ctus. Epaminondas non prius bellare destitit quam urbem Lace¬ 
 daemoniorum obsidione clausit. Aristides interfuit pugnae navali 
 apud Salamnia, quae facta est, priusquam poena liberaretur. 
 Priusquam bellum a populo Romano cum Jugurtha gestum narro, 
 pauca supra repetam exponamque, qui sit factum, ut ille regno 
 Numidarum potiretur. 
 
 443. He, who resolves to practice highway robbery, is a 
 highway robber before he commits the act. When Coriolanus 
 was about to embrace his mother, approaching* 1 him, she said: 
 “Before I will accept }*our embrace, let 2 me know, whether I 
 have come to an enemy, or to a son; whether I am in your camp 
 as a captive, or as a mother.” Let us rush out 3 before daybreak 
 will overtake us, and before larger bodies of the enemy block 
 up 4 the way. The Samnite war had begun so suddenly, that 
 the enemy had crossed the Anio before the Roman army could 
 march against him. Before the three Horatii and the Curiatii 
 fought, an agreement was made between the Romans and Alba¬ 
 nians with this condition 5 , that the nation whose citizens would 
 be victorious in the engagement, should rule over the other. 
 Themistocles advised his fellow-citizens, not to dismiss the ambas¬ 
 sadors of the Lacedaemonians before he himself was allowed 
 to return from Lacedaemon. Pythagoras gave this precept: Let 
 the eyes not see sleep, before you have carefully considered every 
 action of the past day. Before you undertake anything, know 
 your strength and ability. 
 
 1 obvius. 2 sinere . 3 erumpere , 4 obsaepire. 5 lex , 
 
216 
 
 MlSCl^IyIyANI^OUS EXERCISES. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 444. You have yielded enough to me when you answered, 
 that shame seems to you a greater evil than pain. After the 
 enemy had crossed the river they left on the hither bank some 
 cohorts as a garrison, which were to remain until they saw the 
 hostile outposts 1 . The Spartans bound themselves by an oath 
 not to return home until they had conquered the Messenians. 
 Metellus applied himself at Rhodes to the study of the sciences 
 and philosophy until he was recalled to his country. As soon 
 as Caesar had come to Brundisium, he addressed 2 his soldiers, 
 and informed them about his intention. Solon left Athens for 
 ten years with the consent of his fellow-citizens, and returned 
 just at the time when Pisistratus was about to usurp 3 the 
 supreme power. I will write you a letter before my brother will 
 come to you. Whilst the war against Jugurtha was carried on 
 in Numidia, the Roman consuls were vanquished by the Cimbri 
 and Teutones at the river Rhone. 
 
 1 statio extrema. 2 contionari. 3 occupare. 
 
 445. Whenever the king of Persia made a journey within 
 the limits of his kingdom, presents were offered to him by all 
 his subjects; of those who applied themselves to agriculture, 
 some gave him cattle or sheep, others grain and wine, the 
 poorer, however, milk, cheese, figs and other fruits. Let us not 
 wait until we are asked to assist our friends in time of need; 
 let us act with promptness and not with delay. Porsenna be¬ 
 sieged Rome, and had already hopes of taking it when G. Mu¬ 
 cius resolved to free the city by a great and daring act. Caesar 
 came sooner to the camp of Pompey than was expected. As 
 soon as Hostius Hostilius had fallen, the Roman army was im¬ 
 mediately put to flight. When the Tectosages returned to their 
 native city of Tolosa, a contagious disease broke out among 
 them, but when it abated, they, encouraged by the decisions 1 
 of the soothsayers, cast the money acquired in war and in plun¬ 
 dering the temples, into the sea of Tolosa. 
 
 1 responsum. 
 
 446. When Hamilcar resolved to wage war against Italy, 
 he was slain in a battle against the Vettones in the 9th year 
 after his arrival in Spain. As soon as Alcibiades, banished 
 from his native city, had come to Thebes, he devoted himself 1 
 to the favorite pursuits of the Boeotians to such a degree that 
 
THE COMPARATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 217 
 
 none could equal him in exertion and bodily strength. G. Mu¬ 
 cius said: “Know, O Porsenna, that 300 of us youths have con¬ 
 spired against you; I was the first to be chosen by lot, the 
 others will appear in regular order, every one at the right time, 
 until fate affords an opportunity to kill you.” When the Roman 
 empire had developed 2 b} r the exertion of its citizens and the 
 equity of its administration, when great kings had been over¬ 
 come, and barbarous nations and numerous tribes subjected by 
 force, when Carthage, the rival of the Roman empire, had 
 perished, and all countries and seas lay open, fortune began to 
 throw all things into confusion 3 . When Alexander came to the 
 lake of Mareotis near the island of Pharos, he viewed the nature 
 of the surrounding country, and resolved at first to build a new 
 city on the island itself, but when it appeared that the island 
 was not large 4 enough, he chose for a site 5 the land occupied 
 at present by the city of Alexandria. 
 
 1 inservire. 2 crescere. 3 miscere. 4 capacem esse. 6 sedes. 
 
 THE COMPARATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 § 297 . 
 
 447. Sciebat Rutilius Rufus tam contra officium esse, amico 
 tribuere quod aequum non esset, quam non tribuere id, quod 
 recte possemus. Fuit Cato ut senator egregius, ita bonus pater. 
 Manlius Torquatus cum expertus esset, filium suum non talem 
 fuisse in provincia, quales ejus majores fuissent, in conspectum 
 suum venire deinceps vetuit. Caesar negavit se passurum Gal¬ 
 liam Ariovisti potius esse quam populi Romani. Malo mihi 
 invidere inimicos, quam me inimicis. Saepe tacere praestat 
 quam loqui. Plurimae res nobis assecutis non pariter videntur 
 esse jucundae atque concupiscentibus. Hamilcar, ut Carthaginem 
 venit, longe aliter ac sperabat rem publicam se habere cognovit. 
 Litavicus hortatur Aeduos, ut simili ratione atque ipse fecerit, 
 suas injurias persequantur. Tanaquil Tarquinio conjugi suasit, 
 ut Servium Tullium haud secus ac liberos suos educaret. Faciam 
 contra ac fieri solet. In feris inesse fortitudinem saepe dicimus, 
 ut in equis et leonibus; justitiam, aequitatem, bonitatem non 
 dicimus. Apud me ut bonum judicem argumenta plus quam 
 testes valent. Affirmo quidvis me potius passurum quam ex 
 Italia exiturum. Zeno perpessus est omnia potius quam conscios 
 delendae tyranidis indicaret. Mililes dicebant odinia potius se 
 
218 
 
 THE COMPARATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 perpessuros esse quam ut arcem traderent. Aliud est maledicere, 
 aliud accusare. Videtis nihil aliud actum nisi possessionem 
 repetitam esse. Cicero Romam quoque Polyclitos Parrhasiosque 
 habituram fuisse censet, si Romani artibus eundem honorem tri¬ 
 buissent atque Graeci. 
 
 448. As the virtuous are loved by the good, so are the 
 wicked hated. As the bee neither touches nor shuns a flower 
 dripping with dew, so man when attracted by a pleasing but 
 forbidden object, often wavers between virtue and vice. Know, 
 that nothing is more wanting to me than a true friend. Athens 
 does not delight me so much by its magnificent works of art as 
 by the remembrance of its great men, the places where each 
 one dwelt, where he sat, where he spoke 1 . Nothing tends more 
 to arouse the soldiers, than the hope of victory. The Stoics 
 say, that many things are quite a different from what they appear 
 to the senses. Duilius was in his life-time as much loved by 
 the senators, as by the people 3 . Jugurtha requested the Roman 
 senate, to take him for another than such as he had become 
 known to them at Numantia, and not to prefer the words of 
 the enemy to his deeds. I am born for something nobler, than 
 to be the slave of my body; I regard the latter as nothing else 
 than a prison 4 , which deprives me of my freedom. In my old 
 age I desire the strength of youth, just as little as in my youth 
 I longed for the strength of a bull or an elephant. Among the 
 ancient Romans justice was upheld as much by the natural as 
 by the written law. 
 
 Even though there was no hope of conquering, the Lace¬ 
 daemonians did not hesitate to encounter death for their country, 
 as Leonidas with his three hundred fell for his country at Ther¬ 
 mopylae. The foremost men of the state, who for some length 
 of time envied Marius in as much as he was an upstart, ac¬ 
 knowledged, that the commonwealth had been preserved by him. 
 I love you no less than your brother. History is nothing else 
 than a collection 6 of chronicles 6 . Hasdrubal came to Italy by 
 the same route as Hannibal. Regulus desired rather to return 
 to Carthage, than to advise his fellow-citizens to ransom their 
 captive soldiers. 
 
 1 disputare . 2 longe. 3 plebs. 4 vinculum. 5 confectio. 6 annales. 
 
 «* 
 
 § 25 ) 8 . 
 
 449. Qui imperitis potestatem deferunt similiter agunt ac 
 si hominibus ref navalis ignaris, navem regendam tradaut. Lysan* 
 
THE COMPARATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 219 
 
 der Thasum, praecipue fide erga Athenienses, proinde ac si 
 iidem firmissimi solerent esse amici, qui constanter fuissent ini¬ 
 mici, pervertere concupivit. Cum Alcibiades Athenas rediiset, 
 nemo inventus est quin casum ejus defleret, tamquam si alius 
 populus, non ille qui deflebat, sacrilegii eum condemnasset. Saepe 
 etiam sine ulla aperta causa fit aliud atque existimamus, ut 
 nonnunquam ita factum esse etiam populus admiretur; quasi 
 vero non ipse fecerit. Multi homines ita vivunt, velut si ad 
 nullam rem nisi ad voluptates nati sint. Agesilaus cum in Asia 
 victori praeesset exercitui, paruit jussis absentis magistratus, ut 
 si privatus esset Sparta. Hac de re quoniam nihil ad me scribis, 
 perinde habebo, ac si scripsisses, nihil esse. Hostes signa nostra 
 conspicati, celeriter quasi nova et inusitata specie objecta, intra 
 munitiones se receperunt. 
 
 450. The fixed stars are always seen in the same position 
 as if they were fastened to the firmament. Previous to the naval 
 battle in which he was defeated by Themistocles, Xerxes sent 
 4,000 men to Delphi to plunder the temple of Apollo; as if he 
 waged war not only against the Greeks, but also against the 
 immortal gods. I consider him the most righteous who so pardons 
 others as if he himself offended daily, but who so abstains from 
 sin as if he pardoned no one. The enemy, amidst loud shouting, 
 as if already in possession of victory began to scale the walls. 
 Piso, in anger, ordered a soldier to be led to death, as if he had 
 killed a fellow-soldier, with whom he had gone out and without 
 whom he had returned. He who does not ward off or resist an 
 injury, if he can, is as much at fault 1 as if he would desert his 
 
 parents, friends or country. 
 
 1 in vitio esse. 
 
 451. He who kindly 1 shows the way to the erring, acts as 
 if he gave to another light from his own. Those who lived 
 otherwise than would have behooved, repent of their faults. 
 Thales of Miletus said that philosophers are not so much inca¬ 
 pable of acquiring 2 wealth as that they do not exert themselves 
 to acquire it. The stomach nourishes, as well as it is nourished. 
 Soldiers ought to show that they can carry on war during winter 
 just as well as during summer. As regards your fear that your 
 advice displeases me, I assure you that nothing gives me greater 
 pleasure than your advice and letters. Romulus lifting his hands 
 up to heaven said: “O father of gods and of men, keep the 
 enemy away from this place, remove fear from the Romans, and 
 
 1 comis . 2 rem facere , 
 
220 
 
 THE RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 check the disgraceful flight; ” and as if he felt that his prayer 
 was heard, he exclaimed: “From this place the great and mighty 
 Jupiter commands that resistance be made and the battle be re¬ 
 newed.” The Romans resisted as if they were commanded by 
 a celestial voice. 
 
 452. Whatever misfortune fate may bring, I will rather un¬ 
 dergo it with those who are patriots than seem to disagree with 
 them. Seneca, the philosopher, justly exclaims: “How great is 
 the folly of men; they wisper to the deit} r the most shameful 
 wishes, and become silent as soon as any one listens and they 
 speak to God of things which they do not wish men to know.” 
 See therefore, whether the following admonition is not salu¬ 
 tary: Let us so live with men as if God saw us; let us so speak 
 with God as if men heard us. When you are provoked do not 
 allow anger to take the mastery 1 over your heart, but rather 
 imitate the celebrated Archytas of Tarentum. When once he 
 arrived at his villa, and found 2 everything otherwise than he 
 had ordered, he said to his steward: “Wretch, were I not angry 
 I would flog you to death 8 .” 
 
 1 dominatus , us . 2 offendere. 3 verberibus necare. 
 
 THE RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 §§ 209 & 300 . 
 
 453. Nemo unquam a dis immortalibus tot et tantas res 
 tacitus ausus est optare, quot et quantas dii immortales ad Cn. 
 Pompejum detulerunt. Hannibal puer novem annorum jureju¬ 
 rando maxima fide usque ad supremum vitae diem eum stetisse 
 constat. Aquilae nidos in iis fere locus ponunt, quo nisi cum 
 vitae periculo perveniri non potest. Albani raptim iis, quibus 
 quisque poterat, elatis, urbe exibant. Miseranda vita, qui se 
 metui quam amari malunt. Imploremus deos, ut, quam urbem 
 pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, eam a nefario 
 perditissimorum civium scelere defendant. Qui rex officiis suis 
 fungi noluerit, ille cives bonos fore frustra sperat. Gallia, quae 
 terra a Pyrrheneo monte marique interno usque ad Rhenum fre¬ 
 tumque Gallicum 1 pertinet, vino abundat. Catilina quem terra 
 sustinuit sceleratissimum, patriae exitium parare conatus est. 
 Numa Pompilius qui secundus rex Romanorum imperium tenuit, 
 1 English channel. 
 
THE RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 221 
 
 regno potitus, novam civitatem vi et armis conditam, jure legi¬ 
 busque ac moribus de integro condere paravit. Sine mea com¬ 
 mendatione, quod tuum est judicium de hominibus, ipsius Lamiae 
 causa studiose omnia facies. Pyrrhi medicus noctu ad Fabricium 
 venit, se Pyrrhum veneno interempturum pollicens; quem Fabri¬ 
 cius, qua erat probitate vinctum reduci jussit ad Pyrrhum. 
 
 454. The conqueror pardoned all who had taken up arms 
 against him, something which seems to surpass all human belief. 
 At Sardes, which was formerly the seat of the kings of Lydia, 
 in later times 1 the satraps of the Persian kings had their resi¬ 
 dence. The Germans crossed the Rhine not far from the sea 
 into which it flows. The greatest danger threatens a those, who 
 fear most. In the same year in which Tarquinius the Proud 
 was expelled from Rome, the Athenians expelled Hippias. The¬ 
 mistocles sent the most trustworthy slave that he had to the 
 king of Persia to announce in his name 3 , that the king’s oppo¬ 
 nents were fleeing. When Coriolanus was sentenced by the Ro¬ 
 mans, he fled to the Volsci, a tribe, which was then the most 
 hostile to the Roman name. At that time they began in Athens 
 to elect the Archons for ten years, a custom which was main¬ 
 tained for seventy years; but afterwards the state was governed 
 by magistrates, who held office for one year. In the first war, 
 which the Romans waged against the Carthaginians, they gained 
 possession of the island of Sicily. Junius Brutus, such was his 
 justice, ordered his own sons to be put to death, because they 
 had conspired to restore the Tarquins to power 4 . Codrus, in 
 accordance with his love for his country, did not hesitate, to 
 undergo death for its safety. 
 
 1 posterius. 2 impendere. 3 verbum , pi. 4 regnum. 
 
 % 
 
 §§ 301, 302 8c 303. 
 
 455. Quis non omnibus rebus abstineat, quas bonae valetudini 
 obesse noverit? P} r thagoras, a quo ultimas terras peragratas esse 
 constat, natus esse dicitur anno fere ab urbe condita centesimo 
 septuagesimo quarto. Antiquissimus omnium poetarum Graecorum 
 est Homerus; cui quanta laus a Graecis tributa sit neminem fu¬ 
 git. Quis non admiretur Leonidam, cuius etsi interitus certis¬ 
 simus erat, tamen in statione permansit. Solone vivo rerum potitus 
 est Pisistratus, qui quamquam multos milites mercede conductos 
 habebat, tamen dominationi eum moderatum esse constat. Placet 
 njihi ille rex, cui cum quidam regibus quidlibet honestum esse et 
 
222 
 
 THE RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 justum persuadere studerent, respondit: barbarorum quidem re¬ 
 gibus. 
 
 Bocchus cum peditibus, quos Volux adduxerat neque in priori 
 pugna adfuerant, postremam aciem invadunt. Commendo tibi Lu¬ 
 cium Oppium, quem et unice diligo et eo familiarissime utor. 
 
 Nihil optabilius est animi tranquillitate; qua qui caret, eum 
 ne regales quidem opes quidquam juvant. Ratio docet Deum esse, 
 quo concesso confitendum est ejus consilio mundum administrari. 
 Plerique laborem doloremque reformidant; quibus ut careant om¬ 
 nia experiuntur. Aedui se suaque ab hostibus defendere non po¬ 
 tuerunt, quam ob rem legatos ad Caesarem miserunt auxilium 
 rogatum. Coluntur tyranni dumtaxat ad tempus; quodsi forte 
 ceciderunt, tum intelligitur, quam fuerint inopes amicorum. Quod- 
 quia nullo modo sine amicitia firmam jucunditatem vitae tenere 
 possumus, idcirco amicitia cum voluptate connectitur. Lacedae¬ 
 monii Agin regem, id quod nunquam antea apud eos acciderat, 
 necaverunt. 
 
 456. We can not love those of whom we know, that they 
 try to obtain our friendship to further their interests. As Ari¬ 
 stides preferred to provide for the welfare of the state rather 
 than avenge the insult of Themistocles, he did not resist any 
 of his plans of which he foresaw, that they would be of great 
 benefit to the state. The exploits of Hannibal, of whom we 
 know how often he defeated the Romans, are admired by us. 
 The boy must be taught those arts which, when he masters 
 them, will make him better fit for greater things. The enemy 
 set the city on fire, which they judged could no longer be held, 
 in order that it mig'ht not be of any use to the Romans. Tra- 
 sybulus was given a crown by the people, which, since the love 
 of his fellow-citizens had bestowed it, caused 1 no envy. 
 
 That is true friendship, which is formed by similarity of 
 character and which mutual love fosters. We rightly admire 
 those, whom good fortune does not elate and who are not cast 
 down 2 by misfortune. The Athenians condemned Socrates to 
 death for impiety, whom all acknowledged to have been a just 
 man and whom posterity has honored most highly. 
 
 The legate of the Romans received a haughty answer from 
 the Latins, and on this account war was declared against them. 
 Cilix was sent by Agenor to look for Luropa, and since he did 
 not find her, he did not dare to return home, and settled in Cili¬ 
 cia. Our country is the mother of all of us, what good man 
 
THE RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 223 
 
 therefore should hesitate to undergo death for it? Cast off super¬ 
 stition, for he who is affected by it, can never be at peace 3 . 
 Hannibal defeated the Romans in several battles, and, if he had 
 not been hampered 4 by the envy of his fellow-citizens, he would, 
 it seems, have been able to overcome the Romans. Many place 
 their whole happiness in wealth; since, however, all earthly 
 goods are perishable, their happiness cannot be lasting. Aratus 
 of Sicyon believed, and this is a sign of a wise man, that he 
 had to provide for all his fellow-citizens. 
 
 1 habere. 2 affligere. 3 quietus. 4 impedire. 
 
 § 304 . 
 
 457. Junius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum 
 eandem fortunam timeret, in quam frater inciderat, stultitiam 
 finxit. Plerique perverse, ne dicam impudenter, talem amicum 
 habere volunt quales ipsi esse non possunt. Homines benevolos, 
 qualescunque sunt, grave est insequi contumelia. Lentulus quid¬ 
 quid habuit, quantulumque fuit, illud totum habuit ex disciplina. 
 Quoquo modo res se habet, peto a te ut Hippiae commodes, 
 quantum tua fides dignitasque patietur. Aequis Volcisque quan- 
 documque se moverint, a tergo erimus. Quisquis is fuit, qui 
 vulgo nominatur Homerus, hoc videtur certum esse, omnium poe¬ 
 tarum nemini magis quam illi contigisse ut et prodesset et dele¬ 
 ctaret. Reguli Carthaginem reversi corpus, variis crucitatibus 
 fessum, postremo in arcam ligneam undique praeacutis horren¬ 
 tem clavis inclusum, quocunque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis con¬ 
 foditur. 
 
 458. If we do uot hesitate to grant favors to those, who 
 we hope will be of some service to us, how must we conduct 
 ourselves towards those who have alread} r been of service to us? 
 If we learn something, however little it may be, we rejoice. 
 The Greeks used to sacrifice a part of the booty, however great 
 it might have been, to Apollo of Delphi, in order that he might 
 be propitious to them. Wherever a parricide may have been 
 perpetrated, an impious deed has been committed, and whoever 
 may have committed it, is deserving of capital punishment. Phi¬ 
 losophers may think whatever they please about the greatest 
 good, virtue is sufficient for the attainment of a happy life. 
 
 §305. 
 
 459. Artaxerxes Iphicratem ab Atheniensibus petivit ducem, 
 
224 
 
 ^he relative clause. 
 
 quem praeficeret exercitui conducticio \ Verba reperta sunt, non 
 quae impedirent, sed quae indicarent voluntatem. Populus Romae 
 ipse sibi tribunos plebis quasi proprios judices et defensores 
 creavit, per quos contra senatum et consules tutus esse posset. 
 Dione auctore Dionysius Platonem Atheniensem arcessivit cuius 
 consilio atque opera in administranda republica uteretur. Non 
 sum tam insolens, qui Jovem me esse dicam. Quidquid ejusmodi 
 est, in quo non possint plures excellere, in eo fit plerumque con¬ 
 tentio. Ea est aetas tua, quae cupiditates adolescentiae jam 
 effugerit; ea vita, in qua nihil praeteritum excusandum habeas. 
 Dixisti vos eos esse, qui vitam insuavem sine literarum studiis 
 putaretis. Darius exercitum quem planities vix caperet, compa¬ 
 ravit. Erat Pseudophilippo juveni forma, quae Persei regis 
 filium non dedeceret. Majus gaudium fuit quam quod universum 
 homines caperent. Graeci et majores et magis ramosas arbores 
 caedebant, quam quas ferre cum armis miles posset. Voluptas 
 non est digna, ad quam sapiens respiciat. Idonea mihi Laelii 
 persona visa est, quae de amicitia dissereret. Qui cupiditatibus 
 suis imperare non poterant, semper indigni habiti sunt quibus 
 beneficia tribueremus. 
 
 1 mercenary. 
 
 460. Sunt qui censeant, una animum et corpus occidere, 
 auimumque in corpore extingui. Furfidius quidam Sullam admo¬ 
 nuit vivere aliquos debere ut essent quibus imperaret. Quid dul¬ 
 cius est quam habere quicum omnia audeas sic loqui ut tecum. 
 Nunquam defuerunt qui ipsum Caesarem consiliorum Catilinae 
 non ignarum fuisse crederent. Cineas Romam cum ingentibus 
 a Pyrrho donis missus, neminem cujus domus muneribus pateret, 
 invenit. Qnotusquisque reperitur, qui impunitate et ignoratione 
 omnium proposito, abstinere possit injuria. Quid est quod me 
 impediat ea quae probabilia “videantur sequi, quae contra, im¬ 
 probare. Inventi sunt multi, qui non modo pecuniam sed vitam 
 etiam profundere pro patria parati essent. Sunt quaedam bestiae 
 in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis. Sunt nonnullae discipli¬ 
 nae, quae, propositis bonorum et malorum finibus, officium omne 
 pervertunt. Pergratum mihi facias, si fratrum meum quod sine 
 molestia tua fiat, pingere doceas. Quantopere Epaminondas a 
 cupiditate ulciscendi abhorruerit, multa exempla afferre possum; 
 nam nemo unquam, quod equidem sciam injuriis facilius ignovit 
 aut convicia oblitus est. Omnium oratorum quos quidem ego 
 cognoverim acutissimum judico Sertorium. Tarquinio quid impu- 
 
THE RELATIVE CLAUSE. 
 
 225 
 
 dentius, qui bellum gereret cum iis, qui ejus non tulerant super¬ 
 biam? Quis est qui C. Fabricii aut M. Curii memoriam non 
 cum caritate aliqua et benevelentia usurpet, quos non viderit. 
 Nero inusitatae luxuriae fuit, ut qui retibus aureis piscaretur. 
 Pomponius tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum filii ante oculos 
 micare, accusationem Manlii patris dimisit. Equidem discipulus 
 nihil unquam mali loquar de magistro praesertim cui carum me 
 semper fuisse sciam. 
 
 461. Caesar sent ambassadors to Ariovistus to ask» him to 
 select a place for an interview. When the Persians made war 
 upon Greece with an immense army, the Athenians dispatched 
 ambassadors to ask the oracle of Delphi in what manner they 
 should best provide for the safety of themselves and theirs. I 
 have chosen the house of my friend Piso to live in. No acute¬ 
 ness of the human mind is so great that it can penetrate into 
 heaven. Men have reason and intellect, which enable them to 
 see the causes and effects of things. No city of Sicily was so 
 small or so distant that it did not yield booty or profit to Ver¬ 
 res. Till now I have * not known a poet who did not consider 1 
 himself the best. I am the man (7s) who thinks it more advan¬ 
 tageous that Caesar be granted his demands 2 than that war be 
 waged 3 . I have read no Greek author who has written more 
 excellently about the immortality of the soul than Plato. “I 
 am not the man,” said Aemilius Paulus, “who thinks that no 
 advice should be given 4 to commanders-in-chief; on the contrary, 
 I consider him who does every thing according to his will 5 only 
 more vain than prudent.” 
 
 1 videri . 2 = that which he demands. 3 signa conferre. 4 admonere . 
 
 5 sententia. 
 
 462. After the conquest of nearly the whole world the 
 Roman empire became too powerful to be overthrown by any 
 foreign nation. Caesar considered Rufus fit to send with com¬ 
 missions to Pompey. Alexander the Great considered Appelles, 
 whom Pamphilus of Sicyon had taught the art of painting, 
 alone worthy to paint his portrait. We deserve that you believe 
 us. Philistus, who imitated Thucydides, deserves to be classed 
 among the good Greek authors. There are men who esteem 
 themselves very highly and despise others. There are men who 
 easily forget favors received, because they are ashamed to have 
 received them. You will find no one who will deny, that Demos¬ 
 thenes was the greatest among the ancient orators. 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 463. There are many men who principally love those friends, 
 from whom they hope to derive the greatest advantage 1 . There 
 are many philosophers who believed, that the gods do not take 
 any interest in human affairs; but there are others, and indeed 
 great and famous ones, who believe, that the whole world is 
 governed and ruled by the infinite wisdom of God. What 2 could 
 be a source of greater honor to you than to deserve well of your 
 country. There are none who could ever equal Hannibal in 
 hatred against the Romans. Epicurus is, as far as I know, the 
 only one who dared to declare 3 himself a wise man. Among all 
 Roman authors, at least among those whom I have seen, Cicero 
 is by far the most verbose. I owe great thanks to old age, 
 because it has increased in me the desire for conversation, and 
 lessened that for food and drink. After the battle on the Allia, 
 a great number of Romans fled to Veii, as they believed them¬ 
 selves safer there than at Rome. Why should I invite you, since 
 others have already invited you in vain. Acquit Verres, although 
 he confessed to have committed the greatest injustice. 
 
 1 frudum capere ex aliquo. 2 quid est quod. 3 profiteri. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 464. The power of honesty is so great that we esteem it 
 even 1 in those, whom we have never seen, and what is more, 
 even in our enemies. We generally follow examples, and imi¬ 
 tate those with whom we are intimately connected, and gradu¬ 
 ally adopt their vices or virtues; hence 2 it is that children are 
 generally such as their parents. When M. Livius Drusus was 
 building a house and the architect promised to build it so, that 
 no one could look into it, he said: “If you possess some skill, 
 build my house in such a manner, that whatever I may do within 
 can be perceived by all.” Tiberius Gracchus was found worthy 
 of marrying Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio, by whom Hanni¬ 
 bal had been conquered. Roscius was so great an artist, that 
 he alone seemed fit to appear on the stage. Aristides died in 
 such poverty, that he scarcely left enough wherewith to be 
 buried 3 , and therefore it happened, that his daughters were 
 brought up at the expense of the state. Caesar dispatched all 
 the horsemen to discover whither the enemy went, and these 
 followed the rear guard too closely and gave battle to the cavalry 
 of the Helvetians in an unfavorable place. Of the Roman gen- 
 
 1 vet. 2 relative. 3 efferre . 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 227 
 
 erals, Caesar, so far as I could hear or learn, was the first to 
 lead an army over the Rhine against the Germans. 
 
 465. After the Samnites had been conquered by the Romans, 
 the Carthaginians sent ambassadors to Rome to congratulate 
 the Roman senate and people, and to present them with a golden 
 garland, to be placed in the chapel of Jupiter on the Capitol. 
 Alexander not only killed Callisthenes, but also tortured him, 
 an act of cruelty 1 of which he repented too late. May death 
 strike me, if I do not believe, that you, in accordance with your 
 prudence, will attain your present purpose 2 . Those who govern 
 the state, should always have in view 3 the welfare of their 
 fellow-citizens and seek it in whatever they may do, regardless 
 of their own advantage. Dionysius was brave and skilled in 
 war, and, what is not generally found in a tyrant, not luxuri¬ 
 ous nor avaricious. Oh that those poems were yet extant of 
 which Cato said, that were formerly sung by the guests at 
 banquets on the merits of distinguished men! Socrates, of whom 
 we know how well he deserved of mankind, was declared the 
 most wise amongst men by the Apollo of Delphi. 
 
 1 one word. 2 = what you now wish. 3 tueri. 
 
 466. Because Themistocles lived too licentiously and neg¬ 
 lected his property, he was disinherited by his father; but this 
 disgrace did not dishearten him but rather aroused him. Skilled 
 commanders are accustomed, when they begin a battle, to station 
 soldiers near the place to which in their opinion 1 the enemy 
 will retreat, in order to intercept them. The fable, that Numa 
 Pompilius had been a pupil of Pythagoras, does not deserve 2 to 
 be believed. The scholars of Socrates did not without reason 
 weep over the death of their master, since he taught them the 
 most important things for so many years. Alexander the Great 
 had Anaximenes of Lampascus as teacher of eloquence, and this 
 circumstance afterwards secured safety for the city of Lampas¬ 
 cus. History is adapted to cultivate the mind of boys. Men 
 are always to be found, who complain that God cares less for 
 them than for others. Those who devote themselves to the study 
 of antiquity, must investigate carefully whatever has reference 
 to the lives of the celebrated Greek and Roman authors, in order 
 that they may the more easily know and understand what is 
 peculiar to each. The Sicilians have asked me for assistance: 
 even if I had not this reason, who is there that could censure me? 
 
 1 arbitrari. 2 indignum esse. 
 
228 
 
 INDIRECT SPEECH. 
 
 467. Timoleon fought his greatest battles on his very birth¬ 
 day, and therefore the whole of Sicily solemnly celebrated 1 that 
 day. Nowhere on earth will he be happy, who is not satisfied 
 with the lot which is assigned him by God; for wherever he 
 may be he will always find something, which will cause him 
 more or less dissatisfaction. The elder Pliny never read a book, 
 from which he did not make extracts 2 ; for he used to say that 
 there was no book so bad, that it was not useful in some re¬ 
 gard. 3 Those were surely excellent men, who first established 
 societies which were afterwards called states, and connected 
 dwellings which we now call cities. I am not disposed to bewail 
 life, what many, and these even learned men, have often done. 
 
 1 festum habere. 2 excerpere ex re. 3 aliqua parte. 
 
 468. L. Tarquinius killed the foremost 1 of the senators, who, 
 he believed, have favored Servius Tullius, and conscious of hav¬ 
 ing acquired power by crime, he surrounded 2 himself with armed 
 soldiers. O that miserable old man who, during so long a life, 
 did not understand that we must despise death! Cicero very ap¬ 
 propriately says: “If there is no one who would not rather wish 
 to die than be changed into the form of beast, even though he 
 is to possess human reason, how much more pitiful is it to have 
 a savage 3 soul in the form of a man. To me, at least, this 
 seems the more pitiful, the nobler the soul is than the body. 
 
 1 primores , um. 2 circumsaepire. 3 efferatus. 
 
 INDIRECT SPEECH. 
 
 § 306 . 
 
 469. Locutus est Divitiacus Aeduus: Galliae totius factiones 
 esse duas; harum alterius principatum tenere Aeduos, alterius 
 Avernos. Redditur responsum: Nondum tempus pugnae esse; 
 castris se tenerent seque ex labore reficerent. Caesar milites hor¬ 
 tatus est: Ne ea quae accidissent graviter ferrent, ne ve his rebus 
 terrerentur. Caesar milites allocutus est: Quid tandem vererentur 
 aut cur de sua virtute desperarent? Legati dixerunt: Quo se re¬ 
 pulsos a Romanis ituros esse? Quomodo sine classibus Siciliam 
 obtineri posse? Legati cum multa dixerunt tum haec: Inter om¬ 
 nes constare Attalum amicitiam populi Romani cupidissime ex¬ 
 petivisse; cur igitur cuiquam licere judicare, eum tum infesto in 
 Romanos animo esse? Epaminondas, cum Diomedon magnam 
 
INDIRECT SPEECH. 
 
 229 
 
 pecuniam obtulisset, si cum rege Artaxerxe facere vellet, respon¬ 
 dit: si Diomedon vellet quae Thebanis expedirent, libenter gratis 
 se esse facturum; sin vellet contrarium, frustra eum venisse; te¬ 
 meritate illius se ignoscere, quod sui similem se esse putasset; 
 sed quam celerrime abiret, ne alios corrumperet. 
 
 Apud Hypanem fluvium, qui ab Europae parte in Pontum 
 influit, Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci quae unum diem 
 vivant. Herennius respondit: Multos annos jam inter Romanum 
 Nolahumque populum amicitiam esse, cuius neutros ad cum diem 
 poenitere. Lentulus Volturcio litteras ad Catilinam dat, quarum 
 exemplum infra scriptum est: “Quis sim, ex eo, quem ad te misi, 
 cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris 
 te virum esse; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent; auxilium 
 petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis.” Ad hoc mandata verbis 
 dat: Quum ab senatu hostis judicatis sit, quo consilio servitia 
 repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne cunctetur ipse 
 propius accedere. 
 
 470. Regibus Roma expulsis, Aequi et Volsci, agrum Lati¬ 
 num ferre ignique populati, ad urbis portas accesserunt. Unde 
 postquam inalti praedam prae se agentes domum proficisci coe¬ 
 perunt, P. Quinctius consul, populo ad contionem convocato, ita 
 locutus est: Etsi nullius criminis sibi conscius esset, tamen cum 
 summo pudore in concionem se prodisse. Nam vereri se, ne 
 posteris traderetur Aequos et Volscos quartum se consule ad 
 moenia urbis armatos venisse. Eam se ignominam, si ei potissi¬ 
 mum anno imminere scivisset, vel morte vel exilio vitaturum 
 fuisse. Ignorare sese, utrum hostes se consulem an populum 
 contempsissent. Si culpa in ipso esset, auferrent sibi imperium; 
 sin in illis, neminem illorum peccata punire posse: illos tantum 
 eorum poeniteret. Neque vero hostes illorum ignaviam contem¬ 
 psisse nec sua virtute confisos esse. Nam nisi discordia intestina 
 venenum illius urbis esset, futurum non fuisse ut agri vastaren¬ 
 tur. An quemquam dubitare, quin ipse hostes fugaturus fuerit, 
 si plebs delectum fieri passa esset? Itaque cur inter se odisse 
 perseverarent? Quem tandem finem discordiarum fore? Ne tae¬ 
 deret in posterum aut plebem patriciorum magistratuum aut 
 tribuniciae potestatis patres. Quodsi fecissent, et concordiam 
 publicam reconciliatum iri et omnium rerum prosperitatem fore. 
 
 471. Ariovistus answered Caesar, that he did not wage war 
 against the Gauls, but that the Gauls waged war against him; 
 that all tribes of Gaul had assembled to attach him and had 
 
230 
 
 indirect speech. 
 
 been in the field 1 against him; that he had defeated and put to 
 flight all these troops in a single engagement, and that if they 
 wished to try again, he was willing to fight them a second time; 
 that if Caesar did not lead his army out of that country, he 
 would consider him as an enemy; but that, if he would depart 
 and leave him in the possession of Gaul, he would reward him 
 with valuable presents. Tullius called loudly to his cavalry to 
 return, (saying), that there was no necessity for fear, that the 
 army of the Albani was on the march 2 to attack the Fidenates. 
 When Regulus was sent from Carthage to Rome, he said in the 
 senate, that the Carthaginians, discouraged by so many mishaps, 
 had no hope; that he was not of such value that so many thou¬ 
 sand captives should be returned in exchange for him and the 
 few Romans who had been taken prisoners. Socrates said that 
 he went walking towards evening in order to dine the better, 
 that namely 3 the seasoning of food is hunger and that of drink 
 is thirst. 
 
 1 castra habere . 2 circumduci. 3 nani. 
 
 472. Caesar sent ambassadors to Ariovistus with the follow¬ 
 ing demands: first, that he should not any more lead an army 
 across the Rhine into Gaul; furthermore that he should return 
 the hostages whom he had received from the Aedui, and also 
 permit the Sequani to return those whom they held; that he 
 should not provoke the Aedui by wrongs nor wage war against 
 them or (ve) their allies; that if he would comply with these 
 demands, he and the Romans would always maintain friendship 
 with him. Turnus Herdonius of Aricia 1 , in a meeting of the 
 Latins, sternly inveighed against the absent Tarquinius, saying, 
 that it was not astonishing that at Rome they had given him 
 the surname of Proud, or could there be anything more haughty 
 than to despise the whole Latin nation; that while its chiefs 
 were summoned from their distant homes, he who called the 
 meeting was not present. That their patience was surely tested, 
 in order that after they had submitted to the yoke, he might 
 oppress them as his subjects; for to whom was it not evident, 
 that he aimed at the supremacy over the Latins? That if they 
 would listen to his advice, each one would return to his home 
 and heed the day of the meeting as little as he who had an¬ 
 nounced it. 
 
 1 Aricinus , a , um. 
 
 473. The Aeduatici sent ambassadors to Caesar concerning 
 
the subjunctive in clauses. 
 
 231 
 
 peace, who spoke as follows 1 : We do not believe that you wage 
 war without divine assistance, since you can move machines of 
 such size with so much ease and rapidity; we surrender our per¬ 
 sons and all our possessions to you. For one thing- we ask and 
 beseech you: if perhaps in accordance with your clemency and 
 mildness, of which we hear from others, you have resolved to 
 spare our lives, do not deprive us of our weapons; nearly all our 
 neighbors are our enemies and are jealous of our valor; hence, 
 if we should be deprived of our arms, we could not defend our¬ 
 selves against them. It is better for us to suffer any calamity 
 at the hands of the Romans, than to be cruelly killed by those 
 over whom we were accustomed to rule. To this Caesar replied: 
 I will preserve your nation more because of my custom than of 
 your merits, if you surrender before the battering ram touches 
 the walls; but there is no possibility of surrender except after 
 delivering up your weapons. I will command your neighbors not 
 to inflict any wrong on the subjects 2 of the Roman people. 
 
 1 Translate the discourse in direct and indirect speech. 2 dedititius. 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN CLAUSES. 
 
 § 307 . 
 
 474. Lysander eos qui Atheniensium rebus studuissent, ex 
 urbe ejecit. Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, id ne utile 
 quidem putaverunt. Athenienses Siciliae amissum et Lacedae¬ 
 moniorum victores culpae suae tribuebant, quod talem virum e 
 civitate expulissent. Socrates hoc Periclem ceteris praestitisse 
 oratoribus dicit, quod is Anaxagorae fuisset auditor. Hortensius 
 tanta memoria erat, ut, quae secum commentatus esset, ea sine 
 scripto, verbis eisdem redderet, quibus cogitavisset. Non est du¬ 
 bium, quin, quod animans sit, habeatque sensum et rationem et 
 mentem, id sit melius, quam id, quod his careat. Non est veri¬ 
 simile, ut quem in otio semper secum habuisset Catilina, hunc 
 in eo tumultu, quem ipse comparabat, a se dimitteret. Senatus 
 decrevit, ut, quae statuae C. Verris essent, eas quaestores demo¬ 
 liendas locarent. Galli exposuerunt arma sibi et omnia alia quae 
 ferrent agentque, adempta esse. Consolans filiam Fabius Ambu¬ 
 stus bonum animum habere jussit, pollicitus eosdem ipsam pro- 
 pediem visuram honores quos apud sororem vidisset. Regulus 
 senatui scripsit villicum in agello, quem septem jugerum habe* 
 
232 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 bat, mortuum esse. Nero urbem Romam incendit, ut spectaculi 
 eius imaginem cerneret, quali olim Troja capta arserat. Facile 
 est continere eos quibus praesis, si te ipse contineas. Alexander, 
 ubi confertissimos hostes acerrime pugnare conspexisset, eo se 
 semper immergebat. Ignoti faciem Agesilai cum intuerentur, 
 contemnebant, qui autem virtutes noverant, non poterant admi¬ 
 rari satis. Elephanti quacunque incederent, tutum ab hostibus 
 agmen praebebant. 
 
 475. Caesar was informed by spies, that all had departed 
 during night from that part of the town which he had granted 
 to the Gauls for winter quarters. Supper was daily so prepared 
 for Cimon, that he could invite all whom he found uninvited 
 on the forum. Whenever a battle would be fought, the near¬ 
 ness of the camp afforded a speedy refuge to the vanquished. 
 After Codrus had died for his country, the Athenians abolished 
 the royal power, because after him they considered no one worthy 
 of so great an authority. If you (indefinite) wish to convince 
 others of something, you must first be convinced of it yourself. 
 Agesilaus said that the Lacedaemonians were more 1 successful 2 
 than other nations, because they were accustomed to obey more 1 
 than other nations. If in ancient times one would come upon 
 the body of a dead man, it was considered inhuman not to bury 
 it; he who would neglect 3 this duty was deemed to have com¬ 
 mitted a crime which the gods would not leave 4 unavenged. 
 When the legates of the Romans had finished speaking before 
 the senators, Hanno conjured the fathers by the gods, not to do 
 anything of which, as he felt sure 5 , they would shortly repent. 
 When Ulysses heard Thersites reviling 6 Agamemnon, he ordered 
 him to bridle his tongue and threatened to* treat 7 him with great 
 severity, if he dared again to insult the Grecian leader. When 
 Socrates had convinced Alcibiades, who prided himself in his 
 wealth and the nobility of his birth, that there was no differ¬ 
 ence between his nobility and the lowliness of any day-laborer 8 , 
 Alcibiades asked, that Socrates show him the road to virtue. 
 
 1 praeter. 2 felix. 3 supersedere. 4 sinere. 5 confidere. 6 maledicere. 7 con¬ 
 sulere. 8 bajulus. 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 § 308 . 
 
 476. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos 
 qui se sponte dediderant, jussit animadverti. Caesarem caput 
 
THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 233 
 
 Pompei conspicatum, lacrimasse constat. Adolescens quidam, 
 qui Zenonis scholam diu frequentaverat, reversus, patri quam 
 tandem sapientiam didicisset interroganti, re declaraturum se 
 esse ait. Philippus Olynthiorum urbem non tam vi armorum 
 quam proditione captam, militibus diripiendam permisit. Cloelia, 
 deceptis custodibus, castris egressa, equo quem fors dederat 
 arrepto, Tiberim trajecit. Divitiacus, multis cum lacrimis Cae¬ 
 sarem complexus, obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem 
 statueret. Fateor, me quoque in adolescentia diffisum ingenio 
 meo quaesisse adjumento doctrinae. Creon Polynicen condi vetuit, 
 eos qui arma contra patriam tulissent insepultos jacere fas esse 
 arbitratus. Civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adepta libertate, 
 quantum brevi creverit. Caesar, partitis copiis cum C. Fabio 
 legato et M. Crasso quaestore, celeriterque effectis pontibus, Mena- 
 piam adiit tripertito et aedifica vicosque incendit. Ubios, quum 
 Suevi multis saepe bellis experti propter amplitudinem gravita¬ 
 temque civitatis finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales 
 sibi fecerunt. Metellus lacrimans C. Marium obsecrat, ne quam 
 contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore, neve hostes inultos 
 abire sinat. Demosthenem aiunt, cum taurum immolavisset, exce¬ 
 pisse sanguinem patera et, eo poto, mortuum concidisse. M. 
 Scaevola, juratus se regem Porsennam sua manu interempturum, 
 in castra Etruscorum se contulit. Nihil avarum juvant opes 
 quas collectas habent. O illos stultos, qui alios ea velint docere, 
 quae ne ipsi quidem cognita habeant. 
 
 477. The Massilians, having left the harbor with a favor¬ 
 able wind, came to Taurois, which was a citadel of theirs. Lu¬ 
 cretius, having conquered the Aequi and Volsci, celebrated a 
 triumph with his legions. Pompey, frequently defeated by the 
 Numantines, began to treat secretly with them about peace, 
 fearing that he might afterwards be accused in Rome. Sulla, 
 having obtained 1 the victory, rewarded the soldiers who served 
 under him with great presents and honors. Those Grecian colo¬ 
 nists, who held possession of the western coast of Asia, were 
 the first to reach a very high degree 2 of learning and refine¬ 
 ment. Polyphemus, having drunk the wine offered him by Ulys¬ 
 ses, fell into a deep 3 sleep. Lucullus, trusting in the valor of 
 his soldiers, attacked the by far greater army of Mithridates 
 and put it to flight. Caesar, having quickly crossed the Rhine, 
 so terrified the Germans by his unexpected arrival, that they 
 
 hastily withdrew into their vast forests. Cicero, having dis- 
 1 adipiscor, 2 summus, 3 arctus. 
 
234 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 charged 1 the duties of the consulship with great credit 2 , was 
 sent as proconsul into Cilicia. Tubero, having obtained by lot 
 the province of Africa, set out for that country, but was pre¬ 
 vented from landing by P. Attius Varus, who had come as 
 pretor to Africa a short time before. If we wish to lead a good 
 life, we must 3 hold our passions in subjection 4 . Minerva, hav¬ 
 ing accompanied Telemachus to Greece, conducted him to the 
 court of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Philip, having called to¬ 
 gether the legates of the Grecian states at Corinth, won over 
 the Greeks both by his liberality and the addresses 5 of the ora¬ 
 tors, whom he had bribed with gold, so that he was chosen 
 chief-commander of the war to be waged with the Persians. 
 
 1 Perfungor. 2 laus. 3 oportet. 4 domare. 5 contio. 
 
 § 309 . 
 
 478. Nullum vitium taetrius est quam avaritia, praesertim 
 in principibus rem publicam gubernantibus. Scipio moriens ab 
 uxore petiit, ne corpus suum Romam referretur. Amicitia res 
 adversas partiens et communicans facit leviores. Dionysius, cul¬ 
 tros metuens tonsorios, candenti carbone sibi adurebat capillum. 
 Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum cupientes tenere 
 nequeamus. Quid potest improbis esse laetum, exitus suos cogi¬ 
 tantibus. Pyrrhus, Tarentinis adversus Romanos laturus auxi¬ 
 lium, ab Antigono naves mutuo petit. Stultus est qui equum 
 empturus non ipsum inspicit, sed stratum eius ac frenos. Pisi¬ 
 stratus primus libros Homeri antea confusos ita disposuisse dici¬ 
 tur, ut nunc habemus. Scipio, interrogatus in contione quid 
 sentiret de morte Tiberii Gracchi, qui plebis favorem largitioni¬ 
 bus captaverat, palam respondit eum jure sibi caesum videri. 
 Athenienses Alcibiaden corruptum a rege Persarum capere Cymen 
 noluisse arguebant. Quaedam serpentes ortae extra aquam, simul 
 ac primum niti possunt, aquam persequuntur. Bruti virtute 
 regibus exterminatis, libertas in republica restituta est. Xerxes, 
 rex Persarum, terror ante gentium, bello in Graeciam infeliciter 
 gesto, etiam suis contemptui esse coepit. Ea res Hannibalis 
 audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus 
 afflictis tam excelso esset animo. Quaenam sollicitudo vexaret 
 impios, sublato suppliciorum metu? 
 
 479. Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Augusti Octaviani, 
 Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, duxit uxorem. Audariatae, pro¬ 
 pter ranarum muriumque multitudinem relicto patriae solo, sedes 
 
 i 
 
THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 235 
 
 novas quaerebant. Demetrius impulit Philippum, ut, omissis 
 Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret. Darius, rex Persarum, mori¬ 
 tur, Artaxerxe et Cyro filiis relictis. Domitius flumen Albim 
 transcendit, longius penetrata Germania, quam quisquam prio¬ 
 rum. Qui diffidit perpetuitati bonorum suorum, timeat necesse 
 est, ne aliquando, amissis illis, sit miser. Appii cliens Virginiae 
 venienti in forum injecit manum, affirmans suam esse servam. 
 Pittacus fuit in numero septem qui dicuntur sapientium. Sepul- 
 chrum Athenis neque opere tectorio exornari nec Hermas, quos 
 vocant, licebat imponi. Qui Nemea vicerant, coronis ex apio 
 nexis donabantur. Ii qui audiebant vehementer commoti sunt, 
 cum Demodocus pronuntiaret quae Achaei ad Trojam et gessis- . 
 sent et perpessi essent. Te et pietatis in tuos et animi in rem 
 publicam et clarissimi atque optimi consulatus, C. Marcello con¬ 
 sule facto, fructum cepisse vehementer gaudeo. 
 
 480. Many use eloquence, which has been given by nature 
 for man’s benefit, for the detriment of the good. Alexander 
 the Great replied to Parmenio, who advised him to acccept the 
 money offered by Darius: “I also would prefer money to glory, 
 if I were Parmenio.” When the consul hastened to Rome, the 
 enemies overtook his army. Pausanias sent the noble Persians, 
 whom he had taken captive at Byzantium, secretly back to Xer¬ 
 xes, pretending that they had escaped from prison. After the 
 philosopher Antisthenes had in vain exhorted his scholars to 
 diligence, he dismissed them all. After the Romans had heard 
 the Grecian orators, they were inflamed with an almost 1 incre¬ 
 dible zeal for speaking. When Cinna ruled 2 in Italy, the greater 
 part of the nobility fled to Sulla in Achaia. Nothing can happen 
 among men, if God does not either will or permit it. “What 
 will the mangling by wild beasts hurt me, if I do not feel it,” 
 says Diogenes. 
 
 1 by a pronoun. 2 dominari . 
 
 481. Although Aemilius Paulus dissuaded, Terentius Varro, 
 
 nevertheless, attacked the Carthaginians at Cannae, a city in 
 
 Apulia, but suffered so disastrous a defeat, that he escaped with 
 
 only a few men; among the fallen 1 was also one of the consuls. 
 
 In the second Punic war the struggle was carried on 2 with the 
 
 greatest bitterness, since the Romans were indignant, that the 
 
 conquered were of their accord making war on the conquerors, 
 
 the Carthaginians, because they believed that they had been 
 
 governed with haughtiness. After the consul had taken posses- 
 1 cadere . * pugnare » 
 
236 
 
 THE PARTlCIPtE. 
 
 sion of an enormous amount of booty, he returned to his camp. 
 The Athenians, although thej- had lost many fleets, could speed¬ 
 ily procure 3 other ships. Your so-called parsimony is, it seems 
 to me, nothing- else than avarice. The Latins seized the Volsci 
 and led them to Rome. Alexander cast away his weapons and 
 plunged into the cold river. The Egyptians surpassed other 
 nations in their gratitude towards those who had rendered serv¬ 
 ices to them, and they believed 4 that the greatest protection to 
 life is for all men a grateful remembrance of benefits received. 
 
 1 reparare. 2 reri. 
 
 482. When Mutius with a bloody dagger was forcing his way 
 through the multitude of the enemies, he was seized by the 
 royal satellites and led to the king; when asked who he was, 
 he answered without fear, that he was a Roman and had wished 
 to kill the enemy of his country. Cicero set out on a journey 
 to Greece in the month of July, but he returned to Rome in 
 August. While Romulus was reigning, the inhabitants of Veji 
 were subdued, and sent ambassadors to Rome to ask for peace. 
 After they had been deprived of a part of their land, a truce of 
 100 years was granted them. Titus, the successor of Vespasian, 
 took the city of Jerusalem and destroyed it. When after the 
 battle at Trasimenus Fabius was made dictator, Hannibal did not 
 succeed 1 in defeating the Romans, as long as that man held the 
 dictatorship. When Milo was candidate for the consulship, Clodius 
 and his followers opposed him by every means. In his book entitled 
 the Orator, Cicero gives many precepts which enable 2 the speaker 
 to gain the good will of his hearers and render them attentive. 
 
 1 efficere. 2 posse. 
 
 § 310 . 
 
 483. Romani, non rogati adversus Nabim tyrannum Graecis 
 auxilium obtulerunt. Quis est, qui nullis officii praeceptis tra¬ 
 dendis, philosophum se audeat dicere. Veteres non cenabant nisi 
 manibus lotis. Caesar neque diurno neque nocturno itinere inter¬ 
 misso in Lingones contendit. Alexander Magnus cum nullo un¬ 
 quam hoste congressus est quem non vinceret, nec ullum oppi¬ 
 dum obsedit quod non expugnaret. Augustus nunquam filios suos 
 populo commendavit, ut non adiiceret, si merebuntur. Titus Pom¬ 
 ponius cum partium certamen ita exarsisse vidisset ut facultas 
 sibi non daretur pro dignitate in urbe vivendi, quin alterutram 
 partem offenderet, tempori servire optimum sibi esse ratus Athe¬ 
 nas se contulit Sisyphus apud inferos saxum adverso monte vol- 
 
THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 237 
 
 vit nec unquam in vertice posuit. Nemo deum amare potest nisi 
 qui idem amet homines. Oedipus, rex Thebanorum, Laium patrem 
 insciens occidit. Ignominiam et injurias passi sumus impune. 
 Alienas calamitates saepe videmus sine dolore. 
 
 484. After Caesar had collected four legions, he marched 
 into the country of the Nervii without awaiting the close of 
 winter. Who of the generals is so presumptuous as to believe 
 that the victory will be his without doing anything? The earth 
 of its own accord gives 1 manifold and superfluous 2 nourishment 3 
 to animals, without them laboring. Pythagoras advised his 
 scholars seldom to take an oath, but to show themselves worthy 
 of belief by the integrity of their lives without taking an oath. 
 I never drink without being thirsty. Many men eat without 
 being hungry. He who acts without having regard for God and 
 virtue, will rarely act well. The Stoics changed the words with¬ 
 out having changed the things themselves. He who abuses an¬ 
 other, without being provoked, deserves that all should avoid 
 him. We must believe that no one became a distinguished man 
 without the assistance 4 of God. 
 
 1 fundere. 2 abundans, epastus, us. 4 adjuvare. 
 
 8311 . 
 
 485. Auditus semper patet; ejus enim sensus etiam dormien¬ 
 tes egemus. Severus fugiens Ravennae interfectus est. Augustus 
 fere nulli invitanti se negabat. Thales Milesius primus defecti¬ 
 onem solis, quae Astyage regnante, facta est, praedixisse fertur. 
 Dux magno est in periculo, si quid illo imperante adversi acci¬ 
 derit. Mihi ita persuasi, Romulum auspiciis, Numam sacris 
 constitutis fundamenta jecisse civitatis Romanae. Scipio, duabus 
 urbibus eversis, non modo praesentia, verum etiam futura bella 
 delevit 1 . Antonius ingens bellum civile commovit, cogente uxore 
 Cleopatra, regina Aegypti. Charidemus Athenis, jubente Ale¬ 
 xandro, fuerat expulsus. Illud vitiosum Athenis, quod, Epime¬ 
 nide suadente, fecerunt contumeliae fanum et impudentiae. Apertus 
 Janus in armis esse civitatem, clausus pacatos circa omnes popu¬ 
 los significabat. Valerius, quia in locum Bruti mortui alterum 
 consulem non subrogaverat, in suspicionem allectati regni venit. 
 Sabini ob virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanos sumpserunt. 
 
 1 render impossible. 
 
 486. When king Servius fled towards home, he was slain 
 at the command of Lucius Tarquinius by those who had over- 
 
238 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 taken him in his flight 1 . After the expulsion of the kings, the 
 Romans considered Lucius Junius Brutus the worthiest to rule 
 in Rome. After the taking of Thermopylae, Xerxes immediately 
 set out for Athens, and as nobody defended it, he destroyed it 
 by fire, after killing the priests whom he had found in the 
 citadel. In the year 628 after the building 1 of the city of Rome, 
 the censors cited an augur before court 2 , because he had rented 
 a house for 6,000 sesterces. Since a vehement desire had seized 
 Hannibal to take possession of Tarentum, he spent 3 a summer 
 in the district of Tarentum, in the hope 1 of taking the city by 
 treachery. The Spartans imputed it as a crime to Pausanias, 
 that he had sent back to the king his (the king’s) relatives, 
 whom he had captured after the storming 1 of Byzantium. 
 
 1 by a verb. 2 reum facere. 3 consumere : 
 
 487. From time immemorial 1 many have been found who, 
 without hope of reward, exposed their lives to the weapons of 
 the enemies of their country. Caesar, after the capture 2 of Ale¬ 
 xandria, gave the kingdom to Cleopatra; on his return thence 
 he defeated Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, who had renewed 
 the war 3 and taken possession of many Roman provinces. At 
 the sight 4 of the blossom of the olive tree, the farmer hopes to 
 see the fruit 5 , not without reason indeed, but still at times he 
 is deceived. In the presence 6 of both armies T. Manlius killed 
 a certain Gaul, by whom he had been challenged to a single 
 combat and despoiled him of his necklace. G. Marcius, to whom 
 the taking of the city of Corioli afterwards gave the surname 
 of Coriolanus, grew up under the care 7 of his mother; for he 
 had lost his father in his childhood. It is worth while 8 to 
 become acquainted with the strict discipline of the Romans in 
 the training and instruction of their children. The news that 
 the city of Saguntum was taken by Hannibal, made all the 
 Romans tremble. The gentleness of Pompey was so great, that 
 it is difficult to say whether the enemy feared more his bravery 
 in battle 6 , or loved more his kindness after the victory 6 . 
 
 1 nasci and homo. 2 potiri. 3 rebellare. 4 inspicere. 5 baca. 6 verb. 7 tu¬ 
 tela, ae. 8 operae pretium est. 
 
 § 312 . 
 
 488. Sapientia est una, qua praeceptrice in tranquillitate 
 vivi potest. Natus est Augustus Cicerone et Antonio consulibus. 
 Caninio consule scito neminem prandisse, nihil eo consule mali 
 factum est. Pausania duce, Mardonius cum ducentis millibus 
 
THE PARTICIPLE. 
 
 239 
 
 peditum et viginti millibus equitum Graecia fugatus est. Quoties 
 Augustus in Occidentem atque Orientem meavit, comite Livia! 
 Ampla domus dedecori domino saepe fit, si est in ea solitudo, 
 et maxime si aliquando alio domino solita est frequentari. Pater 
 meus Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote non amplius novem annos 
 nato, in Hispaniam imperator profectus est. Papirius dictator 
 cum adversis ominibus contra Samnites profectus esset, ad aus¬ 
 picia repetenda Romain regressus est. Hasdrubal, dux Poenorum, 
 inscia uxore ad genua Scipionis supplex procubuit. Tranquillo 
 mari, quilibet nauta gubernare potest; ut saeva procella orta est, 
 atque turbato mari navis vento rapitur, tum viro et gubernatore 
 opus est. Hannibal, cognito ducem Romanorum, ponte in Ticino 
 facto, exercitum traduxisse, quin res mox ad arma atque pugnam 
 ventura esset, non dubitavit. 
 
 489. At Marathon, a hundred thousand infantry and ten 
 thousand cavalry were defeated by ten thousand Greeks under 
 the leadership of Miltiades. At the advice 1 of Hannibal, the 
 Carthaginians surrounded their recently built harbor with a triple 
 wall, so that it equaled the city itself in firmness. The war 
 with the Gauls was carried on under the commandership of Cae¬ 
 sar. During the consulship of Scipio and Norbanus, the Capitol 
 was destroyed by fire through the negligence of the guards, but 
 it was afterwards rebuilt by Q. Catulus during the consulate of 
 Hortensius and Metellus. The Romans thought that they would 
 never be without snares during the lifetime of Hannibal. Against 
 your will, Piso and Gabinius took possession of the provinces of 
 Syria and Macedonia, as a reward for having ruined the state. 
 Navigation was very difficult, because the ocean was vast and 
 open, the tide high 2 , and the harbors few. Proculejus, a Roman 
 knight, had, after the death 3 of his father, equally divided the 
 inheritance with his brothers; but when he had heard 4 that they 
 had been deprived of all their possessions during the civil war, 
 he again divided his property with his brothers. 
 
 1 auctor. 2 magnus. 3 verb. 4 participle. 
 
 §313. 
 
 490. Catonem vidi in bibliotheca sedentem, multis circum¬ 
 fusum libris. Molo, rhetor Graecorum, tum disertissimus, cum 
 Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc 
 Graecia eloquentiae laude privaretur. Medea fugiens, cum Col¬ 
 chos Aeeta patre duce appropinquantes animadvertisset, taetro 
 
240 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 flagitio cavit, ne quid detrimenti navi Argonautarum inferretur. 
 Anus paupercula, cum vidisset Pyrrhum in filium, a quo lancea 
 vulneratis erat, magno impetu ferri, periculo filii sui commota, 
 protinus tegulam corripuit, et utraque manu libratam in caput 
 regis dejecit. Polyphemum Homerus, cum immanem ferumque 
 finxerit, cum ariete colloquentem eiusque fortunam laudantem 
 facit. Horatius Ulixem cum Tiresia apud inferos colloquentem 
 et ex eo quibus artibus amissas opes recuperare possit, quaeren¬ 
 tem inducit. Alexander ad Jovem Hammonem pergit, consulturus 
 et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Alexander Hephae¬ 
 stionem in regionem Bactricianam misit, commeatus in hiemem 
 paraturum. Injuriam a senatu acceptam vindicaturus, Caesar in 
 Italiam rediit et bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen 
 transiit. 
 
 491. The general led his soldiers out of the city to fight 
 the enemy, but he fell in the battle, and his soldiers were forced 
 to retreat. Many have often seen Hannibal, wrapped in a sol¬ 
 dier’s mantle, lying on the ground between the guards and 
 sentinels. Cicero, in his book, entitled “Cato Major,” makes 
 Cato discourse on old age, because no person seemed to him 
 more fit to speak of it. King Perseus, when himself a captive, 
 saw his sons led as captives before him. Hasdrubal, when driven 
 from Spain, landed on the shore of Africa, to seek the friend¬ 
 ship of Syphax. Timoleon lost his eyesight and bore this mis¬ 
 fortune so patiently, that no one ever heard him complain. When 
 Cicero, at a session 1 of the senate, had spoken against 2 Catiline 
 in his presence, the latter fled from Rome and set out for the 
 army which he had collected, in order to make war upon the 
 city. 
 
 1 habere. 2 invehi. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 492. Marcellus who, after the taking of Syracuse, brought 
 many objects of art 1 to Rome which migdit be an ornament to 
 the city, did not place any of them in his house or in his gar¬ 
 dens. Chilo of Lacedaemon, one of the so-called seven wise men, 
 taught 2 that we should restrain the tongue and not revile others. 
 After peace had been made, all those who were accused and con¬ 
 victed of a capital crime, for example of treason, were condemned 
 to death, and three days after the pronouncing 3 of the sentence 
 led to execution. The Athenians sent Cimon to Asia to reconquer 
 
 1 opus artificiosum. 2 hortari. 3 dicere. 
 
miscellaneous exercises. 
 
 241 
 
 the cities of the allies, which the Persians had taken. After he 
 had stormed many cities, he defeated the fleet which fought 
 bravely under the command of Tithraustes. When Miltiades had 
 regulated the affairs in Chersonesus, he returned to Lemnus; 
 the Cari, who were then in possession of the islands, dared not 
 resist and abandoned the island. 
 
 493. So great a desire 1 for knowledge is innate in man, 
 that there is no doubt, that human nature, without being induced 
 by any advantage, is of itself drawn 2 to the investigation of 
 things. Conon experienced 8 more grief from the burning and 
 destruction of his native city, than joy from its restoration. It 
 would be difficult to find any one, who suffered innocently under 
 the emperor Vespasian, unless it happened in his absence or 
 without his knowledge 4 and against his will. Artaxerxes marched 
 out with more than ten thousand foot-soldiers, in order to sub¬ 
 ject the Satrap, who had rebelled against him; but before he 
 gave battle, he placed guards on the hill near the camp, whence 
 the enemy could be surveyed. The poet Euripides makes Her¬ 
 cules succumb to the greatness of the sorrow which he felt for 
 the murder 6 of his wife and children. 
 
 1 amor. 2 rapere. 3 capere ex re. 4 ignarus. 5 interjicere. 
 
 494. Without the knowledge of any one, Themistocles at 
 night sent a message by one of his slaves to Xerxes, and per¬ 
 suaded him, to attack the Greeks on the following day. In the 
 year 681 after the building of Rome, a new war was suddenly 
 provoked 1 ; for 74 gladiators fled under the leadership of Spar¬ 
 tacus, Crixus and Oenomaus after breaking open 2 the fencing- 
 school at Capua, and marching through Italy, brought on a war 
 which was not less serious than that which Hannibal had caused. 
 After the Carthaginians had taken Campania, the citizens of 
 almost all cities of lower Italy separated into two parties; one 
 party sided 8 with the Romans, the other with Hannibal. Gor¬ 
 gias, who had lived 107 years without ever abating in his zeal 
 for the sciences, said, when asked, why he was so long pleased 
 with life: “I have no reason to complain of old age.” I heard 
 Atticus boast, that he was never in enmity with his mother or 
 sister. 
 
 1 movere. 2 effringere. 3 esse. 
 
 495. Agesilaus did not reserve for himself any of the gold 
 or silver found among the booty which had been taken from the 
 enemy, but ordered it to be sent to Lacedaemon, which up to 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 that time possessed 1 only iron coin. The Romans fought so 
 bravely against the Gauls, that they killed a great number of 
 them and gave them no opportunity to rally 2 . During the con¬ 
 sulate of T. Manlius Torquatus and 3 G. Attilius Balbus, the 
 Romans carried on no war, having made peace with all their 
 enemies; and this had happened only once since the foundation 
 of the city, (namely) under the reign of Numa Pompilius. When 
 a boy, who was educated by Plato, returned to his parents and 
 frequently heard his father shout 4 , he said: “I have never seen 
 this with Plato.” What the Romans accomplished from the 
 time of the foundation of Rome to the taking of it by the Gauls, 
 first under kings, then under consuls, dictators, decemvirs and 
 consular tribunes, as well as the wars without and the disturb¬ 
 ances within 5 , T. Livy has narrated in 6 the first five books of 
 his Roman history. 
 
 1 uti. 2 se colligere. 3 see Gr. § 316, 3. 4 vociferari. 5 — at home. * see 
 
 Gr. § 193. 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 1. — After the death of his father Philip, Alexander suc¬ 
 ceeded to the throne 1 , in the first year of the 111th Olympiad. 
 His first military expeditions were crowned 2 with victories over 
 several nations, who upon the rumor of the death of Philip, 
 tried to shake off the Macedonian yoke. The Greeks also planned 
 rebellion, when Philip was dead. But all these 3 commotions 
 Alexander suppressed by the destruction of Thebes. As he now 
 believed that by the fall of Thebes Greece was sufficiently quieted, 
 he turned his thoughts from the siege of Athens to the war 
 with the Persians. To undertake this 3 , he was not only urged 
 on by the desire for power and glory, but also by the example 
 of his father who had entertained 4 the same plan. With his 
 troops he crossed the Hellespont in the same year in which he 
 took Thebes. At the head of the Persians was Memnon of Rho¬ 
 des, a man distinguished by experience and knowledge of war, 
 and upon his counsel they had arrayed themselves at the river 
 Granicus to prevent Alexander from crossing it. He, however, 
 crosses the river, breaks through the army of the enemy and 
 puts them to flight. Thereupon he occupies Ionia and Caria and 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 243 
 
 takes Halicarnassus, which Memnon himself defended, and in 
 a bold march crosses the foot 5 of Mount Climax, which was in¬ 
 undated by the Pamphilian sea. After that he invaded Phrygia 
 and subjected these regions, at the same time also Cappadocia. 
 Then he made a descent 6 upon Cilicia, which, at his approach, 
 Arsames, the governor of king Darius, abandoned. Thereupon 
 he met the approaching Darius, and defeated him at Issus. An 
 author has related that Alexander fought with Darius in single 
 combat and was wounded by him. But Plutarch correctly judges 
 this 8 to be erroneous, since Alexander himself did not mention 
 it in the letter which he wrote to Antipater concerning this 
 battle. Disheartened by the terror of this victory, the adjoining 
 nations surrendered to Alexander, Tyre alone would not receive 
 him. From there he set out for Gaza. Thereupon he occupied 
 Egypt, and, after having founded Alexandria, visited the oracle 
 of Ammon. After his return thence, he marches against Darius, 
 who, as most 7 authors relate, was approaching with one million 
 armed men. Alexander crossed the Euphrates and came to Gau¬ 
 gamela, a village close by the city of Arbela, where Darius had 
 pitched his camp. A battle is fought, the Persians are defeated. 
 Thereupon having taken possession of the cities of Babylon and 
 Susa, he hastens to Persepolis. Shortly after this Darius is killed 
 by Bessus, in the ninth month after the battle of Arbela. 
 
 1 rerum potiri . 2 nobilitari. 3 relative. 4 agitare. 5 radices, um. 6 des¬ 
 
 cendere 7 plerique omnes. 
 
 Marcus Antonius Muretus greets Cornelius Valerius. 
 
 2. — Your Lipsius returns to you, and, indeed 1 , to 2 my great 
 sorrow. For he has so bound 8 me to himself by his nobleness 
 of soul and learning, by the purity of his morals, the charm of 
 his conversation and society, that at his departure I seemed to 
 be torn from myself. Oh how happy are you, Cornelius, from 
 whose school a youth of such rare example has gone forth! I 
 esteemed you before on account of your writings, and loved you 
 on account of the judgment which you had very lovingly given 
 on the dramas of Terence corrected by me. But now, believe 
 me, on account of Lipsius, my opinion of you and my love for 
 you have so increased, that I desire nothing more than that some 
 opportunity be given me to show you in deed how much you are 
 esteemed 4 by me. If you wish to make 5 a trial of this 6 , I entreat 
 
 1 seeGr. § 241, 2. 2 see Gr. § 197. 3 devincire. * esse. 5 periculum facere 
 
 alicujus rei. 6 relative. 
 
 f 
 
244 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 you that if some whom you love, and especially such as have 
 any resemblance to Lipsius, should come hither, you may recom¬ 
 mend them to me. Farewell! Rome, April 3, 1570. 
 
 3. — When the destruction of Saguntum had been announced 
 at Rome, the consuls were ordered to cast lots for the provinces 
 which had already previously been assigned 1 . Spain was alloted* 
 to Cornelius; Africa tog-ether with Sicily, to Sempronius. Six 
 leg-ions were voted for this year, and as many allies as they 
 themselves should find necessary 3 , and a fleet as large as could 
 be equipped. 24,000 Roman foot-soldiers and 1,800 horsemen 
 were enlisted; from the allies 40,000 foot and 4,400 horsemen; 
 of ships 220 quinqueremes and 20 yachts were launched. The 
 troops were distributed between the consuls in the following 
 manner: Sempronius received 4 two legions, each* consisting of 
 4,000 foot-soldiers and 300 horsemen, and 16,000 allies on foot, 
 1,800 mounted, 160 men of war and 22 yachts. With this land 
 and sea force Tiberius Sempronius was sent to Sicily, to cross 
 over to Africa, in case the other consul would be able 5 to keep 
 the Carthaginian® out of Italy. Cornelius received less troops, 
 because also the praetor, L. Manlius, was sent to Ganl with 
 quite a strong 7 force. Especially the number of ships was less¬ 
 ened for Cornelius: sixty quinqueremes were given him, and two 
 Roman legions with the proportionate 8 cavalry, and 14,000 allies 
 on foot with 1,600 mounted. The province of Gaul had two 
 Roman legions and 10,000 allies on foot, 1,000 allied and 600 
 Roman cavalry. From this it can be seen 9 , that the Romans 
 did not doubt that a serious war would arise. 
 
 1 nominare. 7 evenire. 3 videri , see Gr. § 274, n. 2. 4 dare. 5 satis esse 
 
 ad. 6 Poenus. 7 haud invalidus. 8 justus. 9 intelligere. 
 
 4. —You judge rightly that our old friendship has not suf¬ 
 fered 1 any thing by the long interruption 2 of correspondence 5 . 
 For I never ceased to love you, diligently to inquire about you 
 of all who came from you, and to rejoice, when I heard what 
 I wished and hoped for; I likewise never doubted that you were 
 always similarly disposed towards me. Therefore your letter 
 was very pleasing to me, and the more frequent they are, the 
 more pleasing will they be, if only this is done without any 
 inconvenience to you. For although I derive great pleasure 
 from reading them, still I wish that you have more regard for 
 your convenience than for my pleasure. John I loved for many 
 reasons 4 so much, that I believed hardly any thing could be 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 245 
 
 added to my affection; yet in consequence of your recommenda¬ 
 tion so much has been added to it, as I never had thought. And 
 nothing is more disagreeable to me than to see, that I shall 
 soon be without his company. For he intends 5 to go to Bologna, 
 there to devote himself entirely to the study of civil law. I 
 shall recommend him to Sigonius and Amasaeus. Also you, who 
 have many old friends there, will, if you do the same, do what 
 is consistent with your character and your custom. If there is 
 anything that you wish to be attended to here by me, for your¬ 
 self or any of yours, I beg you to be convinced that for your 
 sake I shall always do every thing eagerly and diligently. Fare¬ 
 well! Rome April 8. 
 
 1 detrahere de re. 7 intermissio. 3 litterae. 4 nomen. 5 cogitare. 
 
 5. — It is said of Simonides of Ceos, that he discovered the 
 system of remembering 1 . When namely he once dined at Cranon 
 in Thessaly with Scopas, a rich and noble man, and had sung 
 the poem which he had written in his honor 2 , wherein much 
 occurred in honor of Castor and Pollux, Scopas, altogether too 
 niggardly told Simonides, that he would give him for this poem 
 the half of what he had stipulated; the rest he might ask of 
 his Tyndarides, if he liked, whom he had equally praised. Shortly 
 after, word was brought to Simonides to come outside 3 , that 
 there were at the door two strange 4 young men who urgently 
 called for him. He arose, went out, saw nobody. In the mean¬ 
 time 5 the room in which Scopas was dining collapsed; by its 
 fall he and his whole family were crushed to death 6 . When 
 the relatives 7 wished to inter them 8 and were unable to distin¬ 
 guish 9 the crushed bodies, it is related that Simonides pointed 
 out, by whom each one was to be buried, because he remem¬ 
 bered the exact place where each reclined. His attention having 
 been drawn 10 by this, he is said to have discovered, that it was 
 principally order which gave clearness 11 to the memory. 
 
 1 ars memoriae. 7 in honor, in (acc.) 3 prodire. 4 quidam. 5 hoc interim 
 tempus. 6 opprimere. 7 sui. 8 relative. 9 internoscere. 10 admonere. 11 lumen 
 afferre. 
 
 6. — Among the Roman laws concerning religion were also 
 the following: men shall approach God with a pure 1 heart; they 
 shall bring along 2 a pious disposition 8 ; if an} 7 any one does 
 otherwise, God himself will punish 4 . The sanctuaries 5 built by 
 the fathers shall be preserved. The sacred customs of the fam¬ 
 ily and of the fathers shall be kept. On holidays quarrels sh&lj 
 
 i castus, 1 adhibere. * pietas,, 4 vindicem esse * 5 delubrum, 
 
246 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 be set aside, and the servants also shall observe them, when 
 they have finished their work. Different 1 Gods shall have dif¬ 
 ferent priests. The Vestal virgins shall guard in the city the 
 perpetual fire of the public hearth. In a law it is mentioned 2 , 
 that of the customs of the fathers the best shall be observed 3 . 
 When the Athenians asked the P} r thian Apollo for advice, as 
 to what religious customs they should especially retain, the 
 answer of the oracle was: “Those founded 3 on the customs of 
 the forefathers.” And as they came there a second time and 
 said, that the customs of the forefathers had often changed, 
 and asked which of the different (customs) they should especially 
 observe, it was answered: “The best.” And, in fact 4 , so it is; 
 that is to be held as the most ancient and closest to God, which 
 is the best. 
 
 1 see Gr. § 248, 4. 2 esse. 3 colere. 4 profecto. 
 
 M. Ant. Muretus greets Francis Venierius. 
 
 7. — You do well daily to practice 1 writing Latin, and to 
 make every endeavor to acquire some perfection 2 in it. But 
 what has until now deterred you from writing to me, I can not 
 understand; for, on the one hand, I have no such authority, 
 that one need dread my opinion; and, on the other hand, if I 
 did possess it, my great affection for you could, nevertheless, 
 easily rid you of all fear, especially since you write so, that 
 you may rather expect praise from all, than fear censure 3 from 
 any one. In future, therefore, do not consider it anything diffi¬ 
 cult to write to Muretus! Only give me this permission, that 
 I may answer your letters, which will be the more welcome, the 
 more frequent they are, in a somewhat free 4 and careless man¬ 
 ner i. e ., in the familiar and ordinary 5 style 6 of speaking; for I 
 do nothing with greater repugnance 7 than spend 8 my leisure 
 time in filing 9 ond polishing letters. Moreover, none of the 
 rules which have been taught 10 by rhetoricians do I like more 
 than this one, that we must take pains that the discourse seems 
 to flow spontaneously. Yea 11 , in order that it may seem to do 
 so the more, I let it flow spontaneously and take 12 the excuse 
 for my indolence from the instructors themselves. You also, if 
 you love me, or rather because you love me, imitate this neg¬ 
 ligence of mine, when you write to me. Farewell! Rome, March 2. 
 
 1 se exercere. 2 praestantia. 8 fastidium. 4 solutus. 5 cotidianus. • genus. 
 7 invite. 8 abutor. 9 limare. 10 tradere. 11 ego vero. 15 petere. 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 247 
 
 8. —Lake Curtius 1 , on the Forum at Rome, was, as is known, 
 called after Curtius, and there is in regard to it a threefold tra¬ 
 dition 2 . Procilius related, that at this place the earth opened*, 
 and that, when in accordance with a decree of the senate, this 
 was reported to the soothsayers, it was answered that the deity 
 desired the bravest citizen to precipitate himself into it. That 
 hereupon a certain Curtius, a youth distinguished in war, offered 
 himself as the victim 4 , and, mounted on his best caparisoned 
 horse, plunged into the abyss 5 in full armor 6 , and that the mul¬ 
 titude of men and women threw 7 upon 8 him presents and fruits; 
 that then 9 the place closed 10 up. Piso writes in his annals 
 (Indirect): When in the Sabine war, Romulus with his men 
 made an attack from a more elevated place, the Sabine Mettius 
 Curtius, his horse having shied at the noise of the pursuers 11 , 
 fell into a marsh which was then on the Forum. He, however, 
 escaped from it and returned to his (comrades) on the Capitol. 
 From him the lake received its name. Cornelius writes that 
 the place was struck by lightning, and fenced in 12 in consequence 
 of a decree of the senate; and that, because this was done by 
 the consul Curtius whose colleague was Marcus Genucius, it was 
 given his name. We need 13 not wonder that various accounts 
 are handed down, since, indeed, we find that different 14 (stories) 
 
 have been related of several remarkable places. 
 
 1 Lacus Curtius . 2 historia , fama. 3 discedere. 4 devovere. 5 specus , us. 
 
 6 armatus. 7 congerere. 8 super. 9 quo facto. 10 coire. 11 sequi. 12 saepire. 
 18 non est. 14 discrepans. 
 
 9.— From the day on which Hannibal was declared com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Carthaginians, he determined to make 
 war upon the Saguntines, just as if Italy had been assigned 1 to 
 him as his field of operation 2 and the war against the Romans 
 enjoined on him. But because he believed that an attack* upon 
 these 4 would infallibly 5 excite the Romans to war 6 , he previ¬ 
 ously led his army into a district which was adjacent to Sagun¬ 
 tum and in the territory of the Carthaginians, so as to appear 
 not to have aimed 7 at the Saguntines, but to have been drawn 
 into this war by the course 8 of events. The rich capital of that 
 country he conquered and plundered. Frightened by this, the 
 smaller towns submitted. Victorious and laden with booty, the 
 army was led into winter-quarters at New Carthage. After Han¬ 
 nibal, by a liberal 9 distribution of booty and by the punctual 10 
 payment of arrears 11 , had strengthened the attachment of the 
 
 1 decernere. 2 provincia. 8 oppugnare. 4 by a relative. 5 haud dubie. * Romana 
 arma moveri. 7 petere. 8 series, ei. 9 large. 10 fides. 11 praeteritum stipendium. 
 
248 EXERCISES FOR repetition of syntax. 
 
 warriors to his person 1 , he made war upon 2 other nations in 
 
 the beginning of spring. 
 
 1 pronoun. 2 bellum promovere. 
 
 10.—During the earlier centuries of the (existence of) their 
 state, the Romans had no other division of the day than that 
 made by the observation 1 of the rising and setting of the sun, 
 and afterwards also of its highest position 2 . Therefore, they 
 used no other words for designating the time of day than those 
 derived from these three points of time 3 . Pliny confirms this: 
 “Rome received 4 rather late the division into hours 5 ; in the 
 laws of the twelve tables, only sunrise and sunset are mentioned; 
 some years later also noon was added; a servant 6 of the consuls 
 called out the time.” Then the invention 7 of the Greeks was 
 added, and the time of day began to be divided into equal parts, 
 which were regulated and fixed by the rays of the sun on a 
 
 disk having hands 8 . This instrument for dividing 9 the time 
 
 and the day was called a solarium, sun-dial, and was first 
 
 brought 10 to Rome at the time of the first Punic war. But 
 
 beginners must be very careful not to believe that the Roman 
 clock was similar to ours. First of all it must be borne in 
 mind, that the whole of the time which elapses from sunrise to 
 sunset, as also that which passes from that time to the return 
 of daylight, was divided by the Romans into twelve equal parts. 
 They, however, commenced with day-time, because it only could 
 be equally divided by a (is) clock which uses the rays of the 
 sun for the division of time, and this alone they possessed. 
 Thus it happened u , that since all days, the longer ones of sum¬ 
 mer 12 as well as the shorter ones of winter, were divided into 
 (ad) the same number, the hours likewise were of different 
 length. In the same manner night-time also was divided, as 
 soon as the art 13 of dividing was invented. Ctesibius invented 
 another kind of clock, which divided the time by means of 
 water, and exactly showed all the hours of day and night. 
 Although the latter was unlike the former, yet the name sola¬ 
 rium adhered to it, because it had taken its place. Censorinus 
 plainly 14 states: “L. Cornelius Nascia, while censor, ordered an 
 hour-clock of water to be made, which, from the custom of not¬ 
 ing the hours by the sun, also began to be called solarium.” 
 This solarium stood on the Forum under a roof. Pliny vouches 15 
 for this: “Scipio Nascia, colleague of Laenas, was the first who 
 caused the hours of the night as 16 well as those of the day to 
 fie divided by water, and this clock he dedicated under a roof 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 249 
 
 in the year of the city 595.” Hence we conclude also, that the 
 solarium which is said to have been in the Roman Forum at 
 Cicero’s time, was non other than the water clock mentioned by 
 Pliny and Censorinus. 
 
 1 sensus, us. 2 oriens — occidens — summus sol. 3 tempus. 4 contingit aliquid 
 mihi. 5 horarum observatio. 6 accensus, i. 7 ars. 8 gnomonicus discus, i. 
 9 describere. 10 advehere. 11 quo fit. 12 aestivus — hibernus. 13 artificium. 
 14 luculenter; ‘states’ may be omitted. 15 auctor esse. 16 aeque. 
 
 11. —When Hannibal had crossed the Pyrenees, he encamped 1 
 near the city of Iliberris. Although the Gauls heard that war 
 was made upon Italy, yet, as it was rumored that beyond the 
 Pyrenees the Spaniards had been subjected by force and strong 
 garrisons quartered there, several nations from fear of bondage 
 collected in arms near Ruscino. As soon as this was announced 
 to Hannibal, he feared the delay more than the war, and, there¬ 
 fore, sent ambassadors 2 to their princes 3 with this message: “I 
 wish to speak with you in person; either 4 you come nearer to 
 Iliberris or 4 I will advance to Ruscino, that the meeting may be 
 easier; on the one hand, I shall gladly receive you within my 
 camp, on the other, I shall myself come to you without hesita¬ 
 tion 6 . I have namely come as the guest of Gaul, not as its 
 enemy, and shall, if you make it possible 6 , not draw the sword 
 until I arrive in Italy.” This statement he made 7 through his 
 ambassadors. But when the princes of the Gauls immediately 
 moved 8 into the neighborhood of Iliberris and without any re¬ 
 luctance 9 had come to the Carthaginian, they were won by^ pre¬ 
 sents and permitted the army to march without molestation 10 
 through their territory 1 past 11 the city of Ruscino. 
 
 1 castra locare or ponere. 2 orator; the following address is to be translated 
 in direct and indirect speech. 3 regulus. 4 vel — vel. 6 cunctanter. 6 licet, see 
 Gr. § 213, 4. 7 dicere. 8 castra movere. 9 haud gravanter. 10 cum bona pace. 
 
 11 permit to march through, transmittere. 
 
 12. — When G. Julius Caesar had been defeated by Pompey 
 near Dyrrhachium, in the year 48 before Christ, he hastened to 
 Thessaly, united his army near Aeginium with his lieutenant 
 Gn. Domitius, and then arrived at Gomphi. Since the prefect 1 
 of this city would sooner be the associate of Pompey in victory, 
 than the companion of Caesar in misfortune, he drove all the 
 slaves and freemen from the country 2 into the city, locked the 
 gates, and sent messengers to Scipio and Pompey to come to 
 his assistance, (stating) that in case 3 of speedy relief 4 he would 
 rely on the fortifications of the city, that, however, he could 
 
 not endure a longer siege. Caesar exhorted his soldiers and 
 
 1 praefectus, 2 ager, plural, 3 fi. 4 succurrere. 
 
250 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OP SYNTAX. 
 
 showed, how advantageous it was to seize the rich city for reliev¬ 
 ing their want of everything, and at the same time to terrify 
 the rest of the cities by an example. He attacked 1 the city on 
 the day of his arrival after the ninth hour, took it before sun¬ 
 set, and gave it up to his soldiers to plunder. After this there 
 was no city in Thessaly that did not obey him and carry out 
 his commands. 
 
 1 participle. 
 
 13. — Concerning the origin of the Corinthian bronze, divers 
 stories are transmitted by the ancients. Pliny says, that it was 
 mixed by chance, when Corinth at its capture 1 was set on fire. 
 L. Florus also is of the same opinion. He wrote the following 
 concerning it: While very many statues and pictures were burn¬ 
 ing in that fire, veins of bronze, gold and silver flowed together. 
 But others say, that in olden times only one house was burned 
 in Corinth, and that, since there was a little gold and silver in 
 it, but a great quantity of bronze, these metals mixed and 
 melted together into one and the same mass and thus received 
 the name of Corinthian bronze. Others also mention, and this 
 appears to be more probable 2 , that a worker in bronze 8 at Cor¬ 
 inth, having found a chest full of gold and carried it away for 
 himself, cut the gold into small 4 pieces from fear of being dis¬ 
 covered 5 , gradually mixed it with bronze and produced that 
 marvellous mixture, by which he afterwards became rich. 
 
 1 verb. 2 probrius accedere ad veri similitudinem. 3 faber aerarius. 4 mi¬ 
 nutus. 6 palam Jieri. 
 
 M. Ant. Muretus greets his Paul Sacratus. 
 
 14. — By order of my cardinal I recently wrote some verses 
 on the charming site of Tibur; but I was commanded to write 
 not much more than 20 verses, and to touch upon that which 
 was noteworthy and pleasing in its gardens. In about two hours 
 I composed more than 40 verses, and I believe 1 that I have 
 hardly touched 2 any thing of the numberless things that could 
 be mentioned. These verses, of whatever kind they may be, I 
 send to you to try, if 8 perchance they can divert your mind 
 from troubles for a while 4 . For it is an old adage that troubles 
 are alleviated by a poem. Communicate them to Paludinus and 
 Canalius. For though they are not very good, yet they will 
 please you three, because they are from me \ Please send them 
 also to Antonius. For although I ought to fear his judgment, 
 yet his approved love towards me frees me from all fear. I 
 
exercises for repetition of syntax. 251 
 
 bear you in my bosom 6 , dearest Sacratus, and all of you, but 
 not to tell a lie, you before the rest, and, although I write to 
 you less often than our intimate 7 relation would demand, I, 
 nevertheless, think of you very often. Farewell, dearest and 
 tried friend! Tibur, August 13th, 1571. 
 
 1 videri. 2 delibari. 3 see Gr. § 278, 2, n. 4 paulisper. 5 possessive. 6 in 
 sinu ferre . 7 summus. 
 
 15. — The death of your brother is a source of great grief 
 to me, both because I loved him, as also because I easily under¬ 
 stood how severe and grievous it would be for you. Although 
 it may seem that consolation is already too late, I, nevertheless, 
 can not but admonish you to remember that we must bear this 
 with the greatest equanimity, as the will of God and a necessity 
 of human nature. If any art could be discovered by which it 
 would be possible to remain forever in this life, we, neverthe¬ 
 less, would have to 1 reject it, since 2 it would debar 3 us from 
 admittance to a better life. So, however 4 , by the will of God 
 the necessity is imposed on us at some time to depart from this 
 world; and between the foolish and wise there is no greater 
 difference than this, that the former become indignant that now 
 their dear ones undergo what they likewise will undergo; the 
 latter, on the contrary, patiently endure the common fate in 
 their friends and await it for themselves. We are surprised, 
 Sacratus, that those die whom we love. We ourselves die daily. 
 How much 5 is left in us of that which was in us as youths? 
 My teeth, at least, have already died, for nearly all have fallen 
 out; gradually the eyes are dying, which I feel, become daily 
 less sharp-sighted; the memory is dying. Believe me, Sacratus, 
 my old age is hardly more pleasing to me for any other reason 6 
 than that it seems to pave for me a more pleasant road to death. 
 Therefore let us congratulate 7 our deceased friends, but at the 
 same time let us daily prepare ourselves for a good death! I 
 would already have sent you a part of my writings, if I were 
 not intent upon the simultaneous publication 8 of all. If, how¬ 
 ever, it should seem to you too long to wait until this is done, 
 I do not refuse to send you something in the meanwhile, to 
 have it printed in Venice. If you give me a hint that you de¬ 
 sire this, I will not delay. 9 Farewell! Rome, February 12, 1584. 
 
 1 oportet. 2 relative. 3 intercludere. 4 nunc autem. 5 quota pars. 6 alio 
 nomine. 1 bene precari. 8 verb. 9 in me mora est. 
 
 16. — Dionysius the Elder was tyrant of the Syracusans dur- 
 
252 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 ing thirty-eight years, having assumed 1 the sovereign authority 2 
 at the age of twenty-five. In his manner of living he was very 
 temperate and in his management of affairs 3 zealous and active, 
 though at the same time by nature wicked and unjust. Though 
 descended from good parents and an honorable house, enjoying 
 the familiar intercourse of his friends and the frequent company 
 of relatives, he, notwithstanding, trusted none of them, but en¬ 
 trusted the protection 4 of his person 5 to slaves and some rude 
 foreigners. Thus, on account of his unjust desire for power, he 
 enclosed himself, as it were, in a prison. Nay, not to entrust 
 his throat to any barber, he instructed his own daughters in 
 shaving. And even from these he took away 6 the knife when 
 they were grown up, and made the arrangement that they should 
 burn away his beard and hair with glowing walnut-shells. When 
 once he wished to play ball and laid aside his tunic, he gave 
 his sword to a young man whom he loved. When one of his 
 retinue 7 jocosely said: “To him, at least, you entrust your life,” 
 and the youth laughed 8 at this, he had them both executed; the 
 one, because he had shown the way to kill him; the other, be¬ 
 cause by laughing he had approved of his words. And this 
 deed so grieved him, that nothing in his life ever seemed to 
 weigh more heavily 9 upon him; for he had killed him whom he 
 had loved ardently. On account of these circumstances, we all 
 
 must deem Dionysius very unhapp} 7 . 
 
 1 occupare. u dominatus, us. 3 res gerere. 4 custodire. 5 corpus. 6 remo¬ 
 vere. 7 familiaris . 6 arridere. 9 graviter ferre. 
 
 17.— The same Dionysius himself intimated, how little hap¬ 
 piness he enjoyed. When namely one of his flatterers, Damocles, 
 in the course of conversation 1 had made mention of his treasures, 
 of the greatness of his power, of the abundance of his posses¬ 
 sions, of the magnificence of the royal palaces, and declared that 
 no one was ever happier, he said: “Do 3 7 ou, then, O Damocles, 
 since m 3 7 life pleases 2 you so much, wish to taste the same things 
 and experience my happiness?” When the former expressed his 
 willingness 3 , he had him placed on a golden couch and had sev¬ 
 eral tables ornamented with embossed gold and silver vessels. 
 He then ordered servants 4 to approach 5 the table and serve at- 
 tentiveh T . Ointments and wreaths were at hand, incense was 
 burned, and the table was laden 6 with the choicest viands 7 . Da¬ 
 mocles deems 8 himself happy. In the midst of this splendor 9 , 
 Dionysius ordered a glittering sword, which was fastened 10 to 
 the ceiling 11 by a horsehair, \o be suspended 12 it* sqcb a ijianner, 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 253 
 
 that it threatened to fall 13 upon the neck of the unhappy man. 
 He, therefore, neither looked at the artistic silverware nor did 
 he stretch out his hand to the table. Finally he entreated the 
 tyrant to permit him to leave, since he no longer desired to be 
 happy. 
 
 1 tn sermone. 2 delectare. 3 cupere. 4 puer. 5 consistere. 6 exstruere. 
 7 epulae. 8 videri. 9 apparatus , us. 10 aptus ex re. 11 lacunar , aris. 12 demit¬ 
 
 tere. 13 impendere. 
 
 How the Athenians honored 1 homer, and the 
 Lacedaemonians Tyrtaeus. 
 
 18.—How highly the Athenians esteemed the poems of Homer 
 and how useful they thought them for the purpose of inflaming 
 the hearts with love of the good and beautiful 2 , may easily be 
 seen from this, that they passed a law that of the whole num¬ 
 ber of poets, only his poems should every five years be declaimed 
 in the name of the state 3 at the Panathanaea. They thought, 
 namely, that the laws indeed prescribe, what is to be done and 
 what is to be omitted 4 , but that, on account of their brevity, 
 they do not instruct; that on the contrary, the poets who, imi¬ 
 tating the life of men, describe minutely brave and illustrious 
 deeds and almost present them to the eyes, were better adapted 
 to convince. The Lacedaemonians also paid a similar honor to 
 Tyrtaeus. Although they were otherwise 3 averse to poetry, and 
 did not like to listen to the songs of poets, they, nevertheless, 
 had decreed by law, that as often as the army was drawn up, 
 ready to engage the enemy, the soldiers, by listening to the 
 poems of Tyrtaeus, were to be animated to sacrifice their lives 
 for their native country. 
 
 1 afficere and honos. 2 honestas ac dignitas. 3 publice. 4 fugere. 3 ceteroqui. 
 
 19. — In the year 260 after the founding of Rome, the ple¬ 
 beians at the instigation of a certain Sicinius, withdrew to the 
 sacred mountain, which is situated beyond the river Anio, 3,000 
 paces from the city. There without any leader, they entrenched 
 themselves 1 with rampart and ditch, and remained quiet for 
 some days. Great terror prevailed in the city. The senate 
 decreed to send to the plebeians as spokesman 2 Menenius Ag¬ 
 rippa, a man of eloquence, and in favor with 3 the patricians, 
 as well as with the plebeians. When he had been admitted 
 into the camp, he is said to have simply 4 narrated the following 
 (Indirect speech): At a time wheu all the members of the body 
 were not yet in harmony 5 , the other parts became indignant, 
 
 1 castra communire. 2 orator. 3 carus. 4 = nothing else than. 5 consentire. 
 
254 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 that by their care, labor and services every thing* was procured 
 for the stomach; that, however, the stomach in the center did 
 nothing* but 1 quietly enjoy the pleasures prepared for it. Then 
 they conspired, that the hands should take no food to the mouth, 
 the mouth not accept the food offered, and the teeth not masti¬ 
 cate it. Whilst they thus tried to subdue the stomach by hun¬ 
 ger, the members themselves and the whole body wasted away 2 
 at the same time. By this it became apparent, that the service 
 of the stomach also was not useless, and that it nourishes as 
 well 3 as is nourished. As he then showed by comparison 4 , how 
 similar the internal 5 revolt of the body was to the animosity 
 of the plebeians ag*ainst the patricians, he is said to have 
 changed 6 the minds of the people. 
 x nisi. 2 ad tabem venire. 3 non magis, 4 comparare. 5 intestinus . 6 flectere, 
 
 \ 
 
 Ancient Syracuse. 
 
 20 . — The celebrated city of Syracuse, of which the histo¬ 
 rian Timaeus writes that it was the largest among the Grecian 
 cities and the most beautiful of all, has a well fortified and 
 admirable position. It also possesses a noteworthy castle, har¬ 
 bors which extend 1 to the middle of the stronghold 2 and the 
 piers of the city, broad streets, colonnades, and magnificent 
 temples. The city is so large, that it is said to consist of four 
 very large cities: the one of these 3 is the so-called island; on this 
 is the place which belonged to king Hiero. The second city at 
 Syracuse is called Achradina; in this there is a very extensive 
 market-place, most beautiful colonnades, a stately prytaneum, a 
 very spacious city hall, and the gorgeous temple of the Olympic 
 Jupiter; the remaining parts of the city, which are divided by 
 a wide, continuous street and many cross-streets, consist of pri¬ 
 vate residences. The third city is that which, from the site of 
 an old temple of Fortuna, was called Tycha; here is a very 
 spacious gymnasium and several temples, and this part is the 
 most densely inhabited. The fourth city is called New City 4 , 
 because it was built last; at {ad) the highest part 5 of it, there 
 is a very large theater; moreover, two magnificent temples, the 
 one of Ceres, the other of Libera, and a very handsome and 
 large statue of Apollo. 
 
 1 infusus. 2 oppidum. 3 here and to the end of this exercise use relative 
 connection as often as possible. 4 Neapolis. 5 see Gr. § 230, 2. 
 
 21 . — Though all vices are loathsome and unworthy of man, 
 there are, nevertheless, some 1 which we abhor 2 less; others 1 , on 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 255 
 
 the contrary, are so detestable that they excite disgust 5 in all 
 men. As a proof of this, covetousness and ambition may serve, 
 the former of which is filthy and low; the latter is generally 
 joined as a companion to great and noble minds. The former 
 thinks of nothing great and sublime, but always coveting, 
 always complaining 4 , seeks only what it can store away 5 , not 
 what it can enjoy, and is read)' to sacrifice 6 to money 7 friends, 
 relations, parents, and country, if circumstances should require 8 
 it. The latter however, strives at least after something after 
 which also great and brave men strive; and there is hardly any 
 other difference, than that a good man strives after the virtue 
 itself, but at the same time, does not despise glory as an acces¬ 
 sory 9 and as a public testimony of his virtue; while the ambiti¬ 
 ous man looks to glory as his principal aim 10 , and if this be 
 taken away 11 , he would not love virtue itself. Yet contempt of 
 money always deserves praise, contempt of glory sometimes cen¬ 
 sure 15 . Hence we read of the Macedonian Alexander, of Caesar 
 and other like men, that they were very averse 13 to covetousness, 
 but not so 14 to ambition. Alexander, as is well known, said on 
 one occasion, that he would have killed him who 15 would have 
 called him third in rank; while Caesar was fond of honor, that 
 when he passed an insignificant 16 little town 17 , he did not hesitate 
 to say that he would rather be the first there than second in Rome. 
 
 1 quidam. * aversari aliquid. * stomachum movere alicui. 4 querulus. 5 re¬ 
 condere. 8 adicere. 7 nummi , orum. 8 ferre. 9 accessio. 10 praecipue sibi pro¬ 
 ponere rem. 11 detrahere , participle. 12 vitium. 18 alienus. 14 item. 15 si quis. 
 18 ignobilis. 17 oppidulum. 
 
 22 . — The poems of Homer, who has perhaps 1 been the great¬ 
 est poet of all ages, were, as is believed, brought 2 from Ionia 
 by Lycurgus. For this fact there are many vouchers, among 
 whom the first in age as well as trustworthiness is Heraclides 
 Ponticus, who testifies that Lycurgus had received the poems 
 from the descendants of Creophylus. Since the latter is num¬ 
 bered among the friends of Homer, we may conjecture 3 that his 
 descendants were a family of bards, who either, at the request 
 of Lycurgus, taught the Lacedaemonians the poems, or, on his 
 return, had given him a companion who knew and sang them. 
 For, that the poems were written by that family, and copied 
 by Lycurgus, was probably 4 invented by Plutarch. Such mat¬ 
 ters historians generally add, that the narration 5 of facts may 
 not be unadorned 6 and uninteresting 7 . I would also hesitate to 
 
 1 see Gr. § 278, 3. n. 1. 2 inferre , transferre. 3 conjicere. 4 videri. 6 nar¬ 
 rare. 8 nudus. 7 exilis. 
 
236 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 believe what Aelian relates, namely, that Lycurgus had known 
 all the materials 1 of which the Iliad and Odyssey later consisted. 
 How could Aelian have known that? 
 
 1 is, ea, id. 
 
 23. — It is related 1 of a certain T. Caelius of Tarracina, that 
 when after supper he with his two sons had gone to sleep in 
 the same chamber, in the morning" he was discovered with his 
 throat cut 2 . As no one was found upon whom suspicion could 
 rest 3 , and as his two sons, who reposed near him, said, that 
 they heard nothing, they were accused of parricide. What could 
 be so suspicious? Neither of them should have heard anything? 
 Some one should have been so bold 4 , as to enter the chamber 
 just at the time, when the two young sons were there, who 
 might notice it and offer resistance 6 ? There was, however, no 
 one who could be suspected. Nevertheless, when it was proven 6 
 to the judges that the youths were sound asleep, when the door 
 was opened in the morning, they were acquitted and freed from 
 all suspicion. For nobody believed, that there was anyone, who, 
 after having by an atrocious crime violated all human and divine 
 laws, could at once fall asleep 7 ; for the reason that those who 
 have committed so great a misdeed, cannot only not rest with¬ 
 out anxiety, but not even breath without fear. 
 
 1 ajunt. 2 jugulare. 3 pertinere. 4 audere . 5 defendere. 6 planum facere. 
 7 obdormiscere. 
 
 24. — While 1 it was generally 2 believed to be the mark of a 
 brave man rather to commit suicide than endure any grievous 
 and bitter misfortune, Aristotle wisely observed, that this opin¬ 
 ion is false, and asserted, that those who act in this manner 
 must be considered not only not brave, but cowardly and men 
 of a narrow and low 3 mind. For they show, that they are not 
 able either to endure that from which they flee, or to bear the 
 misfortune on account of which they quit life. This, however* 
 manifests 4 rather a womanish weakness than greatness of soul. 
 Concerning the same subject, Augustine also has spoken 5 , very 
 learnedly and wisely in his first book “On the City of God,” 
 and has shown by many arguments, that Lucretia, Cato and the 
 other men of that kind, are groundlessly commended in histories 
 for {ah') their bravery. But also the poet Kuripides had taught 
 this before; he makes Hercules at first succumb under the great¬ 
 ness of the grief which he experienced 6 over the murder of his 
 wife and children, which he himself had committed, when seized 7 
 by superhuman fury 8 , and therefore meditate to quit this life, 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 257 
 
 then again return to his senses 9 and change his resolution for 
 fear, that it might be imputed to him as cowardice, if he should 
 abandon life. 
 
 1 cum. 2 vulgo. 3 abjectus. 4 arguere. 5 disputare. 6 capere or haurire ex. 
 7 corripere. 8 furor divinitus immissus. 9 ad se redire. 
 
 25. — When Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria, besieged 
 Alexandria in the year 168 before the birth of Christ, and was 
 very near taking possession of all Egypt, G. Popillius Eaenas 
 was sent to him as ambassador to announce to him in the name 
 of the senate, that he should refrain from war against king 
 Ptolemy and evacuate Egypt. When the king had greeted the 
 ambassador upon his arrival and offered him his hand, Popillius 
 delivered to him the tablets which contained the decree of the 
 senate, and requested him first to read it. When he had read 
 it 1 and answered that he would consult his friends and consider 
 what he should do, Popillius, in accordance with his harsh char¬ 
 acter 2 , drew a circle 3 around the king with the rod which he 
 held in his hand and said: “Before you step out of this circle, 
 give me an answer, that I may bring it to the senate.” You 
 might have believed that not an ambassador had spoken, but 
 that the curia itself stood before the king. Amazed 4 at so for¬ 
 cible 5 a command, Antiochus said that he would fulfill what the 
 senate ordered. Then only 6 did Popillius give his hand to the 
 king as an ally and a friend. How effectual is not earnestness 
 of character and of speech! At the same time he terrified Syria 
 and protected Egypt. 
 
 1 perlegere. 2 asperitas a?iimi. 3 circumscribere aliquem. 4 obstupefacere. 
 5 violentus. 6 demum. 
 
 26. — It is related of the poet Philoxenus that he endeavored 
 to live sumptuously and splendidly 1 himself, and also took pains 
 that his fellow-citizens took well seasoned food. Therefore after 
 the bath 2 , he daily went around the city accompanied by his 
 servants 3 , who carried wine, oil, vinegar, and other things neces¬ 
 sary for seasoning food, and entering everyone’s house, looked 4 
 what was prepared for his meal, and if anything was not suf¬ 
 ficiently 5 seasoned, he spiced it himself. When he had thus 
 wandered through the city, he returned home and dined 6 . Once 
 he came to Ephesus and found the market for delicacies 7 empty. 
 When he inquired for the cause 8 and learned, that all the deli¬ 
 cacies had been carried to the house of a man who celebrated 
 
 1 lauie opipareque. 2 lavare . 3 puer. 4 inspicere . 5 minus recte. 6 epulari. 
 7 cupedinarius, a, um. 8 quid est rei? 
 
 17 
 
258 EXERCISES EOR REPETITION OE SYNTAX. 
 
 a wedding*, he also, though a stranger and not invited 1 , went 
 there to the feast and reclined at the table with the rest. And 
 when the host was pleased with his cleverness 2 , and said: “Phi¬ 
 loxenus, do you wish to dine with us to-morrow also?” he an¬ 
 swered: “Yes, if, as to-day, there will be nothing on the meat- 
 market.” When at one time he was invited to table 3 by the 
 tyrant Dionysius, and saw that a large mullet was served 4 to 
 Dionysius and a much smaller one to himself, he lifted his off 
 the dish, broug*ht it close to his ear, and feigned to ask it some¬ 
 thing. When Dionysius asked for the reason, he said to him: 
 “King, I am writing a 5 poem on Galatea, the daughter of the 
 sea-god Nereus; therefore, I asked this fish something 5 about 
 the Nereids, to embellish my poem with it 6 , but it said that it 
 was caught too young to be able to know it; but that if I would 
 ask that larger one, which is served you, it would state fully 7 
 that which I wish to know.” Dionysius laughed 8 and sent the 
 fish served to himself to Philoxenus; but by this very tyrant 
 he was cast into the quarries, for which Plutarch adduces 9 the 
 following reasons. Dionysius also wrote poems, and though 
 they were without taste or eleg'ance 10 , he, nevertheless, wished 
 that they be considered the best. When, therefore, he had written 
 a 5 tragedy, he gave it to Philoxenus for inspection u , to correct 
 it, if he should perhaps find 12 any thing to be improved. The 
 latter, however, corrected it entirely by a single stroke 13 . Dio¬ 
 nysius became indignant, and had him brought 14 to the above 
 mentioned prison, from which, however, he was afterwards liber¬ 
 ated. When a second time he heard Dionysius recite his poems, 
 he arose while the rest flattered and applauded, and said: “Send 
 me again to the quarries, for it is better to pass one’s life there 
 than to hear such wretched poems.” 
 
 1 invocatus. 2 ingenium. 3 adhibere coenae. 4 apponere. 5 quidam. 6 re¬ 
 lative. 7 explicare. 8 in risum convertere. 9 tradere. 10 inconcinnus et illepi¬ 
 dus. 11 inspicere. 12 videri. 13 litura. 14 compingere. 
 
 27. — The question has often been raised 1 , whether it would 
 have been to the welfare or to the detriment of the human race, 
 if Hannibal had entirely defeated the Romans, and had estab¬ 
 lished a Punic empire in the center of Europe. Some have this 
 opinion 2 , others another. If I were asked my opinion, I would 
 answer about 3 the following. There is no doubt that, though 
 the Romans, by ambition and cruelty, drew down 4 upon them¬ 
 selves the hatred of antiquity, they were nevertheless great 
 benefactors 5 of mankind. I do not say this, as if I wished to 
 
259 
 
 / 
 
 T 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 defend their faults, but because we must always speak the truth. 
 For to them thanks are due for this 6 , that the nations subjected 
 to their power, which previously were for the greatest part sav¬ 
 age and barbarous, received 7 civilization; unless perhaps we 
 believe, that education and civilization add nothing to the hap¬ 
 piness of individuals, as well as 8 of whole nations. The Roman 
 empire was, as it were, the bridge over which Grecian 9 art 10 
 and science reached 11 the other nations. But, if the Carthagi¬ 
 nians had remained victors 12 , who were then as yet without 13 
 any culture, full of superstition, perfidious and cruel, and who, 
 being 14 Africans, were, as many believe, even incapable 15 of a 
 higher training 16 , I am convinced that, if not forever, at least 
 for many centuries, mankind would have sunk back 17 into bar¬ 
 barism 18 . This was averted by the defeat of Hannibal. How¬ 
 ever much therefore we pity Hannibal, because he reaped 19 no 
 fruit from his bravery, we, nevertheless, owe thanks to divine 
 Providence, that it has so well provided for those goods which 
 are to be counted among the highest that we possess. 
 
 1 quaerere. 2 videri. 3 fere. 4 conferre. 5 optime mereri de. 6 ea gratia. 
 7 imbuere. 8 cum—tum. 9 of the Greeks. 10 plural. 11 perferre. 12 superio¬ 
 
 rem discedere. 13 expers. 14 quippe cum. factus ad. 16 humanior cultus. 17 re¬ 
 cidere. 18 immanitas. 19 capere. 
 
 28. — During the war against the Marsians, the temple of 
 Juno Sospita was restored by the senate by reason of a dream. 
 Although the historian Sisenna said, that this 1 dream had won¬ 
 derfully coincided 2 , word for word, with the issue 3 , yet he, at 
 the same time, said, that we ought not believe in dreams. He 
 also relates that, in the beginning of that war, the images of 
 the gods had sweated blood, that heaven itself opened, and that 
 at Banuvium bucklers had been gnawed by mice. We even read 
 that in the war against the Vejentes, when the Alban lake had 
 risen extraordinarily high 4 , a distinguished man of Veji fled to 
 the Romans and said, that, according to the oracles 5 which the 
 Vejentes possessed in writing 6 , Veji could not be taken as long 
 as that lake was overflowing; that, if the lake were drained 7 
 and flowed into the sea, this would be fatal to the Roman people; 
 but if it were drained in such a manner, that it could not reach 
 the sea, this would be propitious for the Romans. Therefore, 
 the draining of the Alban water was brought about by the 
 latter. But when the Vejentes, tired of war, sent ambassadors 
 to the senate, one of these is said to have stated, that that 
 
 1 relative. 2 convenire. 3 res. 4 praeter modum. 5 fatum. 6 scribere. 
 7 emittere. 
 
260 
 
 EXERCISES EOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 deserter had not dared to tell the senate all; that in the same 
 oracles it was written, that in a short time Rome would be taken 
 by the Gauls. And this took place six years after the taking' 
 of Veji. 
 
 29. — Seg-esta was a very ancient town of Sicily, which is 
 said to have been built by Aeneas, when he fled from Troy and 
 came into that region. When at a certain time this town car¬ 
 ried on war alone 1 with the Carthaginians, it was taken and 
 destroyed by them, and all that could be an ornament to the 
 city was brought 2 from this place to Carthag-e. The Seg-cstans 
 possessed a bronze imag-e of Diana, which was an object 3 of the 
 most sacred devotion 4 and exquisitely 5 finished. 6 By its removal 
 to Carthage this image changed only its place and surroundings 7 , 
 but retained its former sacredness; for on account of its extra¬ 
 ordinary beauty, also the enemy deemed it worthy of the high¬ 
 est veneration 8 . Some centuries later, in the third Punic war, 
 P. Scipio took Carthage. He called together all the Sicilians 
 and promised that he would take great care that to each com¬ 
 monalty its former possessions 9 would be restored, Then, that 
 which was formerly taken away by Himera, was restored to the 
 Thermitanians, other (things) to the inhabitants of Gela 10 , others 
 to those of Agrig'entum; among them 11 was also the celebrated 12 
 bull which the most cruel of all tyrants, Phalaris, is said to 
 have had; and down into which 13 he used to lower people alive 
 for the purpose of torture 14 and to light a fire 15 underneath. At 
 that time that same Diana was restored to the inhabitants of 
 Segesta with the greatest care; it was brought back to Segesta 
 and again returned to its place 10 to the greatest joy of the citi¬ 
 zens. It stood at Segesta on a high pedestal, upon which the 
 name of P. Africanus was engraved in large letters, and on 
 which was inscribed that he restored it 17 after the taking of 
 Carthage. It was venerated by the citizens and visited by all 
 strangers. The statue was of large circumference 18 and high, 
 with a flowing robe 19 ; besides 20 it had 21 the age and bearing of 
 a maiden 22 . Arrows hung from her shoulder; in the left hand 
 she held a bow, and in the rig'ht she carried 23 a burning torch. 
 
 1 sua sponte. 2 deportare. 3 praeditus. 4 summa religio. 5 summus. 6 ar¬ 
 tificio perficere. 7 homines. 8 colere. 9 esse. 10 Gelenses. 11 in quibus . 12 no¬ 
 
 bilis. 13 adverb. 14 supplicium. 15 flammam subjicere. 10 sedes. 17 is omitted. 
 18 amplus. 19 stola. 20 sed. 21 inesse. 22 habitus virginalis. 23 praeferre. 
 
 30. — In the year 113 before Christ, a fierce and unknown 
 people, which had crossed the Danube, came as far as the Alps. 
 
261 
 
 EXERCISES for repetition of syntax. 
 
 The Romans who, under the leadership of the consul Papirius 
 Carbo, endeavored to prevent them from invading* Italy, were in 
 the same year defeated at Noreja, in the mountains of Noricum. 
 Carbo would have perished with all his soldiers, had not a heavy 
 thunder-storm accidentally arisen and made flight possible to the 
 Romans. Hereupon the Cimbrians traversed the fruitful fields, 
 which lie between the Danube and the Alps, towards southern 1 
 Gaul, which, it seems, was originally 2 the object of their desire 3 , 
 and reinforced themselves by receiving* other nations from Ger¬ 
 many and Switzerland. They petitioned 3 the Romans for land; 
 for this favor 4 they promised to render them assistance and carry 
 on all wars for them. When the Romans refused 5 this, they 
 resolved to g*aiu by force of arms what they could not obtain 
 by agreements. 6 At that time the Romans placed all their hope 
 in one man, Gaius Marius. He was of low descent, and had 
 risen by his bravery alone. He crossed the Alps, and after he 
 had pitched a camp on the Rhone, he made use of an opportun¬ 
 ity for a successful operation 7 and vanquished the enemy. 
 
 1 qua ad meridiem spectat. 2 primo. 3 petere. 4 i. e., if they would grant 
 (dare) them this (relat.). 5 denegare. 6 conditio. 7 rem bene gerere. 
 
 31.—Nothing is so terrible by nature as death. But sweet 
 and glorious 1 it is, as Horace says, to die for one’s country. 
 Therefore all the eloquence of the ancient orators exhausted 2 
 itself in the praise of those three hundred Lacedaemonians. 
 When these 3 , under the leadership of Leonidas, had dared to 
 oppose the vast army of Xerxes, they fell for their country, and 
 were the first who taught Xerxes, that with soldiers we must 
 not look to numbers, but to valor. How much their 3 leader 
 himself deemed it preferable to encounter 4 death for the country 
 than to flee, is shown by the following words: “Advance 5 cour¬ 
 ageously, ye Lacedaemonians; to-day perhaps we will sup in the 
 lower regions 6 .” Kpaminondas likewise will never 7 be forgotten. 
 When fighting bravety at Mantinea he had received a mortal 
 wound, it was only when he had heard that the victory was in 
 the hands of his men, that he permitted the missile to be drawn 
 out of his body, and declared that he died with the greatest 
 equanimity, because his country held sway over the Lacedaemo¬ 
 nians, while formerly it 8 had been subject to them. Also Codrus, 
 the king of the Athenians, should not be passed over. When 
 in the war 9 between the Athenians and Peloponnesians, the 
 
 1 decorus. 2 consumi. 3 relative. 4 oppetere. 5 pergere . 6 apud infero$ x 
 
 7 neque unquqm. 8 relative, 9 pugnare inter se, 
 
262 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 answer was given by the oracle, that those would remain vic¬ 
 tors, whose king - would fall, he rushed upon 1 the enemy in the 
 dress 2 of a common soldier in order not to be recognized, and 
 by a voluntary death g-ained the victory for his people. If, fur¬ 
 thermore, I look in thougiit upon 3 the brave men dying - for 
 their country, whom Rome once brought forth 4 , the larg-e num¬ 
 ber appalls nie, and time 5 , voice and breath 6 would fail me, 
 were I to count up the Romans who distinguished themselves 
 by their bravery, and to say only a little 7 of the virtues of 
 each one. And, in fact, why is it necessary 8 to count up for 
 you those Decii, or the two Scipios, or L. Aemilius Paullus, or 
 M. Claudius Marcellus, or innumerable others whose glory is 
 bounded 9 by the same limits as the course of the sun, since M. 
 Cicero writes that frequently whole leg-ions had moved to places 
 from which, they were certain, they would never return. 
 
 1 inferre. 2 ornatus , us. 3 cogitatione intueri. 4 ferre. 5 dies. 6 latera , 
 um. 7 aliquis. 8 attinet. 9 contineri. 
 
 t 
 
 32.— When the Romans ascertained 1 that Hannibal had fled 
 to Prusias, king - of Bithynia, they, even then 2 fearing that he 
 might be able to harm them, sent ambassadors to the king, to 
 demand 3 that he be given up. But whether Prusias despaired 
 of the possibility 4 of saving his guest, or was unwilling to save 
 him, he complied with the wishes of the Romans, and pointed 
 out to them the dwelling in which they could seize the man 
 whom of all men they hated most 5 . Though Hannibal had fore¬ 
 seen that the appearance 6 of the Roman ambassadors in Bithynia 
 would be fatal 7 to him, he, nevertheless, hoped to be able to 
 escape through a back-door. But when he saw that all doors were 
 bolted and that no hope of escape was left, in order not to fall 
 into the hands of those by whom he was pursued, he determined 
 to take poison, which he was accustomed to carry with him. 
 “Let us free the Roman people from its continual fear,” he said, 
 “for it would be too long to wait until an old man, worn out 
 by years and hardships, will close his eyes 8 . The fathers of 
 the present 9 Romans have once warned Pyrrhus, an armed enemy, 
 to beware of the poison of a traitor; these have, by their ambas¬ 
 sadors, enticed Prusias to kill his guest, a defenceless old man.” 
 Scarcely had he said this and emptied the cup, amid curses 
 upon 10 the head and realm of Prusias, when the Romans came; 
 they 11 found him in his last agony 12 . This was the end of the 
 greatest Punic 13 general, who deserved to be more favored by 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 263 
 
 fortune. We can not but deplore him; but for the Romans it 
 will be ( evenio ) an everlasting' disgrace, that they have thus 
 made away 14 with a man, whom, although he was their enemy, 
 the} 7 should have respected for his bravery. I do not doubt that 
 the most virtuous 13 of the Romans, then living 16 , were ashamed 
 of the action 17 of their fellow-citizens. 
 
 1 certiorem facere. 2 etiam tum. 3 jubere. 4 posse. 5 comparative degree. 
 
 6 adventus , us. 7 exitium , i. 8 mori. 9 pronoun. 10 ex cerare in aliquid. 11 re¬ 
 lative. 12 emori. 13 i. e of the Punies. 14 tollere. 15 optimus quisque. 16 use 
 a relative clause. 17 facinus. 
 
 33. — When in the year 361 after the foundation of Rome, 
 M. Furius Camillus besieged Falerii, the capital of the Falis- 
 cans, fortune gave him an early victory. For a teacher who 
 instructed the sons of the people of rank 1 and was accustomed 
 to lead 2 them outside of the city for play 3 and exercise 3 ,' once 
 went 4 farther than usual with his pupils, and led them into 
 the tent of Camillus. Here to the detestable deed he added 
 words still more detestable, (saying), that he had delivered Fale¬ 
 rii into the hands of the Romans by delivering these boys, 
 whose fathers were the chief men 5 there. When Camillus heard 
 this, he said: “Not to a people and to a commander-in-chief of 
 your stamp 6 have you, abominable wretch, come with an abomi¬ 
 nable present. We have learned to carry on the war no less 
 justly than bravely. We have arms, not against age, which is 
 also spared after the taking of cities, but against men likewise 
 armed, who, without having' been injured or provoked by us, 
 have attacked the Roman camp at Veji. You have conquered 
 these, as far as it lay in your power 7 by a new outrage; I will 
 conquer them by Roman arts, by bravery, intrenchments and 
 arms.” Then he delivered him to the boys, his hands tied 8 
 behind his back, to be led back to Falerii, and gave them rods 
 with which to drive the traitor into the city under lashes 9 . This 
 spectacle produced such a change in their minds, that all the 
 citizens demanded peace. Roman probity and the justice of the 
 commander were commended on the Forum and at the Curia; 
 and upon unanimous resolve 10 ambassadors went to Camillus in 
 the camp, and from there, with the permission of Camillus, to 
 the senate, at Rome to surrender Falerii. Introduced into the 
 senate, they are said to have spoken thus: “Conscript fathers, 
 conquered by you and by your commander, we surrender to you, 
 because we believe to be able to live better under your rule 
 
 1 proceres. 2 producere. 3 by a verb. 4 progredi. 5 capita rerum. 6 similis. 
 
 7 see Gr. § 217, II. 6. 8 illigare. 9 verberare . 10 consensus. 
 
264 EXERCISES FOR repetition of syntax. 
 
 than under our own laws. By the issue of this war two salu¬ 
 tary examples have been given 1 to the human race: you have 
 preferred probity in war to an immediate 2 victory; w r e, chal¬ 
 lenged by probity, have conceded 3 the victory of our own accord 4 . 
 We are under your sway. Send men to receive the arms, host¬ 
 ages, and the city with open gates. Neither will you be dis¬ 
 satisfied 5 with our allegiance, nor we with your government.” 
 Thanks were bestowed upon Camillus by enemies and fellow- 
 citizens. The peace was granted, and the army was led back 
 to Rome. 
 
 1 prodere. 2 praesens. 3 deferre. 4 ultro. 5 poenitet. 
 
 34. -— In olden times there was on the isle of Malta a city 
 of the same name. Not far from this city, on a promontory, 
 stood 1 an old temple of Juno, which always enjoyed so great a 
 veneration, that not only in the Punic wars, but also, when 
 many pirates roamed 2 over the Mediterranean sea, it always 
 remained inviolate and sacred. Nay, it is even related 3 that, 
 when once a fleet of the Numidian king Massinissa had landed 
 at that place, the royal commander had taken away from the 
 temple ivory teeth of incredible size, brought them to Africa 
 and presented them to Massinissa; that the king at first rejoiced 
 over the present, but that afterwards, when he had heard whence 
 they came, he immediately sent trustworthy messengers in a 
 quinquereme to restore 4 them. Therefore, it was written on 
 them in Punic characters, that king Massinissa had received 
 them without knowing whence they came, but that, after he 
 had learned this, he had them brought back and restored. 
 
 1 esse. 2 versari. 3 memoriae prodere. 4 reponere. 
 
 35. — In the year 60 before Christ, Cicero wrote 1 the follow¬ 
 ing letter to Atticus: Not only if I had as much leisure as you 
 have, but also if I would wish to write as short letters as you 
 generally do 2 , I would excel you and be much more diligent 3 in 
 writing than you; yet to my many occupations the circumstance 
 is added, that I permit no letter void of important contents 4 to 
 reach you. In political circles 5 the fear of a war with Gaul 
 mostly prevails 6 at present. The Haedui, namely, our brethren, 
 are engaged in war; the Sequani have fought very unfortunately; 
 and the Helvetians, without doubt, are in arms and make inva¬ 
 sions into our province. The senate has decreed, that the con¬ 
 suls draw lots for the two Gauls, that a levy be held, that no 
 exemption 1 be v&Hd 8 , apd that the legates be sent off with 
 
Exercises for repetition of syntax. 265 
 
 authority to travel through the states of Gaul and to prevent 9 
 a union 10 of these with the Helvetians. Cossinius, to whom I 
 give the letter for delivery, seems to me to be a good man, 
 sober 11 , attached 12 to you, and of such character 13 as } T our letter 
 
 has described him to me. March 15th. 
 
 1 dare , Gr. § 178, 5. 2 by a verb. 3 creber. 4 argumentum et sententia. 
 
 5 res publica. 6 versari. 7 vacatio. 8 valere. 9 operam dare. 10 jungere. 
 11 non levis. 12 amans. 13 talis. 
 
 36. — G. Verres was pretor in Sicily for three years. At 
 that time nothing was decided there, except according to his 
 will and pleasure 1 . Innumerable sums of money were exacted 
 from the possessions of the tithe-paying renters 2 by a new and 
 execrable system 3 ; the most faithful allies were considered as 
 enemies 4 ; Roman citizens were tortured like slaves 5 and cruelly 
 put to death; the greatest criminals were acquitted by the court 
 of justice; the most upright and irreproachable men, accused in 
 their absence, were sentenced without trial 6 and exiled 7 ; the 
 best fortified seaports, the largest and securest cities were opened 
 to pirates and robbers; the sailors and soldiers of the Sicilians 
 were abandoned to starvation 8 ; the best fleets were lost and 
 destroyed to 9 the great disgrace of the Roman people. This 
 same pretor robbed the oldest monuments which the king had 
 designed to be 10 ornaments for the cities; and this he did not 
 only with the public monuments and works of art, but he also 
 desecrated the most sacred 11 temples. The truth 12 of what has 
 been said I could prove by many examples; but I am content 13 
 to adduce only a few. A certain Dio of Halesium, whose son 
 under the pretorship of Sacerdos had received a considerable in¬ 
 heritance from a relative, had at that time neither any difficulty 14 
 nor quarrel. As soon as Verres had entered 15 the province, he 
 immediately wrote a letter from Messana, summoned Dio and 
 appointed false accusers 16 , who were to say that the inheritance 
 fell 17 to the Erycinian Venus. Dio was forced to count down 18 
 one million sestertia 19 in order not to lose the suit 20 ; besides 
 this, Verres ordered his herds of mares to be driven away, and 
 whatever he had in silver and tapestry to be seized. — Polemar- 
 chus of Murgentia was an upright and honorable man. When 
 a tithe 21 of seven hundred medimna was asked 22 of him for fifty 
 acres of land, he was brought to court 23 in the house of Verres, 
 
 1 nutus , us. 2 arator. 3 institutum. 4 Gr. § 163, n. 1. 5 Gr. § 217, I. 6. 6 in¬ 
 
 dicta causa. 7 ejicere. 8 fame necare. 9 consecutive clause. 10 volo esse. 11 re¬ 
 ligiosus. 12 verum esse. 13 satis habeo. 14 negotium. 15 tangere. 16 calumnia¬ 
 tor. 17 venire. 18 numerare. 19 sestertium decies. 20 causam obtinere , 
 
 decuma. 22 imperare f 23 in jus educere x 
 
266 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 because he had refused, and was led into his room, since that 
 man lay yet 1 in bed. When he had been beaten 2 with fists 
 and heels, he promised a thousand medimna, while 3 before he 
 would not settle 4 for seven hundred. —When three brothers, who 
 possessed their inheritance in common 5 , had left their possession, 
 because they had been commanded to supply more grain than 
 they had raised 6 , Apronius, who was the associate of Verres 
 and his truest likeness 7 in wickedness, debauchery and licenti¬ 
 ousness, gathered 8 men, came to their estate 9 , took 10 all imple¬ 
 ments 11 , led away their domestics, and drove away their cattle. 
 When hereupon one of them came to him to the city of Aetna 
 and begged that his property be restored to him, he ordered him 
 to be seized and hanged on a wild olive-tree which stood on 
 the Forum at Aetna. The ally of the Roman people hung; on 
 the tree, as long- as it pleased 12 Apronius. — G. Hejus was in 
 every respect a most respected man at Messana. His house was 
 certainly 13 the noblest, and before the arrival of Verres, so deco¬ 
 rated, that it was an ornament also for the city. There was in 
 it a very ancient chapel, inherited 14 from the forefathers, in 
 which there were four very beautiful statues of great excellence 15 , 
 which could attract 16 not only the connoisseur, but also any 
 lay man 17 : the one was a statue of Cupid in marble; on the 
 other side was Hercules, admirably executed 18 in metal; before 
 these g-ods were little altars, which could intimate the sacrcd- 
 ness 19 of the chapel to every one. Besides these there were in 
 it two bronze statues, not very large, but of surpassing grace, 
 in the bearing and dress of a maiden, which, with uplifted 
 hands, after the custom of Athenian virgins, carried 20 certain 
 sacred objects upon their head. As often as anybody came to 
 Messana, he inspected these statues; they all were daily open to 
 inspection. The house was an ornament to the city just as much 21 
 as to its owner. All these statues mentioned by me, Verres 
 took away from the chapel of Hejus. 
 
 1 etiam. 2 concidere. 3 relative. 4 decidere. 5 consors , possessing- property 
 in common. 6 exarare. 7 similis. 8 cogere , participle. 9 aratio. 10 diripere. 
 11 instrumentum. 12 libido or voluntas. 13 vel. 14 tradere. 15 nobilitas. 16 de¬ 
 lectare. 17 idiota. 18 facere. 19 religio. 20 repositum sustinere. 21 non 
 magis. 
 
 37. — Who would deny that Hannibal is to be counted among 
 the greatest commanders, not only of his age 1 , but of all times? 
 Kven if he has not, like Alexander, subjected the whole uni¬ 
 verse, nor like many others, gained possession of a throne, how 
 few are there who equal him in fortitude and endurance 3 of 
 
exercises for repetition of syntax. 
 
 267 
 
 hardships? Even if we knew nothing of the battles 3 at the 
 Ticinus, at the Trebia, at Trasimenus, and at Cannae, in which 
 he inflicted upon the Romans, who were considered unconquer¬ 
 able, such defeats, as no one either before or after him, his 
 passage over the Alps alone would make him worthy of immortal 
 renown. I could say much of the almost incredible difficulties 
 which he had to undergo on his route 4 over a still unknown and 
 pathless mountain district, but it would be an endless task 5 to 
 enumerate everything, and besides I fear to become tiresome 6 to 
 3 r ou by relating well-known facts. Moreover, Hannibal did not 
 enjoy 7 the fruits of his victories; for his enemies, of whom he 
 had many at Carthage, effected, that, left without support 8 by 
 his fellow-citizens, he was forced not only to evacuate Italy and 
 cross over into Africa, but even to take refuge with a foreign 
 king, and, not to fall into the power of the Romans by whom 
 he was pursued, to take his own life. The Carthaginians suf¬ 
 fered 9 severely for their blindness. 
 
 1 aetas. 2 patientia. 3 the participle of committere is to be joined to the 
 substantive. 4 transire. 5 infinitum est. 6 fastidium. 7 percipere. 8 desti¬ 
 tuere. 9 poenas dare. 
 
 38.— A certain Sextus Roscius from the municipal town of 
 Ameria, in Umbria, was assassinated in Rome oil his return from 
 a supper, an act, whose perpetrators, it seems, were T. Roscius 
 Magnus and T. Roscius Capito, his relatives and at the same 
 time his most bitter enemies. They were, probably in the hope 
 of large booty, induced 1 to commit this murder by Chrysogonus, 
 a very influential freed-man of the dictator Sulla who, at that 
 time, held 2 the supreme power alone already for the third year. 
 S. Roscius possessed in Ameria thirteen very profitable estates, 
 possession of which Ch^sogonus hoped to obtain by this, that 
 he entered the assassinated man into the list of the proscribed 
 without the knowledge of Sulla. For the possessions of the pro¬ 
 scribed were confiscated by the state 3 and sold. In this manner 
 he purchased at auction the estates which were worth six mil¬ 
 lions of sesterces for 2000 sesterces. To Capito he gave three 
 estates as a present; Magnus he appointed 4 administrator 5 over 
 the rest. But when the inhabitants of Ameria, indignant at this 
 action, sent a deputation .to Sulla, to entreat him to strike 6 the 
 name of the assassinated man from the list of the proscribed, 
 and to order the patrimony to be restored to his only son, who 
 also was named S. Roscius, the robbers feared for the property 7 
 
 1 impellere. 2 potiri. 3 publicare. * praeficere. 5 procurator . 6 tollere y 
 
 eximere. 7 pecunia. 
 
268 exercises eor repetition of syntax. 
 
 obtained by criminal means 1 , and sought the life of the younger 2 
 Roscius, who was already over forty years of age. When flee¬ 
 ing from his home to Rome, he found a kind reception 3 in the 
 house of Caecilia, with whom his father had been on intimate 
 terms 4 , a circumstance which prevented his enemies from assas¬ 
 sinating him. What scheme 5 do you think they now contrived? 6 
 Incredible to hear, they accused him of parricide through a cer¬ 
 tain Erucius, and hoped to see him removed by a judicial 7 sen¬ 
 tence. But therein they were disappointed 8 . Cicero, at the age 
 of 26 years, undertook his defense 9 , and effected that he was 
 acquitted of the charge of parricide raised against him. This 
 took place in the year 80 before Christ, two years before the 
 death of Sulla. 
 
 1 scelus . 2 filius. 3 recipere. 4 familiariter uti. 3 consilium. 6 capere. 
 
 7 judex. 8 res fallit aliquem. 9 causa. 
 
 39. — You all know 1 , that Demosthenes of Athens was the 
 greatest 2 orator among the ancients, but how sad the end of his 
 life was, is perhaps 3 less known to you. Since he was the most 
 devoted friend of his country, whose liberty the Macedonians 
 wished to take away, he was persecuted with the most bitter 4 
 hatred by Antipater, who ruled over Macedonia after the death 
 of Alexander the Great. Burning 5 with the desire to remove 
 the man who stood so much in the wa}^ of the entire subjuga¬ 
 tion of Greece, he commanded the Athenians to deliver him up. 
 Instead of refusing to do this, the Athenians, unmindful of the 
 great benefits which they had received from Demosthenes, were 
 ready to }deld to Antipater. The former, therefore, fled to the 
 island of Calauria, to the altar of Neptune, in the hope of be¬ 
 ing saved through his protection 6 . But he was disappointed in 
 his hope. A certain Archias, the most worthless man that ever 
 existed, came to the temple at the command of Antipater with 
 a band of slaves and, by promising forgiveness from his master, 
 tried to induce him to leave the temple. But Demosthenes said: 
 “If my fellow-citizens would spare my life 7 in consideration of 
 my services, I would accept it without hesitation 8 ; but more 
 than death I fear the forgiveness of Antipater.” When, after 
 {sub) these words, Archias wished to lay hands on Demosthenes, 
 this one cried out: “Do not touch me with your villainous hand, 
 I will follow of my own accord.” Having turned aside from 
 Archias and taken poison from a reed, which he was accustomed 
 
 1 ignorare. 2 summus. 3 see Gr. § 278, 3. n, 1. 4 acer, 5 incendere , * re’ 
 ligio, 7 parcere , 8 dubitare , 
 
r 
 
 FXFRCISFS FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 269 
 
 to carry with him, he delivered himself expiring* into the hands 
 of his enemies. 
 
 40. — When P. Horatius Codes alone had withstood the 
 assault of the enemy on the wooden bridg-e 1 , and after its de¬ 
 struction 2 had swum uninjured to his own men, the Roman 
 people were grateful for such heroism, and besides a brazen 
 statue erected in the Comitium, gave him as much land as he 
 could surround with a furrow 2 in one day. But he would not 
 accept this reward, not because he despised it as too small, but 
 because he considered him a useless citizen, who, because of a 
 service rendered to the state, wished to be wealthier than the 
 other citizens, and who would not rather find 4 a sufficiently 
 great reward in the very consciousness of the noble deed, and 
 in the love and favor of his fellow-citizens. Glorious deeds were 
 once honored with trifling rewards, not because ability was less 
 esteemed, but because men were then more desirous of glory 
 and less desirous of money. So in ancient times the conquerors 
 in the sacred games did not wear a crown glittering with gold 
 and precious stones, but one made of pine and olive-twigs 5 , that 
 it might be not a reward for, but a mark of ability. 
 
 1 pons sublicius. 2 rescindere. 3 circumarare. 4 ponere. spineus — 
 
 oleaginus , a , um. 
 
 41. — When Cyrus was about to give battle to Croesus, he 
 said 1 to his soldiers: “The king of Lydia, induced by pride and 
 insatiable ambition, has unjustly made war upon us, and, rely¬ 
 ing 2 on his power, did not doubt that he would overcome us in 
 a short time. What he would then have done 3 with us, is evi¬ 
 dent; you all know 4 that he would have imposed on us a most 
 galling yoke. But, although he led 5 innumerable forces against 
 us, you need 6 not yield to despondency; for the enemies are 
 cowardly and unwarlike, whilst you are brave and trained in 
 warfare, and, trusting in your bravery, I do not doubt that Croe¬ 
 sus will soon be convinced in what vain hope he has placed his 
 confidence 7 . When we set out for war, many indeed doubted 
 not that we would easily conquer the enemy in an open battle; 
 but they were in fear on account of the strongholds, of which 
 the enemy had many, and in which they could easily defend 
 themselves. But do not be deterred by this, for there is no 
 place secure enough for cowards, and I do not doubt that in a 
 few days all the strongholds will be in our power.” When the 
 
 1 contionari. 2 fretus. 3 see Gr. § 168, n. 5. 4 ignorans. 5 deducere in 
 
 aciem. 6 non est quod. 7 confidere. 
 
270 
 
 exercises for repetition of syntax. 
 
 battle took place 1 , the Egyptians alone offered a brave resist¬ 
 ance, but in vain. Therefore Cyrus, admiring their bravery, 
 send them word*, that, if they would make peace with him he 
 would treat them honorably and, as much as he could, care for 
 their welfare, that if they rendered good services 3 to him, he 
 would, after finishing the war, send them home richly rewarded. 
 
 1 committere. 2 denuntiare. 3 opera (singular). 
 
 42. —Cicero in his book which bears the title 1 “Tusculan 
 Disputations,” says the following about death: If any thing of 
 such a nature 2 happens to us, that God seems to have inti¬ 
 mated 3 to us, that we should depart this life, let us obey joy¬ 
 fully and give thanks, and let us believe that we are released 
 from prison and freed from chains in order either to return to 
 our eternal and proper home, or to lay aside 4 all feeling and 
 suffering 5 . If, however, no intimation• be given 3 to us, let us 
 nevertheless be so disposed 6 , that we consider that day, so dread¬ 
 ful to others, a happy 7 one for us, and deem nothing an evil 
 which has been ordained by the immortal gods or by nature, 
 our common mother. For we are not born and created 8 by mere 
 chance 9 , but it was certainly a 10 higher power 11 which took the 
 human race under its protection 12 . It could by no means call 13 
 anything into existence 13 and sustain 14 it, which, after having 
 exhausted 15 all sufferings, should sink back 16 into the eternal 
 night of death. Let us rather believe that a harbor and refuge 
 is prepared for us which we shall, sooner or later 17 , enter 18 . Can 
 that be a misfortune 19 for one, which is inevitable for all? 
 
 1 inscribere. 2 talis. 3 denuntiare. 4 carere. 5 ?nolestia. 6 eo animo esse. 
 7 faustus. 8 serere et creare. 9 temere aut fortuito. 10 quidam. 11 vis. 12 con¬ 
 sulere. 13 gignere. 14 alere. 15 exanclare. 16 incidere. 17 serius ocius. 
 18 pervehi. 19 miser , a, um. 
 
 43. — We left 1 you, as you know, on the second of Novem¬ 
 ber. We came to Leukas on the 6th of November, to Actium 
 on the 7th, there on account of a storm we delayed to the 8th. 
 From there we sailed most pleasantly 2 to Corcyra. At Corcyra 
 we were detained by storms until November the 17th. On the 
 18th we sailed 120 stadia further 3 from the harbor of Corcyra 
 to Cassiope. There we were detained by winds till the 23rd. 
 On this day we sailed away 4 , after having taken our meal 5 . 
 From here we came with a very gentle south wind, and under 
 a serene sky during* that night and the following day, to Italy 
 at Hydrus, and with the same wind we came to Brundusium at 
 4 o’clock on the following day. On the 27th of November at 
 
EXERCISES FOR RFPFJTlTlOtf OF SYNTAX. 
 
 271 
 
 last 6 was your ardently desired letter, dated 7 November the 13th, 
 handed to me, which greatly alleviated my anxiety; oh that it 
 had freed me from it altogether. But the physician assures 8 
 me, that you will recover 9 within the next (few) days. Why 
 should I now exhort you to be intent upon your recovery 10 ? I 
 know your prudence, moderation and love towards me; I know 
 that you will use all means to be with us as soon as possible. 
 But I wish this under the condition 11 that you do nothing with 
 haste 12 . I would that you had not visited 13 the concert of Lyso. 
 I leave a horse and a mule for you at Brundusium. At Rome 
 I fear great disturbances 14 will occur from the 1st of January 
 on. For the rest 15 , I beseech you not to undertake the journey 16 
 inconsiderately 17 . The sailors frequently hurry for the sake of 
 gain. If you can, travel with my questor, if not, with any 
 respectable man. If you employ all care in this regard and 
 arrive 18 safely, I shall have you entirely. Farewell! 
 
 1 discedere . 2 bellus. 3 procedere. 4 solvere. 5 cenare. 6 tandem aliquando. 
 7 dare. 8 plane confirmare. 3 valentem esse. 10 convalescere. 11 see Gr. §285, 
 1. n. 1. 12 properare. 13 vitare. 14 tumultus. 15 reliquum est. 16 navigare. 
 
 17 temere, is se praestare. 
 
 44. — M. Agrippa was, indeed, of ignoble birth, and, as 
 Plinius says, rather 1 of rustic than refined demeanor 2 ; but he 
 was an able soldier 3 , and in obtaining his victories Augustus 
 found 4 nobody better and more daring in his services 5 . For 
 Agrippa had manned and trained the fleet with which S. Pom- 
 pey was defeated between Mylae and Naulochus, and under his 
 own command, battles were fought successfully. Antony re¬ 
 proached Augustus, that perplexed and half asleep 6 he did not 
 rise and show himself 7 to the soldiers, before Agrippa had de¬ 
 feated the hostile navy. Thus in this war he merited 8 by his 
 excellent bravery a naval crown, with which no Roman was 
 ever presented before or after, and a sea-colored banner 9 . But 
 also in the war against Antony he had taken Leucas in the 
 presence 10 of the hostile fleet, captured Patra, occupied Corinth, 
 and twice conquered the hostile fleet before the last decisive 
 engagement u . And in this battle itself, in which the power of 
 Antony was broken, the whole decision 12 of the brilliant battle 
 rested with 13 Agrippa. Augustus, therefore, honored 14 him, the 
 able soldier and companion of his victory, with a double consu¬ 
 late 15 . During his third consulate, Agrippa erected those many 
 
 1 propiorem esse. 2 rusticitas — urbanitas. 3 bonus militia. 4 uti. 5 opera, 
 sing. 6 stupens et semisomnus. 7 in conspectum prodire. 8 merere. 3 coeruleum 
 vexillum. 10 in ore atque oculis. 11 discrimen. 12 arbitrium. 13 esse penes 
 14 efferre. 75 geminatis consulatibus. 
 
272 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX, 
 
 great buildings which, as Seneca says, surpassed the former 
 grandeur and were never surpassed by any afterwards; the col¬ 
 onnade of Neptune, the Laconian sweating-bath, and that cele¬ 
 brated Pantheon. On this he wished to inscribe the name of 
 Augustus, but, as the latter refused to permit it, he had his 
 own name inscribed. As soon as Agrippa had come to Campa¬ 
 nia on his return from Pannonia, whither Augustus had sent 
 him with the highest civil and military authority 1 , he fell 2 
 sick and died, under the consulate of Messalla and Omirinus, 
 in the year 742 after the foundation of the city, in 51st year of 
 his age. His death caused 3 the greatest grief to both Augu¬ 
 stus and the people; for he was universally loved during his 
 life 4 . Vellejus says that he was a man of the noblest virtue, 
 invincible amid hardships, night-watches and dangers; and that 
 he understood 5 very well how to obey, but only one person; that 
 he was fond 6 of commanding the others. He also attributes to 
 him that excellence 7 , whereby Alexander maintained to have 
 executed man}^ great designs, that namely, he deferred and post¬ 
 poned 8 nothing, but always combined execution with resolution 9 . 
 Seneca gives 10 him a beautifnl testimony in the following words: 
 M. Agrippa, a man of great soul, who alone was a blesssng to 
 the commonwealth 11 among those who became famous and pow¬ 
 erful b}^ the civil wars. Pliny says of him, that he sometimes 
 liked 12 wine too much. 
 
 1 imperium. 2 corripere. 3 inurere. 4 carum omnibos vivere. 5 scientem 
 esse. 6 cupidum esse. 7 virtus. 8 differre ac procrastinare. 9 consultis facta 
 conjungere. 10 reddere. 11 felicem esse in publicum. 12 indulgentem esse. 
 
 45. — In Africa there is a colony called 1 Hippo, lying very 
 near the sea; close by is 2 a navigable lake, which is connected 
 with the sea. Here young and old 3 enjoy themselves 4 with fish¬ 
 ing, rowing, and also swimming, especially the boys, whom 
 leisure and sport entice. For these it is fame and merit 5 to 
 swim 6 very far; he is winner who leaves 7 shore and campanions 8 
 farthest behind him. In this contest a boy, who was bolder 
 than the rest, attempted to swim farther out 9 . A dolphin comes 
 towards him, and swims 10 now before, now behind, and now 
 around him. At last it takes him upon its back 11 , and then 
 lets him down 12 again, takes him a second time upon its back, 
 and first carries the trembling' 13 boy far out to the open sea, 
 then turns 14 toward the shore and brings him back to the land 
 and his companions. The rumor of this spreads 15 through the 
 whole colony. All run together, look at the boy as at a wonder, 
 
exercises for repetition of syntax. 
 
 273 
 
 question him, listen, and relate. On the following- day they 
 fill 16 the shore and look 17 at the sea. The boys are swimming-, 
 and among- them also that lad, but with more caution. The 
 dolphin comes again to the boy at the same time. He flees 
 with the others. The dolphin, as if it would invite and call 
 him back, leaps up, dives, and describes manifold circles 18 . It 
 does the same on the second day, on the third, and on several 
 days, until the lads, reared 19 near the sea, were ashamed of their 
 fear. They approach it, playing with it 20 , call out its name 21 , 
 touch, and even handle 22 it. The experiment increases 23 their 
 boldness. The boy who made the first trial leaps 24 on its back, 
 as it is swimming near, and is carried to and fro 25 , believes 
 that he is recognized and loved, and loves it too: neither fears 
 the other 26 ; the boy becomes bolder, the dolphin tamer 27 . Also 
 other boys swim encouragingly 28 at the right and left. At the 
 same time another dolphin swims along, but only as a spectator 
 and companion; for it did and permitted nothing like the other, 
 but simply accompanies it to and fro 29 as the other boys their 
 companion. It is incredible, yet as true as the preceding, that 
 the dolphin, the playmate of the lads, was often also dragged 
 to the land, and there having become dry and warm in the sand 
 rolled itself back into the sea. All rushed to the spectacle. At 
 length the place itself lost its quietness and privacy 80 . There¬ 
 fore, it was determined 31 secretly to kill the animal, which 
 caused this concourse of people 32 . 
 
 1 see Gr. § 175 2. 2 adjacere. 3 omnis aetas. 4 studio teneri. 6 virtus. 
 
 6 provehi. 7 relinquere. 8 simul natare. 9 tendere in ulteriora. 10 historical 
 infinitive. 11 subire. 12 deponere. 13 trepidare. 14 jiectere. 15 serpere. 16 obsi¬ 
 dere. 17 prospectare. 18 orbes implicare et expedire. 19 innutrire. 20 alludere. 
 21 appellare. 22 pertredare. 28 crescere. 24 insilire. 25 ferri referrique. 26 neuter 
 timet, neuter timetur. 27 fiducia — mansuetudo augetur. 28 participle. 29 ducere 
 et reducere. 80 secretum. 31 placet. 32 ad quem coitur. 
 
 46. — Lysias, a very prudent and sagacious orator, very em¬ 
 phatically and justly criticises what Teucer, Telamon’s son, is 
 said to have asserted in an old tragedy, namely, that each one’s 
 native country is where he fares well 1 , and shows, that this is 
 the opinion of a man who seeks only his own interest and is 
 unfit for civil society. For he who is thus disposed to measure 
 the love of his country according to his own interests 2 , will 
 not care to any great 3 extent what becomes of it. He who would 
 be esteemed as a good citizen must bear in mind, that, if the 
 country does not fare well, he also can not fare well; nay, he 
 
 1 bene esse. 2 opportunitas. 3 see Gr. § 264, n. 3. 
 
 18 
 
274 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OP SYNTAX. 
 
 even must love the soil 1 on which he first stepped, the sky 
 under which he first drew breath. Ulysses, therefore, as the 
 fables relate 8 , although he could have lived amid all pleasures 
 with the nymph Calypso, nevertheless, preferred his rough and 
 stony country even to immortality; he would not have done this, 
 if he had approved of the above mentioned opinion of Teucer. 
 Hence, that expression 3 of Teucer does not become a good citizen. 
 
 1 solum. 2 ut est in fabulis. 3 vox, dictum. 
 
 47. — The Romans allowed their beard to grow until the 
 year 454 after the founding of the city, in which P. Ticinius 
 Mena first brought barbers from Sicily to Rome, as we read 1 
 in the 8th book of Pliny. Cicero, therefore, so frequently called 
 those ancient Romans bearded, for example 2 , in the oration for 
 Murena: “Among those bearded men;” for Caelius: “I must 
 recall one of those bearded men from the lower regions.” At 
 that time they commenced to have themselves shaved. Long, 
 therefore, before the age of Scipio Africanus, and even in the 
 age of Scipio, not only old, but also young men were shaved. 
 But Scipio himself, as Pliny narrates, first began to have him¬ 
 self shaved daily, on account of a certain effeminacy, I believe. 
 Nay, although it was the custom of those accused to let the 
 beard grow, still he did not cease to have himself shaved, when 
 he was summoned 3 before the people by one of the tribunes. 
 Afterwards, the custom became general 4 for the younger to let 
 the beard grow, for the older to shave it off, as we see in A. 
 Gellius. When Cicero, therefore, in a 6 passage of his second 
 oration against Catiline says, bene barbatos , he means 6 young 
 men. 
 
 1 est or scriptum est. 2 is omitted. 3 diem dicere. 4 increbrescere. 5 quidam 
 6 significare. 
 
 48. — To travel for a time 1 is, especially for a young man, 
 neither disagreeable nor useless; for novelty and 2 variety have 
 an extraordinary attraction 3 , and he who knows the customs of 
 many nations has acquired for himself a great help 4 to prudence. 
 But at the present day 6 , most young men who undertake long® 
 journeys and visit many countries, commonly only 7 strive 8 after 
 this: that, after their return 9 they can relate to their friends 
 where every city is situated, what 10 buildings it has, what sup¬ 
 ply 11 of goods and other things which serve to satisfy 12 the 
 passions there is in each; but they do not think at all, by what 
 laws and regulations it is governed 13 , what magistrates it has 14 , 
 how it acquires what is useful 15 for its preservation 16 , and averts 17 
 
EXERCISES EOR REPETITION OE SYNTAX. 275 
 
 the contrary; of all that they do not even think. Moreover, it 
 is of little avail to have seen many places, if we do not acquire 
 knowledge of these things. Fitly says Homer about Ulysses: 
 “He saw the cities of many men and learned their spirit and 
 character. But although a well-ordered journey is useful as well 
 as agreeable, nevertheless, for those who like a calm and quiet 
 life, it is most agreeable to live at home. Hence, if the poets 
 deserve credit 18 , nobody used to travel in the golden age.” And 
 men 19 were aquainted only 20 with their own shores. 
 
 1 peregrinatio ad tempus. 2 et — et. 3 oblectatio. 4 instrumentum. 6 hodie 
 quoque or hodie. 6 longinquus. 7 unus. 8 studere. 9 redire domum. 10 genus. 
 11 copia. 12 explere. 13 temperare. 14 uti. 15 relative clause. 16 verb. 17 decli¬ 
 nare. 18 si qua poetis fides. 19 mortales. 20 nullus praeter. 
 
 49. — It is said that there were once many laws among the 
 Persians, from which it may easily be perceived that this people 
 possessed a truly 1 extraordinary prudence. And since I recently 
 found 2 one of them, which on the one hand 3 , if I do not mis¬ 
 take 4 , is unknown to many, on the other deserves to be known 
 by all, I thought it would not be disagreeable to my readers, 
 if I would relate 5 it here. It was a custom among them, that, 
 if some one was accused before court of any breach of law 6 , 
 the judges did not condemn him immediately, even if his parti¬ 
 cipation 7 in the guilt was certain 8 , but inquired very acurately 
 into his whole life, and computed 9 whether he had done 10 more 
 bad and shameful, or more good and laudable acts. Then if 
 the number of evil actions predominated, he was condemned; if, 
 however, the evil was outweighed 11 by the morally good, he 
 was acquitted. For they thought, that it was not possible 11 to 
 human nature to keep the right course continually, that we ought 
 to consider as good men not those who never fail, but those 
 who oftener act well. 
 
 1 see Gr. §246. 1. 2 incidere. 3 neque — et. 4 animus me fallit. 5 proponere . 
 6 aliquid conira leges facere. 7 affinem esse. 8 liquido constare. 9 rationem 
 inire. 10 gerere , with the adverb. 11 praeponderare. 12 esse. 
 
 50. — Brevity of expression 1 and obscurity of speech 2 have 
 something domineering 3 , and are, therefore, very suitable for 
 those who threaten, and extraordinarily 4 useful to terrify 6 those 
 with whom we have to deal 6 . For as in the darkness every 
 thing is feared more than in the light, so obscurity of speech 
 renders, as it were, that more terrible which is spoken 7 . And 
 this, I think, the Lacedaemonians followed, when they wrote 
 thus to Philip: “The Lacedaemonians to Philip. Dionysius in 
 
 1 loqui. 2 obscuritas, atis; sermo. 3 imperiosus. 4 mirifice. 6 perterre¬ 
 facere animum alicujus. 6 agere . 7 proponere. 
 
276 EXERCISES for repetition of syntax. 
 
 Corinth.” For far stronger 1 , and, to make use of a word of 
 Lucretius, more penetrating 2 was that shortness, than if they 
 had said thus: “Although Dionysius was once a very powerful 
 tyrant, nevertheless, he now lives, deprived of his throne, as a 
 private man at Corinth. Take care, that while you try to sup¬ 
 press the liberty of others, the same may not happen to you.” 
 That would have been the language of such as wished not to 
 terrify, but to warn. And not dissimilar is what Dionysius wrote 
 to the Locrians: “I will effect that the locust 3 will sing 
 on the ground among you,” indicating that he was going to 
 devastate their whole country. Also Atoeas, a king of the 
 Scythians, is said to have once written the following letter to 
 the Byzantines: “Do not diminish 4 my income 6 , that my mares 
 may not go to you to drink 6 .” Idanthuras, who also ruled 7 
 with royal power 8 over the Scythians, expressed 9 himself still 
 more obscurely. For he did not send a threatening letter indeed 
 to Darius, who had crossed the Ister, but instead of the letter, 
 the following symbols 10 : a mouse, a frog, a bird, an arrow and 
 a plough. When in the camp of Darius different persons ex¬ 
 plained it in different ways, a military tribune thought that it 
 intimated that they would give over all their property; their 
 houses, which are signified by the mouse; the waters, the air, 
 the arms, the land; the symbols of which were the frog, the 
 bird, the arrow and the plough. Xiphodres, however, explained 
 it in a quite different way, and said: If 11 we do not go 12 under 
 the ground like mice, or under the water like frogs, or fly 
 up like birds, we shall not escape their weapons. For we are 
 not masters of the land which they themselves plough. 
 
 1 fortis. 2 penetralis. 3 cicada, ae. 4 esse atid detrimenium. 6 vectigal. 
 6 aquari. 7 praeesse. 8 imperium. 9 omitted. 10 symbolum or signum . 11 nos 
 
 vero , inquit S nisi, etc. 12 subire. 
 
 51. — The deeds of Caesar in Gaul have been described by 
 himself in the first seven books of his Commentaries on the 
 Gallic war. The eigth book has another author, whether it be 
 Hirtius or another. It is difficult to decide whether his bravery 
 in conquering so many warlike tribes, or his ability 1 in the 
 statement of his deeds deserves more admiration. As regards 
 the authority and truthfulness of the Commentaries we must, it 
 seems, admit 2 in accordance with Ceasar’s character and mode 
 of thinking 3 , that he informed us carefully and truthfully about 
 the origin and institutions of the tribes, the nature of the coun¬ 
 tries, and about other things of that kind; for the most of that 
 
exercises for repetition of syntax. 
 
 277 
 
 which he himself saw is described so acurately and plainly 4 that 
 we can not doubt the faithful tradition 5 of that which he saw; 
 but that which he found out by inquiries and repeats 6 must 
 partly on account of his own sagacity 7 , partly according to the 
 judgment of the historian Tacitus, who points him out as the 
 best source 8 in these things, be looked upon as sufficiently estab¬ 
 lished 9 . Just as reliable, it seems, is the statement 10 of his 
 plans, as also of the principal results 11 of his undertakings, 
 which, on the one hand could not easily be falsified 12 , and on 
 the other did not need falsification 12 . But, as regards the cause 
 of the wars, which, according to his statement 13 , were all as 
 just as they were inevitable 14 the wonderful bravery of his lieu¬ 
 tenants and legions, the temperate and humane 15 behavior 16 of 
 himself and his soldiers towards the vanquished, in short, every 
 thing that refers to the preservation of his fame and esteem 
 among men; on this, perhaps, he did not write with the same 
 truthfulness. For Caesar was by no means the man to prefer 
 truth to utility. Opinions of contemporaries also are not want¬ 
 ing, which, if compared with the commentaries, can raise doubts 17 
 about their truth. The language 18 and style of Caesar, however, 
 are so excellent that even if the commentaries would recommend 
 themselves by no other merit 19 , they would on this account alone 
 deserve to be read with the greatest diligence. Instead of many 
 testimonies, I will here mention only the one of Cicero, certainly 
 the best authority. He says that they are simple 20 , natural 21 
 and charming 22 , and therefore deserve all praise. 
 
 1 facultas . 2 statuere . * ingenium. 4 perspicuitas. 5 verb. * referre* 
 7 ingenii acumen. 8 auctor. 9 probatus. 10 explicare. 11 summa. 12 vitiare. 
 15 verb. 14 necessarius. 15 humanitas. 16 agendi ratio. 17 movere dubitationem. 
 18 oratio. 19 laus. 20 nudus. 21 rectus. 22 venustus. 
 
 52. — If we consider all the sicknesses to which the human 
 race is exposed, we shall find that by far the greatest part is 
 caused 1 by intemperance in eating and drinking. From this 
 arise 2 , as from an inexhaustible 3 fountain of all evils, indi¬ 
 gestion 4 , catarrh 5 , weakness 6 of all the senses, at times contrac¬ 
 tion, sometimes weakness 7 of the nerves, quinsy 8 , gout 9 . The 
 Persians, therefore, of whom Xenophon says that they used to 
 take 10 nothing but cress 11 along with bread enjoyed 12 the best 
 of health and lived to be very old 13 . Those however, whose god 
 is their belly, are as we see, visited 14 by the most serious and 
 
 1 gignere. 2 manare. 3 perennis. 4 cruditas. 6 gravedo. 8 debilitas . 
 7 resolutio. 8 angina, ae. 9 articulorum dolor. 10 adhibere. 11 nasturtium. 
 12 uti , not frui . 13 lived very long. 14 conflictari . 
 
278 exercises FOR repetition of syntax. 
 
 dangerous sicknesses, and scarcely ever attain an old age. And 
 Theognis correctly maintains, that by far more men perish by 
 gluttony 1 than by famine, while temperance and abstinence, as 
 regards food, is followed 2 by a robust and unweakened health 3 . 
 Justly therefore says Timotheus of Athens, that the Platonic 
 meals are agreeable even the day after. The meals of the 
 gluttons, on the other hand, are often disagreeable for the 
 whole life-time. Furthermore, those whose body is filled with 
 food and drink, can not use their right reason. The ancients, 
 therefore, said, that drunkenness is a voluntary madness. As 
 an example, Alexander may serve, who is great by surname as 
 well as by his excellent 4 deeds; of him it is said, that he killed 
 his dearest friends 6 in the state of drunkenness 6 . The ancient 
 law-givers, therefore, thought themselves obliged to forbid 7 wine, 
 partly 8 to any age, partly to a certain sex, partly to a certain 
 station in life 9 . Plato forbids the use of wine to youths until 
 the eighteenth year. Among the ancient Romans females were 
 not allowed 10 to taste wine; therefore 11 , it is said that a certain 
 man who had killed his wife because she had drunk wine, was 
 not only freed 12 from accusation 13 but even from blame. Among 
 the Carthaginians it was also provided 14 by law: first, that 
 nobody in the army should touch wine, but that all as long as 
 they were under arms, should be satisfied 15 with water; secondly, 
 that in the city neither a male nor a female slave should ever 
 drink wine; thirdly, neither the praetor in the year in which 
 he administered justice 16 , nor the judge as long as he was hold¬ 
 ing office, and lastty, nobody 17 who was to come into the sen¬ 
 ate, whenever something of importance 18 was treated. According 
 to some 19 , Romulus abstained from wine; according to others, 
 he took it as a rule very moderately. Why shall I further men¬ 
 tion that which in the writings of all, is said in praise of 20 the 
 temperance and parsimony of Curius, of Fabricius, and of others 
 who lived in those times? The Roman empire lasted as long as 
 it cherished these customs, Rome ruled over foreign nations as 
 long as it controlled its passions. As soon as that old 21 rigor 
 relaxed 22 every thing began to grow worse 25 . 
 
 1 ingluvies, ei. 2 consequi. 3 siccitas et integritas valetudinis. 3 praestantia, 
 ae. 5 quos habeo carissimos. 6 per ebrietatem. 7 amovere ab aliquo. 8 alii 
 — alii. 9 ordo. 10 nefas est. 11 ita ut. 12 carere. 13 accusator, reprehensor. 
 14 cavere. 15 conte7itum esse. 16 jus dicere. 17 ne is quidem. 18 ?nomentum. 
 19 alii tradunt. 20 celebrare. 21 priscus. 22 remitti. 23 in deterius ferri. 
 
 53.— From your letter I learned how you are 1 and where 
 you are staying; but, when I shall get a chance to see you, I 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 279 
 
 could absolutely not 2 ascertain 3 from that letter. Still I have 
 hopes 4 that your arrival is near, may it 5 be a consolation for 
 me! Know, that since my arrival in the city, I have become 
 reconciled 6 again to my old friends, i. e., to my books, although 
 
 I had not given up their company 7 because I bore ill-will against 
 them, but because I was a little ashamed 8 before them. For it 
 seemed to me, that I did not duly follow their advices. They 
 pardon me, invite 9 me again to their former intercourse and 
 say, that you were wiser than I, because you never interrupted 10 
 it. On this account then, because I find 11 them reconciled, it 
 seems to me, that I ought to hope to pass easily over the pres¬ 
 ent 12 and future 13 fates, if I have seen you again. May it 
 therefore please you to meet me at the Tusculan or at your 
 Cumanian villa, or what I would wish least, at Rome; I will 
 see, if only we are together, that this will appear very agree¬ 
 able to both of us. 
 
 1 agere. 2 nihil sane. 3 suspicari. 4 in spetn venire. 6 relative. 6 in 
 gratiam redire. 7 usum dimittere. 8 suppudet. 9 revocare. 10 permanere. 
 
 II uti. 12 quae premunt. 13 quae insta?it. 
 
 54. — I could enumerate many learned men who distinguished 
 themselves by merits in war, as also brave generals who ex¬ 
 celled in refinement and learning. For we know from history 1 
 that Archytas of Tarentum commanded an army six times, that 
 Melissus distinguished himself by several naval victories, that 
 Socrates took part in three campaigns 2 , that Plato and Xeno¬ 
 phon rendered great services 3 in war to their fellow-citizens. 
 Why shall I mention 4 those well known bulwarks 5 of Greece, 
 Pericles, Themistocles and Epaminondas? Why shall I adduce 
 those pillars of the Roman empire, the Scipios, the Luculli, the 
 Fabii, the Marcelli and innumerable others? All these, as his¬ 
 tory loudly proclaims 6 , were not only renowned because of merits 
 in war, but also distinguished for their literary pursuits. Of 
 Caesar, I need not speak; for who does not know, that posterity 
 is in doubt by what merit he excelled. But the great enthusi¬ 
 asm 7 of Brutus for the sciences can already be seen from this, 
 that in the night before his death he is said to have read sev¬ 
 eral times the diologue of Plato on the immortality of the soul. 
 
 </ 
 
 The Mytileneans well understood that the sciences have a 
 superior influence 8 in a state; for they imposed 9 on the nations 
 conquered by them in war no other penalty, than not to give 
 
 1 comperire. 2 stipendia facere. 3 apera , ae. 4 dicere aliquem. 5 propu¬ 
 gnaculum. 6 loqui , proclaim loudly. 7 ardore flagrare; take an interrogative 
 sentence, 8 vis . 9 irrogare . 
 
280 
 
 EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 their children any scientific education 1 . For they knew that 
 only those states can flourish in which the study of sciences 
 is cultivated. 
 
 1 litteras docere . 
 
 55. — In what manner M. Claudius Marcellus, who had been 
 consul in the year 703 after the founding of Rome, but later in 
 exile at Mytilene, had buried himself in studies 1 , met 2 his death 
 at Athens on his return to Rome, one of his friends relates in 
 the following letter: Although I know that I shall give you no 
 joyful news, I nevertheless apprise you of the occurrence, how¬ 
 ever it may be. When on the 23rd of May, I had traveled on 
 board a ship from Epidaurus to Piraeus, I there visited M. Mar¬ 
 cellus and spent that day there in order to be with him. On 
 the next day, after I had left 3 him with the intention 4 of going 
 from Athens to Boeotia, he was willing to travel to Italy. The 
 day following, about the 10th hour of the night his intimate 
 friend P. Postumius came to me to Athens, and informed me 
 that M. Marcellus had after supper been stabbed 5 with a dagger 
 by his friend P. Magius Cilo and received two wounds, one in 
 the stomach, the other in the head, next to 6 the ear; that, how¬ 
 ever, he hoped he might live, that Magius had killed himself; 
 that he himself was afterwards sent to me by Marcellus to report 
 the occurrence and to ask to send him physicians. I looked for 7 
 physicians, and immediately at daybreak I set out. When I 
 was not far from Pyraeus, a servant came to me with a note 8 
 in which it was written that Marcellus had died 9 a short time 
 before daybreak. Thus the illustrious man died a most miser¬ 
 able death 10 by the hand of a most wicked man, and a friend 
 inflicted 11 death on a man whom even his enemies had spared 
 on account of his noble character 12 . Nevertheless I went on to 
 his tent. There I found onty two freed-men and some few slaves; 
 the others, they said, had run away on account of fear, because 
 their master had been killed in front of the tent. I was obliged 
 to bring 13 Marcellus into the eity by my carriers 14 in the same 
 litter on which I had come 15 . There I celebrated 16 magnificent 17 
 funeral rites over 18 him. Though I could not obtain from the 
 Athenians to grant him a burial place within the city, yet they 
 gave me free choice 19 in which of their gymnasiums I wished 
 to have him interred. I selected a place in the noblest gym¬ 
 nasium on earth, in that of the academy, cremated him there, 
 and provided afterwards that the same Athenians contracted for 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 281 
 
 the erection of a monument of marble at the same place. Thus 
 we all satisfied 20 our duties towards our friend during- life and 
 in death. After Cicero had received word of the murder of 
 Marcellus, he wrote to one of his friends: “I do not wonder at 
 all that you take the fate of Marcellus so very much to heart 21 . 
 Who should have anticipated 22 this crime? Marcellus g-ave secu¬ 
 rity 13 for Magius at Sunium, because this one was unable to 
 pay. I believe that he demanded something of Marcellus, and 
 that this one answered with some hesitation 24 . 
 
 1 abdere se liter is. 2 occumbere. 3 digredi. 4 see Gr. §196, n. 2. 5 percu¬ 
 
 tere. 6 secundum. 7 cogere. 8 codicilli 9 diem suum obire. 10 acerba morte 
 afficere. 11 offerre. 12 dignitas. 13 referre. 14 lecticarius. 15 deferre. 16 facere.. 
 
 17 amplus. 18 dative. 19 optionem dare. 20 praestare. 21 graviter , moleste ferre. 
 22 timere. 23 sponsorem fieri. 24 cunctanter. 
 
 56. — You consider my villa in Tuscia unhealthy 1 , and there¬ 
 fore advise me not to go there. But in order to rid 2 you of 
 all uneasiness about me, allow 3 me to tell you about the moder¬ 
 ate climate 4 and the nature of the country. The climate in 
 winter is cold and chilly: myrtles, olive-trees and other 
 plants fond 5 of constant warmth, it docs not produce; }^et the 
 laurel-tree grows very luxuriantly 6 . The mildness of the sum¬ 
 mer is extraordinary; the atmosphere is always fanned by some 
 breath of air 7 , but more frequently by a gentle breeze 8 . Hence 
 the many old people. The appearance 9 of the country is very 
 beautiful. Imagine 10 an immense amphitheatre, just as only 
 nature 11 can shape it. A wide 12 and extensive plain is sur¬ 
 rounded on all sides 13 by mountains; the mountains themselves 
 are capped 14 by tall and old forests. There is an abundance of 
 various kinds 15 of game 16 . Woods of timber fit for cutting 17 
 slope with the mountains themselves; between lie rich hills, 
 which in fertility are not inferior to the most level plain, and 
 produce a good harvest. Below these the vine-vaads extend 
 over their whole sides and form a wide panorama 18 , at their end 
 and lowest border orchards appear 19 . Beyond them are meadows 
 and fields, fields which only the largest oxen and strongest 20 
 ploughs can furrow 21 . The meadows, decked with many colored 
 flowers 22 , produce clover and other herbs, which are always 
 tender, soft and, as it were, ever young 23 ; for they are nourished 
 by never-failing 24 brooks; but notwithstanding the abundance of 
 
 1 insaluber. 2 ponere. 3 accipere. 4 temperies coeli. 6 lactari. 6 nitidus. 
 7 spiritus. 8 aura, ae. 9 forma. 10 imaginari. 11 natura rerum. 12 diffusus. 
 13 cingere. 14 in cacumine. 15 frequens and varius. 16 venatio. 17 silva caedua. 
 
 18 facies. orior. 20 fortis. 21 perfringere. 22 floridus and gemmeus. 25 novus. 
 24 perennis. 
 
282 exercises for repetition of syntax. 
 
 water 1 there are no swamps, because the sloping* 2 ground con¬ 
 ducts 3 into the Tiber all the moisture, which it receives and 
 can not absorb. This navig*able river intersects the fields and 
 carries 4 all the produce to the city, only during the winter and 
 spring, but in summer it falls 5 and on account of its shallow 6 bed 
 lays aside 7 the name of a large river, and in winter it resumes it. 
 It will give 8 you great pleasure to view this part of the country 
 from a mountain; for you will imagine 9 to see an exceedingly 
 beautiful picture 10 , because the eyes wherever they rest will be 
 charmed by so great a variety, and so regular a distribution 11 . 
 
 1 ubi aquae plurimum. 2 devexus. 8 effundere. 4 devehere. 5 summitti. 
 6 arens. 7 deserere. 8 capere. 9 videri. 10 forma ad eximiam pulchritudinem 
 picta. 11 descriptio. 
 
 57. — P. Scipio, the younger, possessed 1 so many eminent 
 virtues, that, even if we overlook 2 his great merits in war, we 
 must consider him a man of distinction and an excellent citizen. 
 For firstly he loved the fine arts 3 to such a degree, that nobody 
 made better use than he of the leisure time allowed by his pub¬ 
 lic duties 4 . As proof of this the following will serve: In spite 6 
 of the important and difficult war which he waged in Africa, 
 he sent out Polybius, whom he never allowed to leave him at 
 other times 6 , with 7 a fleet, in order to explore that country and 
 to investigate the customs of the inhabitants. Nay more, he 
 often left Rome and lived in the country 8 to devote himself 
 more undisturbed 9 to scientific studies, and with his friend Lae¬ 
 lius to rest 10 for a while 11 from the heavy cares of the public 
 administration 12 . Cicero narrates, that both together often played 
 like children 13 so much, that they collected 14 shells and sea 
 snails at Cajeta and on lake Lucrinus. But he distinguished 
 himself so much as an orator that he surpassed all his fellow- 
 citizens. Furthermore, he formed and preserved friendship so 
 assiduously 15 , that he never left the forum without having gained 
 the good will of one of his fellow-citizens. One day he had 
 resolved to be a candidate for the consulate. But hearing that 
 a friend of his sought 16 it for another, he gave up 17 all thought 
 of the candidacy, because he thought, that the office would be 
 no honor to him if a friend oppose 18 him and not vote 19 for him. 
 Laelius in Cicero praises his very great affection 20 for his mother 
 and his exceeding liberality towards his sisters. He himself 
 openly showed his disposition 21 towards his brother Fabius, by 
 being content with the inheritance of Africanus and surrender¬ 
 ing to him the whole patrimony. During his whole life he did 
 
EXERCISES FOR REPETITION OF SYNTAX. 
 
 283 
 
 not buy, sell or build any thing for himself, and at his death 
 he left only 22 pounds of silver and 2/4 pounds of gold. Finally, 
 he was so pious and religious 22 , that he not only ordered the 
 temple of Castor to be rebuilt, but also wished to dedicate the 
 one of Hercules and of Virtue. 
 
 1 florere . 2 discedere . 3 bonae littei'ae. 4 intervalla negotiorum. 5 cum 
 
 (conjunction). 6 consuescere. 7 tradere. 8 rusticari. 9 = freer. 10 relaxare. 
 11 paulisper. 12 only respublica. 13 repuerascere. 14 legere. 15 diligentem esse 
 in re. 16 prehensare. 17 abjicere. 18 repugnare. 19 suffragere. 20 pietas. 
 21 interrogative clause. 22 religio. 
 
 58.— I am convinced that there is none among you to whom 
 are not known 1 the words 2 of Christ: “Many are called, but 
 few are chosen.” What is there said about the kingdom of 
 heaven, the same, it seems to me, I can say with all justice 
 about science and about the institutions 3 in which youths are 
 instructed. When you, five years ago, applied 4 for admission 5 
 to this school, there were many more of you than there are 
 to-day, when you are about to leave 6 it. And if, after the lapse 
 of five more years 7 you look about you 8 you will find, I fear, 
 that the small number has grown still smaller 9 . Many a one 10 
 will in this time find himself compelled to give up his career, 
 perhaps even life. For how many has not a sudden 11 death 
 already taken away! May I then not say that many are called, 
 but few are chosen; i. e. y that many strive to climb the difficult 
 path of science, but few succeed? 
 
 When we ask whence it comes, that by far the greatest 
 number of those who wish to devote themselves to the so-called 
 liberal 12 arts, do not reach their aim 13 , we might find two causes 
 pre-eminent. To the one the means necessary 14 for the acquisition 
 of knowledge are wanting; to the other the good will. The former 
 we are not allowed 15 to reproach, if they miss 16 their aim; on 
 the contrary we should give them credit for their good will, and 
 it is to be hoped that, provided they choose another more suit¬ 
 able vocation 17 and properly use their zeal, they may eventually 
 become very happy. But those who so misuse 18 the faculties 
 given to them by God, as to squander 19 in idleness their youth, 
 the most precious part of human life, I can not but reproach sharply. 
 Be convinced that they will once bitterly regret their negligence. 
 
 1 cognoscere and habere. 2 illud. 3 schola. 4 velle. 5 verb. 6 excedere. 
 7 alter — quinquenniicm. 8 circumspicere. 9 minuere. 10 non nemo. 11 prae¬ 
 maturus , . 12 liberalis. 13 propositum. 14 opus esse. 15 est quod. 16 aberrare. 
 
 17 vitae genus . 18 male uti. 19 perdere. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 I 
 
 A. 
 
 Abandon, to, relinquere; deserere. 
 abate, to, se remittere. 
 ability, virtus , utis; facultas, alis; nat¬ 
 ural —, indoles, is. 
 able, bonus; strenuus , a, uni. 
 abode, sedes , is. 
 
 abominable, detestabilis, e; nefarius, a, 
 um. 
 
 Aborigines, Aborigines, um. 
 absent, to be, abesse. 
 absorb, to, absorbere. 
 abstain, to, abstinere. 
 abstemious, abstinens, tis . 
 abstemiousness, abstinentia, ae. 
 abstinence, abstinentia, ae. 
 abundance, copia, ae. 
 abuse, to, abuti. 
 academy, academia, ae. 
 accept, to, accipere; suscipere. 
 access, aditus, us. 
 accidentally, casu. 
 accompany, to, comitari. 
 accomplice, conscius; socius, i. 
 accomplish, efficere; conficere. 
 account, an, to hand down —, tradere. 
 accuser, accusator, oris. 
 accustomed, to be, solere. 
 accustom one’s self, assuescere. 
 achieve, to, parere. 
 
 Achilles, Achilles, is. 
 
 Achradina, Achradina, ae. 
 
 acquainted, to become, cognoscere. 
 
 acquire, adipisci; consequi; conciliare. 
 
 acre, jugerum , i. 
 
 act, an, factum, i; facinus, oris. 
 
 act, to, agere. 
 
 active, industrius , a, um. 
 
 actually, re vera. 
 
 acute, acer, cris; c. 
 
 acuteness, acies, ei; acumen, inis. 
 
 adage, an, proverbium, i. 
 
 adapted, idoneus; aptus, a, um. 
 
 add, to, addere; adjicere; jungere. 
 
 address, an, oratio , onis. 
 
 Adherbal, Adherbal, is. 
 adhere, to, manere; adhaerere. 
 adjacent, propinquus, a, um. 
 adjoining, finitimus; contiguus, a, um. 
 administration, regnum; imperium, i. 
 admirable, admirabilis, e. 
 
 admiral, prefectus classis. 
 admittance, aditus, us. 
 adopt, to, imbui; capere; assumere. 
 adorn, to, ornare. 
 
 Adriatic, Adriaticus, a, um. 
 advance, to, progredi. 
 advanced, provectus, a, um. 
 advantage, commodum, i; utilitas, tis. 
 advantageous, commodus, a, um; uti¬ 
 lis, e. 
 
 adversary, adversarius, i. 
 adversity, res adversae. 
 advice, an, consilium, i. 
 
 Aegean, Aegaeus, a, um. 
 
 Aelian, Aelius, Aelianus, a, um. 
 Aeschines, Aeschines, is. 
 
 Aetna, Aetna, ae. 
 affair, res, rei. 
 affection, amor, is. 
 afflict, to, afficere. 
 afford, to, praebere. 
 age, aetas, tis; tempus, oris. 
 
 Agenor, Agenor, is. 
 agrarian, agrarius , a, um. 
 agree, convenire. 
 agreement, pactum, i. 
 agreement, to come to, convenire. 
 agriculture, agricultura, ae. 
 Agrigentum, Agrigentum, i. 
 aim, at, to, petere. 
 air, aer, is. 
 
 alarm, to, perturbare; terrere. 
 
 Alban, Albanus , a, um. 
 
 Albanians, Albani, orum. 
 
 alight, to, descendere. 
 
 alike (adv.), aeque. 
 
 alive, vivus, a, um. 
 
 allegiance, fides, ei. 
 
 alleviate, to, levare. 
 
 allied, foederatus, a, um. 
 
 allot, to, destinare; tribuere; sortiri. 
 
 allow, to, sinere; permittere. 
 
 allowed, to be, licere. 
 
 allure, to, allicere. 
 
 allurement, illecebra, ae. 
 
 Alps, Alpes, ium. 
 ambassador, legatus , i. 
 ambition, ambitio, onis. 
 ambitious, ambitiosus, a, um; honorum 
 cupidus, a, um. 
 ambuscade, insidiae, arum. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 285 
 
 Ammon, Ammon, onis. 
 amount, an, vis; pondus , iris. 
 amphitheatre, amphitheatrum, i. 
 amusement, delectatio , onis. 
 Anaximenes, Anaximenes, is. 
 ancestors, majores , um. 
 ancient, antiquus , a, ww. 
 
 Andes, Andes , rww. 
 angered, iratus, a, um. 
 animate, to, incitare. 
 animosity, odium, i. 
 
 Anio, Anio, mis. 
 annals, annales, ium. 
 announce, nuntiare. 
 annoying, molestus, a, um. 
 annual, annuus, a, um. 
 
 Anthony, Antonius , i. 
 anticipate, praevenire. 
 antidote, antidotum, i. 
 
 Antipater, Antipater , tri. 
 anxiety, cura, ae. 
 appal, to, terrere. 
 appeal, to, appellare; provocare. 
 appear, to, apparere; videri. 
 appearance, species; forma, ae; aspec¬ 
 tus, us. 
 
 appease, to, placare. 
 
 Appelles, Appelles, is. 
 
 Appian, Appius, a, um. 
 applause, plausus, us. 
 apply, to, adhibere; uti; impendere ; ro¬ 
 gare; — one’s self to, incumbere. 
 appoint, to, constituere; destinare. 
 appreciate, to, aestimare. 
 apprise, to, certiorem facere. 
 approbation, to find, probari. 
 appropriately, apte; praeclare. 
 approval, approbatio, onis; laus, dis. 
 approve, to, probare. 
 
 Arar, Arar, is. 
 
 Arbela, Arbela, orum. 
 archer, sagittarius, i. 
 architect, architectus, i. 
 archon, archon, tis. 
 
 Archytas, Archytas, ae. 
 
 Ardea, Ardea, ae. 
 ardent, vehemens, tis. 
 
 Argonaut, Argonauta, ae. 
 argument, argumentum , i. 
 
 Ariopagite, Ariopagita, ae. 
 arise, to, oriri. 
 
 Aristander, Aristander, dri. 
 aristocrats, optimates, ium. 
 
 Aristotle, Aristoteles, is. 
 arm, to, armare. 
 armistice, induciae, arum. 
 armor, arma, orum; in full —, arma¬ 
 tus, a, um. 
 
 army, exercitus, us; acies, ei; agmen, 
 inis. 
 
 arouse, to, excitare. 
 
 arrange, to, constituere; componere. 
 
 array oneself, to, consistere . 
 
 arrival, adventus, us. 
 
 arrive, to, advenire; pervenire. 
 
 arrow, sagitta, ae. 
 
 artist, artifex, icis. 
 
 artistic, artificiosus, a, um. 
 
 ascertain, to, cognoscere. 
 
 ascertained, it is, constat. 
 
 ascribe, to, tribuere. 
 
 asleep, dormiens, tis. 
 
 assassinate, to, interficere. 
 
 assault, an, impetus, us. 
 
 assault, to, oppugnare. 
 
 assembly, concilium, i; comitia, orum. 
 
 assert, to, affirmare. 
 
 assign, to, dare; assignare. 
 
 assistance, auxilium , i. 
 
 associate, an, socius, i. 
 
 assure oneself, to, persuaderi. 
 
 Assyrian, Assyrius, a, um. 
 
 astonishing, mirus , a, um. 
 
 Athenians, Athenienses, ium. 
 atmosphere, aer, aeris. 
 atrocius, nefarius; scelestus , a, um. 
 attack, an, impetus , us. 
 attack, to, aggredi. 
 attain, to, adipisci. 
 
 attempt, an, conatus, us; tentamen, inis. 
 
 attend, to, curare. 
 
 attendant, satelles, itis. 
 
 attention, attentus animus. 
 
 attentive, attentus, a, um. 
 
 attire, vestis, is. 
 
 attract to, trahere. 
 
 auction, audio, onis. 
 
 Augustus, Augustus, i. 
 
 Aurelian, Aurelius, a, um. 
 auspice, auspicium , i. 
 austere, severus, a, um. 
 autumn, autumnus, i. 
 
 Aventine, Aventinus , a, um. 
 
 avert, to, avertere; abducere ; propulsare. 
 
 avoid, to, fugere; vitare. 
 
 await, to, expectare. 
 
 awaken, to, suscitare. 
 
 award, to, adjudicare. 
 
 aware, to be, sentire. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babylon, Babylon, onis. 
 back, tergum, i. 
 back-door, posticum, i. 
 
 Bactria, Bactria, orum. 
 
 Bactrians, Bactriani, orum. 
 baggage, impedimenta , orum. 
 
 Bagrada, Bagrada, ae (m.). 
 ball, pila, ae. 
 
 banish, to, relegare, pellere. 
 bank, ripa, ae. 
 banquet, epulum, i. 
 barbarian, barbarus, a, um. 
 barber, tonsor, oris. 
 bard, cantor , oris. 
 
286 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 bare, nudus, a, ton, 
 base, turpis , e. 
 battering-ram, aries, etis. 
 battle, pugna , ae; proelium, i. 
 battle-field, proelium, i. 
 battle-line, acies , ei. 
 bear, to, ferre, afferre. 
 beard, barba , ae. 
 bearded, barbatus, a, um. 
 bearing - , a, habitus, us. 
 beat, to, caedere, verberare. 
 beauty, pulchritudo, inis; amoenitas , 
 atis. 
 
 become acquainted, to, cognoscere. 
 
 bed, of a river, alveus, i. 
 
 bee, apis, is. 
 beg, to, orare. 
 beget, to, gignere. 
 begin, to, incipere. 
 beginner, tiro, onis. 
 beginning, initium, i. 
 begrudge, to, invidere. 
 behead, to, securi percutere. 
 behold, to, conspicere. 
 belief, fides, ei; opinio, onis. 
 beneficence, beneficentia, ae. 
 beneficent, beneficus, a, um. 
 beneficial, salutaris, e. 
 benefit, beneficium, i. 
 benevolence, benevolentia, ae. 
 benevolent, benevolus , a, um. 
 bereave, to, orbare. 
 
 bereft, orbatus; orbus, a, um. 
 beseech, to, precari. 
 besiege, to, obsidere. 
 betray, to, prodere. 
 bewail, to, deplorare. 
 beware, to, cavere. 
 bid, to, jubere. 
 
 bill (a law proposed), lex, gis. 
 birth, nativitas, atis; genus, eris. 
 birthday, dies natalis. 
 
 Biton, Bito, onis. 
 
 bitter, acerbus, a, um. 
 
 blame, culpa, ae. 
 
 blessing, bonum; beneficium, i. 
 
 blind, caecus, a, um. 
 
 block, to, intercludere. 
 
 blockade, to, obsidere. 
 
 bloody, cruentus, a, um. 
 
 blossom, fios, oris. 
 
 blot out, to, delere. 
 
 blow, ictus, us. 
 
 boar (wild), aper, pri. 
 
 body, corpus, oris; (band) manus, us. 
 
 body-guard, custos corporis. 
 
 Boeotians, Boeotii, orum. 
 
 bold, audax, acis. 
 
 Bologna, Bononia, ae. 
 bolt, to, occludere. 
 bond, vinculum, i. 
 bondage, servitus, iis. 
 booty, praeda , ae. 
 
 border, fi?iis is. 
 border, to, tangere. 
 born, to be, nasci. 
 bosom, pectus, oris. 
 
 Bostar, Bostar, is. 
 
 bow, arcus, us. 
 
 boxer, pugil, is. 
 
 brave, fortis, e. 
 
 brazen, aeneus, a, um. 
 
 break one’s word, to, fidem frangere. 
 
 break out, to, exoriri. 
 
 break up camp, to, castra movere. 
 
 break through, to, perrumpere. 
 
 breath, spiritus, us. 
 
 breathe, to, spirare. 
 
 bred, nutritus, a, um. 
 
 brevity, brevitas , atis. 
 
 bribe, to, corrumpere. 
 
 brick, later, eris. 
 
 brilliant, splendidus, a, um. 
 
 bring close, to, admovere. 
 
 bring to, to, afferre. 
 
 Britain, Britannia, ae. 
 
 bronze, of, aeneus, a, um. 
 
 brook, rivus, i. 
 
 buckler, clipeus, i. 
 
 build, to, aedificare; exstruere. 
 
 building, aedificium , i. 
 
 bull, bullock, taurus, i. 
 
 burial, funus, eris. 
 
 burn, to (trans.), incendere. 
 
 bury, to, sepelire. 
 
 bushel, modius, i. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cable, funis, is. 
 
 Caere, Caere (indecl.). 
 
 Calauria, Calauria, ae. 
 
 Calchas, Calchas, ntis. 
 
 call, to, appellare; convocare; — down, 
 devocare; —out, pronuntiare. 
 
 Callisthenes, Callisthenes, is. 
 
 calm, placidus, a, um. 
 calmness, of mind, aequus animus. 
 Campanians, Campani, orum. 
 camel, camelus, i. 
 
 candidacy, petitio, onis. 
 cane, baculus, i. 
 caparison, to, ornare. 
 capitol, capitolium, i. 
 capture, to, capere. 
 cardinal, a, cardinalis, is. 
 career, cursus, us. 
 cargo, onus, eris. 
 
 carry, to, ferre; —off, auferre; —on, 
 gerere. 
 
 Carthage, Carthago, inis. 
 
 Cassiope, Cassiope, es. 
 
 cast, to, to, conjicere; — off, abjicere; 
 
 — lots, sortiri. 
 cat, felis, is. 
 
 cattle, pecus, oris; bos, bovis. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 287 
 
 Caudine, Caudinus, a , 
 cause, to, efficere; inferre; facere. 
 cause (of persons), auctor , 0 W. 9 . 
 cautious, cautus, a, um. 
 cavalry, equitatus , ws. 
 cave, antrum, i; specus, us. 
 cease, to, cessare; desinere. 
 celebrate, to, celebrare. 
 celebrated, clarus, a, um; nobilis, e. 
 celerity, celeritas, atis. 
 celestial, coelestis, e. 
 censorship, censura, ae. 
 censure, a, vituperatio, oms. 
 censure, to, reprehendere ; vituperare. 
 center, medium, i. 
 centurion, centurio, onis. 
 century, saeculum, i; (division of Ro¬ 
 man people), centuria, ae. 
 
 Ceos, Ceos, i; of —, Ceus, a, um. 
 ceremony, ceremonia , ae. 
 
 Ceres, Ceres, eris. 
 
 Chabeias, Chabeias, ae. 
 chair, sella, ae. 
 
 Chaldeans, Chaldaei, orum. 
 challenge, to, provocare. 
 chamber, conclave, is. 
 change, to, mutare. 
 changeable, ?nobilis, e. 
 chapel, sacellum, i. 
 character, mores, um; (letter), litera,ae. 
 charge, to (attack), aggredi. 
 chariot, currus, us. 
 
 Charlemagne, Carolus Magnus. 
 charm, a, oblectamentum, i; suavitas, 
 atis. 
 
 charm, to, capere. 
 chase, venatio, onis. 
 check, to, arcere; coercere. 
 cheer, good, bonus animus. 
 cheese, caseus , i. 
 
 Cheops, Cheops, pis. 
 cherish, to, colere. 
 chest, a (box), cista, ae. 
 chieftain, princeps, ipis. 
 childhood, pueritia, ae. 
 chilly, gelidus , a, um. 
 chin, mentum , i. 
 choice, exquisitus, a, um. 
 choose, eligere. 
 
 Cimbrians, Cimbri, orum. 
 circle, circulus , i. 
 circumspect, consideratus, a, um. 
 circumstance, res, rei. 
 
 Cirta, Cirta, ae. 
 
 Cisalpine, Cisalpinus, a, um. 
 citadel, arx, cis; castrum, i. 
 city (adj.), urbanus, a, um. 
 city-hall, curia, ae. 
 civilization, humanitas, atis. 
 clasp, to, complecti. 
 class, to, numerare. 
 clear, purus , a, um. 
 client, cliens , entis. 
 
 cliff, scopulus, i. 
 
 climate, coelum, i; temperies , ei. 
 climax, climax, acis. 
 climb, to, ascendere. 
 cloak, amiculum, i; pallium , i. 
 clock, horologium, i. 
 
 Clodian, Clodius, a, um. 
 close, exitus , us. 
 clothing, vestis, is. 
 clover, trifolium, i. 
 coast, ora, ae. 
 cock, gallus, i. 
 
 Coelian, Coelius , a, um. 
 cohort, cohors, tis. 
 coin, nummus, i. 
 cold, frigidus, a, um. 
 collapse, to, corruere. 
 colleague, collega, ae. 
 collect (intr.), to, congregare. 
 colonnade, porticus, us. 
 colonist, colonus, i. 
 
 Colonus, Colonus, i. 
 combat, certamen, inis. 
 combat single, certamen singulare. 
 comet, cometa, ae. 
 command-in-chief, imperimn, i. 
 commander-in-chief, imperator, oris. 
 commandment, mandatum, i. 
 commence, to, incipere. 
 commentary, commentarium, i. 
 commerce, mercatura, ae. 
 commission, mandatum, i. 
 commit, to, committere; perpetrare. 
 commotion, motus, us. 
 communalty, civitas, atis. 
 communicate, to, communicare. 
 companion, socius, i; sodalis, is; co¬ 
 mes, itis. 
 
 company, societas, atis. 
 
 compassion, misericordia , ae. 
 
 compel, to, cogere. 
 
 complain, to, queri. 
 
 comply, to, satisfacere; respondere; 
 
 — with the wishes of, obsequi. 
 compose, to, componere. 
 composed, to be, constare. 
 concert, symphonia, ae. 
 conciseness, brevitas , atis. 
 conclude, to, conficere; conjungere. 
 concord, concordia, ae. 
 condition, cotiditio, onis; status, us. 
 conducive, utilis, e. 
 confer, to, tribuere. 
 confess, to, confiteri. 
 confidant, familiaris, is. 
 confide, to, confidere. 
 confidence, fiducia, ae; fides, ei. 
 confiscate, to, publicare; confiscare. 
 congratulate, to, gratulari. 
 conjure, to, obtestari. 
 connect, to, conjungere. 
 connection, societas, atis. 
 connoisseur, homo intelligens, tis . 
 
288 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Conon, Conon, onis. 
 conscience, conscientia, ae. 
 conscientious, diligens, tis. 
 consecrated, sacer, era, erum. 
 consent, consensus, us. 
 consider, to, reputare; ducere. 
 considerable, bonus, a, unt. 
 considerate, consideratus , a, um. 
 consistent, consentaneus , a, um; con¬ 
 stans, tis; to be —, consentire; con¬ 
 sentaneum esse. 
 console, to, consolari. 
 consort, conjux , gis; uxor, oris. 
 conspiracy, conjuratio, onis. 
 conspirator, conjurator, oris. 
 conspire, to, conjurare. 
 constant, firmus, a, um;perfectus, a, um 
 consulship, consulatus , us. 
 consult, to, consulere aliquem. 
 contagious, contagiosus, a, um. 
 contain, to, continere. 
 contemporary, aequalis, e. 
 contempt, despicientia, ae. 
 contend, to, pugnare; contendere. 
 content, contentus, a, um. 
 continent, terra continens, tis. 
 continue, to, pergere. 
 contract, to (bargain), locare. 
 contraction, contractio, onis. 
 Contrebia, Contrebia, ae. 
 contribute to, to, valere ad rem. 
 control, to, continere. 
 convenient, commodus, a, um. 
 conversation, sermo, onis. 
 converse, to, colloqui. 
 convince, to, persuadere. 
 convoke, to, convocare. 
 copy, to, describere. 
 
 Corcyra, Corcyra, ae. 
 
 Corinth, Corinthus, i. 
 corn, frumentum, i. 
 corpse, cadaver, is; corpus, oris. 
 correct, rectus, a, um. 
 correct, to, coi'rigere; emendare. 
 correspond, to, respondere. 
 corrupt, to, corrumpere. 
 costly, pretiosus, a, um. 
 
 Cotys, Cotys, yis. 
 couch, lectus, i. 
 counsel, to, suadere. 
 countenance, vultus, us. 
 countless, innumerabilis, e. 
 country, regio, onis; terra, ae; — (adj.), 
 rusticus, a, um. 
 courage, animus, i. 
 courageous, audax, cis. 
 course, cursus , us. 
 court-trial, judicium, i. 
 courteous, humanus, a, um. 
 covet, to, concupiscere. 
 covetous, avarus; cupidus, a, um. 
 covetousness, avaritia, ae. 
 cowardice, ignavia, ae. 
 
 creature, creatura, ae. 
 credence, fides, ei. 
 cremate, to, comburere. 
 
 Creon, Creon, onis. 
 
 Cretans, Cretenses, ium . 
 
 Crete, Creta, ae. 
 criminal, a, sons, tis. 
 
 Critias, Critias, ae. 
 crocodile, crocodilus, i. 
 crooked t curvus, a, um. 
 cross-street, via transversa. 
 crow, to, canere. 
 crucify, to, cruci suffigere. 
 cruel, crudelis , e. 
 crush, to, obterere; opprimere. 
 cry, clamor, oris. 
 cultivate, to, colere. 
 cultured, excultus, a, um. 
 cunning, dolus, i. 
 cup, poculum, i. 
 
 Cupid, Cupido , inis. 
 cupidity, cupiditas, atis. 
 cure, remedium, i. 
 
 Cures, Cures, ium. 
 curved, flexus, a, um. 
 custom, consuetudo, inis; mos, oris. 
 cut, to, secare; — down, caedere. 
 Cyclops, Cyclops, pis. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dagger, sica, ae; fugio, onis. 
 
 daily, quotidie. 
 
 dam, vallum, i; agger , is. 
 
 dance, to, saltare. 
 
 danger, periculum , i. 
 
 dangerous, periculosus, a, um; gravis, e. 
 
 Danube, Danubius , i. 
 
 dare, to, audere. 
 
 daring, audacia , ae. 
 
 darkness, tenebrae , arum; caligo, inis. 
 
 dash against, to, allidere; offendere. 
 
 dawn, lux, cis. 
 
 day-time, tempus diurnum. 
 
 dazzle, to, caecare. 
 
 deadly, ynortifer, a, um; — enemy, ini¬ 
 micissimus, i. 
 
 death, to put to, interficere. 
 debauchery, luxuria, ae. 
 debt, aes alienum. 
 deceit, dolus, i. 
 deceitful, falsus, a, um. 
 deceive, to, decipere. 
 deceptive, fallax, acis. 
 decide, to, decernere. 
 declaim, to (poems), canere. 
 declare, to, dicere; declarare; —, bel¬ 
 lum indicere. 
 
 decree, decretum, i; consultum, i. 
 decree, to, decernere. 
 dedicate, to, dedicare. 
 deed, res gesta. 
 defeat, clades, is. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 289 
 
 defeat, to, vincere; devincere. 
 defile, narrow, angustiae , arum. 
 deliberate, to, consulere. 
 deliberation, consilium, i. 
 delicacy, a, cupedi a, or urn. 
 deliver a speech, to, orationem habere. 
 deliverer, servator, is; liberator, is. 
 Delphian, Delphicus, a, uin. 
 demand, to, poscere; postulare. 
 demented, amens, tis. 
 dense, densus , i. 
 
 depart, to, proficisci; migrare; discedere. 
 departure, discessus, us. 
 deposit, to, deponere. 
 deprive, to, privare. 
 depth, altitudo, inis. 
 deputation, legati, orum. 
 derive, to, capere , ducere. 
 descent (birth), locus, i. 
 desecrate, to, violare. 
 desert, solitudo , inis. 
 desert, to, deficere ( ab ). 
 deserve, to, mereri. 
 deservedly, merito. 
 design, consilium, i. 
 designate, to, indicare; significare. 
 desirable, optabilis, e. 
 desire, desiderium , i; libido, inis; cu¬ 
 piditas, atis. 
 desist, to, desistere. 
 despise, to, contemnere. 
 despoil, to, spoliare. 
 destroy, to, diruere; delere. 
 destruction, pernicies, ei. 
 destructive, perniciosus , a, um. 
 detain, to, retinere. 
 detect, to, patefacere. 
 determination, constantia, ae. 
 determine, to, decernere; constituere. 
 detestable, odiosus, a, um; turpis, e. 
 devastate, to, populari. 
 devote, to, impendere. 
 devoted, deditus , a, um; studiosus, a, um. 
 devotion, studium, i. 
 devour, to, devorare. 
 dew, ros, roris. 
 dialogue, dialogus, i. 
 diamond, gemma, ae. 
 die, a, talus; tessera; game of dice, 
 a lea, ae. 
 
 differ, to, differre. 
 difficult, difficilis, e. 
 dig, to, fodere; ducere. 
 diligent, studiosus , a, um. 
 diminish, to, minuere. 
 dine, to, coenare. 
 
 Dio, Dio onis. 
 direction (way), pars, tis. 
 disadvantage, incommodtmi, i. 
 disagree, to, dissentire. 
 disagreeable, -molestus, a, um. 
 disappoint, to, fallere. 
 disaster, calamitas , atis. 
 
 19 
 
 disastrous, atrox, cis. 
 discipline, disciplina, ae. 
 disclose, to, aperire. 
 discourage, to, ( animum ) frangere. 
 discourse, oratio , onis. 
 discover, to, detegere; patefacere; in¬ 
 venire; reperire. 
 discussion, disputatio, onis. 
 disease, morbus, i. 
 
 disgrace, dedecus , oris; turpitudo, inis; 
 
 ignominia , ae. 
 disgraceful, turpis, e. 
 dish, patina , ae. 
 dishearten, to, frangere. 
 dishonestly, male; fraudulenter. 
 dishonorable, inhonestus , a, um; tur¬ 
 pis, e. 
 
 disinherit, to, exheredare. 
 disinterested, abstinens, tis. 
 disinterestedness, innocentia, ae. 
 dislike, to, abhorrere; odisse. 
 dismiss, to, dimittere. 
 disparage, to, obtrectare. 
 dispatch, to (send), mittere; (finish) 
 absolvere; (kill) conficere. 
 display, to, p7'aebere. 
 displease, to, displicere. 
 displeasure, offensio, onis. 
 dispose, to, aptum reddere. 
 disposed by, animus, i. 
 disposition, animus, i; mens, tis; in¬ 
 genium, i. 
 
 disputation, disputatio, onis. 
 dispute, controversia, ae. 
 dispute, to, certare; contendere. 
 disregard, to, negligere. 
 dissatisfaction, displicentia , ae. 
 dissension, discordia, ae. 
 dissimilarity, dissimilitudo, inis. 
 dissolute, luxuHosus, a, um. 
 dissuade, to, dissuadere. 
 distance, distantia, ae. 
 distant, remotus, a, um. 
 distinguish, to, distinguere ; discernere ; 
 
 — one’s self, eminere. 
 distinguished, nobilis , e. 
 distress, to, premere. 
 distrust, diffidentia, ae. 
 ditch, fossa , ae. 
 dive, to (intrans.), mergi . 
 divide, to, dividere. 
 division (part), pars, tis. 
 dolphin, delphinus , i; —, adj., delphi¬ 
 nus, a, um. 
 domestics, familia , ae. 
 
 Domitian, Domitianus, i. 
 drag, to, trahere. 
 draining, deductio, onis. 
 drama, fabula, ae. 
 
 draw, to, stringere {gladium)', —from, 
 distringere ; extrahere; — near, ap¬ 
 propinquare; — up, instruere; con¬ 
 stituere. 
 
290 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 dread, to, timere; extimescere. 
 drink, potus , us. 
 dripping-, madidus, a, um. 
 drive, to, agere (trans.) ; vehere (in¬ 
 trans.) ; deferre. 
 driver, auriga, ae; rector, oris. 
 drown, to (trans.), demergere. 
 dry, siccus, a, um; to become —, siccari. 
 Dubis, Dubis, is. 
 dull, hebes, etis. 
 dust, pulvis , eris. 
 dutiful, probus , a, «w. 
 duty, officium i; munus, eris. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagerness, aviditas, atis. 
 earnestly, magnopere. 
 earnestness, severitas, atis. 
 earthly, terrenus, a, um. 
 
 Ebro, Iberus, i. 
 
 edifice, aedificium , i. 
 
 effect, an, effectus , « 5 ; effectum, i; 
 
 eventus, us. 
 effect, to, efficere. 
 effectual, efficax, cis. 
 effeminacy, mollitia, ae. 
 effort, conatus, us; studium, i. 
 
 Egypt, Aegyptus , i. 
 elapse, to, praeterire. 
 elate, to, efferre. 
 
 Elbe, Albis , w. 
 elect, to, eligere; creare. 
 elegant, elegans , &y. 
 elevated, editus, a, um. 
 elephant, elephantus, i. 
 
 Elis, ii/zs, 
 
 eloquent, eloquens, tis; disertus, a, um. 
 embellish, to, exornare. 
 emboss, to, caelare. 
 embrace, amplexus, us. 
 embrace, to, amplecti. 
 eminent, praestans, tis; eximius, a, um. 
 emotion, motus, us. 
 emperor, imperator, is. 
 emphatically, graviter. 
 empire, regnum, i; imperium, i. 
 employ, to, uti. 
 empty, to, exhaurire. 
 enable, to, idoneum reddere. 
 encamp, to, considere; castra ponere. 
 enclose, to, includere 
 encounter, to, se objicere. 
 encourage, to, exhortari; adhortari. 
 endeavor, to, conari; niti. 
 endowed, praeditus, a, um. 
 endurance, patientia, ae. 
 endure, to, tolerare; perferre; ferre; 
 laborare. 
 
 engage attention, to, attentum reddere. 
 engagement, proelium, i; pugna, ae. 
 England, Anglia, ae. 
 engrave, to, incidere. 
 
 enjoin, to, mandare. 
 
 enjoyment, delectatio, otiis. 
 
 enlarge, to, augere. 
 
 enlist, to, conscribere. 
 
 ennoble, to, honestare; formare. 
 
 enrich, to, locupletare. 
 
 entertain, to (have in mind), habere. 
 
 entice, to, allectare; inducere. 
 
 entrails, exta, orum. 
 
 entrance, introitus, us. 
 
 entreat, to, orare. 
 
 entreaty, preces, um. 
 
 entrenchment, munitio, onis. 
 
 entrust, to, committere. 
 
 envious, invidus, a, um. 
 
 Ephesian, Ephesius, a, um. 
 
 epigram, epigramma , atis. 
 
 equal, par, is; aequalis, e; aequus, a, um. 
 
 equal, to, aequare. 
 
 equip, to, armare. 
 
 erect, to, exstruere. 
 
 erroneous, falsus, a, um. 
 
 error, error, oris. 
 
 eruption, eruptio , onis. 
 
 Erycian, Erycinus, a, um. 
 
 escape, to, effugere. 
 
 establish, to, constituere; instituere; 
 
 statuere; stabilire. 
 estate, praedium, i; villa, ae. 
 esteem, existimatio, onis. 
 
 Ethiopians, Aethiopes, um. 
 
 Etruscans, Etrusci, orum. 
 
 Euclides, Euclides, is. 
 eulogist, laudator, oris. 
 
 Eurymedon, Eurymedon, ontis. 
 
 evacuate, to, excedere. 
 
 evening, vesper , i. 
 
 eventually, aliquando. 
 
 exact, accuratus, a, um; diligens, tis. 
 
 exact, to, cogere. 
 
 excel, to, antestare, excellere. 
 
 excellent, praeclarus, a, um. 
 
 exchange, to, commutare. 
 
 excite, to, excitare. 
 
 excuse, excusatio, onis. 
 
 execrable, nefarius, a, um. 
 
 execution (death), mors, tis. 
 
 exercise, exercitatio, onis; usus, us. 
 
 exert, to, contendere. 
 
 exertion, labor, is. 
 
 exhaust, to, conficere. 
 
 exhort, to, impellere. 
 
 exile (a person), exsul, is. 
 
 exile, exsilium, i. 
 
 exiled, exsul, is; to be —, exsulare. 
 expect, to, expectare; sperare. 
 expectation, spes, spei. 
 expediency, utilitas, atis. 
 expedient, utilis, e: 
 expedition, expeditio, onis. 
 expel, to, expellere. 
 expense, sumptus, us. 
 experience, to, experiri f 
 
VOCABULARY. 291 
 
 experienced, pentus, a, um. 
 experiment, experimentum, i. 
 expire, to, mori. 
 explore, to, cognoscere. 
 expose one’s self, to, objicere. 
 express, to, dicere. 
 expression (of features), vultus , us. 
 exstant, to be, exstare. 
 extemporary, subitus , a , um. 
 extend, to (intr.), porrigi. 
 extensive, diffusus , a, um. 
 extortion, pecuniae repetundae. 
 extraordinary, singularis, e. 
 extravagant, effusus , a, um. 
 extreme, extremus , a, um; summus, 
 a, um. 
 
 eye-sight, lumen, inis; lumen oculorum. 
 
 F. 
 
 Faction, factio , onis; partes, ium. 
 fail, to, deficere; errare. 
 faithful, fidelis , e. 
 
 Faliscians, Falisci , orum. 
 
 fall, to, cadere ; —, asleep , obdormiscere; 
 
 — away, deficere; — into, incidere; 
 
 — out, decidere; — together, corru¬ 
 ere; concidere. 
 
 falsehood, mendacium , i. 
 fame, nomen, inis; gloria, ae. 
 famine, fames, is. 
 famous, celeber, bris, bre. 
 fan, to, ventilare; movere. 
 farm, fundus, i. 
 fasten, to, affigere. 
 father-in-law, socer, i . 
 fatigue, labor, oris. 
 fatigued, fatigatus; fessus, a, um. 
 fault, vitium, i; culpa, ae; to find —, 
 reprehendere; to be the — of, stare 
 per aliquem. 
 
 favor, favor, oris; gratia, ae. 
 favor, to, favere. 
 
 favorable, secundus, a, um; (of place), 
 aequus, a, um. 
 
 favorite pursuit, a, studium, i. 
 fear, metus, us; timor, is. 
 feast-day, dies festus, a, um. 
 feeble, infirmus, a , um. 
 feebleness, infirmitas, atis. 
 feed, to (trans.), pascere. 
 feeling, sensus, us. 
 feign, to, simulare. 
 female (adj.), muliebris, e. 
 fencing-school, ludus gladiatorius. 
 ferocious, ferox, cis. 
 fertility, fertilitas, atis. 
 fervor, studium, i; industria, ae. 
 festival, feriae, arum; dies festus. 
 fetial, fetialis, e. 
 fetter, to, vincire. 
 
 fickle, inconstans , tis; varius, a, um. 
 
 field, ager, gri; to take the —, in bel¬ 
 lum proficisci. 
 
 fierce, ferox, cis; saevus, a, um. 
 fierceness, saevitia, ae. 
 fiery (spirited), acer, eris, cre. 
 fig, ficus, i. 
 
 fight, to, pugnare; committere. 
 filthy, sordidus, a, um. 
 
 find, to, invenire; reperire; — out, cog¬ 
 noscere. 
 
 fine, a, mulcta, ae. 
 fine, to, multare. 
 finger, digitus, i. 
 
 fired, inflammatus, a, um. 
 
 firmness, constantia, ae; firmitas, atis. 
 
 fish, to, piscari. 
 
 fist, pugnus, i. 
 
 fix, to, figere. 
 
 fixed star, stella inerrans, tis. 
 
 flatter, to, blandiri. 
 
 flatterer, adulator, oris. 
 
 flee, to, fugere; — back, refugere. 
 
 fleet, classis, is. 
 
 flight, fuga, ae; to put to —, fugare. 
 
 flog, to, verberare. 
 
 flourish, to, florere . 
 
 flow, to, fluere; — together, confluere; 
 
 — by, praeterfluere. 
 flower, flos, oris. 
 fly up, to, evolare. 
 fodder, pabulum , i. 
 follow, to, sequi. 
 folly, stultitia, ae. 
 food, cibus, i; esca, ae. 
 foolish, stultus, a, um. 
 foot-soldier, pedes, itis. 
 forage, to, pabulaH. 
 force, vis; to — a way, viam aperire; 
 
 to — upon, adducere. 
 forefathers, majores, um. 
 foreign, externus, a, um. 
 foreigner, barbarus, i. 
 foremost, primus, a , um; princeps, cipis. 
 foresee, to, providere. 
 foretell, to, praedicere. 
 forgiveness, venia, ae. 
 form, to (conspiracy), inire. 
 formerly, ante, olim. 
 forsake, to, derelinquere. 
 fortification, munitio, onis. 
 fortify, to, munire. 
 fortress, castellum, i. 
 found, to, condere. 
 founder, auctor, oris; conditor, oris. 
 fountain, fons, tis. 
 fox, vulpes, is. 
 frailty, fragilitas, atis. 
 
 France, Gallia, ae. 
 
 Francis, Franciscus, i. 
 fratricide, fratricida , ae. 
 fraud, fraus, dis. 
 
 Frederick, Fredericus, i. 
 freedom, libertas, atis. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 292 
 
 frequented, celeber , bris, bre. 
 fright, terror, is. 
 frighten, to, terrere . 
 frivolous, levis, e. 
 frog, rana, ae. 
 frontier, finis, is. 
 frugality, frugalitaSy atis. 
 fruit, fructus , us; fruges , z'wzzz. 
 frustrate, to, irritum facere . 
 fugitive, fugitivuSy ay um. 
 fulfill, to, exsequi. 
 funeral pile, rogus, i. 
 furnish, to, praebere. 
 furniture, suppclleXy lectilis. 
 further, ultro. 
 further, to, servire. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaggling, clangor, oris. 
 gain, lucrum, i. 
 gain, to, parare. 
 
 gain good will, to, animum conciliare. 
 gallant, / 'ortis , e. 
 
 Gallic, Gallicus, a, um. 
 
 galling, mordax y acis; molestus , a, um. 
 
 game, ludus, i. 
 
 Ganges, Ganges , is. 
 
 Ganymede, Ganymedes, is. 
 garden, hortus , i. 
 garland, corona , ac. 
 garrison, praesidium , i. 
 gate, porta , ac. 
 
 gather, convenire; congregare ; colli¬ 
 gere (trans.) 
 
 Gaugamela, Gaugamela y orum. 
 
 Gaza, Gazdy ae. 
 
 Gelo, GV/o, o/m. 
 generation, aetas y atis. 
 
 Geneva, Geneva, ae. 
 gentle, mitis, <?. 
 gentleness, humanitas , a/zs. 
 geometry, geometria , ae. 
 
 Germans, Germani, orum. 
 
 Geryones, Geryones , ac. 
 
 Getulians, Getuli, orum. 
 gift, donum, i. 
 gifted, praeditus , a, «m. 
 give birth, to, parere. 
 give credit, to, laudare; to — occasion 
 for, committere. 
 glad, to be, gaudere. 
 gladiatorial, gladiatorius , a , «;». 
 glitter, to, micare; nitere. 
 glorious, claims , a, um; praeclarus, a,um 
 glory, to, gloriari. 
 glow, to, candere. 
 glutton, ganeo , ozzz’j. 
 gnaw, derodere. 
 
 go, to, zrc/ pergere; — by, praeterire. 
 golden, aureus , a, um. 
 goose, anser , eris. 
 gorgeous, magnificus , a, «w. 
 
 govern, to, imperare; regere; gubernare. 
 
 government, regnum , i; imperium , z. 
 
 governor, praefectus, i. 
 
 grace, gratia , ac. 
 
 graceful, gratus , a, «m. 
 
 grammar, grammatica, ac. 
 
 grammarian, grammaticus , z. 
 
 granary, granaria , orum. 
 
 grand, magnificus , a, »«. 
 
 grandchild, nepos , o/zs. 
 
 grandeur, magnificentia , ac. 
 
 grandfather, az/as, z. 
 
 grandson, nepos, otis. 
 
 grant, to, concedere. 
 
 grassy, herbidus, a, um. 
 
 gratitude, gratia, ae. 
 
 greatness, magnitudo, inis. 
 
 grievance, quaerimonia , ac. 
 
 grindstone, cos, 
 
 gross, magnus , 0, zzzzz. 
 
 groundlessly, frustra. 
 
 grotto, antrum, i. 
 
 grow, to allow to, alere; — old, to, 
 senescere; — up, to, adolescere. 
 guide, «5. 
 
 guide, to, gubernare ; ducere. 
 gymnasium, gymnasium, i. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habit, consuetudo , inis. 
 
 halt, to, consistere. 
 
 hamlet, vicus, i. 
 
 hand down, to, tradere. 
 
 handsome, speciosus , a, um. 
 
 happen, to, accidere; evenire. 
 
 happiness, beatitudo , zzzzs. 
 
 happy, beatus , a, zzwz; felix , icis. 
 
 harangue, contio, onis. 
 
 harbor, portus , zzs. 
 
 hardship, molestia , ac/ labor, oris. 
 
 harm, to, nocere. 
 
 harmony, concordia , ac. 
 
 harsh, durus , a, zzwz. 
 
 harvest, messis , Z 5 . 
 
 hasten, to, properare. 
 
 hasty, celcr, is, e. 
 
 hatred, odium , z. 
 
 haughtiness, superbia , ac/ arrogan¬ 
 tia, ae. 
 
 haughty, superbus, a, urn. 
 hawk, accipiter, tris. 
 hazard, periculum, i. 
 healing, sanatio, onis. 
 
 . health, valetudo , zzzz 5 . 
 health, to be in good, valere . 
 healthy, sanus, a, um. 
 heart, cor, cordis; animus, i. 
 hearth, focus, i. 
 heartily, effuse; magnopere. 
 heat, calor, is; aestus, us. 
 heed, to, respicere; observare. 
 heel, ca£r, cz>. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 heir, heres , edis . 
 
 Helen, Helena , 
 
 Hellespont, Hellespontus, i. 
 
 Helotes, Helotes , 
 
 Helvetians, Helvetii, orum. 
 hen, gallina, ae. 
 
 Henry, Henricus . z. 
 
 Hephaestio, Hephaestio, onis. 
 Heraclides, Heraclides, ae. 
 herald, praeco , onis. 
 herb, herba , a<?. 
 heroic, fortissimus, a, um. 
 heroism, virtus , 
 hidden, occultus, a, um. 
 hide, to, occultare; abdere. 
 
 Hiero, Hiero, o/m. 
 hight, altitudo, inis. 
 highway-robber, praedo, onis; latro, 
 onis. 
 
 highway-robbery, latrocinium, i; to 
 practise —, latrocinari. 
 
 Himera, Himera, ae. 
 hint, to give a, significare. 
 historian, rerum scriptor. 
 hoard up, to, recondere. 
 hold, to, tenere; insidere. 
 holidays, feriae , arum. 
 honorable, honestus, a, um; honori¬ 
 ficus, a, um. 
 honest, probus, a, um. 
 honey, mei, mellis. 
 honor, to, honorare; colere. 
 honorary position, honor, oris. 
 hook, hamus , i. 
 
 Horace, Horatius, i. 
 horn, cornu, us. 
 horse-liair, seta equina. 
 horseman, eques , itis. 
 host, hospes, itis. 
 hospitality, hospitium , i. 
 hostage, obses , idis. 
 hostile, hostilis, e. 
 
 hot, calidus, a, um; fervidus, a, um. 
 
 hour-clock, horarium, i. 
 
 huge, ingens. Us. 
 
 human, humanus, a, urn. 
 
 hungry, to be, esurire. 
 
 hunt, venatio, onis. 
 
 hunter, venator, oris. 
 
 hurl, to, praecipitare. 
 
 hurry away, to, festinare. 
 
 hurtful, noxius , a, um. 
 
 husband, maritus, i; vir, i. 
 
 Hydrus, Hydrus , untis. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibis, Ibis, is, or idis. 
 ignoble, ignobilis, e. 
 ignominious, turpis , e; foedus, a, um. 
 Ilias, Ilias, adis. 
 
 Hiberi, Iliberi (indecl.). 
 ill-disposed, malevolus, a, um. 
 
 293 
 
 illiterate, illiteratus, a, um; rudis lite- 
 rarum. 
 
 illustrious, illustris, e. 
 ill-will, to bear, succensere. 
 imagine, to, animo concipere. 
 imbue, to, imbuere; infundere. 
 immediately, statim; mox. 
 immense, ingens, tis. 
 immoderate, immoderatus, a, um. 
 impair, to, laedere. 
 impeach, to, accusare. 
 impel, to, cogere; inducere. 
 impend, to, imminere. 
 impiety, impietas, atis. 
 impious, impius, a, um. 
 implacable, implacabilis, c. 
 implore, to, implorare. • 
 important, gravis, e. 
 impose, to, imponere. 
 imprison, to, in vincula conjicere. 
 improve, to, mendare. 
 impudent, impudens, tis. 
 impulse, impetus, us. 
 impute, to, tribuere; vertere. 
 incapable, impar , is. 
 incentive, incitamentum, i. 
 inclination, inclinatio, onis. 
 inclined, alacer , cris, ere. 
 inconstancy, inconstantia , ae. 
 inconvenience, incommodum, i. 
 incredible, incredibilis, e. 
 
 Indians, Indi, orum. 
 indicate, significare. 
 indifferent, negligens, tis. 
 individual, singuli, ae, a. 
 indolence, pigritia, ae. 
 induce, to, persuadere. 
 inevitable, necessarius, a, um. 
 inexperienced, imperitus, a, um. 
 infamous action, flagitium, i. 
 infantry, pedites, um; peditatus , us. 
 infer, to, colligere. 
 inferior, parvus, a, um. 
 inflame, to, incendere. 
 inflict, to, inferre. 
 influence, auctoritas , atis. 
 influential, potens, tis. 
 inform, to, certiorem facere. 
 infuse, to, injicere. 
 inhuman, inhumanus, a, um. 
 injunction, mandatum, i. 
 innovation, res nova. 
 innumerable, inumerabilis, e. 
 insatiable, insatiabilis, e. 
 insignificant, levis, e. 
 insolent, superbus, a, um. 
 inspect, to, inspicere. 
 inspire, to, injicere. 
 instantly, statim. 
 instill, to, infundere. 
 instruct, to, praecipere; instituere; eru¬ 
 dire. 
 
 instruction, praeceptum, i. 
 
294 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 instrument, instrumentum, i . 
 
 insult, to, contumeliam facere. 
 
 integrity, integritas , atis. 
 
 intent, to be, studere; — upon, cogitare. 
 
 intention, animus, i. 
 
 inter, to, sepelire. 
 
 intercourse, colloquium, ii. 
 
 interests, commoda, orum. 
 
 interior, internus , a, um. 
 
 interrupt, to, intervenire ; intermittere. 
 
 intersect, to, secare. 
 
 interview, colloquium, ii. 
 
 intimate, familiaris, e. 
 
 intimate, to, significare. 
 
 intimately, amicissime ; familiariter. 
 
 intrenchment, munimentum , i. 
 
 intrepid, fortis, e. 
 
 intrigue, dolus, i; insidiae, arum. 
 
 introduce, to, introducere. 
 
 inundate, to, innundare. 
 
 in vain, frustra. 
 
 invasion, irruptio, onis. 
 
 inveigh against, to, invehi. 
 
 inviolate, inviolatus, a, um. 
 
 invite, to, invitare. 
 
 invoke, to, invocare. 
 
 Iphicrates, Iphicrates, is. 
 iron , ferrum, i; — (adj .), ferreus, a, um. 
 irreproachable, integer, gra, grum. 
 Ister, Ister, tri. 
 
 Isthmus, Isthmus, i. 
 
 ivory (adj.), eburneus, a, um. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jealous, to be, invidere. 
 jealousy, invidia, ae. 
 
 Jerusalem, Hierosolyma, orum. 
 jest, to, jocari. 
 
 Jewish, Judaicus, a, um. 
 
 Jews, Judaei, orum. 
 jocosely, per jocum. 
 
 John, Joannes , is. 
 join, to, conjungere. 
 
 Jugurthan, Jugurthinus, a, um. 
 jump, to, salire. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keep from, to, arcere; — up, to, susten¬ 
 tare; — within bounds, to, coercere. 
 kind, benignus, a, um. 
 kindness, benignitas, atis. 
 knight, eques, itis. 
 know, to, cognovisse. 
 knowledge, cognitio, onis; scientia, ae. 
 known, it is, constat. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lacedaemon, Lacedaemon, onis. 
 Lacedaemonians, Lacedaemonii, orum. 
 lack, to, carere. 
 
 lad, puer, i. 
 
 laden, onustus , a, um. 
 
 lady, matrona, ae. 
 
 Laenas, Laenas, atis. 
 lake, lacus , us. 
 lament, to, dolere. 
 
 Lampsacus, Lampsacus, i. 
 lance, lancea, ae. 
 land, to, egredi e navi. 
 land forces, copiae terrestres. 
 language, lingua, ae. 
 languor, languor, oris. 
 lately, nuper. 
 
 laurel (adj.), laureus, a, um. 
 laurel-tree, laurus , i. 
 law-giver, legislator, oris. 
 law-suit, to carry on, causam agere. 
 lay, ponere; jacere; — aside, deponere; 
 — hands on, manus injicere; —waste, 
 . devastare; depopulari. 
 lazy, piger, gra, grum. 
 lead, to, ducere; — back, reducere; — 
 out, educere. 
 leader, dux, cis. 
 leaf, folium, i. 
 
 leap, to, exilire; —over, transilire. 
 learn, to, discere. 
 
 leave, to (trans.), relinquere; — be¬ 
 hind, reluiqucre. 
 legal, legitimus, a, um. 
 legate, legatus , i. 
 leisure, otium, i, 
 length, longitudo, inis. 
 leniency, lenitas, atis. 
 
 Leucas, Leucas, adis. 
 level, to, aequare. 
 levit}', levitas, atis. 
 levy, conscriptio, onis. 
 levy, to, conscribere. 
 liberal (of arts), bonus, a, um. 
 liberality, liberalitas, atis. 
 liberate, to, dimittere. 
 library, bibliotheca, ae. 
 licentious, luxuriosus, a, um. 
 lie, mendacium, i. 
 
 lie, to, recumbere; jacere; — near, to, 
 adjicere; — open, to, patere. 
 lieutenant, legatus, i. 
 life, to lead a, vitam agere. 
 life-time, vita, ae. 
 lift off, to, allevare. 
 lift up, to, levare. 
 line of battle, acies, ei. 
 list, tabula, ae. 
 listen, to, audire. 
 literature, literae, arum. 
 litter, lectica, ae. 
 
 little, parvus, a, um; exiguus , a, um. 
 living being, animans, tis. 
 
 Livy, Livius, i. 
 load, to, cumulare. 
 loath, to, taedet. 
 loathsome, foedus, a, um. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 295 
 
 lock, to, claudere, 
 
 Locrians, Locrenses, ium; Locri, orum. 
 
 longevity, vitae diuturnitas. 
 
 longing, desiderium , i. 
 
 look at, to, adspicere; —back , respicere. 
 
 lose, to, perdere. 
 
 lot, s sors, sortis. 
 
 loudly, clara voce. 
 
 lovely, amabilis, e. 
 
 low, humilis, e. 
 
 lower, to, demittere. 
 
 lower region, inferi, orum. 
 
 lowliness, humilitas, atis. 
 
 Lyco, Lyco, onis. 
 
 Lydians, Lydi, orum. 
 
 M. 
 
 0 
 
 Macedonian, Macedonicus, a, um; (n.) 
 
 Macedones, um. 
 machine, machinatio, onis. 
 mad-man, furiosus, i. 
 madness, insania, ae. 
 magician, magus, i. 
 magistrate, magistratus, us. 
 magnanimity, magnus animus. 
 maiden, virgo, inis; of a —, virginalis. 
 majesty, majestas, atis. 
 make known, to, declarare. 
 
 Malta, Melita, ae. 
 man, to, complere. 
 man-of-war, navis longa. 
 management, administratio , onis. 
 mangle, to, laniare. 
 mangling, a, lanatio, onis. 
 manifest, to, exhibere. 
 manner, mos, moris. 
 mantle, pallium, ii. 
 maple-tree, acer, aceris. 
 
 Marathon, Marathon, is. 
 
 march, iter, itineris. 
 
 march, to, proficisci; to — out, egredi. 
 
 Mareotis, Mareotis, is. 
 
 mare, equa, ae. 
 
 maritime, maritimus, a, um. 
 
 mark of distinction, honor, oris. 
 
 market-place, forum, i. 
 
 Marsians, Marsi, orum. 
 marsh, palus, udis. 
 
 mass, massa, ae. 
 
 Massilians, Massilienses , ium. 
 
 mast, malus, i. 
 master, magister, tri. 
 
 master, to (learn), addiscere; imbui. 
 masticate, to, obterere. 
 match (equal), par, is. 
 mathematician, mathematicus , i. 
 matricide, matricidium, i. 
 meal, coena, ae. 
 mean, sordidus , a, um. 
 measure, consilium, i; modus, i. 
 meat-market, macellum, i. 
 
 Medes, Medi, orum. 
 
 medicine, medicuia, ae. 
 
 Medina, Jathrippa, ae. 
 meditate, to, meditari. 
 
 Mediterranean, mare internum. 
 meet, aequus , a, um. 
 meet, to, occurrere. 
 
 Megara, Megara, ae, or orum. 
 
 Megarians, Megarenses, ium. 
 
 melt together, to, confundere. 
 
 member, membrum , i. 
 
 memory, memoria, ae. 
 
 mention, to, memorare ; commemorare. 
 
 merchant, mercator, oris. 
 
 Mercury, Mercurius, ii. 
 mercy, misericordia, ae. 
 message, mandatum, i. 
 messenger, nuntius, i. 
 
 Messenians, Messenii, orum. 
 metal, metallum, i; aes, aeris. 
 migration, migratio, onis. 
 
 mild, mitis, e; clemens, tis. 
 mildness, mansuetudo, inis; demen¬ 
 tia, ae. 
 
 mile, mille passuum. 
 military, bellicus, a, um. 
 military service, militia, ae. 
 mind, to bear in, cogitare. 
 
 Minotaur, Minotaurus, i. 
 minute, copiosus, a, um. 
 misdeed, delictum, i; peccatum , i. 
 miser, homo avarus, i. 
 miserable, miser, a, um. 
 misery, miseria, ae. 
 
 misfortune, calamitas , atis; res ad¬ 
 versae. 
 
 mislead, to, decipere; in errorem ducere. 
 missile, telum, i. 
 missing, to be, abesse. 
 mist, nebula, ae. 
 mistake, error, ris; menda, ae. 
 misuse, to, abuti. 
 mixture, mixtura, ae. 
 model, exemplar, is. 
 moderate, mediocris, e. 
 moderate, to, moderari. 
 modern, recens, tis. 
 modesty, modestia, ae. 
 moisture, liquor, oris. 
 money, pecunia, ae. 
 monstrous, ingens, tis. 
 monument, monumentum, i. 
 morose, morosus, a, tim. 
 mount, mountain, mons, tis; —districts, 
 montes, ium. 
 
 mountaineers, montani, orum. 
 mourning, maeror, oris. 
 movable, mobilis, e. 
 mullet, mullus, i. 
 
 municipality, municipal town, munici¬ 
 pium, i. 
 
 Murgantia, of, Murgentinus. 
 murder, caedes, is. 
 murder, to, interficere. 
 
296 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 music, musica , ae. 
 mutual, mutuus, a, uni. 
 myrtle, myrtus, i, or us. 
 
 Mysians, Mysi, orutn. 
 
 Mytilenae, Mytilenae , arum. 
 Mytileneans, Mytilenaei, orum. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naples, Neapolis, is. 
 narrow, angustus, a, um. 
 narrowness, angustiae, arum. 
 nation, natio, onis; populus, i. 
 naval, navalis, e. 
 
 navigable, navigabilis, e; navium pa¬ 
 tiens, tis. 
 
 navigation, navigatio , onis. 
 navy, classis , e. 
 necessary, necessarius, a, um. 
 neck, collum, i. 
 necklace, torques, is. 
 needy, egenus, a, um. 
 negligence, negligentia, ae. 
 neighboring, finitimus, a, um. 
 Nereids, Nereides, um. 
 nest, nidus, i. 
 news, nuntius, i. 
 niggardly, sordidus, a, um. 
 nightingale, luscinia, ae. 
 night-time, tempus nocturnum. 
 night-watch, vigilia, ae. 
 
 Nile, Nilus, i. 
 nimbleness, velocitas, atis. 
 nobleness, nobilitas, atis. 
 nocturnal, nocturnus, a, um. 
 noon, meridies, ei. 
 
 Noreia, Noreia, ae. 
 
 North-sea, Oceanus Germanus. 
 
 north-wind, aquilo , onis. 
 
 note, to, indicare. 
 
 noteworthy, memorabilis, e. 
 
 notice, to, sentire. 
 
 notice, to take — of, animadvertere. 
 
 nourish, to, alere. 
 
 nourishment, alimentum, i. 
 
 novelty, novitas, atis. 
 
 number, to, numerare. 
 
 Numidian, a, Numida, ae. 
 nymph, nympha, ae. 
 
 O . 
 
 Obdurate, obstinatus, a, um. 
 obey, to, parere; obtemperare; obedire. 
 object of art, artis opus, eris. 
 obliging, officiosus, a, um. 
 obscure, obscurus, a, um. 
 obscurity, tenebrae, arum. 
 observance, obtemperatio, onis. 
 observe, to, servare; animadvertere; 
 
 videre; percipere. 
 obstacle, impedimentum, i. 
 obtain, to, impetrare; accipere. 
 
 occupation, occupatio, onis; studium, i. 
 occurrence, res, rei. 
 
 Octavian, Octavianus, i. 
 odious, invisus, a, um. 
 
 Odyssey, Odyssea, ae. 
 offence, injuria, ae. 
 offend, to, offendere. 
 official, magistratus, us. 
 ointment, unguentum, i. 
 old, antiquus , a, um; vetus, eris; old 
 (of age), senex, is. 
 
 olive-tree, olea, ae; wild —, oleaster, tri. 
 Olympiad, Olympias, adis. 
 
 Olympian games, Olympia, orum. 
 omit, to, praetermittere. 
 open, apertus, a, um. 
 open, to, aperire. 
 openly u palam. 
 opinion, sententia , ae. 
 opponent, adversarius, i. 
 opportunity, facultas, atis. 
 oppress, to, opprimere. 
 oratory, ars dicendi; eloquentia, ae. 
 oratorical, oratorius. 
 orchard, pomarium, i. 
 ordain, to, statuere. 
 order, ordo, inis; (command) praecep- 
 tum, i; mandatum, i. 
 order, to, jubere. 
 
 origin, origo, inis; to have —, oriri. 
 orphan, orbns, a, um. 
 outrage, scelus, eris. 
 overbearing, arrogans, tis. 
 overcome, to, vincere. 
 overflow, to, redundare. 
 overtake, to, consequi. 
 overthrow, to, evertere. 
 
 Ovid, Ovidius. 
 owl, bubo, onis. 
 own, proprius, a, um. 
 own, to, possidere. 
 ox, bos, bovis. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pace, passus, us. 
 
 Padua, Patavium, i. 
 pain, dolor, oris. 
 pains (labor), opera, ae. 
 painting, a, pictura, ae. 
 paint, to, pingere. 
 palace, domus regia. 
 
 Pamphilian, Pamphilius, a, um. 
 Panathenaea, Panathanaica, orum. 
 Pantheon, Pantheon, i. 
 pardon, venia , ae. 
 pardon, to, ignoscere. 
 
 Paris (city), Lutetia Parisiorum. 
 partisan, fautor, oris. 
 pass, a, angustiae, arum; fauces, ium. 
 pass, to (of time), consumi; — a law, 
 to, legem jubere; — along, to, ince¬ 
 dere; — over, to, transire; — through, 
 peragrare; transire. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 297 
 
 passage, transitus , us; locus, i. 
 passage, to make a, viam facere. 
 passion, libido, inis; cupiditas, atis. 
 patient, patiens, entis. 
 
 Patrae, Patrae, arum. 
 patrician, patricius , a, um. 
 patricide, patricidium, i. 
 patrimony, patrimonia, ae. 
 patriotism, amor patriae. 
 patron, patronus, i. 
 pave, to, sternere. 
 pay, to, solvere. 
 peaceable, pacificus, a, um. 
 pearl, margarita, ae. 
 peasant, agricola, ae. 
 peck (a measure), modius , i. 
 peculiar, propius, a, um. 
 pedestal, basis, is. 
 
 Pelias, Pelias, ae. 
 
 Peloponnesians, Peloponnesii, orum. 
 penalty, poena, ae. 
 penetrate, to, penetrare. 
 people, populus, i; plebs, bis. 
 perceive, to, cognoscere. 
 perfect, perfectus , a, um. 
 perfidy, perfidia, ae. 
 perform, to, perficere. 
 
 Pericles, Pericles, is. 
 peril, periculum, i. 
 
 Peripatetics, Peripatetici, orum. 
 perish, to, perire. 
 perishable, caducus, a, um. 
 permission, venia, ae. 
 permit, to, sinere; permittere. 
 perpetrate, to, committere. 
 perpetrator, auctor , oris. 
 perpetual, perpetuus, a, um. 
 Persepolis, Persepolis, is. 
 
 Persian, Persa, ae. 
 persist, to, perstare. 
 personage, homo, inis. 
 persuasion, persuasio, onis. 
 perverse, perversus, a, um. 
 perversity, perversitas, atis. 
 
 Phaedo, Phaedon, is. 
 
 Phaethon, Phaeton, tis. 
 
 Pharus, Pharus, i. 
 
 Phidias, Phidias, ae. 
 
 Philip, Philippus, i. 
 
 Philo, Philo, onis. 
 philosopher, philosophus, i. 
 Philoxenus, Philoxenus, i. 
 
 Phocion, Phocion, onis. 
 
 Phoenicians, Phoenices, um. 
 
 pick up, to, tollere. 
 
 picture, imago, inis. 
 
 pier, crepido, inis. 
 
 pierce, to, transfodere; transfigere. 
 
 pillage, diripere; depopulari. 
 
 pilot, moderator; gubernator, oris. 
 
 Pindar, Pindarus, i. 
 
 pine-tree, pinus, i. 
 
 pirate, praedo, onis. 
 
 20 
 
 pitch a camp, to, castra ponere . 
 pitiful, miser, a, um. 
 place, to, constituere; ponere; — at the 
 head of, praeficere. 
 planet, planeta, ae. 
 plant, to, plantare; serere. 
 
 Platea, Plataeae, arum. 
 
 Plateans, Plataeenses, ium. 
 
 Platonic, Platonicus, a, um. 
 play, a, drama; fabula. 
 play, to, ludere. 
 playmate, collusor, oris. 
 pleasant, gratus; jucundus, a, um. 
 pleasing, gratus, a, um. 
 pleasure, voluptas, atis; sensual —, vo¬ 
 luptas corporis. 
 plebeian, plebeius, i. 
 plot, to, moliri. 
 plough, aratrum, i. 
 plough, to, arare. 
 plunder, praeda, ae. 
 plunder, to, diripere. 
 plunge, to, praecibitare. 
 
 Plutarch, Plutarchus, i. 
 
 Po, Padus, i. 
 
 poem, poema, atis; carmen, inis. 
 pointed (witty), salsus, a, um. 
 point out, to, indicare; monstrare. 
 poison, venenum, i. 
 polish, to, polire. 
 politics, res publica. 
 
 Pompeians, Pompeiani, orum. 
 
 poor, pauper, is. 
 
 poplar-tree, populus, i. 
 
 populous, frequens. 
 
 port, portus, us. 
 
 portico, porticus, us. 
 
 portion, pars, tis. 
 
 portrait, imago, inis. 
 
 possess, to, habere; tenere; inesse. 
 
 position, honorary, honor, oris. 
 
 posterity, posteri, orum. 
 
 pound, pondo. 
 
 pour forth, out, to, effundere; —around, 
 to, circumfundere. 
 poverty, paupertas, atis. 
 power, potestas; supreme—, principa¬ 
 tus, us. 
 
 powerful, potens, tis. 
 practice, usus, us. 
 practice, to, exercere; colere. 
 praise, laus, dis. 
 praiseworthy, laudabilis, e. 
 prayers, preces, um. 
 precede, to, antecedere. 
 precept, praeceptum, i. 
 precious, pretiosus, a, um. 
 precipice, locus praeceps, cipitis. 
 precipitate, to, demittere. 
 predict, to, praedicere. 
 predominate, to, vincere . 
 preferable, it is, praestat. 
 prefer, to, malle; anteponere. 
 
298 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 preparations, to make, se parare; com¬ 
 parare. 
 
 presence of mind, animus praesens. 
 present, to be, adesse; inter esse. 
 preservation, conservatio , onis. 
 preside over, to, praesidere. 
 press hard, to, premere. 
 presumptuous, temerarius, a, um. 
 pretence, simulatio, onis; species, ei. 
 pretend, to, simulare. 
 pretext, species, ei; causa, ae. 
 prevail, to, regere; esse. 
 prevent, to, impedire; prohibere. 
 prey, praeda, ae. 
 pride, superbia, ae. 
 pride one’s self, to, gloriari. 
 priest, sacerdos, otis; high —, ponti¬ 
 fex, icis. 
 
 princess, puella regia, ae. 
 principally, praesertim; potissimum. 
 print, to, typis describere ; excudere. 
 prison, career, eris. 
 private, privatus, a, um. 
 proclaim, to, indicere; promulgare. 
 procure, to, parare; comparare. 
 produce, fruges, um. 
 produce, to, efficere; edere. 
 productive, ferax, acis. 
 profit, a, lucrum, i. 
 profit, to, prodesse. 
 profitable, fructuosus, a, um. 
 profligate, perditus, a, um. 
 prominent, nobilis, e; to become —, 
 ad auctoritatem pervenire. 
 promise, pollicitatio , onis. 
 promise, to, polliceor; promittere. 
 promontory, promontorium, i. 
 promote, to, consulere. 
 promoter, fautor, oris, 
 promptness, celeritas, atis. 
 prone, pronus, a, um. 
 property, res, rei. 
 
 propose, to, proponere; suadere; — a 
 law, legem ferre. 
 proscribe, to, proscribere. 
 proverb, proverbium, i. 
 prove one’s self, to, se praestare; prae¬ 
 bere. 
 
 proven, probatus, a, um. 
 provide, to, providere. 
 provisions, commeatus, us; — for a 
 journey, viaticum, i. 
 provoke, to, lacessere. 
 prudence, prudentia, ae; consilium, i. 
 Prusias, Prusias, ae. 
 prytaneum, prytaneum, i. 
 
 Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. 
 public, publicus, a, um. 
 publish, to, edere. 
 punctual, diligens, ntis. 
 
 Punic, Punicus, a, um. 
 punishment, poena, ae. 
 pupil, discipulus, i. 
 
 pure, purus, a, um. 
 pursue, to, persequi. 
 pursuit, studium; — (literary), studia 
 liter arum. 
 
 put an end, to, finem facere. 
 put on fire, to, incendere. 
 pyramid, pyramis, idis. 
 
 Pyrenees, montes Pyrenaei. 
 Pythagorean, Pythagoreus, a, um. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qualified, habilis , e. 
 quality, virtus, tis. 
 quantity, vis. 
 quarrel, surgium, i. 
 quarrelsome, litigiosus, a, um. 
 quarry, lautumiae , arum. 
 question, to, interrogare. 
 questorship, quaestura, ae. 
 quick, celer, is, e. 
 quinquereme, quinqueremis, is. 
 quit, relinquere. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rain, pluvia, ae; imber, bris. 
 rampart, vallum, i. 
 rank, ordo, inis. 
 ransom, merces, ium. 
 readily, facile; prompte. 
 real, verus, a, um. 
 realm, regnum, i. 
 
 rear, tergum, i; —guard, agpien no¬ 
 vissimum. 
 
 recall, to, revocare; —(to mind), % recor¬ 
 dari; reminisci. 
 receive, to, recipere; accipere. 
 recent, recens, entis. 
 reckless, temerarius, a, um. 
 recklessly, temere. 
 recognize, to, agnoscere. 
 recommendation, commendatio, onis. 
 reconquer, to, recipere. 
 reduce, to, redigere. 
 reed, calamus, i; virga, ae. 
 reference, to have, pertinere. 
 refine, to, polire; excolere. 
 refined, cultus , a, um. 
 refinement, cultus , us. 
 refresh, to, reficere. 
 refuge, refugium; to take—, confugere. 
 refusal, recusatio, onis, 
 refuse, to, recusare. 
 refute, to, diluere; repellere. 
 regain, to, recuperare. 
 regardless, imrnemor. 
 regret, to, doler e; poenitere. 
 regulate, to, constituere ; instituere. 
 regulation, institutum , i. 
 reign, imperium, i; regnum, i. 
 reign, to, regnare. 
 reinforce, to, augere. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 299 
 
 reject (with scorn), aspernari. 
 rejoice, to, gaudere; laetari. 
 rejoicing-, laetitia, ae. 
 relate, to, narrare. 
 relation, societas , atis. 
 relative, propinquus , a, um. 
 release, to, solvere; emittere. 
 relieve, to, levare. 
 religious, a, religiosus, a, um. 
 remarkable, eximius, a, um. 
 remembrance, memoria , ae. 
 remove, to, removere. 
 render, to, reddere; restituere. 
 renew, to, renovare. 
 renounce, to, abdicare. 
 renowned, clarus , a, um; celeber, 
 bris, bre. 
 
 rent, to, conducere. 
 repair, to, rejicere. 
 repeat, to, repetere; —by heart, re¬ 
 citare. 
 
 reply, a, responsum, i. 
 report, a, nuntius, i; fama, ae. 
 report, to, narrare; nuntiare. 
 reproach, opprobrium , ii; crimen, inis. 
 reprobate, perditus, a, um. 
 repulse, to, repellere. 
 reputation, fama, ae; auctoritas , atis. 
 rescue, to, eripere. 
 resemblance, similitudo , inis. 
 resentment, ira, ae. 
 reserve, subsidia , orum. 
 reserve, to, retinere. 
 reside, to, habitare. 
 residence, sedes, is. 
 resistance, to make, resistere. 
 resistant, constans , antis. 
 restless, inquietus, a, um; impiger, 
 gra, grum. 
 
 resolution, propositum, i. 
 resources, opes, um. 
 respect, existimatio, onis; auctoritas, 
 atis; dignitas, atis. 
 respect, to, vereri; honorare. 
 respectable, honestus, a, um. 
 rest, to, quiescere. 
 restore, to, reddere; restituere. 
 result, eventus , us. 
 resume, to, resumere. 
 retain, to, retinere. 
 retreat, to, se recipere. 
 return, reditus , us. 
 
 return, to, redire; reverti (turn back); 
 
 reddere (give back), 
 revelry, luxuria, ae. 
 revenge, ultio, onis. 
 review, to, perlustrare ; commemorare. 
 revile, to, vituperare ; maledicere. 
 revolt, seditio, onis; defectio, onis. 
 revolution, res novae. 
 reward, praemium, ii. 
 reward, to, praemio afficere. 
 rhetorician, rhetor, oris. 
 
 Rhine, Rhenus, i. 
 
 Rhodes, Rhodus, i; of— , Rhodius, a, um. 
 Rhodians, Rhodii, > orum . 
 
 Rhone, Rhodanus , i. 
 rich, dives, itis. 
 
 Richard, Richardus, i. 
 rid, to, adimere; liberare. 
 ride, to, vehi. 
 
 ridiculous, ridiculosus , a, um. 
 
 right, justus; rectus, a, um. 
 
 righteous, probus, a, um. 
 
 righteousness, probitas, atis. 
 
 rigor, severitas, atis. 
 
 ring, annulus, i. 
 
 ripe, maturus, a, um. 
 
 rite, ritus, us. 
 
 rival, aemulus, i. 
 
 road, via, ae. 
 
 rob, to, rapere; privare. 
 
 robbery, rapina , ae; raptus, us. 
 
 robust, robustus , a, um. 
 
 rock, saxum, i. 
 
 roll back, to, revolvere. 
 
 roof, tectum, i. 
 
 rough, rudis, e; confragosus , a, um. 
 rout, to, fugare; profligare. 
 route, iter, itineris; via, ae. 
 row, to, remigare. 
 royal power, regnum i. 
 
 Rubicon, Rubico, onis. 
 
 rudder, gubernaculum , i. 
 
 rude, rudis, e; rusticus, a, um. 
 
 ruin, pernicies, ei; exitium, i; ruina, ae. 
 
 ruin, to, perdere. 
 
 ruler, imperator, oris; sole—, tyrannus , i. 
 
 rumor, fama, ae. 
 
 rumored, to be, famam esse. 
 
 run, to, currere; —away, to, aufugere. 
 
 runner, cursor, oris. 
 
 Ruscino, Ruscino , onis. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabine, Sabinus , a, um. 
 
 Sabines, Sabini , orum. 
 sacredness, religio, onis. 
 sacrifice, to, immolare. 
 sad, tristis, e. 
 
 safe, salvus, a, um; incolumis , e. 
 Saguntines, Saguntini, orum. 
 sail, to, navigare; — along, to, prae¬ 
 tervehi; — back, to, revehi. 
 
 Salamis, Salamis, inis. 
 
 Sallust, Sallustius, i. 
 salt, sal, is. 
 salutary, salutaris, e. 
 
 Samnites, Samnites, ium [um). 
 
 Samos, Samos or Samus, i. 
 sanctuary, fanum, i. 
 
 Sardes, Sardes, ium. 
 
 Sarmatians, Sarmatae, arum. 
 satellite, satelles, itis. 
 satisfy, to, satisfacere. 
 
300 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 satrap, satrapes , is. 
 
 Saturn, Saturnus , i. 
 save, to, servare. 
 scale, to, scandere. 
 scarcely, vix. 
 
 scatter, spargere; (out), dispergere; 
 fundere. 
 
 schoolmate, condiscipulus , i. 
 sciences, litterae , arum. 
 
 Scopas, Scopas , a^. 
 scout, speculator, oris. 
 scruple, to, dubitare. 
 sculptor, sculptor, or/s. 
 
 Scythian, a, Scytha , a<?. 
 sea , mare, is; open—, mare altum. 
 sea-coast, ora maritima , a^. 
 sea-port, portus , ws. 
 sea-snail, umbilicus , /. 
 search, to, quaerere. 
 season, tempus , 
 season, to, condire. 
 seasoning, condimentum , i. 
 seat, sedes, is. 
 secret, secretum, i. 
 secretary, scriba, ae. 
 secure, firmus, a, um. 
 secure, to, consequi. 
 seek, to, quaerere; (try), tentare; co¬ 
 nari. 
 
 seem, to, videri. 
 
 seer, vates, is. 
 
 seize, to, capere. 
 
 seldom, ran?. 
 
 select, to, eligere. 
 
 sell, to, vendere. 
 
 senate-house, curia , a^. 
 
 senator, senator , orw. 
 
 send, to, mittere. 
 
 sensation (feeling), sensus , // 5 . 
 
 sense, sensus, us. 
 
 sensible, prudens, tis. 
 
 sensuality, voluptas, atis; libido , 
 
 sentence, to, condemnare. 
 
 sentinel, vigil, is; custos, odis. 
 
 separately, separatim. 
 
 serious, gravis, e. 
 
 serpent, anguis , <?. 
 
 servant, famulus, i. 
 
 serve, to, servire. 
 
 service, officium, i. 
 
 set on fire, incendere. 
 
 settle, to, insidere. 
 
 severe, severus , a, um. 
 
 severity, severitas, atis. 
 
 sex, sexus, us. 
 
 shake off, to, excutere. 
 
 shameless, impudens , #5. 
 
 shape, to, fingere. 
 
 sharp, acer , acris, acre. 
 
 sharpen, to, acuere, 
 
 sharp-sighted, perspicax, cis. 
 
 shave, to, radere. 
 
 sheep, ovis, is. 
 
 shell, putamen , inis; concha, ae. 
 
 shield, scutum, i. 
 
 shoot, to, mittere. 
 
 shortness, brevitas, atis. 
 
 show, to, exhibere. 
 
 shudder, to, horrere. 
 
 shy, to (of horses), trepidare. 
 
 Sicilians, Siculi, orum. 
 
 Sicily, Sicilia, ae. 
 
 sick, aeger, gra, grum; aegrotus, a, um. 
 sick, to be, aegrotare. 
 sickness, morbus, i. 
 
 Sicyon, of, Sicyonius, a, um. 
 
 side with, to, stare a. 
 
 sigh, to, gemere. 
 
 sight, aspectus, us. 
 
 signal, to, signum dare. x 
 
 silent, tacitus, a, um. 
 
 silent, to be, tacere; silere. 
 
 silver, of, argenteus, a, um. 
 
 silverware, argentum, i. 
 
 similarity, similitudo, inis. 
 
 Simonides, Simonides, is. 
 
 simplicity, simplicitas, atis. 
 
 sit down, to, considere. 
 
 situated, situs, a, um. 
 
 size, magnitudo, inis. 
 
 skill, peritia, ae; ars, tis. 
 
 skin, pellis, is. 
 
 slaughter, caedes, is. 
 
 slavish, servilis, e. 
 
 sla y, to, caedere; occidere. 
 
 sleep, somnus, i. 
 
 slight, levis, e. 
 
 slight, to, negligere. 
 
 slime, limus, i. 
 
 slinger, funditor , oris. 
 
 slope, to, descendere. 
 
 slothfulness, pigritia, ae. 
 
 slow, tardus, a, um. 
 
 sluggishness, pigritia , ae. 
 
 smile, to, ridere; —upon, arridere. 
 
 snares, insidiae, arum. 
 
 snow, nix, nivis. 
 
 sobriety, sobrietas, atis. 
 
 soft, mollis, e. 
 
 soften, to, mollire. 
 
 solace, solatium, i. 
 
 solicitous, anxius; sollicitus, a, um. 
 
 solicitude, cur a, ae. 
 
 Solomon, Solomon, onis. 
 
 Solon, Solon, onis. 
 son-in-law, gener, i. 
 soothe, to, lenire. 
 soothsaying, haruspicium , i. 
 sophist, sophista, ae. 
 sorrow, to feel, doler e. 
 sound, sauus, a, um. 
 sound, to, canere. 
 source, fons, tis. 
 southwind, auster , tri. 
 spacious, amplus, a, um. 
 
 Spain, Hispania, ae. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 301 
 
 Spaniards, Hispani , orum. 
 spectator, spectator, oris. 
 spend, to (remain), commorari. 
 spendthrift, prodigus , a , 
 spice, to, condire. 
 spirit, animus, i. 
 sport, lusus , «5. 
 sport, to make — of, illudere. 
 spot, locus , 
 
 {spring- from, to, oriri. 
 spy, speculator, 
 squadron, turma , 
 squander, to, dissipare. 
 stage, scena, ae; to appear on —, i, 
 scenam prodire. 
 
 Stagira, Stagira , orum. 
 stain, to, polluere , 
 stammer, balbutire. 
 standard, signum , /. 
 stand in the way, to, obstare. 
 stand still, to, consistere. 
 star, stella , 
 state affair, res publica; negotium pu¬ 
 blicum. 
 
 stately, praeclarus , a, um. 
 
 station, to, locare. 
 
 statue, statua, ae. 
 
 stay, to, manere. 
 
 steadfast, constans , tis. 
 
 steep, praeruptus, a, um. 
 
 step, to, ingredi; —out, to, excedere. 
 
 stern, severus, a, um. 
 
 stern (of a ship), puppis , is. 
 
 steward, villicus, i. 
 
 stipulate, pacisci. 
 
 stipulation, conditio, onis. 
 
 stir up, excitare. 
 
 Stoic, Stoicus , i. 
 stomach, stomachus , i. 
 stone, lapis, idis; adj. lapideus , a, 
 stony, lapidosus, a, um. 
 stop, to (intr.), consistere. 
 stork, ciconia , ae. 
 storm, tempestas , a tis. 
 storm, to, expugnare; to take by —, 
 vi capere. 
 
 storm)”, procellosus , a, um. 
 straight, rectus, a, um. 
 strait, fretum, i. 
 strange, alienus, a, um. 
 stratagem, dolus, i. 
 stray from, to, aberrare. 
 street, vicus, i; via, ae. 
 strength, vis. 
 strengthen, to, firmare. 
 strict (severe), severus , a, um; (exact), 
 diligens, tis; accuratus, a, um. 
 strive after, to, studere. 
 strong, robustus, a, um. 
 stronghold, munimentum, i. 
 stubborn, obstinatus, a, um. 
 style, to, appellare. 
 
 Styx, Styx, ygis. 
 
 subdue, subjicere. 
 
 subject, a (person under dominion), 
 civis, is; (theme), res. 
 subject, to be, servire. 
 submit to, to, accipere. 
 succeed, to (come after), sequi; (follow 
 in office), succedere. 
 
 success, fortuna, ae; eventus, us; to 
 have —, succedere; mihi succidit. 
 successful, felix , cis; prosper, a, um. 
 succor, to, adjuvare; subvenire. 
 succumb, to, succumbere. 
 sudden, subitus, a, um. 
 sue for, to, petere. 
 suffer, to, pati. 
 summer, aestas, atis. 
 summon, to, arcessere; evocare. 
 sumptuous, sumptuosus, a, um. 
 sunset, sol occidens, ntis. 
 sunshine, sol, is. 
 sup, to, coenare. 
 superior, praestans, tis. 
 superiority, principatus, us. 
 superstition, superstitio, onis. 
 supper, coena, ae. 
 suppliant, supplex, icis. 
 support, to, alere. 
 suppose, to, putare. 
 suppress, to, opprimere. 
 surety, auctor, oris; vas, dis. 
 surname, cognomen, inis. 
 surpassing, eximius , a, um. 
 surprised, to be, mirari. 
 surrender, a, deditio, onis. 
 surrender, to, tradere. 
 surround, to, circumdare. 
 survive, to, superesse. 
 surviving, superstes , itis. 
 
 Susa, Susa, orum. 
 suspect, to, suspicari; suspicere. 
 suspected, suspectus, a, um. 
 suspicion, suspicio, onis. 
 suspicious, suspectus, a, um. 
 swallow, hirundo , inis. 
 swamp, palus , udis. 
 sway, domuiatio, onis. 
 sway, to hold, imperare. 
 sweat, to, sudare. 
 sweating-bath, sudatorium, i. 
 swell, to, accrescere. 
 swim, to, natare. 
 
 Switzerland, Helvetia, ae. 
 
 Syphax, Syphax, acis. 
 vSyracusan, Syracusanus, a, um. 
 Syracusans, Syracusani, orum. 
 Syracuse, Syracusae, arum. 
 
 T. 
 
 Table (tablet), tabula, ae. 
 tail, cauda, ae. 
 
 take, to, capere; — back, recipere; — 
 for, habere; — from, demere; — (li- 
 
302 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 quids), haurire; — part in, inter esse; 
 
 — up, capere; constituere. 
 
 talent (mind), ingenium , i; — (money), 
 talentum , i. 
 
 Tanaquil, Tanaquil , is. 
 tapestry, vestis is; stragula , ae. 
 Tarquin, Tarquinius, i. 
 
 Tarraco, Tarraco , 
 task, labor, is. 
 taste, to, gustare. 
 
 Taurois, Taurois, entis. 
 
 tax, vectigal, alis. 
 
 teacher, magister, tri. 
 
 teaching (precept), praeceptum, i. 
 
 tear, lacrima, ae. 
 
 tear down, to, irruere; rescindere. 
 
 tear from, to, avellere. 
 
 Telamon, Telamo, onis. 
 tell, to, dicere. 
 temper, animus, i. 
 temperance, temperantia, ae. 
 temperate, moderatus, a, um. 
 tender, tener , a, um. 
 tent, tabernaculum, i. 
 term, a, tempus , oris. 
 term, to, appellare; dicere. 
 territory, ager, i. 
 terror, terror, oris. 
 test, to, tentare. 
 
 Teucer, Teucer, ri. 
 
 Teutons, Teutoni , orum. 
 thank, to, gratias agere. 
 thankful, gratus, a, um. 
 thanks, gratia, ae; to give —, gratias 
 agere. 
 
 theatre, theatrum, i. 
 
 Thebes, Thebae, arum. 
 Thermitanians, Thermitani, orum. 
 Thersites, Thersites, ae. 
 thick, densus, a, um. 
 think, to, putare. 
 thirst, sitis, is. 
 thought, cogitatio , onis. 
 thoughtless, temerarius. 
 thoughtlessness, levitas, atis. 
 
 Thrace, Thracia, ae. 
 
 Thracian, Thracianus, a, um. 
 Thracian, a, Thrax, cis. 
 threaten, to, minari. 
 threatening, minax , cis. 
 throat, jugulum, i. 
 
 throw, to, abjicere; — into, injicere; 
 
 — into confusion, perturbare. 
 thunderbolt, fulmen, inis. 
 thunderstorm, tempestas, atis. 
 
 Tiber, Tiber, eris. 
 
 tide, aestus, us. 
 tie, vinculum, i. 
 tighten, to, adstringere. 
 tired, fessus, a, um. 
 
 Tiro, Tiro, onis. 
 
 Tithraustes, Tithraustes, ae. 
 toga, toga, ae. 
 
 to-morrow, eras. 
 
 tomb, sepulchrum , i. 
 
 tooth, dens, tis. 
 
 torch, fax, cis. 
 
 torment, cruciatus, us. 
 
 torrid, torridus, a, nm. 
 
 torture, to, torquere. 
 
 touch, to, tangere; — upon, attingere. 
 
 tower, turris , is. 
 
 town, oppidum, i. 
 
 track, vestigium, i. 
 
 tragedy, tragoedia, ae. 
 
 train, to, exercere; instituere. 
 
 traitor, proditor , is. 
 
 Trajan, Trajanus, i. 
 
 tranquillity, tranquillitas , atis. 
 
 transitory, caducus, a, um. 
 
 transmit, tradere. 
 
 transport, transvehere. 
 
 travel, to, pervagare; proficisci. 
 
 traveler, viator, is. 
 
 traverse, to, transire. 
 
 treachery, perfidia , ae. 
 
 treasure, opes, um. 
 
 treasury, aerarium, i. 
 
 tremble, to make, percellere. 
 
 trial, experimentum, i. 
 
 tribe, tribus, us; gens, tis. 
 
 tribunal, tribunal, is. 
 
 tribune, tribunus , i. 
 
 tribute, tributum, i. 
 
 trifling, levis. 
 
 tripod, tripus, odis. 
 
 trireme, triremis , is. 
 
 triumph, to, triumphare; vincere. 
 
 triumvir, triumvir, i. 
 
 Troezen, Troezen, enis. 
 
 Trojan, Trojanus, a, nm. 
 troops, copiae , arum. 
 
 Troy, Troja, ae. 
 trumpet, tuba, ae. 
 trumpeter, tubicen, inis. 
 trunk, truncus , i. 
 truthfulness, veracitas, atis. 
 
 Tucydides, Tucy dides, is. 
 tumult, tumultus , us. 
 
 Tusculan, Tusculanus, a, um. 
 
 Tycha, Tycha, ae. 
 
 Tyndarides, Tyndaridae, arum. 
 tyranny, tyrannis, idis; dominatus, us. 
 tyrant, tyrannus, i. 
 
 Tyrus, Tyrus , i. 
 
 U. 
 
 Unavenged, inultus, a, um. 
 uncivil, inhumanus , a, um. 
 uncle, avunculus (a mother’s brother); 
 
 patruus (a father’s brother), 
 unconquered, invictus , a, um. 
 understand, to, intelligere. 
 understanding, ratio, onis. 
 undertake, inire; suscipere. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 303 
 
 undeserved, immeritus , a, um. 
 uneasiness, metus , «5. 
 unendurable, intolerabilis , 
 unexpected, inopinatus , a, «m. 
 unfaithful, infidus , a, /m. 
 unfaithfulness, perfidia , «<?. 
 unfavorable, iniquus , a, «w. 
 unfit, ineptus, a, um. 
 unfortunate, infelix , m. 
 unfurl, to, pandere. 
 ungenerous, benignus , a, 
 
 ungrateful, ingratus , a, z/w. 
 unhappy, infelix , 
 unhurt, incolumis , ' 
 
 uninvited, invocatus, a, um. 
 unite, to, conjungere. 
 universal, communis, e. 
 unjust, injustus, a, um. 
 unmindful, immemor, is. 
 unpleasant, injucundus, a, um. 
 unpunished, impunitus, a, um. 
 unskilful, unskilled, iners, ertis. 
 unsuccessful, infelix, cis; infaustus, 
 a, um. 
 
 untouched, incolumis , <?. 
 
 untruthfulness, vaniloquentia, ae. 
 
 unwarlike, imbellis, e. 
 
 uphold, to, retinere. 
 
 uplift, to, tollere. 
 
 upper, superior, is. 
 
 upright, probus, a, um. 
 
 upstart, homo novus. 
 
 urgently, magnopere. 
 
 usage, consuetudo , inis; usus, us. 
 
 use, to be of, adjuvare; prodesse. 
 
 useful, utilis , e. 
 
 usefulness, utilitas, atis. 
 
 useless, inutilis , e. 
 
 usurer, foenerator, oris. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vain, vanus, a, um. 
 vain, in, frustra. 
 
 Valerian, Valerius, a, um. 
 valiant, fortis, e. 
 valley, vallis, is. 
 valor, virtus, utis. 
 
 Vandals, Vandali, orum. 
 vanish, to, perire. 
 vanquish, to, vincere. 
 varied, varius , a, um. 
 variety, varietas, atis. 
 vast, ingens, tis. 
 veil, to, velare. 
 vein, vena, ae. 
 
 Venice, Venetiae, arum. 
 venison, caro ferina. 
 venture, to, audere. 
 verbose, copiosus , a, um; verbosus , 
 a, um. 
 
 verdict, sententia , ae. 
 versed, peritus, a, um. 
 
 Vesontio, Vesontio, onis. 
 
 Vettones, Vettones, um. 
 vice, vitium, i. 
 vicinity, vicinitas, atis. 
 victim, victima, ae. 
 victorious, victor, oris. 
 victory, victoria, ae. 
 view, to, inspicere. 
 vigilance, vigilantia, ae. 
 vigor, vis. 
 
 vigorous, acer, eris, ere; vehemens, tis. 
 
 vile, turpis , e. 
 
 village, vicus, i. 
 
 villainous, improbus, a, um. 
 
 vineyard, vinetum, i. 
 
 violate, to, violare; laedere. 
 
 violence, vis. 
 
 violent, vehemens, tis; — death, nex, 
 necis. 
 
 violet, viola, ae. 
 
 virtuous, probus, honestus, bonus, a, um. 
 
 vision, visus, us. 
 
 void, vacuus, a, um. 
 
 voluntary, voluntarius, a, um. 
 
 vote for, to, censere. 
 
 voucher, auctor , oris. 
 
 vow, vovere. 
 
 voyage, navigatio , onis. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wagon, plaustrum, i; currus, us. 
 
 walk, to take a, ambulare. 
 
 wall, murus , i; moenia, ium. 
 walnut, juglans , dis. 
 walnut-shell, putamen, inis. 
 wander about, to, errare. 
 wandering, error, oris. 
 want, Utopia, ae. 
 wanting, to be, deesse. 
 
 ward off, to, defendere; propulsare. 
 
 wares, ?nerces, ium. 
 
 warfare, res militaris. 
 
 warlike, bellicosus , a, um. 
 
 warm, calidus, a, um. 
 
 warmth, calor, oris. 
 
 wash, to, lavare. 
 
 watchman, custos , odis. 
 
 water-clock, horologium aquarium. 
 
 waver, fluctuare. 
 
 wax, cera, ae. 
 
 weakness, infirmitas, atis; mollitia, ae. 
 wealth, divitiae , arum; opes, um. 
 weapons, arma, orum. 
 wear, to, gerere. 
 wearied, fatigatus, a, um. 
 weather, coelum , i; tempestas, atis. 
 wedding, nuptiae, arum. 
 weep over, to, deflere; illacrimare . 
 weigh anchor, to, tollere anchoras. 
 weight, pondus, eris. 
 welcome, gratus, a, um. 
 welfare, salus, utis. 
 
304 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 
 • t 
 
 
 • // 
 .■ ■ 
 
 well, to be, valere. 
 
 well-ordered, bene institutus, a, urn. 
 
 west, occidens, tis. 
 
 wheat, triticum, i. 
 
 whirlpool, vertex, ids. 
 
 whisper, to, susurrare. 
 
 whole, totus , a, um. 
 
 wife, uxor, oris; conjux, ugis. 
 
 wild, ferus, a, um. 
 
 will, last, testamentum , i. 
 
 willingly, libenter. 
 
 win over, to, conciliare. 
 
 wing, cornu, us. 
 
 winner, victor, oris. 
 
 worship, to, colere. 
 worthless, nequam. 
 wound, vulnus, eris. 
 wrap, to, operire. 
 wretch, homo nequam. 
 wretched, miser, a, um. 
 writer, scriptor , oris; auctor , oris. 
 wrong, injuria, ae. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xantippe, Xantippe, es. 
 Xenophon, Xenophon, tis. 
 
 winter, hiems, mis. 
 winter-quarters, hiberna, orum. 
 winter-season, hiems, hiemis. 
 wipe out, to, delere. 
 wish, to, velle; cupere. 
 withdraw, to (intr.), se recipere; se 
 removere. 
 
 womanish, effeminatus , a, .urn. 
 wonder, to, mirari. 
 wonderful, mirus, a, um. 
 woods, silva, ae. 
 woolen, laneus, a, um. 
 work, labor, oris; opus , eris. 
 world, mundus, i. 
 
 worldly, mundanus, a, um; terrenus, 
 a, um. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yacht, celox, ocis. 
 yearly (adv.), quotannis. 
 yield, to, cedere; afferre. 
 yoke, jugum, i. 
 
 youth, juventus , utis; (a young man), 
 juvenis , is. 
 youthful, juvenis, is. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zeal, industria , ae. 
 zealous, diligens, tis. 
 
 Zoroaster, Zoroastres, iris. 
 
■ yi: c />; Wi-kwfy 
 
 ■ y; ;i: , 
 
 t>;, ; ■' 
 
 
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COLLEGE 
 
 391235 
 
 124389 
 
 ' ; ; : 
 
 . 124389 
 
 —B.n glmann y Larereno^ _ 
 
 Author 
 
 -—L atin Exemi spg in Syn - 
 
 Title 
 
 -tax, 
 
 BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS 
 CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. 
 
 Books may be kept for two weeks and may be 
 renewed for the same period, unless reserved. 
 
 Two cents a day is charged for each book kept 
 overtime. 
 
 If you cannot find what you want, ask the 
 Librarian who will be glad to help you. 
 
 The borrower is responsible for books drawn 
 on his card and for all fines accruing on the same.