. ope Poti vie. foo mes foe oe Aeufhor. TRE ISe e TS eT AI ITE ON SUGAR. Se BY | BENJAMIN MOSELEY, M.D. . AUTHOR OF A TREATISE ON’ TROPICAL DISEASES; AND A TREATISE on COFFEE; - Puysicran TO CuHEextsea Hospirar; MemBER OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF Lonpon, or THE UNivERSITY oF LEYDEN, oF THE AMERICAN PurLosopHICAL SoOcIETY AT PHILADELPHIA, &c. &c. LO NBO Ne PRINTED FOR G. G. AND J. ROBINSON; PATERNOSTER-ROW. M DCC XCIxX. VER AE Px % sate SUGAR CANE. PART THE FIRST. Arundo Saccharifera. Arundo Saccharina. Arundo Sacchart. Calamus Saccharatus. Cannz Dulces. Canna Mellea. Canna Saccharifera. Canna Saccharina. Canna Sacchari. Harundo Saccharifera. Rofeaux, ou Cannes de Sucre. Rofeaux de Sucre. C. Bavuin, Pin. 18. J. BAUHIN, 2. 531. F. HERNANDEZ, p. 109. Muntine, Pi. Cult. p. 284. P. Martyr. Casatrin, Hit. Plant. Pu 1S2 Ocitzy, Chin. I. 228. NIEvHOF, p. 89. Laer, 40.10). 29. Parkinson, Theatr. Botan. 1210. ~ Lazat, vol. I. p. 228. LussAN. 9a7 . ww (2) Saccharum floribus pa- niculatis. ~ 'Tacomareé, five Arun- da Saccharifera. Viba & Tacomareé & | Canna Sacchari. Vubze & Tacomareé Brafilienfibus. Lin. Sp. Pl. Piso, Lid. IV. Cap. I. Is. MARCGRAY, 82. HISTORY (39 HSvF Or, Rey OF THE So U- Ges R* CANA I HAVE undertaken a difficult tafk, ‘in at- tempting to give an Hiftory of Sucar. Much time has elapfed fince the cultivation of the fugar cane has been generally known, and fugar in almoft general ufe. Yet no per- fon hitherto has conneéted any regular feries of facts on the fubjeét; a fubject of the firft Importance in commerce: and, more than that, a fubject now influencing the difpofitions to health or difeafe, of the greater iat of the inhabitants of the earth. The materials which prefent themfelves for my purpofe, are disjointed and contradictory. The rays, which fcarcely illumine the furface of the mafs 1 am to penetrate, are feeble and confuled. To difcover a foundation, on which order and arrangement may rife, I muft toil through tracklefs regions of obfcurity. The moft antient author, who mentions the fugar cane, is TuHeorurastus, who lived 321 years before the Chriftian era. I fhall begin B 2 : with G4 iy with him; and recite a few paffages and allu- fions from other authors, as they defcend in point of time, which have been fuppofed re- lative to this plant. Tueorurastusfays, in hischapter onhoney,— Ori ws rou meritos yeverese, TeIT]as namo THY vier, woe Ey Og KAAOLE EoTIY N yAvEUINS GAAN Oe ex rov aegos, olay cvayubey, vyeoy amo Tov natou auvetbyfey areon, ytvélae Of Touro a Acre uma wWueaprlov" oAAN Oz Ey TOLg KaAaOIS*. “The generation of honey is threefold: the firftt fort is from flowers, or other things in which there is {weetnefs: the fecond, from. the air, which, when there are dews, is concocted by the heat of the fun, and falls particularly jn harveft time: the third fort is from canes or reeds.” | He mentions that the fecond fort of honey, or that generated from the moifture in the air, falls on the earth, and on plants; and is found chiefly on the boughs of the oak, and Tz/ia, or lime tree. By the cane, which yields the third f{pecies of honey, it is fuppofed that he implies. the fugar cane; and the honey, the juice, perhaps infpiflated, of that plant. * Ed. Heinst1, 1613, p. 475 os HEOs (32 THEOPHRASTUS mentions another fort of reed or cane, growing in marfhy places in Egypt, with fweet roots. Speaking of the different properties of the different parts of plants, he fays,— : Kalamee ev Anyumrw tov xaAgmou Tou ey ToIg edeciy’ exer mey yao tive yAveu|yla xo arAWwE ETL THY CXEWY, KAA emt Coayv wavjwv. Exewog Oe dia thy evjeoPiay amarog ye emt wAsioy ealt nat yauaug. Exouot ds wor ot pias thy yavavlroc BEX GIG OV ay Enoavdwory. Avakneavbercat de ovz- g]ty To yoe Eneov, ovt edwormoy, our elyuacy*. ‘¢ As in the cane which grows in marfhy places in Egypt: the extreme parts of which are alfo fweet, but inafmall degree. But that which yields the moft nutriment, and is tender and f{weet, rifes from the largeft parts. The roots retain their fweetnefs until they are dry. ‘Then they lofe their fweetnefs, and are neither proper for food, or grateful.” Whether TuEeorurastus, who was a Lefbian, had ever feen this reed in Egypt with fweet roots, or whether he had the account of it from others, or whether fuch a reed really * De Caufis Plant, lib. VI. c. 16. ed. HEInsiI. Bis . exilis, Ce) exifts, may be equally a matter of conjecture ; but I have given his account of it, becaufe other writers have mentioned this reed with {weet roots probably from him: and many have fuppofed the Sugar Cane was the reed al- luded to, though erroneoufly defcribed. But this will be better underftood by comparing this paflage i in THEeopHRASTUS, with what has been faid by other early writers. Varro (68 years before the Chriftian wera), in the following verfes, obierves,— Indica non magné nimis ar bore crefcit arundo ; Tliius é lentis premitur radicibus humor, Dulcia cui nequeant fucco contendere mella*. ‘** The Indian reed does not grow to a large tree; from its vifcid roots a liquor is preffed, to which honey cannot be compared for {weet- nels,” Dionysius AFER (anno 3. Air. Chr. Sax. Onomaft.) mentions that the Indians drink the juice of the Epubpessog HHA KLOC, OF Indian cane c. * Varro Narbonenfis, or, as he is fometimes called, Varro Atacinus, a poetical writer, contemporary with the celebrated _M. T. Varro. + Periegefis, viz. 1127. STRABO C743 Strabo (anno 19), in his 15th book of Geography, in the defcription of India, fays, on the authority of Nearcuus (Alexander’s ad- miral), who lived 325 years before the Chriftian era,— Etenxe de xk Wept Tuy xarwwv ols wWolouce Hers mericowy pn ovgwY" ov yao devdzoy siveKE xae- ToPopoy’ ex de Tou xagmou jebvely *. ‘¢ He (Nearcuus) relates, that the reed (in India) yields honey without bees; but it is not a fruit-bearing tree: yet the fruit intoxi- cates.” The latter part of this paflage has perplexed commentators. In the fame page Strazo fays, on the au- thority of ERATOSTHENES,— Tas piag tay Qulwy 0h Maro To TOY MEyoAwY KAAKUWY, YALKELAS KHL Puces xo enoet. “The roots of plants (in India), particu- larly of the great reeds, are {weet by nature, and by decoétion.”’ He alfo mentions the xarapog Ivdimos growing abundantly in Aithiopia. , SENECA (anno 62) in his 84th Epiftle, has the following paffage :— * P, 1016. edit. 1707, B 4 Aunt ST tye Oi Bb a Aiunt inveniri apud Indos mel in harundinum foliiss quod aut ros ilius cali, aut ipfius harun- dints humor dulcis, et pinguior gignat. In noftris guogue herbs via eandem, fed minus manifefiam, o& notabilem pont ; 3 guam Pear et contrabhat animal buic rei genstum. + $4 They: fay that, in the Indies, honey 19 found in the leaves of cares; which. is pro- duced by the dew, or the fweet-juice of the cane itfelf, concreting., In our herbs alfo there is the fame quality, but in a lefs degree ; from which the bees extract honey.” This, being in the time of NEro, proves dunt the Romans, at ‘that yeriod, knew but littte of the fugar cane, and nothing of the manu- Boe. of fugar. Lucan (anno 62) fays, in the 237th verfe of his third book, when {peaking of the Indians _ near the Ganges,— ° "Quique bibunt tenerd dulces ab arundine fucces, «¢ They drink the fweet juices of the tender reed." | PLiny (anno 78) inthe 32d chapter of the 6th book, {peaking of the Infule Fortunate, : or Cp? er what are now called the Canary Iflands, afferts, on the authority of Fuba, that, in the ifland called Omérios,— uirbores fimiles Ferulea, ex quibus aqua expri- maiur: ex nigris amara; ex candidioribus potus jue undas ‘¢ There are trees refembling the Feruda, from which water may be expreffed ; the water from the blagk fort is bitter; but that from the white grateful to drink.” SALMAsIus, Georrroy, and many other au- thors, have believed that thefe trees, mentioned by Priny, were fugar canes; but certainly without reafon. | If we may credit the Spanith hiftorian a thefe iflands, there was in his time*, in the fame ifland, now called Ferro+, or Hierro, a marvellous tree, which made up for the de- -ficiency of fprings, and contributed largely _ towards fupplying the inhabitants of the ifland with water. Some writers confider Priny’s remark applicable to this vegetable fountain, which is defcribed. as follows. * In the year 1632. + Ferro is about fifteen leagues in circumference, and five in breadth. It is fubje&t to frequent droughts, there an only three inconfiderable {prings in it. “ The (©) «©The diftrict in which this tree ftands is called Tigulahe, near to which, and in the-cliff or {teep rocky afcent that furrounds the whole ifland, is a narrow gutter or gully, which com- mences at the fea, and continues to the fum- mit of the cliff, where it joins or coincides with a valley, which is terminated by the fteep front of a rock. On the top of this rock ' grows a tree, now called Ji/, but, in the lan- guage of the antient inhabitants, Garfe, i. e. Sacred, or Holy Tree. Its leaves conftantly diftil fuch a quantity of water as is fufficient to furnifh drink to every living creature in Hierro; Nature having provided this remedy for the drought of the ifland. On the North fide of the trunk are twolarge tanks or cifterns of rough -'ftone, or rather one ciftern divided, each being twenty feet {quare, and fixteen {pans in depth. One of thefe contains water for the drinking of the inhabitants, and the other that which they ufe for their cattle, wafhing, and fuch like purpofes. Every morning, near this part of the ifland, a cloud or mift arifes from the fea, which the South and Eafterly winds force againft the fore-mentioned fteep cliff; fo that the cloud, having no vent but by the gutter, gradually afcends it, and from thence advances flowly to the extremity of the valley, where it (1) it is {topped. and checked by the front of the rock which terminates the valley, and then re{ts upon the thick leaves and wide {preading Branches of the tree, from whence it diftils in drops during the remainder of the day, until it is at length exhaufted, in the fame manner that we fee water drip from the leaves of trees after a heavy fhower of rain. ‘* This diftillation is not peculiar to the Garfes or Til; for the Brefos, which grow near it, likewife drop water; but, their leaves being» but few and narrow,.the quantity 1s fo trifling, that though the natives fave fome of it, yet they make little or no account of any but what diftils from the 77. ‘¢ A perfon lives on the fpot near which this tree grows, who is appointed by the council to take care of it andits water. He every day diftributes to each family of the diftrict feven pots or veffels full of water, befides what he gives to the principal people of the ifland *.” That fome trees and fhrubs may, on hydrau- lic principles, become fyphons to the earth, and their extremities difcharge a confiderable quantity of water imbibed from the roots, is certainly poffible; and fuch trees are related * Gxass’s Hiftory of the Canary Iflands, p. 275, anno 1764, by Cage) by travellers to exift in Africa and South Ame- -yica. But the hiftory of the Garfe is {carcely within the compafs of credibility. There may be fome trees peculiar to Ferro, abounding with moifture, which Priny had heard of; and, on that account, I have introduced the preceding relation, Indeed, they are men- tioned by feveral fubfequent writers ; particu- larly by Perrr Marryr, who fays, ‘In the ifland of Ferro there is no other water that may be drunk, but only that is gathered of the dew which continually diftilleth from one only tree, growing’on the higheft bank of the ifland, and falleth into a pond trench made with man’s hand.”” Decad. 1. Lib. 1. anna 1493. Sratius (anno 95), Sylvarum, Lid. 1, 6.15. has a paflage, which has been the foundation of much difpute among critics and commenta- tors ; fome contending that the reading fhould be canna, canes; others, that it fhould be caun@, figs: fo called from Caunus, a town in Eeypt, farhot for figs. Et quas percoguit Ebufita Cannas, “The ifland of Ebu/us (or Ivica, in the Me- diterranean, near Valencia in Spain), which yields ripe canes.” it C 33 4 | Et quas percoquit Ebofea caunas. . ‘< Ebufus which ripens (caune) figs.” Sotinus (anno 218), in the 52d chapter of his Polyhiftoria, in defcribing India, fays,— Que paluftria funt, arundinem creant ita craf~ fam, ut fiffis internodits lembi vice vedtitet navi-~ gantes; &radicibus ejus exprimitur humor dulcis ad melleam fuavitatem *. ‘¢ The marfhy places produce reeds fo large, that between the joints, when divided in the middie, they are capable of carrying people in the manner of boats; from the roots of this reed a juice is expreffed as fweet as honey.” Sottnus has taken the firft part of this paf= fage from PLiny; who, as well as HEroporus, fays, that the Indians make boats, or ca- noes, from canes growing in marihy places: but neither Heroporus nor PLiny mention the. fweetnefs of their roots. Heropotvus, 444 years before the Chril= tian «ra, in his Thalia, fays the Indians; who inhabit the moraffes of the river, feed on raw fifth, which they catch in boats made of reeds; a fingle joint of which is large enough * P, 275, edit. Goezii, 1777. for ( 14 ) for one boat: and Puiny, in the 2d chapter of his 7th book, fays, in India the canes grow to fo great a fize, that, from a fingle joint, a boat may be made capable of carrying three people. I have now felected every thing, excepting the trivial common-place matter (which may be found in almoft every Lexicon), refpecting the cane, or reed, to which the property of Jfweetnefs has been attributed, by every writer preceding the reign of prieftcraft, igno- rance, and oblivion. I fhall pafs over that Jong night of human reafon, where nothing is to be found,—to the more ceftain and deter- minate hiftory of the fugar cane. On the difcovery of the Weftern Hieeitiphere, the Sugar Cane was found on the continent ; and alfo in fome of the Atlantic iflands; but the art of making fugar, it is faid, never was practifed by the aborigines of the Weft Indian iflands, until they were fettled by Euro- peans ; nor by the Mexicans, or Peruvians, or any other native inhabitants of South Ame- rica, previous to their fubjugation by the Spa- -Miards. Of this there may be fome doubt, with re- f{peét to Mexico ; but not as to any other part of the continent, or any of the iflands, Before . 339 ; Before the difcovery of the Weft Indies, by the Spaniards, in 1492; before the difcovery of the Eaft Indies, by the Portuguefe naviga- tors, in 14973; and before the difcovery of the Brazils, by the fame nation, in 1500; abun- dance of fugar was made in the iflands of Si- cily, Crete, Rhodes, and Cyprus. The fugar cane is fuppofed to have been brought to thefe iflands originally, from India, by the Saracens; and from thence tranfplanted into fome parts of Italy; and to Spain, from Africa, by the Moors. In Spain, the fugar cane was firft planted in Valencia, and afterwards in Granada, and Murcia. Sugar was formerly, in thefe Southern parts of Spain, produced in great quantity ; and fome is {till made in the two latter provinces. The celebrated Mr. Francis WILLouGHBY, whoentered Spain from Rouffillon, and travelled through great part of it in 1664, fays, ‘‘ at Cullura the wine firft began to be fweet; and three leagues off, at Gandia, in Valencia, the plantations of fugar canes began. Quere, whether the nature of the foil, that was fit to nouriih the fugar canes, did not alfo contri- bute to the nature of the grapes? “* At Gandia we firit found raifins of the fun, as they are called in England; in Spain they ( 63 they call this kind pan/as, and they feem to be the duracing of the antients. They are alk white, round, and have a tougher fkin than other grapes. They gather them when fully ripe, and dip them in a boiling lixivium of water and athes, juft dipping them in, and ta king them out again; and then dry them upon boards in the fun, taking them in by night, or in foul weather. The name raifin comes from racemus. Figs are dried juft as they are gathered, not being dipped in any lixi- vium. «< T werit to Olives, in Valencia alfo, where, and at Gandia, are the engines for fugar-works ; the beft are at Olives. By the way we faw the fugar canes growing in feveral places. They are planted in low wet grounds, well mucked and drefied, divided into beds or hillocks, and furrows. They cut the canes clofe to the roots in November and December, and, cutting off the flender tops, which afford no good juice, keep them under ground till March, and then prick them into thefe hillocks or beds; out of. every falea, or cut, fhoot four, five, or fix, canes, which will be ripe next December. ~The knots, or joints of the cane at the bot- tom are very clofe together, fcarce an inch -afunder ; but upwards the diftance is more, as the. C ay the cane g¥ows flenderer. Within is a white pulp, or pith, full of fap fweet as honey. They fell them at Gandia to eat, and, cutting © them in pieces jutt in the middle between two knots, fuck the pieces at both ends. To make fugar, after the canes are cleanfed from the tops and leaves, and cut to pieces, they aré firft bruifed, either with a perpendicular ftone running round, as apples to make cyder, or olives to make oil; or between two axes ftrongly capped with iron, horizontally placed, and turned contrary ways; and then preffed as grapes or olives are. The juice thus prefied out is boiled in three feveral cauldrons, one after another. In the third cauldron it be- comes thick and black, and is then put into conical pots, which at the bottom have a lit- - tle hole ftopped only with coarfe ‘and foul fugar. Thefe pots are covered when full with a cake of’ pafte, made of a kind of earth called the Spanifh gritty, and found near Olives, which is good to take fpots out of clothes, which cap or cover finks as the fugar _finks. Thefe conical pots are put into other pots, into which, by the hole at the vertex, the juice drains down through the coarfe fugar at the bottom. It drains for five or fix ‘eae in which time the fugar in the conical pots C grows CNB) erows hard, atid white, all the juice being drunk up by the lute, or run out by the hole an the vertex. The juice is boiled again, fo long as it is good for any thing; but at laft it makes only a foul red fugar, that will never be better. The conical loaves of fugar, after they are taken out, are fet to drain over the fame pots for 14 or 15 days. ‘To make the fugar more white, they muft boil it again, but about one-fixth is loft every time. A pound of fugar of 12 ounces is fold at Olives for three /ous and an half; refined, for five or fix fous. The fu- gar juice is {trained through {trainers of linen, and is put out of one cauldron into another. They take it out of the firft and fecond caul- drons fo foon as it begins to boil; but in the | third cauldron they let it boil till the fcum rifes, and then take off only the fcum with the fcummer, and put it into a long trough, to cool; and, when it is cool, put it into the co+ nical pots. One fcum rifes after another in the third cauldroit. The fcum, when it is taken off, is white, but turns to a black liquor in the trough. They never refine the fugar more than three or four times. They ufe for the re- fining of it whites of eggs, putting in two or three dozen info a cauldron. They ufe but one ‘cauldron for refining. When it is refined, it | grows 3 A kona) : grows hard and white in nine or ten days. When they refine it, they put a little water - into the cauldron, to diffolve it the better.” Ray’s Travels, ed. 1737, vol. I. p. 409. From Valencia, the cultivation of the fu- gar cane, and the manufacture of fugar, were carried in the beginning of the 15th century, by the Spaniards, to the Canary iflands, and the commerce arifing from the fugar there pro- duced was confiderable: but, prior to this period, the Portuguefe, in 1420, carried the cane, and the manufacture of fugar, from the ifland of Sicily to Madeira. From thefe ori- gins the cultivation of the fugar cane, and the art of making fugar, were extended by different nations of Europeans to the Weft In- dian iflands, and the Brazils. - The Canary iflands, or Infule Fortunate, though known to the antients, yet after the fall of the Roman empire, many centuries -elapfed in which all intercourfe, mention, and even knowledge of them, were buried in oblivion; and they remained as funk from the world until about the year 1330, when a French veffel was forced on one of them in a - violent gale of wind. After this accident they became known again in Europe. | Cui2 1 ae ( 20 ) The conqueft of thefe iflands was undertae ken by the Spaniards in 1393. The Portu- guefe indeed had made fome flight attempts in 1334; but, being repulfed at Gomero by the natives, they relinquifhed the enterprize. The firft of thefe iflands that was conquered was Lancerata in 1400; Fuerventura was cap- tured in 1405; Canaria, in 14833 Palma, in 149i; Tenerif, in 1495. The ifland of Madeira is fuppofed, ‘like the Canary iflands, to have been known to the an- tients; and, like them, to have been loft in ‘the fame interval of darknefs, until the year 1344; when an Englifh veffel was driven on this ifland by aftorm. But this event was not fucceeded by any intercourfe with the ifland, and feems to have been forgotten, as no notice was taken of it until 1419, when it was again difcovered by the Portuguefe; -who, in the following year, 1420, took poffeffion of it. It was then a mere wildernefs, as its name im- ports *, and unpeopled. ‘The Portuguefe burnt the woods, and made a fettlement ; and, in the fame year, planted the fugar cane there, which they brought from the ifland of Sicily. * Madeira. Nomen factum eft A Lat. materia, qua tam in wulgata Biblioram verfione quam alibi fignificatur idem “qudd Anglicé timder; quia tali materia abundabat ifta infwla. Hyp, not. in Peri. Itin. p. 113. From (24) From the incorre& accounts- of the firft Welt Indian difcoveries, it is impoffible to af- certain in which of the iflands the cane was found, and in which it was not. We know it. was feen in fome of them: but, from modern navigators, we have proofs that it grows {pon- taneoufly in all the iflands in the South Sea. It was found in great abundance in all the Society iflands, Eafter ifland, and the Sand- wich ifles; where the Indians are perfeétly ac- quainted with the ufe of its expreffed juice, but have not the knowledge of making fugar. Some plants of thefe canes have lately been introduced into the Weft Indies; and the afto- nifhing increafe of fugar, which thofe brought from Otaheite and Apap in Jamaica vid over thofe of the ifland, fhews, if there be not different {pecies,—that vegetables, as well as ani- mals, may degenerate, and require the impulfe of change to incite, or re-animate their vigour. Thus the breed of cattle, and thus alfo the improved hufbandry in Europe in general, is carried on; grain, feeds, and plants, are re- moved from place to place, and varied, and cul- tivated, on phyfical principles, by philofophers. In England, the Duke of Beprorp, and Mr. Coxg, have diftinguifhed themielves in this kind of knowledge; and have rendered the mott ef- fential fervices to their country. C3 This (22) This fhould be a leffon to the planter of the fugar | cane, not to continue propagating from the fame ftock; or at leaft to try the effects, where any degeneracy appears, of new plants from another ifland; or from remote parts of the fame ifland, where the former cannot be obtained. Whether there be different {fpecies of the fugar cane, or whether the varieties, with which we have been. lately made acquainted, are owing to fome local caufes, has not yet been ai{certained. The French, a few vears fince, introduced into their Weft Indian iflands plants from the Fait Indies. From their iflands the cultivation of the Eaft Indian cane has been carried into fome of the Englith iflands. Sir Joun Larorey planted them in Antigua, and has proved their prefent fuperiority over the old canes of the Weft Indies. He gives the following account of thefe canes: * One fort brought from the ifland of Bour- bon, reported by the French to be the ais of the coaft of Malabar. 6 “© Another fort from the ifland of Otaheite. © Another fort from Batavia. Pest * The two former aré’ much alike, both in their appearance ‘and aa but that of Otaheite , Cag) Otaheite is faid to make the fineft fugar. They are much larger than thofe of our iflands, the joints of fome meafuring eight or nine inches Jong, and fix in circumference. ‘¢ Their colour, and that of their leaves, alfo differs from ours. ‘¢ They are ripe enough to grind, at the age of ten months. : «“ They appear to ftand the dry weather better than ours; and are not liable to be at-— tacked by that deftru@tive infect called the borer. . ‘* The Batavian canes are a deep purple on the, outfide; they grow fhort-jointed, and {mall in circumference: but bunch exceedingly, and vegetate fo quick, that they {pring up from the plant in one-third of the time which thofe of our ifland do*.”’ The method of propagating the fugar cane is by cuttings from the top of it, and we know — of no other method ; though Mr. Bruce fays, © in Abyfflinia it is raifed from the feed. Of this fact we have no example; and it is thought that Mr. Bruce is miftaken in this matter. ~ * Sir John Larorey’s remarks on the Eaft Indian canes, im- ported into the French Charaibean iflands, in Mr. Epwarps’s preface to the fecond edition of- his Hiftory of the Weft Indies. Ca eS ES ( #4 3 The progrefs of cultivating the cane for the - purpotes of making fugar, has given rife to the erroneous fuppofition, that the migration of the fugar cane, under the Europeans, was from Sicily and Spain, to the Madeira and Canary iflands; and afterwards to the Weft Indian iflands, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil: and that it was not an original plant of thofe iflands, and countries. | There is, befides, great difficulty in diftin. guifhing, in-the journals of voyagers, between the hiftory of the plant and:its produce. For, often when fome particular period is mention- ed, when the fugar cane was firft carried ta countries, the fact is, that fuch period was the time when the cultivation of the plant, for the purpofes of making fugar, was introduced; which before was either entirely neglected, or the ufe of the fimple j juice only known: and frequently mention is made when fugar was firft produced in fome countries, which in reality was the period when the European art of refining it, or fome imiprovements in its manufacture, was carried thither, It is certain, that the fugar cane was esad growing in the low, rich vids near the mouth of the Miffifippi, when Europeans firft went to that pat of America. Father (ag ))) Father Hennepin fays, ‘‘ from thirty leagues below Maroa, down to the fea, the banks of the Miffifippi are full of canes,” This was in 1680, when he was there. He was the firft European who explored the country adjacent to the lower parts of that river, FRANCIS XIMENEs, in his treatife on the plants of America, fays, the fugar cane grows f{pontaneoufly near the Rio della Plata; this is alfo afferted by Hernanpss and Piso. This rivér was difcovered in 1515, by Joun DiAs DE Soxis, a Spaniard ; and the country about it conquered by PepRo pz Menpoza, in 1535. Jean ve Lrry, who went in 1556 to the Rio Faneiro, in Brazil, fays, he found every where near that river a great quantity of fugar canes; and it is certain that they could not have been planted by the Portuguefe, as they were not fettled in thofe pas until long after- wards. Joun pe Laer fays, the ifland of St. Vin- cent produced the fugar cane pentane Lab. 1. pag. 27. Lapat ee the firft French fettlers in St. Chriftopher, Martinique, and Guadaloupe, found fugar canes in different parts of thofe iflands ; which, growing there naturally, were afterwards properly cultivated, and have fince pet . produced ( 26 ) produced all the Sugar of thofe iflands. Vol. II. press - The ifland of St. Chriftopher was firft taken poffeffion of by the French and Englith, on the fame day, in the year 1625. The Englifh made fugar there in 1643, and the French foon’ after. From this ifland the French fent a colony to take pofleffion of Martinique; and they fettled there in 1635. ' In 1627; the Englith fettled at Barbadoes ; and, in 1643 made Sugar there. In 1676 it was in its moft flourifhing ftate, and employed four hundred fail of veflels, which were on an avarage of 150-tons *. In 1628, the Englith fettled at Nevis. ~ In 1632, the Englifh fettled at Montferrat ; and, ‘in aie fame year, the Dutch fettled at St. Euftatia. In 16: 35, the French fettled-at Guadaloupe s ; and, in 1648, made fugarthere. | In 1650, the French fettled at Granada. Jamaica was difcovered by CoLumsBusinI 494, -in his fecond voyage ; and beftowed on him by Ferdinand and Ifabella, as fome compen- {ation for the acquifitions he had given to Spain in the Weft Indies. . * CHartes IJ. in 1661, created thivtdda Baronets of Barbadoes ; each of whom had in the ifland not lefs than a thoufand pgunds a-year, and fome ten thoufand pounds a-year. : i, His les ante. His fon Fames fettled, and planted it in 1500. What improvements it received by the | Spaniards, during the time they were in pof- feffion of it, are but little known. They con- tinued there however undifturbed until 1596 ; when Sir AnrHony Suirtey, with a fingle man of war, took and plundered St. Jago de la Vega; which then confifted of 2000 houfes¥ In the year 1635, this town was again plun- dered by 500 Englifh from the Leeward iflands? In 1656, onthe 10th of May, the whole ifland was reduced, and taken poffeflion of by the forcesfent again{ftit by OLIVER CROMWELL; and | has.fince that time belonged to the Englith. The fugar cane was firft planted there, by the Englith, in 1660; and fugar firft made in 1664. But fome plantations were made there while it was in poffeffion of the Spaniards, by EsquirNEL, a Spanifh vovernor, under Dizco Co.tumeus, fon of the renowned Columsus; who brought the plants from St. Domingue. There were in Jamaica, on the arrival of the Englifh, only three {mall plantations in the ifland ; the chief of which was at the Angels. ~ Sir Tuomas Mopyrorpb, a rich and eminent planter of Barbadoes, was the perfon who firft planted and cultivated the fugar cane, for the purpofe of making fugar, in Jamaica. This Lae : was ( 8 ) was in 1660. He removed from Barbadoes to Jamaica, and carried with him much agricul- tural knowlege, to the great advantage of the ifland; which he contributed to improve and benefit, in a very extenfive manner. CHARLES the fecond appointed him governor of the ifland in 1664: in which fituation he continued until 1669. In the ifland of St. Thomas, aden the line, on the coaft of Africa, which was difcovered by the Portuguefe in 1405, fugar was made much earlier than in the Weft Indies. Dapper fays (page 491) that the Portuguefe had fixty-one fugar works in this ifland, before the Dutch deftroyed them in the year 1610, Heyu1n, who publifhed the firft edition of his Cofmography in 1624, fays ‘* this ifland is fo abundant in fugar canes, and well ftored with fugars, that forty ihips are hence loaded yearly with that one commodity; for making which they have here feventy zagenios, or fugar houfes, and in each of them two hundred flaves, in fome three hundred, which belong to the works. Six days in feven thefe flaves work for their mafters, and the feventh for them- felves, which they fpend in fewing and plant- ing their feeds, fruits, and provifions. They bring the negroes from the oppofite continent, with (79 ‘) with whom the air agrees fo well, that they. attain generally to 110 years; few of the Por. tugals unto 50. The air is fo vehementlv hot that it fuiteth not with the conftitution of the Europeans.” Lazat, Vol. I. pag. 226. is decidedly of Opinion, that the fugar cane is a native plant of the Weft Indies. But he fays, that it is to the Portuguefe and Spaniards that Europeans are indebted for the art of making fagar ; who Jearned the fecret from the inhabitants of the Eaft Indies, and returning from thence put it in practice, firft at the ifland of Madeira and the Canaries, and afterwards in the Brazils, and New Spain, about the end of the year 1580. That the fugar cane is a native plant of the Welt Indies there can be no doubt; but in the other remarks, Lagat is miftaken, as has already appeared: for the Portuguefe had not paffed the Cape of Good Hope until 1497; long before which time fugar was made in the Mediterranean Iflands. Befides, according to Perer Marryr, in the year 1518, there were ‘twenty-eight fugar-works in the ifland of. Hif- ‘paniola, eftablifhed by the Spaniards. He {ays, ‘¢ it is a marvellous thing to confider how all things increafe and profper in this ifland. There are now twenty-eight fugar-prefies, wherewith (ge. wherewith great plenty of fugar is made. ‘The canes or reeds wherein the fugar groweth -are bigger and higher than in any other place ; and are as big as a man’s wrift, and higher than the ftature of aman by the half. This is more wonderful, that whereas in Valencia, in Spain, where a great quantity of Sugar is made yearly, whenfoever they apply themfelves to the great increafe thereof, yet doth every root bring forth not paft five, or fix, or at the moft feven, of thofe reeds; whereas in Hifpa- niola one root beareth twenty, and oftentimes thirty*.”’ Englifhedit.1577, page 172. The original edition was publifhed in Spain, in 1530, Cotumpus, in his firft voyage in 1492, dif- _covered the ifland’of Hifpaniola, or Saint Domingue; and Anronro Herrara, in the : fecond book of his fecond Decad, fpeaking of the improvements and cultivation carried to that ifland by the Jeronimite friers, fays, * One AQuiLon, an inhabitant of the great plain, car- ried thither, in the year 1506, fome fugar canes from the Canaries, and planted them; the fame anfwering well, the fathers ordered _that every inhabitant, who would erect a fugar mill, {hould have five hundred pieces of eight __ * This juftifies the fuppofition, that the fugar cane in the Weft Indies has degenerated. See page 21. in Cpt Jo= in gold lent him ; and, by this contrivahce, : in a fhort {pace of time there came to be forty either Water or Horfe fugar Mills in the ifland. It is to be obferved, that formerly fugar grew only in Valencia, whence it was conveyed to Grenada, thence to the Canariés, and laftly to the Indies *, which made it more neceffary to fend over blacks; and that put the Portuguefe upon carrying many from Guinea. Hifpaniola proved fo natural to the blacks, as to have it once faid that, unlefs one happened to be hanged, none ever died +.” In 1726, the French made in this ifland 33,000 hogfheads of fugar, of 12 hundred weight each. In 1742, they made 70,666 hogtheads; and, in the fame year alfo, they made in Martinique, Guadaloupe, and the other leffer ifles, 51,875 hogfheads. The whole produce of the Britifh Wett ‘Indian Iflands, imported into Great Britain that year, was 60,950 hogfheads. In 1770, St. Domingue yielded of fugar, two-thirds brown, 160,000 hogfheads, of ro hundred weight each. * This muft refer only to the manufacturing of fugar. [Piso .fays the fugar canes were originally found growing wild in the woods in the Canary Iflands. Lib. 4. Cap. 1. t+ Herrara fays, the Spaniards firft imported their negroes ’-from the Portuguefe, who had fettlements on the coaft of Africa. GONZALES C Be Gonzaiés Ferpinannus Oviepvs, who lived in Hifpaniola in 1515, and was governor of the city of Sanéfa Maria in Darien in 1522, fays, p. 225 of the Summary of his General ~ Hiftory of the Weft Indies, ‘* there is fuch abundance of fugar in Mexico, that certain Spanifh fhips are yearly freighted therewith, and bring the fame unto Seville, in Spain; from whence it is carried to all parts of Chriftendom.”’ As Mexico was not entirely conquered by the Spaniards until 1521, I think it-is clear that the fugar cane muft have been cultivated, ‘and fugar made in Mexico, before the Spa miards went thither. Peter Creza, who travelled from the year ¥533 to 1550, in Peru, and other parts of South America, fays, cap. 64, p. 167, “In feveral parts of the vales, near the city of St. Michael, there are large fields of fugar canes, whereof fugar 1s made 1 in feveral towns and preferves.”’ He mentions this among other articles of the agriculture of the Indians, before the Spa- niards went.among them ; for, though Vasco Nunez and ae croffed to the South Sea, and fettled at Panama in 1513, yet the Spa-, Riards were never in any part of Peru, before the vt. 3a) the year 15255 and then Pizarro, with a few adventurers, only landed, and made fome dif- coveries, but returned to Spain in 1528, for ~ authority to undertake the conqueft of Peru; which was,not,begun in South America until. 1530, and, completed in 1532, by the murder. of the laft Inca, Atabalipa; or, as the Spaniards: write the name, Atahuallpa : yet Spain was not in peaceable poffeffion of Peru before 1554. .. This immenfe fcene of blood was not clofed. by.the Spaniards, without many tragical events among themfelves. ALtmacro, the conqueror. of Chili, was ftrangled before Cufco by Her- NAND Pizarro in 1538; and FRANCIs Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, was affaflinated at Lima ip (540s | : | Cinza mentions alfo the manner in which the Indians carry water .in trenches, from the rivers defcending from the mountains, through the fields inthe plains; to fupply the defect % rain im thofe countries. This part of Peru was then iahaniced en=. tirely by Indians; for, though S¢. Michael was the firft city built by the Soantaydes in Peru, it was not founded until 1541, by Pizarro, before the capture of Atabalipa; aud, confequently, . before the wars were ended, or that the Spa- niards had turned their thoughts to agriculture, | D Wherefore, ( 34 ) Wherefore, it is probable that the art of mak- ing fugar was known to the Peruvian Indians alfo, before the Spaniards went among them. Tt is certain that GarcILasso DE LA VEGA, who was a native of Peru, and left that country and went to Spain in the year 1560, fays, in his Commentaries, lib. IX. cap. 28, part 1, that «* antiently there were no fugar canes in Peru, though now, by the induftry of the Spaniards, and the fertility of the foil, they are increafed to a loathfome plenty ; that, whereas formerly they were highly efteemed, and are now be- come of no value or eftimation.”’ ‘¢ The firft Sugar Works in Peru were made in Huanca, by the contrivance of a. gentle- man with whom I was well acquainted. A fervant of his, who was a fubtile and ingenious perfon, obferving the great quantities of fugar which were imported from Mexico, by reafon of which the fugar of Peru would not fell to any account, advifed his mafter to fend one — fip’s lading of his fugar to Mexico; that they, feeing thereby the plenty of that com- modity in Peru, might forbear to fend any more thither. The project fucceeded accord- ing to expectation; and now fugar works are erected in many places in that country.” JosErH & Cf 398) ) JoszeH Acosta, who was in South America about the year 1580, fays, in his Natural and Moral Hiftory of the Indies, lib. EV. cap. 32, ‘“¢ that they not only ufe a great deal of fugar in the Indies, but alfo carry much into Spain ; for, the canes grow exceedingly well in many parts of the: Indies. They have built their en- gines in the iflands, in Mexico, in Peru, and in other parts ; nets yieldeth the Spaniards a very great revenue.’ ‘<¢ It was told me, that the engine for making fugar in Na/ca, in Peru, was worth yearly above thirty thoufand pieces of revenue. That of Chicama, joining to Truxillo, in the fame country, was. likewife of great revenue, and thofe of New Spain are of no lefs; and it is ftrange to fee what ftore they confume at the Indies. They brought from the ifland of Saint Domingue in the fleet wherein I came, 898 ~ chefts of fugar, which being, as I did fee, fhipped at Porto Rico, every cheft, in my opi- nion, weighed eight arobes, every arobes weigh- ing five and twenty pounds, which are two hundred weight of fugar. This is the chief revenue of thefe iflands, fo much are men ; given to {weet things.” Tuomas Gace, who went to New Spain in in fays (p. 236), in the voyage the Spanith Dp 2 fleet, (C366 ) fleet, in which he was, touched at the ifland of Guadaloupe ; ‘* where the Indians with great. joy yearly. expe& the Spanith fleets; and by the moons reckon the months, and thereby _ guefs at their coming; and fome.prepare fu- gar canes, others plantains, others turtles, fome one provifion, fome another,: to! barter with the Spaniards for their: {mall -haber- dathery, iron, knives, and fuch things which may help them in their wars, which:commonly they make againft fome other Iflands.’’ This was ten years before any..Europeans had fettled there; and where no fugar was made until 1648, by the French, who then poflefled it. The fugar cane, confequently; was the natural production of that Ifland. Gace fays, cap. 15, ‘‘ two or three leagues from the Indian town of Ciapa there are (in 1626) two Ingenios or Farms of fugar, one be- longing to the cloifter of the Dominicans. of the Spanifh city of Chapa, which is twelve leagues from this town, the other to the cloifter of this town, which contain near two hundred Black-Moors,. befide: many Indians, who are employed in. that conftant work of making fugar for all the country.’’, He -alfo:remarks, in the fame chapter, that fugar was. an article of commerce, and fent from C4zapa down the river : (C 37 ) river Tabafco, to be tranfported to the Havan- nah. The towns of Chiapa are in the province of Chiapa, which joins to Guatimala. The Portuguete firft eftablithed Sugar Works in the Brazils, in 1580. They had-no :fettle- ment of confequence there before 1549.. The Dutch, after the truce between Spain and Hol- Jand in 1562, began their expeditions to the Brazils; and in 1637 they fent Count Mauricg, thither. In 1641, when the treaty of peace was concluded between the Dutch and Portu- guefe, the former were in number 20,000, and had acquired feven of the fourteen captain- fhips of Brazil. They had 60,900 negroes there, and made 25,000 chefts of fugar. But, in 1655, they were difpoffefled of their territo- ries, and ceded them. by treaty, in 1661, to the Portuguefe ; being reduced in number, by wars and other difafters, to only fix or feven hundred perfons,. It was thefe Dutch fugi- tives, driven from the Brazils in 1655, that carried the art of planting the cane, and making fugar in a proper manner, to the Weft _ Indian iMlands. I have before obferved, that the ifland of Barbadoes was firft fettled by the Englifh in 1627, and fugar made there in 1643. I Oe aa {hall (: 3 D fhall now add fome particulars from Licon, which will illuftrate the fubject 3 in a very fatis+ factory manner. He fays, in his Hiftory of Bathailots: piss, ‘ At the time we landed on this ifland, which - was in the beginning of September, 1647, we were informed, partly by thofe planters we found there, ahd partly by our own obferva- tions, that the great work of fugar-making was but newly pracétifed by the inhabitants there. Some of the moft induftrious men, having gotten plants from Fernambrock, a place in Brazil, and made trial of them at the Bar- badoes, and finding them to grow, they planted more and more, as they grew and multiplied on the place, till they had fuch a - confiderable number as they were worth the while to fet up a very {mall Ingenio, and fo make trial what {ugar could be made on that foil. But the biets of the work being not well underftood, the fugars they made were very inconfiderable, and little worth, for two or three years. But they, finding their errors _ by their daily praétice, began a little to mend; and, by new direétions from Brazil, fometimes by ftrangers, and now and then by their own people, who were content fometimes to make a voyage thither, to improve their knowledge kek ( 39 ) in athing they fo much defired. Being now much better able to make their queries, of the fecrets of that myftery, by how much their often-failings had put them to often-ftops and ‘nonpluffes in the work. And fo returning with more plants, and better knowlege, they went on upon frefh hopes, but fill fhort of what they fhould be more fkilful in; for, at our firft arrival, we found them ignorant in three main points that much conduced to the work ; vis. the manner of planting ; the time of gathering; and the right placing their cop- pers in their furnaces ; as alfo the true way of» covering their rollers with plates or bars of iron. At the time of our arrival there we found many fugar works fet up, and at work: but yet the fans they made were but bare Mufcovadoes ; pid few of them merchantable commodities; fo moift, and full of molaffes, and fo ill cured, as they were hardly worth bringing home to Engiand. But about the,” time I left the ifland, w hie 1 was in 1650, they were much bettered; for then they had fkul to know when the canes were ripe, which was “not till they were fifteen months old; and _ before they gathered them at twelve, which was a main difadvantage to the making good fugar ; for, the liquor wanting of the {fweet- D4 ~ nefs | ( 40 ) nefs it ought to have, caufed the fugars to be lean, and unfit to keep. Befides, they had grown greater proficients both in boiling and curing them, and had learnt the knowlege of making them white, fuch as you call lump- fugars here in England; but not fo excellent as thofe they make in Brazil; nor is there any likelihood they can ever make fuch ; the land there being better, and lying in a continent, muft needs have conftanter and fteadier wea- ‘ther, and the air much drier and purer than it can be in fo {mall an ifland as that of Bar- — badoes.”’ | END OF PART THE FIRST. SUGAR. PART THE SECOND. Meat xoAomivoy. _ ‘THEOPHRASTUS. LAAK ACO. _ DioscorivEs. Saccaron. PLINIUs. Laxyoct Mert xarautvoy. ARRIANUS. LAUK 00. GALENUS. Arc Ivdixoe. P. AEcinEtTA, ab ARCHIGENE. Saccharum. Latiné. Zuchar. | Arabice. Zuccharo. Itahce. Agucar. Hifpanice. Sucre. Gallice. Zucker. Germanice. Suycker. Belgice. HISTORY ee REE Ae ae HTS TOR ¥ OF O° nF toGe eA a: SuGaR was firit brought into Europe from Arabia and the Eaft; and for many cen- turies was employed for medicinal purpofes only. What kind or {pecies of fugar this was, or whether any of the various pre- parations of it now in ufe, has been a fubject of much controverfy in antiquarian literature. The profoundedly learned Satmasrus (Sau- MAISE, his proper name), who went to refide at Leyden in 1632, afferts, that what authors denominate the /acar mambu of the Indians, was the caxyapoy, or fugar, of the ancients. | By the word ancients, in this treatife, the Greeks and Romans of the earlier periods are not meant. To them the word was unknown. j He Cm ) He fays, — Exercitationes nofire docent tllud coxyepov effe quod hoc tempore vocatur apud Indos Sacar-Mambu; guod in arundine Indica arboree ac vafie proceritatis fponte crefcit. De Sac- charo Commentarius. He alfo fays, this /acar-mambu of the In- dians was the tabaxir of the Arabians; but that the Arabians were ignorant how it was produced, as were the ancient Greeksof the gene- ratio Mellis Calamini, five caxropov; who thought it was the dew, which, falling on the Indian canes, concreted: and that it was a kind of “Manna. The Arabians, he obferves, fuppofed the tabaxir to be the afhes of the cane; and cer- ° tainly, he fays, this {pecies of fugar, when concreted and coagulated, ‘is like afhes; but, _ when iffuing from the joints of the cane, it is white like ftarch. The antients. remark alfo, that their fugar was brittle between the teeth ; therefore many ‘of them call it Indian fall; whereas our fugar, he fays, melts in the mouth, and is not brittle *.' He contends, that the Arabians were in an error refpecting their tabaxir ; and that it was not the afhes of the cane, but the /acar-mambu © ® Exercitationes Pliniane.- of C ag > : ef the Indians, and the teal. Mert raranwoy of the Greeks. He fays the. antients gave it the appellation of fugar, which the Arabians did not; becaufe then beheved it to be the afhes, _ and not a {pecies of fugar, which \ was called by them suchar. | . __ He fays the cane, from: which the fi@itious fugar- now in ufé is made, ‘is a’ “fmall plant ; | but that\in'’ the Indies, which. yields thé /acars mambu. of ‘the Indians,’ the #cbaxir of ‘the Ara- bians, or native fugar ‘of ‘the antients, is a large tree; and that this {pécies of fugar j is the concreted exudation from the tree, ‘eng about the joints. ‘ as SALMASIUS at length attempts, asia Bieter corroboration. of ee opinion, to. fhew, that the virtues attributed by the Arabians to. the tabaxir, coincide with thofe which the Greeks afcribed to their To‘ cLp0V. In thefe conjectures, I believe, it w ill appear that the moft learned SaLmasius is miftaken ; and that the ¢adax:r, or, as it has been varioufly rendered by tranflators, thabafir, tarathit,, fatai- feir, tabafis, tabafir, and fabafcir, of Ruasis, AVICENNA, SERAPION, and AVERROES, was neither the /acar-mambu_ of the Indians, nor the caxyepoy of the antients. | Let Ce). Let us examine what may be collected from the Arabians themfelves, concerning their #a- baxir. ‘RHASES (anno 930) fays, — : Tarathit, id eft Spodium, frigida ef & ficca, que & ventrem firingit, G fanguinem exire pro- hibet. Spodium frigidum eft & ficcum, quod fe- bribus acutis, ac fitt, 8 nimio ventris fluxui, 8 vomitut, confert; puftulis quogue qua in ore & lin- gua nafcuntur, atgue tremori cordis, auxiliatur. De Simplicibus, cap. 36. ~ AVICENNA (anno 1040) fays, —Thabafir (the tranflator calls it Spodium) quid eff ? Cannarum adufie ; dicitur enim quod ipfe aduruntur propter fricationem fuarum extremitatum, quum ventus eas perflat. Frigtdum eff in fecundo, 8 ficcum in tertio. In ipfo eff fitpticitas, S praeparatio & parum refolutionis, & ejus infrigidatio eff plu- rima, & ejus refolutio eff propter amaritudinem paucam in ipfo. Ex refolutione igitur ejus, & ftip- ticitate, fit exficcatio fortis, & eff compofitarum viriutum ficut rofa. Confert apthis, & melan- choliea provenients folitudine. Spodium (Tabaxir) confert apoftematibus ocul: calidis, confortat cor, et confert tremort ejus calido, & fyncopi fatte ex effufione cholera ad ftomachum, & bibitum, & linitum, 3 confert melancholie ex folicitudine, 8 timort CD timori de preteritis, & terrori de futuris. Confert tuff (fiti) 8 inflammations flomacht, & deodilitats ejus, GF prohibet effufionem cholere ad ipfum, © confert conturbationi. Probibet folutionem choles ricam. Confert febribus acutis. Lib. Il. Trad. 2. Cap. 617. Ed. Venettis, 1564. SERAPION (anno 3072) fays, adducing his authorities, — Sataifcir, vel Refeius, id oft Spodi win,’ BEDIGORES, + Proprietatis food fe pieik cons fert caliditati cholera. Ruases, ex verbo Garent, — In Jpodio op red. Jolutio, & probibitio, S repercuffio, S infrigidatio,s fed infrigidatio ejus eft fortior, 8 in fapore ejus | eft amaritudo, & flipticitas, © propter hoc defica cat. Et jam eft declaratum, quod in fpodio eft virtus compofita, ficut rofa, & non eft in eae tantum ftipticitas, quantum in rofa. DioscoripEs, — Spodium confert apoftematibus calidis oculorum. : Mesean, — Spodium eft frigidum in tertio graz du, ficcum in fecundo, confert tnflationt cholera, & fortificat flomachum, & confert ulceribus orts. Mesarucis, —eft bonum cholera, & fyncopt, et bother (puftulis) fattis in ore puerorum. RHASES ( 48 ) : esr pe Coadae, eft frigidum et ficcum in fertio gradu, firingit ventrem, et confert ulceri- bus oris, et inflationi cholere, et fortificat foma- chum, et confert [yncopi, et cardiace calide quan- do datur in potu ex eo, et confert bother (puftulis) Frigidis in ore infantium.. De Temperamentis Simplicium, Cap. 332. Bs ee , AVERROES, (anno 1198) fays, _ | Tabaifis, id eft fpodium, carbo eft nodordm arun- dinum aduftarum Indie : frigidum eff & ficcum in tertio gradu, et ejus proprietas eff removere cali- ditatem et inflammationem cholerae, et confortat fiomachum, et confert cardiace calide. De Sim- plicibus, Cap. 56. Now it is evident, from the teftimony of the preceding authors, that the Arabians afcribed no property whatever to their tabaxir, that is any way applicable to fugar.. The great feature of its character, /weetne/3, is not once mentioned. The tranflators, as their originals before them, had confidered the tabaxir, to ‘be the afhes of the Indian canes; or of their joints, or- roots: and being of a greyifh colour, like Spodium, (pompholix, tutty, putty) rendered the word tabaxir, by that appellation, from ¢zodoc, afhes. But as it was given internally, it cer- ~ tainly (oid9 tainly could not be the omodes of the Greeks ; which was the fordes, or recrement of melting brafs: and never employed by them but for external purpofes. SaLmasius, whofe great erudition and ex- tenfive knowledge, have been the admiration of the learned in every country, never feleéted a fubject for his animadverfions, with which he appears to have been fo little acquainted as the prefent. He conceals, beneath a dazzling difplay of learning, the imperfect knowledge he had of the hiftory of fugar : taken chiefly from uninformed travellers, and particularly from Garcias ab Orta, in refpect to the tabaxir. Garcias, who was a Portuguefe phyfician, and lived at Goa in the Eaft Indies, in 1563, fays ‘‘ the zabaxir of the Arabians, rendered [podium by their interpreters, is not the {podium of the Greeks: which is a metallic prepara- tion, and never given internally. They differ as much as black from white; and that the fpedium of the Greeks, is the ‘suity a the Arabians.”’ He fays that ‘‘ tabaxir is a Perfian word, which Avicenna and other Arabian writers took from the Perfian language; and that it implies, /a&fens humor, aut fuccus liguorve alicubt E con- . Seg concretus: by which name this medicine’ is Known to the Arabians and Turks.”’ He fays “the Indians call it: /aear-mambuy that is, the fugar of the mambu; becaufé the Indian canes, or trees, the branches of which produce it, are fo'called. But that’ they now call it tabaxir alfo; as by that name it is-fent for from Arabia, Perfia, and Turkey, and is imported, as an article of commerce, | into thofe countries from India.” [Cad He fays ‘* the tabaxir is a very dear medi- Cine in Arabia, and fells for ‘its weight’ in filver.”’ | | | ‘The tree which produces it, he fays, ** is fometimes as large as a poplar tree; fometimes fmaller ; the branches generally grow erect (unlefs when bent for bowers and fhady walks, cuftomary: among the Indians), with knots, the length of the hand afunder; with a leaf. refembling the Olive leaf, but longer. Be- tween each of the joints, a fweetith liquor is generated, thick like ftarch, and like it in whitenefs ; {ometimes much, but fometimes very little. All the canes, or branches, do not contain this liquor, ‘but only thofe which grow in Bifnager, Batecala, and age of ‘the provinee of Malabar.” This ewe y This liquor when concretéd is fometimed found blackith, or of a grey colour, but it is not the worfe on that account; becaufe it arifes from too great humidity, or that it has been retained too lorig in the wood; which makes it of this colour; but not from the burning of. the trée, as fome have fuppofed.” He then recites the opinion of RHASES, refpecting the virtues of the tabaxir, and ob feryes that in the latin verfion of Strapion, it has been corruptly rendered /atai/cir: He fays ** it is evident from what is ftated, that AViCENNA was miftaken in fuppofing the ger! to be the afhes of the roots of the canes.” He fays alfo, as a further proof of the Pav ath and /podium having been erroneoufly con- founded together, ‘* that /podium was not ufed internally by the Greeks ; and that, by the tef- tiniony of ‘the Indian, Arabian, Perfian, and Turkith phyficians, the ¢abaxir is ufed not only in:external, but in internal inflamma- tions; and alfo in bilious fevers and dyfen- teries.”’ Hifforia. Aromatum, Lib. I. Cap. 12. Piso, a Dutch phyfician, who lived in the Brafils in. the. beginning of the laft century, fays, “‘in Egypt the facar of the Arabians, from whence our word fugar is derived, is te} produced, | Cg ) produced from alow and little plant, coagu- lated by the heat of the fun; but, in the Eaft Indies, from the mambu reed tree, (he then refers to Garcias, whom he Hittle more than copies in the whole article,) which is full of joints, and in fize as large as the poplar tree. The /acar-mambu, which the Arabians call tabaxir, iffues from this tree, a vifcid whitifh liquor, according to Ruazes, AVICENNA, and SERAPION.” Hijft. Nat. & Med. Lib. IV. Cap. 1. ; He fays, in another place, that ‘‘ there are in the uncultivated regions of the Indies two {pecies of canes, called Mambu; or, as the Portuguefe have corrupted the word into, Bam- bu. One fort is {mall and full of pith; and the other large, and more hollow: for which reafon they have been called by writers fome- times canes, and fometimes trees.’ He then gives an account, not much devi- ating from Garcras, concerning the ufes, and other particulars, of the Bambu cane; obfer- ving, ‘* that there are fome fo large, that the - Indians make canoes of them, capable of carry- ing two people.” | He fays, ‘the full-grown Mambu canes have a foft, ‘pongy> liquid, medullary fubftance, which AG 8S 0) which the common people fuck with avidity, on account of its grateful tafte.” : «¢ When thefe canes are large and old, the liquor which they contain changes in colour, tafte, and efficacy, and gradually protrudes through the cane, between the joints, and is coagulated by the heat of the fun, and hardens like white pummice ftone, and foon lofes its native agreeablenefs of flavour, and acquires a tafte fomething like burnt ivory, and is called by the Indians facar-mambu. ‘The lighter, whiter, and fmoother it is, the more it is efteemed’; and the more cineritious it is in colour and unequal in figure, the worfe.” ‘It is held in eftimation by the Indian, Arabian, Moorifh, Perfian, and Turkifh phy- ficians, for external and internal heats and inflammations, and bilious dyfenteries ; and the Indians ufe it in ftranguries, gonorrheeas, and hemorrhages.” ‘© The word ¢abaxir is taken from the Perfian language, and fignifies Jac /apidefcens, which fome credulous Arabians and Turks thought to be the afhes of canes, burnt by the friction. produced by the wind blowing them together. | This error has been propagated by the Latin interpreters of the Arabians, rendering tabaxir, fpodium ; becaufe in tafte and -appearance it be fomewhat C 'gg4 9) fomewhat refembles burnt ivory or hartfhorn. But, as Garctas obterves, /podium, or tutty, is aufed only externally in the compofitions of the Greeks; and facar-mambu, or fabaxir, iS gene- | - rally ufed in the pempoptions of the Arabians, » for internal purpofes.”’ *¢’The Indians have ufed the word Sacar in their. language for this concreted juice, not on ‘account of any f{weetnefs in it, for many cen- tturies. In after-times, when the art of making fugar from the expreffed juice of the fugar- cane was known, that fa¢titious fubftance re- ceived the appellation of /aecharum, or fugar : probably deriving its etymology from the /acar of the Indians.” Mantiff. Aromqt. cap. 10. He makes many other remarks, chiefly copied from Garcias and SaLMmasivs. I think it is evident, from the authors above cited, that, fuppofing the /acar mambu of the Indians were the tabaxir of the Arabians, it is impoffible it could be the /gccharum of the ancients. stat. 1a. allo ay ee to contend that the facar mambu of the Indians. was not the sabaxix of the Arabians; for it appears to me that neither Garcias, nor his follower Piso, were pofitive, from their own knowledge, what the facar- -mamou | 1S, (Ces) It-is certain that the /acar-mambu is not fweet, according to their account, and con- fequently cannot have any relation to fugar : and if it be the exuded gummous juice of the mambu, or, as we call it, the bambu-cane, it could not be fweet, for that tree contains no faccharine juice. How then could this be the fugar of the ancients? The Arabians had their tabaxir tenes India. ‘Their account of itis fabulous. Yet they all agree that it was the afhes of the Indian cane: and whether it was a kind of pot-ath, or any other faline preparation, from vegetable exci- neration, we cannot determine from any che- mical or medical faéts they have left us on the fubject. Certain it is, there is no /weerne/s attributed to it, and confequently it could not be fugar; and, as it was given internally, what- ever refemblance it might have to /podum, it has no right to that interpretation ; as the /podium of the Greeks, as already obferved, was a me- tallic preparation, and never ufed internally. The Arabian medical writers were chiefly compilers and copiers from the Greeks; and feem to have known but little, even of their own country. Their account of manna 1s as fabulous as that of their rabaxir, and has given rife to as many {peculations, They fup- Bi’ 4 poted ( '366.) pofed it was a dew, attracted by certain trees, plants, and ftones, and there concreted. AVICENNA denominates manna, a fpecies of fugar, succarum albufar; which, he fays, falls on the plant albufar, or alboffar, and is there collected in lumps, like falt. Zuccarum Alhufar quid eft ?. Manna; cadens fuper albufar, et eff ficut frufia falis. Lib. I. - Traét. Il. Cap. 756. SERAPION, Cap. 45. de Temperamentis Sim- plicium, {peaking of men, or manna, fays, from RaAses, when it firft falls on the leaves of the trees, it is like honey, but green, which, by remaining there for fome time, becomes White. He fays alfo, from Mescra, that its qualities depend on the nature of the trees on which it falls. He has another fpecies of -manna, Caf.41. which he calls ¢ereniabin,— mel roris, and which he fays, from Esenam- REZ, falls on trees with thorns, in the Eaft. The Arabian writers were all unacquainted with the real nature of manna, in fuppofing it to be dew, inflead of the infpiffated juice of trees. : Ruazes fays, Cap. 20. de Simplictbus,—tero- niabin is hot, purges the bowels, and affuages the throat. Indeed, (OSes) Indeed, Averroes himfelf, in fome meafure, accounts for their being unacquainted with it, by faying, it was not the produce of their own country. — Terregebim, id eff manna, provenit a partibus Juperioribus Syria, vel Indie. Cap. 55. Simpli- Cla. However, a different inference may be drawn from Avicenna, who fays, there are two forts of manna, and both the produce of Arabia. The white fort from Jamen, or Yemen; and the dark fort from Agizium, or Hagiazi. The former of thefe places is in Arabia Felix, and the latter in Arabia Deferta ; — Aljud eft Iamenum, album; et aliud eft Agraianm, ad nigridinem declinans. Lib. If. Traét. Il. Cap. 756. AVICENNA mentions a jugar, which is found on canes, like falt :-— Wud faccharum, quod fuper arundinem invens- tur, ficut fal. De Zuccaro, Lib. Il. Traé. 2. Cap. 755- Bae 7 Satmasius, believing in this error, that fugar was a€tually found ready made, afferts, — De ‘hoc ipfo prifcorum faccharo, five tabaxir, accept debet; cuz nomen etiam propterea whos Tdiecu veteres impofuerunt. De Canteo, Cap. 79. “ This QE? This is the fugar of the ancients, to which they alfo gave the name of Indian Salt ; it is alfo ; the tabaxir of the Arabians.” have already fhewn that this was ; not fugar, or any faccharine fubftance. I have not given the Latin verfions of the Arabian writers in Enghih, for reafons obvious to the learned. What feems to have ftrengthened Satmasius in this error is, that the fugar defcribed by the ancients does not correfpond with any {pecies of fugar now.in ufe. His own words are,— Fallitur itaque mirum in-modum fi quis meds xo AapmivOY, AUL arog Ivdixey, aut TaxXapov antiquum idem putat cum nofiro facchare. De Sacchara Comment. ; “It may now. be proper to fee what the an- cients have left on record relative to our fub- jet, in order to afcertain what evidence may be obtained fvom their writings, by which we may decide on the fuppofitions and opinions which have been advanced ; and I apprehend it will appear, that the fugar known to the ancients was neither the /accar-mambu of the Indians, nor the tabaxir of the Arabians, nor, as many have Imagined, manna... 6. cen Diosco- | C 939 )) DioscoriDEs (anno 64), who is the firft wris ter which mentions the word caxyapoy, or. fu- gar, in his chapter ment Laxyxapov Meriroc, de- monitrates clearly that he was acquainted with » fome {pecies of fugar, made from the fugar cane; though it plainly appears that he “was ignorant of the nature of its preparation.— Karesros de tt xo caxyagoy sidog oy MEALTOC, ev India wemnyotos xar TH epdainove Agabio EULITHOEVOY ETL THY XAARWV, OMOLOY TH CVOTA- GEL HAIL, xoLL Qoavouevoy Umo Tore odovet xalamep OL HAECe ‘¢ There is a fort of concreted honey, which is called fugar, found upon canes, in India and Arabia Felix: it is in confiftence like falt, and it is brittle between the teeth like falt.”’ Puiiny fays, —- Saccaron & Arabia fert, fed laudatius India. Eft autem mel in bharundinibus collectum, gum~ mium modo, candidum, dentibus fragile; ampliff- mum nucis avellane magnitudine: ad medicine tantum ufum, Nyt, Nat. hb, XII. cap. 8. “Sugar is brought from Arabia, but the beft fort’ from India. It is honey collected from canes, like a gum, white, and brittle be- 5 tween ( *) i tween the teeth ; the largeft is of the fize of an hazle nut; it is ufed in medicine only.” ARRIAN (anno 123), im Periplo maris Eryth- ret, fays, there is a nation bordering on the Red Sea, who drink, EAL To KaAwpiwoy, TO Aen yousvoy canxaps ;—‘** honey of the reed, called fugar.” GALEN (anno 164), in his 7th book of the temperaments and faculties of fimple medi- cines, eps Mediros, fays,— Kas to oaxyne 0 xarovmusvoy omep s& Ivdiag t8 Xo THE Evdainovoc Agabiag KomiCeTor weet GNYVUTH! [EY WE PHC, HarAaoIe, EoTL Oe TE #OL GUTO [EALTOS Eldog* yT]oy Ey OUY EoTHY, n TO mop nui yauzve | «¢ Sugar, as they call it, which is brought from India and Arabia Felix, concretes, as they fay, about the canes, and isa {pecies of honey: it is lefs {weet than our honey.” Pautus Aicineta (anno 670), the lait of the Greek writers on medicine, id. Il. cap. 54. fays, from AxncuicENnges, who lived anne Liver: rag in AAg ( on 4 AAg o Indixoc, xeorme pey xok TUTTATEL, oMoL0o TG HOW Aly YevoEL OE MEAiTwONS. 3 “The Indian falt, in colour and form like common falt, but in tafte and fweetnedfs like honey.”’ In “ib. VIL. cap. 3, he fays, ‘* Honey is of an heating and drying nature in the fecond de- gree, and is abundantly cleanfing. Boiled, it is lefs acrid and deterfive, and opens the bowels, but is more nutritious: but the bitter honey, fuch as comes from Sardonia, has the mixed property of being earthy and hot. The other fugar, which is brought from Arabia Felix, is lefs {weet than that which we have; but it has equal virtues, and is neither hurtful to the fto- mach, nor excites thirft like our honey.” _ It is true that DioscoripEs, PLiny, GALEN, and P. Aecrnera, all mention that fugar came from Arabia as well as from India; but it is certain that the fugar defcribed by them to be ‘¢ white like falt, and brittle between the teeth, and {weet like honey,’’ was brought from In- dia into Arabia ; and was not the produce of Arabia ; and this is proved by what follows. AVICENNA recommends, from ARCHIGENES, as quoted by P..Aicrnera, when the tongue is ey ( 62 ) dry and parched in fevers, to cleanfe it with oil of almonds and white fugar; and that the fick fhould have in his Srotith a lump of “ the falt that is brought from India ; which in co- lour is like falt, and in fweetnefs like honey.””— “<¢ Sal, qui afportatur de India, © in colore fa- lis, & dulcidine mellis”’ De Afperitate Lingue, lib. TV. fen. 1.).tr.. 2. cap,,22. Here we have, I think, decidedly the fuear of the ancients. This can be no other preparation than ‘that we now call white Sucar-Canpy ; which I confider as the real EAL HAAGIVOY > BAG rae —TANYHpov antiquorum. : . It is evident AVICENNA erroneoufly RV poitel this faccharine preparation as a natural, and not as an artificial production ; when, fpeaking of the different forts, or rather coloured fugars, he compares it in appearance to falt; and fays it is found on canes, in the pafiage before mentioned. : ‘In different parts of this treatife, Ihave fe- _ leéted from the Arabians:every thing they have faid pertaining to the fubject ; but there is fuch a want of difcrimination among the Arabian writers, which their editors, tranflators,” and commentators, have further perplexed with various ( 63 ) various texts, interpretations, and conjéGtures; that it is impoflible to know exadtly the precifé diftin@tions, intended by the original authors, in their different eis daieaaliegs ae nonae manna, and fugar. ) | However, the fugar cane ‘is andjuiiteonabty a Native plant of fome parts of Arabia; and, though the art of evaporating its juice for the purpote of making a common, coarfe, or muf- covado fugar, was known long before Avi-. CENNA’S time ; yet I cannot fuppofe, a thoufand years prior to his time, that the fugar of the ancients, being fugar-candy, was made in Ara= bia; efpecially as Avicenna himfelf, if we ad= mit the /a/t he mentions to be the fame, fays it was brought to Arabia from India. Yet Piiny is very particular, in obferving that the Indian fugar was fuperior in quality to the Arabian; which fhews, that fome’ of the fugar known to the Romans in his time muft have been brought from age if not manu- factured there. ti: ; Befides, we know that thie is no fuch ching: as fugar found on canes; -and, foffar from the juice of the cane iffuing from the plant;and con- creting like gummous or vegetablerezinousjuices, the plant decays on being: wounded ; and, ; without ¢ 64 ) without being wounded, the juice never efcapes from its ftem. _ Every kind of fugar ‘whatever is made by art. Native fugar never exifted. Ignorant people, even at this day, in our own part of the world, imagine that fugar is found, like pith, in the hollow of the canes; in the ftate in which it is brought to Europe. - The cryftalline appearance of fugar-candy, and its fragility between the teeth, might na- turally lead the ancient writers to give it the appellation of /a/t; and, from its aeletihile, that of Aoney of the reed; as honey was. their ftandard of fweetnefs. Tt was alfo very natural, for people who knew nothing of the procefs of making fugar, ’ that they fhould confider it, being a vegetable production, as a gum; and, like other gums, to be the exudations of fome plant, or tree, concreted by the heat of the fun. | There can be no doubt but that the fugar of the ancients, and that fpecies of fugar de- {cribed by the Arabians as refembling falt, with the fweetnefs of honey, were the fame identi- eal article ; and as in the writing of the an- cients there is only one fort of fugar men- tioned, and: though that fugar is faid by fome of them to have been brought from Arabia, as (gg Som, ) _as well as from India, yet the Arabians them- felves mention it as brought from India only ; : and there is every reafon to believe, at that | pe- riod, that the art of chryftallizing the juice of cane was known only in India. Indeed, fugar muft have been better known in Greece aa in Italy, from their contiguity to Arabia, had it then been manufactured ain that country. Befides, there is no mention among the antients of any kind of {weet canes or reeds, but what were particularly faid to have grown in India. waren As it-1s certain that fugar w was brought from India at the time when mention was firft made Of lit, fois proper, to enquire whether it was manufactured in India only ; and what fort of fugar was made in India in thofe times; or at leaft to draw the beft inference we can from what we know of the hiftory of the commerce of fugar, and the manufacture of it in the Baft Indies, at this time. . There have ever been, fince our r knowledge of the Eaft, two forts of fugar made there ; raw or mufcovado fagar,. and fugar- -cand ; the firft ufed only for culinary purpofes, and the latter for every other pUrPplsy of. diet, dux- WEY > eAAG SXPOLtAON ee uae ae ss ( 66) The art of refining fugar, and making what is called loaf-fugar, is a modern European in- vention, the difcovery of a Venetian about the end of the 15th, or beginning of the 16th century ; and not practifed in India until very lately. China boafts, and not without reafon, of the antiquity of her arts and policy over the reft of the Eaft; as well as over the reft of the world. The fugar cane is indigenous to Chi- na. The climate and foil in many parts of” Bengal, and other diftricts of the Eaft Indies, are allo fuitable to the growth and cultivatien of the cane; and fugar is, and we have reafon to fuppofe ever has been, produced there. Ne- verthelefs, China is the only country in the Eaft, even now, where fugar-candy is made in perfection. The bright, tranfparent fugar-candy, fo beautiful in appearance, and fo grateful to the tafte, is a peculiar manufacture, and was ori- ginally invented in China. It is exported from China to every part of India, and even te many countries there, where abundance of fugar is made. Du Haupe fays, the fugar of China confti- tutes a great trade to Japan; and that when fhips go dire@tly from Cantgn to Japan, the r fugars q &% } dugar-candy {fo tranfported yields a profit of a thoufand per cent. The Chinefe, and all the nations of the Eaft, fet no eftimation on any other fugar than fugar-candy. They ufe it in tea, cofiee, and all other beverages ; and this preference, no doubt, arifes from judgement, as the fine fugar-candy is incomparably the moft delicious fweet inthe world. ‘This may account for the art of refining fugar into loaf-fugar never. having been praétifed in the Eaft. ' In the ancient, fteady, and unchangeable empire of China, arts exifted, while Europe was ina ftate of barbarifm; arts, which are ftill the admiration of mankind: and it is pros bable that this mode of preparing fugar, fo well calculated for carriage and prefervation, was practifed by the Chinefe, and was an ar- ticle of commerce among them, in much ear- lier ages than are comprehended in European traditions ; which they confider but as the re- cords of yefterday. In refpect to the derivation of the word candy, and when this adjunétive appellation was firft ufed, to diftinguith /ugar-candy from other fpecies of fugar, various have been the by iesitals of the learned. : Digest Some ¢ & ) ~ Some fuppofe it had its origin from the ifland of Candia (Crete) ;—others, from Gandia, a town in Valencia, in which province fugar was firft made in Spain * ;—others, from the Arabic e/éende—elkendit, which fimply fignify fugar ;—and others, from the Latin candidum (a candore), bright, fhining, white. - Satmasius derives it from a corrupt Greek word of the middle ages. He fays,— 66 Saccharum .candum, non a candore dicium, . MeC a CANNA 3 fed 160) |ty vel 1,02V/0V5 & x00v]10Vy Greci recentiores vocdrunt, quod angulofum fit; & quum frangitur, im paries femper dif- filiat angulatas. Id Greci vulgares naslov appel- age. Blin. excert. p. 719. But this is by no means fatisfactory ; for, if fugar-candy had this appellation from its an- cular figure, entire, or broken, the word fhould be written cantum, or cantium, in the Latin; or rather canthum, or canthium; as xovbos is angulus, an angle or corner. Satmasius has taken this barbarous word from NicuoLas Myrepsus, who wrote his col- lection of formule, from the Greek and Arabian * See page 15. authors, G S% ) authors, about the year 1280: he is one of the lateft writers in the Greek language. His wri- tings are full of barbarifms, and xathey is found ufed by ‘him, De Antidotis, cap. 35, 94, and 96, to exprefs what the tranflators have ren- dered, ‘‘ faccharum appellatum candum ;’’—the fugar-candy of the moderns. Fucustus, one of his tranflators, obferves, in the notes to. cap. 35, and 94, that though the word is «joy in the manufcript copy, and implies what we now call faccharum candt, vel candidum, yet it feems to have been written originally xavdev ;—and that cand: 1s only an abbreviation of candidum. Now xaydv, I believe, ftands on no better authority in the Greek language than xerjov ; and I think it is difficult to afcertain whether the word be a corruption of the Greek xavOoc, or the Latin candidum, confidering the period when Myrepsus wrote. However, I am not inclined to give my fal: frage to any of the preceding etymons. May it not be from the Indian word khand; which is a general appellation for fugar in Hindoftan? Sugar-candy is there called mz/- ree; white fugar, chinny ; a compofition they make of fugar and rofes, goolkund; a drink made of the fame materials, goolchukeree; the t5aue F 3 infpiffated Ge) infpiffated juice of the cane, sund-/eab, or IUBSETY. Shukur alfo is a general appellation for fugar; from which, and the word shand, it’ appears to me, that the others are compounded.. ~ From /bukur, the Indian origin, it is moft probable that the word fugar is derived ; from. thence the Arabians had it; and it has under- gone but little variation fince, in European languages. And, though thefe particulars do not feem to have been: known to the learned philologift, Skinner, he was certainly right m his conjeckure;— vox (/ugar) procul dubio, ab Indis Barbaricis, cum re tranflata. To conclude this part of my fubjeé, I think there can be no doubt but that fugar-candy was the firft and only fpecies of fugar known to the European antients, and that it was the original manufacture of the Eaft, particularly of China, the moft ancient of the Eaftern na- tions; and found its way into Europe, as we are certain raw fugars did in after-ages, when firft known to Europeans, by the way of India, Arabia, and the Red Sea; feveral centuries be- fore Myrepsus lived. The Venetians, anterior to the year 1148, imported confiderable quantities of fugar from India by the Red. Sea, and alfo from Egypt. | ‘dae G4 Sugar (any Sugar was likewife made befote that tinie in the Ifland of Sicily. With the produce of this ifland, and the fugar imported from India atid Egypt, the Venetians carried on a great traffic, and fupplied all the markets of Europe with this commodity *. Indeed, the Venetian hiftory informs us, that even prior to 991, when OrsroLo was Doge of Venice, the Venetians, then forcing their commerce with the Saracens into Syria and Egypt, brought back from thence in return, not only rice, dates, fena, caffia, flax, &c. but alfo fugar +. This fhews how much Worton was mif: taken, when he afferted, that ‘* all the arts and methods of preparing fugar, which have made it fo very ufeful to human life, are owing to the modern Portuguefe and Englith ¢.”’ Doétor Witt1am Dove ras, of Bofton in America, was alfo miftaken, when, remarking that ‘‘ the ancient Greeks and Romans ufed honey only for {weetening, and that fugar was not known amongft them,’’ he afferts that “ Pautus ANeineTa is the firit who exprefsly mentions fugar §.” * Effai del’ Hiftcire du Commerce de Venife, p. 100; + Ibid. p. 71. ¢ Reflexions upon Ancient and Modern Learning’. § Summary Hiftorical and Politieal, Vol. I. p. 115, Amo 1760. ' EF 4 Doctor C72 Doétor CampseLLt was likewife erroneous when he afferted, that “‘ the fugar-canes were certainly known to the ancients, though what we call fugar was not; for, manufacturing the fweet juice of the fugar-cane into that form was the invention of the Arabians, who beftowed upon it the name it bears, calling it in their own language /uccar*.” The art of refining fugar was firft pradtifed in England in 1544. The firft adventurers in ‘this bufinefs were Cornelius Buffine, Ferdinando Points, ...... Mounfie, ‘fohn Gardiner, and Sir William Chefter; thefe perfons were the proprietors of two fugar-houfes, which were all that were at that time in England. The profits arifing from this concern were at firft but very inconfiderable ; as the fugar- bakers at Antwerp fupplied the London mar- ket at a cheaper rate than what the Englith fugar-bakers could. After the intercourfe between England and Antwerp was ftopped, thefe two fugar-houfes fupplied all England, for the fpace of twenty years; and greatly enriched the proprietors. This fuccefs induced many others to embark in the fame trade; a number of fugar-houfes were eftablifhed, and many perfons failed, and became bankrupts. * Confiderations on the Sugar Trade, p. 5. Anno 1763. , In CHGS: 33 In 1596, Sir T5omas Mildmay, on the pretext that frauds were praétifed in refining fugar, - petitioned queen Elizabeth for a licence, for an exclufive right to refine fugars, for a term of years; for which monopoly he offered to pay an annual fum. His petition however was rejected : and England, which formerly had been fupplied with refined fugar from Ant- werp, the chief commercial city then in Europe, now not only fupplied itfelf, but exported great quantities to other countries. Sugar was taxed by name in England, 2 James Il. cap. 4.3 prior to that time, it paid twelve pence per pound, or five per cent. poundage, as then was the cafe with all other imported goods. END OF PART THE SECOND. % Liza ys: Bre tes eaee: | cm 3 ON THE PROPERTIES anv USE OF S UGA i. PART TH fT SUGAR, when firft introduced into every country, was ufed only medicinally. Pxrixy leaves no room for doubt on this point. Even in Arabia, in AvicENNA’s time, though fugar was an article of commerce from the Eaft, there is no record of its being ufed in dietetic, or culinary purpofes, for feveral centuries af- terwards. Sugar was employed originally to render un- pleafant and naufeating medicines grateful to the fick: and in pharmacy, in fyrups, electua- ries, confections, and conferves, Acty- « 7) Actuarius was the firft phyfician who fub- ftituted fugar for honey in medicinal compo- fitions *. It is not to be fuppofed, however, that fuch a delicious and innocent article could longer be fubje& to the controul of the phyfician, and confined to the apothecary’s thop, than while the quantity obtainable was infufficient for the purpofes of luxury; and the price too great to be admitted, by the generality of mankind, as an ingredient in their food. As there are but few of the ancients who have even mentioned fugar, it is not difficult to colleét all that has been faid of it by them, as to its ufe. It appears neverthelefs, that it was preferred in their days to honey in medi- cine. I have faid that Acruarius was the firit phyfician who ufed fugar, inftead of honey, in prefcriptions ; becaufe he is fuppofed, by me, to have written anno 1000; which was before Myrepsus made his compilation; though fome writers place Acruarius three centuries * De Pulmonis et ceteris Thoracis Vitiis, Lib. IV. cap. 4. Lib. V. cap. 1. cap.2. cap.4. cap. 5. cap.8. He likewife men- tions the fugar called penidii, lib. V. cap. 6 and 9.—this penidii, or penidium faccharum, is denominated by the Greek Writers areybobae. It is thought to have been a preparation of fugar, like what we call barley-fugar, : (anno . 77 (anno 1300) after that period, and fubfequent to Myrepsus. . Dioscoripes, who is the firft that mentions fugar by name, caxyapov, from which the Latin faccharum is derived, is alfo the firft who fpeaks of the medicinal qualities of fugar.. In_his chapter, wep: Eaxyepov Mediros, he fays :— _ Eg]: de evxorasy, evolouayov, drebey vdale uot obey’ wherouy xug]iy Hexaxwmeny Kot YEPpous* wobaross Of Hos TH THE LoBAE EMtaKO TOUY]e EMIX- CLOf(LEV OY» ‘“‘ It opens the bowels, and is good for the ftomach, when drunk diffolved in water © it relieves pains in the bladder and kidnies: and difcuffes thofe films which grow over the pupil of the eye, and caufe a cloudinefs in the fight.”’ og The latter part of this pafflage implies the external application of fugar. Blowing pow- dered fugar, or fine fugar-candy, into the eyes, has long been a popular practice to remove films, and opthalmies. Perhaps the praétice originated with DroscoripDEs. Gaten, in his 7th book of the temperaments and faculties of medicines, weg: Meairog, fays,— Ty eo a Thv dua ce wapanarncioy ave, xaf’ ocoy anogeurler, zat Enocsves, Hoh diagoge zach’ ocoy ove xXAXOTTOMAKOY ETTLY wl TO Wop nplyy eve Onpadec, amoxexwonue tng ovoiae avjov. * It poffeffes fimilar virtues (to honey), as far as relates to abfterging, drying, and digeft- mg}; however, it is not hurtful to the ftomach like honey, nor caufes thirft; fo far it differs from honey.” GALEN alfo, in his 8th book of his method of healing, recommends fugar, among the ar- ticles to be ufed, for the regimen of the fick in Fevers. PaunLus ALGINETA, /id. II. cap. 54. recom- mends, from ARrcHIGENEs, a piece of “‘ the In- dian falt, which, in appearance, refembles - common falt, but in fweetnefs honey ;” to be Kept in the mouth, to moiften it in fevers. In the very few preceding authorities we have all that thofe who are termed the antients, have left us on the medicinal virtues of fugar, We muft now take a furvey of the confufed accounts of the Arabians, being the next au- thorities, in fucceffion, refpecting their different {pecies of fugar, | I fhall C93.) I fhall begin with Avicenka, and give the Latin verfion of this author. From the reft of this tribe of copyifts I fhall confine. myfelf to a few paflages, which I fhall give in Englith only. Avicenna fays, in his chapter on honey,—. Mel cannarum lenit ventrem, et mel tabazet not denit. Lab. U, tract. 2. cap. 497. ‘The honey of canes opens the bowels; but the tabazet (the white fort of honey) does not.” In his chapter exprefsly on fugar he fays,— Zuccarum quid eh? Arundo zuccari in natura zuccart exiffit, et eff vehementioris lenificationis quam ipfum. Frigidius eft album et eft fubtilius. Et univerfaliter eff calidum in fine primt. Et antiquum declinat ad ficcitatem in primo, et ef Aumidum in ipfo; et quanto magis antiquatur, tanio plus exficcatur, Eft lenificativum, abfrerfi- vum, lavativum. Et fulimenum eft magis lenis tivim, et proprie Alfenid*® ; imo mel arundinis et zuccarum non funt inferiora melle in abftergendo, et mundificando ; et quanto plus antiquatur %uce= carum, tanto fit fubtilius. Afjumptum ficut gum- ma ab aryndine, abftergit oculum. Lenit pectus, * Penidinm Saccharum. gt ka) et removet ipfius afperitatem. Ef bonum froma- tho, in quo non. generatur cholera: ipfum enim kedit, propterea quia ad choleram convertitur, et of aperitivum oppilationum, et in ipfo eff virtus faciens fi fitim, minorem tamen fitim, quam facit mel proprie antiquum, et generat antiquum fangui- nem feculentum, et abftergit phlégma flomach1, et inarundine quidem sxuccari eft juvamentum ad vomitum. Solvit, et proprié illud quod fuper arun- dinem anventtur, ficut. fal, et Julimenum quidem, et. rubrum vebementioris funt lenificaiionis, et quandoque inflat, et quandoque fedat inflattonem, et spfum quidem cum oleo amygdalino confert choli- Er auk te acter ox COP 15 5; “AVICENNA, in his chapter de A/peritate Lingua, copying P, Acrnera, fays, the tongue, when rough’ and foul in fevers, fhould be cleanfed with oil of almonds and white fugar ; and after that he fays,— ““\Teneat in ore fuo falem qui afportatur de Indid, et eft in colore falis, et dulcidine mellis: et fumat de ‘0 fecundum quod dixit ARCHIGENES, guantitatem fabe unius. “Lib. 1V. Fen. 1. Tract. 2, cap. 22. ©The fick fhould hold in his mouth the falt which is brought from India, which is in “colour like falt, but in -fweetnefs like honey ; and he fhould take of it, according to the * : directions directions of Arcuicenes, the qhabtien: of ae bean.” He fays agaiil, in his atid ag) de Cibatione Febricitantium in génerali,— Mel canne, quod eff succarim, et propre mundificatum, eft metlius melle apis, licet ejus abjfterfio fit minor abfterfi one melliss Lib. IV. fen. 1. tract. 2. Cap. 8. “ The honey of the cane, that is, fugar, well cleanfed, is better than the honey of bees, although its abftenfive quality is lefs than that of their honey.” | In his chapter De Aduflioné Lingua, he advifes fugar to be holden in the mouth, to affuage thirft. Lib: IIE. fen. 6. traét. 2. cap. 19. Avicenna further remarks, on the virtues of fugar, compared with honey ;— Quod in Syrupo Acetofo ponatur sxuccarum loco mellis; quum succarum in abfterfione non defictat a melle plurimum valde; et fit zuccarum minus calidum quam mel, et magis remotum valde, ut convertatur in choleram, quam mel. Tract. de Syrupo Acetofo. «¢ That fugar fhould be ufed in the fyrup of wood forrel (which was ufed among the Ara- bians to make a cooling beverage in the fum- mer time) inftead of honey; as fugar is not G much ( 82 ) much inferior to honey in its abfterfive pro- perty, and is lefs heating ; and much lefs fub- ject to produce bile.” Avicenna has a chapter on Fanid, or Pini- dium, fugar ; which the tranflators have ren- dered Penidii; the fame as before termed 4/- Fenid, or Saccharum Penidium. He fays, — Penidit, calidi funt et humidi in primo, et pro- prié albi, et funt humidiores alts. Sunt grofiores succaro. Sunt bont tufi. Sunt lenitivi ventris. De Penidis, lib. II. tract. 2. cap, ‘556. “‘'The Penidi are hot.and moift in the firft degree, particularly the white, which are more moift than the others. They are larger than fugar. They are good for a cough. They open the bowels.’”’ He fays he knew a woman cured of a confumption, and became fat, by eating a confiderable quantity of conferve of files, “ibe lil fen.-10. str.73 1c. 6: RuAsss fays, ‘* fugar foftens the throat and bowels, and does not heat but in a very fmall degree. Honey is hot, and foon converted into bile ; but it deftroys phlegm, and is good _ for old men of cold habits. In fummer time, and to thofe of a hot temperament, honey is hurtful. ees hurtful. The Pimidi are hot; but are allevi- ating to the throat, bowels and ieee and warm the parts about the kidneys.” SeraPion, though he has a feparate chapter concerning fugar, relates only the opinion of others. He begins with GaLen, and mentions almoft verbatim what I have already given from that author: particularly that fugar is not prejudi- cial to the ftomach, nor caufes thirlt, like honey. From Dioscorres he has given the fame account I have; that it isa fpecies of honey found on the canes in India and Arabia: that ‘jt is in fubftance like falt, and brittle between the teeth like falt. From Asen Mesval, he fays, ‘it opens the bowels, ftrengthens the ftomach and cleantes it, particularly from bile; which it expels by its abfterfive property. The white fort 1s not fo mollifying as the red, and that brought from Hegen, like lumps of falt. “¢ The haofcer lugar ftrengthens the ftomach, and is good for pains in the bladder and kid- neys, and clears the fight when ufed in a colly- rium; and it dries and refolves the lax films that extend from the angles of the eyes, over G 2 the (4 j the pupils: when drunk, it does not caufe thirft, and on this account it is good in the dropfy, when drunk with the milk of mandra- gora, or Lafaha. ** New fugar is hot, and moift; and the old hot, and dry. It is good for wind in the bowels, and opens them,..and when taken with oil of tweet almonds, it is good in the cholic; and the old fort is good for phlegm in the ftomach, unlefs it caufes thirift, and gene- rates thick blood. That which is brought. from, Aliemen, and is like maftich, and is called Aaofcer, is good for the ftomach and diver; on account of a {mall degree of bitter- nefs in it: {ugar is good for pains in the blad- der and kidneys, and cleanfes them.”. From Isaac BensuLaimen he fays, ‘ the. fugar brought from the region of Heigen, and called Aaofcer, is lefs fweet than the other forts of fugar, and more drying; for which reafon it does not remove thirft like the other fpecies of fugar: but it produces good effects in pains of the kidneys, and when drunk in milk of mandragora is good in the dropfy. The milk of the 4.o/cer alfo, when drunk with the milk of mandragora, has the fame operations, in a greater degree; but it is not fo fafe, in habits of hot temperaments.” | . From Cres i) ‘From Asrianira he fays ‘ the haofeer has broad leaves, and has fugar, which comes out at the buds of the branches, and at the bottom - of the leaves; from whence it is colle@ed = - in which fugar, there is a bitternefs. The ‘tree bears a kind of apple, about the fize of an egg, which yields a corrofive liquor. It produces a down, with which pillows and bolfters are ftuffed. The tree is called chercha. ‘When the leaves are cut, the Aaofcer yields a milk which is collected in the month of May, and fkins are put in it; and it takes off the hair. The wood of the Aahofcer is fmooth, ftraight, and beautiful; and mufical bards, in their love longs, compare the limbs of their miftreffes to it.” De Temperament. Simpl, cap, 50. Serapion has a chapter alfo from ABEN Mezsvat, on the pinidii, before mentioned, by Avicenna, and Ruases, It is verbatim from AVICENNA, Having now felected every thing pertaming to fugar from the Arabians, I fhall proceed to examine the various opinions of writers in later times, concerning its properties. The firft man who took much pains to bee ftow a great deal of unqualified cenfure on the G3 : —ufe (< 86:2) ufe of fugar, was Doctor THEOPHILUS GAREN- CIERES; the next was our celebrated Doétor Tuomas WiLtIs.—Simon Paurr had _pre- ceded them, with his crude notions. The opinions of thefe phyficians were - adopted, inthe infancy of fugar in England, by Mr. Ray; and the fentiments of thefe four authors have been difleminated in every part of Europe. GARENCIERES fays, ‘* Saccharum et faccharata omnia toto genere huic morbo (Tabes Anglica) in~ Senjiffima, & in eo progignendo multa effe cenfeo quo- rum quum ufus fit tam frequens, mirum videri non debet fi tanta tabidorum feges hic pullutat,” @c. *“* Cum de faccharo pradominante qualitate fit fermo, illam effe caliditatem contendo, quamutis fatis obfcuram ; indicio eft quod fitim gignit,” &c. “¢ Qua qualitate calida non parum pulmont obeffe poteft, cum pulmo fit maximeé calidus et moderaté Srigidis potius detetetur, cahdiorum vero ufu facile inflammationem excipiat,” Sec. ‘+ Sed quod cardo totius ret eft, faccharum non folum temperamento et materia, verum etiam tota fubjiantia pulmoni eft inimicum td quod neminem non ignarum mibi negaturum effe puto; cum enim non folum aulce, fed etiam fit dulcifimum, & prop- terea amaroe diametro oppofitum numguid fequi debet, fiamarui: ex omnium recepia fententia fuper vacuos huniores en) humores ficcando abforbet aut detergit, ac propterea optima ratione putredinem arcet, et corpora diu integra confervat, quod dulce propter oppofitas facultates, fecundus putredinis parens effe debet, 1d quod etiam longe citius accidet fi in partem que nulla co€trice facultate predita fit incidat, dqud poftea non pofit edomari? Sc. “* Certum eft nullam, vel minimam, fiert fermenta- tionem inter ea qua qualitatibus inter fe conveni- unt, ut faccharum et caro, illud enim propter dul- cedinem et balfamicam qualitatem, hac vero ob humorem dulcem, ita ad invicem accedant, ut fi caro quepiam faccharo condiatur, fefinam cor- ruptionem patietur, nifi faccharum ad amarttudi- nem excoctum fit, cum tamen fale condita in mul- tum tempus perfeveret, eo quod inter falem qui acris eff, et carnis balfamum quod dulce eft, quae- dam fit fermentatio propter difidium qualitatum, poft quam fermentationem novum quoddam tempe- ramentum procedit ; 1dem etiam apparet in faccharo, quod, cum ita cito carnes corrumpat, fructus tamen acidos longiufcule a putredine incolumes tutatur, guia ipfius dulcedo cum actditate feu acerbitate a Sermentatur, et novum inde temperamentum perfecte mixtum producit. In fupradiciorum confirmationem non omittendum eff, quod in infula Sancti Thome Jub Aiquatore moluntcannas, et quod f/uperat, expreffo fucco, objictunt porcis qui inde dicuntur in tam miram teneritudinem pinguefcere, ut de bonitate Giz cum ( 88 ) cum capris. Hifpanicis certent, denturque vulge ventriculis invalidis ad facilem concoturam. Unde colligere eff, guod, fi faccharum ea vi et facultate pollet, ut fuillam omuium fere carnium tenacifimam ad tantam teneritudinem adducat, eadem prorfus. ratione corruptelam et fphacelum in pulmouibus ac- celerabit, ‘cum ipft fint molles et Jpongiofee Subpan- tia, et fiypticis aftringentibus conferventur. Luce rghtur elarius eft faccharum non alumentum fed nocumentum, non alexiterium fed deleterium, effe ad Indias rurfus ablegandum, ante quas detecias veri- fimile eft efecum hunc plane lature, et cum ts mercibus ad nos effe advedum,’ Angle Flagel- lum, feu Tabes Anglica,’ Auno 1647,p.92. & leq. The fubftance of which is,— *¢ Sugar and all kinds of fweetmeats are very hurtful in confumption of the lungs, and tend much to create that difeafe; as I con- ceive, from the fo frequent ufe of thefe things; and it is not to be wondered at, that confump- tive complaints are fo common in England. ‘¢In refpeét to the predominant quality of fugar, I contend that it is heating, although hidden; and, as a proof of at, if excites thirit, e ‘This heating quality of fugar renders it not a little injurious to the lungs, which are in them. ( 8 ) themfelves very hot; moderately cooling things are therefore moft agreeable to their nature; but heating things eafily inflame them. But the moft important confideration is, that fugar is nat only injurious to the lungs in its temperament and compofition, but alfo in its intire property; which, IL believe, no fenfible perfon will deny; when, from its exceflive fweetnefs, it is diametrically oppofite to the bitter principle, it muft follow, if bitter things, according to univerial fuffrage, abforb and deterge fuperfluous humours, expel putrefac- tion, and preferve bodies found for a great while, that fweet things, from their oppofite qualities, muft be the fruitful parent of putref- cence; and which muft neceffarily be more ac- tive in their effects when a part 1s attacked not endowed with the power of concoé¢tion; and from which afterwards it is not poffible to re- move the difeafe. | <‘ It is certain there is no fermentation, or very little, produced between things which agree in their qualities, as fugar and flefh; on account of the fweetnefs and balfamic quality of fugar and the fweet eflence of flefh, which affimilate with each other; for, if a piece of raw meat be put in fugar, it foon becomes pu- trid, unlefs the fugar fhould have been firft boiled (go) boiled until all its fweetnefs is confumed, and it has acquired a bitternefs; but when the meat is put into falt, it will be kept from pu- trifying for a great length of time, from that property in the falt which is acrid, and the balfam of the meat which 1s fweet, caufing a kind of fermentation from the oppofition of their qualities; after which fermentation a certain new temperament arifes. “) *¢ Therefore it is very: probable, that mixing fugar with almoft all our food, and taken to fo great a degree, from its daily ufe, renders the blood and humours falt and acrid; and confe- quently {corbutic. <* A certain eminent author * attributes the caufe of the frequency of conf umptions of the lungs, in England, to the immoderate ufe of fugar. I am not certain whether alfo the fomes of the .increafing {curvy may not rather be _ derived from thence.” __ Ray fays,— Antiquiores medict, gut fupertiore feculovixerunt, unanimi fere ae faccharum ad peGforis & pulmonum vitia, rancedinem, tufim, gutturis afpe- ritatem, lateris & thoracis ulcera, commendant. Caterum apud nos in Anglia non ita pridem in crimen adduct, & magna infamia laborare capit, medicis tum noftratibus, tum extraneis, feorbuti & tabis popularium morborum preter folitum graf= fantium nuperas furias, immoderato in cibis & potu facchari ufui imputantibus*. Et, ne quis humidiori potius eris conftitutioni eas peftes /ufpi- cetur; in Lufitania (aiunt) regione calida ob eandem rationem tabes epidemica faGa eff. Lu= * GARENCIERES. ¢ Wirxts and Simow Pavtrii, fitant ( ig) fitani enim plus facchari confumunt guam quevis alia gens preter Anglos. De fcorbuto iidem antiquiores, quos diximus, me- dici cum recentioribus confentiunt, eum @ facchari nimio ufu product, cum dentibus valde nocuum, nec eos nigros duntaxat reddere, fed S putrefcere & vacillare & exidere facere faccharum fcribant, qua certa fcorbuti figna 8 fymptomata funt. Sac- charum enim falem actdum & maxime corrofivum continere ex diftillatione patet. Scorbutus autem fali fixo in fanguine redundanti debetur, proinde zis que fale volatili abundant fanatur. Hiittoria Plantarum, lib. XXII. cap. 3: p. 1279, 1280, anno 1688. «The phyficians who lived in the laft cen- tury, with unanimous confent, recommend fu- gar for complaints in the lungs, hoarfenefs, cough, rawnefs of the throat, and internal ulcerations: yet, among us in England, not long fince, it began to be accufed, and to la- bour under great difcredit, by our own, as well as foreign phyficians, who impute the ravages which the fcurvy and confumption have lately made in England to the immo- derate ufe of fugar in our food and drinks. _ “No perfon fhould therefore attribute thefe evils to the moifture of. the atmofphere ; for, they | | ( 955) they fay, that in Portugal, where the air is warm, confumption of the lungs is there epi- demic, from the fame cauie; as the Portuguefe ufe more fugar than any people, except the Englith. | ‘‘In regard to the fcurvy, the fame more ancient phyficians, as well as thofe of later times, agree, that it is produced by the too great ufe of fugar ; and that it is very hurtful to the teeth, and not only renders them black, but caufes them to decay, and to looien in their fockets, and to fall out; which are certain figns and fymptons of fcurvy. <«¢ Sugar alfo contains an acid and very cor- rofive falt; which appears from diftillation. ‘¢ The fcurvy is caufed by a redundant fixed falt in the blood; and is therefore cured by fuch things as abound with a volatile fait.” From thefe extracts it appears, that GArEn- cIEREs and Wittis were the founders of the fect of Antifaccharites. I have been more extenfive in my quotations from thefe writers than I fhould have been, if it were not that I with to prefent the reader with that jargon of GaRENCIzRES, and ab- ftrufe and obfolete theory of Wintis, which have been confidered as ftanding authority by 3 many | 96 ) tatty fubfequent writers; and quoted in acas demic differtations, in the fchools of medicine. © In W1LtIs’s time, according to his account, _ and his account is true, almoft ‘every perfon had, or fancied he had, the fcurvy. He faysy— = _ Nunc. fere omnes ed peas aut fe laborare puiant. The feurvy at that time made great ravages in England ; befides which, the fafhion of the day gave to the fcurvy, all the minor firaggling indifpofitions that were deftitute of adoption. -Confumption of the lungs, and every other fpecies of ferophula, are endemial in Eng- land. Scurvy isthe fame. This difeafe, which made fo much havoc in the laft century, 1s now {carcely known in England. The fcurvy, like any fporadic difeafe, may have its revolutions, and appear and difappear in the chafa&ter°of an epidemic. I do not fpeak of fcurvy acquired by local and parti- cular caufes. It is incredible that Winz1s and Ray, two well-informed men, fhould not know that the defcription of people moft afflicted with the feurvy, at all times, and in every country, is that, which feldom tafte any fugar. : It Co 99) It is not lefs extraordinary that the learned Wixuis fhould refer to fo fuperficial an autho- rity as GARENCIERES; or the laborious Ray, to the weak effufions of Simon PauLtt. The rhapfody of GARENcrEREs is entirely his own; but what Wutxis advances has a better ftamen, but it is not his own. It is ta- ken from ANGELUS SALA, whom he has not mentioned, and from whom he has made a partial felection, merely to fupport his fa- vourite theory of the fcurvy. SALA enumerates many evils which may arife in weak habits and bad conftitutions from the excefive, and what he terms the abu/e of fugar; fuch as, debility of digeftion; lofs of appetite ; blacknefs and loofening of the teeth; offenfive breath; colic; lax bowels; bilious, fcorbutic, and hyfterical complaints. But let it be remarked, that it is to the in- ordinate ufe of fugar, among already difeafed people, to which Sava attributes thefe evils. -For, his own reflexion on the occafion is, that ‘‘ the exceflive ufe of the moft excellent — and falutary things is always hurtful to the human frame.” ; Sata, however, views the fubjeét with im- partiality, if not with judgement; and does |< Ge ample e298) ample juftice to the wholefome properties of fugar. Sacchart virtutes ac operationes, fecundum ra- tionem & modum ufurpati, funt fequentes :—Corpus nutrit, fanguinem probum generat, /piritus vitales recreat, femen auget, fatum in utero firmat; quod nemo miretur, fiquidem hoc fubjecium, aemulam vini dulciffimi virtutem, ut porro docebo, in fe com- plechitur, cujus proprietatem, in refettione longo morbo emaciatorum, fenum, melancholicorum, mo- deratus ufus comprobat; conducit affectibus faucium, pulmonum, raucedini, refpirand: diffcultati, ex de- fluxtone acri obortis, exulcerationi item pulmonum, laterum, renum, vefice, purifque ex ufdem expur- gationi; inteftinorum afperitatem lenit, eorumque excrementa emollit, & expulfiont apparat; vulnera in corpus penetrantia 8 puncturas, ut etiam ocu- lorum maculas, extergit; dolores ulcerum & tumo- yum, humores influxos coquendo, aut fi ad fuppu- rationem inhabiles funt digerendo, difipat; plu- refque alios in medicina ufus habet, brevitatis gra- tia praetermittendos. Saccharologie, part I. cap. 6. anno 1637. ‘* Sugar, ufed in a proper manner, nourifhes the body, generates good blood, cherifhes the {pirits, makes people prolific, ftrengthens chil- dren in the womb; and this is not aftonifhing, becaufe "oor becaufe it contains fimilar virtue to the very fweet wines; which property is fhewn by the effects, produced by the moderate ufe of fugar, in reftoring emaciated people, after long ficknefs; and {trengthening the aged, and low- {pirited weak people. “It is ferviceable alfo in complaints of the throat, and lungs; hoarfenefs, and difficulty of breathing, arifing from an acrid defluxion ; for ulcerations of the lungs, cheft, kidneys, and bladder; and to cleanfe thofe parts from purulent matter. ‘‘ It eafes pains of the inteitines, foftens the feces, and prepares them for expulfion; it cleanfes wounds and punétures in the body ; alfo films in the eyes. “Tt removes pains in ulcers and tumours, by concocting the flux of humours; or, if they have no bas fey to fuppuration, Pee dif- perfing them.” What I fhall further fele&t, together with the preceding, will fhew the eftimation in which fugar has been held, by learned men, at different periods, in different countries ; and will embrace all vai relates to it deferving notice. BaAPTisTA ee who, in point of date, was much earlier than the authors before men- H 2 tioned, (\ 160" 7 tioned, muft not be omitted; becaufe his opi- nion of fugar was the prevailing one, prior and down to his time, all over Europe. Be- fides, as he lived at Naples, the ufe of fugar was better known to him, at that period, than to any contemporary writer in the northern parts of Europe; where it had then fcarcely entered into dietic ufe. He fays,— Ex bharundinibus faccharum extrahimus, non Solum id incorruptibile, fed alis praftat ne cor- rumpantur; vulneribus injeClum a putrefactione liberat ; ex eo [olo ingentia vulnera fanari vidimus. Sit igitur familiare faccharum vitam prolongare cupientibus, quia nec humores, nec cibum in ven- tre putrefiert, permittit. _Phytognomica, lib. V. ‘cap. I. p, 201. anno 1560. ‘Sugar, extracted from canes, is not only incorruptible in itfelf, but preferves all other things from corruption; fprinkled upon wounds it keeps them from mortifying. I have feen very large wounds cured only with fugar*. Therefore fugar fhould be conftantly * The method of treating frefh wounds among the Turks, is, firft to wafh them with wine, and then fprinkle powdered fugar onthem, The celebrated Monfiecur Betiosre cured obftinate ul- cers, with fugar diflolved in a ftrong decoétion of walnut leaves. — This Lhave found to be an excellent application. ufed eee (oxen!) ufed by thofe who with to prolong life; be- caufe it will not fuffer the humours, nor ah food, in the body to. putrify.”’ Pomet fays, “ The white and red fugars candy are better for rheums, coughs, colds, catarrhs, afthmas, wheezings, than common fugar; becaufe, being harder, they take longer time to melt in the mouth, and keep the throat and ftomach moifter than fugar does. Put into the eyes, in fine powder, it takes away their dimnefs, and heals them being bloodfhot 5 it cleanfes old fores, being ftrewed gently on them.” Hiffoire général des Drogues, Lib. Il. cap. 38, anno 1694. LemeEry gives nearly a fimilar account of fugar ; but fays it is hurtful to the teeth, and caufes vapours. Traté Univerfel des Drogues Simples, anno 1693. | Hermann fays, “ Sugar confifts of a fweet foft mucilage, and an agreeable fharpnefs ; from whence it becomes an aliment as well as a medicine. The Indians boil it in water with a {mall quantity of flower for nourifhment. It promotes trine, and is fpecific in coughs, hoarfenefs, fharp humours, and other difeafes of the lungs. IF 3 rat SCS Poms) “ It fhould not be ufed in large quantities by the melancholic, hypocondriacal, and hyfterical, nor by people in fevers, on account of its pronenefs to afcefcence. _ * With fat broth and /a/ gem, it is ufed in glyfters for children; and it is alfo given to them, newly born, to relax the bowels, with oil of fweet almonds. ‘¢ Taken with oil of fweet almonds, it is a remedy. for pains in the bowels. It is an excel- lent vulnerary and balfamic, refitting putre- faction ; it is good for putrid ulcers, and ab- {lerges clouds and films in the eyes. It is hurt- ful to the {corbutic, and to.fuch as are fubjeét to bilious eolics. It is hurtful alfo to the teeth and’ gums 5 rendering the breath offenfive, and the teeth black and rotten. In glyfters it is good againtt worms, and is alfo.an anthelmin- tic remedy taken by the mouth.” Cynofura, Gul : p- 704 S feq. anno gro: " Boeniaave fays, — . A Sugar never generates phlegm, but, on the contrary, diflolves it. Neither does it increafe the bile, or is converted into it; but opens, attenuates, and divides it. At the fame time, by diffolving the oleaginous particles in the bonne it may induce leannefs 5 , and, by too much | ‘ attenuation, (037 J attenuation, produce debility, and too great laxity. For which reafon, it is often found — hurtful to the ricketty and fcorbutic.”? E/ement. Chemie, vol. Il. p. 260, anno 1724. Georrroy fays, ‘‘ Sugar, taken moderately with food, affords good nourifhment. It promotes concoétion, if after a full meal a lump of it be eaten. «« Almoft all phyficians recommend it in complaints of the cheft and lungs. A lump of fugar or fugar-candy, held in the mouth, foftens the acrimony of the phlegm, affuages coughs, and relieves rawnefs in the throat and fauces; as the fugar, fo melting and fwal- lowed, forms with the faliva a defence to the parts. | Tt promotes expectoration, particularly if reduced to the confiftence of a fyrup with the oil of linfeed, or fweet almonds. Taken in this manner, it alfo eafes the colic and pains in the bowels, and affuages the gripes in children, © “ Drinks, {weetened with fugar, cleanie the cheft, and eafe coughs by correéting the phlegm ; they remove hoarfenefs, cleanfe ul- cers of the lungs, force the urine, open the bewels, and are falutary in the pleurify and peripneumony. ? ge H 4 ‘Buty (. 10g ) - “ But, if taken alone in a great quantity, it is hurtful, and particularly to bilious people. It ferments in the flomach and inteftines, ex- cites wind, and, by its fermentation, produces bile; and, by attenuating, renders it more fluid. Hence jugar and {weet things are faid to create bile. “* From the faline fpicule of fugar, the bile is rendered more acrid ; from which an heat is not only kindled in the bowels, but alfo in the whole body, and is carried into fhe mafs of blood. _ *¢ Tt creates worms in children. * Tt is hurtful to the teeth, caufing blacknefs and fcales, and making them loofe. There. fore, always after Mba much fugar, if is pro- _ per to rinfe the mouth and teeth carefully. — “* Nothing, however, is to be feared from the moderate ufe of fugar ; but, on the contrary, we find that an agreeablenefs is added to our diet, by which the ftomach is difpofed to per- form a proper digeftion of the food; and the gaftric fluid and the aliments are affifted, for the neceflary fermentations, both in the ftomach and the bowels; from whence the beft quality of the blond, and other humours of the body de- pending on the firft concoétion, is produced,” De Vegetabilibus, Set. 1. Art. 9, anno 1741. In (ag In taking a furvey of the writers on fugar, it is impoflible to overlook Dr. Freverick SLARE; whofe unqualified praifes of the vir- tues of fugar may be properly oppofed to the unqualified cenfures beftowed on it by Garena creres and WiLuis. Neither mutt honelt old Licon be forgotten. ; ‘¢ Sugar,”’ fays Licon, “ has a faculty to preferve all fruits that grow in the world from corruption and putrefaétion ; fo it has a virtue, being rightly applied, to preferve us men in our healths.”’ “‘ Dr. BuTLER, one of the moft learned and famous phyficians that this nation or the world ever bred, was wont to fay, — Tf fugar can preferve both pears and plumbs, Why can it not preferve as well our lungs *? é¢ And, that it might work the fame effect on himfelf, he always drank in his claret wine great {tore of the beft refined fugar; and alfo prefcribed it feveral ways to his patients, for * The Doétor might have been a famous phyfician ; but much is not to be faidhere, for his rhyme or his reafon, The old adage is not left far behind by the Doctor. — That which preferveth apples and plumbs, Will alfo preferve liver and lungs, : 3 | colds, : 4 “106 oF: colds, c coughs, . and duiterbant ithich are dif- eafes that reign in cold climates, elpecially i in. iflands, where the air is moifter than in: conti- nents.” aes of Barbadoes, anno BORG Sane its ae kage a ftrong and home areument to recommend the ufe of fugar to infants ; of which to’ defraud them is a very cruel thing, if not a crying fin. The argu- ment I bring from Nature’s firft kind tribute, or intended food for children, fo foon as they are born; which is, that fine juice or liquor prepared in the mother’s breafts, called breaft- milk, of a fine delicate {weet tafte. This {weet is fomewhat analogous, ora tafte agreeable, to fugar; 3 ‘and, in want of this milk, it is well known, fugar is brought to fupply it. You may foom be convinced of the fatisfaétion which a child has from the tafte of fugar, by _ making two forts of water-paps, one with, and the other without, fugar; they will gree- dily fuck down the one, and make faces at the other. Nor will they be pleafed with cow’s milk, unlefs that be bleffed with a little fugar, to bring it to the fweetnefs of breaft milk. —_ ~ * JT will fet down an experiment I had from a friend. He was a little lean man, who ufed to drink much wine in company of ftrong 2, drinkers. (top) drinkers. I afked him how he was able to bear it. Hetold me that he received much damage in. his health, and was apt to be fuddled, before he ufed to diffolve fugar in his wine; from — that time he was never fick nor inflamed, nor: fuddled with wine. He ufually drank red wine. ‘¢ T made ufe of fugar myfelf in red wine, and I found the like good effect ; that it prevents heating my blood, or giving my head any dif- turbance, if I drink a larger portion than or- dinary. i eaae ‘ than one third of its weight of acid; and M. -BERTHOLLET obtained more than half, from “wool. “It feems, therefore, as M. De MorvEau thinks, that this acid is formed by the union of a peculiar attenuated oil, which exifts in all organic fubftances, and is the fame through- out ; and that confequently the name of fac- charine acid is improper. ¢¢ ScHEELE has obferved that theacid of lemons, chryftallized by the procefs-defcribed by BERrc- man, does not afford faccharine acid by — treatment with nitrous acid; though lemon juice itfelf affords it. The vitriolic acid, em-_ ployed for the purification of this acid of fugar, feems therefore to decompofe the oil which forms the bafe of the faccharine acid.” The faccharine principle of grapes, berries, and fruits, is the bafis of their refpective wines ; therefore almoft every defcription of wine may be imitated by art, from fugar. The wines of France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, particularly of the two laft countries, es, are nae o> are not only adulterated, but fuccefsfully coun- terfeited from fugar. They who underftand perfe@tly that part of the manufaéture which ‘relates to colcuring the liquor, and giving it the effential charac- teriftic of the relative vegetable flavour, can deceive people of no mean judgment, and fell them a cafk of wine “‘ neat as imported.” Of other vegetable juices abounding with fugar, Lewis has given the following defcrip- tion, in his tranflation of NEwMaAwNn’s che- miftry : ‘¢ In fome parts of North America, parti- cularly in Canada, a kind of fugar is prepared from the juice which iffues upon wounding or boring certain f{pecies of the maple tree, one of which is named from hence the fugar-maple ; as alfo from the wild or black birch, the honey locuft, and the hickery. The maple is moit. commonly made ufe of for this purpofe, as being the richeft, and as beft enduring the long and fevere Winters of that climate. The juice is boiled down, without any addition, to a thick confiftence, then taken from the fire, kept {tirring until its heat 1s abated, and fet ina cold place, where the fugar quickly concretes into grains, refembling common brown pow- der fugar. — * The ( }ig3' 9 ‘The trees are tapped early in the Spring, about the time the {now begins to melt. It is obfervable, that when the weather begins to — grow warm they bleed no more ; and that after the bleeding has ftopped they begin to run again upon covering the roots with fhow. The more fevere the Winter has been, the juice is found to be richer, and in greater quantity. The trees which grow on hills, or high land, -yield a richer juice than thofe which are pro- duced in low countries ; and the he middle-aged than the young or old. ‘¢ Mr. Kav informs us, in the Swedifh Trapt | actions for the year 1751, that one tree, if the Summer does not come on haftily, will yield about forty-two gallons of juice, Englifh mea- fure; and that the quantity which iffues in one day is from three to fix gallons; that eleven gallons of juice of middling quality give a — pound of fugar, and that a pound has been gained from three gallons and an half. That two perfons can, in one Spring, prepare com- modioufly two hundred pounds. He obferves, that this fugar is weaker than that from the fugar-cane; and that it is reckoned that a pound of common fugar goes as far in fweet- ning as two pounds of maple fugar. ¢¢ Flas ( 124) ©The large maple, commonly called fyca- more-tree, bleeds alfo in Europe; from which an aétual fugar has been prepared. In the ‘Tranfactions above mentioned, for the year _ ¥754, there is an account of fome experiments ' made in this view upon the Swedifh maple. Eight trees, none of them under thirty years, bled, in four days, fourteen gallons of juice, which infpiffated gave two pounds and an half of brown fugar. Another time, the fame eight trees bled, in: three days, ten gallons and an half, which yielded one pound four ounces of fugar, with half a pound of fyrup. It is the faccharine juice of the maple-tree, which, ex- uding from the leaves, renders them fo apt to be preyed upon by infects. ««The common birch bleeds alfo a large quan- tity of {weetifh juice, which yields, on being infpiffated, a {weet faline concrete, not how- ever perfectly of the faccharine kind; but feeming to approach more to the nature of manna. ‘« Phere are fundry other vegetables, raifed in our own country, which afford faccharine concretes; as beet-roots, fkirrets, parf{neps, potatoes, celery, red cabbage-ftalks, the young fhoots of Indian-wheat. The fugar is moft readily obtained from thefe, by making a tinc- ture a ee (; ras. ) ture of the fubje& in rectified fpirits of wines which, when faturated by heat, will depofit the fugar upon ftanding in the cold *.”” We have now fome rational data concerns ing the real principles of fugar; from which it may be fuggefted, that it has not even yet been fo fully inveftigated, but that it may be applicable in many ways more than we are at prefent acquainted with, to a variety of inte refting purpofes. But, before I proceed in the obfervations I have to offer the public on the dietetic and medicinal ufes of fugar, it may be proper to fubmit fome remarks, the refult of my literary refearches, to the learned and curious. This may contribute to fettle many vague notions and erroneous opinions relative to the heraldry of fugar, and the cane, of which it is the produce. I have before sera that the ancient Grecians and Romans had no knowledge either of the fugar-cane, or of fugar. For, there is no mention aitide of the Suear- Cane among the Grecian writers, until -an hundred years after Hippocrates; nor among * Sugar is alfo obtainable from grapes; particularly from dried raifins. We frequently find large grains of pure fugar among Malaga raifins, that haye lain long comprefled together. : the G 126.) . the Roman writers, until the time of Pompry’s expedition into Syria. SuGAR is not mentioned by either Grecian or Roman writer until the time of Nero. Nei- ther poet nor hiftorian mentions it in the Au- guftan age. In the diftricts of Afia, falebieed by the Hebrews and Ifraelites, at the time that coun- try was traverfed by the Grecians and Romans, fugar was there unknown. _ There is no record among the Jews, even fo late as at their difperfion, on this fubject. _ From the writers on the expedition of the Crufaders but little is to be collected refpecting the fugar-cane, and lefs of fugar; notwith- ftanding fugar had been a commercial article for centuries prior to that memorable epoch of infanity *. ) In the writings of Moses, and in many parts of the Bible written by others, we find the word M32 Kaneb. This word, pafling into the Arabic language, | became the origin of canna, a cane. But this ap in the Bible has many fignifi- cations, * Hiftoire du Commerce de Venife, Pe 71. 100, : ( ay As a verb in the Hebrew, 13) anab is, to buy, procure, poffefs. 2p as a noun, pro- . perty which is purchafed, or poffefled. It is likewife a fpear*; a ftaff+; a reed, or rufht; a balance §; bone of the arm ||; branches of the candleitick in the temple {. It is faid by feveral writers, that by map, in fome places in the Bible, the /ugar cane is meant; and confequently that this plant was known to the ancient Hebrews. This is to our prefent purpofe, and the firft obje&t of inquiry. In five places only, in the Bible, Hi word _ occurs, as a noun, implying an article, or vegetable production; to which any ule, or application, is affigned as fuch. Thefe places are in Exodus, Cc. XXX. V. 23. Canticles, c. iv. v.14. Tfaiah, c. xliil. v. 24. Feremiah, C. Vi. V.20. andExekiel, C.XXVil. V. 19. If we examine the paflages here referred to, we fhall find that mp has been doubtfully in- * Pfalms, \xviii. v. 30. 1) hafte. 2 Samuel, c. xi. y. 16. 4+ Exekiel, c. xxix. v. 6. t Waiah, c. xix. v.6, 7. andc. xlil. v.3. 1 Kings, c. xiv. v. 15, 2 Kings, €.xvili. v. 21. . Fob, c. xl. ve 21., Ezekiel, c. xl. ¢, xii. eoxiit sensi § Vaiah, c. x\vi. v. 6. Mijob: cixxut: Vyie2 @ Exodus, C. XXV. V. 32. ter preted SOE SLE ee ee a PO ee et al f £ # ( 928) terpreted at beft ; evidently erroneoufly in fome inftances; and in none is it poflible that the Sugar cane could be meant by it. in ‘the gues chapter in Exodus. we find, — — ovo op ow. mp Kanebh befem, and kinemon befem. ‘This is rendered in the Septuagint verfien, Kivyepcopoy Evwogs Hols KAALLOS euwons. ‘The Latin verfions in the Polyglott have it, Cinnamomum odoriferum, et calamus odort eruse In our Englith Bible it is, “‘fweet cinnamon and-/weet calamus.”’ In fome of the Latin verfions the Sw3 mp is rendered ca/amus beneolens, and calamus aro- maticus. Again, in the Canticles, both 4aneh and cin- namon are mentioned, as diftinct articles: {VD3P) mp Kadapmos nas wivvcpteoy. The Latin verfions have this, ca/amus aro- maticus et cinnamomum; and fiffula et cinnamo- mum: {339 is alfo rendered canna in one verfion of a Polyglott, as itis by MonTANus. Our Englifh C 49 ) Englith Bible has it ‘ abate and -cinna_ mon,” In Ifaiah, this haneh appears to be highly grateful to God, who is reprefented by him as being angry with the Ifraelites, for neglecting their burnt offerings and facrifices. mp goa np xb Baeoke Englith Bible this paffage is,— “ Thou haft bought me no /weet cane with money.” | This is the paffage which has mifled fo many people; from kaneh pies panes se rendered /weet cane, 3 Feremiah reprefents God, as being angry oat the Ifraelites; and will not receive.their burnt offerings, and facrifices. Here alfo the kaneh is mentioned by God, as an article of the firft confideration. DMD PAND Dwr Apr The whole verfe is thus rendered in the Englifh Bible. : ‘* To what purpofe cometh there to me in- cenfe from Sheba? and the fweet calamus from a far country? Your burnt offerings are not seecpraiia to me, mor your facrifices {weet unto me.’ j K The ( rp ) The Septuagint has‘the part of the verfe I have quoted from the Hebrew, xmapwmov ce syns popoberv. CINNAMON from a far country. In the Latin verfions it is rendered calamus /ua- veolens de-terra longingua; and cinnamomum de terra longinguas; and calamus aromaticus de terra longingua. It is neceffary to Serve here, that, in the Septuagint, mp is converted Into xvvepwors cinnamon; which word is not in the original text; and the epithet a1», ¢vd, good, perfect, beft, is entirely omitted. | Thefe are errors in the labours of thofe great men, who firft took the Hebrew Bible out ef the hands of the Jews, and gave all that is known of it to pofterity. But thefe errors have led fome writers, who knew no more of 3p than what they obtained from. this paflage in the Bible, to fuppofe it was a fynonyme for cinnamon. In Exekiel, we find the £aneh enumerated by God, among the boafted commodities of merchandize at Tyre, in her moft flourifhing {tate of commerce. Stn Jaws Mp) Mp -.« Caffia and calamus were in thy market.” In | ¢ 4th) In Exodus, kaneh is mentioned by Moszs as one of the four {pices in the Holy Anointing Ol ; which, he fays, God ordered him to make in the following manner : ‘‘ Take thou unto thee, principal fpices of pure myrrh 500 fhekels; {weet cinnamon and weet calamus, of each 250 fthekels; caffia 500 fhekels; and of olive oil an 4m. And thou fhalt make it an oil of Holy Ointment, to be made an ointment compound, after ae art of the apothecary *.” ; With this Holy Anointing Oil, Moses fays, he was directed by God to anoint the taber- nacle, the ark of the teftimony, the tables, the veflels, the candlefticks, the altar of incenfe, the altar of burnt-offering, and the laver and his foot, that they might be facred; he was alfo ordered to anoint Aaron and his fons, and confecrate them, that they might minifter in the priefts office; and it was to be an Holy Anointing Oil for the children of Hrael through- out their generations. Mosss, in this remarkable chapter, mentions alfo the other compofition, fo venerated by the Wraelites. This is the Holy Perfume; which, he fays, God directed him to make in the fol- * PIP an apothecary, or compounder of {weet ointments. K 2 lowing ( ige ) lowing manner, for perfuming the Tabernacle. «« Take unto thee {weet fpices, ftacte, and ony- cha, and galbanum ;. thefe {weet fpices, with pure frankincenfe, of each fhall there be a like weight.” i _ ** And thou fhalt make it a perfume, or con- fection, after the art of the apothecary, tem- pered together, pure and holy.”’ This Perfume, like the Holy O:/, was not to be ufed for profane purpofes, nor even to be imitated. For, whofoever fhould attempt to make either, or put any of the oil ona ftranger, or {mell to a perfume compounded in a fimilar manner, was, Moszs fays, by God’s decree, to be “‘ even cut off from his people.” The ancient Jews delighted in fpicey odours. Moses made fumigation, and the ufe of aro- matic drugs, part of their religion. They ufed. them even in their beds : — 2130) DOMN ID /2D"D ND: | **] have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon *.”” * The ingredients they ufed were indeed coarfe, but wholefome. By fumigation and per- _* Proverbs, c, vii. v. 17. Englith Bible. ‘ Bi; | fumes, Cee yt fumes, they corrected the foul air in their ta- bernacles, and other places where many dirty people were crowded together ; by which means difeafes were prevented. This doétrine of fumigation, is one of the many excellent leffons in the Bible, which has been much neglected, | It feems to have arifen from perverfenefs . among Chriftians, hatred to the Jews, and difrefpect to Moses, who knew all {fciences, and was an excellent phyfician, that they have profited fo little by feveral wife practices, as well as precepts, in the Bible. The papiftical Chriftians, it is true, burn frankincenfe in their churches; but it is chiefly near the altar, where the prieft only is benefited by it. The Chriftians in England cleanfe their houfes and public places by water, heated air, and ventilation; and hence it is we have to lament, that often the beft Chriftians die of confumptions, ; In England the Chriftians are much cleaner than they ufed to be, They would now call a man, — ** Mifbeliever, cut-throat dog, and fpit upon his gaberdine *,” -* Shylock. he ee € te ) if he were to advife their taking an hint for purifying their perfons, or places of devotion, after the manner of the Ifraelites. But I muft. finifh my obfervations on haneh. What this m3p was, I know not. It could not be the acorus, or calamus aromaticus; that was too plentiful to be fo valued; and grew in Syria, Arabia, and the iflands of the Gentiles, and in all the fwamps and marfhes in the ad- jacent countries to the land of Ifrael; and was not brought prAno pono from a far country.” “ That the daneh was fome fpicey produce of a tree, concretion, bitumen, wood, bark, or gum, is Certain; and it is alfo certain that it was not only aromatic, but precious, from the epithets given to it, and from its ufes among the’chofen people, and the eftimation in which Gt was faid to be holden by God. The epithet Ow3 imports /picey, fweet fcented, not fweet tafted; therefore the /uzar cane 1s en- tirely out-of the queftion. The f/ugar cane does not yield a fragrant ‘f{mell, naturally or burnt. N either will it keep found, when ripe, after it is cut; but will pe- rifh like the ftalk of a cabbage-plant ; and could Go 1g5').) could-not be’preferved from rotting in a pafs fage ‘* from a far country *.”’ % How 3p fhould have been rendered ca/a- mus, fo univerfally as it has been, I cannot con- ceive. ; The authors of the Septuagint tranflation of the Bible muft have underftood, from the time and countries in which ‘they lived*, the Hebrew language better than any people at this day. But here they have mifguided their implicit followers ; and, indeed, this is not the only inftance where they were not fo correét as they fhould have been. | We find among the Greek writers xawe, pe and xedrwmos; and among the Roman writers canna, arundo, and calamus ;—but thefe names are ufed indifcriminately for a cane, or a reed. This has been the ciisile frequently = mif- whe iaeee thefe writers; where the con- text has been inadequate to fettle a precife and determinate meaning. The yauxoxarouos, In later times, of NicHoLas Myrepsvs, which his tranflators have rendered * Neither did cinnamon come “ from a far country.” That was the produce of Arabia. “ Habet India, que Auftralis eft, cinna- momum ficut Arabia.” Straso, lib, XV. } About 227 years before the Chriftian era, K4 dulcis (c 1968 ) dulcis calamus repurgatus, is the pulp of the: cafia fiftula*. . - It has been faid, by fome writers: that the word "2% in the Bible has an allufion to_ fugar. - This -word, like £aneh, according to “thie conftruétion of the Hebrew language, has fe- veral fignifications ; but none whatever ‘that has any relation to fugar. ~ As a verb, 12 /hakar, or fhacar, imports to drink to excefs, to be drunk ; to hire for wages. - As-a noun, it forms various derivatives; but is chiefly ufed for fome exhilarating,. {trong, and intoxicating liquor. Our Englith Bible every where denominates it, “ wees drink.” | : - "The Septuagint eas it oinopat’, o1kEpoe | 3 the Latin verfions fechar, /; ficera. _- Moses fays, Gop ordered him to pro- claim to the children of Ifrael, that: ‘* when either man or woman fhall feparate themfelves to a vow, a vow of a Naxarite, he fhall fepa- rate himfelf from wine, and ->w (/becar) firong drink; and fhall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of pw (/becar) jtrong drink ; neither we De Antidor. Se. 1. €- 449. anno 1280. t Numbers, c. vi. v. 3. Iaiah, c, xxix. v. 9: 5 late C. XXVill, V. 7. fhall € 337) fhall-he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moift grapes, or dried *.”’ -. The infpired prophet tomeucai fays, Gop gave him “ the cup of his fury ;”* and that he ** made all nations drink of it, to whom the .Lorp had fent him ;”’ and he faid unto them, «drink ye, and be VDL" (vefbikru) drunken, and f{pue, and fall +.” | Thefe paffages are here given, ‘the original Hebrew words excepted, from the Englifh Bible +; which, though not an elegant, is a faithful tranflation of the Hebrew. ~~ What fottith liquor 12% /bedar was, no per- fon knows. It was probably made from grain. The moft wild and barbarous nations have ever had the art of making intoxicating li- quors to get drunk with, by fome procels. of fermentation, The fugar cane, though indigenous to lati- tudes within, and near the torrid zone, arrives at excellence only in the hotteft climates. But much rain, or water, as well as fun, is necef- fary to its maturity. When we confider that the faccharine prin- ciple is the foul of vegetable creation, and # Numbers, €. yi. Y. 3 Jeremiah, C. XXY. V, 27. fee Gyre fee how fparingly: it. is diffufed through the general productions of the earth; and how little is collected from the wide range of flow- ers, by the confummate fkill of the laborious bee; or from roots, trees, fruit, and grain, by the chemic art; we cannot but admire the partiality of Nature to the lufcious Canz, her favourite offspring, the fublimeft effort of heat and light. The proportion of fugar to the cane juice icckie on the quality of the cane*.. We con- fider a pound of fugar from a gallon of cane juice, as good yielding ;.and that an acre of land, giving three hogfheads of fugar, of 14 ewt. each, as ample produce. But for this quantity the foil muft be good, and the canes of the fir year’s cutting, and in perfection. In the procefs of refining mufcovado fugar, a ton weight, of good quality, gives the fol- oe produats — Cwt..q. Jb. Double, and fingle refined fagar, ae WagGe Gs) seiitecn se: Ao OtES Scale, or baftard ditto, Sitiatin sell Slt ku? Melafles, or treacle, fw dela gs MSC Scum, and dirt, piste SA Ipol se oF si See 20°10.) © * See p. 214 (Vr aap?) -: ‘That fugar is nutritious in the moft eminent degree has been long known. It is the bafis of all vegetable nutrition. Every root and earthly produation | is nutri- tious, in proportion to the faccharine principle it contains. - Nothing nourifhes that is entirely - free from this faccharine principle; otherwife, turnips would be as little nutritive as cucum- bers, being, like them, the fugar excepted, fearcely any thing but water. Milk is nutritious on the fame account; and. that milk is moft nutritious which moft abounds with faccharine fweetnefs ; and when milk is defeGtive in this quality, from bad pafturage and other caufes, our vegetable fugar fhould be added to it, to remedy fuch defect. Tn all cafes fugar helps the affimilation of milk in the ftomach ; and not only prevents its curdling, and difordermg that organ, but corrects the tendency which milk has to m-~ jure the breath, by adhering to the teeth and gums, and rendering them foul and offenfive. ~ As milk has this property, and is much ufed in {chcools, and conftitutes great part of the fuftenance of moft young people, a tooth- brufh and water fhould always be employed ; or at leaft the mouth fhould be well rinced avith water, after a meal made of milk. No C 40) * No modern phyficians have noticed this ; but the ancients were well acquainted with the injurious effects of milk, on the teeth and gums *. | - In regard to. fugar being prejudicial to the teeth, this has long been known as a prudent. old woman’s bug-bear, to frighten children ; that they might not follow their natural in- clination,. by feizing opportunities, when they are not watched, of devouring all the fugar they can find. : This {tory has had a good effeé&t among the common people in Scotland. They are im- prefied with a notion that /weeties hurt the teeth ; therefore they live contented without an article, not always within the compafs of their finances. . Stare, and many others, ufed fugar as a principal ingredient in tooth powders. It is a component part of many paftes, and other * PP, Ajciners, lib. I. c. 86. Lac gingivas & dentes ledit, Quare poft ipfum acceptum, primum aqua mulfa, deinde vino ad- firingente, os colluere oportet. » Orrpasir A GaLENo Medicin. Colle@. lib. IT. c. 59:—Mirum in modum ufus Jaétis frequens dentes & gingivas ledit, nam gingivas: flaccidas, dentes putrefaétioni & erofioni oxnoxios facit: ‘ergo fumpto Jaéte, os vino diluto colluendum eft; erit etiam ac- -eormmodatius fi me] eidem adjicias. . dentri- ( wat ) dentrifices ; and what the French call opzates, for the prefervation of the teeth and gums. , When milk is not the fole diet of children at their mother’s breaft, fugar, in various mix- tures and vehicles, makes the chief portion, effentially, of their fupport. Sugar affords great nourifhment, without opprefling their tender powers of digeftion. The nutritive principle of their natural food is thus happily imitated. Sugar does not create worms in children, as-has been often faid: on the contrary, it deftroys worms. Some writers have mentioned this * ; but my authority is my own obferva- tion. | In the Weft Indies, the negro children, from crude vegetable diet, are much afflicted with worms. In crop-time, when the canes are ripe, thefe children are always fucking them. Give a negro infant a piece of fugar cane to. fuck, and the impoverifhed milk of his mother is taftelels to him. ‘This falubrious luxury foon changes his appearance. Worms are difcharged ; his enlarged belly and joints di- minifh ; his emaciated limbs increafe; and, if © canes were always ripe, he would never be difeafed. ; . * A&. Med. Leip. anno 1700, &S Steir 4] I have teeny T have often feen old, feabby, wafled nes groes, crawl from the 4ot-houfes, apparently half dead, in crop-time; and by fucking canes all day long, they have foon become one: fat, and feat: 7 The reftorative power of fugar, in wafted and decayed habits, is recorded by feveral phyficians, in different parts of the world. I have known many: people, far advanced in © pulmonary confumption, recovered by the juice of the fugar cane. FoNTANUS, VALERIOLA, and Forrestrus, affert that they had patients cured of confump- tions of the lungs by a continued ufe of the conferve of rofes; and Reverius knew an apo- thecary who cured himfelf of a confirmed con- fumption by almoft living on the conferve of tofes. Foreign journals are full of hiftories of confumptions cured by this medicine. . There are inftances where people have {carcely taken any other nutriment than con- ferve of rofes. Some have eaten a pound, and a pound and a half, of this conferve every day :— three fourths of this conferve are fugar. The virtues of fugar are not confined to its nutritive and balfamic qualities. ° It refifts pu- trefaction, and preferves all fubftances,—fleth, fruits, and vegetables,—from corruption. | It ( 143) It has a great folvent power ; and helps the folution of fat, oily, and incongruous foods and mixtures. It promotes their macération and digeftion in the ftomach; and qualifies the effeéts of asliigi! to the powers of the lacteals *. For this reafon, fugar is much ufed in aitinis cookery, and fo much introduced at the ta- bles of the luxurious in France, and alfo in Italy, Portugal, Spain,—and indeed in every country, excepting England, in confections, preferves, {weetmeats, and liqueurs}. = Sugar, in the form of fyrup, is an admira~ ble vehicle, to’ comminute and convey to the * «6 Nous penfoms qu'il downe aux alimens une faveur qui difpofe Teftomac a une coftion plus perfaite, qui augmentant la force du Jevain fomacal, excite une fermentation plus complette des alimens dans Vefomac &F dans les inteftines, €F qu'il contribue par confequent @ entretenir dans le cbyle, dans le fang, qualités necefjaires pour accomplir &F maintenir les fonctions. Ce qui dé- pend toujours de la premiere d’geftion, dout le détrangement eff le priacipe to toutes les ‘humeurs, les de tous ceux qui errivent dans le corps abit Poupre DeEsPorRTEs, yol. IIT. p. 375. ‘ “ Acria lenit, acida obtundit, falfa mitiora aufera fuaviora reddit, fatuis tS infipidis gratum Japorem tribuit; atque ut uno verbi concludam, omnium faporum domitor videri poteft; nibilque abfque faccharo feré ventré gratum, pantficio operi additur, vinis ee aqua enim Jaccharo fua- wior, fielubriorque redditur.” Noxwi1, de Re Cibaria, lib. 1. ¢. 47. p- 152. ; + “ Si perquam, parce ultima menas devoretur, concoffionem jute at, fa tietatem tollit,” ALEX, Petroxivs, De Viétu Romanorum, p. 328. internal Ct. 2 internal abforbing veffels, any alterative, mi- neral, or vegetable medicine. _ By its mifegable property, it diffufes minutely any preparation it may hold in folution, or union, on the furface of the ftomach and in- teftines ; and fubjects it to the capacity of thé orifices of the {malleft veffels. __ - Sugar alone has. many medicinal virtues 5 and made into a common fyrup with water, and difguifed, and perhaps fomewhat improved by vegetable additions, has performed. many cures in difeafes, from impoverifhed. blood, rickets, and fcrophula, that have baffled the moft fkilful phyficians ; and.empiricks have accordingly availed themfelves of what they term ptifans, and medicated fyrups. | The balfamic and fattening properties of fu- gar are prominently vifible in all parts of the world where it is made; and not confined to the human race. “The celebrated hiftorian Mr. Bryan Ep- WARDS was too accurate in his refearches, to fuffer a fact, fo interefting as this, to elcape his obfervation. In his Hiftory of the Weft Indies, he has drawn a faithful reprefentation of a Hprenion, in | the feafon of making fugar *. _ * January, February, March, and April. | He G me) He fays,==“ fo palatable, falutary, and nourifhing is the juice of the cane, that. every individual of the animal creation, drinking freely of it, derives health and vigour from its ufe. The meagre and fickly among the ne- groes exhibit a furprifing alteration ina few weeks, after the mill is fet in aétion. The la- bouring horfes, oxen, and mules, though al- moft conftantly at work during this feafon, yet being indulged with plenty of the green- tops of this noble plant, and fome of the fcummings from the boiling houfe, improve more than at any other period of the year *.”’ It muft be obferved, that mufeoevado, or what is called moift fugar, is laxative; and that, in ufing the juice of the cane, either as a luxury or a medicine, this alfo is of a laxative nature, particularly with people un- accuftomed to it; and fometimes it operates as an active purgative, and diforders the bowels. This happens frequently to Europeans, who artive in. the fugar countries juft at crop-time, and, allured by its grateful novelty, take it to excels. | | It has been already remarked, that when vegetable fugar was firft known, it was ufed- * Vol. Il. p.221,. 2d edit; L F _ only ( 146 ) | only if medicine; that it was then preferred to honey, and in procefs of time almoft en- tirely fupplanted honey; the fweet, which had been in ufe among mankind, coeval with na- tural hiftory. The fuperiority of habe would foon be dif- covered by obferving phyficians, as being ex- empt from the uncertain, and fometimes dan- gerous.effeéts of honey. There are many people whom a tea-{poon- ful of honey will diforder. In fome habits, even that quantity will caufe violent pains in the ftomach and bowels; and will act as an emetic, or cathartic, or as both. In others, honey will caufe eryfipelas, nettle rafh, itch- ing, and a general {welling in the body and limbs, and ‘occafion fuch deleterious effects, as are produced by fome vegetable fungi; fome kinds of fifhes, mufcles, and poifonous plants. Medical men who have travelled, or read, or have had much experience, know, what ex- traordinary effeéts refult from thefe caufes. A melancholy inftance among many I have feen, of the mifchievous effects of mufcles, lately occurred, in the neighbourhood of Chelfea Hofpital ; where a boy of feven years old was -deftroyed by eating them; and his father | efcaped @. m7) efcaped thé fame fate, with great difficulty, ~ after vomiting of blood, and convulfions. The caufe of what is confidered as the poi- fon of mufcles, is generally fuppofed to arife from fome malignant quality inherent in the fith itfelf ; scour to the place where it is found, and particular feafons. Some fuppofe the poifon confifts in a kind of fella marina, a fea infect, frequently found in mufcles ; whofe fpawn is very corrofive, and when applied to the fkin excoriates it.. But the real caufe is, in the indigeftible pro- perty of a part of the mufcle, which fhould never be eaten; and without which, mufcles are innocent and-nutritive. This noxious part of mufcles is the on threads, or wiry filaments, by which they faften themfelves to one another ; to the bottom of fhips ; and to rocks, and {tones ; and. ast, anchored by the ftrongeft cable, no waves nor current can break their hold. -. Thefe filaments iffue from an hard cartila- ginous fubftance, at the root of what is com- monly called the tongue of the mufcle, in the middle of its body. That honey fhould fometimes produce the ill effeéts I have mentioned cannot create fur- aaa : if we reflect that the bee diftils from L 2 every: ( 148 } every flower, in the great unweeded garden of Nature; and that the quality of his manufac- ture depends on the quality of his materials. - Hence it is that honey in different countries differs fo much in flavour, and confequently 1 in. wholefomenefs. The honey of fome countries is poifonous to every one who makes ufe of it. Pompey loft three regiments in Poutus, poifoned by honey * ; and Putyy fays, there is a diftriét in that country, which yields honey that makes people mad who eat it. | | But the peculiar antipathy to honey, the occafion of thefe remarks, may be excited by the effential property of fome particular vege- table in that multifarious compound; or, moft probably, by the nature of the compound itfelf. : Incredible as the fact may appear, I know a perfon who cannot touch honey with her fin- ger, without immediate nervous affections, and cold {weats; and, what is ftill more extraordi- nary, the handling, and fmelling bee’s wax, is accompanied with fenfations of the fame tendency. Her fon, a ftrong, shealthy young * Qui mel, in Heraclea Ponti nafcens, ederunt, aut biberuat, iis eadem accidunt que ab aconito fumpto.ingruunt. PR. AiGrnets, lib. V.c. 57- man, (tag. .) man, labours under nearly a fimilar difpofi- tion. rye I have long thought that many children are loft, from imattention; or, more properly fpeaking, from not. knowing the peculiari- ties, by which temperaments wonderfully differ. — ) ° The phyfical antipathies of children are never looked for; and never difcovered. How many infants linger in a painful man- ner, and perifh by convulfions, where no caufe is known, or fufpected ! - Sudden illnefs not to be defined, mus fud- den death, without any previous indifpofition, or traceable veftiges on diffection after death, —are fubje&s on which little has been faid, and nothing done. Averfion from things obnoxious to phyfical organization, and repugnance to receive what- ever difturbs the funétions connected by fym- pathy, are obfervable in all animals. But this fpontaneous refiftence of nature, iS always overpowered in children; and is con- founded with that indifcriminate defire or dif- guft, which perhaps would often fatally init guide them. In advanced age, antipathies demonftrate themfelves ; and frequently in the moft irrefif- tible; and diftrefling manner. | L 3 Rhu- , q . . C 15h"): Rhubarb, among feveral articles which might be mentioned, violently diforders fome people, of all characters of habit, and periods of life. And yet this drug is forced down the throat of every infant, the moment it comes into the world. Oil acts asa poifon to fome people; but, as it does not poifon every body, it is adminif- tered to infants, without fufpicion. Even manna fometimes aéts as a poifon. My motives here are not to enumerate the dangerous confequences, and folitary inftances of fingular antipathy: otherwife, charges might be brought againft every article, con- {tituting our daily food. } Bacon fays, ‘ all life hath a fympathy with faint) a ine is true, and the fame may be faid of fugar. I have one inftance of antipa- thy on record however, againft falt-+; I know of none againft fugar. But doubtlefs there are inftances, where individuals diflike fugar: but I never knew an inftance of fugar difagreeing with any perfon. This fubje&t leads to an extenfive fietd, which has {carcely been entered, except by _* Mitt, Nat. cent. 10.-art. 982. + Bartuotom. a Maranza. Method, Cogn, Simpl. Med. kb. 3. Cap. 13. thofe ¢ oe ) thofe who have had no defire to apply the cul- ture of it to good and rational purpofes. I fhould ieead further; but I have faid enough: as my object here, is chiefly to re- Sumene attention to fuch as have the care of the diet, and regimen of children; that they may keep a jealous eye on the operations of any article of food, or medicine, which has been known to produce injurious effeéts in habits, under the influence of Idiocracy. Aged people, who have no teeth, and whofe digeftive faculties are impaired, and as inca- Sable as thofe of infants, may like infants live on fugar. I could produce many inianket where aged people have been fupported many years, by {carcely any thing but fugar. Taken in tea, milk, and beer, it has been found not only fufficient to fuftain nature, but has caufed lean people to grow fat, and has increafed the vigour of their bodies. ‘The late king of Sardinia ate a great quantity of fugar daily. He ate it by itfelf; without diflolving it, or mixing it with any thing. It was his chief food. After his death, his body was opened, and all his vifcera were perfectly found. | L 4 The ( 152). The great duke of Beaufort, as he was called, who died about an hundred years ago at the age of feventy, was opened ; his vifcera were found in the fame manner ; as perfect as ina perfon of twenty: with his teeth white, and firm, He had for forty years before his death ufed a pound of fugar daily, m his wine, chocolate, and fiyeet-meats. SuareE fays, his grandfather Mr. Ma/ory was {trong and chearful in his eighty-fecond year ; at which time his hair changed fomewhat dark; his old teeth came out, pufhed away by young ones; which continued fo to do until he had, ‘a new fet of teeth complete. He lived eafy, and free from pain, or ficknefs, until his hun- dredth year, when he died. He-ufed fugar to a great degree in all his food, vegetable, and animal: and delighted in all manner of {weet- meats. Stare fays, he E lewed the practice of his grandfather ; and ufed {ugar in every thing he ate and drank: and in the fixty feventh year of his age, all his teeth were found, Bnd firm, and in their full number. I know a perfon at this time, stone eighty years old, who has lived for feveral years al- moft on fugar: and is as healthy and ftrong, and, X\ ( 53°.) and as youthful in appearance, as moft people at fifty. | The caufe of this fondnefs for fugar was an accident that happened nearly twenty years ago, which prevented the perfon for a confi- derable time, {wallowing any thing but fluids, in which a portion of fugar was diffolved, ‘The diet now confifts of fugar, and the fim- ple. vehicles in which it is taken; thefe are tea,milk, gruel, barley water, roafted, and - boiled apples ; ; and beer, generally for fup- pores Animal food is not neceflary for the pleafu- rable exiftence, and bodily health of man*; for mental pleafure and health, perhaps, quite thecon. trary. In the time of Pyrnacoras+, fugar was | unknown ; even to this great traveller. Other- wife his philofophy would have had more con- verts. His diet was impracticable in moft countries, frem bulk, carriage, and feafon. There is more nourifhment in a pound of fugar, than in a load of pulfe, or vegetables. * Prodiga divitias alimentaque mitia tellus Suggerit ; atque epulas fine cede et fanguine prebet. Oviv. Met. on XP. vu. 81, 82. F 509 years before the Chriftian cera. If 4 aye D - If the pure, the divine Pyruacoras, under- going the changes he fuggefted *, be now in this our planet, and confcious Es his former _ being, how muft his holy fpirit be depreffed _ atthe difappointment of the flattering hope he once had formed; that mankind would rife on his foundation, to the heights of truth; by living according to the fimplicity of nature, and the dieses of reafon; that their brutal hunt after the lives of God’s creatures, and making ay {eience of butchery, would {top; and that the earth would ceafe to reprefent a grazing ground, for flaughter; and. its bloody inhabitants a mafs of canibals ! - Two centuries have not elapfed, fince it can be properly faid, that fugar has become an ingredient in the popular dict of Europe. There is now fcarcely any perfon who does not mix, more or lefs of it, in his daily food ; excepting the poor, remote inhabitants of the Interior, and northern parts of Europe; whofe cold, watery diet, moft requires it. The increaled confumption of fugar, and - the increafing demand for it, exceeds all com- parifon with, any other article, ufed as an * Spiritus, eque feris humana in corpore tranfit, Jugue feras nofler ; nee tempore deperit ullo. Ovip. Met, L, XV. v.. 167, 168. — auxX~ C1 3 auxiliary, in food: for, fuch is the influence of fugar, that once touching the nerves of tafte; no perfon was ever inal to have the power of relinquifhing the defire for it. When fugar was firlt introduced into. es land, itis difeule to afcertain ; and though it ‘was in ufe in 1466, yet, until it was brought from the Brafils,; about. 1580, to Portugal, and imported from. thence, it was chiefly ¢ con- fined to feafts, and to medicine. ~ The quantity confumed in England has al- ways kept increafing ; though the whole con- fumption for Heel a century, fubfequent to ‘this period, was inconfiderable. Cuaucer, in his Troilus and Creffida, writ- ten in 1380, mentions, allegorically, the {weet- nefs of fugar *, The importation of fugar into posit mn 1700 amounted to 481,425. hundred weight ; or 48,142 hogtheads, at ‘ten hundred weight each. The price then was thirty. two eatinee the hundred weight. The importation into England and Scotland onan average, for 178-, 1788, 1789, and 1790, amounted anually to 1,952,262 hundred weight, * « So let your dunger /ucrid ben alite.” The Cw y... The annual exportation during this period was, on an average, 296, 996 hundred weight; which leaves the annual confumption in Eng- land and Scotland 1,655,266 hundred weight; or 118,233 hogtheads, of fourteen hundred weight each *. Thus we find 185,389,792 pounds of fugar _ are annually confumed in England and Scot- Jand. ae But the proportion confumed in Scotland is fmall; not exceeding 12,000 hogfheads, or 18,816,448 pounds. The confumption then in | England only, is 166,573,344 pounds. Now taking the population of England at 8,090,000, the proportion of fugar to each in- dividual, if each individual had his fhare, — would be about twenty pounds per annum. Thefe calculations are made, reducing the whole to raw, or mufcavade fagar. The confumption: in Ireland is not in this calculation. Ireland confumes 20,000 hogt- heads per annum. 3 Sugar is not an article of {muggling; and there were no prize-{ugars at the above pe- ried. — * From 1772 to 1775 the average confumption was 114,6134 hogfheads per azaum, Before y C: Ba) Before the Furies lighted their torches in St. Domingue, that beautiful ifland yielded, for the benefit of mankind, 290,000 hogfheads of fugar. 3 The importation then, into all Europe, from every part of theworld, was about 509,000 hogfheads. The Eaft Indies have not given us a quan- tity exceeding” 5,000 hetheads per annum. The Eaft Indies cannot, I believe, fpare much more fer the Englifh market, without further ex< pentfive arrangements. If Jamaica, andtheotherEnglith (icorcsibaai were to fhare the fate of St. Domingue, by the horrors of war, a diftrefs would arile, not only in England, but in Europe, not confined to the prefent generation, but that would defcend to the child unborn. Of fuch importance has the agriculture of half a million of Africans *, become to Europeans. * The negroes employed in the Weft Indies, in cultivating the cane, and manufacturing fugar, do not much exceed this number. _ Altogether there. are, in the Englith colonies about 461,684 blacks; and in the French colonies about. 489,265. In Jamaica, in the year 1698, there were 40,000 blacks, and 7,365 whites. In 1741, 100,000 blacks, and 10,000 whites. In 1787, 255,780 blacks, and 23,000 whites. The population in that ifland, at this time, is about the fame. ; . 6 he CC 1585 ) The lofs of fugar cannot be eftimated, by a furvey of the diet of Europe, before fugar was known. If it were poffible that people could retrograde into the habits of that time, they would want fome of the means then in ufe for their fupport. From the lofs of fugar, many articles and vegetable mixtures, which now conftitute the moft agreeable and moft wholefome parts of the foot, particularly of youth and delicate people, would be utelefs; and for which we have no falutary fubftitute. There are fome faccharite enthufiafts who attribute to the ufe of fugar the extin¢tion of the plague in Europe ;—that is not the cafe :— but it has certainly contributed to fupprefs the native malady of England—the Scurvy. » That ftate of the ee which we denominate Ebony, perhaps the parent of fcrophula and confumption, difpofes the fyftem to the ravages of fevers; and hence the great mortality in for- mer times ; when peftilential fevers and plagues invaded the Englith, deeply infected by the fcurvy. . An article in conftant ufe, -to re extent fugas now is, muft have confiderable influence in difpofing the body to receive or refift dif- eafe. Becaufe the blood, and the erowth, or changes, and fupport of the frame, depend on the (439° ) the’ alinient received into the ftomach: “and the general ftate of the fy{tem, exclufive of clidaite and particular or Banaue muft be affected accordingly. 7 The formation of the body, and more i the inclination of the mind than is generally imagined, depend on the nature and quality of our food. This I had occafion formerly to remark, 2s ou : Without reforting to the metamorphofis of Nebuchadnezzer,’ MonTesquigu was fo perfua- ded of this do&trine, that he afferts, in many animals, excepting their mere bones, their mental as well as their corporal character, is decided by it. This is indeed fo ftrongly diftinguithable among the lower clafles, in fome countries, that one would almoft conclude, a man is but a walking vegetable—or an hieroglyphic—im- “porting the food, of which he is compounded. Europe is in a much better ftate of bodily health than it was formerly. It has alfo under- gone great changes in its mental condition; as all Europe feels. There is {till fome room for improvement in both. - But the latter is a devious road from my. obje¢t, which I muft leave to divines and politicians; and confine * Treatife on Correr, page I. myfelf ( 66 ) myfelf to a path, with which I hope I am bet- ter acquainted—W arwicx LANE. _ There are no diftempers now in Europe ravaging and depopulating whole countries ;— and, I conceive, what our anceftors reprobated, and dreaded the importation of fo much, un- der the appellation of luxuries, has had acon- fiderable fhare in this alteration. Since European countries have had inter- courfe with the Eaft and Weft Indies, and a free and enlarged traffic with each other, and commerce has iupplied the deficiences of one country, from the fuperfluities of another, Europe has greatly improved in its regimen. The popular diet before was crude, coarfe, and unwholefome. A royal Englifhdinner of the twelfth century would be defpifed by a modern tradefman. Spices, wine, fugar, and culinary chemiftry, made no part of the repatt. _ But people have not ufed thefe bounties of nature, and art, with prudence. If they have now no dread of fome of the heavy calamities which then made their malignant vifitations to the human race, there are too many who have by their excefles acquired others, which embitter the chronical hours of declining hfe. . This (fF 169%.) This reflexion does ‘not extend to labouring people; they are ftrangers to more of foreign. productions than what barely qualify their food for health; and though fhort-lived, they are providentially fecured againft the miferies of ill-ufed opulence,—the derangements of glut- tony and repletion: the principal difeafes in England. Difeafes in gerieral would be uniform, sad never undergo much alteration, were people to feed only on the produce of their own foil. This appears in the diféafes of cattle ; and alfo in thofe of Indians; and people living in a ftate of nature, without foreign communication: and this likewife appears,.in a great degree, among artificers'‘and manufaéturers, and fuch as can- not deviate in habit. In commercial countries, where articles. of foreign growth, and diffimilar climates enter into dietetic ufe, with the generality of a peo- ple, it 1s impoffible that the type of their dif- eafes fhould remain {tationary ; or that fome will not appear, and others difappear, from any confiderable change, or fubverfion of cuf- tom. Riera Within my memory the inflammatory ten- dency of difeafes in Europe, has gradually di- minifhed. There are not fo many pleurefies | M among ~ C sihe 435 -among the reapers in harveft, as there were formerly. | : Every phyfician knows, that the practice employed in fevers in the laft century, is now ebfolete ; and that the praétice of the prece- ding century is {till more fo. I fpeak alfo of dif- -eafes in general. Accurate phyficians know, that fevers are continually difappointing them. » The fcience of medicine therefore has not improved,—it has changed: becaufe difeafes change. It is to be remembered, that Hrrpo- CRATES, CeLsus, and GaLen, knew all that was poflible to be known in their time; yet we cannot go by their writings; and, if they had left us nothing but their prefcriptions, we fhould not now be much benefited in our prac- tice, by their labours. ) The Cow-Pox has lately appeared in Eng- land. This is a new ftar in the Afculapian fyftem. It was firft obferved from the Pro- vinces. It is fo luminous there, that the grealy- heeled hind feet of Pegafus are vifible to the naked eye: the hidden parts of that conftel- lation, which have puzzled aftronomers, as to the fex of Pegafus ; and which Hiprarcuus, Tycuo, Heverius, FLamsteap, and Hers- CHEL, could never difcover. ‘The reafon now is evident. The (163°) ‘The medical Pythoniffas are divided in their opinion refpecting this phenomenon. Great events are foreboded:—Some pretend that a reftive greafy-heeled horfé will kick: down all the old gally-pots of GaLen —Others, that the people of England are becoming like the inhabitants of a wildernefs, beyond the land of Cathay, feen in 1333, by the rare and inimitable Sir John ManpeyiLe,—who, he fays, were ‘* wild, with horns on their heads, very hideous and {peak not; but rout as fwine*.”’ Wonderful things do certainly appear in all ages ; the great ERasmus mentions a man, one Philario, an Italian, who in Holland was very much affliéted with worms. While the worms were in his body, he fpoke the Dutch language fluently. When his phyfician cured him of: the diforder, he could not fpeak a word of that language. The Dutch worms and the Dutch language, left Philario together +! In this Cowmania it is not enough for reafon to concede, that the Cow-pox may leffen, for a time, the difpofition in the habit to receive the infection of the Small pox. All cutaneous determinations; catarhal fe- vers; and every difeafe of the lymphatics; and * Quarto ed. 1677. chap. 87. + Crede quod habes, et habes—Enasme ! M 2 medicine, tk . ( 164: ) medicine, tending, to what SypenHAm would call depurating that fyftem, do the fame. Surgeons know, that the firft inflammation _ Of any membrane is the moft violent: and that reiterated inflammation deadens fenfibility. But no complaint to which people are re- peatedly fubjeét, as the Cow-pox, can perform all circumftances in the habit, equivalent to the Small-pox, which people never have but once. Befides, the Small-pox does not deftroy the difpofition in the habit to receive the Cow- pox. if that ibe ine cafe, the Small- -pox and the Cow-pox, then, are not ee but radi- cally diffimilar. The Small-pox is undoubtedly an evil; but we underftand the extent of that ill; which we had better bear, “Than fly to others that we know not of.” Inoculation has difarmed the Small-pox - of its terrors ; and reduced it to management. I have inoculated in the Weft Indies, and in Europe, feveral thoufands. I never loft a patient. I {peak fubject to the animadver- fions of contemporaries. And I fhould not have mentioned this, but that it gives me an Op- Cay 3 opportunity of faying many others, whom I know, have done the fame, with the fame fuccefs. Accidénts, in.the inoculated Small- pox, are uncommon ; and we all know from experience, that difeafe, properly treated, leaves nothing after it injurious to the confti- tution. Can any perfon fay what may be the con- fequences of introducing a beffzal hamour— the Cow-pox, I hope, does not deferve the name of difeafe—into the human frame, after a long lapfe of years? I mention this ferious trifling, not from difrefpect to the ingenious, nor to difcourage inquiry ; the object well de- ferves it ;—but the doétrine of engrafting dif- tempers is not yet underftood by the wifeft -men: and I wifh to guard parents againt{t fuf- fering their children becoming victims to ex- periment.——What mifery may be brought on © a family after many years of imaginary fecu- rity ! There are feveral diftempers of be/fial origin, I have no doubt. The Yaws is one of them; and, not being underftood in Europe, and a well-known af- fliction in the fugar colonies, it is not foreign to my fubject to notice it here. M 3 The t m0 3 The yaws naturally is an original African diftemper. It may be communicated to white people, as it is to blacks, by inoculation, and by accidental contaét, when the ulcerous mat- ter is carried into the habit by abforption. I have feen feveral fhocking inftances of this fort. But it breaks out in negroes without any communication, fociety, or contact. The feeds of the yaws defcend from thofe who have ever had it, to their lateft. pofterity. No period from infancy to age exempts them from it. Its appearance is uncertain. CuevaLierand Hitvary {peak of the yaws; but their accounts are erroneous. CHEVALIER perhaps never faw it*. Hirrary often faw t; but he mifunderftands Hatt Aspas, whom he has quoted; endeavouring to prove it iS common in Arabia as well as in Africa +. Turner never faw it, and is abfurd}; and our great SyDENHAM, who was a total {tranger to it, never committed an error, fcarcely, but in this inftance §. , * Maladie: de St. Domingue, 1752. t Difeafes of Barbadoes,'1759- t Syphilis, p. 5. ‘ Opera Univerfa, p. 327, ed. Lugd. Batav. iat: N.B. written anno 1679. The ( 167 ) The yaws differs altogether from every other diforder, in its origin, progrefs, and. termi- nation. Left to itfelf, it fometimes departs in 9, 12, 15, or 18 months, without leaving behind it any inconveniency. Sometimes it remains much longer, and ends in fhocking nodes, and diftortions of the bones. Many are de-. ftroyed by it. No perfon is fubjeé to it twice. From want of care and proper management, the torments of the yaws furpafs all defcrip- tion, from the done ache, and dreadful ago- nizing curvatures, and caries of the legs, arms, collar-bones, wrifts, and almoft every’ other bone, and articulation in the body. There is alfo, fometimes, a relic after the original malady is gone, called the mafler yaw; this is an inveterate ulcer, proceeding from the largeft yaw, or chief determination of the eruption. 7 Generally, this diftemper terminates in what are called crab yaws. Thefe are painful fores, or cracks in the feet, fometimes fpongy, fome- times hard and callous. There are two forts of yaws, like the two {pecies of Farcy in horfes; the common yaws and the running yaws. M 4 The C 8 The common yaws, without fever or.indifpo- fition, begins with fmall pimples, which foon —increafe, and appear in round, white, flabby, eruptions, from about the fize of a pea to that of a large ftrawberry, feparately, or in clufters, in different parts of the body. Thefe erup- tions do not appear all at once; and, when {ome are declining, and others difappearing, a frefh crop comes out in a different part of the body. Sometimes a few dofes of fulphur will force them out, when they are thought to be entirely gone from the habit. _ The running yaws breaks out in fpreading cutaneous ulcers, difcharging a great quantity of acrid corrofive matter, in different parts of the body. ‘This is the worft fort. The cure of the yaws is now underftood by fkilful pra¢titioners. Inoculation is performed with fuccefs. Care foon removes the principal mifchief of the diftemper ; and the crab yaws are eafily cured in the manner which I have related in another publication *. Formerly there was no regular method of treating the yzws in the Weft Indies. It was thought to be a diforder that would have its _courfe, and, if interrupted, that it would be * Treatife on Tropical Difeafes, ed..3, p. 519. dangerous. ( 169 ) | / dangerous. It was then the cuftom, when’a negro was attacked with it, to. {eparate him from the reft, and fend him to fome lonely place by the fea fide, to bathe; or into the mountains, to fome Provifion Ground, or Plan- tain Walk; where he could a& as a watch- man, and maintain himfelf, without any ex- pence to the eftate, until he was well; then he ‘was brought back to the Sugar-Work. But this rarely happened. A cold, damp, fmoky hut, for his habitation; fnakes and h- zards his companions; crude, vilcid food, and bad water, his only fupport; and fhunned as a leper ;—he ufually funk from the land of the living. | | But fome of thefe abandoned exiles lived, in {pite of the common law of nature, and fur- vived a general mutation of their mufcles, li- gaments, and ofteology ; became alfo hideoufly white in their woolly hair and fkin; with their limbs and bodies twifted and turned, by the force of the diftemper, into fhocking grotefque fieures, refembling woody excrefcences, or ftumps of trees; or old Egyptian figures, that feem as if they had been made of the ends of the human, and beginnings of the brutal form; which figures are, by fome antiquaries, taken for gods, and by others, for devils. In | Cte 2 In their banifhment, their huts often became the receptacles of robbers and fugitive negroes 5 and, as they had no power to refift any who chofe to take fhelter in their hovels, had no- thing to lofe, and were forfaken by the world, a tyger would hardly moleit them. Their defperate guefts never did. The hoft of the hut, as he grew more mif- fhapen, generally became more fubtile ;—this we obferve in England, in crooked fcrophu- lous perfons ;—as if Nature difliked people’s: being both cunning, and ftrong. Many of their wayward vifitors were deeply fkilled in magic, and what we call the d/acé art, which they brought with them from Africa; and, in return for their accommoda- tion, they ufually taught their landlord the myfteries of figils, fpells, and forcery; and slluminated him in all the occult {cience of Ost *, Thefe * This Ox1, or, as it is pronounced in the Englifh Weft Indies, Ofeah, had its origin, like many cuftoms among the Africans, from the ancient Egyptians. 258 OB is a demon, a fpirit of divination, and magic. When Saul wanted to raife up Samuel from the dead, he faid to his fer- vants, ‘ Seck me a woman (iN nya eminent for Ox) that hath a familiar fpirit.” His Fe OR Ca" DD Thefe ugly, loathfome creatures thus became oracles of woods, and unfrequented places's and were reforted to fecretly, by the wretched in mind, and by the malicious, for wicked purpofes. Osr, and gambling, are the only inftances I have been able to difcover, among the natives. of the negro land in Africa, in which any ef- fort at combining ideas, has ever been demon- {trated. The fcience of Ost is very extenfive. Oz!, for the purpofes of bewitching people, or. confuming them by lingering illnefs, is made of grave dirt, hair, teeth of fharks, and other creatures, blood, feathers, egg-fhells, images in wax, the hearts of birds, and fome potent roots, weeds, and bufhes, of which Eu- ropeans are at this time ignorant ; but which were known, for the fame purpofes, to the ancients, Certain mixtures of thefe ingredients are burnt ; or buried very deep in the ground ; His fervants replied to him, “ There is (2I8 NY WN a woman miftrefs in the art of Os) that hath a familiar fpirit, at Endor.” When the witch of Endor came to Saul, he faid to her, “ Di- vine unto me (35823 by thy witchcraft Ox) by the familiar fpirit, and bring me him up.whom I {hall name unto thee.” 1 Samuel, chap. xxviii. v. 7 and 8. or. Chor pew) i or hung up a chimney; or laid under the threfhold of the door of the party, to fuffer ; with incantation fongs, or curfes, performed at midnight, eine the afpects of the moon. ‘The party Fao wants to do the mif- chief, is alfo fent to burying-grounds, or fome fecret place, where {pirits are f{uppofed to fre- quent, to invoke his dead parents to aiilt him inthe curie, A negro, who thinks himfelf bewitched by Osi, will apply to an Od:-man, or Odr- qwoman, fox cure. Thefe magicians will interrogate the patient, as to the part of the body moft afflicted. This part they will torture with pinching, drawing with gourds, or calabathes, beating, and preffing. When the patient is nearly ex- haufted with this rough magneti/fing, Oxi brings out an old rufty nail, or a’ piece of bone, or an afs’s tooth, or the jaw-bone of a rat, or a fragment of a quart bottle, from the part; and the patient is well the next day. The moit wrinkled, and moft deformed Ofian magicians, are moft venerated. This was the cafe among the Egyptians and Chal- deans. In general, Obi-men are more fagacious than Obi-women, in giving, or taking away difeafes ; and C53 and in the application of poifons. It is in their department to blind pigs, and ‘poultry 5 ; -_ lame cattle. ‘It is the province of the Od7-women to dil pofe of the paffions. They fell foul winds for inconftant mariners; dreams and phantafies for jealoufy ; vexation, and pains in the heart, for perfidious love; and for the perturbed; impatient, and wretched, at the tardy aéts of time,—to turn in prophetic fury to a future page in the book of Fate,—and amaze the ra‘ vifhed fenfe of the tempeft-toffed querent. Laws have been made in the Weft Indies to punifh this Odzan practice with death; but they have had no effect. Laws conftructed in the Weft Indies, can never {upprefs the effeét of ideas, the origin of which, is in the centre of Africa. Oe | I faw the Ox1 of the famous negro robber, Three fingered Jack, the terror or Jamaica in 1780 and 1781. The Maroons who flew him brought it to me. His Osr confifted of the end of a goat’s horn} filled with a compound of grave dirt, afhes, the blood of a black cat, and human fat; all mixed into a kind of pafte. A black cat’s foot, a dried toad, a pig’s tail, a flip of parch- ment ( 474 ) ment of kid’s fkin, with charaGters marked in blood on it, were alfo in his Odzan bag, Thefe, with a keen fabre, and two guns, like Robinfon Crufoe, were all his Os1; with which, and his courage in defcending into the plains and plundering to fupply his wants, and his fkill in retreating into difficult faftnef- fes, commanding the only accefs to them, where none dared to follow him, he terrified the inhabitants, and fet the ciyil power, and the neighbouring militia of that ifland, at de- flance, for two years. He had neither accomplice, nor affociate. There were a few runaway negroes in the woods near Mount Libanus, the place of his retreat ; but he had croffed their foreheads with fome of the magic in his horn, and they could not betray him. But he trufted no one, He fcorned affiftance. He afcended above Spartacus. He robbed alone; fought all his battles alone ; and always killed his purfuers. By his magic, he was not only the dread of the negroes, but there were many white peo- ple, who believed he was poffeffed of fome fu- pernatural power. In hot climates females marry very young ; and often with great difparity of age. Here Jack en nN ee = (ae 2 Jacx was the author of many troubles :—for feveral matches proved unhappy. ** Give a dog an ill name, and hang him.” Clamours rofe on clamours again{t the cruel /orcerer ; and every conjugal mifhap was laid at the door of Jacx’s malific {pell of tying the point, on the wedding day. Gop knows, poor Jacx had fins enough of his own to carry, without loading him with the fins of others. He would fooner have made a Medean cauldron for the whole ifland, than difturb one lady’s happinefs. He had Many opportunities; and, though he had a mortal hatred to white men, he was never known to hurt a child, or abufe a woman. But even Jack himfelf was born, to die. Allured by the rewards offered by Governor DALLinG, in a proclamation, dated the rath of December, 1780, and by a refolution, which followed it, of the Houfe of Affembly*, two negroes, * House or AssemBLy, 29th December, 1780, RESOLVED, that, over and above the reward of one hundred pounds offered by his Majefty’s proclamation for taking or killing the rebellious negro called Three fiugered Jack, the further reward, of Freepom jhall be given to any flave that fhall take or kill the faid Three fingered Jack, and that the Houfe will make good the value of fuch flave to the proprietor thereof. And if any one of his accomplices will kill the faid Three fingered Jack, and bring in his 3 eae} negroes, named Quasuez, and Sam (Sam was Captain Davy’s fon, he who fhot a Mr. Tuompson, the mafter of a London fhip, at’ Old Harbour), both of Scots Hall Maroon ‘Town, with a party of their townfmen, went in fearch of him. . QuasHEE, before he fet out on the expedi- tion, got himfelf chriftianed, and changed his name to James REEDER.. The expedition commenced; and the whole party had been creeping about in the woods, for three weeks, and. blockading, as it were, the deepett recefles of the moft inaceflible part of the ifland, where Jacx, far remote from all. human fociety, refided,—but in vain. Reever and Sam, tired with this mode of war, refolved on proceeding in fearch of his retreat; and taking him, by ftorming it, or perifhing in the attempt. : i _ They took with them a little boy, a proper fpirit, and a good fhot, and left the reft of the party. 3 his head, and hand wanting the fingers, fuch accomplice fhall be entitled to his free’ Parpon, and his Frerpom as above, upoh ~ due proof being made of their being the head and hand of the faid Three fingered Jack. ‘ By the House, SAMUEL Howe xt, Cl. Affem. Manet’ ( 177 -) ao Thefe thrée, whom I well knew, had not been long feparated, before their cunning eyes difcovered, by impreflions among’ the weeds and bufhes, that fome perfon int have lately been that way. They foftly followed thefe impreffions, mas King not the leaft noife. Prefently ney difco« vered a fmoke. ss They prepared for wat., They came upon Jack before he perceived them. He was roafting plantains, by a little fire on the - pround, at the mouth of a cave. This was a {cene :+-not where ordinary ac- ° tors had a common part to play. 7 Jacx’s looks were fierce and terrible. He told them he would kill them. REEDER, in{tead of fhooting Jack, replied, that his Ont had no power to hurt him; for he was chriftianed; and that his name was no longer QuASHEE. Jack knew Reever; and as if paralyfed, he let his two guns remain on the ground, and. | took up only his cutlafs. Thefe two had a defperate engagement fex veral years before, in the woods; in which conflict Jack loft the two fingers, which was the origin of his préfent name ; but Jack then’, beat Reever, and almoft killed him, with {e- N veral Cae ) veral others who affifted him, and they oe from JACK. To do Three-jingered Jack ies he would now have killed both Rezper and Sam; for, at firft, they were frightened at the fight of him, and the dreadful tone of his voice; and well they might: they had befides no retreat, and were to grapple with the braveft, and ftrongeft man in the world. But Jack was cowed; for, he had prophe- fied, that white Osr would get the better of him; and, from experience, he knew the charm would lofe none of its ferenat in the hands of REEDER. Without farther parley, Jacx, with his cut- lafs in his hand, threw himfelf down a preci- pice at the back of the cave. ReEpDER’s gun miffed fire. Sam fhot him in the fhoulder. ReepeErR, like an Englifh bull-dog, never looked, but, with his cutlafs in his hand, plunged headlong down after Jacx. The defcent was about thirty yards, and almoft perpendicular. Both of them had preferved their cutlaffes in the fall. , Here was the ftage,—on which two of the ftouteft hearts, that were ever hooped with ribs, began their bloody ftruggle. Pas The Se Ne Og ISI ag oR A ee ee ee (399. ) The little boy, who was ordered to keep back, out of harm’s way, now reached the top of the precipice, and, during the fight, fhot Jack in the belly. Sam was crafty, and coolly took a round about way to get to the field of aétion. When he arrived’at the fpot where it began, JAck and Reeper had clofed, and tumbled together down another precipice, on the fide of the mountain, in which fall they both loft their weapons. | Sam defcended after them, who alfo loft his cutlafs, among the trees and bufhes in Lee down. When he came to them, though without weapons, they were not idle; and, luckily for Reever, Jacx’s wounds were deep and defpe- rate, and he was in great agony. Sam came up juft time enough to fave Reever; for, Jack had caught him by the throat, with his giant’s grafp. Rezper then was with his right hand almoft cut off, and Jack ftreaming with blood from his fhoulder and belly; both covered with gore and gathes. In this {tate Sam was umpire; and decided the fate of the battle. He knocked Jacx down with a piece of a rock. | N 2 When (fe .) When the lion fell, the two tigers got upos him, and beat his brains out with ftones. » The little boy foon after found his way to them. He had a cutlafs, with which they cut off Jacn’s head, and THREE-FINGERED HAND, and took them in triumph to Morant Bay. There they put their trophies into a pail of rum; and, followed by a vaft concourfe of © negroes, now no longer afraid of Jacx’s OB1, they carried them to Kingfton, and Spanifh Town ; and claimed the reward of the King’s Proclamation, and the Houfe of Affembly. But, to return into medicine’s melancholy road. In North America, lately, the Plague has -burft on the inhabitants. It firft appeared at Philadelphia in Auguft, 1793. Doctor Benjamin Rusu, of Philadelphia, a phyfician of the moft diftinguifhed learning and talents, has given an interefting account of this calamity. He has denominated this peftilence the Brlious Remitting Yellow Fever of America; from its being accompanied by the _ terrible complexion, and other pathognomo- nics, which Lhave given of the Exdemial Cau/as, or, aS it is commonly called, the Ye/low Fever of €. 380.) of the Weft Indies; and from its yielding, as he has fhewn, to the fame means I ufed in that fever, and have publifhed in my Treati/e on Tropical Difeafes. From the mortality that has Petecaeh at different periods, from the 7¢Mow Fever, fince its firft appearance in America, I am forry to con- clude that no fuccefsful method of treating it has been adopted by practitioners, and univer- fally agreed on. It feems that America is now fuffering the fame fate which England formerly expe- rienced; and that this American plague, like. the plagues in England, will exhauft the in- {crutable caufe which feeds its rage, and then will vanifh. England was relieved from the plague, without any general rational method of cure being adopted, or without phyficians knowing any more how it came, or went away, than we do when it will return. This is a fubjeét of concern; but not of fur- prife. Veteran phyficians in times of danger generally defert the field; intrench themfelves far off, behind old books, and leave raw re- cruits to fight the foe: who, inexperienced. in the tactics of phyfic, feldom efcape the re- coil of their own artillery; and fall with their patients. j N 3 It ( 182 ) it was natural for Hippocrates, who lived in a country, where particular winds regularly produced certain difeafes, to attribute all epidemics to fome condition of the air, that was cognizable to our fenfes. But SypENHAM, who, we all know, was a fagacious obferver of nature, though he thought with Hippocrates as to the atmof- pheric origin of epidemics, yet he contended that there was fome fecret and unknown quality in the dir, not reducible to demonttra- tion, by the divifions and fubdivifions of theory, in which the Pandoran mifchief of epidemics lies concealed. There are annual or feafonal diforders, more or lefs fevere, in all countries; but the Plague, and other great depopulating epide- mics, do not always obey the feafons of the year. Like comets, their courfe is excentric. They have their revolutions; but from whence they come, or whither they go after they have made their revolutions, no mortal can tell. | All epidemics properly belong to either fpring or autumn. When they break out in winter, or very early in the fpring, they gene- rally prove the moft malignant and deftructive. The fame may be faid of autumnal epidemics, Ki in Ce in regard to their premature appearance, in fummer. | Vernal peftilential difeafes, and plagues, terminate, or become mild, or quiefcent, in hot weather. Autumnal difeafes, in cold wea- ther. The meafles and {mall-pox, when epi- demic, do the fame. The plagues of 1119, 1656, and fevavat others in England; of 1348, im Venice; of 1713, in Dantzig, Hamburg, and Stockholm ; all broke out during the froft in winter; and moft of them declined with the fummer heat. Such was the cafe with the plague at Toulon, in 17213 and fo it is with the plagues at Con- ftantinople, and Cairo, when they make their appearance in February. No perfon ever knew the caufe of the Sweat- ing Sickne/s in England ; nor of its five periodi- _ cal appearances from the, year 1483 to 1551: nor why it has never fince returned. In difeafes, even of confined local produtc- tion, we are often deceived by the femblance of truth. Has any perfon a rational caufe to affign for Agues in the hundreds of Effex; or the Bronchocele in Alpine countries ? What did Priny know of the Gemurfa; or what do we know of the Mentagra* ? * Pun, lib. XXVI. c. 1, N 4 : To ( 184 ) Te look for the caufe of an epidemic in the prefent ftate of the air, or weather, when it makes its appearance, is a very narrow, con- tracted, method of {crutiny, The caute of a peftilence infummer, may be in the changes which the earth, and confe- quently its furrounding atmofphere, under- went in the preceding winter ; and from com- binations, perhaps, far beyond our {cope of thought, for years preparatory to its eruption. In a new country like North America, where immenfe diftriéts of the furface of the earth, which from the creation never faw the fun, have been expofed, for agriculture, the air of the cquntry muft have been impregnated from exhalations injurious, probably, to its falubrity, The Americans are not to look for the caufe of their 2¢/ow Fever, on dunghills, in rotten — vegetable fubftances, and about the wharfs and neighbourhood of Philadelphia. Nature dees not deal in fuch commodities. She does nothing on fo {mall a fcale. This peftilence has a far more expanded origin. And I verily believe, that their melan- choly officers of health;’ avoiding what they — call infe&ted perfons; and putting marks on the doors and windews of an houfe where any perfon is ill, and fimilar acts of charitable eee and a ee ee (/ 8p 9 and good intention, only tend to frighten the people; and difhearten them, at a time they ftand moft in need of fortitude. Expofing the well-known umbrous Pouétiné marfhes, by cutting down the woods, which kept their foul vapours from being rarified by the fun, and borne away by the winds, pro- duced great peftilence in Italy, -The idea alfo of the American plague being imported from Bu/am, or any other place, is repugnant to reafon. I was told a fimilar tale, when I firft went to the Weft Indies: that the Yellow Fever there, was imported in the begin- ning of the century from Siam. That it was a contagious, and an original putrid difeafe; and that bleeding was death. In my practice I proved the reverfe of all this. The caufe of peftilential epidemics, cannot be confined, and local. It muft lie in the at- mofphere, which furrounds, and is in contaét with every part of us; and in which we are immerfed, as bodies in fluids. Thefe difeafes not appearing in villages, and thinly inhabitedeplaces, and generally attack- ing only great towns and cities, may be, that the atmofphere, which I conceive to be the univerfal propagator of peftilence, wants a commixture, or union, with fome compound- ed, ( 6 ed, and peculiar air, fuch as is generated in po- pular communities,—to feparate, or releafe its imprifoned virulence, and give it force. - "Phe ancient writers on medicine, and indeed all others, which I have read, affert, that the operation, of whatever they affign to be the caufe of epidemical fevers,—is folely on the blood and fiuids. ‘This may be doubted. The impreffions of the atmofphere, on the furface of the body, when contaminated, or deprived of vitality, like Eaft winds, are as perceptible, as the effects of approaching, or retreating from, a fire. In the common order of peftilential fevers, they commence with coldnefs, and fhivering ; fimply demonftrating, that fomething unufual has been in contact with the fkin, agonizing cutaneous fenfibility. The fkin is covered with the extremities of — fibres, nerves, and veffels ;—thefe are in the moft expofed fituation, with the leaft power of refifting external injury.—Hence a deftruc- © tion, or a privation of their elafticity, and re- {training power, from a poifoned atmofphere. —And hence I conceive that the firft blow in thefe fevers is made, on the folids ;—the ftrength of the whole frame is thus proftrated in a moment, and every nerve and mufcle pa- ralyfed. Sicknefs (ae Sicknefs at the {tomach, and an immoveable preffure about the pracordia follow. Thefe demonftrate, that the blood cannot pervade the extremities of the body, and that the quantity which ought to dilate through the whole machine, is confined to the larger or- gans, and is crowding, and diftending the heart, and central veffels. The reftraining power of the remoter blood ' veffels being deftroyed, the thinner parts of the blood efcape their boundaries; hence arifes yellownefs in the fkin, in fome climates :—in others, the groffer parts of the blood ftagnate, forming black lodgements, bubo, anthrax, and | exanthemata. The objeét in thefe fevers, is to decide the conteft between the folids and the fluids; and this appears to me, to be only praéticable, by draining the vital parts, by bleeding and purging, before the fluids have burft their confines, and diffolved their bond of union with the folids—The next ftep is to regain the loft energy of the furface of the body, by exciting perfpiration; and then of the whole fyftem, by tonics. When thefe things are not done in the firft hours of attack, in peftilential fevers, and the conflict is not extimguifhed at once,—bark, {timulants, 5 iat acai ( 188 ) ftimulants, and cordials, may be called on—like undertakers,—to perform an ufelefs ceremony. Importing epidemics, and the exiftence of - gontagion in peftilential difeafes, are contrary to the opinion I ever‘had, and ftill main- tain. From whence was the importation of the contagion of the plague at Naples in 1656; by which 20,000 people died in one day? Can any perfon, for a moment reflecting, believe that the great plague of London in 1665, was caufed by opening a bag of cotton in the city, or a package of hemp in St. Giles’s. parifh: Is it poffible to fuppofe that people fhould have been found to propagate, or believe the well-known and favourite ftory of the advo- cates for Mean’s theories,—that a lady was killed inftantly by {melling at a Turkey-hand- kerchief; and a Sica by only ying over a Turkey-carpet ! One might afk—What became of the per- fons, who delivered the handkerchief to the lady—and. laid down the carpet for the gen- tleman! IT have feen almoft all the lazarettos, hofpi- tals, and prifons in Europe. The worft go- vernments abroad, moft abound with this | ‘{plendid Re ee € 9 ) fplendid inheritance of paupers, and criminals —the children of bad ftate-parents. In fome foreign countries, from the number and extent of the laft defcription of edifices, one would imagine that whole nations were cri- minals, or expected to become fo. Even in thefe falfe, cheating, :impofitions on benevolence,—where pomp and magnifi- cence is pictured without,—and negleét, dirt, mifery, and often malicious oppreffion, are found within, I never could difcover that fe- vers are propagated by contagion. Were it poffible fo to be, I fhould have been long fince dead. Quarantine, always expenfive to commerce, and often ruinous to individuals, is a reflexion on the good fenfe of countries. No peftilential fever was ever imported, or exported ; and I have always confidered the fumigating fhip-letters, and fhutting up the crews and paflengers of veffels, on their arrival from foreign places, for feveral weeks, for fear they fhould give difeafes to others, which they have not themfelves—as an ignorant, bar- barous cuftom. I fhall Se m ‘I fhall now conclude this treatife ; not with- out hopes that the difficulties I mentioned, in the way of a correct hiftory of Sucar, have fufficiently appeared, to juftify my motives in premifing them: and to extenuate many de- _ fects in the execution of this undertaking. __ The political government, civil adminiftra- tion of public and private affairs, and the com- mercial interefts of the fugar colonial fettle- ments, have been well delineated by hiftorians of different nations. In England, we have the father of correct . Englifh-Weft-Indian literature, Mr. Epwarp Lone; and, fince his invaluable publica- tion, we have the learned, and comprehen- five view of thofe countries by Mr. Bryan Ep- WARDS. Thefe enlightened hiftorians have left fcarce-: ly any information unfolded, refpedting the Welft-Indian iflands, from the time they were firft known to Europeans, down to their own days. Much alfo of curious matter has been given by other ingenious men, concerning branches of the natural hiftory of the Weft-Indies ; but the anatomy in general, in this department, is without their method and fcience. Great ("39h 4) Great beauties, and fublime objeéts, are ftill untouched by Europeans; and the Sucar Cane, the heart of the folar world, has never been diffefted. __ } By the Planter, the SucAr Cane has been no further confidered, than as it relates to the en- gine, and the copper. In the precious fluid of its cells, he has fonea that, which philofophers have fo long fearched ‘for in vain. Wrapt in the rich fancy of its all-powerful influence, his chief concern is in its tranf- mutation :—but he gives the world the bleflings of his alchemy. In the feafon of this great—this fafcinating work—a fugar-plantation reprefents the days of Saturn.—Every animal feems to be a mem- ber of the golden age. “ “At home, the merchant, from this tranf- atlantic operation, fupports legions of manu- facturers. With pointed finger on the globe, he follows the car of Phoebus, with anxious care, through the heavenly figns propitious to his views; collects his rays from equatorial climes ; diffufes their genial warmth over the frigid regions of the earth, and makes thé in- dnioas world one great family. Lonpvon, Pall Mall, tft of January, 1799. B. M. 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Years. Value. | Years. Value. ee ee ooo ae £. eee ee | a 1764 253915552. ‘71p ‘fb 39595922 1765 2,196,549 1779 | 2,836,489 1766 2,704,114 1780 2,612,236 1767, 2,090,073 1781 3,02 33546 1768 2,942,717 3782 2,612,910 1709 2,086,714 || 1783 B,820}289 1770 Stra ,oog ra gee T3375 3%, 705 177E | 2,979,378) 1785 |. 4,400,956 1772 39 30,082 1786 3,484,025 1773 2,902,407 1787 3,758,087 1774 355742702 1788. 4,307,866 1775 | 356885795 1789 | 39175301 1779 | 35349,949 1790 | 3,854,204 1997 2,840,802 * The value of the produce of St. Domingue, according to an account poblifhed in France this year, amounted to £.2,923,3333 viz. Sugar £.2,400,000; Coffee £.83,333; Cotton £.120,000 ; Indigo £.300,000; Tanned Leather £.20,000. + The accounts preceding, refer to England only. Thofe for the year 1771, and all fubfequent, are for England and Scotland. N. 8B. The total of fhips cleared outwards from England and Scotland from December 1786 to December 1787 was 528, amount- ing to 123,581 tons ; and the amount of thofe entered inwards was 576, amounting to 132,222 tons. The amount of goods, Britith produce, and manufaCtures, exported. from Great Britain to the Weit Indian colonies in 1787, was £. 15463,879 r4s. Lid. 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