STANDARD WORKS PUBLISHED BY Dr. WEBSTEB'S DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Note. — TJie only authorized Editions of the above celebrated Dictionary are those here described : no other Editions published in England contain the Derivations and Etymolo- gical Notes of Dr. Mahn, who devoted several years to this portion of the Work. See Notice on page 4. WEBSTER'S GUINEA DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Thoroughly revised and improved by Chatjncey A. Goodrich, D.D., LL.D., and Noah Porter, D.D., of Yale College. The peculiar features of this volume, which render it perhaps the most useful Dictionary for general reference extant, as it is undoubtedly one of the cheapest books ever published, are as follows : — 1. Completeness. — It contains 114,000 words— more by 10,000 than any other Dictionary; and these are, for the most part, unusual or technical terms, for the explanation of which a Dictionary is most wanted. 2. Accuracy of Definition. — In this department the labours of Dr. Webster were most valuable, in correcting the faulty and redundant definitions of Dr. Johnson, which had previously been almost univer- sally adopted. In the present edition all the definitions have been carefully and Eiethodically analysed by W. G. Webster, Esq., the Rev. Chauncey Goodrich, Prof. Lyman, Prof. Whitney, and Prof. Gilman, with the assistance and under the super- intendence of Prof. Goodrich. 3. Scientific and Technical Terms. — In order to secure the utmost completeness and accuracy of definition, this department has been subdivided among eminent Scholars and Experts, including Prof .Dana, Prof. Lyman, &c. 4. Etymology. — The eminent philo- logist, Dr. C. F. Mahn, has devoted five years to perfecting this department. The Volume contains 1576 pages, more than 3000 Illustrations, and is sold for One Guinea. It will be found, on comparison, to be one of the cheapest Volumes ever issued. Cloth, 21s. ; half-bound in calf, 30s. ; calf or half-russia, 31s. Cd. ; russia, £2. 5. The Orthography is based as far as possible on Fixed Principles. In all cases of doubt an alternative spelling is given. 6. Pronunciation. — This has been en- trusted to Mr. W. G. Webster and Mr. Wheeler, assisted by other scholars. The pronunciation of each word is indicated by typographical signs, which are explained by reference to a Key printed atthe bottom of each page. 7. The Illustrative Citations. — No labour has been spared to embody such quotations from standard authors as may throw light on the definitions, or pos- sess any special interest of thought or 8. The Synonyms. — These are sub- joined to the words to which they belong, and are very complete. 9. The Illustrations, which exceed 3000, are inserted, not for the sake of ornament, but to elucidate the meaning of words which cannot be satisfactorily explained without pictorial aid. To be obtained through all Booksellers. Published by GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. GEORGE BELL & SONS. WEBSTER'S COMPLETE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, AND GENERAL BOOK OF LITERARY REFERENCE. With 3000 Illustrations. Tho- roughly revised and improved by Chatjncey A. Goodrich, D.D., LL.D., and Noah Porter, D.D., of Yale College. In One Volume, Quarto, strongly bound in cloth, 1840 pages, price £1 lis. 6d.; half-calf, £2; calf or half-russia, £2 2s.; russia, £2 10s. Besides the matter comprised in the Webster's Guinea Dictionary, this volume contains the following Appendices, which will show that no pains have been spared to make it a complete Literary Reference-book : — A Brief History of the English Lan- guage. By Professor James Hadley. This Work shows the Philological Rela- tions of the English Language, and traces the progress and influence of the causes which have brought it to its present con- dition. Principles of Pronunciation. By Professor Goodrich and W. A. Wheeler, M.A. Including a Synopsis of Words differently pronounced by different au- thorities. A Short Treatise on Orthography. By Arthur W. Wright. Including a Complete List of Words that are spelt in two or more ways. An Explanatory and Pronouncing Vocabulary of the Names of Noted Fic- titious Persons and Places, &c. By W. A. Wheeler, M.A. This Work includes not only persons and places noted in Fiction, whether narrative, poetical, or dramatic, but Mythological and Mythical names, names referring to the Angelology and De- monology of various races, and those found in the romance writers; Pseu- donyms, Nick-names of eminent persons and parties, &c, &c. In fact, it is best described as explaining every name which is not strictly historical. A reference, is given to the originator of each name, and where the origin is unknown a quotation is given to some well-known writer in which the word occurs. This valuable Work may also be had separately, post 8vo., 5s. A Prononncing Vocabulary of Greek and Latin Proper Names. By Professor Thacher, of Yale College. A Pronouncing Vocabulary of Scrip- ture Proper Names. By W. A. Wheeler, M.A- Including a List of the Variations that occur in the Douay version of the Bible. An Etymological Vocabulary of Mo- dern Geographical Names. By the Rev. C. H. Wheelee. Containing :— i. A List of Prefixes* Terminations, and Formative Syllables in various Languages, with their meaning and derivation ; n. A brief List of Geographical Names (not explained by the foregoing List), with their derivation and signification, all doubtful and obscure derivations being excluded. Pronouncing Vocabularies of Modern Geographical and Biographical Names. By J. Thomas, M.D. A Pronouncing Vocabulary of Com- mon English Christian Names, with their derivations, signification, and diminutives (or nick-names), and their equivalents in several other languages. A Dictionary of Quotations. Selected and translated by William G. Webster. Containing all Words, Phrases, Proverbs, and Colloquial Expressions from the Greek, Latin, and Modern Foreign Lan- guages, which are iiequently met with in literature and conversation. A List of Abbreviations, Contrac- tions, and Arbitrary Signs used in Writing and Printing. A Classified Selection of Pictorial Illustrations (70 pages). With references to the text. " The cheapest Dictionary ever published, as it is confessedly one of the best. The intro- duction of small woodcut illustrations of technical and scientific terms adds greatly to the utility of the Dictionary." — Churchman. LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, CO VENT GARDEN. STANDABD WORKS PUBLISHED BY WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY. From the Quarterly Eeview, Oct. 1873. fc " Seventy years passed before Johnson was followed by Webster, an American writer, who faced the task of the English Dictionary with a full appreciation of its requirements, leading to better practical results." • • • •> " His laborious comparison of twenty languages, though never pub- lished, bore fruit in his own mind, and his training placed him both in knowledge and judgment far in advance of Johnson as a philologist. Webster's * American Dictionary of the English Language ' was pub- lished in 1828, and of course appeared at once in England, where successive re-editing has as yet kept it in tlie highest place as a practical Dictionary " " The acceptance of an American Dictionary in England has itself had immense effect in keeping up the community of speech, to break which would be a grievous harm, not to English-speaking nations alone, but to mankind. The result of this has been that the common Dictionary must suit both sides of the Atlantic." .... " The good average business-like character of Webster's Dictionary, both in style and matter, made it as distinctly suited as Johnson's was distinctly unsuited to be expanded and re-edited by other hands. Professor Goodrich's edition of 1847 is not much more than enlarged and amended, but other revisions since have so much novelty of plan as to be described as distinct works." .... " The American revised Webster's Dictionary of 1864, published in America and England, is of an altogether higher order than these last [The London Imperial and Student's]. It bears on its title-page the names of Drs. Goodrich and Porter, but inasmuch as its especial im- provement is in the etymological department, the care of which was committed to Dr. Mahn, of Berlin, we prefer to describe it in short as the Webster-Mahn Dictionary, Many other literary men, among them Professors Whitney and Dana, aided in the task of compilation and revision. On consideration it seems that the editors and contributors have gone far toward improving Webster to the utmost that he will bear improvement. The vocabulary has become almost complete, as regards usual words, while the definitions keep throughout to Webster's simple careful style, and the derivations are assigned with the aid of good modern authorities." " On the whole, the Webster-Mahn Dictionary as it stands, is most respectable, and CERTAINLY THE BES^T PRACTICAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY EXTANT." LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET COVENT GARDEN. 4 GEORGE BELL & SONS. SPECIAL DICTIONARIES AND WORKS OF REFERE NCE. 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THE TOPOGrEAPHY OF IEELAND, AND THE HISTOEY OF THE CONQUEST OF IEELAND, TEANSLATED BY THOMAS FOEESTEE, Esq., M.A. THE ITINEEAEY THEOUGrH WALES, AND THE DESCEIPTION OF WALES, TEANSLATED BY SIE EICHAED COLT HOAEE, Bart. REVISED AND EDITED, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, BY THOMAS WEIGHT, Esq., M. A., F. S. A., Ac. CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. LONDON: H. G. BOHN, YOEK STBEET, COVENT GABDEN. 18G3. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBRARY CMESTMUT HILL, MAES. -Or 5" PKEFACE. Gtiraldtjs Cambrensis, so called from the country of which he was a native, was born about the year 1146, and belonged to one of the most distinguished families in South "Wales. A Norman, or Anglo-Norman, chieftain had esta- blished himself in that district, and left to his family a name taken from the little island of Barri, on the coast of Glamorganshire. William de Barri, the head of this family in the reign of king Stephen, was lord of the princely castle of Manorbeer, in Pembrokeshire, and became allied by marriage with one of the most remarkable families in Wales. Ehys ap Tudor, prince of South Wales in the reign of William Eufus, had a daughter named Nesta, cele- brated for her beauty, and for other accomplishments, who became the concubine of king Henry I., and was subse- quently married to Gerald de Windsor, castellan of Pem- broke. From this marriage sprung the illustrious family of Fitzgerald. William de Barri, just mentioned, married Angharad, the daughter of Gerald de Windsor and the princess Nesta, whereby the Barris became related both to the powerful Norman family of the Fitzgeralds, and to the princes of South Wales and the numerous families of Welsh chieftains who claimed kindred with them. Giraldus, the author of the historical treatises, of which we now pub- lish a translation, was the youngest of the sons of William de Barri and Angharad ; and was no doubt named after his maternal grandfather, the castellan of Pembroke. In a 2 h PEEFACE. one of the books translated in the present volume, G-iraldus relates how his cousins effected that extraordinary series of exploits, the conquest of Ireland ; and it was the unity of family of the conquerors, and their great connections in "Wales, which made them objects of jealousy, for their suc- cess, to king Henry. The same feeling of jealousy was ex- tended to Giraldus himself ; and, according to his own state- ment, stood in the way of his advancement to the bishopric of St. David's ; and this circumstance will explain many sentiments expressed by him in various parts of these writings. Giraldus was born in the castle of Manorbeer, and, as he says, displayed in his childhood a love for literature, and for the ecclesiastical profession, which led his father to call him "his little bishop." His education was entrusted to the care of his mother's brother, David Fitzgerald, bishop of St. David's, with whom he remained until he had reached his twentieth year; and then he repaired to Paris, and gained great distinction in that University. He returned to England in 1172, and obtained ecclesiastical preferment ; but his activity in correcting the abuses in the church gained him many enemies. In 1176, the see of St. David's became vacant, and the chapter chose Giraldus as their bishop ; but the king refused his consent to his election, and Giraldus and the canons were compelled to yield. Peter de Leia, prior of Wenlock, was chosen in his place. He returned to Paris, and continued his career in that cele- brated University, where he rose to great honours ; but he came home again in 1180, repaired to his archdeaconry of Brecknock, and was appointed administrator of St. David's during a temporary absence of the bishop. During the few v years preceding, the first conquest of Ireland had taken place. King Henry, visiting the borders of Wales in 1184, became acquainted with Giraldus, and, admiring his learning, took him to court. • He employed him on several PREFACE. V occasions in diplomatic negotiations with the Welsh, made him one of his chaplains, appointed him preceptor to his son, prince John, and, in 1185, sent him with the young prince to Ireland, in the quality of secretary. G-iraldus was evidently a zealous, if a rather credulous, observer and collector of facts. It was during this visit to Ireland that he occupied himself diligently in collecting materials for a description of that country, and remained there for that purpose some time after the departure of prince John. The result was his " Topography of Ireland," which he began to compose soon after his return to Wales, a little after the Easter of 1186, and completed in 1187. Its completion gave occasion for a remarkable display of the writer's vanity and love of ostentation. He recited his book, which was divided into three parts, which he called by the then fashionable term of distinctions, before a public audience of the university of Oxford on three successive days ; and, to give more effect to this proceeding, he gave on each day a sumptuous feast. The poor people of the town were entertained on the first day; the doctors and students of greatest distinction on the second ; and on the third the other scholars and the burghers and soldiers. G-iraldus was evidently very proud of the sensation he had made on these occasions ; for in one of his books (that De Gestis Suis, lib. ii. c. 16), he declares that it was worthy of the classic ages of the poets of antiquity, and that nothing like it had ever been seen in England. Its effect appears to have been to increase his celebrity. In the latter part of this year news arrived of the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, and all Western Europe was thrown into a state of great excitement. Preparations were made on every side for a new crusade ; and Henry II., though too prudent a monarch to be led away by the enthusiasm to which it gave rise, could not avoid seeming to encourage it. He accordingly proclaimed the crusade ; and Baldwin, vi PREFACE. archbishop of Canterbury, was sent to preach it in "Wales. Giraldus was appointed to accompany the archbishop, in which there was no doubt a stroke of policy ; for our author was then known throughout Wales as the champion of the rights and independence of the Welsh church against the pretensions of the metropolitan see of Canterbury ; and it was thought that, by joining him in the mission, the fears and suspicions of all who might be inclined to look with distrust upon the visit of the English metropolitan would be silenced. It is probable, indeed, that the presence of Giraldus, the Welshman who had morally been raised to the see of St. David's, did give favour in the eyes of the Welsh to archbishop Baldwin's preaching ; although the vanity of the archdeacon led him to believe that his own marvellous eloquence was the chief element in their suc- cess. This expedition is the subject of one of the most in- teresting of his books, the " Itinerary of Wales," which was compiled with the avowed intention of immortalizing the acts of the archbishop, and especially of his companion, the archdeacon. In the year 1189, Giraldus accompanied Henry II. on his last expedition into Erance, and he appears to have been present at that king's death. The new king, Eichard I., shewed the confidence he placed in our writer, by sending him immediately to Wales, to persuade his countrymen to abstain from revolt, and he appears to have fulfilled his mis- sion with success. We find a further proof of the king's consideration, in the circumstance, that, when Eichard de- parted for the Holy Land, he appointed Giraldus, who had obtained a dispensation from the crusade, to be coadjutor with the bishop of Ely, in the administration of the king- dom. Our author was now so confident in his expectation of obtaining, through the king's favour, the high ecclesiasti- cal preferment to which he aspired, that he refused the lesser bishoprics of Bangor, in 1190, and Landaff, in 1191, but his PREFACE. vii hopes seem to have met with continued disappointment, until, at length, he quitted the court, and, being prevented from going to Trance by the breaking out of war between the two countries, he retired to Lincoln, where he gave him- self to his old literary occupations. Aiid he remained in this retirement several years. In 1198, Peter de Leia died, and the bishopric of St. David's thus again became vacant. Giraldus was elected by the chapter, and opposed by the archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert "Walter, who refused to accept the nomination on the same grounds which had been previously alleged by king Henry II., that it would be dan- gerous to the English supremacy to appoint a "Welshman to the metropolitan see of Wales. Meanwhile king Richard died, and king John, whose favour Giraldus enjoyed, gave him reason to expect that his election would now be con- firmed ; but the king yielded to the arguments of the arch- bishop, and, after a rather obstinate struggle* on the part of the canons of St. David's to sustain their choice, the election of Giraldus was set aside, and the bishopric of St. David's was finally conferred on Geoffrey de Henelawe, in 1203. In the course of this dispute, in which an appeal was made to the pope, Giraldus gave so much offence to king John, that that monarch proclaimed him an enemy to the crown, accusing him of a design to raise a rebellion among the Welsh, and seized upon his lands. He, however, made his peace with the king, after the election of Geoffrey de Henelawe; but, having resigned his archdeaconry in favour of one of his nephews, and retaining only his two church preferments of canon of Hereford, and rector of Chesterton, in Oxfordshire, he retired finally from public life. The see of St. David's was again vacant in 1215, and was offered to Giraldus, but he was now unwilling to accept it. We know nothing of his history during the rest of his life, but he appears to have died in the year 1223. Such was Giraldus de Barri, or Cambrensis, the writer of viii PREFACE. the four works translated in the present volume, and of many others, most of which have been preserved. In these writings he appears to us in the character of what we may truly describe as an elegant scholar, deeply learned in the learning of his day, and widely read in classical and medieval literature. He was evidently a diligent collector of facts, but he was at the same time a man of extraordinary credu- lity, as all who read the following treatises will soon dis- cover. Yet the information he gives us is almost always curious, and we feel in every instance that it is the bona fide result either of his own observations, or of his own in- quiries. In common with Walter Mapes, and others of his contemporaries, he was fond of anecdote, and the continual introduction of popular stories into his writings not only render them extremely interesting, but give us very curious pictures of life and manners in the twelfth century. Our readers will soon detect another characteristic of G-iraldus Cambrensis, which is not less apparent than his credulity — I need hardly say I mean his vanity. He seldom omits an opportunity of speaking of his own writings, and almost always in a laudatory vein — of talking of his own eloquence, of which he was evidently proud — or of setting forth his own deeds with the utmost degree of self-satisfaction. He also affects humour and wit ; but this consists too often in puns and jokes upon words which tend rather to confuse than to amuse the reader. With all these different qualities, G-iral- dus Cambrensis is one of the most agreeable prose writers of the middle ages. The four books contained in the present volume are those which may more strictly be called the historical treatises of Griraldus Cambrensis. The Topography of Ireland, as already stated, was completed in the year 1187, and was dedicated to king Henry II. The History of the Conquest of Ireland appears to have been commenced immediately after the completion of the Topography, and was dedicated PREFACE. to Richard, count of Poictiers, then the heir to the crown of England, which he inherited some two years afterwards, as Richard I. In the preface to the description of Wales, he informs us that this history was the labour of two years, so that he must have completed it just before that prince ascended the throne. At a later period he published a re- vised edition of this book, and dedicated it to king John. The Itinerary through "Wales, which was intended to com- memorate the mission of archbishop Baldwin to preach the third crusade to the Welshmen, and the part which Griraldus himself acted in it, was dedicated to archbishop Langton, and therefore cannot have been completed before the year 1207, when that prelate was elected to the see of Canter- bury. The Description of Wales, or the Topographia Cambrice, appears to have preceded, in the date of its composition, the Itinerary, as the first edition was dedicated to Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, who occupied that see from 1186 to 1203 ; but a second and probably enlarged edition was subsequently published, and dedicated, like the Itine- rary, to archbishop Langton. In the account of his own writings, given in a letter addressed to the chapter of Here- ford, Giraldus tells us, that in order to make his country better known, as well as to occupy his leisure, and exercise his talents, he had drawn " a map of the whole of Wales, with its lofty mountains and dense forests, its principal lakes, rivers, and castles, many cathedral churches and mo- nasteries, especially those of the Cistercian order,'' and that this was executed in a small space, on a single leaf, but per- fectly distinct and clear. The loss of so singularly curious a record is greatly to be regretted. It appears that Griral- dus had already imbibed the taste for writing topographies when he composed that of Ireland, for in various passages in that and his other works he announces his intention of writing similar works for Wales, England, and Scotland. One only of these plans he fulfilled, when he published that X PEEFACE. of Wales, the extent and plan of which differ very consi- derably from those of the Topography of Ireland. "We have every reason for believing that the Topographies of England and Scotland, which appear to have been delayed until the close of his life, were never written. It is certain that no such works are known to have existed. It only remains to add, that the translations of the Topo- graphy of Ireland and the Yaticinal History of the Conquest are the work of Thomas Forester, Esq., well known by many excellent translations of our medieval chroniclers and historians, published in Bonn's Antiquarian Library. They are the first complete translations of these books that have ever appeared. The translations published by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, in 1806, have been adopted for the Itinerary and Description of Wales. All have been carefully revised on the original texts by the editor. A large portion of the notes on the Topography of Ireland are by the editor, while the rest, with nearly all those on the history, are by the translator. Sir Richard Colt Hoare took the Itinerary as a frame on which to build a large work on the local history and antiquities of Wales, and it was neither possible nor desirable to give the whole of his notes in the present volume. In abridging them the editor has retained chiefly that part which related to the history of the different places visited by Griraldus down to the time of his visit, and to the description of scenery or antiquarian remains. The words of Sir R. C. Hoare are retained, with the exception of a few necessary alterations and corrections ; and wherever the writer speaks in the first person, the reader will under- stand that Sir Richard alone is responsible for the state- ment or opinion. T. W. THE TOPOGRAPHY OF IRELAND; ITS MIRACLES AND WONDERS. BT SILVESTEE GIB-ALDUS CAMBEENSIS. THE TOPOGRAPHY OF IRELAND. THE AUTHOR'S FIRST PREFACE. When I reflect that our life is short and fleeting, I am filled with admiration of the noble aims of those men of genius who, before their path for the future was yet plain, resolved on making it their principal object to leave behind them some excellent memorial, by which they might secure enduring fame, and at least live in after-times, when their brief span of existence had ended. Thus we read in the books of cele- brated poets : — " Denique, si quis adliuc prsetendit nubila livor, Occidet ; et meriti post me referentur honores." 1 " Should clouds of envy still around me spread, Harmless on me their venom will be shed, And honour's meed be mine, when numbered with the dead." And elsewhere : — " Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, Oro legar populi, perque omnia ssecula, fama, Si quid habent veri vatum prsesagia, vivam." 2