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Tlie ruiyal Suc'ety of Ciinii origin, objects and operations, should be comj)iled and printeil, and to this end a sub-committee, c msisting of Dr. Bourinot, C.M.ent Utile volume, whieli, it is lioped. will prove acceptable to tho^e for wliom. it is intenled. CONTHNTS. Pack I'hc Koyiil Sticit^'ty of Caiiaila : — Foiuided by tlif Man|uis of Loiiio... ............ 5 The Provisional Council Iiiaiigiiratioii - First Meetin<; - o '^ < . ^ Recognized l.y ihc Queen .nd Catiadian Parliament Id Act of Incorporation ^ Iq Regulations j^. Afliliated Societies .)(j Tlie Society's Work ;.^l Recognition by Learned Foreign Societies 33 Circulation of the Transactions 35 Precedents in England and Australia 3(j Relation to the State ;^g Officers of tlie Society and Sections l.'^82-0l 40 Membership by Sections in 1882 43 Deatli of Members, 1882-1891 ] 4,3 List of Members, 1890-91 .,.. 4«] Retired Mem bers -^^ List of Presidents /^^ Officers for 1890-91 ...*...".'..'.*.*.".'. 51 Transactions, 1882-91 , Contents of 52 Montreal, Historical Sketch of 79 Public Libraries in Montreal 88 Societies in Montreal affiliated to the Royal Society of Canada yi Art in Montreal 95 Historic Buildings in Montreal , , 97 The Towers, poem by the late Mrs. Leprohon 9 a A 6 C0N7ENTS, <^'iiMteau.le Haniozav. . . . Bonsecour.s Church .'...*' .' • lOO '"^f- Gabriel Strecf Church '"1 Xelson's MoMuuic.K I02 'nic McTavish MoMuu,(-nV.V.V. If»2 i^nvafoHuu.es oftho()MRrM.n,;e : ^''^^ ^ ^^t-Con(p,ost House,< . " 1 0,3 Educational Institutiohl 103 Places of Historic fntore^t'" 105 [^^olocryofMontroMlan.lVieiniu' ^^^ 'x'funy of Montreal .. Ilfi Entertainments an.l Excur^ion^ ^^1 Citizens' Conmiiitees,... 129 I:u THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA is\fc|[^^-^^^ ^'^*y'^^^ Society of Canada owes its exist- I eiice to the thoiighilnl incerest of Lord ■ ^^.^^...^ Lome in the intellectua u oi^Tess of Canada Ihe movement out of which its organization arose was inaugurated in LS8L Ah'eady its enlightened founder hal established a Canadian Academy of Arts for the encouragement of design as applied to painting' sculi»tilre, architecture, engraving and the industrial arts,' and the promotion and support of art education. The' success which had attended the formation and early pro- ceedings of this institution led his Lordship to believe that a national organization which would be to science and literature what the academ\' was to art would be of real service to the cause of the higher intellectual culture I! THE ROYAL SOCIE'IY OF CANADA in tlie Duininioii. After consulting with the holding men of science unci letters, hoth French and English, his Lordship invited the gentlemen whom he had designated as provisional officers of the pro})Osed organization to meet in Montreal. The meeting accordingly took place on the 29th and 30th of December, 1881, and thereat a memorandum from Lord Lorne on the subject was read and considered. A provisional basis was then agreed uj^on for the con- stitution of the new society, the hrst mec^ting of which took place at Ottawa on the 25th of May, 1882. The Governoi" General (Lord Lorne) had invited the mem- bers of the ])rovisioual council to Government House for the settlement of the procedure, and the arrangements proved entirely satisfactory. The Council consisted of Principal (now Sir) J. W. Dawson, (J.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., President; the Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau, LL.D., Docteur es Lettres, Vice-President ; and the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of sections : J. M. Le Moine, Esq., and Eaucher de Saint Maurice, Esq., first section ; Dr. (now Sir) Daniel Wilson, E.E.8. E., and Goldwin Smith, Esq., D.O.L., second section ; Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, F. U.S., and CliJirles Car[)inael, Es(p, third section, and Dr. A. P. C. Selwyn, F.P.S., and Dr. George Lawson, Ph.D., fourth section ; J. G. Bourinot, Es(j., F.S.S., Honorary Secre- tary. All these members of Council were present except Dr. Goldwin Smith, then absent in England- \ i I HAND-BOOK, hi s At the general business meeting, held in the railway committee room, Parliament Building, Ottawa, on the morning of the 25th of May, the Honorary Seei-etary read the Couneil's report, the recommendations of wliich w(U'e afterwards embodied in the cliart(U' and constitution of the Society. The public inauguration of the Society took ])lace in the Senate Chamboi", at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The members of the Society hjiving been for- mally presented to the noble Founder, His Excellency set forth the aims of the Society, and expressed the hope that its creation would promote the intellectual devel- opment of the Dominion in the higher ranges of thought, letters and research. '* Imperfections," said his Lord- ship, " there must necessarily be at first in its constitu- tion — omissions in its membership and organization there may be. Such faults may be hereafter avoided. Our countrymen will recognize that in a body of gentle- men diawn from all our ])rovinces and (ionspicuous for their ability there will be a centre around which to rally. They will see that the welftire and strength of growth of this association shall be impeded hy no small jealousies, no carping spirit of detraction, but shall be nourished by a noble motive common to the citizens of the republic of letters and to the students of the free world of nature, namely, the desire to ])rove that their land is not insen- sible to the glory which s[)rings from numbering among its sons those whose success will become the heritage of mankind." 1 8 7 HE R YA L SOCIETY OF CA NA DA The President, in liis address, mentioned some of the reasons which, in his ojnnion, justiticd the institution of siicli a body in Canada. If the idea had been broached in the past, it liad be(?n abandoned owing to obvious difficulties. ]>ut it liad at last presented itself under happier conditions which gave fair ho})es of success. It was fitting that the representative of a Sovereign, whosti rule had been so favorable to culture and research in the United Kingdom, should show himself the patron of letters and science in the new world. Tht; time, moreover, was auspicious. l*olitic(d consolidation had been draw- ino' nearer to each other the once scattered and isolated scientific workers of the North American provinces. Such a society would be to them a bond of union and sympathy, and by the interchange of ideas would sup- ply a needed stimulus to men of kindred pursuits. It would, by the j^'blicition of its Transactions, be of incalculable beueiit to Canadian naturalists, hitherto so largely dependent on foreign aid for placing the results of their labours, in a wortby form, before the world. As a centre of literarv and scientific effoi-t, it would, with- out interfering with the claims of older local societies, be of very real help to them. Comparing Canada with other countries, the President thought it was rather matter for surprise that so many })ersons amongst us had won dis- tinction in the paths of research and of letters than that there were not more. Finally he spoke of the great HAND BOOK. lespoiisiliility of tlic inciiibcis, and lie IuijxmI that by rariH'.'^t and iiiiiti d ef'tnit tbcv would ]»r(>V(* tlieins(dve.s deserving- of tlie name to wliieli they as])ire(l. The Vice- President M3t loith in Fiiiuli, willi liis cnst( unary urace of styh', tlic inttdh'Ctnal ]»roL:V('S8 that Canada had already aehicved, dw(dlin,Li- esjiecially on its literary, as J)i'. DaAvson h;id d\V(dt on its scientific asjiects. He trusted that the Koval Societv would ])r(»\'e a connnon nieetin^ i>i'ound not onlv i'or scientific and literary woikcrs, hut alsf> for the culture of tlu; two on-at races wliose lot was cast together in this broad I)oniini(»n. The Society then sc] aratcil into sections. Fifty-six ])a]iers, endiracing nearly all the de})artnients of research, were either read or jii'i'sented at the fiist meeting, and of these thirty-three were jmblished in tlu^ Transactions, de- ferring a year later t(< the general results of the meeting t^ir William Dawson was able to express a high degree of satisfaction at what had sofar l)eeriacconn)lishe(l. " We have occasion," he said, " to congratulate ourselves on the rece]jtion which our inaugural nu'cting met with at the hands of the public and the newspa]»er press. Kvery- whei'e the institution (»f the Society was recognized as wise and beneficial, arid if any doubts were exi)ress(Ml with referiuice to it, they wt^'e baseil not on hostility to the Society, but on a very natural ditlidence as to tlie ca[)acity of Canada, in its present state of ihnelopment, to sustiiin a body coinparal)le with the great national trz^ 10 7///-; A'OV.IA SOCIETY 01' CANADA societies of other countries. The amount of orimnal work produced at our first meeting was evidently an agiTunihle surprise to many ; and while there was some friendly criticism by which we may hope to profit, on tlie whole our debut was recjarded witli that feeling at once kindly, considerate and ])atriotic which becomes all true Canadians in witnessing any effort, however feeble, to sustain and exalt the greatness of our country." Meanwhile th(i Socii^tv had obtained the recosrnition of the Queen and of the Canadian Parliament. A letter from Lord Kimberley, Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated the .22nd of August, 1882, to the Marquis of Lome, gave the pleasing information that Her Majesty had graciously permitted the Society to be styled "The Koyal Society of Canada." On the 1st of March, 1883, a Bill to incorporate the Society was introduced in the House of Conunons by Mr. Tasse. It was read a second time on the 19th of the same month, and on the 6th of April it was considered in committee, read a third time and passed. It received the royal assent on the 25th of May. The following is the ACT OF INCORPORATION. (46 VICTORIA, CHAPTER 46.) Whereas the ])ersons hereinafter mentioned have, by their petition, represented that a Society called, with the sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen? HAND-BOOK. n u r\ The Itoyal Society uf Canada," has Immmi foiindL'd iti Canada by His Kxctdluiicy the Kit^lit, lloiioiirahlc the, AIai(|iiis of Loriiu, ( rovernor-iieneral of (Janada ; that tliij said Society has been maintained for some months by the petitioners and otliers, and that the objects of the said Society are : first, to encourage studies and investigations in Hterature aud science; secondly, lo ; publish Transactions annually or semi-annually, contain- I ing the minutes of proceedings at meetings, records of the work performed, original ])a[)(3rs and memoii's of merit, and such other documents as may be deemed worthy of publication ; tliirdly, to olfer ])rizes or other I inducements for valuable i)apers on subjects relating to . Canada, and to aid researches already begun, andcariied so far as to render their ultimate value probable; fourth- ly, to assist in the collection of specimens, with a view to the formation of a Canadian museum of archives, ethnology, archaeology and natural history ; and whereas the said petitioners have prayed that, for the better attainment of the said objects, the Society may be incor- porated by Act of the Parliament of Canada, and it is expedient to grant the prayer of the said jjetition : There- fore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows : — 1. J. W. Daw^son, C.M.G.,LL.l)., F.U.S., President ; the Honorable P. J. 0. Chauveau, LL.D., Docteur es 12 'I HE ROYAL socir/rv (^f can a da Letlics, Vicc-Pivsident ; J. M. LeMoine, Kscpiire, J)anii3l Wilson, LL.I).. F.U.S.i:., T. Stuiiv Hunt, LL.l)., F.K.S., A. ]{. v. Sulwyii, l.L.l)., F.Ii.S., riv.^sident.s of Sections; Fauchei' d(j St. Maurice, Esquire, Charles C arpnuu '1, M.A., (Jeoi'oc Lawson, rii.J)., TJ..JJ., Vicc- Presidents of Sections; J. (J. liourinot, F.SS., H ary Secretary J. A. (hant, M.D., F.(,i.S., H onoi oiioi y Treasurer; Goldwin Smith, JJ.(AL.:the licvcirend Ahbe Begin, D.D. ; the KeVL'rend Ahhe liois, Na.[)()K'()n Bour- rassa, Fs(|uire, the llevereiid Al)be Casgrain, Doct(Mir es LettreSj Paul DeCazes, Es(iuire, Oscar Dunn, Es- ([uii'c, the Honourable Hector Fabre, Louis H. Frechette, LL.JJ., Na].oleon Leger,dre, Esquire, Fanqdiile LeMay, Esquire, the Honourable E.G. Marehand, dose[»h Mar- mette, Esqinre, the Ilonuurable ]\Ir. Justice liouthier, Docteiir es Lettres, J^enjannn Suite, Es([uire, the Eev- ereiid Abl)e Tanguay, Josei>h Tasse, Es([uire, the Ilev. Abbe Verreau, J3octeur es Lettres, K. Maurice, l>ucke, M.I),, the Reverend ^Eneas ]\[cDonell Dawson, Lieute- naut-CoL)nel G. T. Denison, B.C.L., the Very Reverend G. M. Grant, \).\).^ William Kirby, Es([uire, John Les])erance, Esquire, Charles Lindsey, 'Esquire, the Eeverend W. Lyall, LL.D., George Murray, R.A., the Eev. J. Clark Murrjiy, LL.D., Evan McCoU, E^^icpiire, John lleade, Es(iriire, Charles Sangster, Esquire, George Stewart (the younger), Esquire, Al[)heus Todd, C.M.G., LL.D., J. WatfcOD, M.A., LL.D., G. Paxton Young, HAND-BOOK. U ■V, :e, ;e- 10 re, JO' M.A., C. l)Mill;irnv, (\K., HcrlHTt A. l>;iyiR', Estpiiro, K. J. Chapman, IMi.D., LL.J)., J. W. Chcninian, M.A., E. Dcville, C.K., N. F. Dupuis, M.A., F.K.S.K., Sandford Floiuing, C.M.Cr., C.E., W Fortiii, M.1), G. P. ( lirdwood, MJ)., F. N. (Jisbonic, M. Iiisi. (j.K., K. Haaiud, rh.D., tlui Very KevcieiKrr. E. Ilaniel, M.A., li. J. Har- rington, B.A., Ph.D., (1. C. Ilolfinan, F. I.C., A. John- son, LL.D., J. T. Loudon, M. A., T. Macfarlane, Af. E., J. G. McGregor, M.A., D.Sc., F.K.S.K., L. W. liaih'v, M.A., IMi.l)., Ptobert Bell, MA)., (J.E., F.iJ.S., G. M, Dawson, I). Sc, A.P.S.M., F.G.S., Edwin Gil])in, M.A., F.G.S., J. Bernard Gilpin, MA).. M.R.C.S., the Jleverend D. Honey man, J).C.L., J. M. dones, F. 1^.8., the Kev- erend Professor J. C. K. LatiamuK^., D.I)., J. Maconn, M.A., F.L.S., G. F. Matthew, M. A., Alexander Murray, C.M.G., F.G.S., W. Osier, M.D., W. Saunders, Esijuire, D.N. St. Cyr, Esquire, J. F. Whit eaves, F.G.S., and E. Pamsay Wright, M.A., B.Sc., together with such other persons as now or may hereafter hecomt; members of the Society, to be lu^reljy incorporated un-,) Institut Canadien, Quebec 184G Canadian Institute, Toronto 1851 Institut Canadien, Ottawa 18.32 Hamilton Association, Hamilton 18.5G Societe Historique, Montreal 1858 Nova Scotia Inst. Natural Science. 1862 Natural History Society, New Brunswick 1862 Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal. 1862 Entomological Society of Ontario 1863 Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society 1869 Miirchison Scientifi'i Society, Belleville 1873 Nova Scotia Historical Society 1878 Ottawa Field and Nattiralists' Club 1879 Geographical Society of Quebec 1879 Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba 1879 Society for Historical Studies, Montreal 1885 II ;'i;i; 30 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Corcle Litteraire Francais, Moutrual 1885 Cerclu A. B. C. (Philosophical), Ottawa 1880 Canadian So'jicjtv of Civil En<»ineeis 1888 Wentwoi'th Historical Society, Hamilton 1888 Society of Canadian Literature 1889 Natural History Society of British Columbia, Victoria 1889 Every one of these societies has its special place in the advance t'uardof Canadian enlightenment. Some of the older historical societies, especially those of Halifax, of Quebec, of Toronto, and of Montreal, have [)ub- lished valuable documents, and have materially contributed to the promotion of historical enquiry and the preservation of the ])rovineial and national archives. The younger societies, led by that of Winnipeg, have used their time to like good advantage. The writiugs of Prof. Bryce, of Mr. (j. N. Bell, of Mr. Gerald E. Hart, of Mr. W. D. Lighthall, of Mrs. S. A. Curzon, of Mr. W. J. White, of Mr. Ernest Cruikshank and others, have added to the store of knowledge already amassed by the Earibaults, Murdochs, Scaddings, Le Moines, Vigers, Croftons, Stewarts, Archibalds, Hannays, Verreaus and Babys of the older organizations. In all the branches of science, admirable work has been done by these local societies, and several of them have, through a common membership, enriched the Transactions of the Royal -■■ 'i — iiiim i UM 1 1 1 )1 HANDBOOK, HI .. 1885 .. \)^M') .. 1888 .. 1888 .. 1889 Ll, .. 1889 e in thti e of the luliffix, e pub- tei'iiilly ry and chives. , have ritings . Hart, >f Mr. i, have ^y the ^igers, Society. Their membership inchule.s representatives of every branch of science from pure raatheniatics to the latest application of electricity ; astronomy and meteor- ology; pliysics, mechanics, engineering; geology and mineralogy, chemistry and microscopy, biology in all its departments, botany, zoohjgy, ichthyology, ornithology, entomology, medicine in its various signilicanct^ includ- ing hygiene ; economics, sociology, and that borderland of research where science and literatui'e meet on ec^ual terms. Though the work of the sections can hardly be said to have been fairly divided, some members contributing much more than others, while of a certain number the names have been conspicuous by their absence from the yearly programmes ; it may, on the whole, be said that the promise of the opening session has been fultilled in the successive meetings of the last eight years. In their chosen branches of study and research, all the four sec- tions have added not a little to the sum of the world's knowledge, and if this total be enlarged by the aggregate of work done by the affiliated societies, the whole makes an intellectual product of which the Dominion has no reason to be ashamed. The points most criticized in the constitution of the Society were the combination of science and literature and its bi-lingual character. As to the former, the first president took occasion, in the address already quoted 32 TFIE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA from, to show that, instead of being a drawback, it was an advantai>e. After indicalinof the close relations be- tween the two departments of intellectnal effort, he thus expressed his satisfaction at tlie Society's comprehensive- ness : — " For these reasons I rejoice that our Society em- braces both science and letters, and I am profoundly con- vinced that it is for the highest interest of Canada that her scientific men shall be men of culture, and that her literary men shall be thoroughly imbuerl with scientific know- ledge and scientific habits of thought." In a paper read before the Society on the relation of such bodies to the State, the late Dr. Todd showed that New South Wales had anticipated Canada by forming a Royal Society on the like broad basis, its avowed objeijt being " the en- couragement of studies and investigations in science, art, literature and philosophy." Lord Lansdovvne also ex- pressed his satisfaction at its two-fold division, which, he said, greatly enhanced the interest and value of the Transactions. As to the other point which was the subject of discus- sion — the union of French and English speaking mem- bers, so far from proving an obstacle to the Society's usefulness, has been one of its most fruitful features. The French and English sections have, by their harmony and goodwill, set an example wliich the whole Dominion might follow with advantage. Differences of race and creed have been revealed only by mutual courtesy and I k, it was tions be- , he thus hensive- iety em- dly con- that her literary 3 know- per read s to the I Wales ;iety on he en- ce, art, Iso ex- ich, he of the iscus- mem- eiety's tares, nioiiy linion e and y and HAND-BOOK. 33 willing co-operation in the grand ^\m% of the Society. From the rule of kindliness and deference there has been, from the opening of the first to the closing of the last meeting, no instance of departure. It is also noteworthy that the Society has been the means of renewing relations between the two branches of the French race in the new world — that of Canada and Acadia, and that of Louisiana — the Atkenie Louisianais, of New Orleans, being one of the first of foreign organizations to respond to the invitation of the Honorary Secretary. In the list of corresponding members, moreover, eminent sons of the French race have their places along with distinguishe d Anglo-Saxons of both hemispheres. Had the Society effected nothino: else than these exchano:es of cordial sympathy it would not have lived altogether in vain. The letters from eminent foreign societies which greeted the entrance of Canada into their exalted sisterhood were most gratifying. M. Camille Doucet, perpetual S'' ;retary of the French Academy, in acknow- ledging the Hon. Secretary's invitation to the Institute of Fi'avcc to send a delegate to the meeting at Ottawa, >aid thit Dv. Bourinot's lettc. nad been received with the most cordial sympathy by each of the five Academies that constitute that great centre of universal learning. =^ *A private lettt'i.- U(JI(b« ss(m{ ^^s Mr. Doucet to the late Hori. Mr. Chauveau, whicii wv,-- oired oy Mr. TaMsf' in his ailnurablo speecli in moving the .second rep.Sng A' the Incorporation Act, i.s no per- tinent as evidence v.t we ijontiuients vhich the formation of the I 84 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA M. Xavier Marmier, an old and much prized friend of Canada, would gladly have responded to the call, had not an untimely illness stood in the way. The Belgian Academy, through its Secretary, Mr. Liagre ; the British Association, through Professor T. G. Bonney, whom Montrealers have not forgotten ; the National Academy of Sciences, of Washington, through Mr. A. Hall ; the New York Academy of Sciences, through Dr. Albert Leeds ; the American Academy of Arts « nd Sciences, through Mr. Josiah P. Cooke ; the Asso. fati >n Frnncaise new Society awakened in Canada's ancient motherland that i^ is a pity not to reproduce it. " I am in receipt," writes Mr. Cr.mille Doucet, *' with the letter which you did me the honour of writing to me on the .Srd of this month, of the report which it contains of the inaugural meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, and I hastened to lay it in its entirety before the Academy at its last assembly. In organizing, as vou say, in imitation of our French Institute ^nd of the Royal Society of England, the Canadian Academy ha'5 ^ -. to friendly nations a testimony of goodwill and atlectionate teem. The Academy thank« you for having informed it of you^ i,\iA > ization, and for having done so with so much cordiality, aiionding services in the provinces — these, with represen- tatives of the universities occasionally employed in public functions, form a sort of State Council on the whole range of important questions in which scientific know- ledge and experience are essential to the general welfare. An examination of the contents of the Transactions for any and every year will, in fine, furnish convincing })roof of the alliance between the Roya Society and the 2 38 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA State, aud of thebenetits which the former renders to the latter. Nor is it the scientific sections alone that stand in this beneficial relation to the State. In seconding Mr. Tasse's motion for the second reading of the Act of Incorporation, Mr. Ross, of Middlesex (the present able Minister of Education for Ontario), pointed out very clearly the services which such a Society might render in the field of historical research. He reminded his hearers uf the passages in our annals that were still shadowed by ob- sc^. . .cy — such as the great struggle of 18 12 and the boun- dary treaties that left behind them such deplorable con- fusiun. Nor did he withhold his sympathy from the attempt to encourage Canadian literature, and to make it. as far as possible, characteristic of the life, the thought and the aspirations of the people. '* As I have the honour," said Mr. Tasse, in discussinti this same feature of the Society's allotted task, "of sitting beside three gentlemen who bear the poetic names of Homer, Shakespeare and Burns, it will suffice for me to remark that the three great poets from whom, I hope, these gentlemen are lineally descended have done more to immortahze Greece, England r nd Scotland than the most eminent statesmen and distinguished warriors. x\nd in so far as the lloyal Society devotes itself to the cultivation of what is highesf; in thought and sentiment, to the study of tho beautiful and the pursuit of the -mi* WHWWW Wi HAND-BOOK, 39 true, its mibsioii is a noble and onlightene-3 O ^ OrC :: . • • ,•-5 C O tn t3 c c3 -<^ P cc pH S Oi c3 ;-< S3 I •5 "^ •-a 05 oO rz; 1-5 »-. K- t, fc: ■ P <3^ P -t; p W pq K p:? 6 P3 t^P.5i - -=5 1: O • - 03 P^ ^ .J:: o o/ c«00 ^ C r* g^ O H »H «. •« o-rr O) OS c ^ "^ ""s P5^ p J<1 § 5 £ ,^ ^ Oi a* . ^Oi-i > — J- o ^ ojP' PPI^ • P fe .- . r- r^ a< ffi £.-« "Z oS P5 5p^ ^Ph o p « o PL<>'0Q o CO p J^ ^ r3iPH ^ a> u o p • a; • o -^i O u, P ^H Jh o -^Ph^ OK 6 f^ 0) o S t->i— ^ P^>QQ .P M. ;^ 0) P P PPh? Pc« oO • • Po o O o , C 03 C f-i TO p . «^ t--iCZ2 ^ P a* cfj Ih 03 o a.' a» ;-! P P o o WW •— f// I C3 •*• ^ ^ 2 ■/J 1 JD O G • 3^ • • •^ 2 f-^ 3j :3 "7. • > '-5 '/2 • Q Dr. T. S. E. Devil G. C. Ho . . I-' Dr. Bou Sir .1. A 1^ I o •i o ^^ O • »-H CS .*^ s H-1 o Ii 2 nor Hai Law son 1 i is -r tn . c:^'S ^ ""^ C3 ■xo M;^0 ^.s^ r^^ o sl; :i . • ;- ._• ^^ SQ ^;iHt- Q?=Q H X 6 O t- c ■■' QV2 oo I o oo GO o O r/j C3 T3 c3 4J (/J 1- to c: u (XI c> Of cS ^0 G G OD O-J WPh<1 c .2 '-2 o C/2 Oi a. ■»J (D S 5-1 -4-1 o o o ! 'a! 0* Ji^ I -. C3 O ^ G ^ ^ G S ,c3 O C3 C CD (U Lh a> o o c o o ai CO Vj r* Oi ^^ = ^ C3 ~ 53 ►^ car' OHO m<^ c ■73 a: "73 ^^ "'-' CC O) »-, "* a> o u P-i>-CQ c • a; 'TS 7; 0) >, ;h ;-< P^ ■4^ 1 Oi 4> »-l W o •F- 1 (11 t>c« O J- O ^ Qx >- p. • • o o WW ^ 1) c3 ^ :^-^ a» .2 o o i-.S.' blQ . o . o i: c: c ^ r" •% -v •- — <^ C ^u^S ■^^ 5 .O S-i — ' Tr ^6 ^ Cl Oh CO _5> O 2Q to . O) '^ i^ fl 03^ c3 '^'^ ^i C ^ F. o/ .:; fcO h-3 O i-s^^l C3 bug C ;r " c3 M ^ P^O Q?^t-i Z;0 of- 2 c cq QP 0) QD ao ^ 00 v^ oo o GO r-i fn be (3 <1> (K e3 .Si UXi p<1 «* r! oi =«f^.Bf 1^ CU vO) rXJ -3 42^ •73 QD -+-3 O t-l tH Ph £CQ Oi .i: -^ • • • 4 • • • • • 4 • • • • • ' • • *-» 1 , -4^ kvH -fcj • K. • r^ . ^— ( . ^-H • c t^ • • 53 » 1— t , QJ > t-~t • c; »-H o c a; OI >■> 9."^^ ^^^ ^3 ^1 ••::; ^ii a> ^1 Jh t~i (V <:3 O p^>. P-l>CQ PkP>02 fl,>cQ b '^^ C3 cc 0) t- CU o o O) pLnt^OQ >» a; 0) a> oqH o o WW HAND-BOOK, 4;{ Tlit^ iiK;inbt'i-,sliii) of tho sei^tious was thus composed in 1882 :— Section F. — French Literature, History, Archaeology and kiu(b"e(l subjects.— The Uev. Abb^ Begin, D.D., Laval University, (^)uebec; The llev. Abbe Bois, Maski- nonge, P.Q. ; Napoleon Bourassa, Esq., Montreal; the Rev. Abbe H. R. Casgrain, Riviere Quelle, P.Q. ; the Hon. R. J. 0. Chauveau, LL.D., etc., Montreal; Paul De Cazos, Esq., (Quebec ; Oscar Dunn, Esq., Quebec ; the Hon. Hector Fabre, Paris ; N. Faucher de Saint Mau- rice, Escj., Quel)ec ; Louis P'rechette, Esq., Laur(5at de I'Acad^niie Franoaise, Montreal ; Napoleon Legendre, Esq., Quebec ; Painphile LeMay, Esq., Quebec ; J. M. LeMoine, P]sq., Spencer Grange, Quebec; the Hon. P\ G. Marchand, St. Johns, P.Q. ; Joseph Marinette, P^sq., Quebec ; the Hon. Judge Routhier, Quebec ; B. Suite, P'sq., Ottawa; the Rev. Cy prion Tanguay, Ottawa; Joseph Tasse, Esq., Ottawa; the Rev. Abbe H. Verreau, Montreal. Section XL — English Literature, History, Archaeology and kindred subjects. — John George Bourinot, Esq., F.S.S., Ottawa; Dr. R. M. lucke, London, Ont. ; Rev. /Eueas Macdonell Dawson, Ottawa; Lieut.-Col. G. T. Denison, Toronto; the Very Rev.G. M. Grant, D.D., Princi[)al of Queen's College, Kingston; William Kirby, Esq., Niagar.i, Ont. ; John Talon Lesperance, Esq., Montreal ; Charles Lindsey, Esq., Toronto j the Rev. 44 7//A ROYAL SOCIE'I y OF CANADA VV. Lyall, LL. I)., D.illiouHic (Jollei^v, Halifax ; Gt-ori^e Murray, Ks^,, Muiur.ial ; tli<; liev. J. Clark Murray, MdJill (J(jllt'<^^e, Moutn^al ; Kv.iii McColl, Escj., lviu«^^sU)U, Out.; »I(>lni ilead; (leoroe SU'wart, jr., Ks(]., (»)u(^bi3c; ; Al|»lieus Tcxhl, Ks(|., (.\M.G , Ottawa; Dr. J. Watsou, Queen's College, Kingston, Out.; Dr. Daniel VV^ilsuu, Prcisideut of the University of Toronto ; Dr. O. Paxton Vouuu, M.A., Uuivi-rsitv Coll (r,> I'L^t o •) Toronto. Section III. — Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences. — C. Paillar^t^, Esq., C.Pl, Quebec ; Herbert A. liayue, Es(|., lioyal Military College, Ki' stou, Out. ; C. H. Carjmiael, Esq., Superintendent ^^, orologic.il Service^ Tonuito; Prof. E.J. (^hapnuin, University College, Toronto ; Prof. d. B. Cherriman, Superinteu- dent of Insuranci!, Otta\Na : E. Deville. Es(p, Chief In- spector of Surveys, Ottawa ; N. E. Dupuis, Esq., E.K. S.E., Queen's Colleue, Kinn'ston, Out.: Sandfovd Eleni- 'r>^> ing, Esq., C.E, C.M.G., Ottawa; Dr. P. Fortin, M.P., Montreal: Dr. G. P. Gird wood, McGill College, Mont- O"*' real; E. VV. Gisborne, Esq., C.E., M.PT.E.E., Oitawit ; Prof. E. Haanel, Victoria College, Cobourg ; B. J. Har- O J rington, Esq., IMi.D., VlqKWW College, Montreal ; G. C. liotfmann, Esq., E. Inst. Cheni., Giiological Survey, Ottawa; T. Sterry Hunt, Esq., LL.D., Cantab., E.R.S., Montreal j A. Johnson, LL.D. (Dublin), McGill College, IIANn t'OOK. 45 Moiitrciil; J. T. Loudon, Kscj.. riiivciNity ('<>ll<*u;o, Toronto; T. M.i('f;irliin(\ M. Imil,^, Actonvali, V ^} ; •! • C. McGregor, J).Sc, F.R.S.K., Dalliousiu Cnllcgc, Halifax. Section IV. — Geological and Biological Sciences. — T,. W. l>ailey, P^scj., IMi.I) , University of New Brunswick. Fredericton, X.B.: George liarnston, Ks(|., M(aitrea,l ; Dr. Kobert Bell, C.K., F.G-S , Assist. Director (Joological Survey, Ottawji; Dr. G. M. Dawson, D.Su*., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., Assist. Director Geological Survey, (Ottawa ; Dr. J. W. Dawson, C.M.G., F.K.S., Principal McGill University, Montreal; Fdwin Gilpin, Es(i., F.(f.8., In- spector of Mines, Halifax ; J. Bx'rnard Gilpin, Fscp, M.D., Halifax; Dr. J. A. Grant, F.G.S., Ottawa; the Be v. Dr. Honeyman, Museum, Halifjix ; J. M. clones, Fsip, F.L.S., Halifax ; the Kev. Prof. Latlanune, Laval Uni- versity, Quebec; Prof. G. I^awson, LL.D., Dalliousie ('oUege, Halifax ; J. Macoun, Esq., F\L.S., Albert University, Belleville ; Alex. Murray, F'.sq., C.M.G., F.G S., Director of the Geological Survey of Newfound- land ; Dr. William Osier, McGill College, Mositreal ; W. Saunders, F^sq., London, Ont. ; Dr. A. Li. 0. Selwyn, LL.D.,F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa; D. N. St. Cyr, F^sq., Quebec; J. F\ Whiteaves, Esq., F\G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa; Prof. K. Kamsay Wright, M.A., B.Sc, University Col- lege, Toronto. 40 T///^ ROV.IL SOCIRTY OF ^A^fADA Twelve members of the Society liave been removed by death ;— Mr. George Barnston, Dr. Todd, Mr. Mur- ray, C.M.G., Director of the Geological Survey of New- foundland, and for years Sir William Logan's assistant; llev. Dr. Honeyman, of Halifax; Mr. J. C. Dent, the historian; Dr. Fortin, M.P. ; Mr. Herbert A. Bayne, of the Royal Military College, Kingston; Mr Oscar Dunn, Prof. George Paxton Young, Toronto ; the Abbe Bois, the Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau, and John Les[>eiance. Others have, for various reasons, withdi'awn from the Society, and others have left the country. The actual membeishi]) is as follows : — THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. LLST OK MEM15KRS 1890-1)1. L— FRENCH LTTEKATUilE, HISTORY, ARCif.E()LO(;Y, ETC. Begin, S. G. Mgr. L. N., Bishop of Chicoiitimi. Cawgmiii, I'Abbe H. R., LL.D., Quebec. Cuoq, I'Abbe, Montreal, David L. 0., Montreal. DeCazes, Paul, Quebec DeCellea, A. D., Ottawa. Fabre, Hector, Paris, France- Faucherde Saint-Maurice, N., Quebec. Frechette, Louisi LL.D., Montreal. HAND-BOOK. 47 Jjegendre, Napoleon, Quebec. LeMay, Parnphile, Quebec. IjeMoine, .j, M., Quebec, Lusignan; A., Ottawa- >[archan(l, Hon. F. G., St. Johns, P.Q . Marinette, Joseph, Ottawa. Rontliier, A. B , LL.D , Quebec. Suite, Benjamin, Ottawa- Tanguay, Mgr. Cyprien, Jj.D., Ottawa. Tasne, Joseph, Montreal. Verrcau, l'x\bbe Hospice, LL.D., Montreal. ■ H n.— ENGLISH LITERATURE, HISTORY, AliOHMOUXiY I^TC. Boiirinot. John George, CMG-, LL.D, D.C-L., Ottawa. Bucke, R. Maurice, M.D., London, 0. Dawson, Very Rev. ^neas Macdonell, LL.D., Ottawa- Denison,Lt.-Col. G. T-, B.CL., Toronto. Grant, Very Rev. G-M., D.D., Principal of Queen's University, King s ton - Hale, Horatio, Clinton- Kingsford, William, LL.D-, Ottawa- Kirby, William, Niagara. Mair, Charles, Prince Albert, N. W. T- Murray, George, B.A., High School, Montreal. Murray, Rev. J. Clark, LL.D., McGill University, Montreal. M(;Coll, Evan. Patterson, Rev. George, D.D., New Ghugow. Reade, John, Montreal. Roberts, Cliarles, King's Colkge, Windsor, NS. Stewart, George, jun., D.C.L., D.L., F.R.G.S., Quebec. Watsorj, J., M.A., LL.D., Queen's University, Kingston. Wilson, Sir Daniel, LL.D., F.R.S.E., President of UniverHity of Toronto, Toronto (ex- President). Withrow, Rev W. H , D.D., Toronto. 48 THE POYAL SOCIETY OF C.LVADA TIT.— MATUKMATICAI., PHYSICAJ. AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES. Haillai-^'r, C, C.E., QacUc Bovoy H. T., M.A., C.E., Mc(jlill riiiveisily, Montmil. Carpmael, C, M.A., SupcrintoiKkMit of Meteorolu«i;ical Service, Tonnito. ('iiapinaii, E. J., Pli.D., I.L.i)., University ui'Turoiitu, Toronto. Deville, E., Surveyor General, Oftaw l)iil)uis, N. F., M.A., E.R.S.E., (^iieeD's University, Klii(jst. P., M.I)., MeCrill Univer.sity, Montreal. (Jirtborne, F. N., xM.I.T.E.E., C.F., Oftium, Ilaiiiel, McMisigiior, M.A., Laval University, Qaebcr (ex-l're- SK lent). iIarrinin, Edwin, M.A., F.G.S., Inspector of Mines, H(tUfa.r. (Irunt, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D., F.G.8., Ottawa. LaHanime, Abbe J. C. K., D.D., M.A., Laval University, Qtiehec. Lawson, G., Pli D., LL.D-, Dalhousie University, HaUfax (ex- President). Macoun, J., M.A., F.L.S-, Geological Survey, Ottaioa. xMatthevv, G. F., M.A., St. John, N.B. MacKay, A. H., B.A., B.Sc, Higli School, Hall/ax, N.S. Mills, f . Wesley. M.A., MM)., McGill University, Montreal Penhallow, 1). P., B.Sc, McGill University, Montreal. Provancher, Abbe, Cap Rowje, Quebec. Saunders, W., Director of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Sehvyn, A. R. C, C.M.G., LL.D., FR.S., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey, Ottawa. VVhiteaves, J. P., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Wright, R. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc, University of 'J'oronto, Toronto. CORRESPONDING MExMBERS. The Marquis of Lorne. Bonney, T. G., D.Sc, LL.D , F.RS., London, England. Djucet, Camille, secretaire perpetuel de TAcademie Fran(,-aise, Paris, France. Le Roy, Alphonse, professeur de philosophic a I'Universite de Liege, et membrede I'Academie Royale de Belgique, Lihge, Belgium. Marmier, Xavier, de I'Academie Fran<;aisp, Paris, France. Parkman, Francis, LL.D., Boston, Mass. Ram(!au de Saint Pere, Edme, Adon, Lolrei, France. Winsor, Justin, LL.D., Librarian of Harvard ITniversity, Cuin- hridge, Mass. 1 '.t 50 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CA'NADA RETIRED MEMBERS. (See Rule 7.) Bourassa, Napoleon, Montehello. Gilpin, J. Bernard, M.D., M.R.C.S., Halifax. Osier, W., M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Cherrinian, J. B., M.A., Ryde, Isle of VViobt. Haanel, E-, Ph.D., Syracuse University, Syracusey N. Y. LIST OP PRESIDENTS. 1882-'83 Sir J. W.Dawson. 1883-'84 Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau. 1884-'85 Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. 1885-'8G Sir Daniel Wilson. 188(;-'87 Monsignor Hamel. 1887-'88 Dr. G. Lawson. lS88-'89 Sandford Fleming, CM.G. 1889-'90 Abbe Casgrain. 1890-'91 Verv Rev. Dr. G. M. Grant. HAND-BOOK. r.i THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Founder : THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF LOIIXE OFFICERS FOR 1890-91. HONORARY PRBRIDENT AND PATRON : HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THK LORD STANLKV OF PRESTON, G.C.B. President Very Rev. Goo. M. Gmnt, D.D. Vice-President 1/Abbe J. C K. Lariaininc, \).\). EX-PRESIDENTS. G. Lawson, Ph.D., LL-D. Saiidtbrd Fleming, CM.G.J.L.D. Abl '3 H. R. Casgrain, LL.D. Sir William Dawson (Addi tional Member of Council.) JFFICERS OF SECTIONS. SKC. L— French Literature, History and Allied Suhjccfs. Presiden t Napoleon Leg' 'ndre. Vice- President Mv-nsignor Tangnay . Secretary A. D . Decelles. SEC. II.— English Literature History, and Allied Snhjcrfs. L'residevt Geo. Stewart, jun., D-C. L , LL.D- Vice-President ....Rev. G. Patterson, D.I). Secretary Rt'v- J. Clark Murray. r JM il 52 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA StJC 111. — Matlitmaiical, rhysicdl, and Chemirul Srhiucs. President Monsignor Hamel. Vice-President J. G. McGregor, D.Sc. Secretary G. C. HofFniann, F. Inst. Ulu'iti. SEC. TV. — Geological a7id Biological Sciences . President W. Saunders. Vice-President G. F. Matthew, M.A. Secretary J. F. Whiteaven, F.G.S. Honorary Secretary .J. G, Bourinot, C.M.G., LL.D., D.CL. Honorary Treasurer .k. R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., LLD. The Council for 1890-91 comprises tlie President and Vice- President of the Society, the Presidents, Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of Sections, the Honorary Secretary and the Honor ?iry Treasurer, besides ex-Presidents of the Society (Rule 7) dur- ing three years from the date of their retirement, and any four members of the Society,- who have fornierly served on the Council, if the Council should elect tiiem every year. thp: teansactions. Subjoined are the titles of papers read before the Society and published in the Transactions from 1882 to 1890, arranged according to sections : SECTION I. 1882. Nos quatre historiens inodernes, Bibaud, Garneaii, Fer- land, Faillon, par J. M. LeMoine. Discours d'inauguration, par Faucher de Saint-Manrice. Quelques scenes d^ine com^die in^dite, par F. G. Marchand. n.ix/) nooA'. Families canadiennes, par I'Abbe Taiiguay. Les interpr^tes du temps de ChamjJain, par B. Suite. Le bien pour le mal (poesie), par I\ LeMay. Etude sur les commencements de la poesie francaise au Canada, par P. J. 0. Chauveau. Xotre passe litteraire et nos deux historiens, par VAblx' Casgrain. Vive la France (poesie), par L. H, Frechette. 1883. Les archives du Canada, par J. M. LcMoine. Louis Turcotte, par I'Abb^ Tanguay. Ktude sur les noms, par TAbb^ Tanguay. Notre histoire— kla memoiro de F. X. Garneau (poesie), parL. H. Frechette. Los premiers seigneurs du (Canada, ])ar B. Suite, lln bonheur en attire un autre — coniedie en un acte, par F. G. Marchand. 1884. Deux points d'histoire — (1) Quatrieme voyage de Jacques-Cartier ; (2) Expedition du Marquis de la Koche, par Paul de Cazes. Etude sur une famille canadienne — Famille de Cata- logue, par I'Abbe Tanguay. La province de Quebec et la langue francaise, par Na])o- leon Legend re. Les races indigenes de I'Amerique devant I'histoire, jar Napoleon Legendre. 54 'IHE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Pouti'incouit (ill Acadie, 1G04-1G23, pir I>. Suite. i^cs (jUiinuite dernieres auiioes — Lu Cuiiudii di*]»uis I'Unioii do 1841, par John Charles Deiit. Etude critique, par I'Abb^ Casgrain. Les comuieucements de FEglise du Canada, par TAbbd Verreau. Une promenade dans Paris — Impressions et souvenirs, par Joseph Marmette. Les aborigenes de I'Am^rique — Leurs rites mortuaires, par tJ. M, LeMoine. Le Sacre-Cceur (poesie), par P. J. 0. Chauveau. Au Iwrd de la Creuse, par L. H. Frechette. L'Espagne, par Louis Frechette. Trois Episodes de la Conquete, par L. PL Frechette : L Fors riionneur ! II. Les dernieres cartouches. III. Le drapeau fantome. Les travel's du siecle, par F. G. Marchand. 1885. Les premieres pages de notre histoire, par Louis Fre- chette. Preteudues origines des Canadiens-Francais, par B. Suite. Lettre d'un volontaire du 9ieme Voltigeurs campe a Calgary, par A. B. Routhier. Un des oublies de notre histoire — Le capitaine de vais- seau Vauguelain, par Faucher de Saint Maurice. HAND-BOOK. 55 Ktude 1' TAbbd Lcs derniers seront les premiers — Homiiiage ^ son Hon- Deur Rodrigue Massoii, lieutenant-goiiverneur de la province de Quebec, par Pamphile LeMay. JJiographie de Gerin-Lajoie — Fragment, par TAblje Casgrain. La race francaise en Amerique, par Napoleon Legendre. L'Angleterre et le clerge francais, refugie pendant la Revolution, par I'Abbe Bois. La frontiere nord de la province de Quebec, par P. de Gazes. Epitre k M. Prendergast, apr^s avoir lu son " Un soir d'automne." pjv P. J. 0. Chauveau. L'element etranger aux Etats-Unis, par Fauclier de Saint-Maurice. Autrefois et maintenant, par Napoleon Legendre. L'anatomie des mots, par Napoleon Legendre. Le dernier boulet — Nouvelle historique, par J. Mar- mette. L'aigle et la marmotte — Fable, par F. G. Marchand. A travers les r^gistres, par I'Abb^ Tanguay. 1886. Le pionnier, par Louis Frechette. Le Oolfe Saint Laurent (1600-1625), par B. Suite. In peleriuage au pays d'Evangeline, par rAl)be Cas- grani. (.)scar Dunn, par A. 1). Decelles. Les pages soinbres de I'histoire, par J. M. LeMoine. 66 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CAN A J) A 1887. La cloclie, par Napoleon Legeiidre. Les Acadieiis apres leur dispersion, i)ar 1' Abbe Casgraiii. Un vieiix fort francais, par P. J. U. Baudry. La fileuse, par Napoleon Legendre. La noce au village, par Napoleon Legendre. La langue que nous parlous, par Paul de Cazes. La langue que nous parlous, par Napoleon Legendre. In foinia pauperis, par Kenii Treniblay. Des conimencenients de Montreal, par I'Abbti Verreau. La crise du regime parleinentaire, par A. D. Decelles. Hosanna, par Paniphile LeMay. 1888. La fin de la domination franeaise et I'historien Parkman, par Hector Fabre. Par droit chemin, par Pamphile LeMay. Les souffrants, | ar Pamphile LeMay. Eclaircissements sur la question acadieune, par I'Abbe Casgrain. Sainte Anne d'Auray et ses environs, par Louis Fre- chette. Le General Frederic Haldimand a Quebec, 1778-1784, par J. M. LeMoine. Trois mois k Londres — Souvenirs de Ft xposition coloniale — Fragments, par J. Marinette. HAND-BOOK. 57 1889. M( 11110111111 \)i{\\\\. par lui-ineiiH* d'apie.s (his ])iec«j.s innlites, par TAblu! C^asj^rain, \a\ (rolfe Saint Laurent ( IGjJo-lGol:!), par 1>. Suite. Parallele liistorique entre le Cointe de la ( lalissoni^re (1747-1749) et le C«»nite de Dutferin (1872-1878), par J. M. LeMoiiie. iAIa iniilien, voyageur, ecrivain, criti([ue d'jirt, poete, mariii, obsevvateur, philosophe, bibliophile et elire- tien, par Faucher de Saint Maurice. SECTION II. 1882. Inaugural Address', by Daniel Wilson. On the Establishment of Free Tublie Libraries in Canada, by Alpheus Todd. Language and Conquest — a Retrospect and a Forecast, by John Reade. 1883. Pie-Ar3^an American Men, by Daniel Wilson. Some Old Forts by the Sea, by J. G. Bourinot. The Literature of French Canada, by John Lesperance. A Problem of Visual Perception, by J. Clark Murray. The Nomenclature of the Laws of Association, by J. Clark Murray. k.\\ Addition to the Logical Square of Opposition, by Clark Murray. T 68 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I 1884. The Making of Canada, by John Read(3. Tho Literary Faculty of the Native Races of America, by John lieade. The Poets of Canada, by John Lesperance, A Plea for a Canadian Camden Society, by (r. Bryce. The Huron-Iroquois of CanacUi, a typical race of Ameri- can Aborigines, by D. Wilson. 1885. The Half-breed, by John Reade. Vita sine Literis, by John Reade. Sources of Early Canadian History, by Geo rge ^^tc wart, jr. The Adventures of Isaac Jogues. S. J , by Rev. W. H. Withrow. The Annals of an Old Society, by John M. Harper. The Artistic Faculty in Aboriginal Races, by Daniel Wilson. Pahe^lithic Dexterity, by Daniel Wilson. The Five Forts of Winnipeg, by Rev. G. Bryce. 1886. The Right Hand and Left-handedne D. Wi' on. Local Government in Canada '- an I lorical Study, by J. G Bourinot. Historical Record of St. Maurice Forges, the Oldest Active Blast Furnace on the Continent of America, by F. C. Wurtele. JTAND BOOK, T)!) liiinf Outlines of tlu* Most FaTnousJournovs in anlin lieado. Aboi'i,i»inal American Poetry, by John Jleade. The Eskimo, by Franz Boas. First Siege and Capture of Louisburg, by Sir Adams Ar- chibald. The Analytical Study of Canadian History, by John Lesperance. Notes and Observations on the Kwakiool People of the Northern part of Vancouver Island and adjacen coasts, made during the Summer of 1885, with a Vocabulary of about seven hundred words, by G. M Dawson. On the Indians and Eskimo of the Ungava District Labrador, by Lucien M. Turner. Jacques Cartier's First Voyage, by W. F. Ganong. 1888. The Eomance of the History of Canada, by John Les- perance. Tlie Last Decade of French Rule in America, 1749- 1759, by J. M. LeMoine. The Basques in North America, by John Reade. Some Indoor and Outdoor Games of the Wabanaki In- dians, by Mrs. W. W- Brown. fiO rriR ROY A J. SOCIETY OF CANADA liilia 'i The Indians of British Colunibiii, hy Franz Boas. A Grammar of tlie Kwagiiitl Language, hy the Hev. Alfred J. IlalL 1>89. The Studv of Political Science in Conadian Universiticvs, by »1. G. Bourinot. The Cartogra})liy of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from C.'ai. tier to Ohamplain, by W. F. Ganong. Trade and Commerce of the Stone A<_>e, bv Sir D. Wil son. Expedition to the Pacific, with a l)rief reference to the voyages of discovery in seas contiguous to Canada in connection witii a Western passage fr.>m Kui'(>})(' to Asia, l)y Sandford Fleming. SECTION II r. 1882. The Relations of the Natural Sciences. Inaugural Address, by T. Sterry Hunt. On the Line of Facility of Error, etc., by Charles Carp- mael. On an Application of a Special Determinant, Iw J. B. Cherriman. The Motion of a Chain on a Fixed Plane Curve, by d B. Cherrinum. Note on the Bishc p's Move in Chess, by J. B. Cherri man. HAND- BOOK. (il |0n the Mciisureinent of the Ke.si.sUiiicc uf Electrolytes, by J. G. McGregor. [Xoie on Molecular Contraction in Xatural Sulphids, by E. J, Chapman. Sviiinietrical Investigation of the Curvature of Surfaces, bv A. Johnson. 4/ Note on Zinc Sulphid, l)y Tlios. Macfarlane. 1883. On the Keduction of Sulphate of Soda })y Carbon, by Thos. Macfarlane. Oil some Experiments showing that the Electromotive Force in Polarization is independent of the diffe- rence of Potential of tlie Electrodes, by J. G. Mc- Gregor. Xote on Spectroscopic Scales, by E. J. Chapman. On Cryptomorphism in its relation to Classification and Mineral Types, by E. J. Chapman. Sur la mesure des distances terrestres [)ar des observa- tions astrononii(|Ues, par E. Deville. Oil the Application of Hydriodic Acid as a, lUowpipe Keagent (witli four plates), by E. Haanel. On the Mechanical Means of makiuLi" a Sidereal Clock show Mean Time, by N. E. Dupuis. Oil some Minerals n(^w to Canada, bv P>. J. Harrinuton. Kcjtoi'Ls on the Transit of Venus of Decemlxu' 6, 1882, as follows : The Preparations at Montreal, by Alex. Johnsou. i1 62 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA General Report, by Charles Carpniael. Observations at Winnipeg, by Prof. McLeod. Observations at Kingston, by Prof. Williamson. Observations at Cobourg, l)y A. II. Bain. Observations at Ottawa, by F, L. Blake. On tlie Transition Resistance of the Electric Ciiricur, etc., V)y J. G. McGregor. 1884. The Origin of Crystalline Rocks, by T. Sterry Hunt. On the Density and Tiiernial Expansion of Solutions ol Copper Sulphate, by J. G. McGregor. Blowpipe Reactions on Plaster of Paris Tablets, by K. Haanel. A Particular Case of Hydraulic Ranior Water Hamui t, by C. Baillarge. Notes sur un fixit m(^teorologi(|ue particulier a Queb'c, par TAbbe Laflauime. Essaie sur la constitution atoniique de la inatiere, ]);ii I'Abbe Haniel. 1885. Presidential Address, by Alexander Johnson. Blowpipe Reactions on Plaster of Paris Tablets, by K. Haanel. On some Iron Ores of (^'entral Ontario, by E. J. (Chap- man. On the Density of Weak Aqueous Solutions of certain Salts, by J. G. McGregor. .-/ HAND-BOOK, 63 Jii. I*- C(irj\}iir, Hunt. )huioiis ot lets, ])y K, Maill!!! M, A Qiiob'c, tie re, jm [on the Analysis of Silk — Quantitative Estimation of Silk in a Mixed Texture, by H. A. Bayne. |0n a Natural System in Mineralogy, with a Classification of Native Silicates, by T. Sterry Hunt. I'iulal Observations in Canadian Waters, by Alexander Johnson. On the Determination in terms of a Definite Integral of the value of an Algebraical Expression, the series to be continued only as long as the quantity raised to power, m + n, is positive, n being a positive integer, and m a positive integer, zero, or a negative integer numerically less than n ; and on the deduction therefrom of approximate values in certain cases, by Charles Carpmael. The Longitude of McGill College Observatory, by W. A. Kogers and C. H. McLeod. 1886. Presidential Address, by Charles Carpmael. Tlu! Generic History of Crystalline Rocks, by T. Sterry Hunt. On the Colouring Matter of Black Tourmalines, by E. J. Chapman. Time lieckoning for the Twentieth Century, by Sandford Fleming. Du choix d'une projection pour la carte du Canada, par E. Deville. 64 THE ROYAL i^OCJETY OE CANADA i ; Supplunuiiit to *' A Nutural Sy.stein in Minoralony, t'lc.., ' by T. Sterry lliiiil. Oil soinc (Jaiiadijin MiiKjials, l>y J>. J. JlaiTiiii;tun. On some Points in Iielorence to Ico riicnonieiia, by Kobert liell. Abel's Forms of the Koots of the Solvable Equation dt the Fifth Degree, by G. Paxton Young. A Meteorite ii'oni the North- West, l)y A. P. Coleman. 1887. Presidential Address, by Thomas Maefarlane. On a S|iecinien of Canadian Native Platinum from l>ri- tisli Columbia, by G. (J. Hoffmann. Notes on the Analysis of Coffee, by Anthony McGill, Jlemarks on the Use of Asbestos in Milk Analvsis, by Thomas Macfarlane. The Analysis of Milk, by W. H. Ellis. On the Sap of the Ash-leaved Maple (Negundo aee- roides), by B. J. Harrington. Microscopie Petrogra[)hy of the Drift of (Jentral Ontario, by A. P. Coleman. The Digestibility of Certain Varieties of Bread : an Ex- perimental Study of the Alum Question, by Dr. P. F. Iluttan. An Investigation as to the Maximum Bending Moments at the points of support of Continuous Girders of n Spans, by Henry T. Bovey. m //AA'V-liOOA'. 1888. (15 .V Tiible of the Ciil)ical Expansion of Solids, by J. (I. McGregor. Occultations of Fixed Stars by the Moon: Prediction for a given place by a graphical method, by W. F. King. Determination of Time by Transits across the Vertical of Polaris, by E. Deville. The Longitude of Toronto Observatory, by Charles Carpmael and C. H. McLeod (with Appendix on the Longitude of Cobourg, Ontario, by C. H. Mc- Leod and G. W. Chandler). ABSTKACTS. The Classification and Nomenclature of Metalline Miner- als, by T. Sterry Hunt. Revision des El^m^nts de Geomt^trie d'Euclide, par C. P)ailla.rge. 1889. Tl c Maximum Shear and Bending Moment produced by a Live Load at different points of Horizontal Girder A B of Span 1, by H. T. Bovey. Notes on Mathematical Physics, by J. Loudon. A National Standard of Pitch, by J. Loudon 66 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Notes on some Unexplained Anomalies in the; Flame ileactions of certain Minerals and Chemical Bodies, by K. J. Chapman. Cruces Mathematicae, by N. F. Diipuis. On the Variation of Density, with the Concentralioii ol weak Aqueous Solutions of certain Sales, by J. G. McGregor. A Problem in Political Science, by Sandford Fleming. On the Hydroscopicity of certain Canadian Fossil Fuels, by G. C. Hoft'mann. Computation of Occultation and Eclipses for a given locality by Graphic Construction, by N. F. Dupuis. Annotated List of Minerals occurring m Canada, by G. C. Hoffmann. III SECTION IV. 1882. On the Quebec Group in Geology (with woodcut), by A. II. C. Selwyn. On the Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras of P>ritisli Columbia and the North- West Territories (with eight plates), by J. W. Dawson. On the Importance of Economizing and Preserving our Forests, by W. Saunders. On a General Section from the Laurentian Axis to the Rocky Mountains (with a woodcut), by G. M. Dawson. HAND-BOOK. 67 Xotes on the Distribution of Northern, Soutliern and Saline Plants in Canada, by John Macoun. Xotes on the Birds of Hudson's Bay, by K. Bell. On the Glaciation of Newfoundland, by Alex. Murray. On the Introduction and Dissemination of Noxious Insects, by W. Saunders. On the Lower Cretaceous Rocks of British Columbia, by J. F. Whiteaves. Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group (with two plates), by G. F. Matthew. On some supposed AnneUcl Tracks from the Gas[)e Sandstone (with two plates), by J. F. Whiteaves. On the Classification of Crinoids, by E. fl. Chapman. 1883. On the Geology of Lake Superior, by A. R. C. Selwyn. On the Influence of Sex upon the Hybrids among Fruits, by W. Saunders. On the Flora of the Gaspe Peninsula, by John Macoun. On the Folding of the Carboniferous in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, by E. Gilpin, jr. On the Triassic of the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, by G. M. Dawson. On a Method of Distin^'iishing Lucustrine from Marine Deposits, by G. F. Matthew. Notes on Canadian Polypetala, by John Macoun. Causes of the Fertility of th(; Lind in the Canadian North- West by R. Bell. M m TUK ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i Nutu sur la guologie du Lac Saint Jean, par TAbbt; Laflamme. The Geological History of Serpentines, including Notes on Fre-Cainbrian Rocks, by T. Starry Hunt. A Historical Account of the Taconic Question in Geology, with a discussion of the relations of the Taconian Series to the older Crvstalline and to the Canibiiaii Rocks, Part I., by T. S terry Hunt. Hlustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group (sup- plement), by G. F. Matthew. NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. (.)n the Physical and Geological History of the St. John River, N.B., by L, N. Bailey. On some Ferruginous Concretions, by D. Honeyman. On Erosion from Coast Ice and Floating Ice in tluj Baie des Chaleurs, by R. Chalmers. On a Specimen of the Inferior Maxilla of Ph<»ca Groen- landica, by J. A. Grant. 1884. On some Relations of Geolos^ical Work in Canada and in the Old World, by Sir J. W. Dawson. Notes on the Manganese Ores of Nova Scotia, by Kdwiii Gilpin. Revision of the Canadian Ranunculacea?, by Ge('r Lawson. hical History of Lake Ontfirio, by F. W. Spencer. On Cambrian Organisms in Acadia., by G. F. Matthew, ^i^'js 76 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA i !* I The following are the contents of Volume VIII. SECTIOX I. Kc'alistes et Deca'lents, pa?* N. Legendre. La Fenune dans la Socii'te Moderne, par N". Legendre. Les Points Obscurs des Voyages de Jacques ' artier, par Paul de Cazes. Nos gros chagrins et nos pel its malheurs, par F. G. Mar- chand. Les Scandinaves en Amerique, par Alphonse Gagnon. Chez Victor Hugo, par Louis Frechette. Le Premier Gouverneur Anglais de Quebec, par T M. LeMoine. La Famille de Callieres, par Benjamin Suite. Jacques Cartier, Questions de Oalendrier Civil et Eccle- siastique, par I'Abbe Hospice Verreau. SECTION IL Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics, by John George Bourinot. The American Bison — Its habits, methods of capture and economic use in the North- West, with reference to its extinction and possible preservation, by Charles Mair. The Vinland of the Northmen, by Sir Daniel Wilson. The Portuguese on the North-east coast of America and the first attempt at colonization there. A lost chapter in American history, by George Patterson. HAND BOOK, 77 H) hll )ure !nce by SECTION III. Presidential Address : Unit Measure of Time, bv Sand- ford Fleming. Milk Analysis by the Asbestos Method, by Frank F. Shutt. Drift Eocks of Central Ontario, by A. P, Coleman. On the Density of Weak A(|ueoiis Solutions of Certain Sulphates, by J. G. MacGregor. On a peculiar form of Metallic Iron found in Huronian Quartzite, on the north shore of St. Joseph Island, Lake Huron, Ontario, by G. Christian Hoffmann. Sun Spots Observed at McGill Observatory, by C. H. McLeod. (^n a Test of Ewinoj and McGregor's Method of Measur- ing the Electric Resistance of Electrolytes, by J. G. McGregor. Tidal Observations in Canada, by Alexander Johnson. Notes and Specimens of Nephrit(3s from British Colum- bia, by B. J. Harrington. SECTION IV. Presidential Address : On the later Physiographical Geology of the Rocky Mountain Region in Canada, with special reference to (changes in Pllevation and to the History of the ( Hacifd Period, by George W. Dawson. 7H THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA On Fossil Plautsjfrom tlio Siniilkainecn Valley and other places inllu^ soutliern interior of British Columbia, by Sir J. William Dawson. I)es(!rij)tions of some new or jawiously unrecorded species of Fossils from the Devonian Rocks of Manitoba, by J. F. Wliiteaves. Forannnifera and Radiolaria from the Cretaceous of Manitoba, by Joseph B. Tyrrell. The (nddence of a Nova Scotia Carboniferous Conglo- merate, by E. (Jilpin. Sr. Ilhistrations of i lie Fauna, of the St. John Group, by C. F. Matthew. I HAND-BOOK. 7^ HLSTOKIOAL SKETCH OK MUNTJIKAL. In traciriii: the liist(H'v oi' niaiiy of tlic inorti itiiiKn'tant cities of the New World «as well as of the Old, wr find their origin dating l)ack to prehistoric times, shewing that the pioneer races, uncivilizetlas they wiae, werc^ not slow to reco of tlie town was discovered. This consisted of hroken pottery and pipes, with bones (jf the animals used its food, besides the fra|L»nients of other items in their bill of fare. Much of the habits of the old townsp(M)ple was i^^athered from these researches. But the whole work was !'iuL»' left to the ca})rice of individuals. l[;i,d a more CiU'tiful survey been madc^, W(^ would pos- sibly have known the extent of the town anil its true shape. So far only the western border was touclied upon — that by the brook which, running- through McGill College grounds, passed down by Metc.dfe Street. The place is now covered with buildings, and further 0})portunity for research is gone. Thi particular s})ot was chopen ba- cause of its warm sandy soil, suitable f the cultivation (tf the Indian corn. \\\\ chi'd' fo > 1 pro liict of the ])eople. After Champlaiii's visit, the place I'emained unheedi^d, except that it wa^' (?,omm;Mited upon in the J(!suits' .rela- tions as a favorable spot for settlement, until Jerome le Royer de l;i Dauversiere, as is related, received a revelation to found an ot'dei' of Hospital Nuns at Mont- treal. About the same time, Jean J accrues Olier, a ^2 THE ROYAL SOCIErV OF CANADA }>iicsi, afterwards founder of the Seminary of St. Sulpicr, in Palis, was filled with inner promptings to found a socicity of ])riests and establish them at Montreal. These two enthusiasts met and talked of their scheme : they were joined by others, some with means, and the Associates of Notre Dame de Montreal were banded togeilier for the settlement of a community in the wilder- ness. Tlie seigniory, which included the whole island of ^lontreal, was purchased from the Hundred Associates. In IGil, the plans of the Society, who now numbered forty live, including Mademoiselle Mance, were so matured that the expedition was ready to sail. The command was given to Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de Maisonneuve, who as much of an enthusiast as the originators of the scheme was in every way qualified for the arduous task. He arrived at Quebec too late in tlie season to proceed farther up the river, and had to winter there amid trials and difficulties thrown in his way. The time was spent preparing for the voyage up the river, which was commenced as soon as spring opened. It was not therefore until the 18th of May, 1()42, that the little company of settlers, numbering fewer than lifiy, landed and took possession of Villemarie de Montreal. Thus next year, when all America will be celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus, Montreal will, on the 18th of May, cele- bnite tlui 250th anniversary of its foundation. HAND-BOOK, 83 The first sermon or address on landing given by their pastor, Father Viraont, seemed prophetic : ^' You are f(nv, but your work is the work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill all the land." Pitching their tents in this wilderness thev laid them- selves down to sleep by their bivouac fires, and dreamed no doubt of the greatness of a city filled with a de- vout and God-loving people such as the Old World with all its evils could not produce. The little colony con- tinued on in that pioneer settlement, threatened now with hunger and then with the ever- watchful Iroquois, and hampered with the jealousy of Quebec. It seems a wonder that the new community continued to exist through all these evils. The first of the two projected institutions, that of the Hospital Nuns, was founded with Mademoiselle Mance as the director. In 1647, the Abbe de Quelus and three other priests were sent out by Olier to found a branch of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice in Montreal. About this time the settlement was joined l)y another of those who devoted their lives to the good work in founding this city — Mademoiselle Marguerite Bourgeoys. She became the founder of the Congregational Xunnery here. Thus these three flourishing institutions of to-day date back to the inception of the city. The fur trade tended to Montreal as the most convenient place, soon intercepting much that had formerly proceeded to Three Rivers and Quebec, It at length became the 84 77/ A" ROYAL SOCIEIY OF CAXADA entre]K)t of the tmilic. In 1660, there was a determintMl raid made iijhui tlie town by the liuquois. The warrior^ covered the ishmd, ready to capture or kill any thai should leave the cover of tlie fortifications. In 1722. the fortifications were built, and these 01 walls end 1808. A osing the wi.ole town were not removed until remnant continued until the demolition of the Quebec Gate Barracks in 1881. A citadel was built on a hie(^tancy of war ever enjoyed by Montreal. A new lace came, too, inspir- inu' fresh enerov and a revival of the old-tinK^ love of enterprise in the citizens. And these two races have continued to emulate and stimulate each other with a liarmony hardly elsewhere to be found. When the colonies to the South revolted, althoudi there were some restless spirits in. the city, the people remained firm t') tht rule which they found to be such iUi improvement on the carnival of extravagance and fraud that had prevailed in the years preceding the (Jonquest. Although the invading army utider Mont- gomery, with Franklin as its mouthpiece, used all its jtersuasive powers to induce the citizens to throw in tlieir lot with the Thirteen Colonies, these citizens could not forget the old feuds; so, with the defeat of the invaders at Quebec and the advance of succour, Montreal soon leturned to her British alleiiiance, with whi(;h nothin<' lias since hai)jiened to interfere. Tlui fur trade now began t<» centre more and more in the town, the Hudson Bay Company diverting much of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) « /. W^ 1.0 I.I -" Ilia ~ 2.0 1.8 i 1.25 1.4 1.6 ; -^ 6" — ► ^i <^ /} 7 "c^l e: ci % /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4S03 .•V iV n>' \\ % .V % 6^ m w^ m 86 THE RO\AL SOCIETY OF CANADA its business to the St. Lawrence route, while anew com- petition in the shape of the Northwest Company was organized. This grew out of tlie wrecks of the old Frencli trade. The chief promoters of this company were enoi- getic Scotchmen, who, seeming to have caught the spirit of the old voyageurs, made their company prosperous ami famous. Among these voyageurs, French and Scotch. was organized a club, in which social intercourse was enjoyed in recounting during the long winter evenings their summer adventures in the Western wilds. Many prominent names in the city's history were enrolled as its members. It was the first organization of the kind in the city, and, although mainly social in its character, was the forerunner of those literary and scientific institu- tions that have helped so much to stimulate the study of literature and science throughout Canada. The war of 1812 stimulated tlje patriotism of the citi- zens to its utmost, while the capture of Fort Detroit and the bringing of General Hull to Montreal inspired unbounded enthusiasm. The proximity of the city to the border and its defenceless condition kept it in constant alarm whenever a rumor of an invading army was approaching. On the close of the war the citizens returned to their avocations, and quiet reigned until the years preceding the memorable days of 18:37. The agitaiion for respon- sible government which pervaded the whole Province r^AND-BOOK. 87 new com- pany Was W French ''ere enoi- fche spirit erous and d Scotch ►urse was eveni n,i,^s Many led as its ' kind ill iter, was institu- study of the citi- foifc and nspired ' to the instant ly was cuhuinated in that year in open strife, it could not be called warfare. The centre of the movement was in Montreal, but the attempts at independence, notwith- standing the sympathy from the United States, soon proved abortive. Yet the main point in the dispute was secured, for responsible government was granted. But shortly aftcjr- ward, on a bill passing the Legislature indemnifying all who had sustained loss in the rebellion, a riot ensued in which the Parliament House was burnt. This caused the removal of the seat of government permanently from Montreal, although the most convenient centre. The greatest loss of the occasion was the burning of the par- liamentary library, rich in Canadian archives and works on Canadian history. Since then, although there have been times of dull- ness and depression, the city has continued to a > snjail 2ed in made of 8ii itality shed, niicd tudv tJie Iia.s ^iial I. Potsdam. — A bed of this rock crops out at St. Anns, in which the most characteristic fossil is Scolithus Canadensis^ Billings, now well ascertained to be worm burrows. Similar beds are found at Beauharnois, on which the tracks of crustaceans appear with rain drops and ripple marks. Some of these beds occur of a thick- ness suitable for pavements, and they have been to a limited extent worked for that purpose. II. Calciferous. — Overlying the Potsdam at St. Anns, an outcrop of this formation occurs in which species of Murchisonia, Pleurotoniaria and OjMleta are the most prominent fossils. As the stone seems un- suitable for economic purpose, it has not been quarried. III. Chazy. — ]kds of this formation occur about two miles to the North of Montreal. It is a deeper sea deposit than the two former, in wliich Brach'uqyoils are the prevailing fossils, with Rkynckonella ijiemi and several species of Orthis as the most abundant foruis. (Quarries were in early years opened in these beds, but the stone weathers to a brownish colour. These quarries are, therefore, now worked for foundation stone and rock-faced masonry. IV. Black Eivek — There is a fine exposure of tliese rocks at Point Claire near the station. Fossils are very abundant, and much more varied than in the chazy. Tetradium Jihratum is everywhere present, occuriing 118 THE KOVAL SOCIETY OF CANADA r ' I ill lartje masses. Much of the stone used in buildin<:f the piers of the Victoria Bridge was quarried from this place. V. Trenton. — Montreal owes much of the beauty ami solidity of its buildings to this formation. Although covered by the Pleistocene, it is mainly the formation on which the city is built. Quarries have been openiMJ out at different points from which the bulk of the build- ing stone used in the city is obtained. This stone, before coal came into general use, retained its fresli appearance for a long. time, which freshness strangers visiting the city were not slow to note. The quarries at the Mile Enil aff()rd a hue field for the ujeoWist as the rocks are rich in fossils. Corals, sncli as various species of the fjxmily Monticidiporidce, are most abniid- ant. with Crinon/s, /irachiopods, Cephalopods and Trilobites in great vaiiety. Vr. Utica. — This is a black shale found on Moffat's Island and along the banks of the river opposite the city. It cracks in every direction, and falls to pieces if exposed to frost when saturated with moisture! In some beds Gvaptolites and small Urthocerat/deh occur, but other fossils are rare. The eruptive mass com- posing Mount Royal dates from about this time, but volcanic action continued till the close of the Silurian, as also were the eruptive rocks at Rigaud, St. Bruno, HAND-BOOK. 119 Beloeil, Mount Johnson and Yam a ska. The cone of Mount lioyal must have been raised to a considerable height, with its base extending beyond St. Helen's Island. Horizontal sheets and vertical dikes alter- nating with the shale may be seen on Moffat's Island, and St. Helen's Island opposite the city. Fissures were opened up in the Trenton limestone and filled with lava radiating towards all points from the mountain» while the limestone close to these dikes and to the mountain is altered into a lighter coloured and more crystalline rock, with joints in different directions, and from which nearly all the fossils are obliter- ated. On St. Helen's Island large masses of breccia are exposed, composed of stones thrown by the volcano from the different formations through which it passed. Quarries have been opened up in some of the eruptive rocks near the city by the Corporation, where much of the material used in macadamizing the streets is now obtained. VII. Lower Helderberg. — A few small patches of this formation occur on the south shore of St. Helen's Island, in which many of the fossils usual to the period are found. As these patches are traversed by dikes it may be inferred that Mount Royal was still an active volcano. We have no trace of any of the intervening periods until the Pleistocene. During the Devonian, Carboniferous and Mesozoic a grand continental period THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA continued, all traces of which have been removed by denudation. n t\ VIII. Boulder Clay. — When foundations are dug in the lower part of the city and along the first ridge above Craioj Street, the Boulder Ciav is struck, indicatin<' glacial deposit. The rocks when uncovered at the quarries show by their striae the marks of ice action. IX. Leda Clay.^-TMs overlies the Boulder Clay in the upper portions of the city. Many recent shells now inhabiting the Arctic seas are found in the beds, espe- cially in the upper layers. It is from this clay that most of our bricks are made. X. Saxicava Sand. — This is named from its most characteristic fossil, which around the quarries is so abundant that the soil thrown out from excavations in this deposit is nearly white. This sand was formerly used for building purposes. Deposits containing recent fresh water shells are found in excavating different parts of the city, shewing that marsh land abounded here in former times. «D HAhD-FOOK. 121 THE BOTANY OF MONTREAL. Montreal has been more or less intimately identified with the progress of botanical science in Canada from a very early period in the history of the country. From the latter part of the seventeenth century, it has been a centre about which there have gradually gathered many features of interest, which cannot fail to attract the atten- tion of students from other localities. This has resulted in part from occurrences which are historical; in part from the peculiar situation and physical characteristics of the island itself, and also in large part from the advances which have been made in Canadian botany at this point, within the last few decades, under the direct patronage of the large and influential educational institutions gathered here. From the first settlements until near the close of the seventeenth century, the seat of government being almost exclusively at Quebec tended to concentrate learning at that point, which is permanently associated with the names of Sarrasin and Gauthier, and with the names of many others who have left a well-defined impression upon the development of Canadian botany. 122 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA L \ |»!r 'S t. \\ K. Ti The peculiar situation of Montreal and its natuml advantages, and consequent upon these conditions \\w gradual formation here of a separate governing body, soon led to its becoming the focus upon which were concen- trated the efforts of men who gave a decided impulse tu the study of the surrounding ilora, and permanently con- nected Montreal with the future growth of the then infant science. The Franciscan Hennepin was probably the first to give a somewhat connected though not always relialjlc account of the plants of this district. His narrative, covering the period from 1679 to 1682, was followed about forty years later by the more reliable and exten- sive and well-known records of the Jesuit Charlevoix. This zealous missionary gave the first authentic account of the manufacture of maple sugar as prepared by the Indians. In addition to noting the distinction of our native species, he shrewdly observed several also be- longing to the Old World flora ; though he made the rather serious mistake of confounding squashes and pumpkins, as grown by the Indians, with the musk and water melons of Europe — an error which was repeated by later and even more distinguished naturalists. The discovery of ginseng in this vicinity by the Jesuit Lafitau in 1716 gave an important impulse to the com- merce of Montreal for a number of years, the roots of this plant being exported in lai'ge quantities. HAND-BOOK. 123 111 1749, the S'vedish botanist, Peter Kalin, a student of Linnteus, stayed for some time at Montreal, and made it his base of operations for more extended explorations into the interior and down the St. Lawrence. The record of liis work liere is of very considerable impor- tance as bearing ui)on the local flora and upon introduced species, several of which he noted at that early date as becoming well established. He also observed a num- ber of indigenous plants which have since become extinct in this neighborhood. A little more than forty years later, Michaux visited Montreal, and afterwards penetrated east and north ward to Hudson's Bay, making discoveries of very consider- able botanical interest. Witliin the [)resent century, the German botanist Pursh took up his residence at Montreal, making it the point of departure for his well-known expeditions throughout the country. After a residence of several years, he died here, and his remains were interred in the old cemetery on Papineau road, where they suffered much neglect for many years. Through the efforts of the late Dr. Barnston and the Botanical Society of Montreal, they were finally moved to a more fitting resting place in Mount Royal Cemetery, where a monument was erected to the memory of him who had done much to advance the science in the cause of which he laid down his life. A n account of the life and work of Pursh may 124 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA be found in the Canadian Naturalist, New Series, vol. IX., p. 184. Prominent amont; the botanists of this century who have given Montreal more than local interest should be mentioned the late Dr. A. F. Holmes, who was the first occupant of the chair of Botany in the Medical Faculty of McGill University. He was a most diligent and enthusiastic collector, and his Herbarium, which now constitutes a very important part of the Herbarium of McGill University, is a very valuable one. It embraces more than one thousand species collected chieHy in the immediate vicinity of Montreal between the years 1820 and 1826. Particular interest attaches to these plants from the fact that the greater number were obtained from localities which have long since become occupied by factories and dwellings, many of them in places where the heart of the city stands to-day. Tlie collection alsu contains many introduced sj)ecies. At the present time, interest in botanical studies is centered in our v. u'ious educational institutions, some of which possess i-iuportant collections, and are more or less thoroughly e(][uipped for the prosecution of advanced work in this branch of Natural Science. The resources thus placed at the disposal of the student have received an important addition in the recent establishment of a Botanic Garden by McGill University. The rapid mul- tiplication of private conservatories within the past few yearf tural HA^D'BOOK. 125 years, and the valuable work of the Montreal Horticul- tural Society, have done much to stimulate an interest in plants, both as to their cultivation and scientific study. The Island of Montreal is situated in about 45^ 31' of N. latitude. It presents a great diversity of soil and exposure, particularly in the immediate vicinity of the city. This has the effect of concentrating within nar- row limits a somewhat wide range of species, which in other parts of Canada are widely scattered, and the Island as a whole may, therefore, be regarded as an epitome of the various botanical conditions dI the whole central region of Canada. The verv diversified character of the fiora about Mont- real is one of the first things to impress itself upon the student and attract the attention of strangers, and it is this fact among many others which has lent such a peculiar charm to the beautiful mountain upon whose side the city rests. An additional feature of importance is also to be found in the presence of Old World species which have escaped from cultivation, and, becoming spontaneous, have spread rapidly, often to the serious disadvantage of the farmer. Others, brought hither as seeds in refuse, or with the seeds of other plants, have gained but a precarious hold, and are to be found only in isolated localities, to which they cling with great tenacity, but beyond which they appear incapable of 120 rilE KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA jxtcndiiig. Numerous instances of this kind occur in the vicinity of Montreal, of Avhich one or two of the more conspicuous will serve as an illus- tration. Tlie orange hawkwecd (Bierachiru aurandia' cwiu) is not infrequent along roadsides, and has been obsencd extending iar into the Eastern Townsliiis along the United States boundary. The daphne (Daphne mezercuru) of Great Britain has for some years occupied a small and isolated station on Mount lioyal, beyond which it appears to be incapable of extending. A few years since an isolated case of the dwarf elder {Sam- buciiti ebuius) was brought to my notice as occurring at Cote St. Antoine, where it had established itself ujioii a heap of rubbish for several years. Thai the climate of Montreal is not too severe for the growth of many plants from other parts of the world, and even from more southern latitudes, is evi- dent from the fact that there are now established heie tine iind thrifty specimens of the salisburia (GhigJxo biioba) from Japan, and of the katsura {Circidiphyllunit jwj[)on'ku'L%) from the same place; as well as the ca- talpa (Cataljja speciosa) from the Middle United States. The flora of this district has undergone, and is still undei'going, changes which have greatly modified its cliaracter since the time of Charlevoix and Lafitau — changes of considerable importance to the student of I HAND-BOOK. 127 botanv who is concerned in trar^ing the influence of man upon the distribution of species, and the relation of such dispersion to climatic conditions. No systematic study of the botany of the Island of Montreal has been made since Dr. Holmes collected in 1820. Were such a work to be undertaken at the present time, it would, for many reasons, prove of very considerable value. The earliest spring flowers are to be found on the east- ern slope of Mount Royal, where the bold face of the mountain overhangs the I'oad leading past the upper reservoir. A mucli greater variety, and many of them quite as early, may be found by taking the path which leads from the incline railway station to the Protestant Cemetery. A little more than one hundred yards after leaving the Park road, one turns from the main path to the left, following what is known as Friar's Walk. The path shortly leads between the slope of the mountain and a low hill on the right. Here are to be found a rrre-v variety of ferns, and in their season, some of the riost charming of spring flowers, sucli as the spring u.sq - ^i- ^' -^^ . Ho«. Mr. Justice Davidson; Hon. H.^^ ^^ ^.^.^^ ^.^,j_ ijna p. A. McGibbon, Esq- *|'^- ' Peterson, Esq., C.K. ^ Archambault, Q.C. ; A. Messrs. H. B. Ame* . ' ; ^^ gg^ney ; J- d. B«arten ; S^ Beaudn^^Q^;;^^ H. nergeron, ^-^-^ n^-^ j. D. Crawford ; Cr. f . W.T.Costigan; Pro •Cox, Col- ^^^_^^^^^^ ^^^ ^p.. Givdvvood,M.lX,M.KX^fe.. j;- • ^^^^^^. p j„a.,h. ,, W. Henshaw, A^ f ^^-,;,,„,,„ D.C.L., Q-C;-, Q.C.; F.Lyn.an. «^;\^,^,_ ho„. J. A. Ouimet Q.C W. McLennan ; D ^ ^^^^^^ ; Hon. J- E- i^obidoux, M.P.; Hon. Mr. Justrce Ourm h,,, i,. Tom- ^:rMtc'Ho!:A.T:i-.Kev.Abb.H.Verreau.. viUe, Al- L'-'^- ' ^ ., ^ W. J. White, M.A., B.O.L. CONVF.YANCE. l^daar Judge, Esq., C/iai''»Ha»i. John Kennedy, Esq., ^•*'-' .,, .. j. w. StivUng. . Skelton, Esq., Sec.«. J^^^ _ „,. t. Bovey. Esc, M.D.; Chs. T. Hart, ^--yj ^„d W. G. tr A C E • Alex. Robertson, Esq. B.A. , Beers, Esq., ^-V-^- ■Hi 138 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Messrs. J. A. Boiiiii ; T. C. BrciuKiid ; A Brancliaud, B.C.L., Q.C. ; G. Cheney ; B. ^. Coghliii ; T. C. ]Je- Lorimier, Q.C. ; C.J. Doherty, Q.C. ; Joseph Diihainel, Q.C. ; J. II. Einard, L.L.L. ; Major L. J. Ethier, Q.C. ; J. Y. Gihiiour; E. P. Hannaford, CE A. Hiitcliinsoii, IJ.C.L.; E. B. Ibbotsoii, L.D.8.; Geo. Macrae, Q.C; Prof. T. Wesley Mills, M. A., M.D. ; Hugh Paton ; T^obt. Eeid; T. G. Shaughnessy ; P. W. 8t. George, O.K. ; Geo. Sunnier ; W. Wainwright. HOTELS AND LODGINGS. J. Stevenson Brown, Esq., Chairman. Major H. Latour, M.A., Fic6-C/ia?^"ma?i; G. W. Lovejoy, Esq., M,D„ L.D.S., Seer eta Executive: Messrs. F. X. Archambault, Q.C. ; A. E. DeLorimier, LL.B. ; E. A. Lily ; Prof. J. Bemrose, F.C.S. ; A. Lap- thorn Smith, B.A., M.P.C.S.E., F. 0. S. Lon., and Alex. Henderson, Messrs. W. H. Chapman ; L. A. Chauvin, LL.D. ; G. Coffin; M. DeBeaujeu ; L. C DeTonnancour; W. A. Dyer; Chas. Garth; H. Hogan ; J. McLean; L. D. Mignault, M.D. ; J. Morgan, , jr. ; John Murphy j Hon. W. Prevost, Q.C, M.L.C ; Geo. K. Prowse ; eJas. Shearer; Aid. CoL A. A. Stevenson; Geo. W. Swett. ROOMS AND PLACES OF MEETINGS. Prof. C. H. McLeod, Ma.E., Chairman. F. D. Adams, Esq., M.A.Sc, Vi^^e-Chairman ; R. F. UAND-BOOh. \ d. Riittaii, Esq., M.D., Secretary. blircutive : Geo. II. Prowse, Esq. ; A. J.Eaton, K>i(|., M.A., Ph. 1). ; F. Chadwick, Esq. ; Sclkhk Cross, Esq., and A. T. Taylor, Esq. Messrs. U. E. Archanibault ; A. D. Blackader, B.A., M.D.; F. W. Campbell, M.D. ; Prof. C. A. Carus-Wil- son ; J. p. B. Casgrain, C.E. ; R. DesRivieres, B.C.L. ; eT. R. Dougall, M.A ; W. Drysdale ; H. R. Gray ; A. W. Grenier; F. W. Henaliaw; Aid, A. Hurteau ; L. Huot ; Aid. H. Jeannotte; Alex. Johnson, LL.D. j Warden King; Elz. Pelletier, M.D. ; F. F. Rolland. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. Lucien Huot, Esq., Chairman. S. C. Stevenson, Esq., Vice-Ghairifnan ; J. A. Bean- dry, M.D., Secretary, Executive : — C. S. J. Phillips, Esq. J E. T. Chambers, Esq. ; Geo. E. Desbarats, Esq. ; Jos. Fortier, Esq., and M. Nolan Delisle, Esq. Messrs. E. Belanger, C E. ; Ls. B^langer ; Geo. Bishop; H. A. A. Brault, N.P. ; J. C Cameron, M.D. ; F. B. Caulfield ; S. E. Dawsoxi, LL.D. ; E. Lef. De- Bellefeuille, QC. ; C. G. DeSalaberry, N.P.; Jos. DesRosiers; Prof. J. T. Donald, M.A. ; W. N. Evans; L. Galarneau ; R. C. Lyman ; H. T. Martin ; R. W. McLachlan ; DeLery MacDonald ; Prof. C. E. Moyse, 140 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OFCA.VA DA B.A.; Geo. Murray; K Nantel, M.P.P. ; Armaiid Prevost; J. X. Perreault ; L. VV. Sicotte ; Hon. Sen- ator Jos. Tasse ; F. Vanasse. « ^y I * I