CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) SCMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microroproduc lions / Inctltut canadien do microroproduchons historiques ^1999 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographique'^ "'"'"': insi,'.j*e has- attempted to obtain the best original c " ^y av/aii'cile for fi'tiing. Features of this copy which --ioy hp D.fc'iographJcaily unique, which may alter any of ttie im.--r-s in the reproduction, or which may significantlv change the usual method of filming are checked below. D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged / Couverture endommagee □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque I ' Coloured maps / Cartes geographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) n n Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material ' Relie avec d'autres docui, jnts Only edition available / Seu'e edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortiori along interior margin / La reliure serree peut causer c'e I'ombre cu de la distorsion le 'cng do !a marce interieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / II se peut que cerlames paces blanches ajoutees lors d'unc restauraticn apparaissent dans le texte. mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. Additional comments / Commcntaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilme le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-etre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier una image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la metho- de normale de film.age sont indiques ci-dessous. D Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees n □ n n Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculees I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / — ! Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees Pages detached / Pages detachees Showthrough / Transparence Quality of print varies / Oualite inegale de I'lmpression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel supplementaire Pages wholly or palialiy obscured by errata slips tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partieilement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc, ont ete filmees a nouveau de fa^on a obtenir la meilleure image po.ssible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolouraiions are filmed twice to ensure the best possible .mage / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmees deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. This itoni IS (ilnird iil the rrdiiction rnlio chrckf d below / Cp document p>;t dlinp nii t.uii dp rnrlnrlinn inriinuo ri.H<.««rM. 10x 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x 1 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x The copy filmed here haa been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: J.J. Talman Regional Collection, D.B. Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario The images appearing hero are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — •" (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning ■END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'oxemplaire film* fut reproduit grace i la g^n^rosit* de: J.J. Talman Regional Collection, D.B. Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario Les images suivantes ont 6t* reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nenet« de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformit* avec les conditions du contrat de fiimage. Las exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papiFr est imprimie sont filmds en commencant P« ■• premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui compoae une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, seion le cas. Tous les autres exensplaires ongmaux sont film*s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derni^re image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — •- signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie 'FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent etre film*s A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clich*. il est film* d partir de I'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche ^ droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre dimages n*cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 . — 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2 1.0 I.I 1.25 l|[| Z8 IIM 140 1.4 |||Z5 1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ -^F^F' LIED IM/^GE Inc r..= •T. Ne« Vork 1*609 USA ■= ■•, 482 - OJOO - Phone = '16) 288 - 5989 - Fo. Ja/^/,^ c rV,= i'-'v'S?-. Hon. David Glass, Q.C. SOME OF HIS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES COMPILED BY CHESTER GLASS Ol' OSGOODE HAI.L, B A R R I STE R- AT- L A W ca NEW YORK THE TROW PRESS, Publishkrs MCMIX EXTRACTS FROM HEXRY MORGAN'S BOOK " CANADIAN MEN AND WOMEN OF THE TIME 1898" DAVID GLASS, Q.C., the second son of the Uito Samuel Glass, who came to Canada in 1819. His aiu'ostors came from Scotland to the north of Ireland, and settled at Loch Glass, 1607. Born in the township of Westminster, Out., July 20, 1829, he was educated at the London (irammar School, and with James Thompson, the well-known classical teacher. He was called to the bar, 1864-, and practiced for some years in London, Ont., where his firm conducted an extensive and varied business. He defended Jones in the Delaware mur- der trial; Thomas Coyle, in the Nissouri murder case; and Smith in the Sombra murder trial, at Sarnia. He also defended Wilson in the celebrated arson trial, at Windsor, Ont. He was elecied to the mayoralty of London by a unanimous vote in 1858. He was subsequently twice eb^cted to the mayoralty by a vote of the people. He was Deputy Judge of the County of Middlesex. Created a Q.C, in l!^78." the City of Winiiii)c<>-, in wliicli city lie (Mijoyod a hirgc and lucrative jiracticc in jiartiicisliiii with liis son, Chester Glass. Jn is 72 he was elected in the conservative interest to the House of Coininons for East ^liddlesex, and sat in that ll..u>e duiiui; the en- suing Parliainent. In October, 1M73, he, with thir- teen other supporters, opposed Sir John ^Macih^nald's ( Jovernnient <»n what was known as tlie " Pacific Railway Scandal." His speech in the House on tluit occasion was reported in ])aniphlet form, and had a very wide cir<-ulation. There was no invective against the Government in his remarks, hut an arjru- nient nj)on the constitutional ipiestion before the House. The great speech of Sir Domild Smith, now Lord Strathcona, soon f:'>. Mr. Class ... .\s had a fondness for travel. When he was twenty years of age he viz- itfd the Wc-t India Islands, and with otliers crossed Mexico on horseback from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific Ocean, and theu e to the gold ticlds of Cali- firrnia. In 1804, after an interview with President Lin- coln, at Washington, Mr. Glass gave his inipressiona of that great man in the London Free Press, and afterwards presided at a mass meeting at London, to give expression to the jmhlic abhorrence of his assassination. In 180U he joined the masonic order, and soon became master of his mother lodge and mend)er of the (I rand Lodge of Canada. He has taken 32° in the Scottish Kite and has visited some of the finest lodges in the world. In 1893, at the Chicago World's F'air, he was one who attended the World's Congress of ^lasonry at the ^Masonic Tem- ple. In 1880 ]\Ir. Class took an active part in ob- taining fnnds for the relief of distress in Ireland. He delivered a lecture at Cliatham, subject, " Roths- diild. King of Cold." The proceeds, one hundred pounds sterling, were the same night cabled to Dublin. On that occasion Mr. Clnss was entertained at dinner by the cor])oration and hauling men of that citv. "CA>;adia.\ mes and women of ksds. It may be addt'd that t^inee the publishing of Dr. Morpni's book of ISHS, tliat ^Ir. Glass visited Alaska and was present at the opening of the Skagway Rail- way. On the 10th of April, l!iOO, he took passage at Vancouver on the steamship " Empress of Japan," and after going over the .lajjanese Empire for sev- eral months he embarked at Yokohama on board the '' Empress of China " en route for Shanghai and thence by steamer to Wei-IIai-Wei, Chefoo and Tientsin, with the intention of visiting Pekin, the capital, but Mr. Drew, to whom he had letters, shewed Ijim the railroad that had been torn up by the Boxers, and dissuaded him from going further; he then returned to Shanghai, where he embarked on Iward the " Empress of India " for Ilong Kong, and .-jnce to Singapore, Penang, (\ylon and India, where he remainid some weeks. Then tlirough the Red Sea and the Mediterranean to Marseilles, thence to ^N pies, Pompeii and Vesuvius, and across Aus- tria to Oberanmiergau, and had the opportunity of seeing the Passion Play in 1!K)0, and spending a month at the Paris Exposition and sometime at lirus- sels and the field of Waterloo. Tie arrived in I.on- don, Engliind, ahout the 1st of OctoUir, 1!M)0, and was interviewed in regard t(* riiinese affairs, and recommended a solution of ditliculties there. On the mnming of the .'M of Octohcr he was informed of the j)roli:il the agreement was resj)ected. Soon, liowever, the wants oi th(> victori from passing out : the street, nar- row and dingy, wiili its high gal 'cd projecting houses, excluding the -uu and air. I he story goes tliat over the <]oor of one of the houses might have been si'cu a large rv(] >liield, Iwing the trade-mark nf a thrifty merchant, \\\\n had a son born in the hou-e. The Imy \va< carefully nurtured and educated in all the my.-teries of the Taluiud, to 10 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD qualify him for tli- liiiili and sacred office of a Jewish Rabbi. At an early ac;e the parents died, the youth removed to Hanover, the more perfectly to devote himself to study. AVhih^ there he formed the ac- quaintance of llerr Otfenheim, a hanker, and soon relinquished the rabbinical studies to enter the bank- ing house of his friend, when he adopted the name of Rothschild, or Red Sliiehl, the latter being the sign of his father's Innise. After years of industry, he returned to his native citv, there commenced away five millions of dol- lars from within trumpet sound of the victorious le- gion. Prince William selected Rothschihl, not for the security he could give; this was a moment when there was no security. A check on a bank was valueless as a check on a bank of snow or a ihund ••chmd, I Jut the Frankfort i)roker had ability and integrity, both of wtiich in after years were well proven. Xature hail made him a prince in his own right, had imprinted u]ion him, in bis own ])er; secrecv one of the cardinal features of their great House, rendering information in re- gard to it only procurable from scraps and cnunbs of literature and iiistory. The founder of the House carried this principle into his very acts of kindness and charity, frequently sending money to needy per- sons by unknown means, or thrusting gold into their hands in the street, and then hurrying off with- out disclosing who their benefactor was. His con- tributions to his peo]ile and faith increased with his increasing wealth. His company was sought and courted by the potentates of Europe. The fame of his wealth, his generosity and honor, extended far ajid wide, but surrounding all, and above all, there rested the thick veil of intense mystery, the deei)est secrecy. At a good old age he died in the house of his father at Frankf(U-t, surrounded by his tive sons, Anselm, Solomon, Xathan, Charles and James. His last moments were, as much of his former life had been, spent in admonishing his sons to swear eter- nal fic .Icwisli nation, flducated for the office of Rabbi, he was deeply learned in all the traditional LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD rites, ceremonies and invj^tcries of the Jewish faith, together with the gloom which had shadowed them for three thousand years. He had, times without number, recounted to liis sons the persecutions their race had undergone. How they had, with an exalted heroism, raised aloft the standard of Almighty Cfod, and us J I is chosen beloved people carried that stand- ard into a hundred millicm graves as evidence of their fidelity to a cause which must bear fruit, now and liereafter, far into the remotest eternity. That they were the descendants of the essence of the sacred race, and must ponder upon mysteries of the oral law, as well as the sacred records, having ever before them the evidence of divinity found in the Talmud and ^lidrash; that their secular teachings of repentance, peacefulness, disinterestedness, joyfulness, intrepid- ity and tem])erance all ])ointed to the same high origin. How tlie four hundred years of relentless l)ondage in Egy])t had been sliattered and broken by the direct interposition of the Hebrew (Jod, sacred to which the great Feast of the Passover should l)e commemorated forever, while Pentecost preserved fresh to all Eternity the Law as delivered from Mount Sinai. That they should l)e especially warned by the evils wronglit in the old days by their Xation commingling or intermarrying with the heretical na- tions around them. They ,vere tanght to remember the heroic age of Hebrew history. Tiie Golden Age when David and 14 lioli LECTURE OX ROTITSCIIILD his son Solomon sat upon the Jewish throne eighty successive years. How Daniel became Head of all the rulers in the Persian Empire. And the numerous persecutions they had suffered. That Crassus had pil- laged the Temple and carried off ten million dollars in "old. That in the massacres of Alexandria and Babylon the barbaric carnage was such that over a millifm of the jx^ople were openly butchered. That the countries of Europe had imposed upon them the most ini(piitous forms of taxation; body tax, capita- tion tax, trade tax, coronation tax. That in the City of York, England, and at Paris, hundreds had been burned alive for their religion while in their last moments they sang hymns joyously, as if at a wed- ding feast. All this was borne with Hebrew forti- tude, knowing that no persecution could destroy or permanently injure the innnortal race. They were remindere reminded, too, that in every nation into which they had been carried as captives, or to which they had tied for safety, these sublime habits of life had eiuibled them to rise to the highe^t eminence. 15 J LECTFRE OX EOTIISCIIILD Meyer Rotliscliild reminded his sons that wealth vas power, 'i'hat they had the strategy to accumn- hite this, hut to preserve it the utmost secrecy must be maintained. Thus the founder of tlie great House passed away, loved bv all, but es])eeiallv honored and revered by liis own people, not failing in his last moments to secure the tulHllment of the great Hessian Trust. The eldest son, Anselm, who had renuiined with his father, continued the Frankfort House, the second son, Solomon, established a bank at Vienna, the third son, Nathan, founded the London firm, the fourth sou, Charles, established a bank at Xai)les, while the fifth and youngest son founded the great French banking house at Paris. Under the innnediate su- ])ervision of the five sons, o})erations were carried on in Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Italy, while in the whole machinery of this immense network there existed a common interest, which it would be difficult, if not (piite impossible, to explain. Following the injunctions of rhe Founder of tlie House, they usually nuirried into the families of each other, thereby more perfectly preserving in their own households the innumerable State Secrets which con- tributed so largely to their j)resent greatness. Xathan was the founder of the London House, and Avas esteemed the financial genius of the family. The operations of this House have surprised the world. When (piite young, he removed to London, 16 LECTURE ON ROTHSCHILD to and at once launched into extensive speculations, bc- in^ supplied with large remittances from his father. While the older financial houses were trembling for the fate of England, while the Nations knelt before the Napoleonic shrine, Wellington, from the Penin- sula, made some drafts which it was difficult for the exche(pier to meet, not for want of money, but owing to a misunderstanding in the King's Council. Roths- child, having carefully surveyed the whole situation, purchased them. Soon they were redeemed with large profit to him. From that time forward he became the trusted agent of the British (iovernment in the transmission of subsidies to Fonigii Powers, and being thus l.rouffht into favorable contact with these powers, he in turn became their financial agent. This was at a time when there were no telegraphs, railways or steamboats, but the great financier or- ganized a band of agents and couriers who followed the armies to the battlefield, and then by a relay of carrier pigeons cotild, in a few hours, have news in London from the interior of the Continent. Thus the news of the Battle of Friedland, fought on the 13th June, 1807, would by ordinary means of transmis- sion have taken ten or fifteen days to reach London, while Rothschild, by means of his couriers and car- rier pigeons, could secure full infoniuition in as many hours. Upon the fate of that battle, fortunes were lost and won. In it Xa])oleon was victorious. All 17 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD tho stocks of the countrios ap:ainst ■wliich ho was fijjhting, inchidin/i; those of (ireat Britain, foil rap- idly. When Rothsohild roooivod tho news, ho sold stocks for futtire dolivorv, and at a time when tlioy would have fallcu immensely, the difforcnco being his profit. Times of war and financial convulsions have over l)oen seized upon hy speculators to roa]) rich harvests, Tlie well-known New York sj)oculator, Jamos Fisk, made an ononnous profit out of a transaction of this kind. In Knfxland and on the Continent, tlu^ fiovern- ments and a goodly portion of th(> people sympa- thized with the South. Southern homh wore freely sold; millions of them were on the markets of Kuropc when tho war for tho Inion was drawing to a close, afuT Sherman had made his wonderful march to the sea, and when (icnoral (Jrant was drawing the relentless v.-u* chain roiunl the doomed citv of liich- mond. FisA saw at a glance what effect tiie fall of that city would have on Southern Hoiids in F-ngland. He chartered a fast-sailing steamer, had her in P.os- toii harbor, fully ukuukmI, with >team up. and direc- tions given the monu'ut he teh'graphe(l "(!(>," that she was lo make tho (piickest time possible to Eng- land, and there sell Southern liouds for future do- livery, l>y this trau-aetinii it was said he made a clear gain of scNcrai million-. A fli'i'Wiirds he re- marked that if hi> friends had given him his own way, ln' uoiiM h;i\<' cleaned out London. There was 18 LECTURE OX ROTIISCITTLD no ocean telep:ra]ili then to carry the news faster than the steamship, so Fisk and liis friends had it all their own 'vay. It is somewhat curious that, while at the eoni- menctnient of this century the foundation of the Rothschilds' wealth sprang- out of Xa{)oleon's dcsccut upon Ik'sso Casscl, so Rothschild followed u]i the march of his army, profitino- l)y its good fortune^ or reverses, and that the master stroke aron Rutiling and others, friends of the faini>tis Ranker. Koth-ehild eagerly watche Fourth Kstate is to the latter part of the same century, AVho would have thought tliat till' bantling of ISl.') coidd, in seventy years, have developed into the Tlmnderer of 1SM4, powerful everywhere, even the Royal Family and the nobility jiaying court to it more deferentially than ever did subject to the most jxtwerful moiuirch. An eti<»n, or the power of lauguaj^e to express. TIh^ two foremost nations of the earth had on the held of Waterloo submitted their fortuiu^s to the waii'er i>i' battle. I'lie French, then, at a g'reat di>advaiita,ii(', but with the s])leudor of their rac(>, fought with a braverv arid daring unsurjiasseut thev were unable to over- come the indomitable staying qualities of the British; and then, as ever. tli(> grand old Hag which wav(>s in trii over ten thousand walls and unnarets was ear .,il 'n- the sons of a noble and gallant race on- ward, nnv.ard, so as to make resistance absolutely imj>os-ible. ^Vithout riti>ii Mildicr, ever immovable as a rock, tlirovn int<» Mpuir<'s at Waterloo, >toi>d each like an ironclad. j)roof against the wildest onslaughts nf the enemy. At l.iiiiiy, the Scotch regiments had been fearfully cut to [lieees. liut tlu're was a terril>le skeleton .f them left. In the evening of Waterloo, when they Were allo\ve(| to charge, fliey tore across tiic held. slioiiliiiu al the tu|i of their voices. "Seotljind for- •■)•) "^ LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD ever! Scotland forever!" like jrlaciers from their native crags, sweejiini!; everythinfr before them. Xo hraver soldiers ever set foot npon battlefield than the Scotch and Knjilish, but brave as they were, tliey in no way surpassed the cliivaln.us darinfr anhrini'd in the hearts of every lover of nol)le and heroic deeds. On Hint joyous morninjr, Xatlian Rothschild, ra- diant with filadne^s, shook bauds heartily, warmly joiuinouis Will was placed upon the throne of France, while Kothsehild, with an immensely augmentetill greater financial compit -ts. in a few years the name (d' Koth-ehild was a syn- onvm of sncces-, the o|)erations of their houses ex- tending over every portion of the habitalile globe, while the London Hraiicli became the tituuicial agents for every I'.uiopenn power. r4 LECTURE OX ROTHSCiriLT) Tliese were peculiar means of adding' wealth to the House of Rothseliild, alheit tliis is supj)osed to be a part of the life of a skillful financier. One thing, however, is sure, that Nathan Rothschild soon after, true to his race and name, but what was more, true to the oath of liis father, returned to the Landgi'ave of Cassel the whole Hessian treasure; tlie money Na- poleon woukl have seized was emjiloyed to compass the final overthrow of the Corsiean Hero by the large advances made to Kngland and its allies. Dealing with governments gave occasion for large transactions and immcMise profits. Ivotlischild nego- tiated a loan for the Government of Spain, and for his share in the traiHaction got tlH> s(de right of the ^lercury Mines for a term of years, from which the ])rotits counted into millions. Austria created him a liaron of the Empire. He was proverbially generous, even luxtu-ious, his en- tertainments being on a scale of princ(dy grandeur, while his table was surrounded bv the hiirhest di"-- nitaries of state. In ]s:](\ he repaired to the old house at Frankfort to attend the marriage of his elilest son, Lionel, to hi< niece, daughter of his broth- er .lames, of i* cis. After the wed. ling, and while still at Frankfort, he suddenly died. His remains were brought to London, where he wa> buried with great ceremonv in the .lewish Burial Ground at Mile Fu.l. 'llirec sons survivt'tl him, of whom liai'on T.ionrl ■2\ ITo LECTURE ON ROTIISCIIILl) was the eldest. He liad in reserve for him a life's iiieideiit more important to his ])(>oi)le niid race than any other chapter in their stranj-e history. They mioht he rich, they mijorht c(mtrihnte largely to tlie puhlic revenue, they might he charitahle and princely ill their generosity, yet they were harred from nu- merous privileges of citizenship. There was a wide gulf hetween them and the iiherties exercised hy free men. It remained for a son of this house to hreak through two thousand years of prejudices, coiled like an anacon.la round the name of -rew, and, like a sec- ond Moses, to deliver them into the light of day, into the full sunshine of modern civilization. The -lews understood the tdcments of trade, their a"tions being marked with great caution, and yet with iiitinite bold- ness. They being in corresjiondence with their breth- ri'ii in all jiarts of the world, could buy and sell to greater advantage than others, while to all about tliem their success appeared a mystery, attributed to -oine vih' witchcraft, or an unholy connection with the Evil One. In 17-JO, during tlie South Sea Hubble and its times, when the c(»ininercial world surged to and fro with its intense excitement, when pnHc(>s and dukes, as well as merchants, seized th<' hand of the tickh' goddess of speculation, when tlie Prince of Wales became Oovernor of the Welsh Cop- per ( 'onipany. wlien the Lords of ( 'liandos and iJridg- wai. 1- phiced their gilded coronets on tlie giddy altar LECTURE ON EOTIISCIIILD of a sf'oro of ventures, >Nlien the Empire ran wild in the race for wealtli, and afterwards fell like dis- solved meteors, and crowded the l)anlriod their presi-ieucc seemed miraculous. They could see and comprclicnd residts perf(>ctly. Xapoleon III, in his wrk on Cu'sar, says the only difference in men is tlieir ahility to see into the future, to trace roults from certain well-regulated. ])resent laws. This in all times apiK'ars to have t»een the especial p..wer (d" the Semitic race, aiid no douht has grown out (d" continued meditation, keen watchfulness and that profound s(>crecy which ever is the offsjjring of a sense of danger. For they had sutfered violence ar.d cruelty everywhens in every country in the ^vorld — except, as the historian says, in Ireland, where many of them had settled, this heing the only ]vlai-. where tlicy were coni])arativcly free from dan- ger. A close investigation into their social and po- litical history will prove tins true. And further, that at all times the Irish people were foremost in plead- ing for the entire emancipati<»n of the dew. This was not granted io them in England till ls.1^, whih^ as earlv as 1710, in the Iri^h House of I'omnums, .Mr. •2G LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD ^Morgan introduced and carried a Bill giving them full rights of citizenship, and again in 174G and 1747 he carried the same bill, but the Irish Lords always rejected it. The Irish people have ever been fore- most in acts of liberality. The history of the people of the Emerald Isle has been Liberty of Thought, Liberty of Speech, Lil)erty of Action. No man has ever set foot upon that island who has not found an open hand, an open dour, aye, and an open cupboard, too. In 1847 the family of Rothschild had resided in the great city of London for forty years, and had become widely known as the most daring speculators in the financial world, with a prescience unequaled, discovering weakness in Governments, so as to never fall into unsuccessful ventures, while allowing none, really Avortli having to escape them. In 1840, during the great destitution in Ireland, the mansion of Baron de Rothschild was the place where the British Relief Association was formed by which, as publicly stated in the commission, thou- sands of lives were saved. Toward the Irish tho Hebrew heart yearned with peculiar emotion. They, too, for centuries had been the victims of penal laws; they, too, had for centuries been denied the rights of citizenship; they, too, had perished for their re- ligion, and through ecclesiastical and tenant laws liipii grfuitid into the earth and then an amazement expressed that they were not prosperous and hapnv 27 m lit c ;.! ( >i • ft. el ■ m LECTURE OX KOTHSCIITLD as freedom "iid a deserved patriotism always makes a nation. All men know that patriotism is the off- spring of love, that love is only a sentiment, and yet more powerful than battlements of stone and iron or mountains of gold ; that the Hibernian mother's love to her child and for his welfare and future hap- piness is stronger tlian hundred-ton guns, stronger than man's laws, for it knows no law but nature's law, stronger than armaments, for it is inspired by the very essence of God, and imperishable as Eter- nity. Yes, the Jew knew this, and into his grand mansion he invited the noble and the generous of London to devise means to send out of their plenty to meet the wants of their destitute brethren. London is an empire in itself. Great cities have been in the world for thousands of years, but none ever before like this, so great that if it should sink into the sea to-morrow, the remotest part of the globe would be electriticd, like the flight of the heart out of the htiman body. As other cities are to London, so, in a financial point of view, other names are to the name of Roths- child. Of old, the first visit of the physician was occupied tumbling the patient about, asking innumerable ques- tions, making him 0]>en his mouth till lockjaw was all but inevitable, and tlicn a determination to bleed him to death to save his life. Xot so now. The quiet, skilled member of that 28 LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD truly noble profession touches the radial artery of the wrist, then looking for a moment into the eye, the whole form is open to his view. So it was witli the financial world till the name of Rothschild at- tracted and drew to it the nations of the earth. That name became and has continued to be, for sixty years, the radial artery, the pulsations of which are the index to great financial operations amongst men. Wars are averted or encouraged as rhe sanction of that name is given or withheld. The conditions of the mitions have been the study of this famous House, as the conditions of the in- dividual customer is to the wholesale merchant. ^Ir. Benjamin Disraeli, afterwards Lord Beacons- field, being appointed to negotiate a loan for a foi-- eign power, opened the matter to the famous banker, liut said without the loan was sure he could not dis- close the name of the borrower. Rothschild said he did uot wan^ the name, but to let him know how much the power was in di^bt. This being done, he at once rej)lied : " Oh, that is Egs-pt ; I cannot lend them a farthing." Vet, with powers penetrating to the remotest quar- ters of the world, the Hebrew could not l)reathe the tree air of civilization. Sir F. H. Goldsmid, ^Ir. .\shley Potter, Sir David Salamons, Baron Lionel do Kothsejiijd, Sir ]\roses Afontefiore and Sir Benjamin Pli'.lpotts, wliile supporting the Empire, wore upon their persons the degradation of being placed lower 29 5.» J ^fl I \ : ^ LECTURE OX ROTHSCHILD 1 tlian the noanpst subject. Many wore their griev- ances, but prominent amongst tliem was tlieir ina- bility to sit in Parliament. These disabilities were long felt to be a stain upon the name oi freedom, and a combined effort was made fo- the emancipation of the Jew. In 1S47 Rothschild was elected fur the City of London. His majority was so marked as to be a signal protest against the disability of the He- brew. He entered the House of Commons and of- fered to take the oath of office on the Old Testament. This was refused. Afterwards he was peremptorily ordered to withdraw. On this subject, as far back as 1833 to 1 837, a well- known figure would risi- to address the House — no other than the Irish Liberator, Daniel O'Connell — with his rugged, commanding physique, his dignified but courteous mamier, coupled with his clear, melo- ilious voi( 'Iways insuring immediate attention. There was .. u^ ''nsh upon his cheek, his temples and brow visibly ^ while his eyes sparkled Avith fervor. Daniel O'Connell stood there to defend the weak against the strong, stood tliore to v!-,idi"ate '"■• „ doc- trine of Equal Rights of which he had been so long the champion, stood there the embodiment of all that was chivalrous and brave. The Enumcipation Rill was again rejected, and RotliM'hild resigned lii-^ s<'at. A new election was or- dered. Lord John Manners, one of the proudest of 30 LECTURE OX ROTIISCTIILD Kngland's nobility, entered the field. Rothschild be- came his ojipoTieiit and was returned ajiain by an over\vhehnin; twice lilesscd ; it blesseth him tliat gives and him that takes; 'Tis niig'litiest in the niiuht- ippt; it beeomes the throned monarch better than his crown." *' And tlie King shall say, Inasmuch !u ye have done it unto one of tlie lea>t of these my bretliren, ve have done it imto ^le.'' 32 "^ LONDOX, NEW YORK AND PARIS GREAT citips depend for their growth more upon their geogra])hical position than from any otlier cause, as^ for instance, the citv of metro- pnlitan London is thirty miles in diameter anw that • •ify is tlirec times as great as Paris, and the new wnrld has proihiccd tlie <'ity of (!rcal<'r Xew ^'ork, t'Tiiiitii,'- a western wing <.f its gigantic parent on the I hatiie-, while Palis, though not one third tlie size of L"ndoii. stands the jirond city of fashion to all the worhl and constituting a part of th(> highway to all cities of tile ea-tern and western worlds So that >.. w York. I>nndon and I "'.ave the di.Miueiioii nt beiiiL' foreiiio-t in all (i.e.. appiint- 6:i 1.1 M :.il LONDON', XEW YORK AND PARIS Tiicnts and must of nccossitv be so for conturios or for all time. Therefore, everythin old and the new worlds. Old York in Kngland; Xew York in America. With >inuhir laws, the same language and religion, the I wo kindred ])eoples have given to the world a civil- i/ati"ii and advancement never heforc^ seen. The pioneers who foundccl it. and others who (piickly ollowcfl, hi)ld ill adventure', heroic in ai'liievement, .-killful and constant in purpose, should he tli(> id(ds of the city. Th'v l)rouuht with them physical p«)wer and intellectual attainments, from whi'h the new ''i»y was eiiahled to make an advantageous beginning. To its founders, Xew York owe-^ much of it.s pres- ent greatness. 35 S I C ' ■ :n'ew TorvK uxder the dutch Xow York is the natural, convenient and suitable harbor for the trade of the West, as well as other parts <. the continent. It lias a tine, well-protected hay, hinir in 42" nor Ii latitude, with mild climate, no ice, an«l never having over five feet of tlood tide. The docks are ojx'u and accessible the whole year round. Ill Ai)ril, IMd, the captain (.f a tine 2,000- ton iron ship in the Xcw York docks told me that he was an Kn<:Iishi:ian, and had been in most harbors of the world, including Liverp(.ol, Havana and Bom- bay, all really good; but that there was no harbor, taken all in all, in which a ship could reach dock so (piickly and safely as at Xew York. The facili- ties there are such as to challenge the admiration of nuTchants, traders and travelers the world over. Here is a city of four millions of inhahitants, so that in ih.int of numlH'rs it is one of the three great eities ,,f the world, and with its almost unlimited trade, it is indeed one of the miracles of moa of its history and development, shall we 11. .t go t.. tile beginning tour hundred years ago, and I<...k firon the new discovery. 30 XEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH Then ho foil upon his knoo?, (lovontly kissing the cartli and naniincrsonifvinji; boldness, faith, luToic valor, do^'otion and Christian forlitndo. From that time all tho world know that by sailing westward through the Atlantic Ocean land could be reached. Tliev had learnecl that the earth was a sphere, and that Itv following its circuit, vluit was known to tlieiu of the East might be found in the West. At that time tl> ^ general use of the mari- ner's comi)ass was known. The printing press and the growth of education, both incentives to successful exploits by sea and land, luid l>eon brought into use, aut Indies, or dapan, as they tliouu'lit discovered. To a woman we owe the di<«i)verv of America. Aftus liud in vain imo'rtUMcd the courts vi Euroj)e fur aid, Queen Isabella of opaiu \v-ould 87 ■ I i' ! 1^ NEW YOFJv I^XDER THE DUTCH take no refusal from Kiufs; Ferdinand, lu^r liusband, and offered to jilodiic licr jewels to fmilicr the jiroj- cct. And after she liad liy force of love and tears aeco:nj)lislied her pnrjx.-^e, and when all was ready for the dej^arture of Cohunhns, he received the Messinir of lier ^lajesty. Where in the lenji'th of America is there a statue of (^ueen Isahella i p\>r the honor of her sex, for the greatness of the achievement and for the results of her genius, let a suitable continental monument be erc'-tecl in such a i)lace as a congress of the Ameri- can nation may tix upon, and not allow the glorv of the grcar (|Ucen"s jiresence to go down the ages un- rewarded. It is saioor man such as Columbus was, the more honor, the more renown and the more glorv should l)e attaclied to their act. 1 am a native-born Cana- dian, and in the name o{ America pronounce the wn- erated name of Isalx'lla, a;id accept luu- as the patron saint (d' the continent; and allegi> it to be my earnest desire to see this view acknowledocd bv a'! .\iiieri- <'ans, bcgiunini;' with Canada and e\tending south- ward to Cape Horn, and to contribute in monev and time to bring about a residt so just to a mime loved yEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH and v'Miorated in her own day, and handed down as The one who, above all others, first saw the truth and ^■■ave praetieal effect to her honest convietions. A reception was cjiven by the Kiii<; and (Jneen of Spain t(i Columbus after his great discovery. The Indians in tlie foregTound, nine in lunnber, were limught by Colund)Us u]>on his return voyage. It is but fair, however, to say that wlnle to Spain and the Spanish queen is due the lionor of the dis- covery, to Kngland and France is also due the rapid and succi'ssful planting of their banners under the two Cabots and Cartier, and also under the world- r('nown<(l Sir Walter Raleigh. Sir Walter was a man of fine and varied gifts, a great traveler, public s{)eaker and daring naviga- tor. He t'oiuidi'd the colony of Virginia and named it in honor of the virgin cpieen. Like Columbus, he was of humble origin, had known poverty and want, but tuiturc had given him an honest heart with pow- ers capable of self-education. Like Shakespeare, liunyan, IJcaconsficld and a thousand others, he was a true scliolai', supporting tiie maxim that genius will educate itself, while dumpishness and stupidity, whatever their advantages, can never be educated, ii.ileigb made uumy voyages to the New World. He inti'odueed tobacco into Europe, and believed that il Would produce longevity. A hou-eni.'iid enteriiiL'' bis room, and sJ XEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH on fire and dashed the contents of a water pitclior dowTi upon him. History say.s that he made a wager with Queen Elizabeth that he could weigh the smoke of the tobaeeo, and that he won it in this way: First with delicate scales lie v;eighed the tobacco, and after he had smoked the pijx^, he weighed the ashei^, and deducted tiiis from the weight of the tobacco. The remainder gave the weight of the smoke, for which it is said the gay queen gave him a sharj) cuff over the ears. Queen Elizabeth was a noble woman, but she lived ill an age far different from the j)resent, and was surrounded by circumstances that made these pecul- iar little adventures part of her life history. The Elizabethan j)eriod, while occupying an important niche in history, was lacking iu the (piiet, dignified virtues liberty and conduct which mark the Vic- torian era. After the death of Elizabeth, and when James was firmly seateeii as reigning mon- arch, and was suspected of being one of the Scottish pretender's supporters. ]r was thrown into prison, where he remained twelve -.cars. lie then receiveil his Irecdom from King .lames on condition that he would make know?! a marvelously rich gold mine on the banks of the Orinoco; when there he had a se- 40 XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH vcre encounter with the Spanish, in which his son was killed. lie failed to discover the f^old mine, and returned to England with a broken heart. The >Spanish demanded that he should suffer ()!), the directors of the East India Company of the Chamber of Amsterdam 41 i] < H XEW YORK UKDER THE DUTCH ll of tlio one part, and llcndrick Hudson, Enfrlishman, of the other part, entered into a contract signed in diipHcate. By it the company agreed to fit out and man a small vessel of about thirty tons burden (not eighty tons, as some historians make it) and pay ITudson as captain of the expedition 800 guilders, or sixty-five pounds. Hudson was to sail north to Nova Zembla, then west and south to the American coast, in search of a passage to India. Even then, one hundred and seventeen years after the landintr of Columbus, it was still called the East India Com- pany, and it was still their idea that India might be reached by some passage through the American con- tinent. lluds , with an interpreter and twenty seamen, set out upon the voyage. Kudson liad a serious, resolute face and muscular form, a combination fitted for heroic exploits. It was an age c.f adventurers, and Hudson was the noblest of them all. Living in the Elizabethan period, his costume was that of an Englishman in • •thcial life. Xew York is built upon ^lanhattan Tshind, the old favorite home eautiful ilowers, sparkling rivulet,s, shady forests and some well tilled grounds surrounded the compact Indian village. Tin. red man had for untold ages niinb^ (his spot his favorite report. The rich soil, the chase and the 42 NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH fk'lieious sea fish assured to him a life of affluence anut forward as an ar- 4:; I ■ » <■' ?^EW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH tide of coinmorcial value. The use of it was a bar- harous and uncivilized habit, yet its adoption bj the nations of the earth has done much to assim^hte America with the peoples of Europe. ].ord Lvtion, in his beautiful story of " Lucile," says of tobac<-o:' '• The distant Havana, cement of the nations, makes all men brothers who use it." However that may be, tobacco is now king. Who can proi)hesy the re- sult of the wonderful growth and power of this habit? Maybe five thousand years from now the historian will tell of the tobacco age, when men, oth- erwise apparently sane, were seen going about the streets with a round piece of to])acco, one end in the mouth, ami at the other a fire burning. The philosophers of that period will, of course, think it was done for some medicinal purpose. Antiquarian commissions will be appointed to report upon the actual cause, but alas, their researches will be in vain, for had they lived in the tobacco age, no re- liable testimony or satisfactory evidence could have been obtained why this queer substance should have been king, or why men should have suffered the extreme tortures of poison in order afterwards to have become its slave, it will be found that during the height of the reign, thousands of millions in duties had been paid for the privilege of using it and that before it fell from power, all the women' used it to excess; they smoked and chewed, they passed it around in the church pews, and, indeed 44 NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH had become its involuntary votaries. The Wood of the Caucasian race, which h.ad been banded down, improving and being purified through countless cen- turies, was polluted and stunted, while men stood aghast at the frightful situation. England, still fnivtiH.st of all the world, invited representatives from all other countries to determine upon some jilan to overcome the growing evil. After months of deliberation, a compact was formed whereby in each nation laws were to be enacted making it ille- gal to grow tobacco or to export or import it as an article of commerce. Soon after the bright faces of the emancipated shone with gladness, feeling their chains broken; and tol)acco fell, never to rise again. Tobacco leaves, Indian corn and oysters were l.rought by the .Maidiattan Indians to Hudson on hoard the " Half :Moon." The Island was a beautiful >pot, gently sloping to the southeast and west until its borders dipi)e(l into deep tide water. Xear the center of the Island, from north to south, ran a well- heaten trail, where f«>r countless ages the red men of the forest in single tile had gone on the chase or warpath. The old trail, not much changed in course, was greatly widened and improved, and forms one of the best-known highways of modern civilization. It was made broader, and now is P>roa(lway, New York, and is as well known as Re- gent Street, London, or the Rue Rivoli, Paris. Yes, 45 S < ^1 I nil XEW YORK rXDER THE DUTCH the wliite man accepted tho Indian way, and also accepted liis tol s trail as his liiirli hacco. And 1 going up and down f)n tlio trail with 1 tohac 'CO. and Avill porhaps do so f le IS now lis bits of because of his great' :i vast inij)rovenicnt on his rude pred or ages, thinking r numbers and power that 1 le IS ess, he is; for tl eccssor. Doubt- iiese great water ways, th(;se d nvers, rhis ricli soil, together with tl leei) harl lie wonderful >or, were never intended to lie unused bevond the time when thev 1 of the old world. Xo doubt these hind their wealth, were the le<>-it )ecanie needful for the overflow with all adventurers of three hundred 'gitiniate herilage of tl le 'J'he {)hi years ago. ••«' soon beeanie a valuable and trading p<>i,it, U^nry CI t(>ndent or stl the important iristianson being superiu- nianag,>r. The Dutch pion.^ers •oiig, hardy rac<', but were a poor Indian. For tift very cruel and reh'ntle^s t- ried on by the East [udia ( new coiuj)any was formed. It then 1 ni)on the Dutch that tl een years trade wa- onipany, but in IC^-f car M'gau to dawn Ka.st India, and tl West India ( "■^ was not, after all. a part of "' new company was named the e rf ul 'iiipany of Annterd am. Tl !ii> organization, having at its lu-ad and "'g "» nnt only the ( Jovrnmrnt but , wealthy mm of Amsterdam, great ,h givn it. Their charter .-overe.l tl i, a pow- snpfx.rf- "•'••f Iving between W and l', ^'»vrs Wire e extensive di- '> north latitude, with e Country an•!.■), then the site roud of their (h'M'cnt, for in manly courage, honesty antl fair deal- ings with the white men they had no superiors, and yet with all, they were excessive drinkers and crur(>(i iiiiiiscriminately until eighty dead bodies lay around liii -moldering <'anip tires, with not a single soul left 47 C 9. I i ^ <:| XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH nlive to tell the- tale. The history of the massacre is written only from what was seen afterwards and from wliat was pitliered from tlie h.iastful victors. This was the heginuinf;: of the first Indian War; it lasted two years. Bloodshed and frightful devasta- tion reigned supreme. 'J'iie whole of the wiiite set- tlers were driven t(. desi)air and the Island nearly depopulated. On the ;{Oth of August, 104.-,, all the ehiefs of the trihes assembled in Howling (Jreen, at tiie south end of Broadway, and wiili their white brethren smoked the calumet of peace, buried the hatehet, and iiuide mutual pledges of eternal friendphip, which was of a lasting benefit to both the Indians and the whites. The first map of the village of Xew Amsterdan« made by otficial direction was in 1(542. On the rigiit i^ represented a tavern or beer shop; the spot at the southwest corner, the f(.rtification or castle; then appears the wharf; on t'«e west side of the trail is the burial place, scmie distance south of Tritiitv Clinrch on the west nde of Broadway. The tavern ati.l store, sniail and iusigniticant, were the trading p.»>ts wlere tli. business .»f the village was conducted, and, in fact, comprises the l,irthplace of the present tify ot Xew York, the lounthttions upon which the ]n>ty i>oy and man have gn.wn, with arms extenth'd to every part of tlie kiK.wu world. Later j.ictures erception of events going en about him, never failing to meet the enemy with full\ matured resources to frustrat<> him at every jwint. His tomb ji.ay now be found l)eside the old church on Tenth Street. 'I'he Diitch hareby not only New Amsterdam, but the whole of the New Xetherlands, were transferred int.. a British colony. A few hours after, the British sol- diers and officers were walking about the streets as •'oolly as ,f they were to the manor born. Th,. is .me of the jKvuliarities of the Englishman. He is at I'ome ev(rywhere, and ha. the consolation of think- ing that everything luronies him, so long as it is in the interest ' his sov,.rciir„ and his country. That iH'ing settled, everything is as nothing in his eyes. riiarl.s II was th.-n in the ./(.nith of his powers. Fifteen years bcfoiv his fatluw- ha.l suffered death |larc. London. ('n.„,well, the I rotector, had for t<'n years en.leavored t„ rule the "••""•» "'.cording to his lights, but iIk- nal sources "f gnvernment ha.l m.t tlieu attainrd ;,nv well-de- |""'«l i"n.i. Parliamentary ,i.nvernm,.nt " had not '-■" w..rk,.d o„t. h was a sfru.;,!.. bctw.rn the abso „t,sM> of the mo„M,vl,, the feu.lal riiihts of the '-'"•ds and the ^rowin- powers of the p.M.ple. The tiM ( 'lun-h.s suffered .leath like Lo„is XVI of Franc- ""' '"'•='">'-'^^''"'i'-"— '-wrong, done, but becau^J NEW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH (if his inability to co\)q with the contending elements around liini, and there being no executive machinery to meet the state exigency at the moment. The king was the great pinnacle to whom alont^ each ])arty could look for redress. The tax upon him wiis unfair and unjust to any monarch; this injustice was subse- (|iu'ntly removed by the revolution of IfiSS. ("harlcs I was illegally arrested, illegally tried and illegally executed, the whole proceeding being a di- icct violation of Magna Charta, so much boasted of as being the palladium of IJritish liberty; for, in fact, the execution took place upon a mere resolution nf less than half the House of Commons, and with- "•ut any law at all. After the death of Cromwell and the abdication i>i' Richard Cromwell, Charles II, who had been ixiuncing al>out the Continent, occasiomilly conduct- ing wars in Scotland and England, was callcMl to the throne. The people were sick and tired of an unsettled form of government, and were really fond of the royal line of kings; so that when (^harlcs came hack, the whole city of Lon Ion was one graJid car- nival of joy. The whole peoj)le, with long and loud entiiusiasm, hailed their lawful Miverei<>n, in the midst of wiiich Charles turned and said : " Why, gen- tlemen, the nuitter is so easy, I ought to have re- turned long aco." Xd sooner was Charles lirndy si-ated upon the throne tliiui he looked about to see what he could 61 I XEW YORK UXDER THE DUTCH i: 1, If! do for his brother James, Duke of York. Nothing better being immediately avaihible at home, he con- eluded to make liim a present of Xew Netherlands, Xew Amsterdam. It was not material whether he owned it or not. He furnislied James with monev and soldiers and sailors to oeeup.v peaceably or by force the territories and towns contained in the mu- nifieent ])resent. Therefore, on the 8th of Septem- ber, l(i(i4, the governor appointed by James, Duke of York, with his soldiers sailed into the harbor, took possession, hoisted the J^ritish Hag, named the forti- fication James and the city Xew York, in honor of the great duke, a mime which renuiins unchanged up to the )>resent time. I regret to say the ;Merry Afonarch, Charles IT, abused th(> confidence of his people and was wholly unfit to be king. He used the majestic kingly office for })urposes of personal revenge and j)arty gratifi- cation. James, Duke of York, whose name is now firmlv established in the new world, had married Anne Hyde, daughter of Chancellor Hyde, then Lord Clar- endon. Her grandmother had for some years been a working girl iuid was compelled to earn her living by the labor of her hands. Yes, Anne Hyde married James, Duke of York. He afterwards became king and she (piceu cor's imiperty. The Dutch were fond of good beer and .-o were tlie English. In a few days after the capitu- lation, the wassail rang loud and long in the general merrymaking sounding through the newlH)rn city. The Dutch had been j)ermanently, continuously .111(1 absolutely the founders, holders and builders of the city, and had title in fee to it, as well as to the whole of the New Netherlands, anossession for fifty years. 'I'hey had discov<>red it by the employment of Hudson. Their tirst governor had purchased the Indian title. They liad coloni/ed it, and had remained in po-se-^sion up to the surrender in l*i(i4. The town was not large, but it was one of 68 Si- i = H XEW YORK rXDER TlfE DUTCH i 'i tlie larjrcst in Xortli Ainoricn. Xoitlior the English. French nor Sj)ani«li Iiad (Iniu^ more than the Dutch. They were a hardy, tlirifry. brave pcoph', descended from a race of adventurous heroes. Tliey had never Ix'en an agj^ressive peoi)h'. but man to man in coloniza- tion and commercial exploits rhey had no superiors. The Hollanders have always been powerful in war and resi>ected in peace because of their chivalry and honesty. The sturdy foundations laid by them in Xew Amsterdam have never lost their iiiHuence and power for the permanent and stal.le upbuilding of Xew York. Upon the tine old Dutch tree of 'iCtCA \\a< engrafted the dominant Knglish-speaking race, with juuscular ]iower, mental ])ower, moral j)ower. With a commingling of two sucdi peoples, what must tile result be^ Just what it has been, the production o{ a city, the miracde of modern history. In addition to this, it had all the other cities, all other countries, all other })eoples to take example from, to receive the Hood tide of renewals and recruits from. It had the advantage of noble sto<'k. noble blood, as widl as the great deeds of two powerful nations, in sentinu'Ut and substance, to build upon. It had the quiet, fru- gal thrift, honest habits and great endurance of the Dutch, together with the aggressive, dojuinating waywardness of the English. So the Indian village on ^lanhattan Island stands to-day. les^ than tlirei- hundred years old. as one of th(^ three great cities ot the world. 54 NKW YORK UNDER THE DUTCH Have yon ever tliought of it, if London, P:nis and Xcw York were to sink into the sea, what a dif- ferent world it wouhl be ( Tliis is tlie way one can realize their inflnence, their indispensable ])resen('e, as evidence of man's power and advancement, a< wfll as his aeennuilated knowledge. New York is, indeed, a wonderfnl city. Let all honor be given to the old Hollander for the part lie has taken in bringing about such marvelous re- sults. 21' . 1 Sit- ae ; ft. 55 NEW i'ORK UXDER THE EXGLISTT Hi' NEW YORK, the jri-eat nietro])olitan city of Ainerit'iu stuiids on Manhattan Island, the honu' of the Manhattan tnl)0 of In lians. The fonndations of tlie city wore hiid bv a Company from Holland, the Dntch at that time being the greatest ship-bnild- ing and maritime ])o\ver iu the world. Wealth, in- fluence and power were from the beginning available for the support of the colony, while men of distinc- tion and marked business ability and means were found amongst the earliest inhabitants. Even then a system of landed aristocracy was established. Such persons of wealth and intluence as were able to bring- out and colonize a body of settlers were given the title of " Patroons," with a large concession in land accompanying the title. From 1()09 to l(tG4 the Dutch owned and occupied an extensive district under the name of New Nether- lands, the ca|)ital being New Amsterdam, now New York. For over fifty years the colony grew and flourished, maintaining a strong, hardy and vigor- ous working class, as well as a rich governing body who lived in tine mansions s])ending lavishly their great fortunes, and founding in Dutch America, the much-rcuowned Knickerbocker race, jK'ople admired for sturdy ([ualitics up to the pri'sent day. XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISH After 1004, when the Engli-^li captured Dutch America, the name '' Patroon " was dianoed to that of Lord of the ^[anor, so tliat tliose inauorial lords with the great nierchanrs as well as the many citle- liraring English made the city and state the most optdent and wealthy of all the American colonies. The constantly recurring Erench wars made a standing army needful in America, Xew Vork being licadciuartcrs. The officers contributed to the local iiristocracy, causing the city to be still more conspic- uous amongst the other colonies. These peculiar fea- tures became firmly rooted and were plainly visible (luring the first Eederal Congress, which was held in Xew York. On this foundation has grown a great city, which for its years has no parallel. It is to-day one of the three foremost cities of the world, the pride of the nation and of the continent. Manhattan Island, in its primeval solitude with its gi-aceful sloi)ing form, reached out into the deep I'jiy. Jt so remained until Hudson, as agent of Hol- land in 1000, set out in search of a passage to India. V.vvvy inlet from the ocean wa.. to be carefully ex- iiiniiied to realize, if possible, the discovery of the jia.-sage to the long-coveted gold mines of Eastern Asia. While on this quest, on the 0th of September, lie sailed through the Xarrows between Long Isla..d and Staten Island, and for the first time the beauti- tiil bay and harbor were revealed to the world. 01 211' I :NEW YORK TXDER THE ENGLISH l: mil "Afore than a hundred years had passed away since ("ohinihus made the discovery of Amer. a. The con- tinent was well known; scores of voyages had been made np and down from Greenland to Cape Horn, yet this narrow jiassajre had not heen discovered, and the beautiful bay and harbor continued to be the safe preserve, the secure rendezvous of the Manhattan Indian. In fact, after the novelty of the discovery of America by Columbus had partly w'oru off, the chief aim of the enterprising explorer and navigator was the making of a quick f(^rtune out of the rich ores and precious stones with which the new land abounded. Xor was the po^r native wanting in statecraft. He soon found that the white man had many things he needed on the warpath, in the chase or for domestic comfort. So while pretending to resist the white man's encroachments, he also lured him forward to the bright ti(ld where gold and diamonds covered the who'e earth. Tliis promisod wealth roused the adventurers of Europe, and alas, thousands lost lives and fortune in the vain effort to reach the coveted Eldorado. All th< world believed that what had been discovered was Asia, in which Marco Polo had traveled an.l about which he had written two hundred years before, or that a way would be found to pass the new land and reacli Asia. This is why the na- tives were called Indians, and this is why Colurnbus died without ever knowing what he had discovered. 58 KEW YORK UNDER THE E^SGLISII For more tlian a hundred ;-pars America remained comparatively undiscovered and unsettled, apparent- Iv waiting further and more important development. AVhile adverting to Xew York under the English, shall we not glance for a moment at the discovery and progress up to that time? In 14'J1 Columbus^ the most renowned of all navi- gators, sailed from Spain with three small vessels, two of which were without decks. On the evening after Columbus had been at sen for sixty days, the whole crew, wild with disappoint- ment and rage, threatened to throw their captain into the sea and return to Spain, Columbus promised them that if .and were not discovered Avithin two days, he v.-ould return to Spain with them. In an hour afterwards birds were seen and also leaves and brush upon the water ; then a carved stick was picked up. The whole night was spent in watching. Just before davbreak, when looking over the starboard bow, a light came in view. Guns Avere fired as sig- nals from ship to ship. The madness and anger now turned to a frenzy of joy. Shouts of exultation rang out from vessel to vessel, Columbus fell upon his knees, covered his face with his hands, and devoutly thanked God for his great deliverance and the over- whelming success about to crown the efforts of his life. The morning revealed \and looming up before tht gaze of the Father of a continent, the ship, as well as 69 • w. 2«' u ; : au IB NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISF a.: the stalwart crew, represented the physical and in- tellectual development of myriads of years. The vanguard of millions of that army of the Cau- casian race sent to give economic direction and force to the vast wealth hidden in the hills, streams, forests and fields of the new world. Three years afterwards there lived in Bristol, Enff- land, Jolin Cabot, a renowned traveler. lie had but latidy returned from Southern Asia He had visited the Sacred City of Mecca, tlirougli which the caravans from India passed, the way by Capo of Good Hope being then undiscovered. Upon this information he founded an abiding belief that by sailing westward as Cohunbus had done he could reach the riches so gloriously described to him by the Arabs. He went up to London to see the king. Henry VII treated him with ihe greatest kindness and consideration, took hi- into his confidence, gave him a commission and htu.ty encouragement. In 1497 Cabot, with eighteen companii , crossed the ocean and was the first discoverer <»f the maiidand of America. He n^turned in safety. l.'i«»n the dis- coveries then maut explored far inland, adding vastly to the knowl- (diio of the inner part of America. From that time all America north of the St. Lawrence went under the name of Xew France. The map of that period shows what was then known of our globe. It will be seen that most of Asia and Africa, as well as the whole of Austrahisia, were undiscovered and unknown to Euroj>ean civil- ization, as was the continent of America. ^fore than haU' the worhl lay liuricd in darkness. A thousand years of night during the Dark Ages was rapidly giviiig ])la<'e t(» an era of unparalleled enlight- enment. From 1540 to 1 '>♦)() the stormy affairs of Kurope absorbed all attention, and it was not until the reiun of Good C^ueen ?>ess tluit the adventurous spirit revived again — Elizabeth, the daugliter of a great race, a brilliant descendant of a valiant and noble ancestry, not without faults; but in the briglit light of royalty who can escap(> censure? She aoj)lc. Her jK'riod was soo,i renderexp!i>its (if Sir lluiiiphny (!i!!),i-t. Sir Wal- 61 I 41 ;;;•■■ I <; *f 1 XEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH ter Ralt'ifih and Sir Francis Drake, all Engli>li- nion of renown. The ''(Jolden Hind" of Sir Francis was a pcior old tubby craft, but it was the second vessel to cir- cumnaviiiate the <>lobc, while the first ship to make tlie vovajii' anmnd tlie world was the " X'ictoria,'" iin- tUr Maficllan. That little craft was the most ri- iKtwned vessel of its time. In l.")^^ it was generally thought that South Amer- ica extended to the South Pole. Magellan, with a fleet of five vessels^ set (nit to find a passage through or arouiul the continent. He discovered the straits which bear his name. Sickness, mutiny, storms at sea and all manner of obstacles had to Iw overcome. After two years of battling with the elements, all wa- lost except one small vessel, the " Victoria." With her he returned home safely, this being the first vc:-- sel to circumnavigate the globe. I'pon the whole, the English have always taken the lead as a colonizing nation, then came France and then the Dutch. After the lime of Columbus, sailors and navigators sprang up on every hand anl faces ol the hardy >-;iil- Ill NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH ors tumod with scorn from the pretended wisdom of the scientist and the scholar. Tlien came two hun- dred years of wihl, daring, piratical adventure. What the chiefs nud barons had been on land, the captains and the pirates became on the sea, the strong ever preying ujion the weak. Rut with all this the mer- cantile interest of the world made substantial prog- ress. In 14!)7 I)e Gania discovered the passage round (lood Hope into the Soutliern Ocean, a new path to [ndia. During one of the gay, joyous moments of ( harles II, the Merry Monarch, he made a present of a large part of America to his brother James, Duke of York, and gave him sliips and soldiers to take po-isession of it. This muniticent present included tiie whole of the New Netherlands and New Amster- (him. It is said tiiat the king was not aware of tb's when the patent was signed to his brother, b\it when tlie error was discovered, like Jacob of old, he re- fused to withdraw the blessing. The Knglish ships ^-aibMl into the harbor of New Amsterdam. The iMitcli (iovernor refused lo surrender. He was will- ing to tight th(! wh the natural law i-< govern- ment by the people, for the jicoplc, yet when the ]>eople want a king, tli(\v have a right to have one, and still furtlwr that violence ainl wrongs have l)<'<'n comniiltiMl under rejtnblics »-; well as under kimrs. When Brazil made np its mind to change its form of gdverniiunt, (Jeneral de Fonseca said to l)(nii Pe- ^e witli a repult'.ic, and that they would and must have a king. Two thou- ^and years aft(>r, the wildest excesses and cruelty took place in Konu^ under the republic. In fact, for four thousand years opinion> have been divided, ex- (•(>>s, violence ;.ad ojipression following owerftd and it has mastered that power. It can l)ring al)out any resnlt insisted upon, an.! this \ astly increases the loyalty of the people. This great princijile makes the whole nation a standing army. Kngland, with four hundred thousand sohllers, is rated higher than Russia with a million. So it is with the United States; sixty thousand trained sol- diers are emmgh in tinu' of ])eace, for the whole na- tion is as one man, read to unslnnthe the sword ill re alike and tand the -^peec.i vi the people of 07 t »■■■> f :XEW YORK rXDER THE ENGLISH tlieir northorn counties. For instance, Lord Tenny- son, in his poem of the " Northern Farmer," savsT Wheer 'asta bean saw Ions and mca ligjj:in' 'ere aloan? Noorse? thoort nowt o' a noorse; whoy, Doctor's abcan on agoan : Now, that i.s supposed to l)e first-rate Ensjlisli, and in fact it is good English as Lord Tennyson lias writ- ten it and as English is spoken in the northern coun- ties. At the Brunswick Hotel, Boston, in 1891, an English traveler said to me: *' JJo you observe what abominable English tliese peoi)le speak ? " I said : '• Yes, their articulation is not good, but they speak so much better than what is spoken in England that I like to converse with them." I t(dd him that many of the cabmen and busmen in London do not really speak English at all. Then again, Longfellow, in his very celebrated IMiem of " Miles IStandish," gave his version of an- other Englishman's mode of living and his view of everyday life and government in a different sphere. The one is from Yorkshire and the other from Plymouth. About one hundred and fifty years after that time the Plymouth Englishman and the York- shire Englishman got into a fight at Bunker Hill, and after no end of skirmishing, the Plymouth English- man took all the farm-^ of America and kept them for himself, and the Yorkshire Englishman went home and attended to his own affairs on the other 68 :NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH ^ide of the Atlantic. This made them bad friends. Sixscore years have come and gone since that fight, but they still keep up the old grudge. They really do not know why, bui they keep it up. It is like a i)art of the same poem from Tennyson, where the old farmer says: An' I hallus cooined to's choorch afoor my Sally wur dead, An' 'ecrdun a bummin' awaay loike a buzzard-clock ower my cad, An' I niver knaw'd whot a meen'd but 1 thowt a 'ad sum- mut to saay, An' I thowt a said whot a owt to a' said an' I coomed away. Now, that is like the quarrel between England and America. They go and come and really know little of why it is kept up. I think it is the fault of both countries. They are great enough to forget and forgive, they should be proud of each other. All wise men now say : " Let there be an end of the old feud in which both were more or less the cause." It makes one tliink of a paragraph goi-ig the rounds of the ])apers. It alleged that the Devil always keeps right up with the times. lie created smokeless pow- der, and now he had invented odorless whisky, so that one nuiy drink without it being detected on the breath. The Devil must be somewhere near to keep up the poiiiverl)ial as being the most loyal Ijcople in the world. The colonies in America were loyal, and wiien they resisted the Stamp 'J'ax and the Tea Tax, independence or separation from the mother country never entered their minds. England, accustomed to victory and conquest over other na- tions and peoples, did not count the cost of fighting her own blood, her own people. The army, flushed with vii tory over the Canadians and Indians at Frontenac, Niagara, Crown Point, and on the Plains of Abraham in which the American colonies joined, saw an easy task before it in subduing the scattered peoples of the thirteen colonies. Colonel Washington had for a long time been a prominent figure. lie was a high-minded, valiant British officer, and had during twenty years done faithful and val- uable service to his country in America. lie, with thousands of others equally British at heart, after two years endeavoring to obtain redress, tore away from the moorings, from the grand old ship, and launched into the deep ocean of uncertainty in order to fight for British justice, then denied to the loyal people of America. A great principle was affirmed, 72 NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH beneficial to England and to all her colonies and to the world. Since then in point of liberty and equality the British colonies have formed an integral portion of the Empire, and for a hnndred years no colony lias asked for or has attained to an independent posi- tion apart from the Empire itself, a consummation alike honorable to (ireat Britain and to the colonial Empire. New York under the English lasted for ovor a hundred years, and while not attaining to any great proportions, it was always the best-known town in America. The Dutch had given good government, yet upon the conquest in 1G64 Britain mfde mo"* important alterations. It changed the name of New Amsterdam to that of New York, and also changed the name of the old aristocracy from Patroons to r.ords of the Manor. The Van Rensselaers, the Sehuylers, thi Stuyvesants and other distinguished families continued to take part in the administration of the new government. They maintained the fine old lino of Knickerbocker stock prominently in the great city. Nichols, the first English Governor, was wise and considerate, encouraging all to maintain their old customs. The Dutch and Huguenot families enjoyed the free exercise of their religions. N<> attempt was made to interfere with the social cur>oms, so that, upon the whole, satisfaction was given "o the people. It was lawful at that time to hold slaves in the 73 I.. ' H ■ 1 . '• > I* i\ XEW YOKK rXDER THE ENGLISH I coioiiics. The first slave sliiji, containinir nineteen African negroes, sailed info t'le James liiver, Vir- ginia, in 1010. This was th ', ( .dnct ion of slavery into America. The captain, and shij) were from Amsterdam, Jlolland ; flieni 'o tlie Dutch is at- tributed the introduction of slavery. The trade was sui)ported by all classes, and more })articularly by the clergy, who openly, from their ))ulpits, gave countenance to it on tlu' ground that tiie heathen African would thereby be converted to Christianity. Cobunbus sent Hve hundred Indians to be sold as slaves in Spain; this was also the case when the tdergy gave their suj)port to the movement for the same cause, but the noble Isabella rejected their ad- vic«', aiul sent them back to their native forests. The African trade did not at tirst fl mo>t congenial to the African race. The dennind for tobacco create<| a deuuind for the kind of labor to jtroduce it; hen<-e t«d>acco became the ♦'atlier 74 NEW YOKK UXDEK THE ENGLISH of Tiojjro sliivory. Tliis, with otlior causes, gave life and vigor to the trade. 'J1ie slave market in New ^^irk soon heeame a rentlezvous, and it was not very lonsr until it was estimated that one fourth of the population was made up of nein-oes, most of them fresh from tlie liolds of slave shi{)s. This j/ave rise to iilann. In ITI'2 the nedi Kei'^U-r was the ackiiowlediicd leader. He was a merchant of prominence and a captain of ojie of the Trainl)and-. I.ei-ler, at the hea«l of hi^ company, followed hy an , N.ited popiilacc, took po-e>sioii of the f(»n and un- der the garh of great loyalty to King William of Orang*' set up an al»olnte government and ject being to jirotect the shi{)- piiig witiiin a reasonable distaui of .New \ ork, and to hunt down and capture all pirates coming within its reach. After a diligent search for a really suit- able nuin to take charge of the enterprise, Captain i '^ 4 8.. NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII Kidd was Jixod upon, lie boinc; reported as a brave, honest and dariii<>- seaman. It was a part of the coni- paet tliat to meet expenses and reward those who had e~ia1)lislied so hnuhdiie an enterprise, the owners >iiouhl share ((iiiallv in tlie benetits of ail prizes taken by their trusted eajjtaiii. For a few nu)nths he ren- dered <:(kh1 service. I'lie jirolits were simply fabu- lous. Hut alas, Captain Kidd, not l)ein^ satisfied with his share of the boot . sailed away into tlie ocean, and became the iiiost renowned mvA vr and jiirate rv description, but ude no proper return to the founders of the enterpi'i-e. A' la.^l, w ii a rich earpt of this kind, he landed oii (Janiiner's Uland, north of New ^'ork, then a ili solate and unfre(}uented sjmt, aiMJ there, with the crew .f his vessel, buried the ricli cariio ;it \nriu'is points on the seaeoast He was afterwanb capturetl in the city of Hoston, taken to Knirlaiid. and hun;.'- in chain- on Kxecutioii Duck. Hi- wife and dauiihtf-r lived b)r many vears after- ward- on hearborn Stncl, in New Yoi-k. .\ lieu Slave Market wa- e-tablislwre: To the city clerk 20 Lantern.'^ and Hour (ilassea -i Candles for Constables 3 For Cage, Pillory and Stocks 10 36 The recei])ts for 1800 from all quarters were over $100,000,000. The Pillory and Stocks Averc in common use. It was thought that lessons of this kind would intimi- date wrongdoers, l)ut, alas, it only demoralized and hardened the victim, and really debased and lowered the scale of humanity. During the administration of Governor Hunter it was first suggested that the colonies shoidd bear a jtortioii of the cost of government. It was a reason- able and fair sugirestinn, hut not consistent with colo- nial life, then dawning into early statehood. The treatment of the boy of five was not applicable to the boy (d" eighteen. The Mother coimtrv at that time hai' $l':.,0()0,()()0, on which only 4 [XT cent, was paid. It wns causo of much iiKpiirv. 'i'!ii~ iravc rise to the ronsolidation of the En kinnvii as the (ireat National l)c!it of I'jifrlaiid. At the time of the Treaty of Itivcht, this deiit wa< :>0,0()<),()0(> pounds. The jics- sinusts of that j)eriod saw in it the downfall of tlie nation. It wa.s >aid to exceed the madness of the ( riisadcs. Two hundicd ye;ir> iiave passed, while now till' national ^r(>atness ha^ hounded up to a point iii'Vor Ix'fore n'aehed hy any other nation or ]ieo])le. David Hume, Adam Smith and (leor^^c (irenville all pictured the diresr f.irciiodiiiii>, ha-ed u]ion plau>iltle reasonini^, hut all these forehodiniis liave wholly failed in ])racticai I'e^idts. The (pie-iion of ia.\inji tile colonies, for 'ho time hein^ dropped out of sii>ht. in 1711 ijreat improvements were mado in New ^'ork. Hroadwiiy was ^i-aded from Maiden Lane to tile (.'ommon, full\ a tnmf at that tinu". The wiiz; had nianv atlvantaiios no persnus to he Jouml then with cnar-e, wiry iiair, no thin hicks, no l)aldheiideonil lartioly n])on tlio sottliisi. Frill^^, ribbons, laees, silver Awv biu-klos, p-old and silver eords, ]>(>\vdered wii-s, uaiidy and |)(>ouliar neck livar, all proclaimed men to be more foi)i>isli and vain creatnres than women ever were. It was the oif- >|)ring of feudalism, one of the results of the supposed (listinetion between the classes and the masses. (Jovernor BurJiett received the Indians at Albany in 17-JO. He succeeded (Jovernor Hunter. Ho was married the provioiis year in Xew York to Miss Van Horn. When he visited Albany, the Indians came to wish him much y>\. They brought T5oavt-r skins and other ric'- furs as wedding presents, 'llie cos- tumes of the Indians were gay with head feathers frills and rich wamiium belts, also jiretty devices on the soft well-1 aimed clothing. It all compares fa- vorably with the rich trai)pings of the Govi-rnor and suite. So, aft:5, by William Hradfortl. it was called tlie " Oazotte," aiul comprisccl only a lialf shoot of f.iolscap, tilled with c-iistom-iiuusc entries and news from the old country. Bradford soon in- .•reased the '" (iazette " to a fidl-sizod fooNcap paper. At thi> time the linaiicial affairs were at a low 83 ii| •• 9 a NEW YORK UNDER THE EXGLISII ebb. Tliey wore doitrcsstd and out of joint, owing larfTfly to tlie licavv failures in the ^lotlier country followinp: tlie collapse ui the South Sea IJubblc, By the treaty of I'trecht, Spain had made concessions of larfic tradinj:: privile<;(\s to the South Sea Conijiany on the condition that the ('ouipany would take u]) 10,00(),()()() pounds of the national debt at 5 per cent, interest. The wlude debt of the nation was quickly included in the South Sea Scheme and taken up by the Conij)any. Shares of the Company at cost of 100 pounds each, in a few months were sold at 1,000 pounds each. London became wild with excitement. London at that time, all beiu": in a feverish state of anxiety to speculate in sliares of the company, it was of very short duration. Soon the whole fabric tumbled to the firouml. Icaviui: thousands ruined and jH'uniless. Sir lidbert Walpolc then came into power, lie caused the confiscation of the jtroperty of the l)romoters of the South Sea Scheme and restored the country t(» a sound financial condition. Xew York merchants and traders had indirectly felt the effect of the rise and fall of the bubble in England, but soon after the city brijihtened up and set out on new lines of jirosperity. Colonial life Vv'as always men- aced by the danjicr of war, as well from the wild men of the forest as the enemies of Eniiland. This nerve(| them to lives of earnestness and activity. J hey were the aters. Here we have the Fufilish, French and Spanish (.wncrships after the couipiest of New Netherlands. Still you will ohserve the French were owners of aliout two thirds of the continent. lu 174S, to keep the Fnglish back, the French constructed a line of forts on the Ohio River. The Knfilish disjmtcd their rij^ht to do so and sent (Jen- eral Hraddock to foivc them back, (u'orsie Washinir- ton was a Major uni)aratioiis around the French lines. Ahoiit this lime, IT.")-'), Benjamin Franklin was ap|)ointed hy the Ilritish (lovernment. I*o-.tmaster (General of America, lie was well known. He had with his wonilerfid kite hron^ht lij;litninii from the skies. Liiihtniiin' rod< hecame the raize ol the jM'ople. At that time there were jio mail coacdies. All postal matter was carried on lior-ehack, hut America was not far Ixddnil Fniihind, for then it was eoinmon for the ])ost rider to leave London for Fdin- hurirh with only live or six letiei's, and it recjiiired ten days to get a reply lutween th(>se old cities. Frank- lin soon made great im|)rovements, so that during the whole of the winter he kept u|) one mail a week hetween New N'ork and lMiilailelj)liia, a di>tance of eightv miles. ('oloiicl P-Mer Schuyler had hern tal\en ju'isoncr m:w youk r.NDEK the English liv Montcalni in one of his invasions. He was a ilToat lover of liritisli institutions. rp honor. ].i>U(lcn was reciilleil ami .\ln'rcr(inihie a])iioin;e(l ( 'oiiimanui r in Chief'. Thi^ izave new conrajic to the coloiiie-. New \'ork voted $l(t(l.(t(i() to a>sist in the canipaii:!! against the l'"rench. Kverv (juarter ^warmed with vohint«'fr> ready to take the H(dd. (Jeneral Woltr. a hrave othccr. was a>sii:ne(l to the sie<;-e (d' Qnelxc. His army (d" ahont T.TilKI vtronu', made nj) of regulars and New ^'ork Militia, wa- >tatioi.eil a1 Point Levi, riiiht o])|M)>ite (^ucIm'c on ihc St. Lawrence River, where with r<'ddiot shot Wolfe set the Lower Town of (Jnehee in a hlaze. lie waited patiently for rei'ii- t'orcrnients ])roniised him from home, hut they never came: in Seiitemher. 17r>tl, two hours hefore day- liiiiit, thirty Hat hoats eontaininu rcitulars and volun- teers dropped >ilently down with the current to a cove on the (^uehee >-i hiss of the p-allant AVolfe. 'J'here was grief in many homes in Xew York, their nobk' sons having died by the side of their gallant eomnuinder. They now with him lay silent in soldiers' graves. When the British army returned to New York from the conquest of Canada . met with a triumphal rece])tion. Sum|uu- ous entertaiimii nts were given the olhc(U-s and soldiers, and general rejoicing \va> seen on everv hand. Canada, compi'ising more than half a coiitincnt, had i)een ouiu'd by the French for over a hundred anil tifty year-. It now passed un and has remaiiieil so for one huniircij and fortv vears, during all this time steadfast and loyal to the crown, more loyal, I believe, than any other part of the Empire. It is now the Dominion of Canada, an in- tegral part of the gi'eat imperial tederaled Empire with a commercial /ollverciti naching around the globe, alike l)enelici;d to the great Empire and to the World at large. The Treaty of Paris, siirned in IT'!;'-, closed the I'reiicli War. Tlie |irivateer and -innguler, and also the pii'ate, tor a time had their occupations goiu-. Thr NEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII wholo Xortliorn coutiiiont pvacticallv Ijolonffcd to Britain, New York liaving had a great sliare in se- curing the ownersliip of the enormous possessions ex- tendiiiii' from ocean to ocean and northward to the Arctic Ocean. It was, in fact, too hirce, too great, for advantageous and economic contiol and devek)p- nient, while the pa.l taken in tlie Frencli War h_v the coh)nies gave them self-reliance and discipline for another struggle not many years in advance. The death of George 11, in Xovend)er, iTTiO, dissolved the Xew York Assend)ly. A new Assembly was elected and convened in 1 701. The new king, (Jeorgo III, twenty-three years of age, grandson of the for- mer king, was young, strong and self-reliant, his ruling passion heing to please himself above the dic- tates of any minister or friends. This was quickly realized by William Pitt, the Prime Minister, who on the r)th of October following resigncntance. CJrenville was then apjxiinted to tli<> Head of the Treasury. He at once brought forward a scheme for taxing the coloiiii s by means • f stamped paper. The news (d' the jirincely lionits of tlie ricii merchants in Xew Y'ork, surrounded by all that wealth t'oidd procure, was received in England as an indication of ability to pay a pai't ol the taxes created by i m il ^^EW YORK rXDEK THE EXGLTSII l.y tlio late war. AVlioii the act was passed, the news ■was received in America witli derision, the most loval l»ein^c: the first to exclaim against it. Wise ..nes said tliis was only tlie her (\.nntry. From this, however, a few of the wealthy and intlnential dissented. England, therefor", went oti pinning her faith to the loyalty of the rii-h houses in Xcw York. It was said that the Xew England States were founded nj)on r.-puh- liean i)rinciples, while .\ew York was nu.lded after the British Constitution. F.arre, a niemher of the II'Mise of Commons, who had fought beside W,.|fo at Quebec, resisted the passage of the act. and said, i he Sons of Liberty in .\merica would never endnre it." This gave rise to the " Sons of Liberty," one of tlie watchwords in .\ew York. The act passed on the I'Tth of Fcbruarv, ITC.-,. The masses in New York at once fnrmc(l associations known as the " Sons of Lib- erty. ' These assoeiiitiojis soon extended to other c<,l,,- nies n.,rth and south, except Canada, which .steadily refused to jnin the revoh. That c.,l,,ny had hiug been subjecte.I to the - the w.u: In 17(1.-. a eonvention of rejn-esenraTive^ from all ^he coloni.'s was held at Xew York. Tlii. was to of Parliament. It was ealle.l the First ('nuorcss an.l op,.ne with it the Stamp Act. 'I'liis aroused tlie popnlaee. That ni-ht papers were }>osted on the t ovrt act. X,.xt .lay the excitement was intense. The wh.de city to one man seemed deter- mmed to resist tlie lan.lin- of the stamps. Then camo the Declaration of Rii-hts and (Jrievaiices of the -■•donists of Ameri.'a from the c.niir,.,-. The Oov- •I'lior retired int.. the f..rt. It wa< .-alle.l "the la.t «'nie makino- threats, many int..xi,-ated, d on his return from the Parlia- ment Duildings in England. Bells were rung and hontires were lighted in the streets of London. Swift packets carried the news to Xew York. The citv he- canu' wild with joy and gladness. On the king's hirtliday. the 4th of June, a whole ox was roasted in the iields of City Hall Park; twenty-tive barrels of beer and a hogshead of rum were provided. The whole city was ilhunined and the streets were parad- es- trian >tatue in h,)nor of King (ieorge. Thus the har- mony iiiid loyiihy of the peojile seemed finailv settled. Soon afler tin C.veriiof ;id\lsed the .\ssendilv that 92 XEW YORK UXDER THE EXGLISII he liad been instructed to enforce the Mutiny Act which rcpiired America to find free quarters for the Knifr's troops. This in some respcts wa. worse than tlie Stamp Act, but there wa. jrreat re- luctance to resist it, so tlie Assembly passed a limited supply bill. This was refused by the Oovernor and rejected by the KU:^. About the same time the sob diors cut doun the Liberty Pole. It was soon erected agam, and the citizens and soldiers liad frequent dif- ficulties, which afterwanls culminated in ]astin«- and serious quarrels between them. The Eniilish Church jmrty, the manorial lords and the wealthy merchants carried the majority of the Assembly when eyery d(>mand was met for the sup- plies for the troops. After this yote, the liistorian says the res,d<.„t soldiery Wame more afrfrressiye On t^ie 18th of June, 1770, an o],en ccmd>at took place One person was killed and seyeral wounded This was the first blood shed by Britisb soldiers, and was the commencenuuit of the Ciyil AVar. It formed the keynote for the ^reat reyolution. Sir William Tryon, Bart., then .uoycrnor of Xow ^ork, was yam. ex.dusive and hau-hty with the ...asses l.Mt oxceedinply atFable to the few, whom he '.elu.ve,! to b,. fh,. o.ov,,n.in.c- power. At this time the i'.ast liuha (/omi.any depeufh^l Jar^joly „pon the profits uiade out of ,>xports to America. 'They repre- sent..! to the JJritish (Joyernment that it wa. im- I'o.>ible to pay the Im,„.rial diies Inrause of the 93 .\EW YOKK rXDER THE EXGLISH i. Aincricaii colonists liaviii<>- refused to consuine anv- thinu' of a taxable nature, and that tliev were unable to exj)ort tea ti' Anieriea, as a dntv liad t<» !h^ paid upon it. Tliis olijeetion was met by an iudireet ar- raiiiiement between tlie Kast India Company and the Jlonie Government, but, after all. the bur(l(>u of the duty eaiiie u|h.u tlie eoionists. New Voi'k, at a public meetinii', reserved not to allow tea to lie landed in tliat eity. Soon after a vessel was sea relied and ei<>hteen ehests found, they were swiftly thrown into the sea by the eonunittee. Shortly after that time Boston had thrown .'540 chests into the ocean, and an act of British Parliament had been passed closing the ])ort of Boston and changin;: the seat of government from that city to Salem. All the other colonies went into mourning (fver this event, bells were mutfled in J'hiladelphia and Haas lowered to half mast, lu Vir- ginia ])eo}»le fasted and jtrayed in the ehurehes, and along the entire coast indications were exhibited on t-hipboard as well a< on land of mourning of the peo|ile. Ihu amidst it all, i)ands paraded the streets of Xew "i'ork pla\ing "(iod Save the King," showing at heart the real loyalty of the j)eople. Xew York had remaineil truly loyal up to this time, but now the IHiblic indignation bur>t forth in a detiant attitude. There was an u|!i'i-ing of the whole peoj)le with ef- tigv-buriiing and nightly processions bordering upon riots. At a jmblic nieciing a committee of tifty-one 04 NEW YORK rXDER THE KXOLISH wa. appointed to attend the tirst continental con- gress. This took place in 1774. Ft was still hoped to overcome this. Deh-ates upon l(>:,vi.io- to at- tend tlie c-.ni.rivss were escorted to the f,q-ries In- lands playinp-, as of old, " (lod Save the Kino-.'^ I-<'n.l.i(^s for the Mother Countrv-, loyalty to the kin^ iind I!riti>h institutions wer.^ deep in the heai'ts of rlH> people, but colonial life was niisnnderstn,,d 1,v tlie M„ther Conntrv. The danntless spirits who had I'raved danle lines, and now were l.at ill at ease when it was annonnc(>d as a princijile that these , <-olonies had not been advancino for their own good, l)iit for the p-,,od of England nn.h^r what was de- Hared to be the ( 'olom-al System, and that thev shoidd be taxed and dealt with as the .Mother ( "onntrv might fin.l beneficial. Ender th(> C.d.mial Sy>t..ili p<,ods coidd be imported only from Kngland. Congress, among its tirst acts, resolved to im])ort no poods, and to petition the king for a redress of grievances. The king gave a deaf ear to tl,is and accepted it as an ',)o XEW YORK UXDER THE ENGLISH I. act of weakness and insisted ui)on unswerving obe- dience. Tlie kinji- was suvrht of kinc^s makes divinity only the attnbute of justice. He refused to hear the petition of the colonists, and thereby shifted himself far away from the aid of divinity. As before stated, three ships were laden with tea and sent to Boston, a town of about IS, 000 people. When at anchor, men dn^ssed as .Mohawk Indians boarded the vessels and threw the whole of the car- goes into the sea. For this act the franchise was taken from the city and the seat of government re- moved to Salem. The city was declared l)y General (iage to be under nuirtial law, and the soldiery billet- ed uj)on the peo])le, while both officers and men, as well as the marines, freely and lawlessly went from house to house marauding and carousing. This was resentiMJ bv the cohtnists. The ('i)ntinental Concress then ill session appointed Colontd AVashington, Com- mander in Chief, witli full couimauil of the American army. lie entered Xew York and soon hastened to Boston. The old elm tree is still standing on the higlnvav near the latter city, under whieli he took formal com- NEW YORK U^DEIl EXGJJSir niand of tlio army. His headquarters were in tlio abandoned ITmi'^c of Englishmen. Thi^ house after- ^vards became f amors. It was purcliascd hy Long- fellow, and in it lie wrote his world-reno\vne(l "Hiawatha/' ".Miles Standish " and hundreds of eliarmin">77. A bust of Longfellow now stands in Westmin- ster AblK'v, the revered sepuleher of the mi^dity men of our race. • l»y the kindness of surviving' friend.^ I was shown over the house in July of the vear ISOL There is an old chair and louf table, the inkstand and pen just as they were left by tiie scholar, the keen, experi-Miced i>hilosoi)her and warm, symi)athiz- in^ friend; in one chimney corner is the chair often occupied by Oliver Wendell Holmes, and in tlie other the favorite s(>at of J^owell — three of the ,i>reatest men of this century. Washinffton occupied the house as his headquarters for only four months. The room i-^ now pointed out in which Lady Washinjiton re- ceived her guests. Xew \'ork was the British head- quarters for its army until ITs:;;, after the close of the war and the sioning of the treaty of Paris. John Adams, JJenjamin Franklin and John Jay, the latter a i)rominent Xew Yorker, were aj)pointe(l commissioners for America, and David Hartley for England. They signed the linal treaty of jieace after several months' C(jnsidtation. The original paper is now in the archives at Washington. 1)7 « I f'-l NEW YORK rXDER TJIK EXGLTRH n* ^|» C 1 I David Tlarflev was a niombor of tlie Tlouse of CoiniiKuis. fully ill fho contidcnco of the ^•ov(>runient, iiltliouiili throiiohoiir the Am. rioan stnifiiilc ho had docdaivd his sviupath.v with tho Ainorican people. It i!iay lie sjiid in justiee to the English that, when it Wiis (dear that a separation must take place, they cn- • leavored liy (n-er\ possible means to conciliate and l)nnii- about peaceful relations between the two countries. Ii was the jilain duty of the British com- iiiander to pivvciit tii(> disiueuibernient of the Kinpire and to put down the rebellion, just as niucdi as it was the duty of the federal Lioveniiiient to ])ut down the ivUdlioii in the S.mth. On that sc(.re there should be no bitt(M- feelino-. 'Y\^^, triumph of J'.ritish arms under WoltV u\ all other t riumphs b(d'ore that time redound as much to tlu glory of the l'nite(| States a- to the riiite(l Kingd(Uii. I'liriiig I war there were many foreign othcers who b,,iv arm- on ih,. Aiiierican -ide. IVomi- iieiit aiiioiiuM them wa- the Manpii- de Lafa- yette, ilaroii .^h.|ilM-ii. the Karl ot' .\berdeeii and Loi',1 Stirliiii;. I'rince Wiliiam Ibiiry. at'terward- K'ing William I\, wa- at that finic the •:ue-t of Adiuii'al Diubv in Xew York. In l.aml."- " lli-iory "■ jt i, -aid that af- •'■'■ *'"• ''•■'•hiraii f pence the Ihiii-h acted houoi- ;'hly and paid many per„,n> who were h.yal to tho ('r<.w!i and who had Hitbred dama,-c> (iuriii- the -inigiilc. 98 XETV YORK [\\DER THE EXr.IJSir .Tolin Adams went tn London a^ roprp>ontativc of fln^ Mf-w nation. lie was a proniiiirnt fiaiiro diirino' tlic war r.corpe rir met liim cordiallv and said. '• T was rlic last to consent to a separation. 1,,,, ihe .,.p;,rali(ui Iiaviiio. l.oen made and iiavin.ii' iu'cunic incvitahlo. I have always sai.l, ant to moot tlu- frion.M.ip of tho Tnito.) St.nos as an indopond- ont powor." In ITS,-, Xow V(.ik was drchnvd i.» i),. fii,^ (";ipiti,l "f tho nation, an.! llic first connross aftrr tlio poaoo was ludd il,(-r(" in tlio oM City Hall on WmI] Stroot on til.' sit,, of tho pr.'sont suhtroasury. ..onio,- of .\assan Stroot. llrr.. it was that Sir John T.Miiplo, iirst Am- I'^issador from (Joor... Ill, was roooivod i.v comrross, "•"1 Ix'iv it was thai all tho nd.iistcrs to foroi-n' pow- ers wore appointed and (lie chief ni-ani/ation of the American Kepuhlic look place. Diirin.o' the colonial peri-.d. llinns;,nds of .li^ti,,- piii^lie.l colonial dames ;,ct,.d a prominent part. Of fliol.eanties of fhi.t period. I.ady Kittv Dnorr, dau^-hter of L,,rd Stirlin-:, 1h. rn in New ^'..rk city, was uuv whos.. charms niid characicr won her many tnemls. SI,,, wa^ married and hecame the mother "t M-voral di.liMo„i.h,.,| statesmen who have since lii^ured in American lii.story. f > i . m 00 WASTIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER Canada Dcforc aii7 the Uritish, nndei- Cahot, made the first discdverv of the mainland of the continent of America. I'dssession was taken in the name of Oi'iirv \'II of Kiigland. l)_v virtue of thi< discovery and jK.sscssion, as \v(dl as their first permanent settlement at -lamestown in \'iri;inia. the P.ritish have ahvavs c'aiiiie(l for them-elves and l.,cir descendants a pri- mal niiht to the mainland of the continent. The French, who came thirty years later, under ('artier, <'lainied all Nocth of the St. Lawrence and Southward via the Ohio and .Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. 'i'licy huilt numerous fortifications from (^Mchec to the (!ulf of .Mexico. .\mon«i-st the nali\c trihe< they made many con\crt> to ("hrislian- ify and ac()nii-inir supreme inlluince over them, formed alliances which afterwanls liecame ajfjrres- ?i\e and menaciuL: to .\ew l'!ni:land. New York and reiinsylvania, as well as to Virginia ami the South. Jn IT.')! this >tate of alfairs iirought on what was lUU WASIIINGTOX AS A ERITISII OFFICER known as the " French and Indian War." Before ac- tual hostilities l)e >wolien and the rivers almost imjiassahlc. ,o cross the Alle- gheny a raft was improvised. Fix.n it tin' two wan- derers emharked, with poles to guide and >teer the cratt. Soon the hoiling tlood aixl projecting rocks ton' the ratt asunder and threw the uidiickv occu- pants into the raging torrent. Thev saved their lives hy swimming. History says that an Indian -hot at Washington, l.ut missel his mark. .\t la>t he rea.'lied AVillianisJMirg, the sent ..f government for N'irginia, and delivered the French nply. Karly the next -pring the Kreudi. who were allied with all till' northern Indian'^, drove olF a {lartv of 101 t I i . n\ WASIIIXGTOX AS A BUrTISII OFFICER * IJritisli IradciN, and the war hopan. roloiicl Frvo, at t!io lioad of a rogiinciif <>i" Vir<>iniaii troops, with Wasiiinpton socond in ooniinand. iiad Ikmmi sent to o'\'Uj)v Diiqiiosiio, a coiiiinaiidiiiii' position at tlie fork (if rli(> Moiioiiiialicla and AllcLilicny ri\crs. Thoy went forward witli a roconnuiicrinii' ]>ai't_v. Tlio French wore in and)nsh. and npon Washington hcin^' iiiioniicd ul tlicir iocatmn, he pivc oi'di-i-s to lire npnin tiu' foo, then faintly disrernihlo. Witli this volley the leader of tln^ French wa- killed. History creilits Washiniiton with tiri'ii:' the tirst shot in a war which lasted for nin(> \'v.\r~. Colonel Vvxc wa- killed. Washinat .Meadows 1h> was snr- ronndod hy a large hody of l'"rencli and Indian^ and eompolled to capitnlate. In 17;").'. (ienci-al liraddock. an Fnglish othcer, r"n(died Alexandria. \'a. He was uwt there h\ the go\-ernors of foin' colonics and pi >ns tornicd for an active eanipaign. Colomd Washington was at once placed npon his >tatV a- an . \ id-dc-c, in!]). The o|d r.ra, when on the bank of the ]\lon(>nr friend and comrade-in- arms. Albeit, still Washington lingered, while thev all grew more and more attached to him, and with the greatest heartiness and good will he returned the kindness. .Mi>s Phillips gave him itret'erence to all others. He was then twenty-f<>ur years of age. Ho was strong, brave, maidy and kind, while she, verv much voiiiiiicr. was hiahlv educatf'd, mi>di' in ten days and took his de- liarture, but after doing so he tarried and intimated to a partieidar friend in Xew York that he liked ]\[orris, indeed had a great fondness for him, but withal would like to be advised from time to time how his suit jirogressed with ^fiss Phillips. It was one of these singular coincidences arising amongst men, where either one would willingly make great sacritices for the other. Washington was warned from Xew York of how affairs prcgressed and the probability of an early marriage, but more than ever he resolved not to interfere, and never met the charming lady until after her marriage with Captain Morris. Beverly Robinson was a son of John Beverly Rob- inson, a former (iovenior of Virginia. He was a graduate of King's (\)llege, now Cobnnbia College. Chnstopher Robinsoji, of Virginia, a kinsman, was father of Sir John Beverly Robinson, afterwards Chief dnstice of Cpper Canada, who during his long term of ofHce had held the confidence and respect of all classe>. His son, John Beverly Robinson, lOf) N I WASIITXGTOX AS A BEITISII OFFICEPt forms oiif of a pliotoarapli proiip taken in front of tlio Pai'liamcnt iroiise, Ottawa. AVo wore nieni- bers of tlie House of Coniinons at the same time. At tlie close (,f rliat session we came west together in tlie same car, lie liaving- in liis possession the ])arc]i- meut appointini-' liim (Jovi'rnor of Ontario. Wliile we (litiered widelv on the cause of our so suddenly leavino- Ottawa, we were friends. He was cxceed- miih- cheerful during' the journey, and soon entered upon the active duties of his otHcc. His administra- tion gave un(iualified satisfaction to the Province. Christoiiher Jiohinsciu, K. ("., another son of the late Chiel .lusticc, has had a long and most successful career at the har of Ontario. His ]X'culiarity had heen that while <|uite within his reach he never would accei)t any pu!)lic ottice. After the trial of Wilson at Windsor for ars..n, in which 1 acted for the defense, Mr. Rohinson, acting for the insurance companies, .said in conversation that nothing could induce him ever to go „n the bench. .Mr. Robinson was chief counsel at Paris on the Behring Sea arbitration and, as I was informed, after its conclusion was oiTered a knighthood. Even this he vleclined, recommeudin<>- another tor the honor, which was conferred. J here i< no trace of any intimacy ever being kept np between Washington and Colonel Morris or his wife. Frederick Phillips ans- tination an impromptu council of war was held and tlie ahands:, Queen Flizabeth, who was a sincere friend of Sir Waltei Raleigh, made a grant to him of hundreds of nules along the Atlantic Coast, Iteing all that portion endiraced between Xorth Latitudes 84^ to :3s \ He, in hon.^r of the virgin Queen, called this new grant " Virginia," but it included a much more extensive district than what is n(.w fixed upon as the state of Virginia. Tli(> old colony was always desiir- natcd as the Old Dominion. lOS WASIIIXciTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER Raloigli was rich, well favored and ednoated. His- tory says tliat Virp:inia was mainly colonized l.y ^•gcntlonicn of l.irtl,," nnnsod to labor, who came out m search of wealth and adventure. It also savs that after the execution of Kin- Charles, in l.;4!), and the^ accession of Cromwell, and when the House of Lord* became disorganized, that tlw royalists flocked to Virginia, while many who took part in bringing about the execution, who were called regicides and f(>ared the return of royalty, flocked to the New Eng- land ctates. Raleigh, after expending large sum^s of money, transferred the Grant to the London Com- pany, who made the first permanent settlement in Colonel Washington had taken no part in the vic- tory at Quebec, his military services bein^ indispen- sable to - afety of Virginia. His earlv life hastate known as the White House, with its extensive planta- tions, (juite attracted the fiallant geiu'ral. After luncheon they strolled leisurely to tlio '•apacious drawing-room. From the wiiuhnvs, water, forest, lawn and mcndciw sjiread out far to the Kastward, a source of mutual admiration. Xo writer iias evt^' ventured ujutn an explanation of how the hours passed. The orderly stood at the main entrance to the mansion with horses champing at their bit?, eager for a start, until the sun j)assed out of sight in the West, when Mr. ('hamlxu'lyn eutc'HMl by the broad veranda to the drawing-room and announced that it was the unwritten law of Virginia that no traveler should leave his house after sunset. Washington burst into laughter and said, " The law must be obeu'd." The horses would Ix' housed for the ni^ht and a start made by daylight. Six weeks later the beautiful White House and surrounding i)uildings v.-ere decorated for tin- nu])tial ceremony and th(> wedding feast. In a ipuirtcr of a century after, the White House, now the Kxeeutive ^Nfansion at Wash- ington, was named after the abode of Mrs. (Justis, the no WASIIIA'GTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER c-liarmiiig and faithful wife of the father of his country. The biop-rapliers of AVashinj-ton represent hini as being- unhke any other man of his time; that lie was ail Apollo in appearanee and strength, hut withal hgi't of foot as the natives of the forest; that he was courageous as a lion, but sympathetic and mod- est as a woman, yet h'-ghly emotional. AVhen absent on military duty, he was ele.-Ied to the Vir-inia leo- islature. Later, u,.on entering the legishitiv,. eham- l>cr he receive,! a hearty reception, and at once a resolution was adopted thanking him for his militarv services. Speaker Robinson, in tendering him the thanks of the House, clothed it with such' warm ex- pressions of personal and public appreciation as to entirely confound the young hero. Washington aro^e to respond. Whil,. blushing profuselv, lookino- ^traight at the sjK.iker, then up at the ceiling, and then down on the floor, his trepidation and confusion were so .invat that he could not utter a sinde word i ho speaker, seeing this, said in a kindlv wav: " Bo seated, Mr. AVashington; your modestv is equal to your valor, which surpasses the power of anv lan- S^.age I possess." Again, when (Jeor^e Washington 1 arkc Custis, his adopted son, lay upon a dving bed W ashington hurried home, fell on his knees and burst into tears, praying aloud for recovery. The s-mie teeling is manifested in all the letters 'to his adopted -.n when at college, but more particnlarlv is that 111 WAS1II.\GT0X AS A BRITISH OFFICER illustrated l>y tlic scene in partinj^: with the officers of the Revohitionary army, when he shed tears and kissed tlieni all. lie had many narrow escapes. The Indians said he was a spirit-protected man, and could never die in battle. In many respects he was quite boyish, and freely indulged in the amusements of the time. In 175S there is an entry in his diary, '' Snow- inir all (lav. Stavi'd in house ])la_vini>; cards." He was fond of children and could romp and play with them for hours. AVashintiton was in many resjvits like "Wellington. They chafeil at the officiousness of attendants; they always shaved and dressed themselves without aid. They were both great soldiers and great statesmen. Tluy eacli had the same nund)er of letters in their name. Tiiey were exci'edingly court(>ons and fond (d* ladies' society to the end o their days. They were botii early risers and fond of outdo(»r life. Each had an atpiiliiic nose and })rofile mucli th(> same. Tluy were about the same age at the culminating point of their lives. Tiicy each stood six feet in height. They wen both strict nii-ndiers of the Anglican Church. AftiT obtaining independenc<', and by numerous subseipiiiit negotiations ext<'!iiiing over many years, tile South half td' the continent North of tiie (nilf of .Mexico liecauie the I'liited State- of America, and the North half the abode ,d' the Dritish, wiiile the wh(de remained vested in the -anie family, contirm- iiig the claim of tiie di-eoverers tiiat the mainland of 112 WASIIIXGTOX AS A BRITISH OFFICER tlio continent riplitfully ])olonp;e(] to the British and their dcseendant.s. At tliis moment, in all parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, the memhers of this family are working honestly together for tlie de- velopment of the greatest enlightenment attainable, with all civilizing inlluences at their command, and with intermarriages solidifying this wonderful un- written compact. 1 1 •■) THE DU( IIKSS OF RICILMOXD'S BALL MEMO OF AS IXCIDKXT IX THE AUTUMX OF 1()()() I i I. THE rashness of Xapolcc.u in 1S12, l»,v which his retreat from Moscow hecanie inevitable, was a hhinder of ineah-uhihle niagnitnde. This, with his swift overt lirow and hanishment, his Iim-iniious escape, his triumphant return to Paris, and liasty elevation to the imperial purple, surrounded ' _ his old r with his hurried advance into Ikd- ^iinm, have heeii ace>untcil as tin- most startling;- in- cident- in niodein history. The Duke of Wclliuiitoii, commaiuier in chief of the allied armic-. had foi- months nuide his headipiar- (, on iiis way to Brussels with an army of 1«)0,()(»(). It was 10 A. M. of the ir.th wlu'n courier witli the information readied AVellino-ton at I5russels. AVithin thirty minnti's the P'lierals of th(> allied arinie-^ were directed to hold themselves in readiness to march at any moment. Other couriers were expected homdy with informa- tion as to the route by which Xapcdeon was advanc- ing' into iJelfiium. In the meantime many were anxious to put otf the l>;dl to fake jihice that evening-. Wellinuton, how- ever, refused thi<, as it minht cause panic and «li- courafremeiit. The whole city was soon ablaze with liui'ri(>d pre|)arafions, bands j)layin«:-, army wauons movinu- from point to point, artillery, infantry, cav- alry, all lining the thoron<.hfj,,-es, prepariui-- for the expected march. At 11 l\ M. \V,.lliiiot,ni entered till' ballroom, but after a promenade with the Duch- ess of Richmond, took his leave al>out midm>lit. At i' \. M. of the mornin-i- of the KUh the wlude army was in motion, on its way to (^uatre-Hras. At l' P.M. <»f the same day they met the I'lvncli, and there tor the tirst time the two ^reat fr,>nerals came in sipht of each other on (h,. battlctlebJ—Xapol,,,,,, impuMve, • lashiiifr, reckless; \Velli„ot,,n, coo], deljb.'rate, coura- freoiis, secure in all hi- movement^; the former with 115 > f ' THE DFCHESS OF RICILAIOXD'S BALL tl.c prostip-o c.f victory gained over the Prussians at Lipny the day before, with great numerical strength, aiul hghtmg for j.ersenal existence; the latter, per- haps, the greatest niilitar.' gc^nius of that or anv other age, with no personal purpose to serv<> but knowing that the eyes of the indomitable IJritisl. ^vore upon hiui, grasped the situation at a glance the result being a signal victory for the alli,.d armies.' Ihat night, to gain better position, the Duke moved north four miles to the field of Waterloo. The whole of the 17th was occuj)ied in preparing for the <'oming onslaught of the Fn.nch, as upon the suc- cess of their etfort depended the continuation of the Fmpn-e. The Chateau of Hoiigomont was trans- formed into a temi .-y fortification by AVellinu-fon. Hundreds of umi > busy erecting strong plat- forms, high enough arcnnd the inside of the bri.-k walls of the buildings and yards, on which men might ^tand, and from whi,'h the enemy .)utside would come within easy range. This stroke of generalshi,., added to the maintenance of unbroken squares outside the pates of the chateau, did much to gain the great vic- tory at AVat( rloo on Sunday, the LSth of Juno, 1815. The historic (Plateau of Hougomont has gone into •hcay, but the old red-brick walls are standiuir now. In tlicni arc tl.ousamls of bullet marks and scores of Frcncli bullets still imbe.lded. My gui.lc, granddaugliter of the famous Corporal Cotton, who was at the battle an.l wroto the history JIG THE DUCHESS OF RICIIMOXD'S BALL of it, told iii(> that at a distance the Fiviu-li mistook the red walls for the red coats of the British, thereby exhaustiiiji' their ammunition, while the allied army on the iilatforms behind the wall shot over the top of it, and .lid effective service. For two days I had made careful personal exami- nation of the position of both annies, and had noted the situation from time to time of Wellington and Napoleon; but the information appeared incomplete witliout searching out the very rooms in which the celebrated ball of the Duchess of Kicliniond had taken jilace. Four days before, Avhile at Brussels, I had failed iii this. Xow I retununl again, but found no one at tlie hotel or public buildings to give the needed iiifnnniition. At last, through the aid of an experienced guide. I was taken to an old book store; obtaining a dew there, I drove at once in the direc- tion indicaii'd. 1 found the quaint old building now owned and occu])ied by the White Sisters, an orcU'r (.f -N'una. I li.'ul been .'old before, and now again was wameil by my gui(i(> :ind driver, that the ociipants were very guarded against notoriety, that it woidd be quite imiM.ssil)le to gain an entrance. However, as riy motives were only of the most friendly anr head and shoulders robed in white. \[ "iK-e, in (litlideiit and liesitating terms, I made known that 1 was a tourist having just returner. That I had returned from the tield of Waterloo the day lud'ore chiefly to s.vkout the spot and i^ain this pnvdcge, all of ^vhieh woui.l much enhance the .li>- appointmenr a refusal at iliis moment would cause. Slio remained silent and motionless but a moment when sh,. said: - I will call the Superior." I was at once confronted by one of the finest faces it had ev<.r been my good fortun.- to ui.vt. She was perhaps rifiv years of age, but .-h-ar, bright, ati.l in a modest wav mc, but when refused tlie second time l.v the Superior, I raised my nat, and turned slowlv and reluctantly away. AVhen only a few steps froni the door a g-entle rapping attracted my at- tention. Upon turninj,^ round, the Superior, \vit1i The -weetesr manner and voice, said: "This i< your friend" (referrini>- to the younger SisteiO, "you can come in." It was a small affair in some ways, hut the most graciously granted and moon a veranda overl.x.king what was then a Howcr -.-ar- den. Th,>re is a large table standing the longvr wav of the r..om, which has Un- nuniy years been the worktahlc of the Sisters. I was mueii struck with the earnest, pure and lofty purposes of the charity workers, and after a few mi.i- utes of i)leasant c.nversation and returning mv heart- felt thanks, 1 took leave „f this most intrre^ting abode. 11!> I THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY Speoch of Mr. Davi,! Class, Counsel in Defense of Covle CharRed with Murder, as I>ul)lishod at the Time- Verdict! \.>t (iuilty. Deliverefl in Court House, London, Canada, the IGth of De- ceinlxT. 1S7J. " MdiJ II I'lva.^r Yoiiy Lonfship— "Ge.xti.kmkx „k tjik Jluy: I appear in dp- fcnso ot the prison.T (^)ylo. Uo stand., as you know, ''liiiriiv.l l,v iii.lictiiu'nt with the crime of murder. I .^liali end(>av(>r to p.uut out to you liow eonsistent the (nidence is with his entire inneeenee, although it is no^ part ..f liis duty to prove his innoeence, for ho IS innocent, aecordinj? to law, until his gnilt is fullv proven. f.Mr. (Jh.ss h,.re read, from a hook on cir- cnmstaniial evidence, the famous (V,]ennin case, and others, to sliow how some had sutfered death for orimes with which they l,ad I.een .'harged, although P'Ttectly innocent.] The prisoner is charged with •' •■'•ii'ie wldch in all ages of the world has' I.een re- g.'ird.d a< nuv of tlic highest, if not the verv hi-hest, "f uhich man can he guilty, ir.'nr,., the',.n.found solemnity which attaches to a trial likr the present. Solemn an.l re for my lor.l upon the bench; ••'nie>t, thonghtfnl and responsihle tor me, but all combined can in no deirre(> weigh wit], the pro- 120 V, THE XISSOURI TRAGEDY f.nmdlysolonm anou are to act within cer- tain ..rescribed rules. You are to well and trulv try and a true deliverance make, according to thJ evi- < once, so help you God. You are all-powerful, but that power implies great responsibilitv, that vou will east from you the shackles of public opinion, of popu- '=»• prejudice, and with minds free and unbiassed un- ^P<.ttere.iud,ce, but who can withstand that strange cur- nnt, whi.-h seems to sweep away all in its pathway? Ard vet this ti daily ex- junples of their complete serfdom to this myth, which was the creature of prejudice. Thousands' came vol- untarily forward and confessed that they were witches and wer(> sentenced to be, and were, in fact, burned filive. Ten thousand fires blazed all over the civil- ized world, lighted to appease popular prejudice. It was n..r until the middle of the sixteenth century that any man with sufficient courage could be foimd to raise his voice against this delusion. Fltimately, light bn.ke upon the world, the light of reason was allowed t(. 1)0 enfhr<.n(>d in the place of prejudice; and now all are as firm disbelievers as thev were then believers. This is an illustration of how dangerous It is to be l.'d away by public opinien, and vet how r in our courts, has laid it down as a princii)l(> that it is U^ttcr that ten guiltv men should go free than that one innocent man "should perish. When the paltry consideration of dollars and rents are at stake, jurors can aiford to cavil and ac- eommodate each other, but this is not the case when dealing with the (Jod-givcn princii)le of life. A weapon when once driven in, even the sacrifice of 12i THE NISSOURI TRAGEDY your own life could not pluck it out again. Where is the truths This is a question I have asked nivself in the busv streets and in the solitary hours of the nipht; it is what we are in search of now; to find it and pivc effect to it are the purposes of courts of law. A\ ith this in vi(.w, let us look at the prisoner, and the circumstances surrounding this ease: He is nineteen years of afje, weii-hino one hundred and ;hirty pounds; five ioet -ix inches in height; an open coun- tenance, with full eye, regular, well-formed features, altogether a ph-asing, agreeable appearance; talk to' him and you will find him frank, open, honest and ap- parently truthful: not volatile, wavward or passion- ate, but (luiet, sober and candid; these are the impres- sions which all form who converse anv time with him- his api,earance is in his favor, as well as his conver- sation; and, what is better, everv word of evidence on the subject goes to show the truthfulness of these favorable impressions; an industrious, hard-working boy, not associated with low or idle company, no .i.wieever laid to his charge; he has not onlv the pre- sumption of innocence in his favor, but his appear- ance, his conversation, and, what is more, the evidence preponderating strongly in his favor. Passing from the outline of the case, the appearance and character ot the prisoner, let us proceed at once to investigate the proofs. Now, what are they ? George Can^pbell was found dead on the morning of the 15th of July 18 il, at about two o'clock; when daylight came a 125 I i THE XlSSOnil TKAGEDY ]»i-t<>l was fouiul at lii- licdsidc, loadcil with a picco di" lead and wadded with a leat; wlictlicr the pi-tul had cvi'i- been usc(l in any way or not it is impossible to tcdl; it ccrtaiidy was not the instninuMit of death; a pistol like that had liei'H sold by Tayiov c\: Free- laaii, of St. Mary's, uii tiie Saturday evenini>' ])rior to the inurder; C'oyle was in St. Mary's on that evening, as many Inindreds of otiiers were; anionii~t them wero McTntyre and ISrimicomlie, as far fnun tlieir homes as Coyie was; the ptol had a hat on .-innlar to the one that was worn l)y C'oyle. This is not at all nnn .al. It i< a (•hea[), useful and durable hat, generally worn by all who work exposed to tlte stm dui'Jiji- the summer months; so that, no doubt, on the July evening in , stouter ; of a light eomph'xion, and Wore ii long linen coat. A light romph'xion iinpHe< bght hair, light eyes, and bright, fair -kin; as (bl- fen'ut from a dark couiplexioned man a> darkne-- is from daylight. These ditl"renee- in complexifin are well kii wn to yon, gtntlenien. lle-idi's the lii:lit and niselves out of eonrt. aiut then by ni(>ans repuauant to fairness and justice thev try to bolster uj) a <-ase whereby tliey niay get back into court again. iJepugniunt to junilt < He who se(k< for sonH'thin«i- i-^ anxions to find it; he wlio ■^eeks lor proofs of gnilt is anxious to tind them. Hence, the overdrawn int.'rpretathm imt upon any ,.iiriim>tanccs l.y the omc word thai mii^ht fall upon hi^ ear or im- jitiine >omo w..rd, t.. a .h'l>asev\n>j: trieeem- to hv no doulit. and the only (pi<-tiou i-, had -he anv assist ;iiice in the commi->ioii of thi- awfid Iraiie.ly; or what motive had -hr for killing her hu-hand ^ The only motives aitpearinij upon the ( videnci- art> tie hearthurnini:s and hitternr-s whii-h aro-c idiout a live liunilred liojlar tiole wliieh ohi .Mr. Camliliell lli8 THE MISSOURI TPAGEDY fiwcd to (!eori;o, and the disrovcrv l>y hor, as slie ^aid, of the eriniinal iiitereourse between her Inishaiid and ^Nfr.s. John MeAVain. It appears that ai'ter (letir^o p-ot married and went out from his father's lionse, the ohl man owed him $.">()()— it matters not liow that eam(> ahout — the $500 was then owed to the de- eea-ed (ieorpc^ Campbell by his father; the father pave a note for this at a lonp (hite, but the note was not made to order or to bearer, for the express rea- son that if anything ha})j)ened to (Jeorge, his wife and family should not pet the benefit of it. I'pon this Mrs. ('am]>l»ell pave vent ro violent passion. Old .Mr. Campbell say- her passion^ were somethinp dreadful; she became (piite wild with rape; she eoidd be heard forty rocls from the house; this is the wav she acted when liviiip with him; therefore, althouph she miplit never <'xpect to pet (Hie cent of the .tfiltO. the mere fact of makinp her an exception, and pre- nieditatinp, as she tiioupht, a wroiip to her. wa- an insult she could not endure, (leorpe, at her instance, no doulit, took advice of a lawver at St. .Marv's and found from that adv- • that, i\ot withstandinp the pre- eautinu dt' the old man, in the event i-f (Jci.riic d\i!i:: hi> family could collect the note. 'I'his, old Mr. (ampbell discovered, anil set aixuit pettinp iic n'it(> out (d" his son (Jeorpe's hands, and, sti-amic to >av, a few weeks j)rior to the murder, he did pet the imte away from (Jeorpe upon the promise of a liorM' and cow. AVhate\er Mrs. ( 'aiiipludrs exa>piration mipht 129 / f II THE XISSOUFJ TKAGEDY liave boon at old 'Mr. Campboirs provions oondiict, and the williiia dnnc lici- Inishand a}!|)ears to have liccu — this last , no doubt, completely maddened her — it may be argeil that this is not a suiftcient mo- tivp. It micht not be f(M* one out of a hundred tiiousand nuMi or \v(tmen, and yet one out of a million has l)e('u foumi to whom the motive was sufficient. Voii must remcuiber that we are all differently con- stituted; there are no two beinprs in all nature alike; no two heads, no two hearts of the 1,0()0,()0(),00(), all made in the iuuiiie of (rod, yet no two faces alike. What would siid-c deep into the soid of one man, falls upon another lik(^ a senseless clod. Old Mr. Camp- b(dl and his dauiihrcr both jirove that the note had been given uj) sevei'al weeks bet'oi'c, and do you think ^[rs C;nnplwll did not know about it, did not know aliont thi< $.'(00. which was all on earth to them; they in their lonely cabin hail not much to talk about; this was the chief pai't. if not all their earthly goods, and day bv day their thoughts ttirned to it; what rest- eth iu the heart cMincth often to the li|)s; it was n genera! topic of eonvtivation ; mM Mr. f'ampbell proves, and so does his dauLihie!-. tli;ir the giving up of that note wa-; to lie - bell thnv into a ]ia-~ion); she was to be kept in th<^ dark until the *otM) note was handed over for a prom- ise of a hoi'-e and a cow ; vc<, it was kejit in the dark until their all was .-urnndcrcd. Hut couM >uch a 130 THE ^'ISSOURI TRAGEDY thini^ he kept in tlic dark from Plioebo Campbell? This marv(>loiis woman, altliou<>h dwelling' within the walls of that log eal)in, was one of thr prodigies of the nineteenth century; she will occupy a niche in the history of this country as having enacted one of the greatest tragedies of her age; it was from her that old Mr. Camjjbell and his son George were to keep this secret about the note; she was to be kept iii the dark; she with her strong u'asculine w"l! but do you think she was ^ You auswcn- 'no,' because the woman's physical and mcnital jxnver.s made her a master sjiirit. The counsel for the crown in the trial of Pho;d>e Cainplxdl said that the jury miight tliink the amount at stake a small one to induce such a crime, but tliat a murder had bc( u connnitted at Kingston at one time for $l*(;. It secuMMl to b(> his opinion that slie, unaided and alone, had killed and then mutihite(l Iku' hu-band in the way that he was iound. Xow, in the voluminotis testimony before you, it is impossible to settle positively upon any detiniti! theory; there are tlirce ways, any on(> of which the crime may hav(> been c(unmitte(b He nuiy have been kilN'd by tw.. men, a- at tirst .-taled ; he niav have been killed 1 y one >trong man, as wa< fhaii^ed aijainst •lohu McWain; or he may have been kiliid ly Mrs. <":'nipl)ell ali>ne. This Intter thtory sei'in-; to be the one g(>iirr;il|y acceptod by studctils of tli(^ evidence. iJul let u< look at tlie tliree as they havf^ been provt J before yon. The day afier the murder Mrs. Gauip- THE XTSSOT^rxT TKAGEDY O bell, upon lior oath bofdrc tlic onronor's jurv, statod that two men, with bhickenod face?:, had oome and kilkMl her liushand. Thfv wore not so tall as hor hnsbaiKl. Xow, on that vcrv niplit two men, namclv, Davis and Priostly, lodged in a house not far dis+ant. Priestly lived at Thorndale, hut, as he says, was on his way to Clipperton's and remained all niglit at I )avis's house. Li_<-hts were seen in that liouse at mid- nifilit. The next mornino', wlien aroused hy Suther- land, they were mueh lonoer in eominj.'' to the door than usual, ten minutes, as it appeared to him, fund)- linii- about doinji' soniethiuir insid.', and when Davis eame to the dodi- ajid was inf(U-me(l <.f the murd<'r, he at once askod: • Did they ^v\ the iiKmey ^ ' On the followin.ir day Davis was at the funeral; ('(instahl(> riinir arrested him on suspicion of the murder, put him in irons, and inimedii-.tely drove to Davis's house to make a search for anythinir that would corroborate th;>se suspicions. Wlieu there, I'hair found a pair of trousers with lari^c lilotehes of i»l 1 across the front. Phair returned with I )avis to where the peoy)l<' atteiidinavis, and found the clothiiii:' whicli had Nrn !iroiin|,i m with him covered witji what appeared to be larp' clors of blood. They were kept in prison for about ten days, and then, with(Uit a trial or invesiij-ation ■V2 THE XISSOUPI TRAGEDY of any kind, turned out of prison. But up to this (lay tlio blood-stained garments liave never been seen or returned to J)avis. These men would eorrespond in size witli the men named in :\[rs. Campbell's depo- sitions. Either on(> of them would eorrespond in ape, siz(>, build and complexion with the man who boudit the pistol at St. .\rary's much better than the pri-^oner ('t\vie does. On ihat niornina', fresh footprints wero found not far frf»m the house of Davis, and a -trance dog was seen running from the direction of Camp- bell's house to Davi-'s. In addition to this you will say tha^ if the killing took place after a severe strug- gle it would recpiire the power of two mcTi, or one very strong man, to ac.'omplish it — for you will ol)- serve that the wrist of Campbell was not cut while in bed, or the bed would luive been covereear in evidence, and leave you to be the judges of what wciulit von will attach to them. Now we come to the >econd theory, viz.. that the murd(>r may have \hh-u nnv.- mitted by .-Hf iraii;ht in ;l.e eye, has slic charged him wiih the ciimf, in thi-; very <'onrt room. He is a man (d" great l>readth of chest, iiowerfnl in limb and muscle — a strauizv man — he \vork< at night and stays in by day>. lie i< a man ot bad ciiara was ono of the very first arrested and lodged in jail. John McWain has a son abont the size of the bov who boupht the j)istol from Taylor t.'v: Freeiiia . Perha])s a strong; man like .[dlin ^IcAVain m'ulil jiress George (Vinp- bell against the wall, wlun-e the blood bhilches were — his Tnoti\'e being to resent an insult to liis wife and to (d)rain money. Some days before he inqnired if old McWain had got his money, meaning the thou- sand dollars which ^MeWain drew from the bank on the Satnron identified and -worn to by Mrs. Camjibi'll as haxing counuittcd the murder, and, therefore, with the chain of eirenmstances against liini, together with her pointed evidence, if he had been ])laced upon \i\< trial, he would have had a poor cli;uic(> of escajie. Now, this is the second theory that (inc stnuig man may hav»> killed (Jeorge Camp- bell. Vou will ob-crve that the evidence strongly sustains cither one (d" the-e theories — either one of ilicin in my mind jirc^enting mor(> point, more force aiul iiMire reason to sustain it than th(> case against ("oyle, now before you (to which I shall soon ask youi- atieiitiou in detail). After looking at these two theories. 1 now com(> to the third theory; vi/., thai Mr<. ("auijilH'll niay linvc killed her husband unaided and 1:5 1 alone. She was the wife of (icorixf' THE NISSOUEI TRAGEDY Campbell, and, tliereforc, on the iiipht of the murder, at the time of the killiiio-, without regard to her words, we uiav presume she wa- ])resent. At two o'elock next morning she was found near to the murdered man by three neighbors. She was a woman strangely constituted by nature— broad build, with great muscular power, self-possessed, with great cun- ning and secretiveness, full of imagination and in- vention for every emergencv — volatile, even merrv. witli a powerlul, lurking, panther-like reserve power showing itself in every look and movement, with nerves of iron and a powerful will; a resolution once made, she was determined and unthigging in carrying it into eifect ; but, predominant above all these other jieculiarities, was her great selfishness. Let every per- son and everything fall, if she could only stand. This IS the person who was found close to the body of George Campbell on the morning of the loth of July; she had, what appeared to her, no doubt, a strong motive for conmiitting the deed, viz.: that George Campbell allowed his father to frustrate her at every point and dejirived her of every cent they had. AVhy did George (;amj)bell want his wife to be kept in the dark about the transaction? Old :Mr. Camj)l.ell and his daughter say that George did want this— you naturally ask what was the caused and you answer, that it was because he knew her and had a dread of her. H,. .toid Ids father that if he had known all lit; then knew, he would not have been married. She 7 THE XISSOURI TRxVGEDY stated, on oath, that some months Ix^fore this she had discovered that her husband liad had criminal intercoiirse with the wife of John ^VFcWain; if true, in a woman of her stranjic, stoic tirmness, tliis may have constituted an achlitional motive, more powerful than even tlie money itself. She was aiTcsted upon sus])icion of tlie murder, cast into prison, and from that moment lu>r whole genius was l)rou,i>ht to bear in order (as she repeatedly said) t') avoid beinp; hanged, her mind readily falling into any channel which would lik(dy meet with public belief; first charging one and then .mother; first telling one story and then another, until every vestige of faith in her utterances was com])Ietely lost and gone ..n'over. The arts by which she tried to save herself hurried on her ruin. She was tried for the murder, foimd guilty, and condemned to die on the 2()tli day of Jmie of this year. Pint, notwithstanding that, the Governor still had the p(»wcr up to the very moment when the fatal bolt was drawn to alter the sentence and give back her life again. In many cases, when the victim has stood upon the scafbdd, a reprieve has come, and life has been saved. She knew this perfectly well, and, therefore, in this emergency invented a story which, no doubt, staggered the (lovenior in Council, and it came within a hairbreadth of saving her life; she knew well that to ])rot<'st her innocence would no longer avail anything, and therefore she gave to the world a fourth interpretation of how the i;iG THE XlSSOUm TRAGEDY murder took place. In this, in express words, she confessed hein- ouihy, hut (•hai-get«.ic power and firnmess greater than any ten men. The heavy tread of the executioner, tlio mournful presence of the man of God come to' administer the last consoling prayer of the Church, udiere all but ..ne ,p,ailed— that one was stoic and •'..moved as a pillar of lead. As she lived, so she died. This is the woman whom Blackmore, McDon- aM and Craig found near to the body of (leorge Cami)bell on that eventful morning, with the palms nf both hands covered with blood; she was there, ^he had natives that promj)te(l the deed, she has been trie'euie(i to have iiei'U ai-cepted by the learned conu'^id tor the crown muni her own prose- i JO THE XISSOUKl TRAGEDY cution; and since, that has been received as the true one ; no f(X)tprints were found about tlie liouse, no stains of blood upon the fences — all solitary and alone she would appear to have committed this great crime. I have, gentlemen, drawn your attention to throe theories, by any one of which George Campbell might have lost his life; and now I ask you to come witli UK' back to look at the case of the prisoner, Coyle. He was born in the county of Brant ; left an orphan at ten. From that until fifteen he worked for a farmer in that township. The farmer sold out, and Coyle came into Downey, near St. Mary's, and worked dm-ing the harvest. Joseph McWain then employed him permanently by the year. He was then lifteeu years of age — a jK)or, ragged, dependent orphan boy. Mrs. Campbell had been married some- time before and was rc-iding with her husband at the liouse of old Mr. Camf)))ell. (leorge Campl)ell and his wife canii afterwards to reside with Mr. Josej)h McWain, where tluy remained until the early part of June, ISTl, when they removt d to the small hoii-e in which (ieorge Campbell was killed on th(; l.">th ()f July foljowiiitr. I lie promoters (tf this pros- <'(Mition have attempted to estal'lish some undue frieiid>liip iM'tweeii iliis voting lad and .Mrs. CamplM'll. In tlii>, on every point tliev have signally failed, for the he-t of reaxni-. that it lia> never U'en more or less tliaii a liase, tiroiinilless slander — lun-er mooted tlnriiig tlie lifetime >.f ( 'aiiipbeil, and never tlioiiijht THE MISSOURI TKAGEDY of until .'.n.o inotiv. was to bo supplied fur tl.e mur- ,lor. The in^^enuity of the .leleetives was then etn- plnv-d in l.uildinj:- up a ease uj^.n this theory, the ^vret.•h(.d hreakin:;- down ,.f which -l.ows how ncves- .•u-y it i< to have sonic tr)itl> to Iniihl upon. (%.uhl they hav(> livcl vcar> in tlie . an.c house with<.ut signs of intin.acv. if there were at.y '. On the l^t of July, 1S71— Donii.iion Day-C'oyh. asked his master, Mr. Joseph MeWain, to aHow him to come to London to atten.l the >ports. MeWain refused, owing to .ome work n.p.irinir attention, hut he tohi C'oyle that ho couhl go over to St. Mary's some afternoon. On the 7th of the same n.ontli Coyle met Stretch and told him he was going ;o St. Mary's the next day. The ^amc was t\v:\v\\s down the lane from the house, and away to St Marv'.. This was the Saturday evening prior to the murder of r.m.pU'U. As ("uyh' ro.le ah.ng 142 Ki fjf^ THE NISSOUKI TRAGEDY the road, and when opposite the door of the house of Mrs. Williams— whieh is close to the roadside — he reined up his horse and sat talking? to her for a little. His personal appearance at that time is de- scribed bv Mrs. Williams. This was about eight o'clock. Coyle rode on to St. Mary's, put iip his horse at the Stone Tavern, and then went to a barber shop. It being Saturr also rccolicits the cinMnnstaiices; they all describe the personal a])pearance of ('.»yle at about half ]eame lie wore to St. Mary's he had on when he was arrested; no Mood was found upoTi his person or upoti his clothes; lie is j)r()ved never to liave left the house of McWtiiii oti tli(> niiilit 147 THK MISSOURI TRA(JEDY the munler wa- coinmitted. This makes the case so c-lear that vmir verdict of ' Not Guilty ' should be rendered without leaving the box. Gentlemen, the prisoner, relyinj. up.n your wisdom, your goodness and nu'rcy, has full confidence in leaving his case, his life, in your hands." The address, of which the substance is given, oc- cupied over two hours, during which time the great courthouse was closely packed in every part, but the utmost silence was presen-ed throughout, until the close, when a sup])ressed murmur of a]iplause was (juickly silenced by the otfiondence to the " tree Press ": "26th July. 1864. « The President was alone, and rising, met me in the center of the room. He shook my hand cor- dially, and 1 gladly returned his honest, .nanly grasp, thanking him for the easy means of access and great kindness in allowing me an opportunity of meeting him. He said: ' I am glad to see you, sir. Be seated,' signaling to a chair close to his own, and went on- ' Yes, this easy means of access is, I may say, under our form of government the only link or cord which connects the i)eople with the govermng power, and however unimportant much of it is, it must be kept up, as, for instance, a mother in a distant part, who has a son in the army regularly enlisted, but has not served out his time, yet it has been as long as she thinks he ought to stay, will collect together all the little means she can to bring her here to entreat me to grant him his discharge. Of course I cannot interfere, and can only see her and speak kindly to her How far is vour place from Detroit, sir? Is it a growing place? ' ' It is about 100 miles East from Detroit. Wr have no water connection, but have a xovv nice inland citv 1 inten.l remaining in Wash- ington for a few days. All seems stir and c-ommotion 150 LIXCOLX here.' ' Yes, there never was anything in history e(]ual to this.' * Yonr position must indeed be a re- sponsible and tryinp; one, Mr. J*resi(lent.' ' Yes, to think of it, it is very strange tliat I, a l)oy In-onght np in tlie woods and seeing as it were but little of the world, should be drifted into the very apex of this great event.' ' I read your proclamation this morn- ing calling for more men.' Then after a few min- utes' silence and apparent meditation, he said : ' Yes, yes, it will be filled uj).' I then rose, saying, ' I thank you, Mr. President, for your kindness and courtesy.' The President shook hands again, and said: ' 1 am most happy to have made your acquaintance.' Some other remarks were made on both sides. I was about fifteen minutes in the room, and as I was leaving, he said : ' Oh, these letters, you take them with you. They will give you an entrance to the public build- ings,' and with a smile which seemed to illuminate his whole face, his last words were : ' Oh, yes, we ahvays give preference to strangers.' " These words are given as expressed by the Presi- dent, written down a few minutes after they were uttered. What has been written of him and seen in his photographs give a very fair idea of him. As a man lie has a large, kind, warm heart, and a gen- erous, manly nature; he smiled cordially, and seemed very cor municative. But, under all, there appeared a troubled restiveness, which in ly judgment ap- peared to indicate a painful realization of the conse- 151 lincol:n" quences which might result from the honest exercise of his best judgment. On this day there was a full meeting of the members of the administration m the President's rooms, and as each one of them passed in through the halls I had a full opportunity of see- ing and forming some opinion of them. To me they appeared, with the exception of or-e, to be men of extraordinary i)ower and intelligence. The private residence of the President and family is chieflv confined to the west end of the mansion, which at this season is closed, Mrs. Lincoln a^d^^am- ily being at their summer abode, known as " The Soldiers' Home," about four miles from the city. During the late Conf(,>derate raid they sought the protection of the \Vh=te House, but have now re- turned in -afety. The President is in many respects an unusual man, with uaits of character one seldom meets. He seemed to combine jollity and mirth with the very greatest depths of the prophet and seer, holding life only a- a uust for the performance of some allotted work. T an. firmly convinced that he thinks this, and with it has grown hito an attribute of religion, f.ir wiiich. without a murmur, if need be, he would sutTei inartvrdom. From momenta of silence and HKMlitation he would quickly brace himself for an inevitable dutv of the hour. I believe in the divme rinht of authority, and also in an overruling provi- de'nce, and that l.inc<.ln was raised up for the vast 152 LINCOLN duties cast upon him. Xapoleon III, in his book on CsDsar, states this as the belief of his uncle, the first Napoleon, and his own belief. Chinese Gordon and hundreds of others were the same — simple-minded, honest, trusting, faithful, while fear never for a mo- ment crossed their minds. Apropos of this, two days after the evacuation of Richmond by General Lee, Lincoln was in that city, walking unattended quietly around the streets. It was at a most trying moment. In the war hundreds of thousands were slain. The hot blood of the South now called for vengeance. When all was lost, when the passions of despair were arous d, Lincoln might have been seen strolling through the streets of the Confederate capital, unarmed, and in a quiet busi- ness costume, as though nothing had happened, as Gordon Vv-alked through the streets of Khartoom when a thousand scimiters awaited his assassination. After leaving Mr. Lincoln's room, the messenger came over and gave me the names of the persons pres- ent. Henry Ward Beecher was close to the door, awaiting an interview with the Preident. The mes- senger spoke in most imfriondly tx^nns of Mr. Beech- er. He told me the purport of his mission. He said that the son of a Mr. Howard, a member of Beecher's congregi>tion ia Brooklyn, had issued a bogus proc- lamation purporting to call our (I think) 300,000 men for tlie purpose of affecting the stock exchange; that young Howard had been tried for it and con- 153 LTXCOLX dnimod to tlio state prison, tliat Beocher, with How- ard senior, were there to interview the President for a respite or oo-nnnitation of tlie i-entence. lie also pointed out to nie Secretary Seward, with an aquiline nose; Secretary Wells, with a red face, and Secre- tary Fessenden, with a dark coinj)Iexion. Upon the whole, I concluded that the messenger was not friend- ly to the Northern cause. I iianded niy letters to the governor of the Capi- tol; he took nie all through the great building. The senate was not in session. "We sat down there to rest. He told me he had known Lincoln from a boy He was very fond of him, chiefly on account of his sim- plicity of manner, and also because of the extremes in his nature, at one time the great glee and drollery, and then at otlier times his intense solemnity. He said: "Just to show you, I went over to see him the other evening; he was sitting alone before the ^re in an arm chair. A few moments after, Stanton, . .0 of liis secretaries, came in and they agreed to go out together. Lincoln walked to the side of tiie room and carried a pair of boots by the top straps over to his chair. He then pushed one of his slippers off, revealing a hole in his sock opposite tlie big toe. He looked up and snid mirthfully: 'Stanton, if you liad a stocking lik^ that, what would you do? ' Stan- ton said: *I would take it off and change it over to the other foot, then the hole would come around to the urt lIous(>. On Sunday, the lM of April, President Davis and ids cabinet had evacuatertn\\\ I- avciigeill " and darted ont tlirough the back ir.n LINCOLN of tlic building. A horsje awaited him at the door. He vaulted into the saddle and made his escape, ("olonol J. B. Stewart, who sat near the footlighto, sprang upon the stage to seize him, but was ob- structed by the fright of the actors, and only reached the back door in time to see the assassin galloping away. Mrs. Lini'oln swooned for a moment, then gave a wild, hysterical scream, while the whole audience, pale with excitement, after a moment's pause, rushed on the stage and round the President's box. Shouts were heard: "Stand back! Stand back! Give him air! For (lod's sake give him air! " " Has anyone present stiniulant.s ^ " "Some one bring stimulants." " Keep the passage clear." " My (Jod, the President is killed! " This confusion lasted for a few minutes, when throiigh the surging mass a passage was cleared. Strong arms and loving hands carried the gnat man out of th<' building and across the street to the house of Mr. Patterson. Surgeons and do-'tors exhaiisted every possible eifort known to medical skill, but all hope was gone. A part of the brain and blood o dying President. A military cord(m was placed rouiid the liuiis<' to protect it from the 157 LINCOLX surging mass, ("iray-liairod men. strong old soldiers, and hundreds of women wept likeeliildren; such uni- versal lamentation was never before seen. The whole niemhers of the eahinet. including Stanton, usually stoical and cold, were hat lied in t.>ars. Their hlood seemed to stand still with horror and overwhelming jmin. To them, as t,) all men, he had been genial, tender and affectionate in ordinary affairs, while, if need be, he was courageous, bold and aggressive to a degree rarely foiuid in his contemporaries. At midnight Colfax, Sumner, Farnsworth, ■ ^n\^p. Custis, Governor Oglesby, General Meigs an* Colo- nel Hay stood around their illustrious chief. In the morning to the whole world the f\dt: " Washingtcm, 15 April, 1805— Abra:.am Lincoln died this morning at 22 minutes past 7 o'clock. Edw.vkd M. Stantov, Serrefanj of Wnr."" The day before, at 4 \\ M., a cabinet meeting had been held, at which (Jeneral Grant was j)resent. The conversation turned uj)on the affairs of the South, as to what steps -hould be taken to quickly and ef- fectiniUy bring in the erring brethren and restore good f.cling to the whole nation. Mr. Lincoln was v,Tv el rful and h(.iM>ful. lie spoke kindly about (Jeneral Lee and the ( mifedcrate h-aders. All was ir.s LINCOLX harmony, hope and general thankfulness at the ad- vent of the mesjienger of Peace. In the evening Speaker Colfax v.as at the White House. At tifti^en minutes past eight the President said : " Mrs. I.in- eoln has not been verv well, hut the papers having announced that we are to 1h' at Ford's to-night, I do not like to disappoint the people, so we must go." He left the house with a|)parent regret. He urged Colfax to accompany him, but he having an appoint- ment with his friend Ashman, of Massachusetts, who was also there, Mr. Lincoln excused them. Upon examination, blood was found on the hack of the cusiuoned rocking chair in whicii the President sat, and a single-barrel pistol was foimd upon the carpet. Tlu' assassin was about thirty years of age, five t'cet nine inches in height, fair skin, dark hair, a little bushy, inclined to be curly. He wore a large nuistache. In two weeks he was traced to a barn where he was conceak'd. His pursuers demanded his surrender or they would kill him. His answer was: " Then bring a stretcher for me." They then set the building on fire, and in the midst of the flames fairly riddled him with bullets. The fire, however, was subdued, and the body recovered in a recognizable form and taken back to Washiiigtdti. lie was a theat- rical performer, l)orn in the profession. His father was on the stage before him, and his brother, Kdwin liooth, ! distinguished tragedian, died in New York the 7th of June, l.sO;5. 159 LINCOLN The (k'atlj of tlic rn-sideiit was, indeed, the most tragic event of modern times. It was vastly more important than tlie assassination of Julins (^vsar in the ohl Koman time. In a few lionrs a thrill of horror reached every part of the continent. There was no ocean ca!»le then to carry tlie news. In seven days after it reached England. The whole British nation was aroused. It created a profound sensation among the masses, while Her Majesty, the Queen, within a few minutes after the receipt of the intelli- gence, with her own hand wrote a tender, affectionate and sympathetic letter of condolence to Mrs. Lin- coln, the liaste Ix'ing in order to secure the convey- ance of the letter to America by the first returning steamer. The House of Lords, the most august legislative body in the world, passed an address of condolence; while th<> House of Commons, powerful, far-reaching, enlightened and independent, without delay passed a most complimentary address to the American nation, and symj)athy with it in the loss of the President. The wlx.Ie world was awe-stricken at the dreadful crime. The United ;^lates, North and South, with horror exclaimed airainst it. All business stood still; sorrow and mourning marked the village and the great city alike. The highways and byways, from Washington to New York, Detroit to ("liicago, and on to Springfield, the burial ]'\iv >; formed an im- pressive funeral j)ageant, in extent and magnificence 160 LIXCOLN without a parallel in history. All ovet Canada meet- ings were held ; the one at London was large and in- fluential. I was called to preside, and never could there l)e more pathos and honest sympathy thrown into eloquent speeches and warm resolutions than on that occasion. So shortly hefore, having seen and con- versed with Mr. Lincoln, my feelings were greatly aroused. The resolutions were promptly forwarded to Washington. Mr. Lincoln, owing to the important events of his life and the tragedy of his death, will ever be revered and honored equal to Washington, the Father of his C'ountrv. 161