IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^ 1.0 I.I Hi 115 I: _ i ■^ 1^ 112.2 li 2.0 = llllim L25 111114 IIIIIL6 V] *» / 'm %''^u '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation as W!=ST MWW ?mKT WeBSTER,i4 :. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ iV s? \\ ^ erally it may be affirmed that every human being has a particular ruling desire in his or her breast, good or evil, which is calculated to give bent to the mind, and ultimately decide the moral character of its possessor. Pruiitably, then, may we contemplate some of the most common objects of desire. Oar animal propensities, usually denominated the appetites, naturally first suggest themselves. It is melancholy to reflect, that a part of our race Hve seemingly but to gratify these principles in their physical nature. The observing mind of Socrates discovered similar characters in his day, and by his wonted practical instruction admonished them in the well known aphorism — '* many men live, that they may eat and drink ; but T eat and drink, that I may live." Unquestionably man's animal nature requires the appetites to supply its demands. They give notice when that nature needs nutrition, and they are intended to regulate the supply ; but they themselves must be regulated by a higher principle, or they run into esce: ?, and degenerate into sin. Without restraint, they assume control over a man ; for either servants or masters they are sure to be, and the ruin of their slaves is infallibly effected. It is difiicult to contemplate a more degraded specimen of a rational and immortal being, than is furnished by the victim of appetite. Nor are the evils confined to the man himself. He who lives in the unrestrained indulgence of appetite, is a moral pest to the community. And in this connexion, we ought, perhaps, to view all the lower order of human passions, in which man is but little distinguished from the brute creation. Without enumerating them, we may speak of their effects, and exhort the young to guard against their cultivation. Men are diflferently constituted, intellectually and physically, and to whatever religious opinions the subject may lead, it cannot be disputed by moral philosophers, that the constitutional tendencies of individuals greatly vary. There exist with respect to every man, what art' appropriately called " besetting sins." These constitute the man's vulnerable part — the weak place in the citadel, whibh requires to be vigilantly guarded against the approach of the enemy. One of the most celebrated philosophers of the last century furnishes us with the following maxim : "All men that are ruined, are ruined on the side of their natural propensities." History and observation as well as divine revelation, confirm this sentiment. What wisdom therefore, in those precepts which enjoin restraint. How essential apart of moral education, that a curb be put upon human passions, and that the animal tendencies he prevented from unduly influencing 6 the character. Every man who followd his own natural inclinations, will hoon find himself involved in difficulties, nnd subjected to men- tal anguish. This »\\o\vi us the paramount importance of the divine principle of religion, not only to regulate and restrain, but to eradi- cate vicious tendencies from the moral nature. Christianity pre- sents us with the only real balm for diseases of the soul. And as all men have by nature the germs of these diseases in their consti- tulion, and by practice more or less develope them in their life and character, every man, without an exception, ought to seek diligently for the grace of God, until he obtain it in his heart. The great apostle uttered a sublime truth when he said: *' This is a faithful saying, jjnd worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners." The mind that can grasp this truth, and rest upon it for salvation, will be secure from the debasing in-r iluence of the animal propensities. But besitles these, there are other principles in man, which need to be removed, or at least held in check. Among these, perhaps the most frequent is the thirst for wealth, — in its worst form, known as avarice. If indulged in in moderation, it is both lawful and advantageous. It prompts a man to secure a competence for himself and those dependent on him, and it furnishes him with the means of benefiting mankind, by the exercise of benevolence or Christian charity. But when carried beyond these reasonable bounds, it has a tendency to render an individual miserly and selfish. Hence we see multitudes of persons putting forth ail their energies to acquire property in some of its numerous forms. If successful, they attain to a position in society ; but whetl)pr an enviable one, or otherwise, depends on a variety of circumstances. It is unfor- tunate for the interests of morality, that wealth inspires with a cer- tain degree of respect, apart from sterling qualities in its possessor. Now, to warn them against disappointment and sorrow, the fact can not be too prominently held up before the young, that the mere possession of wealth, so far from creating enjoyment, is a source of dissatisfaction. Moreover, from the constitution of society, but few individuaU can become money-kings, and it is not desirable that they should. Crnesus and Pt^othschild are rare names, and he is unwise who aims to gain their elevation. That fortune of which you really may become the architects, young men, should be some- thing both ninre noble, and more easily acquired. T do not, indeed, hay that all inon of wealth have been a curse to society. Far from jl. Mjuiv Ir4vc been benefactors to their race, and have served the wise purpq»en of Providence in ministering to tliu wants o( his ncatures. But I wish to point out to the young the danger of uvaricc, and the improbability of success in attaining that fortune which is its object. The love of applause is another ruling principle in men. Some iire more under its influence than others ; but I apprehend there are few persons who do not actually desire the approbation of their fellow men. Flattery is acceptable to most people, though much depends in its reception, upon the manner in which it is administered. There is a secret satisfaction, not always suppressed, which those feel whose conduct is praised by others. We see it in the child — who is only a man in miniature, artless and ingenuous — whose eye kindles, and whose step is quickened, by the praise of its parent or teacher ; we see it in the young man, who labors diligeutly as a student, or in some department of life, which brings his genius be- fore the public ; we see it in the young lady, who is gratified with the praises bestowed by society upon her beauty or accomplish- ments ; and we see it even in the aged of all classes, who delight to draw upon them the admiration of beholders. Suitably regulat- ed, this principle is commendable, and is of considerable value in stimulating the young to exertion. Indeed, it is an attribute of every great and generous mind. That young man is but shortly removed from ruin, who is indiflerent to the opinions of his fellow- men with respect to him. Rashness and indiscretion are certain to hurry him on to some evil deed, and involve him in wretchedness. No person, and especially no young person, is safe without those wholesome restraints which public opinion is calculated to impose upon him. Let me be understood. I recommend no man to make the opinion of others the rule of his conduct. Every body should have a mind of his own, and cherish within him a principle of rec- titude, by which every action and circumstance should be tried. At the same time, I advise young people to pay a proper deference to the opinion of others, and to examine carefully the ground upon which they stand, when they find it necessary to take a position con- trary to that of the community. Human judgment is fallible. Erroneous opinions lead to erroneous practices ; and the fact that older and maturer minds differ from ours, should beget in us caution. Still the wisest of our fellow men may be astray, and we should have sufficient independence, finally to act from our own conviction of what is right. It cannot be disputed, tiiat the sentiment and 8 practice of a whole community may be wrong. We have, then, for our guidance the divine precept : " Thou sbalt not follow a multitude to dc svil." I would enjoin upon the young the impor- tance of shunning the society of the vicious, of giving no heed to their sneers, auid of rather glorying in their censure. But, on the other hand, seek to render yourselves worthy of the esteem of the wise and virtuous. Count it an honor to stand high in the opinion of such, and let it be an invariable object with you to act from moral principle. Closely connected with the love of approbation, is the sentiment of emidation, or the desire to excel. Those who have had any- thing to do with the instruction of youth, know that this is one of the most powerful principles in human nature. Its influence is gen- erally biought to bear upon the students in our seminaries of learn- ing, and to such an extent is it carried, that not a few of the most successful teachers in Britain and America have maintained, that on the whole, its development in the halls of science is productive of more evil than good, and hence have abandoned the system which calls it into exercise. I incline to the opinion, however, that the danger in this case arises from the abuse, and not from a judi- cious use of this element in man's organization. When unrestrained it often leads to improper means to accomplish its ends, and engen- ders malignant desires. But it may be so employed as to serve a noble purpose in attaining the objects of life. What is the ruling principle in our display of agricultural and mechanical productions, witnessed on a large scale in the World's Industrial Exhibition, but a laudable desire to excel in objects which contribute to the com- fort of the race ? Too frequency, however, this desire displays itself in matters of small moment, if not of injury to others. Many young persons aim simply at the distinction of performing some ex- ploit, the sole claim to honor being, that it was never performed before. Others trample on the rights of their fellows, in order to excel in the objects to which they have directed their energies. The desire of superiority alone, without any intelligible advantage, influences many in the great competitions of life. In determining his course, I would therefore say to every young man : " Be am- bitious to excel ; but let it be in something ennobling to your own character, and profitable to others. Nurture a principle of pure and exalted emulation in your breast, always aiming to imitate, and if possible surpass the achievements of those who have been the greatest benefactors to their race." 9 Another dangerous passion is ambitioh, or the lo^e of power. There are many who resemble Milton^s description of Satdn : " they would rather reign in hell, than serve in heaven." Few ten- dencies of man's moral nature are more absorbing in their influence, or exercise a stronger impelling poWer over their possessor. The history of mankind abounds in illustrations of this principle. Most of the heroes of ancient and modern times were under its doiainion. We read of an Alexander leading his disciplinied bands to the i-e- motest countries, for the conquest of a world ; and we read ot i. Napoleon, after bis genius had constructed the most splendid empire the world ever beheld, sacrificing the most tender domestic affections, with a view to perpetuating the power he had overcome so many obstacles in establishing. The statesman, actuated by this motive, frequently deprives himself of every personal comfort, not except- ing health of body, and peace of mind. The prime minister, gen- erally speaking, fUmishes us with a conspicuous example of ambition. As a rule, it may be estimated that the man who, more than any other, pursues the empty bubble of an evanescent popularity, is he who Stands at the helm to guide the ship of state. Public opinion is known to be so changeable, and political misfortunes so power- fully arouse the minds of a free people, that there is a strong dis- position to censure those who have to bear the burden of respon- sibility. Although there are illustrious exceptions under the noble constitution of England, yet we find many that once stood high in the estimation of the people. Who without any fault of their own, have fallen into disfavor. Popularity exposed to such reverses, is a dan- gerous possession. He who makes it the principal object of his pursuit, and bases on it his highest enjoyment, will find it at best a precarious fortune. But power and influence over others may be productive of much good. He who in high places sets a pattern of uprightness, and aims by precept and example, to improve the condition of his race, is one of God's best gifts to man. The late Prince Consort, whom a nation now mourns, and the savor of whose virtue and zeal in pro- moting the arts of peace and civilization, is felt throughout the countries of the earth, presents us with a conspicuous instance of an exalted ambition. History will have the pleasing task to record of him, that he devoted his life to promote the interests of his wife's subjects in particular, and of mankind in general, and that his un- timely death produced universal regret. And let it never be for- . wveat pillar in the temple of your fortune. < 11 > But the most important consideration of all, is the development of the moral faculties. These form the higher nature of man. Every person should give serious attention to those obligations which rest upon him as a member of society, and particularly as a moral being, accountable to the Great Ruher of the universe. There is no stage in life in which we should be for a moment with- out the influence of the moral principle upon our conduct, and even upon our thoughts. No enterprise should have a conception in the mind, much less should any be undertaken and carried on, without the principles of uprightness and purity to govern us in our connex- ion therewith. We have furnished us in the numerous biographies published, examples of those who have been distinguished for their moral integrity, and whose fortune was one of glory and happiness. On the other hand, instances of the immoral are given, and how fearful the warning they afford. What an appalling spectacle to witness great talents perverted, large wealth acquired, and a fortune established upon the unholy bases of selfishness and dishonesty. Inattention to the claims of morality and religion, has covered many a man of genius with imperishable infamy. What accumulated miseries have arisen from the want of duly regulating the animal propensities, from the love of money, the desire of power, the con- tests of rivals, and the tumults of factions, — what envy, hatred, malignity, and revenge. The teachings of history demonstrate, that without moral restraint, the strivings of men after fortune lead to scenes of strife, and deeds of darkness. Now, a higher principle tlian mere morality, is religion. Where this has a place in the heart, it adjusts all the moral faculties, and gives man his true position. That was a noble sentiment of the great Patrick Henry , which he recorded in his last will and testament : " I have now disposed of all my property to my children. There is one thing I wish I could give them, and that is, the Christian religion. If they had that, and nothing else, they would be abundantly rich; but with- out religion, though they owned the whole world, they would be poor indeed." I have thus discussed the subject of the leading desires in the breast, and the main principles which influence human actions ; because I know that one or more of these must form the ruling prin- ciple in every person's life, and I deem it essential that the use and the abuse of' all these should be clearly understood. First make sure that the object you have in mind be a lawful one, and then, in building your fortune, bring into requisition all the means necessary to obtain it. I' I 12 Man is so coi^^tituted, that, as a general r^]e, by the force of bis own will, he can lay the foundation, prepare all the n(iaterials, and construct a fortupe ibr hi^nself. Every man ought to aim at being somebody. He who has no fixed purpose of life, who rests satis- fied with the mere perpetuation of his existence, content with a supply of his present wants, doing nothing that may reflect lustre upon bis cl^aracter, is unconsciously building himself a fortune, — not, however, a splendid mansion, but a wretched hovel. The materials are despicable, and the structure must prove a monument of shaine. GrecA care shotUd be taken in the selection of your cbf'ects., Original powers of mind, and indomitable energies, have been thrown away upon trifl,es. We are told by an Italian authprj that he once saw a shepherd who used to divert himself in his lonely i^iourS) by tossipg up eggs and catching them again without bre^lcing tl^em. He had so far perfected himself in the practice, that h«^ would keep qp in the ai^ four at a time, for seyeral minutes, each ft^ing into bis hand by tqrffts. « I th^nk," s^ys the narrator, ** that I never witnessed a greater severity than this man exhibited in his face \ for by his wonderful perseverance and application^ he bad contracted the seriouane^ and gravity of a privy counsellor i an4 I vould not but reject yrith myself, that t^e same assiduity and at- tention, had they been rightly applied, might b^ye nuide him ^ greater mathematician t^n Archimedes." The speculations of many persons, remind us of what Gulliver witnessed in a certain country not laid down in our maps. That observing traveller found in the royal academy of projectors at Lagoda, severa) learned professors, who were displaying the origin- ality of their genius, 'exercising their inventive powers, and greatly beneBting mankind, by a series of experiments, upon which they had been employed for several years, though without success — like those who are in search of the perpetual motion. One was endea- yoring to calcine ice into gunpowder, so as to furnish an article of that commodity, both brighter and cheaper ; a second was making pincushions out of marble ; a third was trying to petrify the hoofs of a living horse, to prevent them from foundering ; ^. fourth was laboring to extract sufibeams from cucumbers, which he thought ^ more economical method of warming the atmosphere in the King's garden, and particularly useful when the sun happened Xa be under a cloud ; a fifth was showing that the seminal property of grain ('xists in the chaff, instead of the kernel ; a sixth was substituting i i find spiders for the oFdinaTy silkwQnn,| jiecause tltciji weave ^s well as spin, and their food is cheaper and mor^ abui^d^wt ^ a, sciyentb w^s endeavoring, by the application of poisoupus gmns, to prevent the growth of wool on a couple of lambs, hoping that in coi^rse of tim^ he would be able to propagate a breed of naked sheep th>'9UghQV(t the kingdom,— an experinient the success of which he deiqonstrated would greatly ephance the value of sheep apiojpigst agrieultqrisVs i and an eighth was teaching the mathematics on a principle scarcely known to Euclid, Newton, or Legendre ; The proposition and its deinonstration were written out on a small wafer of a cephalic tinc- ture, which the student was required to swallow on an empty stomach} the professor contendmg that the proposition would aspepd to the brain, bearing the demonstration along with it. There is doubtless originality in the mere conception of such ideas \ h\;t to attaii;! an honorable and useful position, a man must not craze his brain with chimerical projects or Utopian theories : he niust see that his object be both right and attainable. He should then act on the motto, "What man has done man can do," If conscious of an original genius, an adaptation for any particular business, whether among the industrial pursuits, commerce, or any branch of science) or professional occupation, let hiip apply his energies in that direc- tion. There are multitudes in the world who have evidently mia^* taken their calling. This fact arises from several causes,— ^ignor- ance, pride, laziness, the desire of imitation, and the mistake of Ariends. I have seen men who were n^ere blockheads in the learned professions, that might have excelled as mechanics, pr at least have obtained a respectable livelihood as agriculturists or daily laborers. Some preach the gospel, and others prd^ctice medicine, who would certainly do less harm, apd possibly more good, as manufapturers of cambric needles. But the legal profession has been most especially supplied With votaries. Many young men have studied the law in Canada, and afier years of toil, have been admitted to the bar ; but with all the litigation around them, they are unable to secure even a meagre subsistence. I once knew a famous legal firm in Upper Canada— for its appearance in newspaper advertisements was calculated to make it famous — which consisted of two barristers, both of them scions of Canadian aristocracies, and educated at great expense to their friends. After exhausting the means left them by their an- cestors, though still maintaining their illustrious partnership at the law, they were forced to be supported, respectively, the oije by a gristmill, and the other bjr the clerkship of a municipal corporation ! Such instances arise from two circumstances : 1st the inadaptation of men for their profession, and ^ndly the filling up of one profes- sion with too great a number of practitioners. To so great an ex- tent had this evil gone in the United States and Canada, that not the legal profession alone, but several others, as well as clerkships and incumbencies, were borne down hj the pressure of young men upon them. The disastrous consequences to society were begin- ning to be felt every where, when a kind Providence, that often makes man's extremity his opportunity, interfered, and restored the equilibrium in the people's occupations, thus temporarily lost. California, Australia, and Eraser River auriferous discoveries were made, and immediately thousands of adventurers flocked to those magic lands. Of the number, but a small portion nfade themselves fortunes; but the learned professions and commercial situations have been reliered. We can not dispute that occasionally may bb found men of geni- us, who are calculated to excel in any profession or department of life. Such men may act their own pleasure, and consult their own convenience in acquiring a fortune ; for by exertion, with the divine blessing, they will succeed any where. When a parent consulted Daniel Webster as to the propriety of his son studying law, and inquired '< if there was room enough in the legal profession for an- other practitioner?" that great man replied, " There is always room enough up stairs," meaning that men of talent and application will never fail to make their way. But the rule still holds good : a care- ful choice shmcld be made in determining your course. Consult your own taste ; do not be misled by a vain desire to imitate others ; and unless you possess the ability to excel, beware of any profes- sion which has already more connected with it than it can decently maintain. Having made a judicious selection, and being animated by noble purposes, the next important matter is, to see tliat all your ener- gies be directed to attain it ; a'lxnd laziness or inaction ; mind tJiat there be an intimate connection between the means and the end ; and never weary in your industry, or be turned aside by discouragements. To all this, I would add, — never interfere ^cith the rights of others. • . Indolence has proved the ruin of many. I need not speak of the grosser form of this, which displays itself in disgraceful inac- tivity of body, a desuetude of the physical energies ; for the vie- 15 ikof nac" vic- tims of this malady present a subject too revolting for contempla- tion. But there exists a slothfulness of mind, which leads to lassitude, and disqualifies for accomplishing any great object. With many this tendency is constitutional, but it is greatly augmented by habit. Whoever has given attention to the differences in chil- dren, must have observejd some constantly in motion, always busy with something ; if not obeying parental commands, engaged in sport or mischief. Others are quiet and inactive, unobservant, and indifferent to the busy scenes which surround them. The former require only moderate inducements to excite their activity ; the latter need extraordinary influences to develope their powers, and arouse their dormant energies. Wherever this disposition to get along the easiest way, exists, a man has need of great decision of character, resolution, and correct habits, to keep him in motion. True, it is not always the dull child that makes the inactive man ; for examples of the opposite description occur. But the rule is general, that in early life the constitutional tendency is evinced, and the character is formed. Every man is the architect of his own fortune. He has the power of applying his own energies, and he will have himself to blame if he does not exercise it. A man may be unacquainted with bis resources, and want occasion to call them forth ; but his mental powers must be of a sluggish order, who cannot find opportunity and employment for whatever ability he may possess. Keep as far as possible from ennuif then, young man. Up and bestir yourself; shake off dull stupor ; remember that your friends, society, and the world have claims upon you. There is a special work for you to do. As your countenance differs from that of all who live, or ever existed ; so does your mental formation, and you have a fortune to build for yourself, which no other person can build for you. As an architect originates the plan, and makes the specifications for the building ; so every individual must form his scheme, devise the ways and means, and whatever may be the assistance he derives from others, he must personally superintend the construction of his own fortune. There is no time for idleness. You have a structure to form, which will occupy yoti for a whole life-time. All the motives of duty, self-interest, and the public good, should impel you to exertion. Life is short for the busy scenes which you will have to crowd into it. But you must not only be active : you must loo/c tvdl to the relations of ymir diUies, and study the connexion between your objects ami the means employed to secure them. Without this. i I I 16 four etaergies may be expended M Vab. Those who erect & bUild- itig require to make the timbers of the right proportions, ahd to have theta mtelj jointed, or their attempt wiil prbVli a failure. The arobitect must thoroughly understand his busineils, or be mil subject himself to ridicule, for bis work is optiti to inspection, and toen are eTer ready to pass their judgment upon it. Now, the architect of his own fortune has desirels in his breast, be beholds a wide world iipre«ld out before him, and h6 aims to Work bimself to h certain position. He must definitely understand his purpose, abd thi^h be must skilfully select and judibioUsly eiercisd the mean^ to reality it. A want of attention to this miltterj has occ^ioned many of the failures amongst men. I knew a man who was ambitious to become a member of our Prorincial iParliamfeBt^ He spent twenty years of the most active portion of bis life in the attempt j but always failed. Though possessed of talents far superior to those who generally opposed him, the means be employed Were sadly defective. He wanted in bis principles and in his conduct the elements esseniiki to sUbcessk He could not gain the confidence of the constituency-^^ he tried the same one at every election-^and he got Wider and wider from hb purpose. And, on the other hand, there are m^n of g6Uuis throwing aW^y their talents, or not using them nt all, from a want of proper direc- tion. It is said that Powers the sculptoir. Whose statue of the (rreek Slave has secured for hibi a world-Wide eelebrity, spent some of bii^ be^t days as a common plasterer. His bead was examined by a phrenologist, who informed him of his genius, and in vain endea- vori^d to excite his ambition. Subsequently a very simple circum- stance aroused his sensibilities, and kindled the fire of ambition in his breast. The sight of a few simple Plaster of Paris busts of eminent individuals, in the possession of an Italian vagrant, excited his curiosity. He made inquiries, for a small sura learned the in- gredients and the mode of Compounding them, and from this small beginning, attained a position, made a niche for hiinself in the tem- ple of fame, and became the architect of a fortune which many of the ancient masters of the art of sculpture might have envied. "With all the other advantages, perseverance is essential to success. However insurmountable obstacles may appear to be, patience and perseverance will generally overcome them. In fact, these qualifies, rather than brilliant genius, have accomplished re- markable results. The great Sir Isaac Newton affirmed that he was more indebted to his plodding, than lo his genius, for success. 17 I ,f: i Probably many persons have all the other requisites to accomplish what made him so distinguished ; but they fail through a want of his untiring industry. Some may question this ; but we must remember that men are accustomed to overlook the means^ in their admiration of the end secured. Because magnificent points are reacbedy they suppose that the mental powers employed must have been of an extraordinary character. But after all, indomitable perseverance in the use of ordinary talents, may be the true secret of success. From the constitution of society, and from the orga- nization of man, we infer that without perseverance, nine out of ten of those who have risen to eminence must have failed. In the beautiful allegory a popular writer gives us of those who aim at literary attainments, we behold the youths who for a time make rapid progress up the hill of science ; but they soon weary in their journey, or wander into the groves of pleasure, forgetting the ob- ject with which they set out, and never reaching the temple of fame, which stands upon the summit of the hill. But there is the pale youth who gradually and cautiously ascends, removing every obstruction that lies in his way ; he is never turned aside from his purpose ; his advance is barely perceptible, — still, by prudence, temperance, economy, and above all, by unceasing application, he is making progress ; his faculties are expanded and strengthened by exercise, and by and by you perceive him standing upon the desired summit. This is the history of the majority of those who are dis- tinguished in the world of science. The life of Dr. Samuel John- son, the great English lexicographer, shows what privations a man may have to undergo, to become a successful votary of science. But I can call to mind no more instructive example of a man being the architect of his own fortune, than that of the renowned Amer- ican philosopher, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. His autobiography is a unique composition, which ought to be placed in the hand of every young person as soon a i he is old enough to read it. It is written in a plain style, free from ostentation, and with a frankness which commends it to every virtuous mind. Faults are faithfully narrated, and virtues are presented for imitation. But the important lesson taught is, how a man may, by the simple capital of common sense, economy, and unremitting toil, make a fortune for himself, and erect a monument to his memory, which will last as long as the language that records it shall be spoken amongst men, or exist in literature. This pciiiovorancc is equally csbenlial in ether 'Icpaitmtnts^. Dii- 18 Acuities will present themselves; but they must be surmounted. Discouragements will arise, but they must not be permitted to overwhelm, or even to damp the spirits. " Omnia labor vincit,*' mast still be the motto. The man who would accomplish some- thing noble, and secure a fortune worth possessing, must expect to encounter opposition. He must prepare to meet with the envy and hatred of those whose envy and hatred, perhaps, are their most distinguishing characteristics. But, as said by the eloquent Ed- mund Burke, " obloquy is a necessary ingredient in the composi- tion of all true glory ; and it was not only in the Roman customs, but it is in the impure and constitution of things, that calumny and abuse are essential parts of a triumph." He who would enjoy distinction, must make his calculations to pay the price at which it is obtained. Once elevated above the crowd, he will arouse the jealousy of some who would be glad to occupy his position. " Wo unto you when all men speak well of you," said the Great Teacher. He whom merit has raised to eminence, will likely escape this wo. The individual to whom distinction is her- editary, is not so much exposed to bitter opposition. The archi- tect of his own fortune, is the man who stands pre-eminently a target for envy, malice, defamation, and all the baser passions. But let him preserve his integrity , — let him cherish only noble aspi- rations, and seek the gratification of none but worthy desires ; let him remain true to his purposes, and meet calmly the shafts of cal- umny that may be hurled at him, encased within the impenetrable armor of a spotless character ; and above all, let him put his trust in an unerring Providence that watches over the minutest affairs of mankind, — his ultimate triumph is certain. Nevertheless he will find the path to fame rugged and thorny. He who treads that path must be of an enduring character, whatever may be his abilities, and whatever his position in society. Remember also that fortune is generally gained by a gradual advance. A continual dropping wears even a stone. Property is oftener acquired by small accumulations, than by dashing specu- tions; and the general experience of mankind has demonstrated, that the habits established in obtaining it by the former method, are more likely to secure its continuance. The principle is the same in acquiring any other kind of fortune. To make sure of permanent success, we must be content to attain our wishes gradu- ally. By attention to little things, really great objects are secured. And though the labor of years be suddenly obliterated, " patience mounted, nitted to vincit" ih some- ixpect to the envy heir most uent Ed- coraposi- customs, calumny ho would price at , he will :cupy his Du," said jBce, will n is her- be archi- linently a I passions. 7ble aspi- ires ; let s of cal- enetrable his trust affairs of he will hat path abilities, gradual ;*roperty specu- listrated, (method, is the [sure of gradu- becured. batience I 19 should have her perfect work." The philosopliy of Newton, when liis little dog " Diamond," with one unlucky wag of his tail, swept the mathematical calculations of years into the burning grate, has commanded universal admiration. The great philosopher, after mildly informini; his dog of the mischief he had done, instead of consuming time in unavailing regret, immediately betook himself to the task of repairing the disaster. To all who labor for a good object, I would say, " If you don't succeed at first, try again :" let no adverse circumstances discourage you. And in all your efforts to Duild a fortune for yourselves, never interfere toith the rights of others. That fortune must be, at best, of doubtful reputation, which is obtained by depriving a fellow crea- ture of the opportunity which rightfully belonged to him. He who clandestinely seizes and appropriates the property of another, is called a thief \ he who takes it from the owner by force, is a robber ; and he who, with malice aforethought, deprives a fellow creature of life, is denominated an assassin or a murderer. Bui how much less is the moral turpitude of those who are to be seen in all the pursuits of life, rising to distinction at the expense of others / What can exceed the baseness of men who lay plans to undermine their fellows, who seek tu blast their reputation, or to defeat them in their laudable purposes '? Some gain property by fraud, or by taking undue advantage of people's circumstances. A fortune thus ucquired may support its architect for a time ; but it is worse than valueless. It is generally of short duration, and it can only reflect disgrace upon its possessor. The truth will ultimately become known, and the world is generally just enough to give every man his due. He who would be the architect of a fortune for himself, should likewise be careful tiot to take too many objects in hand at the same time. The man that undertakes the erection of several buildings simultaneously, is in imminent risk of failing with some, and his resources may prove inadequate to the completion of any. And he who attempts to establish for himself a fortune, should be an artisan, a mechanic, a tradesman, or professional man, or select some particular employment, and steadily pursue it. Indecision in the selection, fickleness in carrying out, and dividing the energies among several objects, are equally fatal to success in any occupation. Some men have all things to do in general, but nothing in particu- lar. Now, there are definite purposes enough to engage the atten- tion of all, so that no man need be destitute of some honest callino. 20 'i: III Bat 70U should act wisely in selecting the materials with which to build your fortune. And there should be a sympathy between the mind and the object sought after. })e deeply interested in the cause or purpose to which you have committed yourselres. Unless you see to this, your labors will be performed with reluctance, and your conduct will be characterized by instability. The indefiniteness of some people's occt*;; »tion, " .ninds me of a scene which occurred in the New York police court. A French- man was brought up on a charge of vagrancy. Being asked by the magistrate, " wlat mode of living he followed 1" he replied . that he was " a professional man." When asked, *< what was his profession ? and why he was in such an abject condition V* he made answer, that his " profession was to smoke glass, through which to view the sun during an eclipse ; but his business was very dull this year, no eclipse having yet occurred ; and like many other profes- sional gentlemen, he was just then out of employment." In speaking of man as the architect of his own fortune, we must not overlook the differences arising from birth and country. Some belong to what are called " noble parents" — of aristocratic, if not royal extraction ; while others are born in obscurity, and but for their own active exertions, would never have even the oppor- tunity to acquire distinction. There are two views generally taken of these classes. The one is that adopted by Whang the miller, in one of Goldsmith's tales, who regarded the nobility and the wealthy as alone worthy of his esteem, and looked down upon all plebeians, and upon the poor, with contempt. The other view is exactly opposed to this. It has become the fashion with many to underrate everything of noble origin, and to regard great talents as necessarily associated with poverty and humble beginnings. The English Commons thus acted when they beheaded the king, and abolished the House of Lords. The revolution of the last century in France, which swept away, though temporarily as it resulted, every vestige of royalty and nobility, was based on the same prin- ciple. And pure democracy stops not short of this extreme. But between these extremes there is a rational medium. Birtb may afford a man superior advantages, wealth may give him ad- ditional facilities for improvement, but success will still depend on his own exertions. That person who relies on the virtues, or talents, or accumulations of his ancestors, to build him a fortune, or secure to liim a personal reputation, is an ignoble man, no matter what may be the quality of the blood which courses through his m f I 21 Birth m ad- ind on es, or f. 1 ^ veins. One may be born to power, or wealth, or influence, or all tliese combined : but so far from regarding these as his fortune, he should simply view (^em as fortuitous means of acquiring a fortune. The ranks of the nobility have furnished men whose magnificent achievements have won the admiration of the world. England is not without such men to-day. She has as great men among her Lords as her Commons. But many more individuals have risen from obscurity, in monarchies as well as republics, to the highest stations in point of influence ; and still more have benetited man- kind by their inventions in the arts, and their discoveries in science. That was a noble reply made by the immortal Burke to the duke of Bedford, who had scandalously assailed him for his ac- ceptance of a pension from the government. The reply was written shortly after the death of Mr. Burke's son : ** Had it pleased God to continue to me the hopes of succession, I should have been, according to my mediocrity, and the mediocrity of the age I live in, a sort of founder of a family. I should have left a son, who, in all the points in which personal merit can be viewed, in science, in erudition, in genius, in taste, in honor, in gen- erosity, in humanity, in every liberal sentiment, and every liberal accomplishment, would not have shown himself inferior to the Duke of Bedford, or to any of those whom he traces in his line. His grace very soon would have wanted all plausibility in his attack upon that provision which belonged more to mine than to me. He would soon have supplied every deficiency, and symmetrized every disproportion. It would not have been for that successor to resort to any stagnant wasting reservoir of merit in me, or in any ancestry. He had in himself a salient, living spring of generous end manly action. Every day he lived, he would have repurchased the boun- ty of the Crown, and ten times more, if ten times more he had re- ceived. He was made a public creature, and had no enjoyment whatever but in the performance of some duty." ,n. Two of England's most eminent statesmen, Charles James Fox and William Pitt, were scions of nobility, but they were of the fi.st generation after tho estaolishment of the houses to which they respectively belonged. Neither of them was the eldest son, though both did much to give lustre to their families. The first Earl of Chatham raised himself by his own merit from a private station. William Murray, first Earl of Mansfield, was the fourth son of Lord Storraont, head of an ancient but decayed family, which had been reduced to comparative poverty by a long course of extrava- 22 gancn. Henry Grattan was the son of an eminent barrister. K. !B. Sheridan was the son of a school teacher. Sir James Mack- intosh was the son of a captain in the British army. Dr. Frank- lin's father was a dyer, and he himself was a journeyman printer. William Hogarth, the celebrated artist and engraver, was the son of a private citizen of some literary attainments. Dr. Paley was the son of a clergyman and school teacher. Both parents of the great navigator, Captain Cook, were in the bumble condition of farmer's servants on the coast of Yorkshire. The immortal Shake- speare was the son of a wool dealer in Warwickshire, and had in his early days but slender educational advantages. An unfortunate circumstance drove him from home to London, where he was with- out nioney and fi'iends. Reduced to the last extremity, he went to the theatre, and picked up a little money by taking care of the horses of the gentlemen who came to the play. From such a small commencement, he became the father of the British stage, the improver of the language, and an ornament to his country. He was, in a peculiar sense, the architect of his own fortune. George Canning, the accomplished statesman, was the son of a private gen- tleman in moderate circumstances. Martin Luther was descended from poor parents, and while engaged in study, was sometimes obliged to beg his bread. Napoleon the Great had his own for- tune to make in the world ; but " He left a name, at which the world grew pale, , To point a moral, or adorn a tale." More recent examples might be drawn from England, France, the Unite J States, and other countries, not even excepting Canada, illustrating the power of genius- and energy in triumphing over obstacles ; but I have given sufficient to establish the principles which I have laid down as the basis of success. The conclusion to which we are brought from a careful contemplation of facts, is this — that, on the whole, it is better for a person to be born in an hum- ble, or at most, middling station, with a moderate supply of worldly goods. Wealth and station furnish the means for high living, which enervates both body and mind ; and they also present temp- tations to engage in practices which disqualify men for useful pur- suits. On the other hand, the man who is born in comparative obscurity, knows that without great and continued exertion, he can never rise to eminence. Necessity has been called the mother of nvention, and slic has certainly taiigiit many a man how to be the architect of his own fortune. But without such a teacher, every 23 the France, Canada, ^ over incipltis sion to is this n hum- orldly living, temp- 1 piir- rative e can ler of e tlif) ever]' individual may commence and successfully pursue this object. With a good moral character for a basis, and a suitable field for his ope- rations, he may construct for himself a fortune, as extensive as his own wants, and as durable as his existence. Self-reliance is a virtue which every young man ought to cher- ish. Were I possessed of incomputable wealth, and had a son, I should require that he learn a trade, secure a profession, or resort to some other means to support himself respectably. He should do at least enough to earn his own livelihood. This much is neces- sary to ensure health, to keep out of mischief, and to obey the com- mand of the Creator. An interesting anecdote is related respect- ing the late Stephen Girard, the American millionaire. A young man engaged to serve him as clerk for several years, receiving far his remuneration, besides his board and clothing, only whatever his master's generosity might award him at the expiration of his term. His time having expired, he asked Mr. Girard, " what he would now advise him to do 1" " Learn a trade," was the laconic an- swer. " What trade would you recommend 1" inquired the clerk. " I think a cooper's trade would suit your taste," said Girard. The young man, well knowing the peculiarity of his late employer, went and bound himself to a cooper for six months. The period of his apprenticeship having expired, he came again to Mr. Girard, and told him he had learned the trade. " Make me a dozen barrels," said the man of wealth. The cooper did so, and brought them to his former master. The latter carefully examined them, pronounced himself satisfied with the workmanship, and presented the mechanic with a cheque for $10,000. " Take this," said he, " and start your- self in the mercintile business. You have a capital to begin with, and in all probability will succeed. But should you be unfortunate, you have a trade to fall back upon, and need never come to want." In a young and growing country like Canada, the facilities for every man to make a respectable fortune for himself, are to be found in every direction, and they are greatly increased by the liberal iorm of government with which we are favored. Rely, then, on your own energies, young men. Never allow any person, T. jt even a rich parent, to do that for you, which you can do for yourselves. Store your minds with useful knowledge. Resolve to be knoicn by the community. Never while away your time : let every moment be filled up with some useful employment. " IJo just, and fear not. Let all the ends you Aim at, be youv founlry'.<, your God's, and truth's.'' These qualificaUons of mM and heart are not only compatible With your interests, but indispensable to secure them. In no case sacrifice principle to expediency. Let not a supposed present con- venience tempt you to pare the way for future sorrows. Build yourselves a fortune 5 but let it be such as you can behold with satisfac ion, and' your friends may contemplate with pleasure when you shall have ceased to live. And never forget, that whatever others may do for you, from charity, friendship, affection, or servi ces rendered them, you must be the architects of tour own FORTUNES.